title: Polyethylene glycol

text: PEGs and methoxypolyethylene glycols are manufactured by Dow Chemical under the trade name "Carbowax" for industrial use, and "Carbowax Sentry" for food and pharmaceutical use. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, as indicated by a number following the name. They are used commercially in numerous applications, including foods, in cosmetics, in pharmaceutics, in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, as solvents, in ointments, in suppository bases, as tablet excipients, and as laxatives. Some specific groups are lauromacrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols, and poloxamers.


title: Polyethylene glycol

text: Macrogol, MiraLax, GoLytely, Colace used as a laxative, is a form of polyethylene glycol. The name may be followed by a number which represents the average molecular weight (e.g. macrogol 3350, macrogol 4000 or macrogol 6000).


title: Polyethylene glycol

text: The production of polyethylene glycol was first reported in 1859. Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols. Polyethylene glycol is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers. The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts. Ethylene glycol and its oligomers are preferable as a starting material instead of water, because they allow the creation of polymers with a low polydispersity (narrow molecular weight distribution). Polymer chain length depends on the ratio of reactants.


title: Polyethylene glycol

text: Depending on the catalyst type, the mechanism of polymerization can be cationic or anionic. The anionic mechanism is preferable because it allows one to obtain PEG with a low polydispersity. Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process. Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts such as alkalis or metal oxides can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours.


title: Polyethylene glycol

text: Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol, is synthesized by suspension polymerization. It is necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process. The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-organoelement compounds. To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used.


title: Polyethylene glycol

text: Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium carbonate (NaCO) are used to prepare low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol.


title: Nushrratt Bharuccha

text: Nushrratt Bharuccha (born Nushrat Bharucha; 17 May 1985) is an Indian actress who works in Hindi cinema. She has appeared in films like "Love Sex Aur Dhokha", "Pyaar Ka Punchnama", "Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2", "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety", "Dream Girl", "Chhorii", "Ajeeb Daastaans" and "Janhit Mein Jaari".


title: Nushrratt Bharuccha

text: Nushrat Bharucha was born on 17 May 1985 in a Dawoodi Bohra family of Bombay. She is the only child of her father Tanvir Bharucha, a businessman and her mother Tasneem Bharucha, a housewife.


title: Nushrratt Bharuccha

text: Bharuccha made her acting debut with a minor role in the 2002 television series "Kittie Party". She got her first Hindi film with "Jai Santoshi Maa" (2006) and did the music video "Zindagi Kahin Gum Hai" by Zubeen Garg in 2007. She had a cameo in "Kal Kissne Dekha" (2009) and did the Telugu film "Taj Mahal" (2010). Her final television role occurred in "Seven" as Drishika Kashyap.


title: Nushrratt Bharuccha

text: Bharuccha had her first leading role in Hindi films with Dibakar Banerjee and Ekta Kapoor's anthology "Love Sex Aur Dhokha" (2010), that did moderately well. She next starred opposite Kartik Aaryan in Luv Ranjan's directorials "Pyaar Ka Punchnama" (2011) and "Akaash Vani" (2013), both of which underperformed, as like her next disaster "Darr @ the Mall" (2014) with Jimmy Sheirgill.


title: Nushrratt Bharuccha

text: Bharuccha rose to success by appearing with Aaryan for the third time in Ranjan's "Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2" (2015). The film turned out to be her first commercial hit, earning over 88 crore worldwide. However, her other release "Meeruthiya Gangsters" (2015) and the Tamil film "Valeba Raja" (2016) underperformed.


title: Nushrratt Bharuccha

text: In 2018, she came into huge limelight for portraying a grey shaded character opposite Aaryan and Sunny Nijjar in Ranjan and Bhushan Kumar's romcom "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety". It proved to be a surprise blockbuster at the box-office, earning 150 crores worldwide. She retained this widespread success with Kapoor, Bhushan Kumar and Raaj Shaandilyaa's 200 crores-grossing comedy "Dream Girl" (2019), where she played Ayushmann Khurrana's love interest. Both "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety" and "Dream Girl" entered the 100 Crore Club in India and rank among her highest grossing releases.


title: Nushrratt Bharuccha

text: Also in 2019, Bharuccha performed an item number "Peeyo Datt Ke" alongside Sidharth Malhotra in the Milap Zaveri and Bhushan Kumar's romantic thriller "Marjaavaan" which was sung by Yo Yo Honey Singh. She starred in two music videos, Atif Aslam's "Baarishein" and Guru Randhawa's "Ishq Tera".


title: Nushrratt Bharuccha

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India that led long closure of theatres, Bharuccha's next sports film "Chhalaang" (2020) directed by Hansal Mehta and produced by Bhushan Kumar and Ajay Devgn, was directly released on OTT platform Amazon Prime Video. She played Rajkummar Rao's ladylove in the film that met with mixed reviews.


title: Nushrratt Bharuccha

text: In 2021, she headlined Yo Yo Honey Singh's music video "Saiyaan Ji" and featured in two OTT films. Firstly she was seen in Karan Johar and Raj Mehta's Netflix anthology film "Ajeeb Daastaans" and then in Vishal Furia and Bhushan Kumar's Amazon Prime horror film "Chhorii", both of which earned her critical praise for her acting. "Chhorii" marked her first film as a solo female-centric character.


title: Nushrratt Bharuccha

text: The following year, Bharuccha appeared firstly in the love triangle "Hurdang" (2022) alongside Sunny Kaushal and Vijay Varma. A huge box office failure, it was directed by Nikhil Nagesh Tiwari and produced by Bhushan Kumar. That year, she also earned critical praise for appearing in the female-centric social comedy "Janhit Mein Jaari".


title: Nushrratt Bharuccha

text: She will next feature in the historical drama "Ram Setu" with Akshay Kumar and Jacqueline Fernandez, set to release on Diwali 2022. This will be followed by "Chhorii 2", a sequel to "Chhorii". She will also team up with Akshay Kumar, Diana Penty and Emraan Hashmi in Johar and Mehta's 2023 comedy "Selfiee".


title: Nushrratt Bharuccha

text: In June 2020, Bharucha changed the spelling of her name to Nushrratt Bharuccha, due to numerological reasons.


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 7)

text: The seventh season of "Fear the Walking Dead", an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on October 17, 2021, and concluded on June 5, 2022, consisting of sixteen episodes. The series is a companion series to "The Walking Dead", which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Greg Nicotero, Gale Anne Hurd, Scott M. Gimple, Andrew Chambliss, and Ian B. Goldberg, with Chambliss and Goldberg as showrunners for the fourth consecutive season.


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 7)

text: The season follows Morgan's group scattered across the landscape of Texas as they try to survive the nuclear fallout brought about by Teddy (John Glover) and his followers. Meanwhile, Morgan Jones (Lennie James) and Victor Strand (Colman Domingo) clash over their philosophies.


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 7)

text: The seventh season featured thirteen actors receiving main cast billing status, with all of them returning from the sixth season. This was the first season not to include Maggie Grace, Garret Dillahunt and Zoe Colletti, who were all credited as main cast members in previous seasons; however, Grace appears in a guest role.


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 7)

text: In July 2021, it was announced that Sydney Lemmon would return to the series as Isabelle. Lemmon last appeared in the show's fifth season, and made a voice-only appearance in the sixth season. In September 2021, Aisha Tyler was confirmed to have joined the cast in an unknown role. Tyler previously directed an episode in the sixth season. In December 2021, it was reported that Kim Dickens would reprise her role as Madison Clark this season, and continue as a series regular in the eighth season. The seventh season is the final one to feature Alycia Debnam-Carey, as she confirmed her exit from the series after the broadcast of the fifteenth episode of the season, stating, "I decided it was time for me to move on as an actor and as a person."


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 7)

text: Production began in April 2021 in Texas, and ended in December 2021. Cast members Lennie James and Alycia Debnam-Carey each directed episodes in the seventh season; James previously directed an episode in the prior season and Debnam-Carey made her directorial debut this season.


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 7)

text: Showrunner Ian Goldberg described the seventh season as a "nuclear zombie apocalypse western story", stating:


title: Tyne Daly

text: Ellen Tyne Daly (; born February 21, 1946) is an American actress. She has won six Emmy Awards for her television work, a Tony Award and is a 2011 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee.


title: Tyne Daly

text: Daly began her career on stage in summer stock in New York, and made her Broadway debut in the play "That Summer – That Fall" in 1967. She is best known for her television role as Detective Mary Beth Lacey in "Cagney & Lacey" (1982–88), for which she is a four-time Emmy Award winner as Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. In 1989, she starred in the Broadway revival of "Gypsy" and won the 1990 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical.


title: Tyne Daly

text: Her other TV roles include Alice Henderson in "Christy" (1994–95), for which she won an Emmy in 1996 and Maxine Gray in "Judging Amy" (1999–2005), which won her a sixth Emmy in 2003. Her other Broadway credits include "The Seagull" (1992), her Tony-nominated role in "Rabbit Hole" (2006) and her Tony-nominated role in "Mothers and Sons" (2014). She played Maria Callas, both on Broadway and in London's West End, in the play "Master Class" (2011–12). She portrayed Anne Marie Hoag in Marvel Studios' "" (2017).


title: Tyne Daly

text: Daly was born in Madison, Wisconsin, to actor James Daly and actress Mary Hope (née Newell). She is of Irish descent, her ancestors being from Limerick and Kerry. Her younger brother is actor Tim Daly, and she has two sisters, Mary Glynn and Pegeen Michael.


title: Tyne Daly

text: She was raised in Rockland County, New York, where she started her career by performing in summer stock with her family; she earned her Equity Card at age 15. She studied at Brandeis University and the American Musical and Dramatic Academy.


title: Tyne Daly

text: Daly appeared in the CBS police-procedural crime drama "Cagney & Lacey" as Mary Beth Lacey, the married working mother. She won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series four times, in 1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, and was a nominee in 1986 and 1987. Between co-star Sharon Gless and herself, they won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series six years in a row.


title: Tyne Daly

text: In 1991, Daly guest-starred on her brother Tim's series "Wings", playing a woman who dates Brian Hackett (Steven Weber), brother of Tim's character Joe. She appeared as social worker Maxine Gray, who was also the mother to the show's title character on the CBS drama "Judging Amy", which ran from 1999 to 2005. Addressing a conference of the National Association of Social Workers in 2000, Daly said she had learned from social workers and social work texts to improve her portrayal of her character, and she added: "I take from you because you are the ones dealing with all the bad institutions of our society: institutionalized poverty, institutionalized racism, institutionalized cynicism."


title: Tyne Daly

text: Daly appeared in a made-for-TV movie for Lifetime in 2003 titled "Undercover Christmas," as Anne Cunningham. She played the role of a traditional mother and peacemaker at Christmas time in a wealthy family of lawyers, who initially disapproves of her FBI agent son's girlfriend. Among her later television roles, Daly reunited with "Cagney & Lacey" costar Sharon Gless in a 2010 guest role on the series "Burn Notice".


title: Tyne Daly

text: In the fall of 2018, Daly joined the cast of the revival of the "Murphy Brown" series, playing the character of Phyllis, who runs the bar which Murphy and her coworkers often patronize.


title: Tyne Daly

text: In 1988, Daly appeared on the Dolly Parton TV variety show "Dolly", and sang (at her request) a duet with Parton. Broadway producer Barry Brown saw the show and, impressed by Daly's performance, decided to mount a revival of the musical "Gypsy" with Daly in the lead role of Rose. "Cagney & Lacey" had finished airing, and Daly agreed, and successfully tried out for the part. In April 1989, the Daly-helmed "Gypsy" revival began a 14-city U.S. tour; it was then presented on Broadway in November 1989.


title: Tyne Daly

text: This production was the second revival of the show to play Broadway (the first was in 1974 with Angela Lansbury). She won the 1990 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance in "Gypsy". Daly left "Gypsy" in July 1990, with Linda Lavin playing Rose, and returned in April 1991 through closing in July 1991.


title: Tyne Daly

text: She appeared in the Broadway revival of the Anton Chekhov play "The Seagull" in 1992 as Madame Arkadina. She appeared as Sally Adams in the City Center Encores! staged concert of "Call Me Madam" in February 1995. In regional theatre, she played Lola in "Come Back, Little Sheba" at the Los Angeles Theatre Center, Los Angeles, in April 1997.


title: Tyne Daly

text: She appeared on Broadway in the 2006 play "Rabbit Hole," portraying the mother of the play's protagonist, played by Cynthia Nixon.


title: Tyne Daly

text: In January 2008, she played the role of Mother in the world premiere production of Edward Albee's "Me, Myself & I" at the McCarter Theatre, Princeton, New Jersey. In 2009, she appeared in the original cast of "Love, Loss, and What I Wore".


title: Tyne Daly

text: She debuted the role of Judy Steinberg in "It Shoulda Been You", at the George Street Playhouse, New Brunswick, New Jersey, which ran from October 4 to November 6, 2011. The musical ran on Broadway in 2015.


title: Tyne Daly

text: She starred as Maria Callas in "Master Class" at the Manhattan Theater Club on Broadway, from June 14, 2011 (previews) to September 4, 2011. Daly reprised her role as Maria Callas in the West End production of "Master Class", which opened at the Vaudeville Theatre on February 7, 2012 (after previews from January 21) in a limited engagement to April 28, 2012.


title: Tyne Daly

text: Daly performed a cabaret act, "Second Time Around", in January 2010 at Feinstein's at Loews Regency, New York City. She had previously performed at Feinstein's in May 2009.


title: Tyne Daly

text: Daly appeared in "John and Mary" (1969), the biker movie "Angel Unchained" (1970), the movie adaptation of "Play It as It Lays" (1972), and "The Adulteress". She was cast as Inspector Harry Callahan's first female partner, Kate Moore, in the 1976 Dirty Harry film "The Enforcer". The film was critically panned, though a box office success. Daly's performance divided critics, with some calling it too "mannered" for film, while others praised the strength she brought to the role. The concept of a male/female police partnership was later used as the basis for the television show "Hunter".


title: Tyne Daly

text: Daly has been identified as a feminist icon in the media, particularly based on her television role in "Cagney and Lacey". Her role as Lacey showed a woman detective at a time where the idea was still novel; the show was also novel in presenting Lacey primarily in a work environment, rather than always showing the character at home. She has also been outspoken about maintaining a natural appearance as she ages, and for the run of "Judging Amy", Daly's hair was its naturally gray state and not dyed.


title: Tyne Daly

text: Tyne Daly was married to Georg Stanford Brown from 1966 to 1990. They have three daughters, including actress Kathryne Dora Brown.


title: Tyne Daly

text: Daly has been nominated for the Emmy Award a total of 16 times; she has won 6 times, for the following television performances:


The 1944 United States presidential election was the 40th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 1944. The election took place during World War II. Incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Thomas E. Dewey to win an unprecedented fourth term. It was also the fifth presidential election in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state, with the others being in 1860, 1904, 1920, 1940 and would be the most recent until 2016.


title: 1944 United States presidential election

text: Roosevelt had become the first and only president to win a third term with his victory in the 1940 presidential election, with little doubt that he would seek a fourth term. Unlike in 1940, Roosevelt faced little opposition within his own party, and he easily won the presidential nomination of the 1944 Democratic National Convention. Concerned that Roosevelt's ill health would mean the vice president would likely become president, the convention dropped Roosevelt's vice president Henry A. Wallace in favor of Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri. Governor Dewey of New York emerged as the front-runner for the Republican nomination after his victory in the Wisconsin primary, and he defeated conservative Governor John W. Bricker at the 1944 Republican National Convention.


text: As World War II was going well for the United States and its Allies, Roosevelt remained popular despite his long tenure. Dewey campaigned against the New Deal and for a smaller government, but was ultimately unsuccessful in convincing the country to change course. The election was closer than Roosevelt's other presidential campaigns, but Roosevelt still won by a comfortable margin in the popular vote and by a wide margin in the Electoral College. Rumors of Roosevelt's ill health, although somewhat dispelled by his vigorous campaigning, proved to be prescient; Roosevelt died less than three months into his fourth term and was succeeded by Truman.


text: President Roosevelt was the popular, wartime incumbent and faced little formal opposition. Although many Southern Democrats mistrusted Roosevelt's racial policies, he brought enormous war activities to the region and the end of its marginal status was in sight. No major figure opposed Roosevelt publicly, and he was re-nominated easily when the Democratic Convention met in Chicago. Some pro-segregationist delegates tried to unite behind Virginia senator Harry F. Byrd, but he refused to campaign actively against Roosevelt, and did not get enough delegates to seriously threaten the President's chances.


text: The obvious physical decline in the president's appearance, as well as rumors of secret health problems, led many delegates and party leaders to strongly oppose Vice President Henry A. Wallace for a second term. Opposition to Wallace came especially from Catholic leaders in big cities and moderate Democrats. Wallace, who had been Roosevelt's vice president since January 1941, was regarded by most conservatives as being too left-wing and personally eccentric to be next in line for the presidency. He had performed so poorly as economic coordinator that Roosevelt had to remove him from that post. Numerous moderate party leaders privately sent word to Roosevelt that they would fight Wallace's re-nomination as vice president and proposed instead Senator Harry S. Truman, a moderate from Missouri. Truman was highly visible as the chairman of a Senate wartime committee investigating fraud and inefficiency in the war program. Roosevelt, who personally liked Wallace and knew little about Truman, agreed reluctantly to accept Truman as his running mate to preserve party unity. Even so, many delegates on the left refused to abandon Wallace, and they voted for him on the first ballot. However, enough large Northern, Midwestern, and Southern states supported Truman to give him victory on the second ballot. The fight over the vice-presidential nomination proved to be consequential; the ticket won and Roosevelt died in April 1945, and Truman instead of Wallace became the nation's thirty-third President.


text: As 1944 began, the frontrunners for the Republican nomination appeared to be Wendell Willkie, the party's 1940 nominee, Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio, the leader of the party's conservatives, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the leader of the party's moderate eastern establishment, General Douglas MacArthur, then serving as an Allied commander in the Pacific theater of the war, and former Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen, then serving as a U.S. naval officer in the Pacific. Taft surprised many by declining to run for president as he wanted to remain in the Senate; instead, he voiced his support for a fellow Ohio conservative, Governor John W. Bricker.


text: With Taft out of the race some Republican conservatives favored General MacArthur. However, MacArthur's chances were limited by the fact that he was leading Allied forces against Japan, and thus could not campaign for the nomination. His supporters entered his name in the Wisconsin primary nonetheless. The Wisconsin primary proved to be the key contest, as Dewey won by a surprisingly wide margin. He took fourteen delegates to four for Harold Stassen, while MacArthur won the three remaining delegates. Willkie was shut out in the Wisconsin primary; he did not win a single delegate. His unexpectedly poor showing in Wisconsin forced him to withdraw as a candidate for the nomination. However, at the time of his sudden death in early October 1944, Willkie had endorsed neither Dewey nor Roosevelt. At the 1944 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Dewey easily overcame Bricker and was nominated for president on the first ballot. Dewey, a moderate to liberal Republican, chose the conservative Bricker as his running mate. Dewey originally preferred fellow liberal California Governor Earl Warren, but agreed on Bricker to preserve party unity (Warren would go on to run with Dewey in the 1948 election). Bricker was nominated for vice president by acclamation.


text: The Republicans campaigned against the New Deal, seeking a smaller government and less-regulated economy as the end of the war seemed in sight. Nonetheless, Roosevelt's continuing popularity was the main theme of the campaign. To quiet rumors of his poor health, Roosevelt insisted on making a vigorous campaign swing in October and rode in an open car through city streets.


text: Numerous campaign songs for F.D.R. were written, possibly in an effort to advertise on radio during radio's Golden Age. These included 1940's "Franklin D. Roosevelt's Back Again" and "Mister Roosevelt, Won't You Please Run Again." In 1944, Broadway actress Mary Crane Hone published piano march "Let's Re-Re-Re-Elect Roosevelt." Its lyrics were:Let's make each one of our blows felt


text: A high point of the campaign occurred when Roosevelt, speaking to a meeting of labor union leaders, gave a speech carried on national radio in which he ridiculed Republican claims that his administration was corrupt and wasteful with tax money. He particularly derided a Republican claim that he had sent a US Navy warship to pick up his Scottish Terrier Fala in Alaska, noting that "Fala was furious" at such rumors. The speech was met with loud laughter and applause from the labor leaders. In response, Governor Dewey gave a blistering partisan speech in Oklahoma City a few days later on national radio, in which he accused Roosevelt of being "indispensable" to corrupt big-city Democratic organizations and American Communists; he also referred to members of Roosevelt's cabinet as a "motley crew". However, American battlefield successes in Europe and the Pacific during the campaign, such as the liberation of Paris in August 1944 and the successful Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines in October 1944, made President Roosevelt unbeatable.


text: Throughout the campaign, Roosevelt led Dewey in all the polls by varying margins. On election day, the Democratic incumbent scored a fairly comfortable victory over his Republican challenger. Roosevelt took 36 states for 432 electoral votes (266 were needed to win), while Dewey won twelve states and 99 electoral votes. In the popular vote, Roosevelt won 25,612,916 (53.4%) votes to Dewey's 22,017,929 (45.9%). Dewey conceded in a radio address the following morning, but declined personally calling or sending a telegram to President Roosevelt. Roosevelt sent Dewey a telegram reading, "I thank you for your statement, which I heard over the air a few minutes ago." Roosevelt's victory made him the only person ever to win the presidential popular vote four times, and neither party would win the popular vote four consecutive times until the Democrats did so in all four elections from 2008 to 2020.


text: The important question had been which leader, Roosevelt or Dewey, should be chosen for the critical days of peacemaking and reconstruction following the war's conclusion. Most American voters concluded that they should retain the governing party, and particularly the president who represented it. They also felt it unsafe to do so in "wartime", in view of ever-increasing domestic disagreements.


text: Dewey did better against Roosevelt than any of Roosevelt's previous three Republican opponents: Roosevelt's percentage and margin of the total vote were both less than in 1940. Dewey flipped the states of Wyoming, Wisconsin, and Ohio from the previous election, while Roosevelt flipped Michigan. Dewey also gained the personal satisfaction of finishing ahead of Roosevelt in his hometown of Hyde Park, New York, and ahead of Truman in his hometown of Independence, Missouri. Dewey would again become the Republican presidential nominee in 1948, challenging President Truman (who had assumed that office on FDR's death), and would again lose, though by somewhat smaller popular- and electoral-vote margins.


text: Roosevelt's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities increased from 2,112,000 votes in the 1940 election to 2,230,000 votes. Of the 3,095 counties/independent cities making returns, Roosevelt won the most popular votes in 1,751 (56.58%) while Dewey carried 1,343 (43.39%). The Texas Regular ticket carried one county (0.03%). In New York, only the combined support of the American Labor and Liberal parties (pledged to Roosevelt but otherwise independent of the Democrats to maintain their identities) enabled Roosevelt to win the electoral votes of his home state.


text: In 1944, the constantly growing Southern protest against Roosevelt's leadership became clearest in Texas, where 135,553 people voted against Roosevelt but not for the Republican ticket. The Texas Regular ticket resulted from a split in the Democratic Party in its two state conventions, May 23 and September 12, 1944. This ticket, which represented the Democratic element opposing the re-election of President Roosevelt, called for the "restoration of states' rights which have been destroyed by the Communist New Deal" and "restoration of the supremacy of the white race". Its electors were uninstructed.


text: Until 1996, this would be the last time in which an incumbent Democratic president would win re-election after serving a full term in office, and the last time until 2012 in which the incumbent president won re-election with fewer electoral votes and a smaller popular vote margin than had been won in the previous election. This was also the last time until 2012 in which the incumbent Democratic president would receive over 50 percent of the popular vote twice after receiving 50 percent of it in the previous election.


text: As of 2022, this was the most recent presidential election in which a Democratic ticket has won every state of the former Confederacy as well as the entire southern region. This is the first election since 1892 that a Democrat won without Wyoming or Ohio. Roosevelt is the only president to serve for more than two terms; in 1951, the Twenty-second Amendment was ratified, limiting the number of terms a person may be president.


text: As he had in 1940, Roosevelt was the third of just four presidents in United States history to win re-election with a lower percentage of the electoral vote than in their prior elections, the other three were James Madison in 1812, Woodrow Wilson in 1916 and Barack Obama in 2012. Additionally, Roosevelt was the fourth of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections, the other four are James Madison in 1812, Andrew Jackson in 1832, Grover Cleveland in 1892, and Obama in 2012.


text: This is the last election in which New Hampshire and Oregon voted Democratic until 1964 and the last in which Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania did so until 1960.


text: The 432 electoral votes received by Roosevelt, added to the 449 electoral votes he received in 1940, and the 523 electoral votes he received in 1936, and the 472 electoral votes he received in 1932, gave him the most total electoral votes received by any candidate who was elected to the office of president since he is the only president to serve more than two terms (1,876).


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: In mathematics, a norm is a function from a real or complex vector space to the non-negative real numbers that behaves in certain ways like the distance from the origin: it commutes with scaling, obeys a form of the triangle inequality, and is zero only at the origin. In particular, the Euclidean distance of a vector from the origin is a norm, called the Euclidean norm, or 2-norm, which may also be defined as the square root of the inner product of a vector with itself.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: A seminorm satisfies the first two properties of a norm, but may be zero for vectors other than the origin. A vector space with a specified norm is called a normed vector space. In a similar manner, a vector space with a seminorm is called a "seminormed vector space".


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: A pseudonorm may satisfy the same axioms as a norm, with the equality replaced by an inequality "formula_1" in the homogeneity axiom.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: It can also refer to a norm that can take infinite values, or to certain functions parametrised by a directed set.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Given a vector space formula_2 over a subfield formula_3 of the complex numbers formula_4 a norm on formula_2 is a real-valued function formula_6 with the following properties, where formula_7 denotes the usual absolute value of a scalar formula_8:


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: A seminorm on formula_2 is a function formula_6 that has properties (1.) and (2.) so that in particular, every norm is also a seminorm (and thus also a sublinear functional). However, there exist seminorms that are not norms. Properties (1.) and (2.) imply that if formula_23 is a norm (or more generally, a seminorm) then formula_24 and that formula_23 also has the following property:


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Some authors include non-negativity as part of the definition of "norm", although this is not necessary.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Suppose that formula_23 and formula_27 are two norms (or seminorms) on a vector space formula_28 Then formula_23 and formula_27 are called equivalent, if there exist two positive real constants formula_31 and formula_32 with formula_33 such that for every vector formula_14


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The relation "formula_23 is equivalent to formula_27" is reflexive, symmetric (formula_38 implies formula_39), and transitive and thus defines an equivalence relation on the set of all norms on formula_28


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The norms formula_23 and formula_27 are equivalent if and only if they induce the same topology on formula_28 Any two norms on a finite-dimensional space are equivalent but this does not extend to infinite-dimensional spaces.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: If a norm formula_6 is given on a vector space formula_45 then the norm of a vector formula_46 is usually denoted by enclosing it within double vertical lines: formula_47 Such notation is also sometimes used if formula_23 is only a seminorm. For the length of a vector in Euclidean space (which is an example of a norm, as explained below), the notation formula_49 with single vertical lines is also widespread.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Every (real or complex) vector space admits a norm: If formula_50 is a Hamel basis for a vector space formula_2 then the real-valued map that sends formula_52 (where all but finitely many of the scalars formula_53 are formula_54) to formula_55 is a norm on formula_28 There are also a large number of norms that exhibit additional properties that make them useful for specific problems.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Any norm formula_23 on a one-dimensional vector space formula_2 is equivalent (up to scaling) to the absolute value norm, meaning that there is a norm-preserving isomorphism of vector spaces formula_60 where formula_61 is either formula_62 or formula_4 and norm-preserving means that formula_64


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: This isomorphism is given by sending formula_65 to a vector of norm formula_66 which exists since such a vector is obtained by multiplying any non-zero vector by the inverse of its norm.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: On the formula_67-dimensional Euclidean space formula_68 the intuitive notion of length of the vector formula_69 is captured by the formula


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: This is the Euclidean norm, which gives the ordinary distance from the origin to the point X—a consequence of the Pythagorean theorem.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: This operation may also be referred to as "SRSS", which is an acronym for the square root of the sum of squares.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The Euclidean norm is by far the most commonly used norm on formula_68 but there are other norms on this vector space as will be shown below.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The inner product of two vectors of a Euclidean vector space is the dot product of their coordinate vectors over an orthonormal basis.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The Euclidean norm is also called the formula_73 norm, formula_74 norm, 2-norm, or square norm; see formula_75 space.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: It defines a distance function called the Euclidean length, formula_73 distance, or formula_74 distance.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The set of vectors in formula_78 whose Euclidean norm is a given positive constant forms an formula_67-sphere.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The Euclidean norm of a complex number is the absolute value (also called the modulus) of it, if the complex plane is identified with the Euclidean plane formula_80 This identification of the complex number formula_81 as a vector in the Euclidean plane, makes the quantity formula_82 (as first suggested by Euler) the Euclidean norm associated with the complex number.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: There are exactly four Euclidean Hurwitz algebras over the real numbers. These are the real numbers formula_83 the complex numbers formula_4 the quaternions formula_85 and lastly the octonions formula_86 where the dimensions of these spaces over the real numbers are formula_87 respectively.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The canonical norms on formula_62 and formula_89 are their absolute value functions, as discussed previously.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: for every quaternion formula_92 in formula_93 This is the same as the Euclidean norm on formula_90 considered as the vector space formula_95 Similarly, the canonical norm on the octonions is just the Euclidean norm on formula_96


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: In this case, the norm can be expressed as the square root of the inner product of the vector and itself:


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: where formula_101 is represented as a column vector formula_102 and formula_103 denotes its conjugate transpose.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: This formula is valid for any inner product space, including Euclidean and complex spaces. For complex spaces, the inner product is equivalent to the complex dot product. Hence the formula in this case can also be written using the following notation:


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The name relates to the distance a taxi has to drive in a rectangular street grid (like that of the New York borough of Manhattan) to get from the origin to the point formula_106


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The set of vectors whose 1-norm is a given constant forms the surface of a cross polytope of dimension equivalent to that of the norm minus 1.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The Taxicab norm is also called the formula_107 norm. The distance derived from this norm is called the Manhattan distance or formula_108 distance.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: For formula_115 we get the taxicab norm, for formula_116 we get the Euclidean norm, and as formula_23 approaches formula_118 the formula_23-norm approaches the infinity norm or :


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: For formula_122 the formula_123-norm is even induced by a canonical inner product formula_124 meaning that formula_125 for all vectors formula_126 This inner product can expressed in terms of the norm by using the polarization identity.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: while for the space formula_129 associated with a measure space formula_130 which consists of all square-integrable functions, this inner product is


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: This definition is still of some interest for formula_132 but the resulting function does not define a norm, because it violates the triangle inequality.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: What is true for this case of formula_132 even in the measurable analog, is that the corresponding formula_75 class is a vector space, and it is also true that the function


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: (without formula_23th root) defines a distance that makes formula_137 into a complete metric topological vector space. These spaces are of great interest in functional analysis, probability theory and harmonic analysis.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: However, aside from trivial cases, this topological vector space is not locally convex, and has no continuous non-zero linear forms. Thus the topological dual space contains only the zero functional.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: where formula_142 denotes Hadamard product and formula_143 is used for absolute value of each component of the vector.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The set of vectors whose infinity norm is a given constant, formula_150 forms the surface of a hypercube with edge length formula_151


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: In probability and functional analysis, the zero norm induces a complete metric topology for the space of measurable functions and for the F-space of sequences with F–norm formula_152


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Here we mean by "F-norm" some real-valued function formula_153 on an F-space with distance formula_154 such that formula_155 The "F"-norm described above is not a norm in the usual sense because it lacks the required homogeneity property.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: In metric geometry, the discrete metric takes the value one for distinct points and zero otherwise. When applied coordinate-wise to the elements of a vector space, the discrete distance defines the "Hamming distance", which is important in coding and information theory.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: In the field of real or complex numbers, the distance of the discrete metric from zero is not homogeneous in the non-zero point; indeed, the distance from zero remains one as its non-zero argument approaches zero.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: However, the discrete distance of a number from zero does satisfy the other properties of a norm, namely the triangle inequality and positive definiteness.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: When applied component-wise to vectors, the discrete distance from zero behaves like a non-homogeneous "norm", which counts the number of non-zero components in its vector argument; again, this non-homogeneous "norm" is discontinuous.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: In signal processing and statistics, David Donoho referred to the "zero" "norm" with quotation marks.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Following Donoho's notation, the zero "norm" of formula_156 is simply the number of non-zero coordinates of formula_140 or the Hamming distance of the vector from zero.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: When this "norm" is localized to a bounded set, it is the limit of formula_23-norms as formula_23 approaches 0.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Indeed, it is not even an F-norm in the sense described above, since it is discontinuous, jointly and severally, with respect to the scalar argument in scalar–vector multiplication and with respect to its vector argument.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Abusing terminology, some engineers omit Donoho's quotation marks and inappropriately call the number-of-non-zeros function the formula_160 norm, echoing the notation for the Lebesgue space of measurable functions.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The generalization of the above norms to an infinite number of components leads to formula_161 and formula_75 spaces, with norms


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: for complex-valued sequences and functions on formula_164 respectively, which can be further generalized (see Haar measure).


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Other examples of infinite-dimensional normed vector spaces can be found in the Banach space article.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: For any norm and any injective linear transformation formula_169 we can define a new norm of formula_140 equal to


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: In 2D, with formula_169 a rotation by 45° and a suitable scaling, this changes the taxicab norm into the maximum norm. Each formula_169 applied to the taxicab norm, up to inversion and interchanging of axes, gives a different unit ball: a parallelogram of a particular shape, size, and orientation.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: In 3D, this is similar but different for the 1-norm (octahedrons) and the maximum norm (prisms with parallelogram base).


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: There are examples of norms that are not defined by "entrywise" formulas. For instance, the Minkowski functional of a centrally-symmetric convex body in formula_166 (centered at zero) defines a norm on formula_166 (see below).


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: There are also norms on spaces of matrices (with real or complex entries), the so-called matrix norms.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Let formula_177 be a finite extension of a field formula_178 of inseparable degree formula_179 and let formula_178 have algebraic closure formula_181 If the distinct embeddings of formula_177 are formula_183 then the Galois-theoretic norm of an element formula_184 is the value formula_185 As that function is homogeneous of degree formula_186, the Galois-theoretic norm is not a norm in the sense of this article. However, the formula_186-th root of the norm (assuming that concept makes sense) is a norm.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The concept of norm formula_188 in composition algebras does share the usual properties of a norm as it may be negative or zero for formula_189 A composition algebra formula_190 consists of an algebra over a field formula_191 an involution formula_192 and a quadratic form formula_193 called the "norm".


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The characteristic feature of composition algebras is the homomorphism property of formula_194: for the product formula_195 of two elements formula_196 and formula_197 of the composition algebra, its norm satisfies formula_198 For formula_83 formula_4 formula_85 and O the composition algebra norm is the square of the norm discussed above. In those cases the norm is a definite quadratic form. In other composition algebras the norm is an isotropic quadratic form.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: If formula_205 is a continuous linear map between normed spaces, then the norm of formula_206 and the norm of the transpose of formula_206 are equal.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Every norm is a seminorm and thus satisfies all properties of the latter. In turn, every seminorm is a sublinear function and thus satisfies all properties of the latter. In particular, every norm is a convex function.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: The concept of unit circle (the set of all vectors of norm 1) is different in different norms: for the 1-norm, the unit circle is a square, for the 2-norm (Euclidean norm), it is the well-known unit circle, while for the infinity norm, it is a different square. For any formula_23-norm, it is a superellipse with congruent axes (see the accompanying illustration). Due to the definition of the norm, the unit circle must be convex and centrally symmetric (therefore, for example, the unit ball may be a rectangle but cannot be a triangle, and formula_110 for a formula_23-norm).


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: In terms of the vector space, the seminorm defines a topology on the space, and this is a Hausdorff topology precisely when the seminorm can distinguish between distinct vectors, which is again equivalent to the seminorm being a norm. The topology thus defined (by either a norm or a seminorm) can be understood either in terms of sequences or open sets. A sequence of vectors formula_214 is said to converge in norm to formula_215 if formula_216 as formula_217 Equivalently, the topology consists of all sets that can be represented as a union of open balls. If formula_218 is a normed space then


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Two norms formula_220 and formula_221 on a vector space formula_2 are called if they induce the same topology, which happens if and only if there exist positive real numbers formula_32 and formula_224 such that for all formula_12


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: If the vector space is a finite-dimensional real or complex one, all norms are equivalent. On the other hand, in the case of infinite-dimensional vector spaces, not all norms are equivalent.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Equivalent norms define the same notions of continuity and convergence and for many purposes do not need to be distinguished. To be more precise the uniform structure defined by equivalent norms on the vector space is uniformly isomorphic.


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: All seminorms on a vector space formula_2 can be classified in terms of absolutely convex absorbing subsets formula_169 of formula_28 To each such subset corresponds a seminorm formula_237 called the gauge of formula_191 defined as


title: Norm (mathematics)

text: Any locally convex topological vector space has a local basis consisting of absolutely convex sets. A common method to construct such a basis is to use a family formula_242 of seminorms formula_23 that separates points: the collection of all finite intersections of sets formula_244 turns the space into a locally convex topological vector space so that every p is continuous.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: Rambo: First Blood Part II is a 1985 American action film directed by George P. Cosmatos and co-written by Sylvester Stallone, who also reprises his role as Vietnam War veteran John Rambo. A sequel to "First Blood" (1982), it is the second installment in the "Rambo" franchise, followed by "Rambo III". It co-stars Richard Crenna, who reprises his role as Colonel Sam Trautman, along with Charles Napier, Julia Nickson, and Steven Berkoff.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: The film's plot is inspired by the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue. In the movie, Rambo gets released from prison in a deal with the United States government to document the possible existence of missing POWs in Vietnam, but is given strict orders not to rescue any. When Rambo defies his orders, he is abandoned and forced once again to rely on his own brutal combat skills to save the POWs.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: Despite mixed reviews, "Rambo: First Blood Part II" was a major worldwide box office blockbuster, with an estimated 42 million tickets sold in the United States. It has become one of the most recognized and memorable installments in the series, having inspired countless rip-offs, parodies, video games, and imitations. "Entertainment Weekly" ranked the movie number 23 on its list of "The Best Rock-'em, Sock-'em Movies of the Past 25 Years".


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: Three years after the incident in Hope, Washington, former US Army Green Beret John Rambo, now imprisoned at a penal labor facility, receives a visit from his former mission commander and old friend, Colonel Sam Trautman. With the Vietnam War now officially over, the public has become increasingly concerned over news that US POWs have been left in enemy custody in Vietnam. To placate their demands for action, the US government has authorized a solo infiltration mission to confirm the reports. Rambo agrees to undertake the operation in exchange for a pardon.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: In Thailand, Rambo is taken to meet Marshall Murdock, the bureaucrat overseeing the operation. He is temporarily reinstated into the US Army and instructed only to take pictures of a suspected POW camp, not to attempt their rescue or engage any enemy personnel. He is told that any POWs are to be retrieved by a better-equipped extraction team upon his return.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: During his aerial insertion, Rambo's parachute gets caught in the airplane door, forcing him to cut himself free and jettison most of his equipment, leaving him with only his knives, bow and arrows. He meets his assigned contact, a young female Vietnamese intelligence agent named Co Bao, who arranges for a local band of river pirates to take them upriver. Reaching the army camp, Rambo sees that it is not deserted and sneaks inside, spotting a group of POWs. When he finds one of them tied to a cross-shaped post, suffering from exposure, he frees him against orders and flees with Co and the POW.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: During their escape, they are discovered by Vietnamese troops and cut off by an armed gunboat. The river pirates betray them, intending to hand them over to the Vietnamese troops. But Rambo kills the pirates and destroys the gunboat with an RPG, while the POW and Co Bao swim to safety. Rambo asks Co to stay behind shortly before they reach the Extraction Point. When the approaching rescue helicopter, with Col. Trautman inside, radios back to base that Rambo appears to have found a POW, Murdock orders the crew to abort the rescue. Trautman, held at gunpoint by the side gunner, is powerless to stop the crew from abandoning Rambo and the POW. Co watches as they are both captured and returned to the Vietnamese camp.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: When Trautman confronts him, Murdock reveals that he never intended to save any POWs, explaining that Congress expected Rambo to find nothing, and admitting that even if he did, Murdock would dispose of any photographic evidence or even leave Rambo to die in the jungle. He removes Trautman from the mission to keep him from helping Rambo.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: In captivity, Rambo soon learns that Soviet troops are working with the Vietnamese army. He is interrogated by the local Soviet liaison, Lieutenant Colonel Podovsky, and his right-hand man, Sergeant Yushin. Having learned from intercepted missives that Rambo's extraction was aborted, Podovsky demands that Rambo broadcast a message to Murdock warning against any further POW rescue missions. Rambo refuses, and as Co infiltrates the camp disguised as a prostitute, he is brutally tortured with electric shocks.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: After initially refusing to cooperate, Rambo finally relents when the prisoner he tried to rescue is brought in and threatened with eye-gouging. Rambo dials in his secret radio code frequency to contact his base, but uses the opportunity to directly threaten Murdock, then overpowers his Soviet captors and escapes the camp with Co's help. Rambo agrees to take Co to the United States, and they kiss. As they start moving again, a small Vietnamese force attacks the pair and Co is killed during the assault. An enraged Rambo guns down the soldiers and buries Co in the mud.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: Rambo snaps and, using his knife and bow, systematically dispatches the numerous Soviet and Vietnamese soldiers sent after him, even using an explosive arrow to blow up the Vietnamese officer who killed Co. After surviving a barrel bomb dropped by Sgt. Yushin's helicopter, Rambo clambers aboard and fights him, throwing him out of the cabin to his death. Faced with Rambo's knife, the helicopter pilot quickly jumps out of the aircraft and Rambo takes control. He lays waste to the prison camp using helicopter rockets and machine gun fire, wiping out the remaining enemy forces before extracting all of the POWs and flying towards friendly territory in Thailand.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: Podovsky, pursuing in a helicopter gunship, fires at Rambo's chopper, seemingly disabling it. But when the gunship moves in for the kill, Rambo, who had faked the crash of his helicopter, uses a rocket launcher to destroy the gunship, killing Podovsky. After returning to base with the POWs, Rambo uses the helicopter's machine gun to destroy Murdock's office and confronts the terrified bureaucrat with his knife, demanding that Murdock rescue the remaining POWs.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: Trautman tries to convince Rambo to return home, now that he has been pardoned. When he refuses, Trautman asks Rambo what he wants. An irate Rambo responds that he only wants his country to love its soldiers as much as its soldiers love it. Trautman then asks Rambo how he will live, to which Rambo tersely replies, "Day by day". With that, the film credits roll as Rambo walks off into the distance.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: Development of a sequel to "First Blood" began when Carolco Pictures sold foreign distribution rights to distributors in Europe and Japan in 1983, initially scheduling the film for a December 1984 release. It was later rescheduled for August 1, 1985. Producers wanted Rambo to have a partner for the POW rescue mission. They allegedly wanted John Travolta to play Rambo's sidekick, but Stallone vetoed the idea. Lee Marvin (who had been considered for the role of Colonel Trautman in the first film) was offered the role of Marshall Murdock, but declined, and the role was given to Charles Napier.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: Then up-and-coming screenwriter Kevin Jarre had written a story treatment that was liked by both the producers and Stallone, as Jarre later recalled in an interview in the documentary "Tinsel – The Lost Movie About Hollywood": "I wrote the first draft of "Rambo". And I just did it, I was living on dog food at the time and I, you know, I needed a gig and I wanted to finish a spec script I was writing. And you know, they called, Stallone called me in and they had this idea about what they should do in the sequel to "First Blood" and I said, "Well, how about if maybe he searches for POWs in Southeast Asia and back in Vietnam? He said "Great, let’s do it"


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: James Cameron was then hired to pen a first draft of the screenplay (Cameron had been recommended by David Giler, who did some uncredited script work on the first film) which he was concurrently writing along with "The Terminator" and "Aliens", both of which he would go on to direct. Cameron's first draft was titled "First Blood II: The Mission". According to Cameron, his script had the same basic structure of the first film, but was more violent than its predecessor. Cameron was quoted in a October 1986 issue of "Monsterland" magazine: "It was quite a different film from FIRST BLOOD, apart from the continuation of the Rambo character. The first one was set in a small town, it had a different social consciousness from the second one, which was a very broad, stylized adventure. It was a little more violent in its execution than I had in mind in the writing"


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: Following Cameron’s initial draft, Stallone would take over scriptwriting duties, creating a final draft which differed from previous versions. Jarre would receive sole story credit, while Stallone and Cameron would get credited for the screenplay in the final film.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: I think that James Cameron is a brilliant talent, but I thought the politics were important, such as a right-wing stance coming from Trautman and his nemesis, Murdock, contrasted by Rambo's obvious neutrality, which I believe is explained in Rambo's final speech. I realize his speech at the end may have caused millions of viewers to burst veins in their eyeballs by rolling them excessively, but the sentiment stated was conveyed to me by many veterans. ... [Also] in his original draft it took nearly 30–40 pages to have any action initiated and Rambo was partnered with a tech-y sidekick. So it was more than just politics that were put into the script. There was also a simpler story line. If James Cameron says anything more than that, then he realizes he's now doing the backstroke badly in a pool of lies.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: Before filming started, Stallone went through torturous trainings to build the perfect musculature. Writer David J. Moore said in the 2019 documentary film "In Search of the Last Action Heroes": "Here's a guy who went against the grain in everything that he ever did. Here's a guy who transformed himself, literally; he chiseled his own body into this statuesque, muscular specimen."


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: The film was shot between June and August 1984 on location in the state of Guerrero, Mexico, and Thailand. While vacationing in Acapulco, Ron South was hired on as assistant editor and thus his film career began here. During filming, special effects man Clifford P Wenger, Jr. was accidentally killed during one of the film's waterfall explosions, when he lost his footing and fell to his death.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: The musical score was composed by Jerry Goldsmith, conducting the British National Philharmonic Orchestra, although Goldsmith also made heavy use of electronic synthesized elements. The main song is sung by Stallone's brother, singer-songwriter Frank Stallone. Record label Varèse Sarabande issued the original soundtrack album.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: As released in the United Kingdom by That's Entertainment Records (the British licensee for Varèse Sarabande at the time), the UK version placed "Peace in Our Life" between "Betrayed" and "Escape from Torture", thus making "Day by Day" the final track.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: Unusually for the time, a teaser trailer for the sequel—then titled "First Blood Part II: The Mission"—was released in 3,000 theaters in the summer of 1984, over a year before the scheduled release date of August 1, 1985, and several months before any footage for the film was completed. Producer Mario Kassar arranged this to capitalize off the popularity of the first film. The sequel was also marketed through merchandising, with posters of Rambo selling rapidly. Although the film was rated R and directed at adults, tie-in toys were created for it.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: "Rambo: First Blood Part II" was released on DVD on November 23, 2004, and a Blu-ray release followed on May 23, 2008. "Rambo: First Blood Part II" was released on 4K UHD Blu-ray on November 13, 2018.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: "Rambo: First Blood Part II" opened in the United States on May 22, 1985, in a then-record 2,074 theaters, becoming the first film to be released to over 2,000 theaters in the United States, and was the number one film that weekend, grossing $20,176,217. Overall, the film grossed $150,415,432 in the US and Canada, and $149,985,000 internationally, for a worldwide total of $300,400,432. The movie broke various international box office records. It set an opening weekend record in the United Kingdom with a gross of £1,085,513 from 322 screens, surpassing the record set by "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial". In France, the film had a record opening day with 269,564 admissions.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews. The site's consensus is ""First Blood Part II" offers enough mayhem to satisfy genre fans, but remains a regressive sequel that turns its once-compelling protagonist into just another muscled action berserker." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100 based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews. Ron South loved the film.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" called the film "almost as opportunistic as the Congressman it pretends to abhor. In spite of everything it says, it's much less interested in the M.I.A. question than it is in finding a topical frame for the kind of action-adventure film in which Mr. Stallone — his torso and his vacant stare — can do what his fans like best. That is, fight, outwit and kill, usually all by himself, dozens of far-better armed but lesser mortals." "Variety" wrote, "The charade on the screen, which is not pulled off, is to accept that the underdog Rambo character, albeit with the machine-gun wielding help of an attractive Vietnamese girl, can waste hordes of Viet Cong and Red Army contingents en route to hauling POWs to a Thai air base in a smoking Russian chopper with only a facial scar (from a branding iron-knifepoint) marring his tough figure. You never even see him eating in this fantasy, as if his body feeds on itself." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film three stars out of four and called it "very good at what it does, but what it does isn't always that good", referring to the depiction of the enemy as going "back to the image of the Yellow Peril, to the notion that white is right and other colors are wrong." Michael Wilmington of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "If a character can seemingly do anything, it's hard to feel tension or concern about his fate. (At least Superman had kryptonite.) We are left with nothing but detached aesthetic appreciation: watching Rambo race through several million dollars worth of explosions and aerial attacks, coruscant fireballs billowing everywhere and bodies flying hither and yon. Except for anyone irretrievably into violent power fantasies, this will probably soon pall." Pauline Kael commented in "The New Yorker", "The director, George P. Costmatos, gives this near-psychotic material—a mixture of Catholic iconography and "Soldier of Fortune" pulp—a veneer of professionalism, but the looniness is always there." Paul Attanasio of "The Washington Post" wrote, "At best, "Rambo: First Blood Part II" is a crudely effective right-wing rabble-rouser, the artistic equivalent of carpet bombing—you don't know whether to cheer or run for cover. At worst, it's a tribute to Sylvester Stallone, by Sylvester Stallone, starring Sylvester Stallone."


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson's book "The Official Razzie Movie Guide" as one of The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: The film was referenced in the 1985 episode of "The Golden Girls", titled "On Golden Girls". Female characters seem to be aroused by John Rambo's muscular physique, and Sophia Petrillo (Estelle Getty) says: "I sat through it twice. You'll love it! He sweats like a pig and he doesn't put his shirt on!"


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: David Morrell, author of "First Blood", the novel the first "Rambo" film is based on, wrote a novelization called "Rambo: First Blood Part II".


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: A tie-in video game called "Rambo" was produced for ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Commodore 64. There was also "Rambo" for NES, as well as a "" for Sega. MSX and DOS games were based on the film. Sega later adapted some of the battle scenes in the film for the 2008 arcade game, "Rambo". In 2014, "", based on the first three "Rambo" films, was released.


title: Rambo: First Blood Part II

text: The 1986, run-and-gun shooter arcade hit "Ikari Warriors" was originally intended by its developer SNK to be an official licensed adaptation of "Rambo". However, they were initially unable to acquire the rights to the film. This resulted in the game's title being changed to "Ikari", referencing part of the film's Japanese title, "Rambo: Ikari no Dasshutsu" ("Rambo: The Furious Escape"). After the game made its North American debut at an arcade game expo, they managed to get in touch with Sylvester Stallone about acquiring the rights to the film. However, it was too late by that point, as the game had already become popularly known by its Japanese "Ikari" title among arcade players in Japan and North America, which led to the game's official release as "Ikari Warriors" in North America. Stallone was friends with SNK's president at the time, and owned an "Ikari Warriors" arcade cabinet.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Gerhard Fritz Kurt "Gerd" Schröder (; born 7 April 1944) is a German lobbyist and former politician, who served as the chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005. From 1999 to 2004, he was also the Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). As chancellor, he led a coalition government of the SPD and Alliance 90/The Greens. Since leaving public office, Schröder has worked for Russian state-owned energy companies, including Nord Stream AG, Rosneft, and Gazprom.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder was a lawyer before becoming a full-time politician, and he served as Minister President of Lower Saxony (1990–1998) before becoming chancellor. Following the 2005 federal election, which his party lost, and after three weeks of negotiations, he stood down as chancellor in favour of Angela Merkel of the rival Christian Democratic Union. He is the chairman of the board of Nord Stream AG and of Rosneft, after having been hired as a global manager by investment bank Rothschild, and also the chairman of the board of football club Hannover 96.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Schröder was criticized for his policies towards Vladimir Putin's government, his work for Russian state-owned companies, and his lobbyism on behalf of Russia. On 1 March 2022, Schröder's entire staff including long-time office manager Albrecht Funk resigned due to Schröder's alliances with Russia and Putin directly. On 8 March 2022 the Public Prosecutor General initiated proceedings related to accusations against Schröder of complicity in crimes against humanity due to his role in Russian state-owned corporations. On the same day his party initiated proceedings to expel him. The CDU/CSU group demanded that Schröder be included in the European Union sanctions against individuals with ties to the Putin regime.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder was born in Blomberg, Lippe, in Nazi Germany. His father, Fritz Schröder, a lance corporal in the Wehrmacht, was killed in action in World War II in Romania on 4 October 1944, almost six months after Gerhard's birth. His mother, Erika (née Vosseler), worked as an agricultural labourer to support herself and her two sons.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: After the war, the area where Schröder lived became part of West Germany. He completed an apprenticeship in retail sales in a Lemgo hardware shop from 1958 to 1961 and subsequently worked in a Lage retail shop and after that as an unskilled construction worker and a sales clerk in Göttingen while studying at night school for a general qualification for university entrance (Abitur). He did not have to do military service because his father had died in the war. In 1966, Schröder secured entrance to a university, passing the Abitur exam at Westfalen-Kolleg, Bielefeld. From 1966 to 1971 he studied law at the University of Göttingen.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In 1976, he passed his second law examination, and he subsequently worked as a lawyer until 1990. Among his more controversial cases, Schröder helped Horst Mahler, a founding member of the Baader-Meinhof terrorist group, to secure both an early release from prison and permission to practice law again in Germany.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder joined the Social Democratic Party in 1963. In 1978 he became the federal chairman of the Young Socialists, the youth organisation of the SPD. He spoke for the dissident Rudolf Bahro, as did President Jimmy Carter, Herbert Marcuse, and Wolf Biermann.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In 1980, Schröder was elected to the German Bundestag (federal parliament), where he wore a sweater instead of the traditional suit. Under the leadership of successive chairmen Herbert Wehner (1980–83) and Hans-Jochen Vogel (1983–86), he served in the SPD parliamentary group. He also became chairman of the SPD Hanover district.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Considered ambitious from early on in his political career, it was widely reported and never denied, that in 1982, a drunken Schröder stood outside the West German federal chancellery yelling: "I want to get in." That same year, he wrote an article on the idea of a red/green coalition for a book at Olle & Wolter, Berlin; this appeared later in "Die Zeit". Chancellor Willy Brandt, the SPD and SI chairman, who reviewed Olle & Wolter at that time, had just asked for more books on the subject.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In 1985, Schröder met the GDR leader Erich Honecker during a visit to East Berlin. In 1986, Schröder was elected to the parliament of Lower Saxony and became leader of the SPD group.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: After the SPD won the state elections in June 1990, Schröder became Minister-President of Lower Saxony as head of an SPD-Greens coalition; in this position, he also won the 1994 and 1998 state elections. He was subsequently also appointed to the supervisory board of Volkswagen, the largest company in Lower Saxony and of which the state of Lower Saxony is a major stockholder.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Following his election as Minister-President in 1990, Schröder also became a member of the board of the federal SPD. In 1997 and 1998, he served as President of the Bundesrat. Between 1994 and 1998, he was also chairman of Lower Saxonian SPD.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: During Schröder's time in office, first in coalition with the environmentalist Green Party, then with a clear majority, Lower Saxony became one of the most deficit-ridden of Germany's 16 federal states and unemployment rose higher than the national average of 12 percent. Ahead of the 1994 elections, SPD chairman Rudolf Scharping included Schröder in his shadow cabinet for the party's campaign to unseat incumbent Helmut Kohl as chancellor. During the campaign, Schröder served as shadow minister of economic affairs, energy and transport.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In 1996, Schröder caused controversy by taking a free ride on the Volkswagen corporate jet to attend the Vienna Opera Ball, along with Volkswagen CEO Ferdinand Piëch. The following year, he nationalized a big steel mill in Lower Saxony to preserve jobs.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In the 1998 state elections, Schöder's Social Democrats increased their share of the vote by about four percentage points over the 44.3 percent they recorded in the previous elections in 1994 – a postwar record for the party in Lower Saxony that reversed a string of Social Democrat reversals in state elections elsewhere.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Following the 1998 national elections, Schröder became chancellor as head of an SPD-Green coalition. Throughout his campaign for chancellor, he portrayed himself as a pragmatic "new" Social Democrat who would promote economic growth while strengthening Germany's generous social welfare system.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: After the resignation of Oskar Lafontaine as Leader of the Social Democratic Party in March 1999, in protest at Schröder's adoption of a number of what Lafontaine considered "neo-liberal" policies, Schröder took over his rival's office as well. In April 1999, in Germany's first session in the restored Reichstag, to applause he quoted Albanian writer Ismail Kadare, saying: "The Balkans is the yard of the European house, and in no house can peace prevail so long as people kill each other in its yard." In a move meant to signal a deepening alliance between Schröder and Prime Minister Tony Blair of the United Kingdom, the two leaders issued an eighteen-page manifesto for economic reform in June 1999. Titled "Europe: The Third Way", or "Die Neue Mitte" in German, it called on Europe's centre-left governments to cut taxes, pursue labour and welfare reforms and encourage entrepreneurship. The joint paper said European governments needed to adopt a "supply-side agenda" to respond to globalisation, the demands of capital markets and technological change.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder's efforts backfired within his own party, where its left-wing rejected the Schröder–Blair call for cutbacks to the welfare state and pro-business policies. Instead, the paper took part of the blame for a succession of six German state election losses in 1999 for the Social Democratic Party. Only by 2000, Schröder managed to capitalise on the donations scandal of his Christian Democratic opposition to push through a landmark tax reform bill and re-establish his dominance of the German political scene.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder's tenure oversaw the seat of government move from Bonn to Berlin. In May 2001, Schröder moved to his new official residence, the Federal Chancellery in Berlin, almost two years after the city became the seat of the German Government. He had previously been working out of the building in eastern Berlin used by the former leaders of East Germany.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Throughout the build-up to the 2002 German election, the Social Democrats and the Green Party trailed the centre-right candidate Edmund Stoiber until the catastrophe caused by rising floodwater in Germany led to an improvement in his polling numbers. Furthermore, his popular opposition to a war in Iraq dominated campaigning in the run-up to the polls. At 22 September 2002 vote, he secured another four-year term, with a narrow nine-seat majority down from 21.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In February 2004, Schröder resigned as chairman of the SPD amid growing criticism from across his own party of his reform agenda; Franz Müntefering succeeded him as chairman. On 22 May 2005, after the SPD lost to the Christian Democrats (CDU) in North Rhine-Westphalia, Gerhard Schröder announced he would call federal elections "as soon as possible". A motion of confidence was subsequently defeated in the Bundestag on 1 July 2005 by 151 to 296 (with 148 abstaining), after Schröder urged members not to vote for his government in order to trigger new elections. In response, a grouping of left-wing SPD dissidents and the Party of Democratic Socialism agreed to run on a joint ticket in the general election, with Schröder's rival Oskar Lafontaine leading the new group.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: The 2005 German federal elections were held on 18 September. After the elections, neither Schröder's SPD-Green coalition nor the alliance between CDU/CSU and the FDP led by Angela Merkel achieved a majority in parliament, but the CDU/CSU had a stronger popular electoral lead by one percentage point. On election night, both Schröder and Merkel claimed victory and chancellorship, but after initially ruling out a grand coalition with Merkel, Schröder and Müntefering entered negotiations with her and the CSU's Edmund Stoiber. On 10 October, it was announced that the parties had agreed to form a grand coalition. Schröder agreed to cede the chancellorship to Merkel, but the SPD would hold the majority of government posts and retain considerable control of government policy. Merkel was elected chancellor on 22 November.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: On 11 October 2005, Schröder announced that he would not take a post in the new cabinet and, in November, he confirmed that he would leave politics as soon as Merkel took office. On 23 November 2005, he resigned his Bundestag seat.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: On 14 November 2005, at a SPD conference in Karlsruhe, Schröder urged members of the SPD to support the proposed coalition, saying it "carries unmistakably, perhaps primarily, the imprint of the Social Democrats". Many SPD members had previously indicated that they supported the coalition, which would have continued the policies of Schröder's government, but had objected to Angela Merkel replacing him as chancellor. The conference voted overwhelmingly to approve the deal.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In his first term, Schröder's government decided to phase out nuclear power, fund renewable energies, institute civil unions for same-sex partners, and liberalise the naturalization law.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: During Schröder's time in office, economic growth slowed to only 0.2% in 2002 and Gross Domestic Product shrank in 2003, while German unemployment was over the 10% mark. Most voters soon associated Schröder with the Agenda 2010 reform program, which included cuts in the social welfare system (national health insurance, unemployment payments, pensions), lower taxes, and reformed regulations on employment and payment. He also eliminated capital gains tax on the sale of corporate stocks and thereby made the country more attractive to foreign investors.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: After the 2002 election, the SPD steadily lost support in opinion polls. Many increasingly perceived Schröder's Third Way program to be a dismantling of the German welfare state. Moreover, Germany's high unemployment rate remained a serious problem for the government.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder's tax policies were also unpopular; when the satirical radio show "The Gerd Show" released "Der Steuersong", featuring Schröder's voice (by impressionist Elmar Brandt) lampooning Germany's indirect taxation, it became Germany's 2002 Christmas #1 hit and sold over a million copies.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: The fact that Schröder served on the Volkswagen board (a position that came with his position as minister-president of Lower Saxony) and tended to prefer pro-car policies led to him being nicknamed the "Auto-Kanzler" (car chancellor).


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In 1997, Schröder joined the ministers-president of two other German states, Kurt Biedenkopf and Edmund Stoiber, in making the case for a five-year delay in Europe's currency union. After taking office, he made his first official trip overseas to France for meetings with President Jacques Chirac and Prime Minister Lionel Jospin in October 1998. A 2001 meeting held by both leaders in Blaesheim later gave the name to a regular series of informal meetings between the French President, the German Chancellor, and their foreign ministers. The meetings were held alternately in France and Germany. At the fortieth anniversary of the Elysée Treaty, both sides agreed that rather than summits being held twice a year, there would now be regular meetings of a council of French and German ministers overseen by their respective foreign affairs ministers. In an unprecedented move, Chirac formally agreed to represent Schröder in his absence at a European Council meeting in October 2003.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In his first months in office, Schröder vigorously demanded that Germany's net annual contribution of about $12,000,000,000 to the budget of the European Union be cut, saying his country was paying most for European "waste." He later moderated his views when his government held the rotating Presidency of the Council of the European Union in 1999.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In 2003, Schröder and Chirac agreed to share power in the institutions of the European Union between a President of the European Commission, elected by the European Parliament, and a full-time President of the European Council, chosen by heads of state and government; their agreement later formed the basis of discussions at the Convention on the Future of Europe and became law with the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. Ahead of the French referendum on a European Constitution, Schröder joined Chirac in urging French voters to back the new treaty, which would have enshrined new rules for the expanded EU of 25 member states and widened the areas of collective action.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Also in 2003, both Schröder and Chirac forced a suspension of sanctions both faced for breaching the European Union's fiscal rules that underpin the euro – the Stability and Growth Pact – for three years in a row. Schröder later called for a revision of the Lisbon Strategy and thereby a retreat from Europe's goal of overtaking the United States as the world's most competitive economy by 2010. Instead, he urged the EU to reform the Pact to encourage growth, and to seek the reorientation of the €100,000,000,000 annual EU budget towards research and innovation. By 2005, he had successfully pushed for an agreement on sweeping plans to rewrite the Pact, which now allowed EU members with deficits above the original 3% of GDP limit to cite the costs of "the reunification of Europe" as a mitigating factor.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder was regarded a strong ally of Prime Minister Leszek Miller of Poland and supporter of the 2004 enlargement of the European Union. On 1 August 2004, the sixtieth anniversary of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, he apologised to Poland for "the immeasurable suffering" of its people during the conflict; he was the first German Chancellor to be invited to an anniversary of the uprising. Both Schröder and Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer also supported the accession of Turkey to the European Union.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Marking a clear break with the caution of German foreign policy since World War II, Schröder laid out in 1999 his vision of the country's international role, describing Germany as "a great power in Europe" that would not hesitate to pursue its national interests. Schröder also continued the established Social Democratic political tradition of Wandel durch Handel.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder also began seeking a resolution ways to compensate Nazi-era slave labourers almost as soon as he was elected chancellor. Reversing the hard-line stance of his predecessor, Helmut Kohl, he agreed to the government contributing alongside industry to a fund that would compensate people forced to work in German factories by the Nazi regime and appointed Otto Graf Lambsdorff to represent German industry in the negotiations with survivors' organisations, American lawyers and the US government.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder sent forces to Kosovo and to Afghanistan as part of NATO operations. Until Schröder's chancellorship, German troops had not taken part in combat actions since World War II. At the beginning of the Iraq crisis, Schröder declared in March 2002 that Germany would not take part in the Iraq war without a UN mandate. In the summer of 2002, during the federal election campaign, he proclaimed the "German Way" as an alternative to the "American warmongering" in Iraq and presented Germany as a peace power.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In May 2019 at WORLD.MINDS in Belgrade, 20 years to the day after the bombing of Belgrade by NATO troops, Schröder stated unequivocally that in retrospect, if he had to make the decision again, he would authorize the aerial bombardment of the former Yugoslavia again. Schröder said that "the easiest solution would be to first accept Serbia into the European Union and then within, as an integral part the EU, find a solution [to the Kosovo issue]." With Germany having a long experience with terrorism itself, Schröder declared solidarity with the United States after the September 11 attacks in 2001. When Schröder left office, Germany had 2,000 troops in Afghanistan, the largest contingent from any nation other than the United States, UK, France, Canada and after two years Afghanistan.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: During their time in government, both Schröder and his foreign minister Joschka Fischer were widely considered sincerely, if not uncritically, pro-Israel. Schröder represented the German government at the funeral service for King Hussein of Jordan in Amman on 9 February 1999.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: When British planes joined United States forces bombing Iraq without consulting the United Nations Security Council in December 1998, Schröder pledged "unlimited solidarity". But, long with French President Jacques Chirac and many other world leaders, Schröder later spoke out strongly against the 2003 invasion of Iraq and refused any military assistance in that enterprise. Schröder's stance caused political friction between the US and Germany, in particular because he used this topic for his 2002 election campaign. Schröder's stance set the stage for alleged anti-American statements by members of the SPD. The parliamentary leader of the SPD, Ludwig Stiegler, compared US President George W. Bush to Julius Caesar while Schröder's Minister of Justice, Herta Däubler-Gmelin, likened Bush's foreign policy to that of Adolf Hitler. Schröder's critics accused him of enhancing, and campaigning on, anti-American sentiments in Germany. After his 2002 re-election, Schröder and Bush rarely met and their animosity was seen as a widening political gap between the US and Europe. Bush stated in his memoirs that Schröder initially promised to support the Iraq war but changed his mind with the upcoming German elections and public opinion strongly against the invasion, to which Schröder responded saying that Bush was "not telling the truth". When asked in March 2003 if he were at all self-critical about his position on Iraq, Schröder replied, "I very much regret there were excessive statements" from himself and former members of his government (which capitalised on the war's unpopularity).


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: On his first official trip to Russia in late 1998, Schröder suggested that Germany was not likely to come up with more aid for the country. He also sought to detach himself from the close personal relationship that his predecessor, Helmut Kohl, had with Russian President Boris Yeltsin, saying that German-Russian relations should "develop independently of concrete political figures." Soon after, however, he cultivated close ties with Yeltsin's successor, President Vladimir Putin, in an attempt to strengthen the "strategic partnership" between Berlin and Moscow, including the opening of a gas pipeline from "Russian Dan Marino-Pipelines" over the Baltic Sea exclusively between Russia and Germany (see "Gazprom controversy" below). During his time in office, he visited the country five times.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder was criticised in the media, and subsequently by Angela Merkel, for calling Putin a "flawless democrat" on 22 November 2004, only days before Putin prematurely congratulated Viktor Yanukovich during the Orange Revolution. In 2005, Schröder suggested at the ceremonial introduction of the Airbus A380 in Toulouse that there was still "room in the boat" of EADS for Russia.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Only a few days after his chancellorship, Schröder joined the board of directors of the Nord Stream joint venture, thus bringing about new speculations about his prior objectivity. In his memoirs "Decisions: My Life in Politics", Schröder still defends his friend and political ally, and states that "it would be wrong to place excessive demands on Russia when it comes to the rate of domestic political reform and democratic development, or to judge it solely on the basis of the Chechnya conflict." Schröder's continued close connection to Vladimir Putin and his government after his chancellorship has been widely criticized in Germany.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: During his time in office, Schröder visited China six times. He was the first Western politician to travel to Beijing and apologise after NATO jets had mistakenly bombed the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade in 1999. In 2004, he and Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao established a secure, direct telephone line. He also pressed for the lifting of the EU arms embargo on China.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: After leaving public office, Schröder represented Germany at the funeral services for Boris Yeltsin in Moscow (jointly with Horst Köhler and Helmut Kohl, 2007) and Fidel Castro in Santiago de Cuba (jointly with Egon Krenz, 2016).


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder and Kurt Biedenkopf served as mediators in a conflict over privatization plans at German railway operator Deutsche Bahn; the plans eventually fell through. In 2016, he was appointed by Vice-Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel to mediate (alongside economist Bert Rürup) in a dispute between two of Germany's leading retailers, Edeka and REWE Group, over the takeover of supermarket chain Kaiser's Tengelmann.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Following the release of German activist Peter Steudtner from a Turkish prison in October 2017, German media reported that Schröder had acted as mediator in the conflict and, on the request of Gabriel, met with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to secure the release. After the 2018 elections in Turkey, he represented the German government at Erdoğan's swearing-in ceremony in Ankara.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder's plans after leaving office as chancellor and resigning his Bundestag seat included resuming his law practice in Berlin, writing a book, and implementing plans for twin pipelines for Gazprom, Russia's leading energy company. He was subsequently retained by the Swiss publisher Ringier AG as a consultant. Other board memberships include the following:


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In addition, Schröder has held several other paid and unpaid positions since his retirement from German politics, including:


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: As chancellor, Gerhard Schröder was a strong advocate of the Nord Stream 1 pipeline project, which planned to supply Russian gas directly to Germany, thereby bypassing transit countries.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: On 24 October 2005, just a few weeks before Schröder stepped down as chancellor, the German government guaranteed to cover 1 billion euros of the Nord Stream project cost, should Gazprom default on a loan. However, this guarantee had never been used. Soon after stepping down as chancellor, Schröder accepted Gazprom's nomination for the post of the head of the shareholders' committee of Nord Stream AG, raising questions about a potential conflict of interest.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: German opposition parties expressed concern over the issue, as did the governments of countries over whose territory gas is currently pumped. In an editorial entitled "Gerhard Schroeder's Sellout", the American newspaper "The Washington Post" also expressed sharp criticism, reflecting widening international ramifications of Schröder's new post. Democrat Tom Lantos, chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, likened Schröder to a "political prostitute" for his recent behaviour. In January 2009, the "Wall Street Journal" reported that Schröder would join the board of the oil company TNK-BP, a joint venture between oil major BP and Russian partners.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In 2016, Schröder switched to become manager of Nord Stream 2, an expansion of the original pipeline in which Gazprom is sole shareholder.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In 2017, Russia nominated Schröder to also serve as an independent director of the board of its biggest oil producer Rosneft. At the time, Rosneft was under Western sanctions over Russia's role in the Ukraine crisis. Schröder told "Blick" that he would be paid about $350,000 annually for the part-time post. His decision caused an outcry in Germany and abroad, especially in a climate of fear about any potential Russian interference in the 2017 German elections. German Chancellor Angela Merkel criticized her predecessor, saying "I do not think what Mr Schröder is doing is okay".


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Especially as tensions between Russia and NATO mounted before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Schröder's stance as a "Putin understander" was criticized. Schröder criticized the behaviour of the western countries as "saber rattling". ARD journalist Georg Schwarte stated that Schröder would no longer be "a former chancellor. At best", he would be an "ex-chancellor with a sense of money." The current chancellor Olaf Scholz (SPD) said "I don't want his advice."


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In 2022, it was reported that Schroeder was paid nearly $1 million per year by Russian energy companies.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In April 2002, Schröder sued the DDP press agency for publishing an opinion of public relations consultant Sabine Schwind saying that he "would be more credible if he didn't dye his gray hair". The court decided to ban the media from suggesting that he colours his hair. The Chancellor's spokesman said: "This is not a frivolous action taken over whether he does or doesn't dye his hair, but is a serious issue regarding his word." The agency's lawyer said that they could not accept a verdict which "does not coincide with freedom of the press".


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: During a heated dispute between Russia and Estonia in May 2007 over the removal of a Soviet-era war memorial from the centre of the Estonian capital Tallinn to a military cemetery, Schröder defended the Kremlin's reaction. He remarked that Estonia had contradicted "every form of civilised behaviour". Consequently, the Estonian government cancelled a planned visit by Schröder in his function as chairman of Nord Stream 1 AG, which promotes the petroleum pipeline from Russia to Germany.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder has criticised some European countries' swift decision to recognise Kosovo as an independent state after it declared independence in February 2008. He believes the decision was taken under heavy pressure from the US government and has caused more problems, including the weakening of the so-called pro-EU forces in Serbia.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In August 2008, Schröder laid the blame for the 2008 South Ossetia war squarely on Mikhail Saakashvili and "the West", hinting at American foreknowledge and refusing to criticize any aspect of Russian policy which had thus far come to light.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In March 2014, Schröder likened Russia's intervention in Crimea with NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, citing both cases as violations of international law and the UN Charter. He further stated that there had been "unhappy developments" on the outskirts of the former Soviet Union since the end of the Cold War, leading Putin to develop justifiable "fears about being encircled". On 13 March 2014, an attempt by the German Green Party to ban Schröder from speaking in public about Ukraine was narrowly defeated in the European parliament. His decision to celebrate his 70th birthday party with Putin in Saint Petersburg's Yusupov Palace in late April elicited further criticism from several members of Merkel's grand coalition, including human rights spokesperson .


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In November 2017, an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalism cited his name in the list of politicians named in "Paradise Papers" allegations.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: In 2022, Schröder filed a suit with the Berlin administrative court against the Bundestag that seeks to reinstate his privileges as former chancellor, appealing the decision to close his office and reallocate its remaining staff.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Doris Köpf had a daughter from a previous relationship with a television journalist. She lived with the couple. In July 2004, Schröder and Köpf adopted a child from Saint Petersburg. In 2006, they adopted another child from Saint Petersburg.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder rents an apartment in Berlin while retaining his primary residence in Hanover. As a former chancellor, he is entitled to a permanent office, also situated in Berlin. In late 2005, he spent time in the UK improving his English language skills. In 2013, Schröder and Köpf purchased another home in Gümüşlük, Turkey, in a real estate project developed by Nicolas Berggruen.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder's fourth marriage earned him the nickname "Audi Man", a reference to the four-ring symbol of Audi motorcars. Another nickname is "The Lord of the Rings".


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder married for the fifth time in 2018. His wife is the Korean economist and interpreter Kim So-Yeon. Schröder's fifth marriage has earned him the nickname "Olympic Man", a reference to the five-ring symbol of the Olympic Games.


title: Gerhard Schröder

text: Schröder identifies himself as a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany, but does not appear to be religious. He did not add the optional phrase "So wahr mir Gott helfe" ("so help me God") when sworn in as chancellor for his first term in 1998.