title: Beauty and the Beast

text: A version from Extremadura, titled "The Bear Prince" ("El príncipe oso"), was collected by Sergio Hernández de Soto and shows a similar introduction as in Beaumont's and Villeneuve's versions: the heroine's father loses his fortune after a shipwreck. When the merchant has the chance to recover his wealth, he asks his daughters what gift they want from his travels. The heroine asks for a lily. When the merchant finds a lily, a bear appears, saying that his youngest daughter must come to the garden because only she can repair the damage the merchant has caused. His youngest daughter seeks the bear and finds him lying on the ground, wounded. The only way to heal him is by restoring the lily the father took, and when the girl restores it, the bear turns into a prince. This tale was translated to English by Elsie Spicer Eells and retitled "The Lily and the Bear".


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Aurelio Macedonio Espinosa Sr. collected a version from Almenar de Soria titled "The Beast of the Rose Bush" ("La fiera del rosal"), in which the heroine is the daughter of a king instead of a merchant.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Aurelio Macedonio Espinosa Jr. published a version from Sepúlveda, Segovia titled "The Beast of the Garden" ("La fiera del jardín"). In this version, the heroine has a stepmother and two stepsisters and asks for an unspecified white flower.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: In a Portuguese version collected by Zófimo Consiglieri Pedroso, the heroine asks for "a slice of roach off a green meadow". The father finally finds a slice of roach off a green meadow in a castle that appears to be uninhabited, but he hears a voice saying he must bring his youngest daughter to the palace. While the heroine is at the palace, the same unseen voice informs her of the goings-on at her father's house using birds as messengers. When the heroine visits her family, the master of the castle sends a horse to let her know it is time to return. The heroine must go after hearing him three times. The third time she goes to visit her family, her father dies. After the funeral, she's tired and oversleeps, missing the horse's neigh repeat three times before it leaves. When she finally returns to the castle, she finds the beast dying. With his last breath, he curses her and her entire family. The heroine dies a few days after, and her sisters spend the rest of their lives in poverty.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Another Portuguese version from Ourilhe, collected by: Francisco Adolfo Coelho and titled "A Bella-menina", is closer to Beaumont's tale in its happy ending – the beast is revived and disenchanted.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: In a Flemish version from Veurne titled "Rose without Thorns" ("Roosken zonder Doornen"), the prince is disenchanted differently than in Beaumont's and Villeneuve's versions. The heroine and the monster attend each of the weddings of the heroine's elder sisters, and to break the spell, the heroine has to give a toast for the beast. In the first wedding, the heroine forgets, but in the second she remembers, and the beast becomes human. In a second Flemish variant collected by Amaat Joos, titled "Van het Schoon Kind", the heroine's father is a king instead of a merchant, and when he asks his three daughters what they want him to bring them when he returns from a long journey, the king's youngest daughter asks for a bush of trembling roses while her two eldest sisters asks for robes with golden flowers and a silver skirt. During her stay at the monster's castle the princess has a nightmare where she sees the monster drowning in a pond, and after she wakes up and finds out the monster is not in the corner where he sleeps, she goes to the garden where she finds the monster in the same situation she saw him in her dream. The monster turns into a prince after the princess saves him.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Another Flemish version from Wuustwezel, collected by Victor de Meyere, is closer to Beaumont's plot, the merchant's youngest daughter staying one day more at her family's home and soon returning to the Beast's palace. When she returns, she fears something bad has happened to him. This one is one of the few versions in which the merchant accompanies his daughter back to the Beast's castle.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: More similar Beaumont's plot is a Dutch version from Driebergen titled "Rozina". In this version, it is Rozina's vow to marry the Beast that eventually breaks the spell.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: The Brothers Grimm originally collected a variant of the story, titled "The Summer and Winter Garden" ("Von dem Sommer- und Wintergarten"). Here, the youngest daughter asks for a rose in the winter, so the father only finds one in a garden that is half eternal winter and half eternal summer. After making a deal with the beast, the father does not tell his daughters anything. Eight days later, the beast appears in the merchant's house and takes his youngest daughter away. When the heroine returns home, her father is ill. She cannot save him, and he dies. The heroine stays longer for her father's funeral, and when she finally returns, she finds the beast lying beneath a heap of cabbages. After the daughter revives the beast by pouring water over him, he turns into a handsome prince. The tale appeared in Brothers Grimm's collection's first edition, in 1812, but because the tale was too similar to its French counterpart, they omitted it in the next editions.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Despite the other folklorists collecting variants from German-speaking territories, Ludwig Bechstein published two versions of the story. In the first, "Little Broomstick" ("Besenstielchen"), the heroine, Nettchen, has a best friend called Little Broomstick because her father is a broommaker. Like in "The Summer and Winter Garden", Nettchen asks for roses in the dead of winter, which her father only finds in the Beast's garden. When a carriage comes to bring Nettchen to the Beast's castle, Nettchen's father sends Little Broomstick, who pretends to be Nettchen. The Beast discovers the scheme, sends Little Broomstick back home, and Nettchen is sent to the Beast's castle. The prince is disenchanted before Nettchen's visit to her family to cure her father using the sap of a plant from the prince's garden. Jealous of her fortune, Nettchen's sisters drown her in the bath, but Nettchen is revived by the same sorceress who cursed the prince. Nettchen's eldest sisters are too dangerous, but Nettchen doesn't want them dead, so the sorceress turns them into stone statues.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: In Bechstein's second version, "The Little Nut Twig" ("Das Nußzweiglein"), the heroine asks for the titular twig. When the father finally finds it, he has to make a deal with a bear, promising him the first creature that he meets when he arrives at home. This turns out to be his youngest daughter. Like in "Little Broomstick", the merchant tries to deceive the bear by sending another girl, but the bear discovers his scheme and the merchant's daughter is sent to the bear. After she and the bear cross twelve rooms of disgusting creatures, the bear turns into a prince.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Carl and Theodor Colshorn collected two versions from Hannover. In the first one, "The Clinking Clanking Lowesleaf" ("Vom klinkesklanken Löwesblatt"), the heroine is the daughter of a king. She asks for the titular leaf, which the king only gets after making a deal with a black poodle, promising to give him the first person that greets the king when he arrives home. This turns out to be his youngest daughter. The merchant tries to trick the poodle, giving him other girls pretending to be the princess, but the poodle sees through this. Finally, the princess is sent to the poodle, who brings her to a cabin in the middle of the woods, where the princess feels so alone. She wishes for company, even if it is an old beggar woman. In an instant, an old beggar woman appears, and she tells the princess how to break the spell in exchange for inviting her to the princess' wedding. The princess keeps her promise, and her mother and sisters, who expressed disgust at the sight of the old beggar woman, become crooked and lame.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: In Carl and Theodor Colshorn's second version, "The Cursed Frog" ("Der verwunschene Frosch"), the heroine is a merchant's daughter. The enchanted prince is a frog, and the daughter asks for a three-colored rose.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Ernst Meier collected a version from Swabia, in southwestern Germany, in which the heroine has only one sister instead of two.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Ignaz and Josef Zingerle collected an Austrian variant from Tannheim titled "The Bear" ("Der Bär") in which the heroine is the eldest of the merchant's three daughters. Like in "The Summer and Winter Garden" and "Little Broomstick", the protagonist asks for a rose in the middle of winter. Like in Zingerle's version, the Beast is a bear.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: In the Swiss variant, "The Bear Prince" ("Der Bärenprinz"), collected by Otto Sutermeister, the youngest daughter asks for grapes.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: The Beast is also a bear in a Slovakian variant titled "The Three Roses" ("Trojruža"), collected by Pavol Dobšinský, in which the youngest daughter asks for three roses on the same stem.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Evald Tang Kristensen collected a Danish version that follows Beaumont's version almost exactly. The most significant difference is that the enchanted prince is a horse.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Alexander Afanasyev collected a Russian version, "The Enchanted Tsarevich" ("Заклятый царевич"), in which the youngest daughter draws the flower she wants her father to bring her. The beast is a three-headed winged snake.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: There is a more famous version, "The Scarlet Flower", written by Sergey Aksakov and published in 1858.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: In a Ukrainian version, both the heroine's parents are dead. The Beast, who has the form of a snake, gives her the ability to revive people.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: An apple also plays a relevant role when the heroine goes to visit her family in a Polish version from Mazovia, in this case to warn the heroine that she is staying longer than she promised.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: In another Polish version from Kraków, the heroine is called Basia and has a stepmother and two stepsisters. In a Czech variant, the heroine's mother plucks the flower and makes the deal with the Beast, who is a basilisk, who the heroine later will behead to break the spell.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: In a Slovenian version from Livek titled "The Enchanted Bear and the Castle" ("Začaran grad in medved"), the heroine breaks the spell reading about the fate of the enchanted castle in an old dusty book.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: In a Hungarian version titled "The Speaking Grapes, the Smiling Apple and the Tinkling Apricot" ("Szóló szőlő, mosolygó alma, csengő barack"), the princess asks her father for the titular fruits, and the Beast is a pig. The king agrees to give him his youngest daughter's hand in marriage if the pig is capable of moving the king's carriage, which is stuck in the mud.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: In a version from the island of Zakynthos in Western Greece, the prince is turned into a snake by a nereid whom he rejected.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: The prince is also turned into a snake in a version from Cyprus in which he is cursed by an orphan who was his lover. In the end, the heroine's elder sisters are turned into stone pillars.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: North American missionary Adele M. Fielde collected a version from China titled "The Fairy Serpent", in which the heroine's family is visited by wasps until she follows the beast, who is a serpent. One day, the well she usually fetches water from is dry, so she walks to a spring. When the heroine returns, she finds the snake dying and revives him plunging him in the water. This turns him into a human.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: In a second Chinese variant, "Pearl of the Sea", the youngest daughter of rich merchant Pekoe asks for a chip of The Great Wall of China because of a dream she had. Her father steals a chip and is threatened by an army of Tatars who work for their master. In reality, the Tatar master is her uncle Chang, who has been enchanted prior to the story, and could only be released from his curse until a woman consented to live with him in the Great Wall.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: William Wells Newell published an Irish American variant simply titled "Rose" in the "Journal of American Folklore". In this version, the Beast takes the form of a lion.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Marie Campbell collected a version from the Appalachian Mountains, titled "A Bunch of Laurela Blooms for a Present", in which the prince was turned into a frog.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Joseph Médard Carrière collected a version in which the Beast is described having a lion's head, horse legs, a bull's body and a snake's tail. Like the end of Beaumont's version, Beauty's sisters are turned into stone statues.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: In a variant from Schoharie, New York, collected by Emelyn Elizabeth Gardner with the title "The Rosy Story", the heroine is named Ellen. The character that demands the youngest daughter is a headless man, but the Beast-like figure is a large toad.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Folklorist Fanny Dickerson Bergen published a fragmentary variant from Ohio, with the title "The Golden Bird", which is the object the youngest daughter asks for.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Mexican linguist Pablo González Casanova collected a version from the Nahuatl titled "La doncella y la fiera" (Nahuatl: "Cizuanton huan yolcatl"), in which after returning to her family's home, the heroine finds the beast dead on the ground. The girl falls asleep by his side, and she dreams of the beast, who tells her to cut a specific flower and spray its water on his face. The heroine does so, and the beast turns into a beautiful young man.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Lindolfo Gomes collected a Brazilian version titled "A Bela e a Fera" in which the deal consists of the father promising to give the Beast the first living creature that greets him at home. The heroine later visits her family because her eldest sister is getting married.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Harries identifies the two most popular strands of fairy tale in the 18th century as the fantastical romance for adults and the didactic tale for children. Beauty and the Beast is interesting as it bridges this gap, with Villeneuve's version being written as a salon tale for adults and Beaumont's being written as a didactic tale for children.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Tatar (2017) compares the tale to the theme of "animal brides and grooms" found in folklore throughout the world,


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: pointing out that the French tale was specifically intended for the preparation of young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: The urban opening is unusual in fairy tales, as is the social class of the characters, neither royal nor peasants; it may reflect the social changes occurring at the time of its first writing.


title: Beauty and the Beast

text: Hamburger (2015) points out that the design of the Beast in the 1946 film adaptation by Jean Cocteau was inspired by the portrait of Petrus Gonsalvus, a native of Tenerife who suffered from hypertrichosis, causing an abnormal growth of hair on his face and other parts, and who came under the protection of the French king and married a beautiful Parisian woman named Catherine.


title: Ronny Chieng

text: Ronny Xin Yi Chieng (; born 21 November 1985) is a Malaysian comedian and actor. He is currently a senior correspondent on Comedy Central's "The Daily Show" and the creator and star of the ABC Australia sitcom "".


title: Ronny Chieng

text: Ronny Xin Yi Chieng was born into a Malaysian Chinese family in Johor Bahru on 21 November 1985. He grew up in both Singapore and the United States; from 1989 to 1994, he lived in Manchester, New Hampshire. In his youth, he was a Singapore Sea Scout. When he lived in Johor Bahru, he commuted to Fuchun Primary School in neighbouring Singapore. He subsequently attended Pioneer Secondary School and Pioneer Junior College in Singapore. He attended the University of Melbourne in Australia, living at Trinity College and graduating in 2009 with a BComm in finance and an LL.B. He also obtained a Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice from the Australian National University in 2012.


title: Ronny Chieng

text: Chieng performed with Trevor Noah in 2013 at an Australian comedy festival in Melbourne. In 2015, he was asked to audition for the correspondent role on "The Daily Show", which Noah hosted from 2015 to 2022. In July 2016, he was named one of 10 Comics to Watch by "Variety". Three months later, he had a segment on "The Daily Show" in which he gave an expletive-laden criticism of a Jesse Watters clip on Fox News deemed by many as racist. He also revisited New York City's Chinatown neighborhood, where Watters had mocked residents, and conducted more respectful interviews in Mandarin and Cantonese. The video went viral and received coverage in "The Washington Post" and on "Slate".


title: Ronny Chieng

text: In 2017, Chieng began co-writing and starring in the sitcom "", based on his own experience as a Malaysian student in Australia. It was developed for Comedy Central in America and ABC TV in Australia. In 2018, he made his film debut in "Crazy Rich Asians", as Eddie Cheng, an obnoxious banker.


title: Ronny Chieng

text: In 2019, his first stand-up special with Netflix, "Asian Comedian Destroys America!", was released, directed by his "Daily Show" collaborator Sebastian DiNatale. In early 2021, Chieng signed a deal with Netflix for two additional stand-up specials and a "docu-comedy." He also appeared as the original character Jon Jon in the Marvel Studios film "Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings," and it was announced that Chieng and DiNatale will co-write a martial arts action-comedy film for Sony.


title: Ronny Chieng

text: The new "docu-comedy", titled "Ronny Chieng Takes Chinatown", was released in 2022 and co-stars YouTuber David Fung, with guest appearances from fellow "Shang-Chi" actor Simu Liu and professional NBA player Jeremy Lin. Chieng's second Netflix special, "Speakeasy", was released on 5 April 2022.


title: Ronny Chieng

text: In October 2022, Chieng commented on Rishi Sunak becoming Britain's first Asian Prime Minister during a "Daily Show" segment. He said, “I know everyone is excited that this is the first Asian prime minister, but let’s be clear: Indians are not Asians, OK? They’re still people — great people — just not Asian people.” Many internet netizens have criticized the joke, particularly Indians.


title: Ronny Chieng

text: Chieng has lived in New York City since moving to the U.S. in 2015. He is married to Hannah Pham. Although he lived in Australia for a decade, he does not have citizenship or permanent residency status there. He practises Brazilian jiujitsu and holds the rank of blue belt.


title: Ronny Chieng

text: In 2018, Chieng joked that he had a fear of dogs on "The Daily Show", but later clarified in an interview that he was "100% not scared of dogs". He is an avid collector of watches, an interest that first began with a Seiko 5 that he purchased during his university years in Australia. His watch collection was featured on an episode of the Hodinkee series "Talking Watches" and includes a rare variant of the Seiko Chronograph Ref. 6139-6010 (widely acknowledged as being worn by Bruce Lee) and a vintage GMT-Master Ref. 16753 "Root Beer". Another of his watches, a two-tone Rolex dated to 1984 that he inherited from his late father, appeared on an episode of "Antiques Roadshow" and was valued at $5,000.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous route of administration is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrients for those who cannot, or will not—due to reduced mental states or otherwise—consume food or water by mouth. It may also be used to administer medications or other medical therapy such as blood products or electrolytes to correct electrolyte imbalances. Attempts at providing intravenous therapy have been recorded as early as the 1400s, but the practice did not become widespread until the 1900s after the development of techniques for safe, effective use.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: The intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver medications and fluid replacement throughout the body as they are introduced directly into the circulatory system and thus quickly distributed. For this reason, the intravenous route of administration is also used for the consumption of some recreational drugs. Many therapies are administered as a "bolus" or one-time dose, but they may also be administered as an extended "infusion" or "drip". The act of administering a therapy intravenously, or placing an intravenous line ("IV line") for later use, is a procedure which should only be performed by a skilled professional. The most basic intravenous access consists of a needle piercing the skin and entering a vein which is connected to a syringe or to external tubing. This is used to administer the desired therapy. In cases where a patient is likely to receive many such interventions in a short period (with consequent risk of trauma to the vein), normal practice is to insert a cannula which leaves one end in the vein, and subsequent therapies can be administered easily through tubing at the other end. In some cases, multiple medications or therapies are administered through the same IV line.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: IV lines are classified as "central lines" if they end in a large vein close to the heart, or as "peripheral lines" if their output is to a small vein in the periphery, such as the arm. An IV line can be threaded through a peripheral vein to end near the heart, which is termed a "peripherally inserted central catheter" or PICC line. If a person is likely to need long-term intravenous therapy, a medical port may be implanted to enable easier repeated access to the vein without having to pierce the vein repeatedly. A catheter can also be inserted into a central vein through the chest, which is known as a tunneled line. The specific type of catheter used and site of insertion are affected by the desired substance to be administered and the health of the veins in the desired site of insertion.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Placement of an IV line may cause pain, as it necessarily involves piercing the skin. Infections and inflammation (termed phlebitis) are also both common side effects of an IV line. Phlebitis may be more likely if the same vein is used repeatedly for intravenous access, and can eventually develop into a hard cord which is unsuitable for IV access. The unintentional administration of a therapy outside a vein, termed extravasation or infiltration, may cause other side effects.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Intravenous (IV) access is used to administer medications and fluid replacement which must be distributed throughout the body, especially when rapid distribution is desired. Another use of IV administration is the avoidance of first-pass metabolism in the liver. Substances that may be infused intravenously include volume expanders, blood-based products, blood substitutes, medications and nutrition.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Fluids may be administered as part of "volume expansion", or fluid replacement, through the intravenous route. Volume expansion consists of the administration of fluid-based solutions or suspensions designed to target specific areas of the body which need more water. There are two main types of volume expander: crystalloids and colloids. Crystalloids are aqueous solutions of mineral salts or other water-soluble molecules. Colloids contain larger insoluble molecules, such as gelatin. Blood itself is considered a colloid.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: The most commonly used crystalloid fluid is normal saline, a solution of sodium chloride at 0.9% concentration, which is isotonic with blood. Lactated Ringer's (also known as "Ringer's lactate") and the closely related "Ringer's acetate", are mildly hypotonic solutions often used in those who have significant burns. Colloids preserve a high colloid osmotic pressure in the blood, while, on the other hand, this parameter is decreased by crystalloids due to hemodilution. Crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Buffer solutions which are used to correct acidosis or alkalosis are also administered through intravenous access. Lactated Ringer's solution used as a fluid expander or base solution to which medications are added also has some buffering effect. Another solution administered intravenously as a buffering solution is sodium bicarbonate.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Medications may be mixed into the fluids mentioned above, commonly normal saline, or dextrose solutions. Compared with other routes of administration, such as oral medications, the IV route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body. For this reason, the IV route is commonly preferred in emergency situations or when a fast onset of action is desirable. In extremely high blood pressure (termed a hypertensive emergency), IV antihypertensives may be given to quickly decrease the blood pressure in a controlled manner to prevent organ damage. In atrial fibrillation, IV amiodarone may be administered to attempt to restore normal heart rhythm. IV medications can also be used for chronic health conditions such as cancer, for which chemotherapy drugs are commonly administered intravenously. In some cases, such as with vancomycin, a loading or bolus dose of medicine is given before beginning a dosing regimen to more quickly increase the concentration of medication in the blood.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: The bioavailability of an IV medication is by definition 100%, unlike oral administration where medication may not be fully absorbed, or may be metabolized prior to entering the bloodstream. For some medications, there is virtually zero oral bioavailability. For this reason certain types of medications can only be given intravenously, as there is insufficient uptake by other routes of administration, such is the case of severe dehydration where the patient is required to be treated via IV therapy for a quick recovery. The unpredictability of oral bioavailability in different people is also a reason for a medication to be administered IV, as with furosemide. Oral medications also may be less desirable if a person is nauseous or vomiting, or has severe diarrhea, as these may prevent the medicine from being fully absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In these cases, a medication may be given IV only until the patient can tolerate an oral form of the medication. The switch from IV to oral administration is usually performed as soon as viable, as there is generally cost and time savings over IV administration. Whether a medication can be potentially switched to an oral form is sometimes considered when choosing appropriate antibiotic therapy for use in a hospital setting, as a person is unlikely to be discharged if they still require IV therapy.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Some medications, such as aprepitant, are chemically modified to be better suited for IV administration, forming a prodrug such as fosaprepitant. This can be for pharmacokinetic reasons or to delay the effect of the drug until it can be metabolized into the active form.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: A blood product (or "blood-based product") is any component of blood which is collected from a donor for use in a blood transfusion. Blood transfusions can be used in massive blood loss due to trauma, or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe anaemia or thrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease. Early blood transfusions consisted of whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Parenteral nutrition is the act of providing required nutrients to a person through an intravenous line. This is used in people who are unable to get nutrients normally, by eating and digesting food. A person receiving parenteral nutrition will be given an intravenous solution which may contain salts, dextrose, amino acids, lipids and vitamins. The exact formulation of a parenteral nutrition used will depend on the specific nutritional needs of the person it is being given to. If a person is only receiving nutrition intravenously, it is called total parenteral nutrition (TPN), whereas if a person is only receiving some of their nutrition intravenously it is called partial parenteral nutrition (or supplemental parenteral nutrition).


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Medical imaging relies on being able to clearly distinguish internal parts of the body from each other. One way this is accomplished is through the administration of a contrast agent into a vein. The specific imaging technique being employed will determine the characteristics of an appropriate contrast agent to increase visibility of blood vessels or other features. Common contrast agents are administered into a peripheral vein from which they are distributed throughout the circulation to the imaging site.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: IV rehydration was formerly a common technique for athletes. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits intravenous injection of more than 100mL per 12 hours, except under a medical exemption. The United States Anti-Doping Agency notes that, as well as the dangers inherent in IV therapy, "IVs can be used to change blood test results (such as hematocrit where EPO or blood doping is being used), mask urine test results (by dilution) or by administering prohibited substances in a way that will more quickly be cleared from the body in order to beat an anti-doping test". Players suspended after attending "boutique IV clinics" which offer this sort of treatment include footballer Samir Nasri in 2017 and swimmer Ryan Lochte in 2018.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: In the 1960s, John Myers developed the "Myers' cocktail", a non-prescription IV solution of vitamins and minerals marketed as a hangover cure and general wellness remedy. The first "boutique IV" clinic, offering similar treatments, opened in Tokyo in 2008. These clinics, whose target market was described by "Elle" as "health nuts who moonlight as heavy drinkers", have been publicized in the 2010s by glamorous celebrity customers. Intravenous therapy is also used in people with acute ethanol toxicity to correct electrolyte and vitamin deficiencies which arise from alcohol consumption.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: In some countries, non-prescription intravenous glucose is used to improve a person's energy, but is not a part of routine medical care in countries such as the United States where glucose solutions are prescription drugs. Improperly administered intravenous glucose (called "ringer"), such as that which is administered clandestinely in store-front clinics, poses increased risks due to improper technique and oversight. Intravenous access is also sometimes used outside of a medical setting for the self-administration of recreational drugs, such as heroin and fentanyl, cocaine, methamphetamine, DMT, and others.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Some medications can be administered as a bolus dose, which is called an "IV push". A syringe containing the medication is connected to an access port in the primary tubing and the medication is administered through the port. A bolus may be administered rapidly (with a fast depression of the syringe plunger) or may be administered slowly, over the course of a few minutes. The exact administration technique depends on the medication and other factors. In some cases, a bolus of plain IV solution (i.e. without medication added) is administered immediately after the bolus to further force the medicine into the bloodstream. This procedure is termed an "IV flush". Certain medications, such as potassium, are not able to be administered by IV push due to the extremely rapid onset of action and high level of effects.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: An infusion of medication may be used when it is desirable to have a constant blood concentration of a medication over time, such as with some antibiotics including beta-lactams. Continuous infusions, where the next infusion is begun immediately following the completion of the prior, may also be used to limit variation in drug concentration in the blood (i.e. between the peak drug levels and the trough drug levels). They may also be used instead of intermittent bolus injections for the same reason, such as with furosemide. Infusions can also be intermittent, in which case the medication is administered over a period of time, then stopped, and this is later repeated. Intermittent infusion may be used when there are concerns about the stability of medicine in solution for long periods of time (as is common with continuous infusions), or to enable the administration of medicines which would be incompatible if administered at the same time in the same IV line, for example vancomycin.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Failure to properly calculate and administer an infusion can result in adverse effects, termed infusion reactions. For this reason, many medications have a maximum recommended infusion rate, such as vancomycin and many monoclonal antibodies. These infusion reactions can be severe, such as in the case of vancomycin, where the reaction is termed "red man syndrome".


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Any additional medication to be administered intravenously at the same time as an infusion may be connected to the primary tubing; this is termed a secondary IV, or IV piggyback. This prevents the need for multiple IV access lines on the same person. When administering a secondary IV medication, the primary bag is held lower than the secondary bag so that the secondary medication can flow into the primary tubing, rather than fluid from the primary bag flowing into the secondary tubing. The fluid from the primary bag is needed to help flush any remaining medication from the secondary IV from the tubing. If a bolus or secondary infusion is intended for administration in the same line as a primary infusion, the molecular compatibility of the solutions must be considered. Secondary compatibility is generally referred to as "y-site compatibility", named after the shape of the tubing which has a port for bolus administration. Incompatibility of two fluids or medications can arise due to issues of molecular stability, changes in solubility, or degradation of one of the medications.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: The simplest form of intravenous access is by passing a hollow needle through the skin directly into a vein. A syringe can be connected directly to this needle, which allows for a "bolus" dose to be administered. Alternatively, the needle may be placed and then connected to a length of tubing, allowing for an infusion to be administered. The type and location of venous access (i.e. a central line versus peripheral line, and in which vein the line is placed) can be affected by the potential for some medications to cause peripheral vasoconstriction, which limits circulation to peripheral veins.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: A peripheral cannula is the most common intravenous access method utilized in hospitals, pre-hospital care, and outpatient medicine. This may be placed in the arm, commonly either the wrist or the median cubital vein at the elbow. A tourniquet may be used to restrict the venous drainage of the limb and make the vein bulge, making it easier to locate and place a line in a vein. When used, a tourniquet should be removed before injecting medication to prevent extravasation. The part of the catheter that remains outside the skin is called the connecting hub; it can be connected to a syringe or an intravenous infusion line, or capped with a or saline lock, a needleless connection filled with a small amount of heparin or saline solution to prevent clotting, between uses of the catheter. Ported cannulae have an injection port on the top that is often used to administer medicine.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: The thickness and size of needles and catheters can be given in Birmingham gauge or French gauge. A Birmingham gauge of 14 is a very large cannula (used in resuscitation settings) and 24-26 is the smallest. The most common sizes are 16-gauge (midsize line used for blood donation and transfusion), 18- and 20-gauge (all-purpose line for infusions and blood draws), and 22-gauge (all-purpose pediatric line). 12- and 14-gauge peripheral lines are capable of delivering large volumes of fluid very fast, accounting for their popularity in emergency medicine. These lines are frequently called "large bores" or "trauma lines".


title: Intravenous therapy

text: A peripheral intravenous line is inserted in peripheral veins, such as the veins in the arms, hands, legs and feet. Medication administered in this way travels through the veins to the heart, from where it is distributed to the rest of the body through the circulatory system. The size of the peripheral vein limits the amount and rate of medication which can be administered safely. A peripheral line consists of a short catheter inserted through the skin into a peripheral vein. This is usually in the form of a cannula-over-needle device, in which a flexible plastic cannula comes mounted over a metal trocar. Once the tip of the needle and cannula are placed, the cannula is advanced inside the vein over the trocar to the appropriate position and secured. The trocar is then withdrawn and discarded. Blood samples may also be drawn from the line directly after the initial IV cannula insertion.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: A central line is an access method in which a catheter empties into a larger, more central vein (a vein within the torso), usually the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava or the right atrium of the heart. There are several types of central IV access, categorized based on the route the catheter takes from the outside of the body to the central vein output.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: A peripherally inserted central catheter (also called a PICC line) is a type of central IV access which consists of a cannula is inserted through a sheath into a peripheral vein and then carefully fed towards the heart, terminating at the superior vena cava or the right atrium. These lines are usually placed in peripheral veins in the arm, and may be placed using the Seldinger technique under ultrasound guidance. An X-ray is used to verify that the end of the cannula is in the right place if fluoroscopy was not used during the insertion. An EKG can also be used in some cases to determine if the end of the cannula is in the correct location.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: A tunneled line is a type of central access which is inserted under the skin, and then travels a significant distance through surrounding tissue before reaching and penetrating the central vein. Using a tunneled line reduces the risk of infection as compared to other forms of access, as bacteria from the skin surface are not able to travel directly into the vein. These catheters are often made of materials that resist infection and clotting. Types of tunneled central lines include the Hickman line or Broviac catheter. A tunnelled line is an option for long term venous access necessary for hemodialysis in people with poor kidney function.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: An implanted port is a central line that does not have an external connector protruding from the skin for administration of medication. Instead, a port consists of a small reservoir covered with silicone rubber which is implanted under the skin, which then covers the reservoir. Medication is administered by injecting medication through the skin and the silicone port cover into the reservoir. When the needle is withdrawn, the reservoir cover reseals itself. A port cover is designed to function for hundreds of needle sticks during its lifetime. Ports may be placed in an arm or in the chest area.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Equipment used to place and administer an IV line for infusion consists of a bag, usually hanging above the height of the person, and sterile tubing through which the medicine is administered. In a basic "gravity" IV, a bag is simply hung above the height of the person and the solution is pulled via gravity through a tube attached to a needle inserted into a vein. Without extra equipment, it is not possible to precisely control the rate of administration. For this reason, a setup may also incorporate a clamp to regulate flow. Some IV lines may be placed with "Y-sites", devices which enable a secondary solution to be administered through the same line (known as piggybacking). Some systems employ a drip chamber, which prevents air from entering the bloodstream (causing an air embolism), and allows visual estimation of flow rate of the solution.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Alternatively, an infusion pump allows precise control over the flow rate and total amount delivered. A pump is programmed based on the number and size of infusions being administered to ensure all medicine is fully administered without allowing the access line to run dry. Pumps are primarily utilized when a constant flow rate is important, or where changes in rate of administration would have consequences.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: To reduce pain associated with the procedure, medical staff may apply a topical local anaesthetic (such as EMLA or Ametop) to the skin of the chosen venipuncture area about 45 minutes beforehand.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: If the cannula is not inserted correctly, or the vein is particularly fragile and ruptures, blood may extravasate into the surrounding tissues; this situation is known as a blown vein or "tissuing". Using this cannula to administer medications causes extravasation of the drug, which can lead to edema, causing pain and tissue damage, and even necrosis depending on the medication. The person attempting to obtain the access must find a new access site proximal to the "blown" area to prevent extravasation of medications through the damaged vein. For this reason it is advisable to site the first cannula at the most distal appropriate vein.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Placement of an intravenous line inherently causes pain when the skin is broken and is considered medically invasive. For this reason, when other forms of administration may suffice, intravenous therapy is usually not preferred. This includes the treatment of mild or moderate dehydration with oral rehydration therapy which is an option, as opposed to parenteral rehydration through an IV line. Children in emergency departments being treated for dehydration have better outcomes with oral treatment than intravenous therapy due to the pain and complications of an intravenous line. Cold spray may decrease the pain of putting in an IV.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Certain medications also have specific sensations of pain associated with their administration IV. This includes potassium, which when administered IV can cause a burning or painful sensation. The incidence of side effects specific to a medication can be affected by the type of access (peripheral versus central), the rate of administration, or the quantity of drug administered. When medications are administered too rapidly through an IV line, a set of vague symptoms such as redness or rash, fever, and others may occur; this is termed an "infusion reaction" and is prevented by decreasing the rate of administration of the medication. When vancomycin is involved, this is commonly termed "Red Man syndrome" after the rapid flushing which occurs after rapid administration.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: As placement of an intravenous line requires breaking the skin, there is a risk of infection. Skin-dwelling organisms such as coagulase-negative staphylococcus or "Candida albicans" may enter through the insertion site around the catheter, or bacteria may be accidentally introduced inside the catheter from contaminated equipment. Infection of an IV access site is usually local, causing easily visible swelling, redness, and fever. However, pathogens may also enter the bloodstream, causing sepsis, which can be sudden and life-threatening. A central IV line poses a higher risk of sepsis, as it can deliver bacteria directly into the central circulation. A line which has been in place for a longer period of time also increases the risk of infection.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Inflammation of the vein may also occur, called thrombophlebitis or simply phlebitis. This may be caused by infection, the catheter itself, or the specific fluids or medication being given. Repeated instances of phlebitis can cause scar tissue to build up along a vein. A peripheral IV line cannot be left in the vein indefinitely out of concern for the risk of infection and phlebitis, among other potential complications. However, recent studies have found that there is no increased risk of complications in those whose IVs were replaced only when clinically indicated versus those whose IVs were replaced routinely. If placed with proper aseptic technique, it is not recommended to change a peripheral IV line more frequently than every 72–96 hours.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Phlebitis is particularly common in intravenous drug users, and those undergoing chemotherapy, whose veins can become sclerotic and difficult to access over time, sometimes forming a hard, painful “venous cord”. The presence of a cord is a cause of discomfort and pain associated with IV therapy, and makes it more difficult for an IV line to be placed as a line cannot be placed in an area with a cord.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Infiltration occurs when a non-vesicant IV fluid or medication enters the surrounding tissue as opposed to the desired vein. It may occur when the vein itself ruptures, when the vein is damaged during insertion of the intravascular access device, or from increased vein porosity. Infiltration may also occur if the puncture of the vein by the needle becomes the path of least resistance—such as a cannula which has been left inserted, causing the vein to scar. It can also occur upon insertion of an IV line if a tourniquet is not promptly removed. Infiltration is characterized by coolness and pallor to the skin as well as localized swelling or edema. It is treated by removing the intravenous line and elevating the affected limb so the collected fluids drain away. Injections of hyaluronidase around the area can be used to speed the dispersal of the fluid/drug. Infiltration is one of the most common adverse effects of IV therapy and is usually not serious unless the infiltrated fluid is a medication damaging to the surrounding tissue, most commonly a vesicant or chemotherapeutic agent. In such cases, the infiltration is termed extravasation, and may cause necrosis.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: If the solutions administered are colder than the temperature of the body, induced hypothermia can occur. If the temperature change to the heart is rapid, ventricular fibrillation may result. Furthermore, if a solution which is not balanced in concentration is administered, a person's electrolytes may become imbalanced. In hospitals, regular blood tests may be used to proactively monitor electrolyte levels.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: The first recorded attempt at administering a therapeutic substance via IV injection was in 1492, when Pope Innocent VIII fell ill and was administered blood from healthy individuals. If this occurred, the treatment did not work and resulted in the death of the donors while not healing the pope. This story is disputed by some, who claim that the idea of blood transfusions could not have been considered by the medical professionals at the time, or that a complete description of blood circulation was not published until over 100 years later. The story is attributed to potential errors in translation of documents from the time, as well as potentially an intentional fabrication, whereas others still consider it to be accurate. One of the leading medical history textbooks for medical and nursing students has claimed that the entire story was an anti-semitic fabrication.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: In 1656 Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle worked on the subject. As stated by Wren, “I Have Injected Wine and Ale in a liveing Dog into the Mass of Blood by a Veine, in good Quantities, till I have made him extremely drunk, but soon after he Pisseth it out.” The dog survived, grew fat, and was later stolen from his owner. Boyle attributed authorship to Wren.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Richard Lower showed it was possible for blood to be transfused from animal to animal and from animal to man intravenously, a xenotransfusion. He worked with Edmund King to transfuse sheep's blood into a man who was mentally ill. Lower was interested in advancing science but also believed the man could be helped, either by the infusion of fresh blood or by the removal of old blood. It was difficult to find people who would agree to be transfused, but an eccentric scholar, Arthur Coga, consented and the procedure was carried out by Lower and King before the Royal Society on 23 November 1667. Transfusion gathered some popularity in France and Italy, but medical and theological debates arose, resulting in transfusion being prohibited in France.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: There was virtually no recorded success with any attempts at injection therapy until the 1800s, when in 1831 Thomas Latta studied the use of IV fluid replacements for cholera treatment. The first solutions which saw widespread use for IV injections were simple "saline-like solutions", which were followed by experiments with various other liquids, including milk, sugar, honey, and egg yolk. In the 1830s, James Blundell, an English obstetrician, used intravenous administration of blood to treat women bleeding profusely during or after delivery. This predated the understanding of blood type, leading to unpredictable results.


title: Intravenous therapy

text: Intravenous therapy was expanded by Italian physician Guido Baccelli in the late 1890s and further developed in the 1930s by Samuel Hirschfeld, Harold T. Hyman and Justine Johnstone Wanger but was not widely available until the 1950s. There was a time, roughly the 1910s-1920s, when fluid replacement that today would be done intravenously was likelier to be done with a Murphy drip, a rectal infusion; and IV therapy took years to increasingly displace that route. In the 1960s, the concept of providing a person's complete nutritional needs through an IV solution began to be seriously considered. The first parenteral nutrition supplementation consisted of hydrolyzed proteins and dextrose. This was followed in 1975 with the introduction of intravenous fat emulsions and vitamins which were added to form "total parenteral nutrition", or that which includes protein, fat, and carbohydrates.


title: Booboo Stewart

text: Nils Allen "Booboo" Stewart Jr. (born January 21, 1994) is an American actor. He is known for playing Seth Clearwater in "The Twilight Saga", Warpath in "", Jay in the Disney television film franchise "Descendants" and Willie in "Julie and the Phantoms".


title: Booboo Stewart

text: Booboo Stewart was born in Beverly Hills, California. His father, Nils Allen Stewart, is a professional stuntman. His mother is of Japanese, Chinese, and Korean descent while his father is of Russian, Scottish, and Native American (Blackfoot) descent.


title: Booboo Stewart

text: Stewart is the older brother of actress Fivel Stewart. He was a former member of T-Squad, a Disney hip-hop/pop group, and performed with his sisters, Fivel and Maegan, as part of "TSC" (The Stewart Clan).


title: Booboo Stewart

text: During 2006–2010 Stewart appeared or starred in several independent, direct-to-video, or TV films. He also hosted six episodes of the children's show "Blue Dolphin Kids" in Hawaii, and did stunt work on several films including the 2006 film "Zoom" and the 2007 film "Beowulf". He had roles on episodes of "Steve Harvey's Big Time Challenge", "ER", "Dante's Cove", "Everybody Hates Chris" and "R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour". Stewart also toured with Hannah Montana/Miley Cyrus on her Best of Both Worlds Tour featuring the Jonas Brothers and in the Camp Rock Freestyle Jam concert series. He recorded the opening theme for the "Disney Channel Games 2008" titled "Let's Go!", and in 2010 "Under the Sea" (from "The Little Mermaid") for the Disney recompilation disc "DisneyMania 7". He promoted clothes, as well as toys and games such as "Wii Fit" and Hot Wheels. He also played Roman in "".


title: Booboo Stewart

text: In 2010, Stewart appeared in the movie "Logan", a coming of age story about two brothers. He portrayed Seth Clearwater in "", the third installment of "The Twilight Saga" film series, as well as "" in 2011 and "" in 2012.


title: Booboo Stewart

text: In 2012, Stewart starred in the movie White Frog as Nick Young, a teen with Asperger's syndrome. In 2013, he played the lead role in "Running Deer", an award-winning short film produced and directed by Brent Ryan Green through Toy Gun Films. Stewart also appeared in 2014's "" acting as Warpath.


title: Booboo Stewart

text: In 2013, Stewart appeared in "Space Warriors" alongside Danny Glover, Dermot Mulroney, Josh Lucas, Mira Sorvino, directed by Sean McNamara.


title: Booboo Stewart

text: Stewart starred in the 2015 Disney Channel original movie "Descendants" as Jay, the son of Jafar. He reprised his role in the 2017 and 2019 sequels, "Descendants 2" and "Descendants 3". In 2020, Stewart appeared as Willie in the Netflix series "Julie and the Phantoms", and as Peter Dragswolf in the film "Let Him Go".


title: Booboo Stewart

text: In 2010, he was named a Celebrity Ambassador by the Muscular Dystrophy Association. In his role, Stewart is helping raise awareness in the fight against muscle diseases. He is also part of MDA's "Make a Muscle, Make a Difference" PSA campaign, being featured in print and TV advertisements. He also travelled to Perth, Australia for the Channel 7 Telethon, raising money for the Princess Margaret Hospital for Children. Stewart and his sister Fivel also hosted free concerts on behalf of the national non-profit organization Childhelp.


title: Booboo Stewart

text: He appeared in a PETA campaign, encouraging people to adopt animals rather than to buy them from pet stores. He is also involved in Four Green Steps, an environmental organization based in Canada.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: Mandy is a 2018 action horror film directed by Panos Cosmatos, produced by Elijah Wood and co-written by Cosmatos and Aaron Stewart-Ahn based on a story Cosmatos conceived. A co-production of the United States and Belgium, the film stars Nicolas Cage, Andrea Riseborough, Linus Roache, Ned Dennehy, Olwen Fouéré, Richard Brake, and Bill Duke.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: It premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival on January 19, and was theatrically released on September 14, 2018 by RLJE Films.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: "Mandy" was praised for its style and originality, Cage's performance, Cosmatos' direction, and the action sequences. It is one of the last films scored by Icelandic composer Jóhann Jóhannsson, who died in February 2018. The film is dedicated to him.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: Near the Shadow Mountains, recovering alcoholic Red Miller lives a solitary life with his girlfriend, artist and author Mandy Bloom. He works as a logger, while she has a day job as a gas station cashier. In their cabin by a lake, Mandy creates elaborate fantasy art, which Red admires greatly.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: On her way to work one day, Mandy walks past a van carrying the Children of the New Dawn, a religious cult led by Jeremiah Sand. Sand is struck by Mandy's beauty and orders one of his disciples, Brother Swan, to kidnap Mandy with the help of the Black Skulls, a cannibalistic, demonic biker gang who regularly use a highly potent form of LSD.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: That night, Swan drives out to the lake and summons the Black Skulls by blowing a mystical ocarina known as the "Horn of Abraxas". After Swan offers them a low-ranking member of the cult as a sacrifice, they break into the couple's home and subdue Mandy and Red. Afterwards, cultists Mother Marlene and Sister Lucy drug Mandy before presenting her to Sand. Sand, a failed musician, attempts to seduce Mandy with his psychedelic folk music, telling her that God had told him to take anything he wanted, but she instead laughs at Sand, infuriating him. In retaliation, he stabs Red, who is bound and gagged with barbed wire, before burning Mandy alive. After Sand and his followers leave, Red frees himself, mourns over Mandy's ashes, goes back inside, and falls asleep. After waking up from a nightmare, he consumes a bottle of vodka, tends to his wounds, and shrieks in agony, grief, and rage.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: The next morning, Red fetches his crossbow from his friend Caruthers, who also provides him with freshly crafted bolts and information on the Black Skulls. Caruthers explains that the Black Skulls were former drug couriers who became sadomasochists after they consumed a bad batch of LSD. Before Red leaves, Caruthers warns him that his odds of survival are poor, but Red strives to hunt down the bikers after forging a battle axe. He shoots one with his crossbow and runs him down, but crashes his car and is captured in the process. At their hideout, Red breaks free from his restraints and kills the rest of the bikers. As he investigates their hideout, he consumes some of their drugs, causing him to instantly and severely hallucinate.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: Seeking out a radio tower he envisioned earlier, Red encounters The Chemist, a mysterious drug manufacturer, who tells him where to find the Children of the New Dawn. At their makeshift wooden church in a quarry, Red kills Brothers Swan, Hanker, and Klopek, but spares the life of Sister Lucy. In the tunnels beneath the church, Red finds Mother Marlene and decapitates her. He then confronts Sand, taunting him by throwing Marlene's severed head at him before crushing his skull. He then sets Sand's body and the church on fire before driving away. As Red drives, he starts envisioning Mandy in the passenger seat of his car, while the landscape behind him now appears fantastical and otherworldly.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: On June 7, 2017, Nicolas Cage was announced as the star of the film. Production used the Arri Alexa camera, coupled with the Panavision anamorphic format, to achieve the film's old-school atmosphere.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: Legion M, an entertainment studio that allows fans to invest in and be part of the creation of films, was a production partner for "Mandy" and hosted a panel discussion featuring director Panos Cosmatos and others at the Sundance Film Festival in 2018. Cage made a surprise appearance at the event.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: The song "Starless" by the English progressive rock band King Crimson plays over the opening credits. It is taken from their 1974 album "Red", which is also the name of Cage's character.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: The film premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival on January 19. It began a limited cinematic release on September 13, 2018, playing at a maximum of 250 theatres, and was released on VOD on September 14.


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, of critics have given the film a positive review based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads, ""Mandy"s gonzo violence is fueled by a gripping performance by Nicolas Cage—and anchored with palpable emotion conveyed between his volcanic outbursts." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: Reviewing the film after its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, Nick Allen of "RogerEbert.com" praised it, writing that "for all of the endless feral performances that Cage has given, in movies good, bad and forgettable, Cosmatos’ style-driven, ‘80s-tastic passion for weird worlds and characters takes full advantage of Cage’s greatness, and then some."


title: Mandy (2018 film)

text: In a five-star review for "Dirty Movies", Stephen Lee Naish called the film "a blood soaked revenge caper," praising Cosmatos for a "masterful approach" that "aligns him with Kubrick and Lynch in delivering perfectly believable and fully realized worlds and characters that operate within their own laws of physics." Meanwhile, film critic Christopher Stewardson said the film "is sure to become a cult favourite all of its own." In December 2018, "Esquire" named "Mandy" the top film in its "25 Best Movies of 2018 So Far".


title: GypsyCrusader

text: Paul Nicholas Miller (born August 11, 1988), better known by his online alias GypsyCrusader, is an American far-right political commentator, streamer, white supremacist, former Muay Thai fighter and convicted felon. He is best known for his livestreams on various media services that feature him cosplaying as an array of different characters including the Joker, the Riddler, Mario, and others while he tells his political beliefs to strangers on Omegle. He is known for his advocacy for a race war and espousing white supremacy and neo-Nazism. He has been tied to multiple alt-right and far-right organizations, including the Proud Boys and the Boogaloo movement.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: Paul Nicholas Miller was born in New York on August 11, 1988. His father is of Romani descent and his mother is Mexican.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: Miller began training in Muay Thai in 2008, at the age of 20. He had his first amateur fight in 2008 after only 3 months of training. He trained with the 9 Weapons Muay Thai and later The Institute. He became the Regional Light-Heavyweight Champion and the US National Champion in the World Kickboxing Association. He then became a trainer and coach, including for The Institute.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: Miller identifies as a "radical conservative" and has been known for his openly alt-right political views. Although being himself of Mexican and Romani heritage, he often expresses his hatred towards racial minorities and heavily opposes immigration. Miller also calls for a "race war" and is a conspiracy theorist who supports the "Day of the Rope", a white supremacist slogan that references William Luther Pierce's book "The Turner Diaries." In the novel, white supremacists take control of California and engage in mass lynchings of anyone perceived as a "race traitor"; these include journalists, politicians, and white people in interracial relationships. The day on which these murders are committed in the novel is referred to as the "Day of the Rope". Many white supremacists and neo-Nazis, including Miller, believe that the "Day of the Rope" will one day become reality.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: Miller often shows extreme hatred towards Jews and has frequently denied the Holocaust. He has expressed a desire to "gas them" and claims he is "building an army" online with the intent of carrying out his violent ideas. In several videos that he published online, he can be seen posing next to Nazi flags and wearing armor brandishing swastikas.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: An open white supremacist, Miller is also known for his hatred of black people. Due to his belief that they should be "sent back to Africa", he has been described as being a white nationalist. He has also used the phrase "only white lives matter" and has antagonized multiple Black Lives Matter protesters at several different protests.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: In 2020, Miller stated that nobody has a right to protest the murder of George Floyd. He was also connected to the Boogaloo movement and allegedly wore a Boogaloo mask during a protest on May 31, 2020.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: Miller attended a Trump rally and told a black woman with a sign that said "Black Lives Matter" that "only white lives matter" and "Heil Hitler" before calling another black woman a "chimp". Later that day, Miller drove by a Black Lives Matter rally in East Brunswick, New Jersey and yelled "Nigger lives don't matter" several times at protesters.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: In 2021, Miller and an unidentified man recorded themselves threatening a black man. Miller told the man to "Get the fuck out of here" and said that he and his friend will "kick [his] ass". He also referred to the man as a "nigger" multiple times and told the man he was in the "wrong neighborhood".


title: GypsyCrusader

text: Miller is well-known for his online presence. He often dresses up as various different characters and talks to strangers on online chat website Omegle where he discusses his political views with the intent of disturbing or angering whomever he is talking to for shock value. He has streamed content using the platforms DLive, Twitch, bitwave.tv, and reuploaded to BitChute. He was also active on Telegram where he has over 40,000 followers.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: He has been banned on most social media platforms including Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Twitch, DLive, and Facebook.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: He has been characterized for his racist remarks and inappropriate behavior online. He is also known for his affiliations with fellow white supremacists and internet personalities Tor Brookes (better known online as CatboyKami) and Brandon Martinez, although he later had a falling out with Brookes.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: In 2006, at the age of 18, Miller was charged with aggravated assault. He pled not guilty and was not sentenced to jail time.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: In 2007, Miller was arrested and charged with possession of drugs and intent to sell. He served 180 days in jail and 4 years of probation.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: On January 17, 2018, Miller was charged with illegally possessing a gun. He was indicted on the charge on February 25, 2021 and the charge later led to him being raided in 2021.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: On October 12, 2018, Miller was involved in an altercation with Antifa protestors. Miller alleges he was trying to attend a speech given by Proud Boys founder Gavin McInnes in order to report on it. The incident took place outside of the Metropolitan Republican Club in New York. Miller also reported that his backpack was stolen during the altercation. The police unsuccessfully searched for the person who stole Miller's backpack. Miller later stated "they tried to kill me" in reference to the altercation and called the attackers "terrorists". 20-year old Finbarr Slonim, 20-year old Kai Russo, and 35-year old Caleb Perkins were arrested and charged in connection with the assault.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: Following the incident, Miller claimed he had an "awakening" and became "woke". He was allegedly frequently doxed and bombarded with death threats from people he claims are affiliated with Antifa following their attack on him. He has also claimed that person's affiliated with Antifa threatened to burn down his parents' house. His story quickly gained traction on the internet and Miller claims he lost his job and as a result moved to Florida.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: On May 21, 2020, FBI agents showed up at Miller's parents' home and tried to reach him. It was revealed that they were sent after him regarding anti-protest statements he had made online and his proposal of an open-carry rally. Once they deemed he was not a threat, no further action was taken.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: In 2021, Miller was targeted by a member of the neo-Nazi organization Atomwaffen Division. It is alleged that Miller was targeted for giving neo-Nazis and white supremacists a "bad rep". The attacker recorded videos threatening Miller that were allegedly taken outside of Miller's home in Florida. He also ordered takeout consistently and had it delivered to Miller's home and DDoSed Miller so that he couldn't stream. Multiple cabs were also sent to Miller's address to pick him up.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: On January 30, police received numerous calls relating to a suspect allegedly breaking into Miller's home although they were unable to locate the suspect upon arriving at the scene. They were continuously called regarding the alleged robbery upon leaving the scene. Miller later chose to leave his complex for a "little while" in hopes of allowing the situation to die down and to protect his neighbors.


title: GypsyCrusader

text: On March 2, 2021 Miller was arrested on three different charges. According to reports, flashbangs went off during a raid of Miller's home in Fort Lauderdale, which took place at around 5 in the morning. The arrest stemmed from an incident that took place on January 17, 2018 in which Miller illegally possessed a gun. On February 25, 2021, he was indicted on the January 2018 charge. If convicted, he could face up to 30 years in prison. His first hearing took place on March 3. He offered up an apology during the hearing saying "I'm really sorry for all of this. I really am." He also told the judge that he has enough money to hire his own attorney and has reportedly reached out to Mark O'Mara, the attorney who worked for George Zimmerman. He later hired free speech activist and attorney Norman Kent. On March 10, during his bond trial, he was denied bail and was to remain incarcerated while on trial. On June 22, 2021, Miller pleaded guilty to one count each of possession of a firearm, possession of ammunition and possession of an unregistered firearm. On September 28, Miller was sentenced to 41 months' imprisonment followed by three years' supervised release.


title: Bad and Crazy

text: Bad and Crazy () is a South Korean television series. Directed by Yoo Seon-dong and co-produced by Studio Dragon and Mink Entertainment, it features Lee Dong-wook, Wi Ha-joon, Han Ji-eun, and Cha Hak-yeon in main roles. This iQIYI original series depicts the story of a competent but corrupt detective whose life is thrown into chaos by a mysterious, justice-seeking entity. It premiered on tvN & iQIYI on December 17, 2021 and aired on every Friday and Saturday at 22:40 (KST) till January 28, 2022.


title: Bad and Crazy

text: The story is about a corrupt yet practical detective who manifests a split personality who harbours a sense of justice.


title: Bad and Crazy

text: Su-yeol (Lee Dong-wook) works as a police officer. He is competent at his job, but he also has questionable ethics. He will do anything to achieve success. Due to his ambitious personality, he has received promotions in a short period of time. His smooth life suddenly changes with the appearance of K (Wi Ha-joon), who is a righteous person.


title: Bad and Crazy

text: Meanwhile, Lee Hui Gyeom (Han Ji-eun) works as a police lieutenant on the drug squad at the Mooui Police Department.


title: Bad and Crazy

text: On March 31, 2021 it was announced that Yoo Seon-dong, the director of OCN 2020 TV series "The Uncanny Counter", would be directing OCN's "Bad and Crazy". One day later it was reported by Lee Dong-wook's agency, King Kong by Starship that he is considering the offer of appearing in the series positively. The series is third drama collaboration between iQIYI and Studio Dragon, after "My Roommate Is a Gumiho" and "Shooting Stars" (currently under production), with Mink Entertainment ("Drama Stage: Anthology") joining as a co-producer. It was planned to air on OCN but later on broadcast channel was changed to tvN. On May 19, 2021 it was reported that Han Ji-eun received an invitation to appear in the series. On June 14, Cha Hak-yeon's agency, Fifty OneK reported that he was considering the proposal to appear in the series. On September 1, Lee Dong-wook and Han Ji-eun were confirmed to cast as main lead in the TV series.


title: Bad and Crazy

text: On August 8, filming of the series took place at Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, North Chungcheong Province.


title: Bad and Crazy

text: The series was released on December 17, 2021 and aired every Friday and Saturday at 22:40 (KST). It is also available on iQIYI in 191 countries for streaming.


title: Elizabeth Perkins

text: Elizabeth Ann Perkins (born November 18, 1960) is an American actress. Her film roles have included "About Last Night" (1986), "Big" (1988), "Avalon" (1990), and "He Said, She Said" (1991), "The Flintstones" (1994), "Miracle on 34th Street" (1994), and her brief voice role as Coral in the Disney/Pixar animated film "Finding Nemo" (2003). She is also well known for her role as Celia Hodes in the Showtime TV series "Weeds", for which she received three Primetime Emmy nominations and two Golden Globe nominations.


title: Elizabeth Perkins

text: Perkins was born in Queens, New York, to Jo Williams, a drug treatment counselor, and James Perkins, a farmer, writer, and businessman. She has two sisters . Her paternal grandparents were Greek immigrants from Salonika who anglicized their surname from "Pisperikos" to "Perkins" when they moved to the United States.


title: Elizabeth Perkins

text: Perkins was raised in Colrain, Massachusetts; her parents divorced in 1963. She began working in theatre with Arena Civic Theatre, a non-profit community theatre group based in Greenfield, Massachusetts. Perkins attended Northfield Mount Hermon School, an elite preparatory school, and then spent 1978 to 1981 in Chicago attaining her Certificate in Acting from the Goodman School of Drama at DePaul University. In 1984, she made her theatrical debut on Broadway in Neil Simon's "Brighton Beach Memoirs" and afterward, worked in a number of ensemble companies, including The New York Shakespeare Festival and the Steppenwolf Theater.


title: Elizabeth Perkins

text: She was listed as one of the 12 "Promising New Actors of 1986" in John Willis' Screen World, and has since landed numerous film roles. Perkins made her film debut in 1986 in Edward Zwick's "About Last Night..." and had a career breakthrough co-starring with Tom Hanks in "Big". She received critical acclaim for her performance in Barry Levinson's "Avalon", and was a standout opposite William Hurt in "The Doctor" (1991), receiving critical acclaim for her performance as a terminal cancer patient. In 1993, Perkins appeared in the television project "For Their Own Good". She later starred in the comedy series "Battery Park" and has appeared in television and films including "Miracle on 34th Street" and 2000's "28 Days" starring as Sandra Bullock's sister. Perkins also had a small role in the 2003 film "Finding Nemo", voicing Coral who was the wife of Marlin and mother of Nemo, and who was killed and eaten by the barracuda in the beginning of the film. Perkins also appeared as a psychiatrist in the 2005 suspense thriller, "The Ring Two", starring Naomi Watts.


title: Elizabeth Perkins

text: From 2005 to 2009, Perkins played Celia Hodes, an alcoholic and image-obsessed parent–teacher association (PTA) mother, alongside Mary-Louise Parker and Justin Kirk on the Showtime series "Weeds". For her work on "Weeds", Perkins received two Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress in a TV Series, Miniseries or Made for TV Motion Picture (in 2006 and 2007). She was also nominated three times for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her work on "Weeds". At a screening of the season 2 finale of "Weeds", at the Museum of TV and Radio on October 25, 2006, Perkins said that she considers Celia Hodes her favorite role in her career. On May 6, 2010, she announced that the fifth season of "Weeds" was her last despite the cliffhanger her character had in the season finale.


title: Elizabeth Perkins

text: She starred in the ABC comedy series "How to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life)". She played Birdie in the Netflix original series "GLOW".


title: Elizabeth Perkins

text: Perkins married Terry Kinney in 1984; they divorced in 1988. She has one daughter, Hannah Jo Phillips (born September 1, 1991), with Maurice Phillips. In 2000, she married Argentinian-born cinematographer Julio Macat, gaining three stepsons: Maximillian, Alexander and Andreas.


title: Elizabeth Perkins

text: In 2005, at the age of 44, she learned that she had latent autoimmune diabetes, a form of type 1 diabetes that is most often diagnosed in middle age.


title: Elizabeth Perkins

text: In 2017, Perkins held a sign naming the actor James Woods above the hashtag #MeToo during a rally against sexual harassment in Los Angeles.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell is a series of stealth action-adventure video games, the first of which was released in 2002, and their tie-in novels that were endorsed by Tom Clancy. The series follows Sam Fisher, a highly trained agent of a fictional black-ops sub-division within the NSA, dubbed "Third Echelon", as he overcomes his adversaries. Levels are created using Unreal Engine and emphasize light and darkness as gameplay elements. The series has been positively received, and was once considered to be one of Ubisoft's flagship franchises, selling more than 31 million copies by 2011. No further installments have been released since 2013, though a VR version and a remake of the first game have since been announced.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell" was developed over a period of two years and developed by Ubisoft Montreal with original publishing by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox as an exclusive title. Later in 2003, Ubisoft ported the game to Microsoft Windows, Mac, PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Game Boy Advance. Inspired by the "Metal Gear" series, it uses an Unreal Engine 2 that was modified to allow light-and-dark based gameplay.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "Pandora Tomorrow" was developed by Ubisoft Shanghai and Ubisoft Milan and introduced multiplayer gameplay to the series. In single-player mode, the game AI adapts to adjust to the player's skill level. Unlike other games in the series, which generally lean towards information-based threats, the plot of "Pandora Tomorrow" focuses on biological warfare, in which an Indonesian terrorist group threatens to infect people with the smallpox virus. Fisher is also given new abilities like SWAT turns and whistling to attract enemies' attention.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Milan were again responsible for the third game in the series, "Chaos Theory". It adds a cooperative multiplayer mode. Originally announced to be released in Fall 2004, its initial releases were made at the end of March 2005. The Unreal Engine was heavily modified, this time from version 2.5. The game includes a number of new features, including adding a combat knife to the player's inventory. Maps are also more open with multiple ways of achieving the end goal.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "Essentials" extends the "Splinter Cell" series to the PSP platform. Through a series of flashback missions, the player learns more about Fisher's backstory. The game was less positively received critically than previous installments, with criticism aimed at the control mechanics and the multiplayer mode.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: For the series' fourth installment, "Double Agent", two separate versions were created, one for generation six consoles and the Wii, and the other for Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, and PlayStation 3. "Double Agent" features a "trust system" that presents the player with moral dilemmas. It is the first game in the series with a hub-like area, where Sam can explore and do objectives between missions. This is also the only game in the series to have different endings, based on player decisions, only one ending is considered canon.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "Conviction" was officially announced on May 23, 2007, when Ubisoft released a trailer for the game. The game was due for release on November 16, 2007. However, the game missed its initial launch date, and on May 19, 2008, it was reported that "Conviction" was "officially on hold" and that the game had been taken "back to the drawing board". Ubisoft announced that the game had been pushed back to the 2009–10 fiscal year. At E3 2009, the developers confirmed that the "new" "Conviction" had been in development since early 2008, commenting that "the gameplay has evolved a lot" and "the visual direction is simply much better". The game's release date was pushed back several times. On March 18, 2010, the demo was released for Xbox 360. Ubisoft wanted to make the fifth game more accessible, so "Conviction" was designed around the new core elements "Mark and Execute" and "Last Known Position", while stealth elements present in the previous games were omitted, such as the ability to whistle, lock pick, and hide bodies. "Conviction" uses a cover system and adds simple interrogation sequences to the series.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "Blacklist" is the sixth installment in the series, developed by Ubisoft Toronto and was released on August 20, 2013. "Blacklist" boasts new features combining gameplay from "Chaos Theory" and "Conviction". Series veteran Michael Ironside was replaced in his role as Sam Fisher by actor Eric Johnson. In the game, Fisher has been appointed as the commander of the new "Fourth Echelon", a clandestine unit that answers solely to the President of the United States. She has denied any existence of the agency and Fourth Echelon is working to stop a new terror plot, known as the 'Blacklist'. Fourth Echelon also has the secondary objective of stopping all operations in which Third Echelon is still running. Features returning include a moving "Mark and Execute", Fisher's signature goggles and a new knife, the Karambit, and the ability to perform "abduction" stealth melee takedowns.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: At E3 2017 regarding "Splinter Cell", Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot stated: "I can't say much about that. But, for sure, all the Clancy games are taken care of. It's just we have quite a lot on our plate at the moment...[A]ll the Clancy games are really coming along, so we are not forgetting "Splinter Cell"." Later in an Ask Me Anything Reddit post, he stated: "We don't have anything specific to share at the moment but teams are working on different things, so stay tuned for more."


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: In May 2019, Julian Gerighty, Ubisoft Creative Director, announced on their social media page that a game is currently in development. In his statement, he said he had been working on the game with Ubisoft Montreal creative director, Roman Campos-Oriola, and executive producer Dan Hay. However, Ubisoft later disputed this.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: On September 16, 2020, it was announced at Facebook Connect that a virtual reality version of the series is coming exclusively to the Oculus VR platform, along with an "Assassin's Creed" game. They are set to be developed by Red Storm Entertainment. On July 21, 2022, the VR "Splinter Cell" game was cancelled.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: In December 2021, Ubisoft revealed that they are working on a remake of the first game. In October 2022, David Grivel, the director of the game, left Ubisoft.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "Splinter Cell" is the first installment of a series of novels based on the successful video game series. It was written by Raymond Benson under the pseudonym David Michaels. The plot follows Sam Fisher as he investigates a terrorist group called "The Shadows" and a related arms-dealing organization named "The Shop". Members of "The Shop" use inside information to attempt to kill "Third Echelon" members, including Fisher. Shortly after its publication in December 2004, it spent 3 weeks on the New York Times list of bestsellers. It also made it to the list of Wall Street Journal mass-market paperback bestsellers.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: In "Operation Barracuda", which was released on November 1, 2005, and which also made the New York Times bestseller list, Raymond Benson (again as David Michaels) continues the story of the first "Splinter Cell" novel.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: For "Checkmate", Grant Blackwood took over as author behind the David Michaels pseudonym, Benson having declared that he was "finished with Splinter Cell". Unlike the first two books, "Checkmate" is not written from the first person perspective of Fisher, nor does "Checkmate" continue the running subplots that were established in the previous. This novel was released on November 7, 2006.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: The book starts off with a ship by the name of "Trego" sailing towards the American east coast. Sam Fisher is called in from a training mission to disable the ship. After Fisher stops the ship from irradiating the American west coast with nuclear waste he is informed that a town by the name of Slipstone has just been radioactively attacked and 5,000+ people are dead. All these events lead to more questions which eventually leads Fisher to Ukraine, Iran, Dubai, and Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: On November 6, 2007, "Fallout", was published, Blackwood's second "Splinter Cell" novel and the fourth in the series. Like the previous novel, it was written by Grant Blackwood, under the pseudonym David Michaels. The story follows Sam Fisher as he combats Islamic fundamentalists who have taken over the government of Kyrgyzstan.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "Conviction", is the tie-in novel to the game with the same name. It was published on November 3, 2009, and was written by Peter Telep under the name David Michaels. It was published by Berkley Books, under Penguin Group. The book follows Sam Fisher after the killing of Lambert. Fisher is on the run and has 'gone rogue.' He is being chased by a team of rookie Splinter Cells led by Ben Hansen. Tales of treason and betrayal are being heard about Sam throughout the underworld. He will not let Lambert die in vain as he travels around the world untangling intricate plots of murder, espionage, and international arms dealers.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "Endgame" is the second "half" of the "Conviction" novel. The plot runs parallel to the "Conviction" novel, but from the point of view of Fisher's antagonists; which begins as he tries to track down a Doppelgänger factory conspiracy. It was published on December 1, 2009. The story is told from the perspective of Ben Hansen and the rest of the team pursuing Fisher. The events reveal a plot of international intrigue.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "Eccentric billionaire Igor Kasperov owns one of the most influential and successful anti-virus software companies in the world. But when the Kremlin orders him to unleash a catastrophic computer virus against the United States, he is forced to flee for his life. Sam Fisher and Fourth Echelon are charged with finding Kasperov and presenting the American president’s offer for political asylum. Because there are others looking for Kasperov. And the only thing they will offer him is a swift death."


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "Aftermath" is written by Peter Telep and the first in the series to be authored without the use of the David Michaels pseudonym.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "Firewall" was released on March 1 for Kindle and on March 15 for paperback. It was written by James Swallow and will feature Sam Fisher's daughter, Sarah, working alongside her father. The plot finds Fisher facing off against an assassin from his past and a sinister threat to global security - a powerful cyberwarfare technology known as Gordian Sword, capable of cutting through any firewall in existence, to be auctioned off to the highest bidder in a rogue’s gallery of terrorists, criminals and renegade states.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: The first game explains that "Splinter Cell" refers to an elite recon-type unit of single covert operatives (such as Sam Fisher) who are supported in the field by a high-tech remote team.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: In the first three games ("Splinter Cell", "Pandora Tomorrow", "Chaos Theory"), terrorists are planning attacks, usually by use of information warfare, which Fisher, an operative for Third Echelon, a secret branch of the NSA, must prevent. The missions range from gathering intelligence to capturing and/or eliminating terrorists.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: In the fourth game, "Double Agent", Fisher assumes the identity of a wanted criminal in order to infiltrate a terrorist ring.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: The fifth game, "Conviction", begins immediately after "Double Agent". Having abandoned Third Echelon, Fisher discovers that the death of his daughter Sarah had not been an accident (as had been purported at the beginning of "Double Agent"), leading him to strike out on his own in search of those responsible, until his investigation uncovers a conspiracy within his old agency.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: In the sixth and most recent game, "Blacklist, "Third Echelon has been disbanded by the President of the United States. A new outfit, Fourth Echelon, is formed by the President and placed under the command of Fisher with the mission of stopping the 'Blacklist' attacks and the Engineers, the organization behind them. "Blacklist" deals with the morality of war and how far Fisher and his team go in order to prevent these plots against America.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: A device used for seeing in the dark features strongly in the series. Originally, Tom Clancy had rejected the idea of Fisher having these "trifocal goggles", having stated that such goggles (with both thermal vision and night vision) were impossible to make. The creators argued that having two separate sets of goggles would have made for awkward gameplay and convinced Clancy to allow it. This also gave the "Splinter Cell" series a recognizable signature, a desirable feature. "Chaos Theory" added a third one, electromagnetic view, which shows the path of electricity in the area, mainly electrical cables and any device that has electrical power, like TVs, computers, etc. "Conviction" allows a fourth module to be accessed, a sonar module that can scan through walls for interactable objects, such as weapons, people, and consoles.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: The trifocal goggles however, didn't remain completely fictional. In 2004, Northrop Grumman produced and delivered one such device. The device, called "Fused Multispectral Weapon Sight" (FMWS) was capable of combining thermal and intensified imaging. Later in 2007, ITT Industries developed another such device, designated AN/PSQ-20.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: The characters of the games, as well as the organization "Third Echelon", were created by J. T. Petty. The main recurring ones are:


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: The encouraged way to progress through the games is to remain hidden, select non-obvious routes, and utilize diversions to pass guards. The first game in the series only features a single-player mode, "" introduces a two-on-two multiplayer mode. "" further develops that mode and introduces a cooperative mode. Cooperative mode plays similarly to the single player mode, but adds situations that can only be overcome as a team. The cooperative storylines in "Chaos Theory" and the sixth generation version of "" parallel those of Fisher's actions in the single-player modes, letting players act on information he obtained or provide support in the field.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "Double Agent" introduces a morality factor: Fisher may now encounter conflicting objectives between his superiors and the terrorists. For example, the terrorists may assign a mission to assassinate someone, while the NSA simultaneously instructs the player to prevent the assassination. This creates a delicate balancing act between gaining the trust of the terrorists and fulfilling the mission assignments. In addition, Fisher must not do anything to reveal to the terrorists that he is a double agent (such as let himself be seen with an NSA gadget), otherwise he will lose instantly.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: "" utilises a much faster and more violent form of stealth action gameplay than previous games in the series. It retains the cooperative multiplayer mode of the two preceding games.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: The weapons that Sam Fisher uses are based more accurately on current real-world weapons which behave accordingly and all weapons can be upgraded by a points system. This points system is secondary to the main storyline and is achievement based. These points may be used to add silencers, sights, upgraded ammo, laser targeting and other upgrades, with up to three upgrades per weapon.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: This game provides an interactive mission update sequence that is built into the levels themselves. Instead of getting an objective-bar popup, the objective may appear in bold white text on the side of a building or in front of a barricade. This adds to the immersion and keeps the HUD uncluttered. The stealth element of the game allows Fisher to hide in the shadows and become almost invisible. Guards may be assassinated by unsuppressed or silenced weapons, gadgets, or hand-to-hand combat. After successfully completing a hand-to-hand kill, the player is provided with an 'execution' bonus, which allows the player to mark two to four targets (depending on the weapon selected) such as enemies or objects, and trigger the execution animation. Fisher will then dispatch all targets within a few seconds in an extraordinary fashion.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: Interactive interrogation cutscenes where Fisher beats up a target for information do not require the player to do anything other than press [Interrogate]. Though if the player happens to be near an interactive object like a television or table, Fisher may use that to alter the standard animation.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: Although the series features his name, Tom Clancy had little to no involvement in the development of any of the installments.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: According to series producer Mathieu Ferland, the original game was developed so that Ubisoft's Montreal studio could demonstrate its full potential. After "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six" and "Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon", "special ops was the natural next step" for Clancy-endorsed games.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: The first game in the series modified the Unreal Engine to allow the light-and-dark-based gameplay style. The other games continued this, using updated versions of the engine.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: By the release of the latest game – "Blacklist" – the engine had been upgraded to the LEAD engine, a heavily modified version of the Unreal Engine 2.5. The game had active shadows on all consoles not simply as a graphical function – as in most games – but as a gameplay enhancer for the sake of the game's stealth features. This meant that more coding for the game was required and overall, required a powerful desktop computer in order to get the best clarity and performance.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: By the end of 2004, sales of the "Splinter Cell" series totaled 9.6 million units. By October 2005, the series' global sales had surpassed 12.5 million units.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: Originally announced as a special feature on "", a film adaptation for the series was confirmed to be in development, as early as 2005.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: In 2011, Ubisoft announced that "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell", "Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon", and "Assassin's Creed" were all planned to receive film adaptations. The company officially stated, "We want to keep ownership, retain control over the film content, and we're open to work with studios on the development of our projects, and eventually collaborate on the pre-casting, pre-budget and script." The following year, it was reported that Warner Bros. and Paramount Pictures are the front-runners bidding to make a "Splinter Cell" film. By November, it was announced that British actor Tom Hardy was cast as Sam Fisher, while Eric Warren Singer was hired as screenwriter. By 2013, Ubisoft announced that the film will be made by New Regency, with Basil Iwanyk signed on as producer through his production company, Thunder Road Films.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: In March 2014, Doug Liman joined the production as director, with Jean-Julien Baronnet and David Bartis attached as producers. Later that month, Sheldon Turner was brought into the production team, to write a new draft of the script. Hardy told "Collider" in an interview that the studio was hoping to start filming that August. By June that year, Liman stated that both he and Hardy were working on the film's script, which will focus on a young Sam Fisher, in his prime as opposed to the portrayal of a seasoned spy in the video games. In October of the same year, Iwanyk has stated that filming will start in early 2015.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

text: In April 2015, Liman had left as director, with reports that studio were talking with Joseph Kahn as his replacement. By July, Ubisoft hired Frank John Hughes to rewrite the film's script. In January 2017, Iwanyk confirmed that the script had been completed and sent to Hardy to read over. The producer explained that the film is intended to have its own style within the action movie genre, and that the production team is aiming to make an "edgy" PG-13 rated film.