title: Seawise Giant

text: The shipyard exercised its right to sell the vessel and a deal was brokered with Hong Kong Orient Overseas Container Line founder C. Y. Tung to lengthen the ship by several metres and add 146,152 tonnes of cargo capacity through jumboisation. Two years later the ship was relaunched as "Seawise Giant". "Seawise", a pun on "C.Y.'s", was used in the names of other ships owned by C.Y. Tung, including "Seawise University".


title: Seawise Giant

text: After the refit, the ship had a capacity of , a length overall of and a draft of . It had 46 tanks, and of deck space. When "Seawise Giant" was fully loaded its 25 meter/81 foot draft was too deep for the ship to safely navigate the relatively shallow waters of the English Channel. The rudder weighed 230 tons, and the propeller weighed 50 tons.


title: Seawise Giant

text: "Seawise Giant" was damaged and sunk in 1988 during the Iran–Iraq War by an Iraqi Air Force attack while anchored off Larak Island, Iran on 14 May 1988 and carrying Iranian crude oil. The ship was struck by parachute bombs. Fires ignited aboard the ship and blazed out of control, and it sank in the shallow waters off the coast. The ship was declared a total loss and was written off.


title: Seawise Giant

text: Shortly after the Iran–Iraq war ended, Norman International bought the shipwreck, salvaged and repaired her. The ship was renamed "Happy Giant" after the repairs. These repairs were done at the Keppel Corporation shipyard in Singapore after towing the vessel from the Persian Gulf. She entered service in October 1991 as "Happy Giant".


title: Seawise Giant

text: Jørgen Jahre bought the tanker in 1991 for US$39 million and renamed her "Jahre Viking". From 1991 to 2004, she was owned by Loki Stream and flew the flag of Norway.


title: Seawise Giant

text: In 2004, the tanker was purchased by First Olsen Tankers, renamed "Knock Nevis", and converted into a permanently moored storage tanker in the Qatar Al Shaheen Oil Field in the Persian Gulf.


title: Seawise Giant

text: "Knock Nevis" was renamed "Mont", and reflagged to Sierra Leone by new owners Amber Development for a final voyage to India where she was scrapped at Alang by Priyablue Industries. The vessel was beached on 22 December 2009. Due to the length and the size of the vessel, scrapping only finished at the end of 2010. The ship's 36 tonne anchor was saved and donated to the Hong Kong Maritime Museum in 2010. It was later moved to a Hong Kong Government Dockyard building on Stonecutters Island.


title: Seawise Giant

text: "Seawise Giant" was the longest ship ever constructed, at , longer than the height of many of the world's tallest buildings, including the Petronas Towers.


title: Seawise Giant

text: Despite a great length, "Seawise Giant" was not the largest ship by gross tonnage, ranking sixth at 260,941 GT, behind the crane ship "Pioneering Spirit" and the four 274,838 to 275,276 GT "Batillus"-class supertankers. It was the longest and largest by deadweight: 564,763 tonnes.


title: Seawise Giant

text: "Seawise Giant" was featured on the BBC series "Jeremy Clarkson's Extreme Machines" while sailing as "Jahre Viking". According to its captain, S. K. Mohan, the ship could reach up to in good weather. It took for the ship to stop from that speed, and the turning circle in clear weather was about .


title: Private military company

text: A private military company (PMC) or private military and security company (PMSC) is a private company providing armed combat or security services for financial gain. PMCs refer to their personnel as "security contractors" or "private military contractors"; they are also referred to by academics and the press as mercenaries.


title: Private military company

text: The services and expertise offered by PMCs are typically similar to those of governmental security, military, or police forces but most often on a smaller scale. PMCs often provide services to train or supplement official armed forces in service of governments, but they can also be employed by private companies to provide bodyguards for key staff or protection of company premises, especially in hostile territories. However, contractors that use armed force in a warzone may be considered unlawful combatants in reference to a concept that is outlined in the Geneva Conventions and explicitly stated by the 2006 American Military Commissions Act.


title: Private military company

text: The services of private contractors are used around the world. P. W. Singer, the author of "Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry", stated, "In geographic terms, it operates in over 50 countries. It’s operated in every single continent but Antarctica." Singer noted that in the 1990s, there were 50 military personnel for every contractor and that the ratio is now 10 to 1. He also pointed out that the contractors have a number of duties, depending on who hires them. In developing countries that have natural resources, such as oil refineries in Iraq, they are hired to guard the area. They are hired also to guard companies that contract services and reconstruction efforts such as General Electric.


title: Private military company

text: Apart from securing companies, they secure officials and government affiliates. Private military companies carry out many missions and jobs. Some examples have included close protection for Afghan President Hamid Karzai and piloting reconnaissance airplanes and helicopters as a part of Plan Colombia. According to a 2003 study, the industry was then earning over $100 billion a year.


title: Private military company

text: According to a 2008 study by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, private contractors make up 29% of the workforce in the United States Intelligence Community and cost the equivalent of 49% of their personnel budgets.


title: Private military company

text: Modern PMCs trace their origins back to a group of ex-SAS veterans in 1965 who, under the leadership of the founder of the SAS, Sir David Stirling and John Woodhouse, founded WatchGuard International (formerly with offices in Sloane Street before moving to South Audley Street in Mayfair) as a private company that could be contracted out for security and military purposes.


title: Private military company

text: The company's first assignment was to go to Yemen to report on the state of the royalist forces when a cease-fire was declared. At the same time Stirling was cultivating his contacts in the Iranian government and exploring the chances of obtaining work in Africa. The company eventually operated in Zambia and in Sierra Leone, providing training teams and advising on security matters. Stirling also organised deals to sell weapons and military personnel to other countries for various privatised foreign policy operations. Contracts were mainly with the Gulf States and involved weapons supply and training. The company was also linked with a failed attempt to overthrow Colonel Muammar Gaddafi from power in Libya in 1971. Woodhouse resigned as Director of Operations after a series of disagreements and Stirling himself ceased to take an active part in 1972.


title: Private military company

text: Stirling also founded KAS International (aka KAS Enterprises) and was involved in a collaboration with the World Wide Fund for Nature to forcibly reduce the illegal poaching and smuggling of elephant tusks in various countries of Southern Africa. Other groups formed by ex-SAS servicemen were established in the 1970s and 80s, including Control Risks Group and Defence Systems, providing military consultation and training.


title: Private military company

text: Dramatic growth in the number and size of PMCs occurred at the end of the Cold War, as Western governments increasingly began to rely on their services to bolster falling conventional military budgets. Some of the larger corporations are: Vinnell and Military Professional Resources Inc. in the United States; G4S and Keeni-Meeny Services in the United Kingdom; Lordan-Levdan in Israel and Executive Outcomes in South Africa.


title: Private military company

text: The exodus of over 6 million military personnel from Western militaries in the 1990s expanded the recruiting pool for PMCs.


title: Private military company

text: Some commentators have argued that there was an exodus from many special operations forces across the globe towards these private military corporations. Units that were allegedly severely affected included the British Special Air Service, the US Special Operations Forces and the Canadian Joint Task Force 2.


title: Private military company

text: The Center for Public Integrity reported that since 1994, the Defense Department entered into 3,601 contracts worth $300 billion with 12 U.S. based PMCs, specifically during the initial response after Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans.


title: Private military company

text: Domestic operations are generally under the auspice of state or federal agencies such as the Department of Energy or the Department of Homeland Security rather than the Department of Defense. Driven by increasingly greater fears of domestic terror attacks and civil unrest and disruption in the wake of disasters, more conventional security companies are moving into operations arenas that would fall within the definition of a PMC. The United States State Department also employs several companies to provide support in danger zones that would be difficult for conventional U.S. forces.


title: Private military company

text: The October 2000 USS "Cole" bombing proved a pivotal moment for private military companies at sea, and directly led to the first contract between Blackwater and the US military.


title: Private military company

text: In December 2006, there were estimated to be at least 100,000 contractors working directly for the United States Department of Defense in Iraq which was a tenfold increase in the use of private contractors for military operations since the Persian Gulf War, just over a decade earlier. The prevalence of PMCs led to the foundation of trade group the Private Security Company Association of Iraq. In Iraq, the issue of accountability, especially in the case of contractors carrying weapons, was a sensitive one. Iraqi laws do not hold over contractors.


title: Private military company

text: U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld justified the use of PMCs in Iraq on the basis that they were cost effective and useful on the ground. He also affirmed that they were not subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice.


title: Private military company

text: Two days before he left Iraq, L. Paul Bremer signed "Order 17" giving all Americans associated with the CPA and the American government immunity from Iraqi law. A July 2007 report from the American Congressional Research Service indicates that the Iraqi government still had no authority over private security firms contracted by the U.S. government.


title: Private military company

text: In 2007, the Uniform Code of Military Justice was amended to allow for prosecution of military contractors who are deployed in a "declared war or a contingency operation."


title: Private military company

text: PMCs supplied support to U.S. military bases throughout the Persian Gulf, from operating mess halls to providing security. They supplied armed guards at a U.S. Army base in Qatar, and they used live ammunition to train soldiers at Camp Doha in Kuwait. They maintained an array of weapons systems vital to the invasion of Iraq. They also provided bodyguards for VIPs, guard installations, and escort supply convoys from Kuwait. All these resources were called upon constantly.


title: Private military company

text: Since the late 2000s, Private Military Companies have become increasingly involved in Anti-Piracy measures on the high seas, particularly off the shores surrounding Somalia. PMCs remain active in this region, mainly providing security for private shipping through the Gulf of Aden and at times contracting to aid UN efforts. PMCs were hired to deter pirates from attacking vessels and taking the shipping crew and their transport hostage. While, a large variety of international naval missions with the same goals such as the EU's Atalanta, NATO's Ocean Shield, and Combined Task Force 150 are and were active in this region, it is still necessary for the shipping companies to have security personnel on-deck. While these PMCs seem to be successful in providing this de-centralized form of security, it also has a large downside since, inherent to its de-centralized nature, it is very hard for the UN or other international organizations to provide effective oversight over what happens at the seas. Whereas, the UN showed that between 2010 and 2015 there were over 50 encounters between the national sovereign Navies, that participated in the missions, resulting in over 1200 detained pirates, only one PMC published information over this period. Since the PMCs are so much more active in this area, and covering a larger part of it through it activities on board of trading ships, this could be a low estimate. PMC presence in Somalia is an example of two violent non-state actors at sea engaged in combat with each other.


title: Private military company

text: By the end of 2012, the number of contractors who had died in Iraq, Afghanistan and Kuwait had reached 3,000. Scholars have studied whether contractor deaths have an effect on the public's "casualty sensitivity" when substituted for military fatalities. Casualty sensitivity refers to the inverse relationship between military deaths and public support for a sustained military engagement. Contractor deaths may account for nearly 30% of total US battlefield losses since the beginning of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.


title: Private military company

text: In October 2007, the United Nations released a two-year study that reported that, although hired as "security guards", private contractors performed military duties. Many countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, are not signatories to the 1989 "United Nations Mercenary Convention" banning the use of mercenaries. A spokesman for the American mission to the U.N. office in Geneva (UNOG) said that "Accusations that U.S. government-contracted security guards, of whatever nationality, are mercenaries is inaccurate." An observer noted that the difficulty in separating private from public troops means that legal proceedings against these violent non-state actors can be complicated, and stated that contracted combatants carry the legitimacy of the state that hires them. There is currently no globally accepted norms or legal framework applied to these firms.


title: Private military company

text: The Central African-based park-ranger organization African Wildlife Defence Force is contracting former servicemen and law enforcement personnel to protect national parks and private game ranches in Africa. Candidates must undergo additional retraining to become park rangers. They are also referred to as "Private Ranger Contractors" or PRC.


title: Private military company

text: The use of private security contractors by NGOs in dangerous regions is a highly sensitive subject. Many NGOs have sought the services of private security contractors in dangerous areas of operation, such as Afghanistan, Somalia and Sudan due to the following reasons:


title: Private military company

text: Quite often the contractors hired are local companies and mostly are unarmed personnel guarding facilities, only very rarely are international contractors or mobile armed security personnel used.


title: Private military company

text: The result is that many NGOs are not open about their use of PSPs and researchers' at the Overseas Development Institute studies have found that sometimes statements at NGOs central headquarters contradict those given by local staff. This prevents informative knowledge-sharing and debate on the subject needed to improve NGOs decisions regarding this issue, though there have been some notable exceptions (Afghanistan NGO Security Office (ANSO) and the NGO Coordination Committee in Iraq (NCCI)). The Private Security Contractor fulfills many different needs in the private and public sectors. While some nations rely heavily on the input of governments such as the US, other countries do not trust the US, so they tend to look for private contractors who will have a fiduciary obligation them. According to Joel Vargas, Director of Operations for Contingent Security Services, Ltd and Assistant Director for InterPort Police, it will be impossible to build democracies without having the assistance from the private sector performing activities for clients.


title: Private military company

text: After the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, the U.S. State Department is reportedly planning to more than double the number of its private security guards, up to as many as 7,000. Defending five fortified compounds across the country, the security contractors would operate radars to warn of enemy rocket attacks, search for roadside bombs, fly reconnaissance drones and even staff quick reaction forces to aid civilians in distress. Its helicopter fleet, which will be piloted by contractors, will grow from 17 to 29.


title: Private military company

text: Due to strain of United States Armed Forces, the U.S. State Department and The Pentagon has also outsourced the expanded military training in Africa to three companies: Military Professional Resources Inc. (M.P.R.I), DFI International and Logicon (Now owned by Northrop Grumman).


title: Private military company

text: Demands for specific PSC services have grown to record levels in recent decades, and private firm's capabilities now include an array of services that are vital to the success of on-the-ground war fighting as well as other more traditional stability operations and contingency contracting. While past calls for corporate responsibility have heralded successes such as the Kimberley Process and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative in widespread international operations, there has also been a move within the PSC and contingency contracting industries to call for accountability and to implement a code of ethics for the retention of services and operations of such service providers. Existing credible accountability initiatives form a skeleton for governing the conduct of contractors, but much remains to be fleshed out to form a coherent and standardized framework from which to oversee such organizations and activities. Over the last decade there have been a number of initiatives to regulate the private security industry. These include the Guidelines for Private Maritime Security Companies and the ANSI/ASIS PSC.1 and PSC.4 standards.


title: Private military company

text: Founded in 1955, ASIS is a society of individual security professionals dedicated to increasing the effectiveness and productivity of security professionals by developing educational programs and materials. ASIS is an ANSI-accredited Standards Developing Organization, and within ASIS the ASIS Commission on Standards and Guidelines works with national and international standards-setting organizations and industry representatives to develop voluntary standards and guidelines for security professionals. With funding from the U.S. Department of Defense, the ASIS Commission on Standards is currently promulgating four sets of standards for private security companies.


title: Private military company

text: In 2008, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the Swiss government, and contributors from private security companies and the civil society/NGO sector developed and proposed the Montreux Document on Private Military and Security Companies. The document details international legal obligations and lists specific recommendations related to PSC services procurement practices and operational oversight, and clarifies the obligations of States pertaining to the hiring of such entities during armed conflicts.


title: Private military company

text: Private military companies are explored extensively in the "Metal Gear" video game franchise, with several games (particularly "", "", and "") featuring the command of fictional PMCs. In the video game storyline, which takes place in the 20th and 21st centuries, traditional militaries eventually collapse as the world becomes run by PMCs.


title: Private military company

text: They were also parodied in the "Grand Theft Auto" series, specifically "Grand Theft Auto V" as "Merryweather Security", which is possibly a parody of the controversial PMC Blackwater.


title: Private military company

text: The Shadow Company, a secret organization led by General Sheperd, appears as a major enemy faction in and made it into the original game's reboot, , as well as the . In addition, the private military organisation Atlas Corporation features in the game .


title: Private military company

text: In "Contract Wars" and its sequels, "Hired Ops" and "Escape from Tarkov", the armed conflict erupts between two fictional PMCs, the Russian BEAR and the western USEC.


title: Private military company

text: In Marvel Television's "The Punisher" on Netflix a PMC by the name of ANVIL is heavily featured. ANVIL's founder, Billy Russo, being one of the primary antagonists of the series. Much like real PMCs, ANVIL provides training spaces for U.S. forces on American and foreign soil.


title: Private military company

text: In Girls' Frontline, a PMC named Griffin and Kryuger is the main protagonistic faction of the franchise.


title: Humpback whale

text: The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is a species of baleen whale. It is a rorqual (a member of the family Balaenopteridae) and is the only species in the genus Megaptera. Adults range in length from and weigh up to . The humpback has a distinctive body shape, with long pectoral fins and tubercles on its head. It is known for breaching and other distinctive surface behaviors, making it popular with whale watchers. Males produce a complex song typically lasting 4 to 33 minutes.


title: Humpback whale

text: Found in oceans and seas around the world, humpback whales typically migrate up to each year. They feed in polar waters and migrate to tropical or subtropical waters to breed and give birth. Their diet consists mostly of krill and small fish, and they use bubbles to catch prey. They are promiscuous breeders, with both sexes having multiple partners. Orcas are the main natural predators of humpback whales.


title: Humpback whale

text: Like other large whales, the humpback was a target for the whaling industry. Humans once hunted the species to the brink of extinction; its population fell to around 5,000 by the 1960s. Numbers have partially recovered to some 135,000 animals worldwide, while entanglement in fishing gear, collisions with ships, and noise pollution continue to affect the species.


title: Humpback whale

text: The humpback was first identified as "baleine de la Nouvelle Angleterre" by Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his "Regnum Animale" of 1756. In 1781, Georg Heinrich Borowski described the species, converting Brisson's name to its Latin equivalent, "Balaena novaeangliae". In 1804, Bernard Germain de Lacépède shifted the humpback from the family Balaenidae, renaming it "B. jubartes". In 1846, John Edward Gray created the genus "Megaptera", classifying the humpback as "Megaptera longipinna", but in 1932, Remington Kellogg reverted the species names to use Borowski's "novaeangliae". The common name is derived from the curving of their backs when diving. The generic name "Megaptera" from the Ancient Greek "mega-" ("giant") and "ptera"/ ("wing") refer to their large front flippers. The specific name means "New Englander" and was probably given by Brisson due to regular sightings of humpbacks off the coast of New England.


title: Humpback whale

text: Humpback whales are rorquals, members of the Balaenopteridae family, which includes the blue, fin, Bryde's, sei and minke whales. A 2018 genomic analysis estimates that rorquals diverged from other baleen whales in the late Miocene, between 10.5 and 7.5 million years ago. The humpback and fin whale were found to be sister taxon. There is reference to a humpback-blue whale hybrid in the South Pacific, attributed to marine biologist Michael Poole.


title: Humpback whale

text: Modern humpback whale populations originated in the southern hemisphere around 880,000 years ago and colonized the northern hemisphere 200,000–50,000 years ago. A 2014 genetic study suggested that the separate populations in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans have had limited gene flow and are distinct enough to be subspecies, with the scientific names of "M. n. novaeangliae", "M. n. kuzira" and "M. n. australis" respectively. A non-migratory population in the Arabian sea has been isolated for 70,000 years.


title: Humpback whale

text: The adult humpback whale is generally , though longer lengths of have been recorded. Females are usually longer than males. The species can reach body masses of . Calves are born at around long with a weight of .


title: Humpback whale

text: The body is bulky with a thin rostrum and proportionally long flippers, each around one-third of its body length. It has a short dorsal fin that varies from nearly non-existent to somewhat long and curved. As a rorqual, the humpback has grooves between the tip of the lower jaw and the navel. They are relatively few in number in this species, ranging from 14–35. The mouth is lined with baleen plates, which number 270-400 for both sides.


title: Humpback whale

text: Unique among large whales, humpbacks have bumps or tubercles on the head and front edge of the flippers; the tail fluke has a jagged trailing edge. The tubercles on the head are thick at the base and poke up to . They are mostly hollow in the center, often containing at least one fragile hair that erupts from the skin and is thick. The tubercles develop early in the womb and may have a sensory function as they are rich in nerves.


title: Humpback whale

text: The dorsal or upper-side of the animal is generally black; the ventral or underside has various levels of black and white coloration. Whales in the southern hemisphere tend to have more white pigmentation. The flippers can vary from all-white to white only on the undersurface. The varying color patterns and scars on the tail flukes distinguish individual animals. The end of the genital slit of the female is marked by a round lobe. This lobe visually distinguishes males and females.


title: Humpback whale

text: Humpback whale groups, aside from mothers and calves, typically last for days or weeks at the most. They are normally sighted in small groups though large aggregations form during feeding and among males competing for females. Humpbacks may interact with other cetacean species, such as right whales, fin whales, and bottlenose dolphins. Humpbacks are highly active at the surface, performing aerial behaviors such as breaching and surface slapping with the tail (lobtailing) and flippers. These may be forms of play and communication and/or for removing parasites.


title: Humpback whale

text: Humpbacks rest at the surface with their bodies laying horizontally. The species is a slower swimmer than other rorquals, cruising at . When threatened, a humpback may speed up to . They appear to dive within and rarely below . Dives typically do not exceed five minutes during the summer but are normally 15–20 minutes during the winter. As it dives, a humpback typically raises its tail fluke, exposing the underside.


title: Humpback whale

text: Humpback whales feed from spring to fall. They are generalist feeders, their main food items being krill and small schooling fish. The most common krill species eaten in the southern hemisphere is the Antarctic krill. Further north, the northern krill and various species of "Euphausia" and "Thysanoessa" are consumed. Fish prey include herring, capelin, sand lances and Atlantic mackerel. Like other rorquals, humpbacks are "gulp feeders", shallowing prey in bulk, while right whales and bowhead whales are skimmers. The whale increases its mouth gape by expanding the grooves. Water is pushed out through the baleen. In the southern hemisphere, humpbacks have been recorded foraging in large compact gatherings numbering up to 200 individuals.


title: Humpback whale

text: Humpbacks hunt their prey by performing bubble-net feeding. A group of whales swim in a shrinking circle while blowing air from their blowholes, capturing the prey above them in a cylinder of bubbles. They may dive up to performing this technique. Bubble-netting comes in two main forms; upward spirals and double loops. Upward spirals involve the whales blowing air from their blowhole continuously as they circle towards the surface, creating a spiral of bubbles. Double loops consist of a deep, long loop of bubbles that herds the prey, followed by slapping the surface and then a smaller loop that prepares the final capture. Combinations of spiraling and looping have been recorded. After the humpbacks create the "nets", the whales swim into them with their mouths gaping and ready to swallow.


title: Humpback whale

text: Using network-based diffusion analysis, one study argued that whales learned lobtailing from other whales in the group over 27 years in response to a change in primary prey. The tubercles on the flippers stall the angle of attack, which both maximizes lift and minimizes drag (see tubercle effect). This, along with the shape of the flippers, allows the whales to make the abrupt turns necessary during bubble-feeding.


title: Humpback whale

text: Mating and breeding take place during the winter months, which is when females reach estrus and males reach peak testosterone and sperm levels. Humpback whales are promiscuous, with both sexes having multiple partners. Males will frequently trail both lone females and cow–calf pairs. These are known as "escorts", and the male that is closest to the female is known as the "principal escort", who fights off the other suitors known as "challengers". Other males, called "secondary escorts", trail further behind and are not directly involved in the conflict. Agonistic behavior between males consists of tail slashing, ramming, and head-butting.


title: Humpback whale

text: Gestation in the species lasts 11.5 months, and females reproduce every two years. Humpback whale births have been rarely observed. One birth witnessed off Madagascar occurred within four minutes. Mothers typically give birth in mid-winter, usually to a single calf. Calves suckle for up to a year but can eat adult food in six months. Humpbacks are sexually mature at 5–10 years, depending on the population. The length at maturity is around . Humpack whales possibly live over 50 years.


title: Humpback whale

text: Male humpback whales produce complex songs during the winter breeding season. These vocals range in frequency between 100 Hz to 4 Hz, with harmonics reaching up to 24 kHz or more, and can travel at least . Males may sing for between 4 and 33 minutes, depending on the region. In Hawaii, humpback whales have been recorded vocalizing for as long as 7 hours. Songs are divided into layers; "subunits", "units", "subphrases", "phrases" and "themes". A subunit refers to the discontinuities or inflections of a sound while full units are individual sounds, similar to musical notes. A succession of units creates a subphrase, and a collection of subphrases make up a phrase. Similar-sounding phrases are repeated in a series grouped into themes, and multiple themes create a song.


title: Humpback whale

text: The function of these songs has been debated, but they may have multiple purposes. There is little evidence to suggest that songs establish dominance among males. However, there have been observations of non-singing males disrupting singers, possibly in aggression. Those who join singers are males who were not previously singing. Females do not appear to approach singers that are alone, but may be drawn to gatherings of singing males, much like a lek mating system. Another possibility is that songs bring in foreign whales to populate the breeding grounds. It has also been suggested that humpback whale songs have echolocating properties and may serve to locate other whales.


title: Humpback whale

text: Whale songs are similar among males in a specific area. Males may alter their songs over time, and others in contact with them copy these changes. They have been shown in some cases to spread "horizontally" between neighboring populations throughout successive breeding seasons. In the northern hemisphere, songs change more gradually while southern hemisphere songs go through cyclical "revolutions".


title: Humpback whale

text: Humpback whales are reported to make other vocalizations. "Snorts" are quick low-frequency sounds commonly heard among animals in groups consisting of a mother–calf pair and one or more male escort groups. These likely function in mediate interactions within these groups. "Grumbles" are also low in frequency but last longer and are more often made by groups with one or more adult males. They appear to signal body size and may serve to establish social status. "Thwops" and "wops" are frequency modulated vocals, and may serve as contact calls both within and between groups. High-pitched "cries" and "violins" and modulated "shrieks" are normally heard in groups with two or more males and are associated with competition. Humpback whales produce short, low-frequency "grunts" and short, modulated "barks" when joining new groups.


title: Humpback whale

text: Visible scars indicate that orcas prey upon juvenile humpbacks. A 2014 study in Western Australia observed that when available in large numbers, young humpbacks can be attacked and sometimes killed by orcas. Moreover, mothers and (possibly related) adults escort calves to deter such predation. The suggestion is that when humpbacks suffered near-extinction during the whaling era, orcas turned to other prey but are now resuming their former practice. There is also evidence that humpback whales will defend against or mob killer whales who are attacking either humpback calves or juveniles as well as members of other species, including seals. The humpback's protection of other species may be unintentional, a "spillover" of mobbing behavior intended to protect members of its species. The powerful flippers of humpback whales, often infested with large, sharp barnacles, are formidable weapons against orcas. When threatened, they will thresh their flippers and tails keeping the orcas at bay.


title: Humpback whale

text: The great white shark is another confirmed predator of the humpback whale. In 2020, Marine biologists Dines and Gennari "et al.", published a documented incident of a group of great white sharks exhibiting pack-like behavior to attack and kill a live adult humpback whale. A second incident regarding great white sharks killing humpback whales was documented off the coast of South Africa. The shark recorded instigating the attack was a female nicknamed "Helen". Working alone, the shark attacked a emaciated and entangled humpback whale by attacking the whale's tail to cripple and bleed the whale before she managed to drown the whale by biting onto its head and pulling it underwater.


title: Humpback whale

text: Humpback whales are found worldwide, except for some areas at the equator and High Arctic and some enclosed seas. The furthest north they have been recorded is at 81°N around northern Franz Josef Land. They are usually coastal and tend to congregate in waters within continental shelves. Their winter breeding grounds are located around the equator; their summer feeding areas are found in colder waters, including near the polar ice caps. Humpbacks go on vast migrations between their feeding and breeding areas, often crossing the open ocean. The species has been recorded traveling up to in one direction. An isolated, non-migratory population feeds and breeds in the northern Indian Ocean, mainly in the Arabian Sea around Oman. This population has also been recorded in the Gulf of Aden, the Persian Gulf, and off the coasts of Pakistan and India.


title: Humpback whale

text: In the North Atlantic, there are two separate wintering populations, one in the West Indies, from Cuba to northern Venezuela, and the other in the Cape Verde Islands and northwest Africa. During summer, West Indies humpbacks congregate off New England, eastern Canada, and western Greenland, while the Cape Verde population gathers around Iceland and Norway. There is some overlap in the summer ranges of these populations, and West Indies humpbacks have been documented feeding further east. Whale visits into the Gulf of Mexico have been infrequent but have occurred in the gulf historically. They were considered to be uncommon in the Mediterranean Sea, but increased sightings, including re-sightings, indicate that more whales may colonize or recolonize it in the future.


title: Humpback whale

text: The North Pacific has at least four breeding populations: off Mexico (including Baja California and the Revillagigedos Islands), Central America, the Hawaiian Islands, and both Okinawa and the Philippines. The Mexican population forages from the Aleutian Islands to California, particularly the Bering Sea, northern and western Gulf of Alaska, southern British Columbia to northern Washington State, and Oregon to California. During the summer, Central American humpbacks are found only off Oregon and California. In contrast, Hawaiian humpbacks have a wide feeding range but most travel to southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia. The wintering grounds of the Okinawa/Philippines population are mainly around the Russian Far East. There is some evidence for a fifth population somewhere in the northwestern Pacific. These whales are recorded to feed off the Aleutians with a breeding area somewhere south of the Bonin Islands.


title: Humpback whale

text: In the Southern Hemisphere, humpback whales are divided into seven breeding stocks, some of which are further divided into sub-structures. These include the southeastern Pacific (stock G), southwestern Atlantic (stock A), southeastern Atlantic (stock B), southwestern Indian Ocean (stock C), southeastern Indian Ocean (stock D), southwestern Pacific (stock E), and the Oceania stock (stocks E–F). Stock G breeds in tropical and subtropical waters off the west coast of Central and South America and forages along the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, the South Orkney Islands and to a lesser extent the Tierra del Fuego of southern Chile. Stock A winters off Brazil and migrates to summer grounds around South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Some stock A individuals have also been recorded off the western Antarctic Peninsula, suggesting an increased blurring of the boundaries between the feeding areas of stocks A and G.


title: Humpback whale

text: Stock B breeds on the west coast of Africa and is further divided into Bl and B2 subpopulations, the former ranging from the Gulf of Guinea to Angola and the latter ranging from Angola to western South Africa. Stock B whales have been recorded foraging in waters to the southwest of the continent, mainly around Bouvet Island. Comparison of songs between those at Cape Lopez and Abrolhos Archipelago indicate that trans-Atlantic mixings between stock A and stock B whales occur. Stock C whales winter around southeastern Africa and surrounding waters. This stock is further divided into C1, C2, C3, and C4 subpopulations; C1 occurs around Mozambique and eastern South Africa, C2 around the Comoro Islands, C3 off the southern and eastern coast of Madagascar and C4 around the Mascarene Islands. The feeding range of this population is likely between coordinates 5°W and 60°E and under 50°S. There may be overlap in the feeding areas of stocks B and C.


title: Humpback whale

text: Stock D whales breed off the western coast of Australia, and forage in the southern region of the Kerguelen Plateau. Stock E is divided into E1, E2, and E3 stocks. E1 whales have a breeding range off eastern Australia and Tasmania; their main feeding range is close to Antarctica, mainly within 130°E and 170°W. The Oceania stock is divided into the New Caledonia (E2), Tonga (E3), Cook Islands (F1) and French Polynesia (F2) subpopulations. This stock's feeding grounds mainly range from around the Ross Sea to the Antarctic Peninsula.


title: Humpback whale

text: Humpback whales were hunted as early as the late 16th century. They were often the first species to be harvested in an area due to this coastal distribution. North Pacific kills alone are estimated at 28,000 during the 20th century. In the same period, over 200,000 humpbacks were taken in the Southern Hemisphere. North Atlantic populations dropped to as low as 700 individuals. In 1946, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) was founded to oversee the industry. They imposed hunting regulations and created hunting seasons. To prevent extinction, IWC banned commercial humpback whaling in 1966. By then, the global population had been reduced to around 5,000. The Soviet Union deliberately under-recorded its catches; the Soviets reported catching 2,820 between 1947 and 1972, but the true number was over 48,000.


title: Humpback whale

text: As of 2004, hunting was restricted to a few animals each year off the Caribbean island of Bequia in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The take is not believed to threaten the local population. Japan had planned to kill 50 humpbacks in the 2007/08 season under its JARPA II research program. The announcement sparked global protests. After a visit to Tokyo by the IWC chair asking the Japanese for their co-operation in sorting out the differences between pro- and anti-whaling nations on the commission, the Japanese whaling fleet agreed to take no humpback whales during the two years it would take to reach a formal agreement. In 2010, the IWC authorized Greenland's native population to hunt a few humpback whales for the following three years.


title: Humpback whale

text: As of 2018, the IUCN Red List lists the humpback whale as least-concern, with a worldwide population of around 135,000 whales, of which around 84,000 are mature individuals, and an increasing population trend. Prior to 2008, the IUCN listed the species as vulnerable. Regional estimates are around 13,000 in the North Atlantic, 21,000 in the North Pacific, and 80,000 in the southern hemisphere. For the isolated population in the Arabian sea, only around 80 individuals remain, and this population is considered to be endangered. In most areas, humpback whale populations have recovered from historic whaling, particularly in the North Pacific. Such recoveries have led to the downlisting of the species' threatened status in the United States, Canada, and Australia. In Costa Rica, Ballena Marine National Park was established for humpback protection.


title: Humpback whale

text: Humpbacks still face various other human-made threats, including entanglement by fishing gear, vessel collisions, human-caused noise and traffic disturbance, coastal habitat destruction, and climate change. Like other cetaceans, humpbacks can be injured by excessive noise. In the 19th century, two humpback whales were found dead near repeated oceanic sub-bottom blasting sites, with traumatic injuries and fractures in the ears. Saxitoxin, a paralytic shellfish poisoning from contaminated mackerel, has been implicated in humpback whale deaths. While oil ingestion is a risk for whales, a 2019 study found that oil did not foul baleen and instead was easily rinsed by flowing water.


title: Humpback whale

text: Whale researchers along the Atlantic Coast report that there have been more stranded whales with signs of vessel strikes and fishing gear entanglement in recent years than ever before. The NOAA recorded 88 stranded humpback whales between January 2016 and February 2019. This is more than double the number of whales stranded between 2013 and 2016. Because of the increase in stranded whales, NOAA declared an unusual mortality event in April 2017. Virginia Beach Aquarium's stranding response coordinator, Alexander Costidis, stated the conclusion that the two causes of these unusual mortality events were vessel interactions and entanglements.


title: Humpback whale

text: Much of the growth of commercial whale watching was built on the humpback whale. The species' highly active surface behaviors and tendency to become accustomed to boats have made them easy to observe, particularly for photographers. In 1975, humpback whale tours were established in New England and Hawaii. This business brings in a revenue of $20 million per year for Hawaii's economy. While Hawaiian tours have tended to be commercial, New England and California whale watching tours have introduced educational components.


title: Humpback whale

text: In December 1883, a male humpback swam up the Firth of Tay in Scotland, past what was then the whaling port of Dundee. Harpooned during a failed hunt, it was found dead off Stonehaven a week later. Its carcass was exhibited to the public by a local entrepreneur, John Woods, both locally and then as a touring exhibition that traveled to Edinburgh and London. The whale was dissected by Professor John Struthers, who wrote seven papers on its anatomy and an 1889 monograph on the humpback.


title: Humpback whale

text: An albino humpback whale that travels up and down the east coast of Australia became famous in local media because of its rare, all-white appearance. Migaloo is the only known Australian all-white specimen, and is a true albino. First sighted in 1991, the whale was named for an indigenous Australian word for "white fella". To prevent sightseers from approaching dangerously close, the Queensland government decreed a 500-m (1600-ft) exclusion zone around him.


title: Humpback whale

text: Migaloo was last seen in June 2014 along the coast of Cape Byron in Australia. Migaloo has several physical characteristics that can be identified; his dorsal fin is somewhat hooked, and his tail flukes have a unique shape, with edges that are spiked along the lower trailing side. In July 2022, concerns arose after a white whale washed up on the shores of Mallacoota beach, however after genetic testing, and noting that the carcass was of a female whale while Migaloo is male, it was confirmed by experts to not be Migaloo.


title: Humpback whale

text: In 1985, Humphrey swam into San Francisco Bay and then up the Sacramento River towards Rio Vista. Five years later, Humphrey returned and became stuck on a mudflat in San Francisco Bay immediately north of Sierra Point below the view of onlookers from the upper floors of the Dakin Building. He was twice rescued by the Marine Mammal Center and other concerned groups in California. He was pulled off the mudflat with a large cargo net and the help of the US Coast Guard. Both times, he was successfully guided back to the Pacific Ocean using a "sound net" in which people in a flotilla of boats made unpleasant noises behind the whale by banging on steel pipes, a Japanese fishing technique known as "oikami". At the same time, the attractive sounds of humpback whales preparing to feed were broadcast from a boat headed towards the open ocean.


title: Isaac

text: Isaac is one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites and an important figure in the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He was the son of Abraham and Sarah, the father of Jacob and Esau, and the grandfather of the twelve tribes of Israel.


title: Isaac

text: Isaac's name means "he will laugh", reflecting the laughter, in disbelief, of Abraham and Sarah, when told by God that they would have a child. He is the only patriarch whose name was not changed, and the only one who did not move out of Canaan. According to the narrative, he died aged 180, the longest-lived of the three patriarchs.


title: Isaac

text: The anglicized name "Isaac" is a transliteration of the Hebrew name () which literally means "He laughs/will laugh." Ugaritic texts dating from the 13th century BCE refer to the benevolent smile of the Canaanite deity El. Genesis, however, ascribes the laughter to Isaac's parents, Abraham and Sarah, rather than El. According to the biblical narrative, Abraham fell on his face and laughed when God (Hebrew, ) imparted the news of their son's eventual birth. He laughed because Sarah was past the age of childbearing; both she and Abraham were advanced in age. Later, when Sarah overheard three messengers of the Lord renew the promise, she laughed inwardly for the same reason. Sarah denied laughing when God questioned Abraham about it.


title: Isaac

text: After God changes Abram and Sarai's names to "Abraham" and "Sarah", he tells Abraham that he will bear a second son by Sarah named Isaac, with whom a new covenant would be established. In response, Abraham began to laugh, as both he and Sarah were well beyond natural child-bearing age. Some time later, three men who Abraham identifies as messengers of God visit him and Sarah, and Abraham treats them to food and niceties. They repeat the prophecy that Sarah would bear a child, promising Isaac's birth within a year's time, at which point Sarah laughs in disbelief. God questions why the pair laughed in disbelief at his words, and if it is because they believe such things were not within his power. Now afraid, they futilely deny ever having laughed at God's words.


title: Isaac

text: Time passes as Isaac is born. Although this was Abraham's second son (Abraham's first son was Ishmael, with Hagar) it was Sarah's first and only child.


title: Isaac

text: On the eighth day from his birth, Isaac was circumcised, as was necessary for all males of Abraham's household, in order to be in compliance with Yahweh's covenant.


title: Isaac

text: After Isaac had been weaned, Sarah saw Ishmael playing with him, and urged her husband to cast out Hagar the bondservant and her son, so that Isaac would be Abraham's sole heir. Abraham was hesitant, but at God's order he listened to his wife's request.


title: Isaac

text: At some point in Isaac's youth, his father Abraham took him to Mount Moriah. At God's command, Abraham was to build a sacrificial altar and sacrifice his son Isaac upon it. After he had bound his son to the altar and drawn his knife to kill him, at the last moment an angel of God prevented Abraham from proceeding. Instead, he was directed to sacrifice a nearby ram that was stuck in thickets.


title: Isaac

text: Before Isaac was 40 (Genesis 25:20), Abraham sent Eliezer, his steward, into Mesopotamia to find a wife for Isaac, from his nephew Bethuel's family. Eliezer chose the Aramean Rebekah for Isaac. After many years of marriage to Isaac, Rebekah had still not given birth to a child and was believed to be barren. Isaac prayed for her and she conceived. Rebekah gave birth to twin boys, Esau and Jacob. Isaac was 60 years old when his two sons were born. Isaac favored Esau, and Rebekah favored Jacob.


title: Isaac

text: Isaac moved to "Beer-lahai-roi" after his father died. When the land experienced famine, he moved to the Philistine land of Gerar where his father once lived. This land was still under the control of King Abimelech as it was in the days of Abraham. Like his father, Isaac also deceived Abimelech about his wife and also got into the well business. He had gone back to all of the wells that his father dug and saw that they were all stopped up with earth. The Philistines did this after Abraham died. So, Isaac unearthed them and began to dig for more wells all the way to Beersheba, where he made a pact with Abimelech, just like in the day of his father.


title: Isaac

text: Isaac grew old and became blind. He called his son Esau and directed him to procure some venison for him, in order to receive Isaac's blessing. While Esau was hunting, Jacob, after listening to his mother's advice, deceived his blind father by misrepresenting himself as Esau and thereby obtained his father's blessing, such that Jacob became Isaac's primary heir and Esau was left in an inferior position. According to Genesis 25:29–34, Esau had previously sold his birthright to Jacob for "bread and stew of lentils". Thereafter, Isaac sent Jacob into Mesopotamia to take a wife of his mother's brother's house. After 20 years working for his uncle Laban, Jacob returned home. He reconciled with his twin brother Esau, then he and Esau buried their father, Isaac, in Hebron after he died at the age of 180.


title: Isaac

text: According to local tradition, the graves of Isaac and Rebekah, along with the graves of Abraham and Sarah and Jacob and Leah, are in the Cave of the Patriarchs.


title: Isaac

text: In rabbinical tradition, the age of Isaac at the time of binding is taken to be 37, which contrasts with common portrayals of Isaac as a child. The rabbis also thought that the reason for the death of Sarah was the news of the intended sacrifice of Isaac. The sacrifice of Isaac is cited in appeals for the mercy of God in later Jewish traditions. The post-biblical Jewish interpretations often elaborate the role of Isaac beyond the biblical description and primarily focus on Abraham's intended sacrifice of Isaac, called the ("binding"). According to a version of these interpretations, Isaac died in the sacrifice and was revived. According to many accounts of Aggadah, unlike the Bible, it is Satan who is testing Isaac as an agent of God. Isaac's willingness to follow God's command at the cost of his death has been a model for many Jews who preferred martyrdom to violation of the Jewish law.


title: Isaac

text: According to the Jewish tradition, Isaac instituted the afternoon prayer. This tradition is based on Genesis chapter 24, verse 63 ("Isaac went out to meditate in the field at the eventide").


title: Isaac

text: Isaac was the only patriarch who stayed in Canaan during his whole life and though once he tried to leave, God told him not to do so. Rabbinic tradition gave the explanation that Isaac was almost sacrificed and anything dedicated as a sacrifice may not leave the Land of Israel. Isaac was the oldest of the biblical patriarchs at the time of his death, and the only patriarch whose name was not changed.


title: Isaac

text: Rabbinic literature also linked Isaac's blindness in old age, as stated in the Bible, to the sacrificial binding: Isaac's eyes went blind because the tears of angels present at the time of his sacrifice fell on Isaac's eyes.


title: Isaac

text: The early Christian church continued and developed the New Testament theme of Isaac as a type of Christ and the Church being both "the son of the promise" and the "father of the faithful". Tertullian draws a parallel between Isaac's bearing the wood for the sacrificial fire with Christ's carrying his cross. and there was a general agreement that, while all the sacrifices of the Old Law were anticipations of that on Calvary, the sacrifice of Isaac was so "in a pre-eminent way".


title: Isaac

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church consider Isaac as a saint along with other biblical patriarchs. Along with those of other patriarchs and the Old Testament Righteous, his feast day is celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Byzantine rite of the Catholic Church on the Second Sunday before Christmas (December 11–17), under the title "the Sunday of the Forefathers".


title: Isaac

text: The New Testament states Isaac was "offered up" by his father Abraham, and that Isaac blessed his sons. Paul contrasted Isaac, symbolizing Christian liberty, with the rejected older son Ishmael, symbolizing slavery; Hagar is associated with the Sinai covenant, while Sarah is associated with the covenant of grace, into which her son Isaac enters. The Epistle of James chapter 2, verses 21–24, states that the sacrifice of Isaac shows that justification (in the Johannine sense) requires both faith and works.


title: Isaac

text: In the Epistle to the Hebrews, Abraham's willingness to follow God's command to sacrifice Isaac is used as an example of faith as is Isaac's action in blessing Jacob and Esau with reference to the future promised by God to Abraham. In verse 19, the author views the release of Isaac from sacrifice as analogous to the resurrection of Jesus, the idea of the sacrifice of Isaac being a prefigurement of the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross.


title: Isaac

text: Islam considers Isaac () a prophet, and describes him as the father of the Israelites and a righteous servant of God.


title: Isaac

text: Isaac, along with Ishmael, is highly important for Muslims for continuing to preach the message of monotheism after his father Abraham. Among Isaac's children was the follow-up Israelite patriarch Jacob, who is also venerated as an Islamic prophet.


title: Isaac

text: Isaac is mentioned seventeen times by name in the Quran, often with his father and his son, Jacob. The Quran states that Abraham received "good tidings of Isaac, a prophet, of the righteous", and that God blessed them both (). In a fuller description, when angels came to Abraham to tell him of the future punishment to be imposed on Sodom and Gomorrah, his wife, Sarah, "laughed, and We gave her good tidings of Isaac, and after Isaac of (a grandson) Jacob" (); and it is further explained that this event will take place despite Abraham and Sarah's old age. Several verses speak of Isaac as a "gift" to Abraham (6:84; 14:49–50), and 24:26–27 adds that God made "prophethood and the Book to be among his offspring", which has been interpreted to refer to Abraham's two prophetic sons, his prophetic grandson Jacob, and his prophetic great-grandson Joseph. In the Quran, it later narrates that Abraham also praised God for giving him Ishmael and Isaac in his old age ().


title: Isaac

text: Elsewhere in the Quran, Isaac is mentioned in lists: Joseph follows the religion of his forefathers Abraham, Isaac and Jacob () and speaks of God's favor to them (); Jacob's sons all testify their faith and promise to worship the God that their forefathers, "Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac", worshiped (); and the Quran commands Muslims to believe in the revelations that were given to "Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and the Patriarchs" (; ). In the Quran's narrative of Abraham's near-sacrifice of his son (), the name of the son is not mentioned and debate has continued over the son's identity, though many feel that the identity is the least important element in a story which is given to show the courage that one develops through faith.


title: Isaac

text: The Quran mentions Isaac as a prophet and a righteous man of God. Isaac and Jacob are mentioned as being bestowed upon Abraham as gifts of God, who then worshipped God only and were righteous leaders in the way of God:


title: Isaac

text: Some scholars have described Isaac as "a legendary figure" or "as a figure representing tribal history, or "as a seminomadic leader." The stories of Isaac, like other patriarchal stories of Genesis, are generally believed to have "their origin in folk memories and oral traditions of the early Hebrew pastoralist experience." "The Cambridge Companion to the Bible" makes the following comment on the biblical stories of the patriarchs:


title: Isaac

text: According to Martin Noth, a scholar of the Hebrew Bible, the narratives of Isaac date back to an older cultural stage than that of the West-Jordanian Jacob. At that era, the Israelite tribes were not yet sedentary. In the course of looking for grazing areas, they had come in contact in southern Philistia with the inhabitants of the settled countryside. The biblical historian A. Jopsen believes in the connection between the Isaac traditions and the north, and in support of this theory adduces Amos 7:9 ("the high places of Isaac").


title: Isaac

text: Albrecht Alt and Martin Noth hold that, "The figure of Isaac was enhanced when the theme of promise, previously bound to the cults of the 'God the Fathers' was incorporated into the Israelite creed during the southern-Palestinian stage of the growth of the Pentateuch tradition." According to Martin Noth, at the Southern Palestinian stage of the growth of the Pentateuch tradition, Isaac became established as one of the biblical patriarchs, but his traditions were receded in the favor of Abraham.


title: Isaac

text: The earliest Christian portrayal of Isaac is found in the Roman catacomb frescoes. Excluding the fragments, Alison Moore Smith classifies these artistic works in three categories:


title: After Ever Happy

text: After Ever Happy (in some countries released as "After Ever After" or "After Forever") is a 2022 American romantic drama film directed by Castille Landon, from a screenplay by Sharon Soboil. Based on the 2015 novel of the same name by Anna Todd, it is a sequel to "After We Fell", and the fourth overall installment in the "After" film series. The film stars Josephine Langford and Hero Fiennes Tiffin, reprising their roles as Tessa Young and Hardin Scott, respectively. The plot continues the premise of the three previous films.


title: After Ever Happy

text: "After Ever Happy" had its world premiere in London on August 10, 2022, and was released theatrically on September 7, 2022. A fifth installment titled "After Everything" is currently in post-production, while a prequel and an additional sequel centered around the children of the series' main characters are also in development.


title: After Ever Happy

text: A couple of hours after Christian Vance reveals to Hardin he is Hardin's biological father, Hardin returns to his mother's wedding reception with Tessa, where he confronts her about the deception. Vance tries to explain himself, but Hardin storms off with a bottle of whiskey. That evening, Tessa finds a drunk Hardin breaking into Trish's house and setting the place on fire. Hardin realizes his mistake and tries to put the fire out, to no avail, but Vance arrives and sneaks Hardin out the back to Tessa's car as the fire department arrives. Hardin wakes up the next morning and Tessa tells him Vance told the police he had set the fire himself. They drive to a hill where they have sex.


title: After Ever Happy

text: Tessa and Hardin return to their hotel where she confides in Kimberley, Vance's fiancee, about her problems dealing with Hardin's anger issues before discovering Hardin has left the hotel. Tessa tracks him down to a party where she finds him drunk and high. She offers him a chance to leave with her, but he declines and she returns to the US. Upon returning to her apartment, Tessa finds her father, dead from an apparent overdose. Landon calls Hardin dozens of times to let him know before he finally picks up. He returns to Tessa and tries to comfort her, but she hides from him. Hardin argues with her mom, Carol, about whether he's good for Tessa and how he always abandons her.


title: After Ever Happy

text: Still, Hardin, along with Landon, attends Richard's funeral to support Tessa. Hardin and Tessa go to a dinner hosted by Hardin's dad, Ken, and Landon's mom, Karen, along with Landon and his friend, Nora, to say farewell to Landon as he moves to New York for school, where Nora also lives. After dinner, Tessa brings Hardin outside to talk. She tells him they need time apart to heal from their recent family traumas and she's decided to leave Vance Publishing to move to New York with Landon. Hardin is hurt by the bombshell and nearly hits Landon out of rage for not telling him, but Landon reminds him he is also Tessa's friend as much as Hardin is his brother. Tessa gives Hardin an ultimatum that if he loves her, he'll not follow her to New York and let them have their time apart, to which he reluctantly agrees.


title: After Ever Happy

text: Tessa moves in with Landon and starts working with Nora at a fancy restaurant and Hardin starts going to AA and graduates from university. Months later, Hardin comes to New York for work and Landon offers to host him. Tessa takes double shifts to avoid Hardin, but Landon and Hardin come to her restaurant and request her as their server. Hardin stays until she's off work and they talk about how they've been; Hardin's sobriety and Tessa waiting to get accepted into NYU. Over the next couple of days, they spend time together, slowly reconnecting, during which Landon finally starts a romantic relationship with Nora, much to Hardin and Tessa's happiness. One night when Landon is at Nora's, Tessa and Hardin give in and have sex again. The next morning after Hardin leaves, Tessa finds a book in his bag, titled "After", documenting their entire relationship. When Hardin returns, Tessa confronts him about the book, not wanting her life to be published for everyone to read about, but Hardin tells her there's already a bidding war for the book. He had read his journal during therapy and a publisher ended up reading it and everything escalated since. Tessa declares that their relationship is officially over.


title: After Ever Happy

text: Sometime later, Hardin's book has been named a New York Times Best Seller. With not many friends at school and Landon having basically moved in with Nora, Tessa reaches out to Robert, Nora's friend, for company. That night, Tessa sneaks into Hardin's book signing without him knowing so she can listen in. She misinterprets a look between Hardin and a woman and as Tessa leaves, Hardin glimpses her.


title: After Ever Happy

text: In September 2020, a feature film adaptation of "After Ever Happy" was announced to be in development. Developed at the same time as "After We Fell", the films were announced to be directed by Castille Landon with Sharon Soboil serving as a screenwriter. Josephine Langford and Hero Fiennes-Tiffin were confirmed to reprise their roles as Tessa Young and Hardin Scott, respectively.


title: After Ever Happy

text: The film entered pre-production in September 2020, prior to the release of "After We Collided". Principal photography took place, back-to-back with "After We Fell". In December 2021, Louise Lombard, Kiana Madeira, Chance Perdomo, Rob Estes, and Carter Jenkins were confirmed to have reprised their roles from previous movies. The first teaser trailer was released in December 2021.


title: After Ever Happy

text: Photography took place in Bulgaria and wrapped production in December 2020. Landon stated that the novel series' realistic analysis of love, drew her to join the production, stating that her intent while directing the projects was to show that "romance isn't always beautiful". During production, the cast worked closely together and stayed in a hotel in a more isolated manner, while cameras weren't rolling, due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and protocols.


title: After Ever Happy

text: A private screening for the film held in London was made public after a featurette with Fiennes-Tiffin was uploaded to YouTube by the film´s Latin American distributor, Diamond Films. The film was later released in the United States on September 7, 2022. Netflix handled distribution, after successfully handling the international release of the previous movie.


title: After Ever Happy

text: In August 2022, it was announced that production had commenced on a secret sequel to "After Ever Happy". Despite having not much revealed, it was stated that principal photography had recently wrapped and that the official title is "After Everything". Langford and Fiennes Tiffin are reprising their roles as Tessa Young and Hardin Scott, respectively. It is intended to be the fifth film in the series.


title: David Coverdale

text: David Coverdale (born 22 September 1951) is an English rock singer best known for his work with Whitesnake, a hard rock band he founded in 1978. Before Whitesnake, Coverdale was the lead singer of Deep Purple from 1973 to 1976, after which he established his solo career. A collaboration with ex-Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page resulted in a '"Coverdale-Page'" studio album in 1993 that was subsequently certified platinum.


title: David Coverdale

text: In 2016, Coverdale was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Deep Purple, giving one of the band's induction speeches. Coverdale is known in particular for his powerful, blues-tinged voice as well as his vibrant, caring, and loving stage persona. His vocal range is considered to be that of a leggero tenor.


title: David Coverdale

text: Coverdale was born on 22 September 1951 in Saltburn-by-the-Sea, North Riding of Yorkshire, England, son of Thomas Joseph Coverdale and Winnifred May (Roberts) Coverdale. Around the age of 14, he began performing professionally and developing his voice. "I don't think my voice had broken", he explained to "Sounds" in 1974. "And that's when I first learnt how to sing with my stomach, which sounds silly, but it's totally different from a normal voice." Coverdale started performing with local bands Vintage 67 (1966–68), The Government (1968–72), and Fabulosa Brothers (1972–73).


title: David Coverdale

text: In 1973 Coverdale saw an article in a copy of "Melody Maker", which said that Deep Purple was auditioning for singers to replace Ian Gillan. Coverdale had fronted a local group called The Government, which had played with Deep Purple on the same bill in 1969, so he and the band were familiar with one another, and after sending a tape and later auditioning, Coverdale, who possesses the vocal range of a leggiero tenor, was admitted into the band, with bassist Glenn Hughes adding his own vocals as well.


title: David Coverdale

text: In February 1974, Deep Purple released their first album with Coverdale and Hughes, titled "Burn", which was certified Gold in the US on 20 March 1974 and in the UK on 1 July. In April 1974 Coverdale and Deep Purple performed to over 200,000 fans on his first trip to the United States at the California Jam.


title: David Coverdale

text: In December 1974, "Burn" was followed-up by "Stormbringer", which also ranked at Gold album status in the US and the UK. The funk and soul influences of the previous record were even more prominent here and this was one of the reasons why guitarist Ritchie Blackmore left the band in June 1975.


title: David Coverdale

text: Rather than disbanding, Coverdale was instrumental in persuading the band to continue with American guitarist Tommy Bolin (of Billy Cobham and The James Gang fame). As Jon Lord put it, "David Coverdale came up to me and said, 'Please keep the band together.' David played me the album that Tommy did with Billy Cobham. We liked his playing on it and invited Tommy to audition.'" The band released one studio album with Bolin, "Come Taste the Band" in 1975, which was less commercially successful than previous records. The supporting tour proved difficult, with both Hughes and Bolin having drug habits. In March 1976, at the end of the final show of the tour, Coverdale reportedly walked off in tears and handed in his resignation, to which he was told there was no band left to quit. The decision to disband Deep Purple had been made some time before the last show by Lord and Ian Paice (the last remaining original members), who had not told anyone else. The break-up was finally made public in July 1976. Said Coverdale in an interview: "I was frightened to leave the band. Purple was my life, Purple gave me my break, but all the same I wanted out."


title: David Coverdale

text: After the demise of Deep Purple, Coverdale embarked on a solo career. He released his first album in February 1977, titled "White Snake". All songs were written by Coverdale and guitarist Micky Moody. As his first solo effort, Coverdale later admitted: "It's very difficult to think back and talk sensibly about the first album. "White Snake" had been a very inward-looking, reflective and low-key affair in many ways, written and recorded as it was in the aftermath of the collapse of Deep Purple." Even though the album was not successful, its title inspired the name of Coverdale's future band.


title: David Coverdale

text: In 1978, Coverdale released his second solo album "Northwinds", which was received much better than the previous album. But before the album's release, he had already formed a new band.


title: David Coverdale

text: After recording "Northwinds", Coverdale soon formed the band Whitesnake, with Bernie Marsden and Micky Moody both handling guitar duties. Although this was originally a touring band for Coverdale's first solo album, it soon developed into a full-time band. In early 1978, the band released the "Snakebite EP", which was later repackaged as a full album (titled "Snakebite", released in June 1978), with the B-side taken from Coverdale's "Northwinds" album. For the follow-up album, "Trouble", Coverdale was joined by his former Deep Purple colleague, keyboardist Jon Lord. For Whitesnake's 1980 album, "Ready an' Willing", drummer Ian Paice also joined the group. "Ready an' Willing" also featured the band's biggest hit up to that point, the song "Fool for Your Loving", which reached No. 13 on the British charts and No. 53 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. "Ready an' Willing" was followed up by the even more successful "Come an' Get It" in 1981. During 1982 Coverdale took some time off to look after his sick daughter and decided to put Whitesnake on hold. When David Coverdale returned to music he reformed the band, which thereafter recorded the album "Saints & Sinners".


title: David Coverdale

text: In 1982, according to British heavy metal magazine "Kerrang!", Coverdale was considered for the vocalist position with Black Sabbath following the departure of Ronnie James Dio, which he declined.


title: David Coverdale

text: Whitesnake gained significant popularity in the UK, Europe, and Asia, but North American success remained elusive. In 1984, the album "Slide It In" dented the US charts (reaching #40), but not enough to be considered a hit. In time for the US release of "Slide It In", Coverdale made a calculated attempt at updating Whitesnake's sound and look by recruiting guitarist John Sykes from the remnants of Thin Lizzy. Sykes brought a more contemporary, aggressive guitar sound with him and had stage manners to match. The last remaining Deep Purple connections were severed when Jon Lord left after recording "Slide It In" to re-form Deep Purple. (Ian Paice had left Whitesnake in 1982.)


title: David Coverdale

text: In 1985, Sykes and Coverdale started working on new songs for the next album, but Coverdale soon contracted a serious sinus infection that made recording close to impossible for much of 1986 and which had doctors thinking he might never sing again. Coverdale eventually recovered, and recordings were continued. But before their upcoming album was fully recorded and released, Coverdale had dismissed Sykes from the band. The split with Sykes was, reportedly, not amicable.


title: David Coverdale

text: In many period interviews, Coverdale stated that the next album was a make-or-break album for Whitesnake, and if not successful he would disband Whitesnake altogether. During 1987 and 1988, North America was finally won over, with the multi-platinum self-titled "Whitesnake" album, co-written for the most part with now-departed Sykes, but including guitar virtuoso Adrian Vandenberg, as a session musician.


title: David Coverdale

text: The 1987 album has sold eight times platinum since its release, propelled by hit singles such as "Here I Go Again" and "Is This Love", and finally made Whitesnake a bona fide concert headliner in North America. Through the late 1980s and early 1990s, caught in the "hair-band" era, Coverdale kept Whitesnake going with great success despite changing line-ups.


title: David Coverdale

text: In 1989, Coverdale recruited Vandenberg to record a new album, "Slip of the Tongue". Vandenberg co-wrote the entire album with Coverdale, but a wrist injury sidelined him from contributing the solo guitar work. Steve Vai was recruited, re-recording most of Vandenberg's existing parts and finishing the album. Upon release, it was a great commercial success in Europe and the US.


title: David Coverdale

text: The album peaked at number 10 in the US, and has achieved platinum status. Critical response was mixed, with Allmusic critics Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato noting that despite high sales, "Slip of the Tongue" "was a considerable disappointment after the across-the-board success of "Whitesnake"". The following tour, for which Vandenberg returned to play along with Vai, cemented Whitesnake's reputation as a giant in the world of hard rock. The tour continued until the end of 1990.


title: David Coverdale

text: At that point Coverdale had grown uncomfortable with the entity he felt Whitesnake had become, and admitted that he got "caught up in it". In one interview, Coverdale stated:


title: David Coverdale

text: It got louder and louder, and so did I, to the point now where I have to get dressed up like a "girly man" and tease one's questionable bangs or hair and it's all becoming a bit... boring.


title: David Coverdale

text: In 1990, Coverdale sang and co-wrote (with Hans Zimmer and Billy Idol) the song "The Last Note of Freedom" for the Tony Scott film "Days of Thunder".


title: David Coverdale

text: On 26 September 1990, after the last show on the "Slip of the Tongue" tour in Tokyo, Coverdale disbanded Whitesnake indefinitely. Tired of the business in general, the rigors of touring and troubled by his separation and later divorce from Tawny Kitaen, Coverdale wanted to find other values in life and took "private time to reflect" and re-assess his career direction.


title: David Coverdale

text: In the early spring of 1991, a collaboration was set up with guitarist Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin fame. Both parties have said that the collaboration revitalised them on many levels. This collaboration resulted in the "Coverdale-Page" album released in March 1993. The album was a hit all over the world reaching number 4 in the UK and number 5 in the US, and was certified Platinum in the US on 7 April 1995, but the US tour for the album had to be cancelled due to slow ticket sales. After a limited Japanese tour, Coverdale and Page parted ways. In part, the problem had been the vocal comparisons to Robert Plant who had fronted Led Zeppelin. Some of their audience criticised Coverdale, feeling he was merely a Plant clone; Plant himself referred to the team-up as 'David Cover-version'. Others felt the short-lived collaboration only served to inspire Page to once again hook up with Plant, a year later.


title: David Coverdale

text: In 1994, Coverdale assembled a new line-up of Whitesnake (with the exception of Coverdale's musical partner, guitarist Adrian Vandenberg and bassist Rudy Sarzo, both of whom had been in Whitesnake since 1987) to tour for the release of Whitesnake's "Greatest Hits" album. The band again broke up after the tour. After this Coverdale once again retreated from the music business, for three years. In 1997 Coverdale returned and released "Restless Heart" (with Vandenberg on guitar). The album was originally supposed to be Coverdale's solo album, but the record company forced it to be released under the moniker "David Coverdale & Whitesnake". The tour was billed as Whitesnake's farewell tour, during which Coverdale and Vandenberg played two unplugged shows, one in Japan and the other for VH1. The first of the two shows was released the next year under the title "Starkers in Tokyo". After the Restless Heart-tour ended, Coverdale once again folded Whitesnake and took another short break from music.


title: David Coverdale

text: In 2000, Coverdale released his first solo album in 22 years, titled "Into The Light". Even though the album was not a hit, it did return Coverdale to the music business.


title: David Coverdale

text: In December 2002, Coverdale re-reformed Whitesnake for an American and European tour, with Tommy Aldridge on drums, Marco Mendoza (bass), Doug Aldrich (guitar), Reb Beach (ex-Winger guitarist) and keyboardist Timothy Drury. 2004–2005 saw Whitesnake embark on a tour of the United States, South America and Europe. A live DVD, shot during the 2004 tour at the legendary Hammersmith Apollo was released in February 2006. In June 2006 Coverdale signed a new record deal with Steamhammer Records. The first release under the new contract was the double live album "" (released 27 November 2006); the album also contained 4 brand new studio tracks written by Coverdale and Aldrich.


title: David Coverdale

text: In 2008, the band (with a new bassist and drummer) released its first new studio album in over 10 years titled "Good to Be Bad". The band toured the album extensively. Also in 2008, Whitesnake embarked on a European Tour as part of a double bill with fellow Yorkshire rockers Def Leppard.


title: David Coverdale

text: In 2009, Whitesnake toured with Judas Priest on the "British Steel" 30th Anniversary Tour. On 11 August 2009 Whitesnake were playing a show at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison, Colorado when Coverdale suffered some kind of vocal injury. After seeing a specialist, it was announced on 12 August 2009 that Coverdale had been suffering from severe vocal fold edema and a left vocal fold vascular lesion. The remainder of the tour with Judas Priest was cancelled so that this injury would not worsen.


title: David Coverdale

text: In early February 2010, Coverdale announced that his voice had seemed to have fully recovered from the trauma that sidelined him and the band on the Priest tour. He stated he had been recording new demos, aiming for a new Whitesnake album, and that on tape his voice was sounding full and strong. The studio album "Forevermore" was released on 25 March 2011, with Aldrich and Beach on board.


title: David Coverdale

text: In May 2015, with the addition of guitar virtuoso Joel Hoekstra (formerly Of Night Ranger) the band released "The Purple Album" with cover versions of the songs that Coverdale had originally performed with Deep Purple. It was followed by a tour.


title: David Coverdale

text: In 2016, Whitesnake embarked on the "Great Hits" tour, in selected cities in North America and Europe. In 2022, the band began their COVID-delayed farewell tour with European dates kicking off in Dublin on 10 May 2022, but were able to continue only until their date in Croatia on 2 July 2022. After canceling the last 11 dates of the European leg of the tour due to health problems affecting various band members including Reb Beach, Tommy Aldridge and Coverdale himself, Whitesnake subsequently canceled the entire 2022 North American leg of its Farewell Tour as Coverdale was forced to deal with ongoing respiratory health issues affecting his sinuses and trachea.


title: David Coverdale

text: Coverdale was married in 1974 to Julia Borkowski from Poland, and their daughter Jessica was born in 1978.


title: David Coverdale

text: Coverdale's second marriage was to former model and actress Tawny Kitaen, from 17 February 1989 until they divorced two years later, in April 1991. Kitaen was known for her provocative appearances in Whitesnake's music videos for "Here I Go Again", "Is This Love", and "Still of the Night".


title: David Coverdale

text: Since 1997, he has lived with his third wife, Cindy, an author ("The Food That Rocks"); they have one son named Jasper.


title: David Coverdale

text: On 1 March 2007, Coverdale became a US citizen, in a ceremony in Reno, Nevada, and now holds dual US/UK citizenship. He has lived in Incline Village, Nevada for more than 20 years.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: Zeenat Khan (born 19 November 1951), better known as Zeenat Aman, is an Indian actress and former fashion model. She first received recognition for her modelling work, and at the age of 19, went on to participate in beauty pageants, winning both the Femina Miss India pageant and the Miss Asia Pacific International pageant in 1970. She began acting in 1970, and her early works included the films "The Evil Within" (1970) and "Hulchul" (1971). Aman's breakthrough came with the film "Hare Rama Hare Krishna" (1971), for which she won the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award and the BFJA Award for Best Actress. She next starred in the film "Yaadon Ki Baaraat" (1973), for which she received further recognition.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: Aman established herself as a leading actress in the seventies with starring roles in "Roti Kapada Aur Makaan" (1974), "Ajanabee" (1974), "Warrant" (1975), "Chori Mera Kaam" (1975), "Dharam Veer" (1977), "Chhailla Babu" (1977), "Hum Kisise Kum Naheen" (1977), and "The Great Gambler" (1979). For her role in the 1978 film "Satyam Shivam Sundaram", she was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. She also starred in "Don" (1978), a film which spawned the Don franchise. In the early 1980s, she had leading roles in "Abdullah" (1980), "Alibaba Aur 40 Chor" (1980), "Qurbani" (1980), "Dostana" (1980), and "Insaf Ka Tarazu" (1980), the latter of which Aman received another nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. She continued starring in films throughout the 1980s, having roles in the films "Laawaris" (1981), "Mahaan" (1983), "Pukar" (1983), "Jagir" (1984), and also had roles in the films "Teesri Aankh" (1982), "Hum Se Hai Zamana" (1983).


title: Zeenat Aman

text: Following her marriage to actor Mazhar Khan in 1985, Aman began appearing less frequently in films and took a hiatus in 1989, her last film for that period being "Gawaahi" (1989). In 1999, Aman made a comeback to acting, appearing in the film "Bhopal Express"; she did not continue acting until 2003, appearing in the film "Boom", and has since had roles in various independent films, including "Ugly Aur Pagli" (2008), "Dunno Y... Na Jaane Kyon" (2010), "Chaurahen" (2012), "Strings of Passion" (2014), "Dunno Y2... Life Is a Moment" (2015), "Dil Toh Deewana Hai" (2016), and "Sallu Ki Shaadi" (2017). She also made a cameo in "Panipat" (2019), and will next appear in a starring role in the upcoming film "Margaon: The Closed File" (TBA), her first leading role since the 1980s.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: Aside from acting, Aman made her theatre debut in 2004, appearing in the play "The Graduate" in Mumbai, and in 2020 it was announced she will appear in a play based on Kasturba Gandhi. She also led the 2017 web series "Love Life & Screw Ups", for which she was praised. Her personal life and experiences with abuse have received extensive media coverage.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: Zeenat Aman was born as Zeenat Khan in Bombay on 19 November 1951. Born to a Muslim father and a Maharashtrian Brahmin mother Vardhini Karvaste, Aman is the cousin of actor Raza Murad and niece of actor Murad. Her father, Amanullah Khan, was a screenwriter for movies such as "Mughal-e-Azam" and "Pakeezah", and often wrote under the nom de plume "Aman", which she later adopted as her screen name.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: Aman's parents got divorced when she was young. At the age of 13, her father passed away. She completed her schooling in Panchgani and attended to University of Southern California in Los Angeles for further studies on student aid, but she could not complete her graduation.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: In 1970, she participated in the Femina Miss India pageant where she came in second place, and was titled the 'First Princess'. Following this, she competed in the Miss Asia Pacific International pageant, which she won, becoming the first Femina Miss India titleholder to win the pageant. After winning her pageants, Aman had begun acting, appearing first in the film "The Evil Within" alongside Dev Anand, which was commercially unsuccessful. In 1971, Aman appeared in a minor role in O. P. Ralhan’s "Hulchul", and in the same year appeared in another film "Hungama", which starred Vinod Khanna, Kishore Kumar, Mehmood and Helen; both films were flops at the box-office. Actor and director Dev Anand soon approached Aman to star as Jasbir/Janice in his movie "Hare Rama Hare Krishna" (1971), an offer given to her after actress Zaheeda denied the role. The film was a critical success, which helped her achieve her breakthrough, and she won the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award and the BFJA Award for Best Actress.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: In the 1970s, "Cine Blitz" magazine was launched, with the first issue having with Aman on its cover. In 1973, she starred in "Heera Panna" yet again appearing alongside Anand, and in Nasir Hussain’s "Yaadon Ki Baaraat" as Sunita, the heroine to Vijay Arora. The latter film was described by film scholar Kaushik Baumik as "the first quintessential Bollywood film". Aman's performance in the song "Churaliya hai tumne jo dil ko" garnered attention, where she then became known at the time as the "girl in white carrying a guitar". She also starred in "Dhund" alongside Sanjay Khan and Danny Denzongpa; its plot was inspired by the Agatha Christie novel "The Unexpected Guest". The cast's performance was praised, and the film was a moderate grosser.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: In 1974, Aman began the year starring in Manoj Kumar's film "Roti Kapda Aur Makaan", where she portrayed Sheetal, an opportunist who deserts her jobless lover for a millionaire. Aman had continued to star alongside Dev Anand throughout the year, appearing together in "Prem Shastra" and "Ishq Ishq Ishq". She had a role as Nisha, a recovering prostitute in the Shammi Kapoor directed film "Manoranjan", and starred in "Ajanabee" as Rashmi, an ambitious girl who considers having an abortion in order to pursue a career; the latter film had an average performance at the box office. In 1975, Aman appeared in two films: she starred in the films "Warrant" as an assassin, and "Chori Mera Kaam" as Sharmali, both of which were successful.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: Aman appeared in "Deewaangee" alongside Shashi Kapoor, and had an uncredited voice role in "Balika Badhu". In 1977, she starred in the movie "Dharam Veer" alongside Dharmendra, Jeetendra, and Neetu Singh as a princess. The film was the second highest-grossing Hindi film of that year. She had roles in the films "Darling Darling", which was again portrayed alongside Dev Anand, and in the film "Chhailla Babu" which was a commercial success. Aman next starred in the film "Hum Kisise Kum Naheen" as Sunita, the lover of Rishi Kapoor, which was the third highest-grossing Hindi film of the year. Aman next attempted to make an entry into Hollywood, with Krishna Shah's film "Shalimar", which proved unsuccessful in both the United States and in India. She next starred in "Heeralaal Pannalal" as well as starring in "Chor Ke Ghar Chor", again starring in the latter film with Ashok Kumar.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: Aman appeared in Raj Kapoor's film "Satyam Shivam Sundaram" (1978), for which she influenced Kapoor to let her audition, describing the story to "Cinestaan": "When I knocked on the door and he [Kapoor] asked who it was, I replied, 'Your future heroine'. I think he was touched by my dedication and determination to act in his film. The film was a box-office success, however initially drew controversy from critics, with many describing the plot as counter-intuitive; the subject dealt with the "soul being more attractive than the body" though Kapoor showcased Aman's sex-appeal. Aman's performance earned her a Filmfare nomination for Best Actress. Also in 1978, Aman originated the role of Roma in the film "Don". The producer of the film, Nariman Irani, had been losing money at the time, which led the actress to take the role in order to help Irani, having known him beforehand and refused payment for her work; Irani died midway through filming. The film was released to significant commercial success, and inspired the Don franchise, where Aman's character has been portrayed by Priyanka Chopra.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: In 1979, Aman starred as Shabnam in "The Great Gambler". She described her work experience on the film as one of her favorites, particularly when they filmed in Italy. When released, it became a sleeper hit. Her last role that year was a guest appearance in the film "Gol Maal."


title: Zeenat Aman

text: In 1980, Aman first had roles in the films "Takkar" as Sapna, and "Ram Balram" as Madhu. She also starred as Radha alongside Vinod Khanna in "Bombay 405 Miles". Aman next starred as Zainab in the Sanjay Khan directed film "Abdullah", starring alongside Raj Kapoor, Danny Denzongpa and Khan himself. The film had one of the highest budgets spent on any film at the time, which was a risk taken by Khan for its success. Despite underperforming in India, the film achieved success in the Soviet Union. Aman next starred as Fatima in the Indian-Soviet produced film "Adventures of Ali-Baba and the Forty Thieves", better known as "Alibaba Aur 40 Chor", which is one of three film adaptations of the original folk tale, and was also noted for being one of the first movies to cast actors of other nationalities. It was a moderate success, and was one of the more successful Indian-Soviet co-productions.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: Aman next starred in the Feroz Khan directed film "Qurbani", in which she starred with Khan and Vinod Khanna; she was cast as Sheela, a singer and dancer. The film was a major success at the box-office, and the soundtrack received particular praise. The song "Aap Jaisa Koi", which had been sung by Nazia Hassan and picturised on Aman, won a Filmfare Award. Aman also starred as Sheetal in the film "Dostana" alongside Amitabh Bachchan. She was next cast as a rape victim seeking justice in B. R. Chopra’s "Insaaf Ka Tarazu", which was one of few to focus on its storyline rather than its soundtrack. The film earned Aman her second nomination for the Filmfare Best Actress Award. In 1981, Aman appeared in four films - she first starred as Sonia in "Professor Pyarelal", as the heroine to Dharmendra, starred in the film "Katilon Ke Kaatil" as Jamila, and also appeared in the film "Krodhi" as Neera and led the film "Laawaris" alongside Amitabh Bachchan.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: In 1982, Aman starred in the crime film "Ashanti". In 1983, she starred in the film "Mahaan" as Rita, which was the first to feature a triple-role character. The film turned to be an above-average grosser. In the same year, she starred in the film "Pukar" as Julie, which had an average performance at the box office. The film has been remade in various recreations, including the 2000 adaptation, which also performed average the box-office. Also in 1983, she starred as Nisha Thakur in the film "Hum Se Hai Zamana". In 1984, she starred in "Jagir" as the main heroine Sima, along Dharmendra, Mithun Chakraborty and Pran.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: From 1985 to 1989, she appeared less frequently in films to focus more on her marriage with Mazhar Khan; her films in this period were critically and financially unsuccessful. She starred in the film "Gawahi", a courtroom drama, which would be her last film role before making a temporary retirement from the film industry. After 10 years of being inactive in the industry, Aman appeared in a cameo role in the film "Bhopal Express" (1999). However, she didn't appear in another film until 2003, when she appeared as Alice in the film "Boom". The film turned to drastically under-perform at the box-office, creating a set of financial problems for the film's crew, including the producer Ayesha Shroff.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: In 2004, she appeared as Mrs. Robinson in the play "The Graduate" staged at St Andrew's auditorium in Mumbai. She had also made an appearance along with actress Hema Malini in the talk show "Koffee with Karan", hosted by Karan Johar. Aman then had roles in the films "Maksham" (2005), "Jaana... Let's Fall in Love" (2006) as Raju's mother, and in "Chaurahen" which was released in 2012, but had originally been filmed and shelved in 2007. In 2008, Aman guest starred in the feature film "Ugly Aur Pagli". In the year following, she starred in the film "Geeta in Paradise" (2009).


title: Zeenat Aman

text: In 2008, Aman received a Lifetime Achievement Award during the Zee Cine Awards function in 2008 as a recognition of her contribution to Hindi Cinema. She also received an "Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema" at the IIFA Awards 2010 held at Colombo, Sri Lanka.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: In 2010, Aman starred as Rebecca in the film "Dunno Y... Na Jaane Kyon". The film was originally aired at film festivals nationwide, and drew an immense amount of controversy, being panned by critics for its gay stereotypes. However, the film achieved success through film festivals and later achieved a limited theatrical release. In the film, Aman performed the songs "Aap Jaisa Koi" and "Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo". It later spawned the sequel "Dunno Y2... Life Is a Moment", released in 2014, which Aman had also starred in. In 2012, Aman was cast as Roma in the film "Strings of Passion". Aman had roles in the films "Dil Toh Deewana Hai" (2016) and "Sallu Ki Shaadi" (2017). "Sallu Ki Shaadi" was made as a tribute to actor Salman Khan.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: In 2017, Aman was cast in the short-lived web series "Love Life & Screw Ups", in which she played the main role of Joanna, a spinster with a drastic love life and personal problems, who frequently mingles with younger people. The show was featured in international film festivals, including a film festival in Poland, being the first Indian web series to be shown at a festival there. While the series received generally mixed reviews, Aman's performance was praised by critics. In June 2019, Aman joined the cast of the film "Panipat", where she portrayed the minor role of Sakina Begum, a character whom director Ashutosh Gowariker described as "a feisty character leading her province of Hoshiyarganj." It was released theatrically in December 2019, emerging as a box-office failure.


title: Zeenat Aman

text: In an interview in September 2019 with Eastern Eye, Aman discussed her activity currently in the film industry, saying that "There are no great age appropriate roles for ladies my age. They are very few and far between in Hindi cinema, so that’s it, but I wouldn’t say no if a really great role came along." In February 2020, it was announced that Aman is staging a comeback in theatre, appearing in a play on Kasturba Gandhi. In January 2021, it was announced that she would star in the upcoming murder-mystery film "Margaon: The Closed File", her first leading role since the 1980s. In the film, which is a tribute to Agatha Christie, Aman will portray the "head of an Anglo Indian family who is an independent woman, a mother as well as an entrepreneur."