title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Many of the city's neighborhoods are well-preserved as walkable "museums" of 19th- and 20th-century American architecture, particularly by the New Haven Green, Hillhouse Avenue and other residential sections close to Downtown New Haven. Overall, a large proportion of the city's land area is National (NRHP) historic districts. One of the best sources on local architecture is "New Haven: Architecture and Urban Design", by Elizabeth Mills Brown.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Many historical sites exist throughout the city, including 59 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Of these, nine are among the 60 U.S. National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut. The New Haven Green, one of the National Historic Landmarks, was formed in 1638, and is home to three 19th-century churches. Below the First Church of Christ in New Haven (referred to as the Center Church on the Green) lies a 17th-century crypt, which is open to visitors. Some of the more famous burials include the first wife of Benedict Arnold and the aunt and grandmother of President Rutherford B. Hayes; Hayes visited the crypt while President in 1880. The Old Campus of Yale University is located next to the Green, and includes Connecticut Hall, Yale's oldest building and a National Historic Landmark. The Hillhouse Avenue area, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also a part of Yale's campus, has been called a walkable museum, due to its 19th-century mansions and street scape; Charles Dickens is said to have called Hillhouse Avenue "the most beautiful street in America" when visiting the city in 1868.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: In 1660, Edward Whalley (a cousin and friend of Oliver Cromwell) and William Goffe, two English Civil War generals who signed the death warrant of King Charles I, hid in a rock formation in New Haven after having fled England upon the restoration of Charles II to the English throne. They were later joined by a third regicide, John Dixwell. The rock formation, which is now a part of West Rock Park, is known as Judges' Cave, and the path leading to the cave is called the Regicides Trail.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: After the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, the Connecticut colonial government ordered the construction of Black Rock Fort (to be built on top of an older 17th-century fort) to protect the port of New Haven. In 1779, during the Battle of New Haven, British soldiers captured Black Rock Fort and burned the barracks to the ground. The fort was reconstructed in 1807 by the federal government (on orders from the Thomas Jefferson administration), and rechristened Fort Nathan Hale, after the Revolutionary War hero who had lived in New Haven. The cannons of Fort Nathan Hale were successful in defying British war ships during the War of 1812. In 1863, during the Civil War, a second Fort Hale was built next to the original, complete with bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat, to defend the city should a Southern raid against New Haven be launched. The United States Congress deeded the site to the state in 1921, and all three versions of the fort have been restored. The site is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places and receives thousands of visitors each year.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Grove Street Cemetery, a National Historic Landmark which lies adjacent to Yale's campus, contains the graves of Roger Sherman, Eli Whitney, Noah Webster, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Charles Goodyear and Walter Camp, among other notable burials. The cemetery is noted for its Egyptian Revival gateway, and is the oldest planned burial ground in the United States. The Union League Club of New Haven building, located on Chapel Street, is notable for not only being a historic Beaux-Arts building, but also is built on the site where Roger Sherman's home once stood; George Washington is known to have stayed at the Sherman residence while President in 1789 (one of three times Washington visited New Haven throughout his lifetime).


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Two sites pay homage to the time President and Chief Justice William Howard Taft lived in the city, as both a student and later Professor at Yale: a plaque on Prospect Street marks the site where Taft's home formerly stood, and downtown's Taft Apartment Building (formerly the Taft Hotel) bears the name of the former president who resided in the building for eight years before becoming Chief Justice of the United States.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Lighthouse Point Park, a public beach run by the city, was a popular tourist destination during the Roaring Twenties, attracting luminaries of the period such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb. The park remains popular among New Haveners, and is home to the Five Mile Point Lighthouse, constructed in 1847, and the Lighthouse Point Carousel, constructed in 1916. Five Mile Point Light was decommissioned in 1877 following the construction of Southwest Ledge Light at the entrance of the harbor, which remains in service to this day. Both of the lighthouses and the carousel are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Other historic sites in the city include the Soldiers and Sailors Monument, which stands at the summit of East Rock, the Marsh Botanical Garden, Wooster Square, Dwight Street, Louis' Lunch, and the Farmington Canal, all of which date back to the 19th century. Other historic parks besides the Green include Edgerton Park, Edgewood Park, and East Rock Park, each of which is included on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: New Haven is connected to New York City and points along the Northeast Corridor by commuter rail, regional rail and inter-city rail. Service is provided by:


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: The city's main railroad station is the historic Beaux-Arts Union Station, which serves Metro-North, Hartford Line, and Shore Line East commuter trains. Union Station is also served by four Amtrak lines: the "Northeast Regional" and the high-speed "Acela Express" provide service to New York, Washington, D.C. and Boston, and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country; the New Haven–Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts; and the "Vermonter" provides service to both Washington, D.C., and Vermont, from the Canada–US border. Amtrak also codeshares with United Airlines for travel to any airport serviced by United Airlines, via Newark Liberty International Airport originating from or terminating at Union Station .


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: An additional station, State Street Station, was opened in 2002, providing passengers easier access to downtown New Haven. State Street Station is currently serviced by Shore Line East and Hartford Line trains, plus some peak-hour Metro-North trips.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: The New Haven Division of Connecticut Transit (CT Transit), the state's bus system, is the second largest division in the state with 24 routes. All routes originate from the New Haven Green, making it the central transfer hub of the city. Service is provided to 19 different municipalities throughout Greater New Haven. Bus routes were formerly identified by letters, but as of October 8, 2017, all service was renamed using 200-series numbers, in accordance with a renumbering of CTtransit's statewide services.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: CT Transit's Union Station Shuttle provides free service from Union Station to the New Haven Green and several New Haven parking garages. Peter Pan and Greyhound bus lines have scheduled stops at Union Station, and connections downtown can be made via the Union Station Shuttle. A private company operates the New Haven/Hartford Express which provides commuter bus service to Hartford. The Yale University Shuttle provides free transportation around New Haven for Yale students, faculty, and staff.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: The New Haven Division buses follow routes that had originally been covered by trolley service. Horse-drawn streetcars began operating in New Haven in the 1860s, and by the mid-1890s all the lines had become electric. In the 1920s and 1930s, some of the trolley lines began to be replaced by bus lines, with the last trolley route converted to bus in 1948. The City of New Haven is in the very early stages of considering the restoration of streetcar (light-rail) service, which has been absent since the postwar period.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: On February 21, 2018, New Haven officially launched its Bike New Haven bikeshare program. based on dockless technology powered by Noa Technologies At time of launch, the program features 10 docking stations and 100 bikes, spread throughout the urban core; there are plans to reach 30 bike stations and 300 bikes by the end of April 2018. The launch of the New Haven bikeshare program coincided with the launch of Yale University's own bikeshare program, which uses the same technology powered by Noa.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: In 2004, the first bike lane in the city was added to Orange Street, connecting East Rock Park and the East Rock neighborhood to downtown. Since then, bike lanes have also been added to sections of Howard Ave, Elm St, Dixwell Avenue, Water Street, Clinton Avenue and State Street. The city has created recommended bike routes for getting around New Haven, including use of the Canal Trail and the Orange Street lane. As of the end of 2012, bicycle lanes have also been added in both directions on Dixwell Avenue along most of the street from downtown to the Hamden town line, as well as along Howard Avenue from Yale New Haven Hospital to City Point.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: The city has plans to create two additional bike lanes connecting Union Station with downtown, and the Westville neighborhood with downtown. The city has added dozens of covered bike parking spots at Union Station, in order to facilitate more bike commuting to the station.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: The Farmington Canal Trail is a rail trail that will eventually run continuously from downtown New Haven to Northampton, Massachusetts. The scenic trail follows the path of the historic New Haven and Northampton Company and the Farmington Canal. Currently, there is a continuous stretch of the trail from downtown, through Hamden and into Cheshire, making bicycle commuting between New Haven and those suburbs possible. The trail is part of the East Coast Greenway, a proposed bike path that would link every major city on the East Coast from Florida to Maine.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: New Haven lies at the intersection of Interstate 95 on the coast—which provides access southwards and/or westwards to the western coast of Connecticut and to New York City, and eastwards to the eastern Connecticut shoreline, Rhode Island, and eastern Massachusetts—and Interstate 91, which leads northward to the interior of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont and the Canada–US border. I-95 is infamous for traffic jams increasing with proximity to New York City; on the east side of New Haven it passes over the Quinnipiac River via the Pearl Harbor Memorial, or "Q Bridge", which often presents a major bottleneck to traffic. I-91, however, is relatively less congested, except at the intersection with I-95 during peak travel times.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: The Oak Street Connector (Connecticut Route 34) intersects I-91 at exit 1, just south of the I-95/I-91 interchange, and runs northwest for a few blocks as an expressway spur into downtown before emptying onto surface roads. The Wilbur Cross Parkway (Connecticut Route 15) runs parallel to I-95 west of New Haven, turning northwards as it nears the city and then running northwards parallel to I-91 through the outer rim of New Haven and Hamden, offering an alternative to the I-95/I-91 journey (restricted to non-commercial vehicles). Route 15 in New Haven is the site of the only highway tunnel in the state (officially designated as Heroes Tunnel), running through West Rock, home to West Rock Park and the Three Judges Cave.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: The city also has several major surface arteries. U.S. Route 1 (Columbus Avenue, Union Avenue, Water Street, Forbes Avenue) runs in an east–west direction south of downtown serving Union Station and leading out of the city to Milford, West Haven, East Haven and Branford. The main road from downtown heading northwest is Whalley Avenue (partly signed as Route 10 and Route 63) leading to Westville and Woodbridge. Heading north towards Hamden, there are two major thoroughfares, Dixwell Avenue and Whitney Avenue. To the northeast are Middletown Avenue (Route 17), which leads to the Montowese section of North Haven, and Foxon Boulevard (Route 80), which leads to the Foxon section of East Haven and to the town of North Branford. To the west is Route 34, which leads to the city of Derby. Other major intracity arteries are Ella Grasso Boulevard (Route 10) west of downtown, and College Street, Temple Street, Church Street, Elm Street, and Grove Street in the downtown area.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Traffic safety is a major concern for drivers, pedestrians and cyclists in New Haven. In addition to many traffic-related fatalities in the city each year, since 2005, over a dozen Yale students, staff and faculty have been killed or injured in traffic collisions on or near the campus.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Avelo Airlines flies nonstop to cities across Florida, including Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Orlando, Tampa, and West Palm Beach.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Bus service between Downtown New Haven and Tweed is available via the CT Transit New Haven Division. Taxi service and rental cars are available at the airport. Travel time from Tweed to downtown takes approximately 15 minutes by car.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: New Haven Harbor is home to the Port of New Haven, a deep-water seaport with three berths capable of hosting vessels and barges as well as the facilities required to handle break bulk cargo. The port has the capacity to load 200 trucks a day from the ground or via loading docks. Rail transportation access is available, with a private switch engine for yard movements and private siding for loading and unloading. Approximately of inside storage and of outside storage are available at the site. Five shore cranes with a 250-ton capacity and 26 forklifts, each with a 26-ton capacity, are also available.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: On June 17, 2013, the city commissioned the "Nathan Hale", a port security vessel capable of serving search and rescue, firefighting, and constabulary roles.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: The New Haven area supports several medical facilities that are considered some of the best hospitals in the country. There are two major medical centers downtown: Yale – New Haven Hospital has four pavilions, including the Yale – New Haven Children's Hospital and the Smilow Cancer Hospital; the Hospital of Saint Raphael is several blocks north, and touts its excellent cardiac emergency care program. Smaller downtown health facilities are the Temple Medical Center located downtown on Temple Street, Connecticut Mental Health Center/ across Park Street from Y-NHH, and the Hill Health Center, which serves the working-class Hill neighborhood. A large Veterans Affairs hospital is located in neighboring West Haven. To the west in Milford is Milford Hospital, and to the north in Meriden is the MidState Medical Center.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Yale and New Haven are working to build a medical and biotechnology research hub in the city and Greater New Haven region, and are succeeding to some extent. The city, state and Yale together run Science Park, a large site three blocks northwest of Yale's Science Hill campus. This multi-block site, approximately bordered by Mansfield Street, Division Street, and Shelton Avenue, is the former home of Winchester's and Olin Corporation's 45 large-scale factory buildings. Currently, sections of the site are large-scale parking lots or abandoned structures, but there is also a large remodeled and functioning area of buildings (leased primarily by a private developer) with numerous Yale employees, financial service and biotech companies.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road, on land cleared for the never-built Route 34 extension. As of late 2009, a Pfizer drug-testing clinic, a medical laboratory building serving Yale – New Haven Hospital, and a mixed-use structure containing parking, housing and office space, have been constructed on this corridor. A former SNET telephone building at 300 George Street is being converted into lab space, and has been quite successful so far in attracting biotechnology and medical firms.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Electricity for New Haven is generated by a 448 MW oil and gas-fired generating station located on the shore at New Haven Harbor. PPL Corporation operates a 220 MW peaking natural gas turbine plant in nearby Wallingford.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: There are three PureCell Model 400 fuel cells placed in the city of New Haven—one at the New Haven Public Schools and newly constructed Roberto Clemente School, one at the mixed-use 360 State Street building, and one at City Hall. According to Giovanni Zinn of the city's Office of Sustainability, each fuel cell may save the city up to $1 million in energy costs over a decade. The fuel cells were provided by ClearEdge Power, formerly UTC Power. Additional fuel cells are located at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History and at the Greater New Haven Water Pollution Control Authority (GNHWPCA). Ikea's New Haven facility also utilizes a 250 kW fuel cell and 940.8 kW solar array.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: New Haven recently installed solar panels at 11 city schools with a combined power generation capacity of 1.8 MW. Owned and maintained by Greenskies, the panels allow New Haven to purchase electricity at a discounted rate through a power-purchasing agreement. The panels bring New Haven's solar capacity to 2.8 MW and will help New Haven meet its commitment to powering 100% of its municipal operations through clean energy, which it made in Summer 2017 and reaffirmed in the 2018 New Haven Climate and Sustainability Framework.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven, including "Mona Lisa Smile" (2003), with Julia Roberts, "The Life Before Her Eyes" (2007), with Uma Thurman, and "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull" (2008) directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford, Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf. The filming of "Crystal Skull" involved an extensive chase sequence through the streets of New Haven. Several downtown streets were closed to traffic and received a "makeover" to look like streets of 1957, when the film is set. 500 locals were cast as extras for the film. In "Everybody's Fine" (2009), Robert De Niro has a close encounter in what is supposed to be the Denver train station; the scene was filmed in New Haven's Union Station.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Some of these were selected because of historical connection—Freetown because of the "Amistad" trial. Others, such as Amalfi and Afula, reflect ethnic groups in New Haven.


title: Bruce McGill

text: Bruce Travis McGill (born July 11, 1950) is an American actor. He worked with director Michael Mann in the movies "The Insider" (1999), "Ali" (2001), and "Collateral" (2004). McGill's other notable film roles include Daniel Simpson "D-Day" Day in John Landis's "Animal House", Sheriff Dean Farley in "My Cousin Vinny", Matuzak in "Timecop", Reverend Larson in "Shallow Hal", Gene Revell in "The Sum of All Fears", Edwin Stanton in Steven Spielberg’s "Lincoln", and Lt. Brooks in "Ride Along" and its sequel "Ride Along 2".


title: Bruce McGill

text: Bruce McGill's television roles include Jack Dalton on "MacGyver" (1985–1992) and Det. Vince Korsak on "Rizzoli & Isles" (2010–2016). He also portrayed Captain Braxton in several episodes of "" (1999) and voiced Lloyd Waterman, the owner of Waterman Cable, on "The Cleveland Show" (2009-2013). He played Ralph Houk in Billy Crystal's made-for-television film "61*" (2001). In 2021, he had a recurring role in the NASCAR comedy series "The Crew" on Netflix.


title: Bruce McGill

text: McGill was born in San Antonio, Texas; the son of Adriel "Squeaky" Rose (née Jacobs), the late Jewish San Antonio artist; and Woodrow Wilson McGill, a real estate and insurance agent. He graduated from Douglas MacArthur High School in the northeastern part of San Antonio and from The University of Texas at Austin with a degree in drama. He is related to former Texas State Senator A.R. Schwartz.


title: Bruce McGill

text: McGill has starred in many films, perhaps his most well-known role being "D-Day" in the 1978 comedy classic "National Lampoon's Animal House", a role McGill was desperate to take at the time, recalling his days as a young unemployed actor sitting in a New York City casting office. In "Animal House", he played the "William Tell Overture" by drumming his fingers on his windpipe. He duplicated this talent in "MacGyver", playing "Rock-The-Cradle" to lull a child in his care to sleep.


title: Bruce McGill

text: Some of his films include "Into the Night", "Wildcats", "The Last Boy Scout", "My Cousin Vinny", "Cliffhanger", "Timecop", "Black Sheep", "Courage Under Fire", "Rosewood", "Three Fugitives", "Club Paradise," "The Legend of Bagger Vance", "The Sum of All Fears", "", "Matchstick Men", "Runaway Jury", "Cinderella Man", "", and "Vantage Point".


title: Bruce McGill

text: McGill is a favorite of director Michael Mann, having worked with him on three of his films: 1999's "The Insider", 2001's "Ali" and 2004's "Collateral". He has also appeared in four HBO TV films, first playing Yankees manager Ralph Houk in Billy Crystal's film "61*" in 2001, then diplomat George Ball in the 2002 film "Path to War"; journalist Peter Arnett in "Live from Baghdad" later that year; and most recently Mac Stipanovich in the 2008 film "Recount" about the 2000 Presidential election in Florida. He portrayed CIA Director George Tenet in Oliver Stone's film "W." and, most recently, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton in Steven Spielberg's "Lincoln".


title: Bruce McGill

text: McGill reprised his role as D-Day from "National Lampoon's Animal House" in the short-lived 1979 ABC TV Spinoff "Delta House". His other television guest appearances range from "Quantum Leap" (in both the pilot and final episodes), "Walker, Texas Ranger", "", "Crime Story", and "Miami Vice" (again, a Michael Mann production), to "" as Captain Braxton in the episode "Relativity". He also appeared multiple times as a regular guest star in "MacGyver" as the title character's comical best friend, soldier of fortune/bush pilot Jack Dalton. Echoing that role, McGill often plays friends of the lead character in film and television. In 1994 he made a guest appearance along with Jay Leno in the Emmy nominated TV series, "Home Improvement".


title: Bruce McGill

text: He played Willard Cates in the short-lived series "Wolf Lake." He was scheduled to join the cast of "Bionic Woman" in the fall of 2007. He also voiced Agent Buford in the video game "". In 2009, McGill appeared on "" as Gordon Garrison, a zealously bigoted anti-immigration talk-show host who, after sparking a mini-riot in court, sets up the acquittal of the killer. McGill also appeared on ABC's 2010 TV show, "No Ordinary Family".


title: Bruce McGill

text: McGill also played Major Ed Ryan in the third season "Babylon 5" episode "Severed Dreams" (which won the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation). "Babylon 5" producer J. Michael Straczynski originally intended for Everett McGill to play the role. However he did not know McGill's first name, so when he asked to have McGill contacted, Straczynski was asked if he meant Bruce McGill, to which he replied yes. Even though it became apparent to Straczynski when Bruce McGill met him to discuss the role that he was not the McGill Straczynski had in mind, Straczynski decided to use him instead.


title: Bruce McGill

text: McGill also had a small role in a season 3 episode of "Numb3rs" as well as a season 3 episode of "Psych".


title: Bruce McGill

text: McGill portrayed the character of veteran Boston Police Homicide Detective Vince Korsak on the TNT television crime drama, "Rizzoli & Isles". The character of Korsak is the mentor and friend of Detective Jane Rizzoli, portrayed by Angie Harmon. Korsak saved Rizzoli's life from serial killer, Charles Hoyt. Korsak shot Hoyt's partner just before Hoyt was about to kill Rizzoli with a knife. In the episode "She Works Hard for the Money" (season 1 episode 4) Korsak is asked where he went to college. He responds "Didn't. Watched "Animal House" a few times."


title: Bruce McGill

text: McGill also had a recurring voice role on "The Cleveland Show" as Lloyd Waterman, the homosexual owner of Waterman Cable, where Cleveland Brown is employed as a cable installer.


title: Bruce McGill

text: In the 2016 US presidential election, McGill narrated several commercials for Donald Trump during his campaign It was reported in February 2017 that he would guest star as a decorated Vietnam War veteran in the television series "NCIS".


title: Fish and chips

text: Fish and chips is a popular hot dish consisting of fried fish in crispy batter, served with chips. The dish originated in England, where these two components had been introduced from separate immigrant cultures; it is not known who created the culinary fusion that became the emblematic British meal. Often considered Britain's national dish, fish and chips is a common take-away food in the United Kingdom and numerous other countries, particularly in English-speaking and Commonwealth nations.


title: Fish and chips

text: Fish and chip shops first appeared in the UK in the 1860s, and by 1910, there were over 25,000 fish and chip shops across the UK. By the 1930s there were over 35,000 shops, but the trend reversed, and by 2009 there were only approximately 10,000. The British government safeguarded the supply of fish and chips during the First World War, and again in the Second World War; it was one of the few foods in the UK not subject to rationing during the wars.


title: Fish and chips

text: The UK tradition of eating fish battered and fried in oil was introduced to the country by Spanish and Portuguese Jewish immigrants, who spent time in the Netherlands before settling in the UK as early as the 16th century. They prepared fried fish in a manner similar to "pescado frito", which is coated in flour then fried in oil. Fish fried for Shabbat for dinner on Friday evenings could be eaten cold the following afternoon for shalosh seudot, palatable this way as liquid vegetable oil was used rather than a hard fat, such as butter. Charles Dickens mentions "fried fish warehouses" in "Oliver Twist" (1838), and in 1845 Alexis Soyer in his first edition of "A Shilling Cookery for the People", gives a recipe for "fried fish, Jewish fashion", which is dipped in a batter mix of flour and water before frying.


title: Fish and chips

text: The exact location of the first fish and chip shop is unclear. The earliest known shops were opened in London during the 1860s by Eastern European Jewish immigrant Joseph Malin, and by John Lees in Mossley, Lancashire. However, fried fish and chips had existed separately for at least 50 years prior to this, so the possibility that they had been combined at an earlier time cannot be ruled out. Fish and chips became a stock meal among the working classes in England as a consequence of the rapid development of trawl fishing in the North Sea, and the development of railways which connected the ports to major industrial cities during the second half of the 19th century, so that fresh fish could be rapidly transported to the heavily populated areas.


title: Fish and chips

text: Deep-fried chips (slices or pieces of potato) as a dish may have first appeared in England in about the same period: the "Oxford English Dictionary" notes as its earliest usage of "chips" in this sense the mention in Charles Dickens' "A Tale of Two Cities" (1859): "husky chips of potato, fried with some reluctant drops of oil".


title: Fish and chips

text: The modern fish-and-chip shop ("chippy" in modern British slang) originated in the United Kingdom, although outlets selling fried food occurred commonly throughout Europe. Early fish-and-chip shops had only very basic facilities. Usually these consisted principally of a large cauldron of cooking fat, heated by a coal fire. The fish-and-chip shop later evolved into a fairly standard format, with the food served, in paper wrappings, to queuing customers, over a counter in front of the fryers. As a boy, Alfred Hitchcock lived above a fish and chip shop in London, which was the family business. According to Professor John Walton, author of "Fish and Chips and the British Working Class", the British government made safeguarding supplies of fish and chips during the First World War a priority: "The cabinet knew it was vital to keep families on the home front in good heart, unlike the German regime that failed to keep its people well fed".


title: Fish and chips

text: In 1928, Harry Ramsden opened his first fish and chip shop in Guiseley, West Yorkshire. On a single day in 1952, the shop served 10,000 portions of fish and chips, earning a place in the "Guinness Book of Records". In George Orwell's "The Road to Wigan Pier" (1937), which documents his experience of working-class life in the North of England, the author considered fish and chips chief among the 'home comforts' which acted as a panacea to the working classes.


title: Fish and chips

text: During the Second World War, fish and chips—a staple of the working class—remained one of the few foods in the United Kingdom not subject to rationing. Prime Minister Winston Churchill referred to the combination of fish and chips as "the good companions".


title: Fish and chips

text: British fish and chips were originally served in a wrapping of old newspapers but this practice has now largely ceased, with plain paper, cardboard, or plastic being used instead. In the United Kingdom, the Fish Labelling Regulations 2003, and in the Republic of Ireland the European Communities (Labelling of Fishery and Aquaculture Products) Regulations 2003, respectively enact directive 2065/2001/EC, and generally mean that "fish" must be sold with the particular commercial name or species named; so, for example, "cod and chips" now appears on menus rather than the more vague "fish and chips". In the United Kingdom the Food Standards Agency guidance excludes caterers from this; but several local Trading Standards authorities and others do say it cannot be sold merely as "fish and chips".


title: Fish and chips

text: A prominent meal in British culture, fish and chips became popular in wider circles in London and South East England in the middle of the 19th century: Charles Dickens mentions a "fried fish warehouse" in "Oliver Twist", first published in 1838, while in the north of England a trade in deep-fried chipped potatoes developed. It remains unclear exactly when and where these two trades combined to become the modern fish and chip shop industry. A Jewish immigrant, Joseph Malin, opened the first recorded combined fish-and-chip shop in Bow, east London, circa 1860; a Mr Lees pioneered the concept in the North of England, in Mossley, in 1863. A century later, the National Federation of Fish Friers, which made Malin's its first member, presented a plaque to Malin's as being the world's first fish and chip shop. A blue plaque is located at the other main contender for the first fish and chip shop, the present site of Oldham's Tommyfield Market.


title: Fish and chips

text: Located in Covent Garden, The Rock & Sole Plaice, dating from 1871, is London's oldest fish and chip shop still in operation. The concept of a fish restaurant, as opposed to take-away, was introduced by Samuel Isaacs from Whitechapel, east London who ran a thriving wholesale and retail fish business throughout London and the South of England in the latter part of the 19th century. Isaacs' first restaurant opened in London in 1896 serving fish and chips, bread and butter, and tea for nine pence, and its popularity ensured a rapid expansion of the chain. Isaacs' restaurants were carpeted, had table service, tablecloths, flowers, china and cutlery, and made the trappings of upmarket dining affordable to the working classes for the first time. They were located in London, Clacton, Brighton, Ramsgate, Margate and other seaside resorts in southern England. Menus were expanded in the early 20th century to include meat dishes and other variations as their popularity grew to a total of thirty restaurants. Isaacs' trademark was the phrase "This is the Plaice", combined with a picture of the punned-upon fish in question. A glimpse of the old Brighton restaurant at No.1 Marine Parade can be seen in the background of Norman Wisdom's 1955 film "One Good Turn" just as Pitkin runs onto the seafront; this is now the site of a Harry Ramsden's fish and chips restaurant.


title: Fish and chips

text: By 1910, there were over 25,000 fish and chip shops across the UK, a figure that grew to over 35,000 shops by the 1930s. Since then the trend has reversed, and in 2009 there were approximately 10,000 shops.


title: Fish and chips

text: Dundee City Council claims that chips were first sold by a Belgian immigrant, Edward De Gernier, in the city's Greenmarket in the 1870s. In Edinburgh and the surrounding area, a combination of Gold Star brown sauce and water or malt vinegar, known as "sauce", or more specifically as "chippy sauce", has great popularity; salt and vinegar is preferred elsewhere in Scotland, often prompting light-hearted debate on the merits of each option by those who claim to find the alternative a baffling concept.


title: Fish and chips

text: The annual National Fish & Chips Awards were set up in the UK in 1988. The 30th Annual Fish & Chips Awards ceremony was attended by Norwegian ambassador to the UK Mona Juul.


title: Fish and chips

text: The first recorded owner of an Australian fish and chip shop is Greek migrant Athanasias Comino, who opened his shop in 1879 on Sydney's Oxford Street, though Comino's shop was inspired by an unknown Welshman's pre-existing fish and chip shop. In Australia today, there are an estimated 4000 fish and chip shops, as well as fish and chips being an essential menu offering in many Australian pubs and restaurants.


title: Fish and chips

text: In Ireland, the first fish and chips were sold by an Italian immigrant, Giuseppe Cervi, who mistakenly stepped off a North America-bound ship at Queenstown (now Cobh) in County Cork in the 1880s and walked all the way to Dublin. He started by selling fish and chips outside Dublin pubs from a handcart. He then found a permanent spot in Great Brunswick Street (now Pearse Street). His wife Palma would ask customers "Uno di questa, uno di quella?" This phrase (meaning "one of this, one of that") entered the vernacular in Dublin as "one and one", which is still a way of referring to fish and chips in the city.


title: Fish and chips

text: Fish and chips is the most popular takeaway food in New Zealand. Food historians have not been able to pinpoint exactly when the meal became an established part of New Zealand cuisine, but all recognise that the first fish and chips shops were introduced by British settlers before World War I. During the 20th century, nearly every small town and suburb in New Zealand had at least one fish-and-chip shop. As in Britain, Friday night has been the traditional night to eat fish.


title: Fish and chips

text: Traditionally, fish and chips were served in wrappings of greaseproof paper and then newspaper as insulation. With the decline of the newspaper industry, this has become less common although plain, unprinted paper is still popular.


title: Fish and chips

text: In 1980, four up-and-coming New Zealand Labour Party politicians, including David Lange, were nicknamed the "Fish and Chip Brigade" due to a picture published at the time with the group eating fish and chips.


title: Fish and chips

text: In the United States, the dish is most commonly sold as "fish and chips", except in Upstate New York and Wisconsin and other parts of the Northeast and Upper Midwest, where this dish would be called a "fish fry". While in the United States "chips" refers to potato chips ("crisps" in British English), the dish retains its native name. In the Southern United States, a common form of cuisine is fried catfish with french fries, accompanied by coleslaw, pickles, raw onion slices and lemon slices.


title: Fish and chips

text: The western Norwegian town of Kristiansund has had a tradition with fish and chips as street food since the 1940s. It is known locally as "fishan".


title: Fish and chips

text: Fish and chips is a widely popular dish in Canada, sometimes using local lake-caught fish like perch or walleye. Most shops also sell poutine and other fried items. In the province of Newfoundland & Labrador, fish and chips made with cod fish are a staple food and the most common takeout meal.


title: Fish and chips

text: In Britain and Ireland, cod and haddock appear most commonly as the fish used for fish and chips, but vendors also sell many other kinds of fish, especially other white fish, such as pollock, hake or coley, plaice, skate, and ray (particularly popular in Ireland); and huss or rock salmon (a term covering several species of dogfish and similar fish). In traditional fish and chip shops several varieties of fish are offered by name ("haddock and chips"), but in some restaurants and stalls "fish and chips", unspecified, is offered; it is increasingly likely to be the much cheaper basa. In Northern Ireland, cod, plaice or whiting appear most commonly in 'fish suppers'—'supper' being Scottish and Northern Irish chip-shop terminology for a food item accompanied by chips. Suppliers in Devon and Cornwall often offer pollock and coley as cheap alternatives to haddock.


title: Fish and chips

text: In Australia, reef cod and rock cod (a variety different from that used in the United Kingdom), barramundi or flathead (more expensive options), flake (a type of shark meat), King George whiting (little more expensive than other fish, but cheaper than barramundi or flathead) or snapper (cheaper options), are commonly used. From the early 21st century, farmed basa imported from Vietnam and hoki have become common in Australian fish and chip shops. Other types of fish are also used based on regional availability.


title: Fish and chips

text: In New Zealand, snapper or gurnard was originally the preferred species for battered fillets in the North Island. As catches of this fish declined, it was replaced by hoki, shark (particularly rig) – marketed as lemon fish – and tarakihi. Bluefin gurnard and blue cod predominate in South Island fish and chips.


title: Fish and chips

text: In the United States, the type of fish used depends on availability in a given region. Some common types are cod, halibut, flounder, tilapia or, in New England, Atlantic cod or haddock. Salmon is growing common on the West Coast, while freshwater catfish is most frequently used in the Southeast.


title: Fish and chips

text: In India, the dish is usually based on pomfret fish and uses chilli paste, and more pepper than would be used in Britain.


title: Fish and chips

text: Traditional frying uses beef dripping or lard; however, vegetable oils, such as palm oil, rapeseed or peanut oil (used because of its relatively high smoke point) predominate. A minority of vendors in the North of England and Scotland, and the majority of vendors in Northern Ireland, still use dripping or lard, as it imparts a different flavour to the dish, but this makes the fried chips unsuitable for vegetarians and for adherents of certain faiths. Lard is used in some living industrial history museums, such as the Black Country Living Museum. All of the fish is filleted and no bones should be found in the fish.


title: Fish and chips

text: In Britain and Ireland, fish and chip shops traditionally use a simple water and flour batter, adding a little sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and a little vinegar to create lightness, as they react to create bubbles in the batter. Other recipes may use beer or milk batter, where these liquids are often substitutes for water. The carbon dioxide in the beer lends a lighter texture to the batter. Beer also results in an orange-brown colour. A simple beer batter might consist of a 2:3 ratio of flour to beer by volume. The type of beer alters the taste of the batter; some prefer lager whereas others use stout or bitter.


title: Fish and chips

text: British chips are usually considerably thicker than American-style french fries. Some U.S. restaurants and some people in their home cooking may use a thick type of chip, similar to the British variant, sometimes referred to as "steak fries". In 2016, British chef Gordon Ramsay opened a British-themed fish-and-chip restaurant in the Las Vegas Strip.


title: Fish and chips

text: In chip shops in most parts of Britain and Ireland, salt and vinegar are traditionally sprinkled over fish and chips at the time it is served. Suppliers use malt vinegar, onion vinegar (used for pickling onions), or the cheaper non-brewed condiment. In a few places, notably Edinburgh, 'sauce' (as in 'salt and sauce') is more traditional than vinegar—with 'sauce' meaning a brown sauce. In England, a portion of mushy peas is a popular side dish, as are a range of pickles that typically include gherkins, onions and eggs. In table-service restaurants and pubs, the dish is usually served with a slice of lemon for squeezing over the fish and without any sauces or condiments, with salt, vinegar and sauces available at the customer's leisure. Ketchup is also a popular addition (a 2020 YouGov poll in the UK saw ketchup, curry sauce and mushy peas as the top three toppings after salt and vinegar). More than one in three in England use ketchup: John Lennon covered his fish and chips in ketchup.


title: Fish and chips

text: In Ireland, Wales and England, many takeaways serve warm side portions of sauces such as curry sauce or gravy, if requested and normally for a small extra fee (curry sauce topped the poll in Wales with one in three using it as a topping). The sauces are usually poured over the chips. In the Midlands especially, chips with mushy peas or baked beans are known as a "pea mix" or a "bean mix". Other fried products include 'scraps' (also known as 'bits' in Southern England and "scrumps" in South Wales), originally a by-product of fish frying. Still popular in Northern England, they were given as treats to the children of customers. Portions prepared and sold today consist of loose blobs of batter, deep-fried to a crunchy golden crisp in the cooking fat. The potato scallop or potato cake consists of slices of potato dipped in fish batter and deep-fried until golden brown. These are often accompanied for dipping by the warm sauces listed above.


title: Fish and chips

text: An average serving of fish and chips consisting of 6 ounces (170 grams) of fried fish with 10 ounces (280 grams) of fried chips has approximately 1,000 calories and contains approximately 52 grams of fat. The use of tartar sauce as a condiment adds more calories and fat to the dish.


title: Fish and chips

text: In the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa, fish and chips are usually sold by independent restaurants and take-aways known as fish and chip shops. Outlets range from small affairs to chain restaurants. Locally owned seafood restaurants are also popular in many places, as are mobile "chip vans". In Canada, the outlets may be referred to as "chip wagons". In Ireland, the majority of traditional vendors are migrants or the descendants of migrants from southern Italy. A trade organisation exists to represent this tradition. In New Zealand and Australia, fish-and-chip vendors are a popular business and source of income among the Asian community, particularly Chinese migrants. In Indonesia, fish and chips are commonly found in western and seafood restaurants in large cities, as well as chain restaurants like The Manhattan Fish Market, Fish & Chips, etc.


title: Fish and chips

text: Many British establishments have humorous or pun-based names, such as, "A Salt and Battery", "The Codfather", "The Frying Scotsman", "Oh My Cod", "Frying Nemo", "Rock and Sole" and "Jack the Chipper". The numerous competitions and awards for "best fish-and-chip shop" testify to the recognised status of this type of outlet in popular culture.


title: Fish and chips

text: Fish and chips is a popular lunch meal eaten by families travelling to seaside resorts for day trips who do not bring their own picnic meals.


title: Fish and chips

text: Fish-and-chip outlets sell roughly 25% of all the white fish consumed in the United Kingdom, and 10% of all potatoes.


title: Fish and chips

text: Fish-and-chip shops traditionally wrapped their product in newspaper, or with an inner layer of white paper (for hygiene) and an outer layer of newspaper or blank newsprint (for insulation and to absorb grease), though the use of newspaper for wrapping has almost ceased on grounds of hygiene. , establishments usually use food-quality wrapping paper, or recyclable cardboard boxes.


title: Fish and chips

text: The British National Federation of Fish Friers was founded in 1913. It promotes fish and chips and offers training courses. It has about 8,500 members from around the UK.


title: Fish and chips

text: A previous world record for the "largest serving of fish and chips" was held by Gadaleto's Seafood Market in New Paltz, New York. This 2004 record was broken by Yorkshire pub Wensleydale Heifer in July 2011. An attempt to break this record was made by Doncaster fish and chip shop Scawsby Fisheries in August 2012, which served of battered cod alongside of chips.


title: Fish and chips

text: The long-standing Roman Catholic tradition of not eating meat on Fridays, especially during Lent, and of substituting fish for meat on that day continues to influence habits even in predominantly Protestant, semi-secular and secular societies. Friday night remains a traditional occasion for eating fish and chips; many cafeterias and similar establishments, while varying their menus on other days of the week, habitually offer fish and chips every Friday.


title: Fish and chips

text: In 1967, inspired by the use of salt and vinegar as condiments for fish and chips in the UK, the Smiths Potato Crisps Company created Salt & Vinegar flavour crisps.


title: Fish and chips

text: In Australia and New Zealand, the words "fish and chips" are often used as a shibboleth to highlight the difference in each country's short-i vowel sound . Australian English has a higher forward sound , close to the "ee" in "see" (but shorter), while New Zealand English has a lower backward sound akin to the "a" in "Rosa's" (but not in "Rosa", which is typically lower ). Thus, New Zealanders hear Australians say "feesh and cheeps," while Australians hear New Zealanders say "fush and chups."


title: Fish and chips

text: In the UK, waste oil from fish and chip shops has become a useful source of biodiesel. The German biodiesel company Petrotec has outlined plans to produce biodiesel in the UK using waste oil from the British fish-and-chip industry.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Marcus Ardel Taulauniu Mariota (born October 30, 1993) is an American football quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted second overall by the Tennessee Titans in the 2015 NFL Draft. Mariota played college football at Oregon, where he was the starting quarterback from 2012 to 2014. As a junior in 2014, Mariota became the first University of Oregon player, as well as the first Hawaii-born athlete, to win the Heisman Trophy.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Beginning with his second season as starting quarterback for the Titans, who had only won five games in the previous two seasons, Mariota led the team to three consecutive winning seasons, the most since the team was known as the Houston Oilers. He was benched and replaced by Ryan Tannehill as starting quarterback halfway through the 2019 season, who the team had traded for earlier that offseason. Mariota signed with the Las Vegas Raiders the following season and backed up Derek Carr before signing with the Falcons in 2022.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, on October 30, 1993, to Alana Deppe-Mariota and Toa Mariota. He is of Samoan descent on his father's side and German descent on his mother's side. He grew up admiring the quarterback play of fellow Samoan Jeremiah Masoli, who was also a standout quarterback at the Saint Louis School and the University of Oregon. Mariota describes himself as a dedicated Christian. Mariota has a younger brother Matt who also plays football.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota attended the Saint Louis School in Honolulu, where he was a two-sport star in football and track. In football, he was relatively unknown until late in his high school career due to not starting until his senior season. As a senior, he helped lead St. Louis to an 11–1 record and the state title while being named PrepStar Magazine All-West Region and Interscholastic League of Honolulu Offensive Player of the Year. Mariota threw for 2,597 yards on 165-of-225 passing attempts (64.7%), including 32 touchdowns against only five interceptions. He also rushed the ball 60 times for 455 yards (7.6 yards per carry) and seven touchdowns. Mariota was named to the NUC All World Game alongside eventual 2012 Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Manziel.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Also a standout track and field athlete, Mariota was a state track qualifier in the sprinting and jumping events. At the 2010 National Underclassman Combine, he won the camp's "Fastest Man" and "Combine King" awards after running a 4.48-second 40-yard dash. At the 2011 HHSAA T&F Championships, he earned fourth-place finishes in both the 200-meter dash (23.41 s) and the long jump (20 ft, 7 in), while also placing tenth in the 100-meter dash event at 11.63 seconds. He also ran the second leg on the St. Louis 4 × 100 m relay squad, helping them capture the state title with a time of 42.83 seconds.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota attended an Oregon football camp in the summer of 2010, which allowed Mark Helfrich, Oregon's then offensive coordinator, to be one of the first recruiters to discover Mariota. After the camp, Helfrich visited Mariota in Hawaii to watch the somewhat unrecognized quarterback practice going into his senior season. Helfrich called Chip Kelly during the visit and they made the decision to immediately offer Mariota a scholarship, despite never starting a varsity game.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: After his senior season, he was rated the No. 2 recruiting prospect in the state of Hawaii and No. 12 dual-threat quarterback in the nation by Rivals.com. He was recruited by the Oregon Ducks, Hawaii, Memphis, Utah, Oregon State, Washington, Arizona, Notre Dame, UCLA, and USC but was only offered a scholarship by Memphis and Oregon.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: After redshirting the 2011 season, Mariota was showcased in 2012 as the first freshman to start a season opener for the Ducks in 22 seasons. He helped lead Oregon to a 12–1 record and the No. 2 final season ranking while being named Pac-12 All-Conference 1st Team, Pac-12 Freshman Offensive Player of the Year, and earning the 2013 Fiesta Bowl Offensive MVP Award as he guided the Ducks to a 35–17 victory over #5 Kansas State.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Starting in all 13 games, Mariota threw for 2,677 yards on 230-of-336 passing attempts (68.5%), including 32 touchdowns against only six interceptions. He also rushed the ball 106 times for 752 yards (7.1 yards per carry) and five touchdowns. His athletic versatility was exhibited against Arizona State, when he caught a touchdown pass, threw a touchdown pass, and then ran for an 86-yard touchdown, achieving all three scores with 12 minutes still left in first half.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota earned Pac-12 All-Conference 1st Team honors for the second consecutive year after setting a Pac-12 record from the end of the 2012 season into the 2013 season by attempting 353 passes without an interception. Starting in all 13 games, he completed 245-of-386 passing attempts (63.5%) for 3,665 yards with 31 touchdowns and only four interceptions, while rushing for 715 yards (7.4 yards per carry) and nine touchdowns.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota suffered a partial tear of the MCL against UCLA on October 26 but continued to play the remainder of the season. After Oregon's 8–0 start, Mariota was featured on the national cover of the November 4, 2013 issue of "Sports Illustrated" as the favorite to win the Heisman Trophy before the No. 2 ranked Ducks fell to No. 6 Stanford on November 7. Despite Oregon's 11–2 season record and top-ten ranking, Mariota's sophomore season was considered a letdown after the Ducks failed to reach a BCS bowl berth for the first time since the 2008 season.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: After a loss to Arizona on November 23, Oregon's first loss to an unranked opponent since 2008, Mariota and the Ducks bounced back to beat rival Oregon State 36–35 in the Civil War. Mariota threw a touchdown pass to Josh Huff with 29 seconds remaining to give Oregon the come-from-behind victory over the Beavers.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota guided the Ducks to their third consecutive bowl victory, beating Texas 30–7 in the 2013 Alamo Bowl while being honored as the game's Offensive MVP after rushing for 133 yards on 15 carries and finishing with 386 total yards. He finished the 2013 season with 4,380 yards of total offense, becoming the only player in Oregon history to eclipse 4,000 yards in a season.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Prior to the Alamo Bowl on December 30, 2013, Mariota announced his decision to bypass the NFL Draft and return for the 2014 season. Considered by many to be a Heisman Trophy favorite entering the 2014 season, Mariota was named to watch lists for the Maxwell Award, Walter Camp Award, and Davey O'Brien Award. Prior to the start of the 2014 season, Mariota was considered one of the best prospects for the NFL Draft.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: On December 11, 2014, at the annual College Football Awards show in Orlando, Florida, Mariota won the Davey O'Brien Award for the nation's best quarterback, and the Walter Camp and Maxwell Awards, both awarded to the nation's best football player. The next day back in Eugene, Mariota graduated from the University of Oregon with a bachelor's degree in General Sciences, with an emphasis on human physiology, accomplishing one of his goals in returning to play after the 2013 season.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: On December 13, 2014, Mariota became the first Oregon Duck and Hawaii-born athlete to win the Heisman Trophy. He had 788 out of 891 (88.4%) of the first place votes, and 90.9% of the total points.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: After a 12–1 regular season record, the Ducks were selected to play in the 2015 Rose Bowl, a semi-final game in the College Football Playoff, against Florida State and Jameis Winston. Mariota was named the Offensive MVP in the 59–20 victory, after throwing for 338 yards with two passing touchdowns and rushing for 62 yards with one touchdown. With the win, Oregon faced Ohio State in the National Championship and lost by a score of 42–20. Coming into this game, he was set to clinch the All-Time lowest interception record, until the final 27 seconds where the last pass of the game was intercepted by cornerback Eli Apple. The loss to the Buckeyes was Mariota's final collegiate game as he entered the 2015 NFL Draft a few days later.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: In 2020, the university conducted a poll of alumni and fans via social media, asking them to select four Oregon alumni for a notional Mount Rushmore for the university. Mariota was one of the top four selections, alongside Nike cofounder and university benefactor Phil Knight, Ducks track legend Steve Prefontaine, and recently graduated basketball superstar Sabrina Ionescu.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Conference records are also school records; once a conference record is recorded, its corresponding school record is removed. For example, the record for single-season total touchdowns is only recorded in the conference section, but it is both a conference record and University of Oregon record.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota was selected with the second overall pick in the first round by the Tennessee Titans in the 2015 NFL Draft behind Jameis Winston.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: In May 2015, Mariota had the best-selling NFL jersey in the league, beating out Winston of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Tom Brady of the New England Patriots, who had the second and third highest selling jerseys, respectively. "It's surreal for me, it's such an honor", Mariota said. "For me it's one of those deals, looking back on it in the future, it's a crazy, crazy deal for sure". Mariota and the Titans agreed to a contract on July 21, 2015. This made Mariota the last first-round pick to be signed and for the second straight year, the Titans were the last team to sign their first-round pick. Mariota signed a four-year, $24,213,974 contract with the Tennessee Titans. This includes a $15.9 million signing bonus, $24.2 million guaranteed.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota played his first career regular-season game on September 13 against 2015's first overall draft pick Jameis Winston and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. On his fourth career pass attempt, Mariota threw his first NFL touchdown on a 52-yard throw to wide receiver Kendall Wright. Two plays later, Winston threw his first career pass on the next drive, and it was intercepted by cornerback Coty Sensabaugh and returned 26 yards for a touchdown. Mariota finished the game having thrown only two incompletions for 209 yards and four touchdowns in the 42–14 road victory. In the game, Mariota also gained a perfect passer rating of 158.3, making him the first quarterback in NFL history to attain a perfect passer rating in his first career start. Mariota became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw four touchdown passes in the first half of his NFL debut. He is also the youngest quarterback to reach the perfect passer rating (21 years, 318 days), surpassing Robert Griffin III. Because of this, Mariota was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week for Week 1.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: In Week 2 against 2012 Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Manziel and the Cleveland Browns, Mariota completed 21 of his 37 passes for 257 yards and two touchdowns in the 28–14 loss.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: In Week 3, Mariota played his first regular season home game against the Indianapolis Colts, Mariota completed 27 out of 44 passes for 367 yards with two touchdowns and two interceptions in the 35–33 loss. Mariota became the youngest quarterback since the franchise moved to Tennessee to throw for over 300 yards in a game. He shares an NFL record with Mark Rypien for touchdown passes in his first three games with eight.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: On November 8, Mariota picked up his second career win and his first fourth-quarter/overtime comeback in a 34–28 overtime win over the New Orleans Saints, a game in which he threw for a career-high 371 yards and four touchdowns. He also became the first rookie quarterback in NFL history to have two games with four touchdowns and no interceptions and was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance against the Saints.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: In Week 13, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Mariota went 20-of-29, throwing for 268 yards with three touchdowns and one interception. He also ran for 112 yards on the day, including an 87-yard run for a touchdown. The Titans won the game by a score of 42–39.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: In Week 14, in the third quarter, running back Antonio Andrews threw a 41-yard passing touchdown to Mariota in the wildcat formation. Mariota became the first quarterback in franchise history to catch a touchdown reception. He also became the first NFL player since Walter Payton in the 1983 season to pass for a touchdown, rush for a touchdown and catch a touchdown pass of at least 40 yards.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: In Week 15, Mariota completed 3-of-6 passes for 32 yards against the New England Patriots before leaving the game in the second quarter with a knee injury. The next day, it was revealed that Mariota was diagnosed with another MCL sprain, and the Titans announced that he would miss the remainder of the season. Zach Mettenberger played in his place to close out the season. In 12 games of his rookie year in 2015, Mariota had 2,818 passing yards with 19 touchdowns and 10 interceptions. In addition, he rushed for 252 yards with two rushing touchdowns.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: On November 13, 2016, Mariota threw for 4 touchdowns and 295 yards as the Titans beat the Green Bay Packers by a score of 47–25. For his performance against the Packers, he was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week. Additionally, he was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Month for November after passing for 1,124 yards with 11 touchdowns and just two interceptions for a 115.0 passer rating, in addition to rushing for 89 yards and a touchdown. Unfortunately, Mariota fractured his right fibula in Week 16 in a 38–17 Christmas Eve loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars. He underwent surgery and was out for the final game of the season. Without Mariota, the Titans finished 9–7 and missed out on the playoffs for the eighth consecutive year.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota finished the 2016 season with a career-high 3,426 passing yards with 26 touchdowns and nine interceptions. Additionally, he rushed for two touchdowns and a career-high 349 rushing yards. He was also ranked 50th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 and was named a Pro Bowl first alternate.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: On September 10, 2017, against the Oakland Raiders in the season opener, Mariota recorded a rushing touchdown in the first quarter for the Titans' first points of the 2017 season. He finished the game 25-of-41 for 256 yards and totaled three rushes for 26 yards and a touchdown in the 26–16 defeat.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: During Week 4 against the Houston Texans, Mariota was limited to 96 passing yards and 39 rushing yards. He rushed for 2 touchdowns before leaving the 57–14 defeat with a hamstring injury. He missed Week 5 against the Miami Dolphins, but he returned in Week 6 against the Colts and led the Titans to a 36–22 victory. In Week 17, with a playoff berth on the line, Mariota and the Titans had to beat the AFC South Champion—the Jaguars, in which they already beat in Week 2 by a score of 37–16. Mariota successfully completed that game to win 15–10, and to lock up the No. 5 seed in the playoffs after Baltimore lost to Cincinnati later that day. The win also locked up Tennessee's first postseason berth since 2008.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota finished the regular season with 3,232 passing yards, 13 passing touchdowns, 15 interceptions, 312 rushing yards, and five rushing touchdowns.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Making his first postseason appearance in his career, Mariota and the Titans traveled to Kansas City to play the AFC West Champion—the Kansas City Chiefs, who they beat in 2016 off a game-winning field goal by placekicker and former Chief Ryan Succop. In the , Mariota became only the second player in NFL history to catch his own pass for a touchdown after it was batted back to him by Darrelle Revis. Brad Johnson is the only other player to throw a touchdown pass to himself, although Mariota is the only quarterback to do so in the playoffs. The Titans went on to win 22–21 after being down 21–3 at halftime for their first playoff win since 2004. Mariota and the Titans had their season end in the against the New England Patriots. In the 35–14 loss, Mariota threw for 254 yards and two touchdowns and ran for 37 yards, but was sacked eight times.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: In the season-opener against the Dolphins, Mariota was limited to 103 passing yards and 15 rushing yards before leaving the eventual 27–20 road loss with an elbow injury. He missed Week 2 against the Houston Texans due to his injury. During Week 3 against the Jaguars, Mariota came in to relieve Blaine Gabbert who suffered a concussion. Mariota completed 12 of 18 passes for 100 yards as the Titans won by a score of 9–6. Mariota returned to the starting lineup in Week 4 and completed 30 of 43 passes for 344 yards, two passing touchdowns, and an interception along with 46 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown. In that game, he led the Titans back from a 14-point deficit and an eventual 26–23 overtime win over the Philadelphia Eagles, earning him AFC Offensive Player of the Week. On October 14, 2018, Mariota was sacked 11 times against the Ravens in a 21–0 loss. On November 5, 2018, Mariota made his second appearance on "Monday Night Football" and won against the Dallas Cowboys by a score of 28–14, throwing for 240 yards and two touchdowns while also rushing for 32 yards and a touchdown to improve to 2–0 as a starter on "Monday Night Football". On November 11, 2018, Mariota helped the Titans win against the Patriots 34–10, marking the first time the Titans beat the Patriots since 2002. He threw for 228 yards and two touchdowns. Additionally, he rushed for 21 yards and caught a pass for 21 yards. In a 34–17 Week 12 loss to the Texans, Mariota completed his first 19 passes as well as throwing for 303 yards and two touchdowns. He finished the game completing 22–23 passes for a completion percentage of 95.7. During Week 16 against the Washington Redskins, Mariota was limited to 110 passing yards and seven rushing yards before leaving the eventual 25–16 victory with a stinger. Without Mariota, the Titans, led by Gabbert, lost to the Colts in a play-in Week 17 contest, and they finished 9–7 for the third consecutive year and missed out on the playoffs.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota finished the 2018 season with a career-low 11 touchdowns, 8 interceptions, and a career-low 2,528 passing yards. However, he rushed for a career-high 357 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: In the season-opener against the Cleveland Browns, Mariota threw for 248 yards and three touchdowns as the Titans won by a score of 43–13. During Week 4 against the Atlanta Falcons, he threw for 227 yards and three touchdowns in the 24–10 road victory. During a 16–0 Week 6 road loss to the Denver Broncos, Mariota was benched in the third quarter in favor of Ryan Tannehill with the Titans trailing 13–0 after he threw for 63 yards and two interceptions. The following week against the Los Angeles Chargers, Tannehill was named the starter, with Mariota serving as the backup. He remained the backup for the rest of the season. In the regular-season finale, a 35–14 road victory over the Texans, Mariota came in to throw a single pass. The 24-yard connection to rookie A. J. Brown put Brown over 1,000 receiving yards on the season.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: In the against the New England Patriots, Mariota completed a four-yard pass to MyCole Pruitt during the first quarter of the 20–13 road victory. Two weeks later in the against the Kansas City Chiefs, he came in during the second quarter and had a five-yard rush. The Titans went on to lose on the road by a score of 35–24.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: In the offseason, prior to the start of free agency, the Titans signed Tannehill to a long-term extension, signaling the end of Mariota's five-year tenure in Tennessee.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota was placed on injured reserve on September 7, 2020. Mariota was designated to return from injured reserve on September 30, and began practicing with the team again. He was activated on October 20.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota made his Raiders debut in the first quarter of a Week 15 matchup against the Los Angeles Chargers after starter Derek Carr left the game with a groin injury. Mariota completed 17 of 28 passes for 226 yards, a touchdown, and an interception and rushed for 88 yards and a touchdown as the Raiders lost 30–27 in overtime.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Mariota entered the season as the backup to Derek Carr. After being brought in for a designed play during the season-opener, Mariota suffered a quad injury and was placed on injured reserve on September 18, 2021. He was activated on October 16.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: Throughout the season, Mariota was used frequently as a gadget quarterback and commonly entered games to run or hand off the football.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: On July 28, 2022, Mariota was named the Falcons' starting quarterback after engaging in an open competition for the starting quarterback job with rookie Desmond Ridder during the offseason. Mariota threw for 215 yards, rushed for 72 yards and a rushing touchdown in the Falcons season opener, in a 27–26 loss to rival New Orleans Saints. In Week 6, Mariota went 13-for-14 for 129 yards and two touchdowns along with 50 rushing yards and a touchdown in a 28–14 win over the San Francisco 49ers, earning NFC Offensive Player of the Week. In Week 8 against the Carolina Panthers, Mariota passed 20 completions of 28 attempts for 253 yards with three touchdown passes and two interceptions in 37–34 win.


title: Marcus Mariota

text: On December 8, 2022, Mariota was benched in favor of Desmond Ridder for the Falcons Week 15 game against the New Orleans Saints. Mariota was placed on Injured Reserve with a knee injury on December 14, 2022.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: The "Gran Turismo" series is developed by Polyphony Digital and produced by Kazunori Yamauchi. "Gran Turismo" can trace back its origins to 1992, when Kazunori Yamauchi set out with a group of seven to develop the original "Gran Turismo", which took five years to complete.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: The appeal of the "Gran Turismo" series is due significantly to its graphics, a large number of licensed vehicles, attention to vehicle detail, accurate driving physics emulation, and the ability to tune performance, hence the subtitle "The Real Driving Simulator", incorporated to the franchise's iconography since "Gran Turismo 4". Handling of the vehicles is modeled on real-life driving impressions, tuning is based on principles of physics, and the sound of the vehicle's engine is based on recordings of the actual vehicles. The game has been a flagship for the PlayStation console's graphics capabilities, and is often used to demonstrate the system's potential.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: Although "Gran Turismo" has an arcade mode, most gameplay derives from its simulation mode. Players start with a certain number of credits, usually 10,000, which are used to purchase vehicles from several manufacturer-specific shops, or (more likely at the beginning) from used car dealers, and then tune their car at the appropriate parts store for best performance. Certain events are open only to particular types of vehicles. In order to enter and progress through more difficult races, a license-testing system has been implemented, which guides players through skill development. Players may apply prize money won in events to upgrade their existing car or buy a new one, collecting a garage of vehicles.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: Since "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue" launched on the PS3, an online aspect of the gameplay has started to evolve. "GT5 Prologue" has enabled users to race online with up to 16 players on track at once. "Gran Turismo 4" for the PS2 was actually the first online-enabled "Gran Turismo" game but the online aspect of the game did not make it past beta stage.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: According to Yamauchi, the cars in the first two games were made from 300 polygons, while those in "Gran Turismo 3" and "4" were made up of 4,000 polygons, and the "premium cars" in "Gran Turismo 5" were made up of 500,000 ("standard cars" are slightly more detailed versions of those in "Gran Turismo 4").


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: With the release of "Gran Turismo Sport", it became the first game mainly focusing on online-only racing, whereas offline is limited. However, "Gran Turismo Sport" provided post-release content at no charge, including cars and tracks, along with offline events, as well as bug fixes.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: The next game in development, "Gran Turismo 7", was revealed at the 2020 PS5 Future of Gaming event on June 11, 2020. The title was developed for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 with a release date of March 4, 2022. "Gran Turismo 7" is the first title of the franchise to release on multiple consoles.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: The "Gran Turismo" series is represented by eight primary releases, two for the PlayStation, two for the PlayStation 2, two for the PlayStation 3, two for the PlayStation 4, and one for the PlayStation 5. The series is also represented by a title for the PlayStation Portable and many other secondary releases on the PS2 and PS3.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: Polyphony Digital has collaborated with peripherals manufacturer Logitech and auto parts maker Sparco to design official driving simulator kits for the "Gran Turismo" franchise. The most recent product designation is Driving Force GT. Two other racing wheels are compatible with" Gran Turismo".


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: In 2009, radio-control model car company HPI Racing released an official RC car tie-in: the HPI E10 RTR Ford GT LM Race Car Spec II designed by Gran Turismo (200mm), a pre-built officially licensed radio-control car kit built to look exactly like the cover car for "Gran Turismo 4" . Plans for future releases include releasing more kits to replicate other "Gran Turismo" cover cars.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: In acknowledgment of the Mount Panorama Circuit's inclusion in "Gran Turismo 6", the City of Bathurst in Australia unveiled a new street called Gran Turismo Drive in December 2013. Mayor of Bathurst, Gary Rush said "Driving a lap of our world famous motor racing circuit is a life changing experience for those who have the chance, and the Bathurst Regional Council is very excited about opening up the Mount Panorama experience through the launch of "Gran Turismo 6"."


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: Also in 2013, series creator Kazunori Yamauchi had a street named in honor of him in the city of Ronda, Spain. Named Paseo de Kazunori Yamauchi, the street snakes around the Parador de Ronda. According to Ronda's city mayor Maria de la Paz Fernandez Lobato, "There is no doubt that his work has a huge cultural resonance with people today. He has driven the racing game genre to new levels of realism and his creations are as much art as technology. Ronda’s association with "Gran Turismo" is also a reflection that our ancient city is a modern, vibrant place to live and very much part of the 21st century.”


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: The series has been involved in sponsoring various real-life sporting events and teams, including the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb as of November 2014, D1GP since the 2008 season, the 2004 Race of Champions, the first chicane on the Mulsanne Straight at Circuit de la Sarthe until 2012, and racing teams/drivers such as Prost Grand Prix, Pescarolo Sport, Audi/Oreca, Peugeot, Abt Sportsline, Signatech-Nissan, Audi A4 DTM, Vita4One-BMW Z4, Aston Martin Rapide S, Igor Fraga, Lewis Hamilton, and Sébastien Loeb.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: The GT Academy was a driver discovery/development program initiated through a partnership between Sony Computer Entertainment Europe, Polyphony Digital, and Nissan Europe. The program lasted from 2008 to 2016.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: Online qualifiers are held within "Gran Turismo", and the top qualifiers are invited to National Finals in each participating country. The top winners of each country are sent to a Race Camp held at Silverstone, UK for the final selection. The winner undergoes an intensive Driver Development Programme designed by Nissan which will train and license them into a professional driver, competing in races worldwide. The four winning drivers will automatically join the Nismo Global Driver Exchange and go on to race in the following years' Dubai 24 Hour. Winners of the Gran Turismo Academy include Lucas Ordóñez, Jordan Tresson and Jann Mardenborough, who have all gone on to compete in professional real-life racing. Some of these winners, who would normally be seen as "non-professionals", have received praise relating to how they are as skilled as drivers with years of experience. Based on this merit, four GT Academy drivers have been barred entry to the British GT (specifically the 'gentleman driver' section of the competition).


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: The Gran Turismo World Series is a series of "Gran Turismo" tournaments held around the world since 2018.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: In 2021, the FIA and the International Olympic Committee collaborated and hosted the Olympic Virtual Series, in which "Gran Turismo Sport" was used as one of the games used to host the motor sport event. The motor sport virtual series was an online time trial competition, in which entry is open to all players of Gran Turismo Sport's Sport Mode.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: The "Gran Turismo" video game series has been one of the most popular over its lifetime, appealing to an audience ranging from casual gamers to fans of realistic racing sims.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: Because of the success of the "Gran Turismo" series, Guinness World Records awarded the series 7 world records in the "Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008". These records include "Largest Number of Cars in a Racing Game", "Highest Selling PlayStation Game", "Oldest Car in a Racing Game", and "Largest Instruction Guide for a Racing Game". The success of the series has led to other studios creating simulation racing games similar to the franchise. It started with "Sega GT", Sega's answer to the franchise, which was released on the short-lived Dreamcast console and later had a sequel on the original Xbox before the franchise died off after low sales success. Turn 10 would later create the "Forza Motorsport" series for the Xbox consoles, which later saw releases on Microsoft Windows, which has been often seen as the primary rival of the "Gran Turismo" series. Other similar titles include "Driving Emotion Type-S" by Square and "Enthusia Professional Racing" by Konami.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: With a collective sales total of 80.4 million units sold, it is the highest-selling PlayStation franchise of all time.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: In the final issue of the "Official UK PlayStation Magazine", "Gran Turismo 2" was chosen as the 5th best game of all time. "Edge" said the first game was one of the 10 greatest video games of the last 20 years.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: In 2005, Maeda Corporation, in association with Tokyo University of Science, researched the feasibility of making a real-life replica version of the fictional Grand Valley Speedway used in the series.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: Gran Turismo 7 was strongly criticized by players for its implementation of microtransations and a “pay-to-play” system. The user score in Metacritic as at 20 March 2022 is 2.2 out of 10, which is Sony's lowest user rating and the lowest score in PlayStation exclusive history on the site to date


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: At the Jalopnik Film Festival, Kazunori announced a documentary film covering the past 15 years of the game series up until that point, titled "KAZ: Pushing The Virtual Divide". It was released on January 22, 2014 on Hulu.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: In 2013, Sony Pictures announced it was developing a "Gran Turismo" film with Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti producing it, with a script by Alex Tse. In 2015, Joseph Kosinski was set to direct the film, with a new screenplay by Jon and Erich Hoeber. By 2018, the Kosinski version was no longer moving forward.


title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: On May 26, 2022, a new iteration of the "Gran Turismo" film was revealed to be in development, with Neill Blomkamp eyed to direct. On June 14, 2022, it was confirmed that Blomkamp would direct and announced that the film would be released on August 11, 2023, which is intended to be a non-fiction "Bildungsroman" focusing on a teenage "Gran Turismo" player who graduated from the GT Academy that lead him to become a professional racer. It was also confirmed that Jason Hall and Zach Baylin would write the screenplay. Asad Qizilbash, Carter Swan, Doug Belgrad and Dana Brunetti will serve as producers. David Harbour is set to star in the film as an unnamed character who teaches the teenager how to drive a real car. Archie Madekwe will play the lead character, with Orlando Bloom as an unnamed character. Filming began in November 2022 in Hungary, and wrapped in December. Darren Barnet will play a racer who is ranked at the top at the GT academy and who is not thrilled to see the upstart teen excel. Both Djimon Hounsou and Geri Halliwell-Horner will play the teen's parents and Daniel Puig as his brother, Josha Stradowski as the rival and Thomas Kretschmann as his father.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Thanos is a fictional character portrayed primarily by Josh Brolin via motion capture in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics supervillain of the same name. Thanos is depicted as an alien warlord from the doomed planet Titan with a Malthusian mindset and galactic-spanning genocidal agenda. His primary goal is to obtain the six Infinity Stones, cosmic gems with the power to stabilize the universe's overpopulation and prevent what he views as its inevitable demise. With the help of his adopted children and after the Infinity War primarily against the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy, and their allies, Thanos is successful in assembling the Stones within his Infinity Gauntlet and committing the Blip, which disintegrates half of all life in the universe.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: He then atomizes the Stones and retires, but is eventually killed by Thor. In 2023, the Avengers utilize time travel to obtain past versions of the Stones and undo Thanos' actions. An alternate version of Thanos from 2014 manages to enter their timeline with his army and plans to use the Stones to erase all life and create a new universe to his liking. However, he and his forces are erased from existence by Tony Stark, who sacrifices his life with the snap of his own gauntlet.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Thanos is a central figure in the MCU's "Infinity Saga", having appeared in five films, most notably in "" (2018) and "" (2019). Several versions of Thanos from within the MCU multiverse also appear in "Endgame", the Disney+ animated series "What If...?" (2021–present), and the film "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness" (2022).


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: The character has been well-received by critics and fans alike. Thanos is often credited as one of the MCU's best villains, as well as one of the greatest film villains of all time.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Thanos was born approximately 1,000 years ago on the planet Titan to A'Lars, along with his brother Eros. At some point, Thanos came to realize that the growth of Titan's population would inevitably result in its downfall due to lack of resources, and so he proposed to kill half of the planet's population at random. However, his people rejected his solution as pure madness and cast him out. Over time, Thanos' prediction came to pass, and he witnessed the death of his people until he was the only surviving member of the Titan race.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Thanos concluded that other planets would eventually suffer the same fate as Titan, and believed that it was his destiny to eliminate half of the universe's population so that the survivors may thrive. To realize his "great plan", he took command of a warship, the "Sanctuary II", and embarked on a campaign of conquest and genocide. He became recognized and greatly feared for his power and influence. Thanos also took control of various armies, including the Chitauri, the Sakaarans, and the Outriders. He also forged alliances with the Other and Ronan the Accuser. Additionally, he would occasionally adopt orphan children from planets he invaded, including Gamora, Nebula, Ebony Maw, Corvus Glaive, Cull Obsidian, and Proxima Midnight. Thanos gave special attention to Gamora, whom he considered his favorite. Eventually, Thanos learned of the six Infinity Stones and embarked on a mission to collect them in order to use them to fulfill his mission instantaneously. Prior to 2012, he found the Mind Stone and placed it within a scepter.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2012, Thanos directs the Other to form an alliance with Loki, providing him with the Mind Stone scepter and the Chitauri army to subjugate Earth in exchange for the retrieval of the Space Stone within the Tesseract. Following Loki's defeat by the Avengers and the loss of the Mind Stone, the Other reports about the failed attack on Earth to Thanos.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2014, Thanos locates the Power Stone and sends Ronan, Gamora, and Nebula to retrieve it. However, all three eventually betray him: Gamora joins the Guardians of the Galaxy, Ronan decides to keep the Power Stone for himself and renounces his alliance with Thanos, and Nebula sides with Ronan when he vows to kill Thanos after destroying Xandar. The Guardians of the Galaxy defeat Ronan and leave the Power Stone with the Nova Corps.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2015, Thanos arrives on Nidavellir and forces the native Dwarves to forge the Infinity Gauntlet to hold all six Stones, before killing all of them, except for Eitri. Thanos, angered at his recruits' failures, dons the Gauntlet and vows to find the Stones himself.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2018, Thanos, accompanied by his children, decimates Xandar and retrieves the Power Stone. Shortly after, they intercept the "Statesman", carrying Asgardian refugees following their world's destruction, and kills half of them, while also incapacitating Thor. Thanos attempts to barter the Tesseract from Loki in exchange for Thor's life, but Thanos is attacked by the Hulk, whom he easily defeats. After Heimdall saves Hulk, Thanos kills him. He then destroys the Tesseract, obtaining the Space Stone inside, and orders his children to retrieve the Mind and Time Stone on Earth before rendezvousing with him on Titan. After killing Loki, Thanos destroys the "Statesman", and teleports himself and his children away; unknowingly leaving Thor alive.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Thanos travels to Knowhere and obtains the Reality Stone from Taneleer Tivan. The Guardians of the Galaxy: Peter Quill, Drax, Mantis, and Gamora arrive to try and stop him. Thanos uses the Reality Stone to quickly defeat them before capturing Gamora and teleporting away with her. Knowing she had learned the location of the Soul Stone, he coerces her into revealing it to him in exchange for sparing Nebula, who he captured and has been torturing. Thanos and Gamora travel to Vormir, where the Soul Stone's keeper, Johann Schmidt, informs them that the Soul Stone requires the sacrifice of a loved one, requiring Thanos to tearfully throw Gamora off a cliff to her death.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Thanos arrives on Titan expecting to meet Ebony Maw, but instead encounters Stephen Strange and learns that Maw has been killed. Thanos is then ambushed by Tony Stark, Peter Parker, Quill, Drax, and Mantis. A battle ensues, and Nebula also arrives to fight him. Thanos is briefly incapacitated by their combined efforts but before Stark and Parker can remove the Infinity Gauntlet from his hand, Nebula realizes that he murdered Gamora, leading Quill to attack him in a fit of rage. Thanos breaks free of their hold and overpowers them. After stabbing Stark, he prepares to kill him, but is stopped by Strange, who barters the Time Stone in exchange for sparing Stark's life.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In Wakanda, his children: Cull Obsidian, Proxima Midnight, and Corvus Glaive launch an invasion, but fail to retrieve the Mind Stone and perish in the ensuing battle. Thanos teleports to Wakanda and encounters resistance from the Avengers and their allies: Steve Rogers, Bruce Banner, Natasha Romanoff, Bucky Barnes, Sam Wilson, James Rhodes, T'Challa, Okoye, and Groot. He effortlessly overpowers them as he prepares to take the Mind Stone from Vision. Wanda Maximoff is able to hold him off for a few moments as she kills Vision in order to destroy the Mind Stone. However, Thanos uses the Time Stone to reverse her actions; he tears the Mind Stone from Vision's head, killing him. Thanos knocks Maximoff out and places the final Stone in his Gauntlet. However, he is pierced in the chest by Thor's axe, Stormbreaker. Badly wounded, Thanos is taunted by a vengeful Thor but manages to snap his fingers, successfully decimating half of all life in the universe. His mission complete, he teleports away to the Garden, where he rests.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Twenty-three days later, Thanos, now living on the Garden, is ambushed by Rogers, Romanoff, Thor, Rhodes, Banner, Carol Danvers, Rocket, and Nebula who seek to obtain the Stones to reverse his actions. They manage to subdue him and Thor cuts off his left arm, only to find the Gauntlet empty. Thanos reveals that he used the Stones to destroy the Stones in order to avoid the temptation of using them further and to prevent his mission from ever being undone, prompting Thor to decapitate him.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Thanos' actions have a universal impact, and the surviving Avengers work to quell the chaos he caused on Earth and other planets until finally undoing his actions five years later in 2023.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Ajak, leader of the Eternals, informs Ikaris that when Thanos erased half of all life in the universe, he inadvertently delayed the Emergence, saving the Earth and many other planets from complete destruction. She further explains that when the Avengers restored the population, it created the necessary conditions for the Emergence, but also convinced her that the Earth deserved saving. After the Eternals stop the Emergence and some of them prepare to locate others of their kind spread across the universe, their ship is boarded by Eros, brother of Thanos.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: The sudden return of the population has a drastic impact as well, such as on Earth, where its governments attempt to reintegrate the Blipped population, causing socioeconomic conflicts and entities like the Flag Smashers to believe that Thanos was right and life was better during the Blip and use terrorism to prevent forced repatriation. Additionally, the phrase "Thanos was right" is observed in popular human culture.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In New Asgard, fresh on their mind about Thanos, Valkyrie and Miek attend the grand opening of "Infinity Conez" which sells ice cream cones with candy around the top of the ice cream to represent each Infinity Stone.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In an alternate 2018, after learning of Thanos' assault on Earth and assuming he will be the cause of its prophesied destruction in his timeline, a gravitonium-infused Glenn Talbot, having become increasingly narcissistic and unhinged under the corrupting influence of the gravitonium and believing he can save the world from Thanos himself, attempts to draw more gravitonium from the core of the Earth to increase his power, inadvertently destroying the Earth and everyone on it, including Thanos, and fulfilling the prophecy he intended to avert.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In an alternate 2014, Thanos, after conquering a planet, dispatches Gamora and Nebula to Ronan's ship to retrieve the Power Stone. However, he becomes aware of the Avengers using time travel when Nebula alerts him to the arrival of her future self. Thanos then extracts the memories of 2023-Nebula via 2014-Nebula's consciousness. He learns that his future self succeeded and that the Avengers killed him, and are attempting to undo his work. He has the 2014-Nebula impersonate her future self and travel to 2023 so that she can use the Quantum Realm to bring Thanos and his army there.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: The Avengers successfully obtain the Stones and revive Thanos' victims in 2023. Immediately afterward, Thanos, within his ship "Sanctuary II", exits the Quantum Realm and opens fire on the Avengers Compound, destroying it. While his army searches for the Stones, Thanos engages in an intense fight with Stark, Rogers, and Thor, during which he declares that the Avengers' mission to undo his deceased future self's work has hardened his resolve, and that for the universe to be truly balanced, all of existence must be destroyed, rebuilt anew, and repopulated with life that only knows gratitude.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Thanos defeats Stark and Thor, leaving only Rogers left standing. He calls forth his entire army but the restored Avengers, Guardians, Wakandan and Asgardian armies, the Masters of the Mystic Arts, and the Ravagers arrive and engage Thanos and his army in a final battle. After an intense struggle, Thanos obtains the Stark Nano Gauntlet, but Stark was able to distract him long enough to steal back the Stones from the gauntlet and the warlord could only watch on as Stark snaps his fingers. Though Thanos and his army are erased from existence, and it ended in the Avengers’ winning the battle, using the Nano Gauntlet also resulted in Stark losing his life.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Several alternate versions of Thanos appear in the animated series "What If...?", with Brolin reprising his role.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In an alternate reality, Star-Lord T'Challa convinces Thanos to change his ways and join the Ravagers by claiming that there are other ways to preserve the universe's known resources. A running gag is that Korath the Pursuer called Thanos by the name of "Captain Genocide". Thanos participates in their mission against the Collector in 2008 where he fights Cull Obsidian and Proxima Midnight, who, in this reality, were no longer at his service after the Collector filled the power vacuum and became the kingpin of the intergalactic underworld after Thanos joins the Ravagers. Instead, they became the Collector's private security force along with Ebony Maw and Corvus Glaive. Thanos later engages in battle against Cull Obsidian and Proxima Midnight. Following the Collector's defeat, Thanos and the Ravagers travel to Wakanda where Thanos engages in a conversation with Okoye about his former plan to kill half of the universe, which annoys Nebula.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In an alternate 2018, Thanos arrives on Earth in Wakanda with a nearly complete Infinity Gauntlet, but is infected by a quantum virus and transformed into a zombie.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In an alternate reality, Thanos arrives on Earth to retrieve the Mind Stone after collecting the other Infinity Stones, but is swiftly killed by Ultron who uses a laser attack to slice him in half. Ultron then proceeds to take the Stones for himself and sets about to kill all life in the Multiverse.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In an alternate reality, Thanos is killed by Gamora who claims his warlord position, armor, and blade.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In an alternate reality, Thanos is killed on Titan by the Illuminati, who use the power of the "Book of Vishanti" to impale him with his own double-sided blade.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Jim Starlin conceived Thanos during a college psychology course and introduced him as a villain in "The Invincible Iron Man" #55 (February 1973). Starlin originally designed the character as skinny and lanky, but editor Roy Thomas suggested he "beef him up". In the comics, Thanos is a mutant member of the race of superhumans known as the Titanian Eternals. The character possesses abilities common to the Eternals, and is able to demonstrate enormous superhuman strength, speed, stamina, and invulnerability among other qualities.


title: Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: The MCU began building towards Thanos in "The Avengers" (2012), in which Damion Poitier portrayed the character in an uncredited cameo appearance. It was Joss Whedon's idea to include Thanos in the film as his only instructions from Kevin Feige were that the film's villains should be aliens, and the rest was up to Whedon. In May 2014, Josh Brolin signed a multi-film contract to portray the antagonist, debuting in "Guardians of the Galaxy" (2014). Thanos was originally going to have a larger role in the film, but Whedon felt that the character needed to be threaded more gently. Screenwriters Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely noted that Thanos' lingering presence in the franchise helped legitimize him as a threat prior to "" (2018). Despite this, little screen time had been devoted to Thanos' history and motivations. Markus stated, "We don't get an element of surprise [with his introduction in "Infinity War"]... You can count on a lot of scenes where we illuminate a lot about him very early", with McFeely adding, "It is incumbent upon us to give him a real story, real stakes, real personality, and a real point of view".