title: Terrifier 2

text: A teaser trailer for "Terrifier 2" was released on July 24, 2020. MovieWeb's Jeremy Dick commented on the teaser, stating that "the teaser is pretty exciting to watch for anyone who enjoyed the first movie." Matt Joseph of We Got This Covered also reviewed the trailer, writing "This trailer, though brief, does at least promise a bigger, bloodier and more terrifying sequel, one that should have no issue pleasing those who found much to like in the original."


title: Terrifier 2

text: It was also announced that a three issue limited release comic book series would be issued prior to the film's release.


title: Terrifier 2

text: The film has gained significant media coverage because of the gore effects, particularly for the now-proclaimed "Bedroom Scene," depicting the lengthy murder of the supporting character Allie (Casey Hartnett). Leone has stated it was the most challenging and technical scene to film out of the entire production—three minutes depicting mutilation. Leone had to create a life-size replica puppet of Hartnett that could work as an animatronic. He stated, "I had people under the bed with rods going through it into her limbs and behind the wall operating her head. I put some rubber gloves in her chest with tubing to have her breathe." Leone digitally added Hartnett's eye onto the puppet when Allie awakens to her mother.


title: Terrifier 2

text: "Terrifier 2" had its world premiere at the Fantastic Fest on August 29, 2022, and was shown on the same day at Fright Fest in London. It was theatrically released on October 6, 2022 by Bloody Disgusting. The film is intended to later stream on Screambox, as well as play at various "prominent genre festivals" prior to its official release. Leone had previously expressed a desire to release the movie "road show style" once it is finished.


title: Terrifier 2

text: While it was originally only set for a one-week limited theatrical release, audience demand lead Bloody Disgusting to announce that "Terrifier 2" would remain in theaters for a second weekend on October 12, 2022. On October 17, this run was extended for another week.


title: Terrifier 2

text: The film was released for VOD on November 11, 2022, with a Blu-ray and DVD release set for December 27, 2022.


title: Terrifier 2

text: "Terrifier 2" was released in 886 theaters in the United States, grossing $400,000 on its opening day. It went on to debut to $805,000, and then made $1 million the following weekend (an increase of 28%). "Variety" called the film's success a "shock" to the industry due to its low budget and limited mainstream marketing. Through its first two weeks of release, the film had grossed $3.4 million. Expanding to 1,550 theaters in its fourth weekend (an increase of 795) the film made $1.8 million, for a running total of $10.1 million as of November 2022.


title: Terrifier 2

text: Speaking of the film's box office success, Leone said "I did not expect it to make this kind of splash or play in theaters, honestly, other than maybe a few arthouse theaters. To see it snowballing, the word of mouth growing, people getting sick and fainting and it really taking off, I never expected this or for it to make millions of dollars in theaters."


title: Terrifier 2

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 86% based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""Terrifier 2" outdoes the original in every way -- which makes it bad news for the squeamish, but a bloody good time for genre enthusiasts." On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on reviews from 8 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Terrifier 2

text: Jeffrey Anderson of Common Sense Media described the characters as memorable, particularly Sienna, due to her character development. Anderson states that "human life starts to matter more here than it did in the first film." Matt Donato of "IGN" while stating the film has "underdeveloped subplots and themes" noted it as an improvement of the original film and highlighted the performance of LaVera, writing that she "rules as Sienna in her angel-winged fantasy armor as a final girl fighting for family, facing her demons, and screaming bloody war cries in Art's mocking face." Matthew Jackson of "Paste" wrote that "LaVera, tasked with injecting humanity into the sequel, lives up to this task with pure star power." Trace Sauveur of "The Austin Chronicle" praised the "sense of physicality and comic timing" of Thornton. Sammy Gecsoyler from "The Guardian" rated the film a total of three stars out of five, praising the film's creative kills, and performances, while giving some criticism towards its runtime.


title: Terrifier 2

text: The film was not without its detractors. Owen Gleiberman of "Variety" commended the film for effectively capturing the look and feel 1970's and 1980's slasher films, as well as the soundtrack and special effects, but was critical of the relentless brutality and unsympathetic characters. Adam Graham of "The Detroit News" rated the film a grade D, calling it "[a] bludgeoning exercise in splatter, which drags on well past the two hour mark with no sense of purpose other than its own inert attempts to shock."


title: Terrifier 2

text: Following its release, there were several reports of viewers vomiting and fainting during their screenings of "Terrifier 2", with one instance allegedly having emergency services being called. Speaking on the audience reactions to the film, director Damien Leone remarked "Listen, I would have loved to have a couple of walk-outs, I think that's sort of a badge of honor because it is an intense movie. I don't want people fainting, getting hurt during the movie. But it's surreal."


title: Terrifier 2

text: Both Leone and Thornton have stated that a "Terrifier 3" is planned, along with further installments that will slowly build on Art's background and motives. In October 2022, Leone said he had an entire treatment for a third film but it "is getting so big that it could potentially split into a "Part 4" because [he] wouldn't want to make another 2 hour 20 minute movie."


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Edward (, ; 18 March 978), often called the Martyr, was King of the English from 975 until he was murdered in 978. Edward was the eldest son of King Edgar, but was not his father's acknowledged heir. On Edgar's death, the leadership of England was contested, with some supporting Edward's claim to be king and others supporting his younger half-brother Æthelred the Unready, recognised as a legitimate son of Edgar. Edward was chosen as king and was crowned by his main clerical supporters, the archbishops Dunstan of Canterbury and Oswald of York.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: The great nobles of the kingdom, ealdormen Ælfhere and Æthelwine, quarrelled, and civil war almost broke out. In the so-called anti-monastic reaction, the nobles took advantage of Edward's weakness to dispossess the Benedictine reformed monasteries of lands and other properties that King Edgar had granted to them.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Edward's short reign was brought to an end by his murder at Corfe Castle in 978 in circumstances that are not altogether clear. He was hurriedly buried at Wareham, but was reburied with great ceremony at Shaftesbury Abbey in Dorset early in 979. In 1001 Edward's remains were moved to a more prominent place in the abbey, probably with the blessing of his half-brother King Æthelred. Edward was already reckoned a saint by this time.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: A number of lives of Edward were written in the centuries following his death in which he was portrayed as a martyr, generally seen as a victim of the Queen Dowager Ælfthryth, mother of Æthelred. He is today recognised as a saint in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Edward's date of birth is unknown, but he was the eldest of King Edgar's three children. He was probably in his teens when he succeeded his father, who died at age 32 in 975. Edward was known to be King Edgar's son, but he was not the son of Queen Ælfthryth, the third wife of Edgar. This much and no more is known from contemporary charters.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Later sources of questionable reliability address the identity of Edward's mother. The earliest such source is a life of Dunstan by Osbern of Canterbury, probably written in the 1080s. Osbern writes that Edward's mother was a nun at Wilton Abbey whom the king seduced. When Eadmer wrote a life of Dunstan some decades later, he included an account of Edward's parentage obtained from Nicholas of Worcester. This denied that Edward was the son of a liaison between Edgar and a nun, presenting him as the son of Æthelflæd, daughter of Ordmær, "ealdorman of the East Anglians", whom Edgar had married in the years when he ruled Mercia (between 957 and Eadwig's death in 959). Additional accounts are offered by Goscelin in his life of Edgar's daughter Saint Edith of Wilton and in the histories of John of Worcester and William of Malmesbury. Together these various accounts suggest that Edward's mother was probably a noblewoman named Æthelflæd, surnamed "Candida" or "Eneda"—"the White" or "White Duck".


title: Edward the Martyr

text: A charter of 966 describes Ælfthryth, whom Edgar had married in 964, as the king's "lawful wife", and their eldest son Edmund as the legitimate son of the king. Edward is noted as the king's son. Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester was a supporter of Ælfthryth and Æthelred, but Dunstan, the Archbishop of Canterbury, appears to have supported Edward, and a genealogy created at his Glastonbury Abbey circa 969 gives Edward precedence over Edmund and Æthelred. Ælfthryth was the widow of Æthelwald, Ealdorman of East Anglia, and perhaps Edgar's third wife. Cyril Hart argues that the contradictions regarding the identity of Edward's mother, and the fact that Edmund appears to have been regarded as the legitimate heir until his death in 971, suggest that Edward was probably illegitimate. However, Barbara Yorke thinks that Æthelflæd was Edgar's wife, but Ælfthryth was a consecrated queen when she gave birth to her sons, who were therefore considered more "legitimate" than Edward. Æthelwold denied that Edward was legitimate, but Yorke considers this "opportunist special pleading".


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Edmund's full brother Æthelred may have inherited his position as heir. On a charter to the New Minster at Winchester, the names of Ælfthryth and her son Æthelred appear ahead of Edward's name. When Edgar died on 8 July 975, Æthelred was probably nine and Edward only a few years older.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Edgar had been a strong ruler who had forced monastic reforms on a probably unwilling church and nobility, aided by the leading clerics of the day, Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury; Oswald of Worcester, Archbishop of York; and Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester. By endowing the reformed Benedictine monasteries with the lands required for their support, he had dispossessed many lesser nobles, and had rewritten leases and loans of land to the benefit of the monasteries. Secular clergy, many of whom would have been members of the nobility, had been expelled from the new monasteries. While Edgar lived, he strongly supported the reformers, but following his death, the discontents which these changes had provoked came into the open.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: The leading figures had all been supporters of the reform, but they were no longer united. Relations between Archbishop Dunstan and Bishop Æthelwold may have been strained. Archbishop Oswald was at odds with Ealdorman Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia, while Ælfhere and his kin were rivals for power with the affinity of Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia. Dunstan was said to have questioned Edgar's marriage to Queen Dowager Ælfthryth and the legitimacy of their son Æthelred.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: These leaders were divided as to whether Edward or Æthelred should succeed Edgar. Neither law nor precedent offered much guidance. The choice between the sons of Edward the Elder had divided his kingdom, and Edgar's elder brother Eadwig had been forced to give over a large part of the kingdom to Edgar. The Queen Dowager certainly supported the claims of her son Æthelred, aided by Bishop Æthelwold; and Dunstan supported Edward, aided by his fellow archbishop Oswald. It is likely that Ealdorman Ælfhere and his allies supported Æthelred and that Æthelwine and his allies supported Edward, although some historians suggest the opposite.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Later sources suggest that perceptions of legitimacy played a part in the arguments, as did the relative age of the two candidates. In time, Edward was anointed by Archbishops Dunstan and Oswald at Kingston upon Thames, most likely in 975. There is evidence that the settlement involved a degree of compromise. Æthelred appears to have been given lands which normally belonged to the king's sons, some of which had been granted by Edgar to Abingdon Abbey and which were forcibly repossessed for Æthelred by the leading nobles.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: After recording Edward's succession, the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" reports that a comet appeared, and that famine and "manifold disturbances" followed. The "manifold disturbances", sometimes called the anti-monastic reaction, appear to have started soon after Edgar's death. During this time, the experienced Ealdorman Oslac of Northumbria, effective ruler of much of northern England, was exiled due to unknown circumstances. Oslac was followed as ealdorman by Thored, either Oslac's son of that name or Thored Gunnar's son mentioned by the "Chronicle" in 966.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Edward, or rather those who were wielding power on his behalf, also appointed a number of new ealdormen to positions in Wessex. Little is known of two of these men, and it is difficult to determine which faction, if any, they belonged to. Edwin, probably ruling in Sussex, and perhaps also parts of Kent and Surrey, was buried at Abingdon, an abbey patronised by Ælfhere. Æthelmær, who oversaw Hampshire, held lands in Rutland, perhaps suggesting links to Æthelwine.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: The third ealdorman, Æthelweard, today best known for his Latin history, ruled in the west. Æthelweard was a descendant of King Æthelred of Wessex and probably the brother of King Eadwig's wife. He appears to have been a supporter of Edward rather than of either faction.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: In some places, the secular clergy who had been driven from the monasteries returned, driving the regular clergy out in their turn. Bishop Æthelwold had been the main enemy of the seculars, and Archbishop Dunstan appears to have done little to aid his fellow reformer at this time. More generally, the magnates took the opportunity to undo many of Edgar's grants to monasteries and to force the abbots to rewrite leases and loans to favour the local nobility. Ealdorman Ælfhere was the leader in this regard, attacking Oswald's network of monasteries across Mercia. Ælfhere's rival Æthelwine, while a staunch protector of his family monastery of Ramsey Abbey, treated Ely Abbey and other monasteries harshly. At some point during these disorders, Ælfhere and Æthelwine appear to have come close to open warfare. This may well have been related to Ælfhere's ambitions in East Anglia and to attacks upon Ramsey Abbey. Æthelwine, supported by his kinsman Ealdorman Byrhtnoth of Essex and others unspecified, mustered an army and caused Ælfhere to back down.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Very few charters survive from Edward's reign, perhaps as few as three, leaving Edward's brief reign in obscurity. By contrast, numerous charters survived from the reigns of his father Edgar and half-brother Æthelred. All of the surviving Edward charters concern the royal heartland of Wessex; two deal with Crediton where Edward's former tutor Sideman was bishop. During Edgar's reign, dies for coins were cut only at Winchester and distributed from there to other mints across the kingdom. Edward's reign permitted dies to be cut locally at York and at Lincoln. The general impression is of a reduction or breakdown of royal authority in the midlands and north. The machinery of government continued to function, as councils and synods met as customary during Edward's reign, at Kirtlington in Oxfordshire after Easter 977, and again at Calne in Wiltshire the following year. During the meeting at Calne, some councillors were killed and others injured by the collapse of the floor of their room.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: The version of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" containing the most detailed account records that Edward was murdered in the evening of 18 March 978, while visiting Ælfthryth and Æthelred, probably at or near the mound on which the ruins of Corfe Castle now stand. It adds that he was buried at Wareham "without any royal honours". The compiler of this version of the "Chronicle", manuscript E, called the Peterborough Chronicle, says:


title: Edward the Martyr

text: "No worse deed for the English race was done than this was, since they first sought out the land of Britain. Men murdered him, but God exalted him. In life he was an earthly king; after death he is now a heavenly saint. His earthly relatives would not avenge him, but his Heavenly Father has much avenged him."


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Other recensions of the "Chronicle" report less detail, the oldest text stating only that he was killed, while versions from the 1040s say that he was martyred.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Of other early sources, the life of Oswald of Worcester, attributed to Byrhtferth of Ramsey, adds that Edward was killed by Æthelred's advisers, who attacked him when he was dismounting. It agrees that he was buried without ceremony at Wareham. Archbishop Wulfstan II alludes to the killing of Edward in his "Sermo Lupi ad Anglos," written not later than 1016. A recent study translates his words as follows:


title: Edward the Martyr

text: "And a very great betrayal of a lord it is also in the world, that a man betray his lord to death, or drive him living from the land, and both have come to pass in this land: Edward was betrayed, and then killed, and after that burned ..."


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Later sources, further removed from events, such as the late 11th-century "Passio S. Eadwardi" and John of Worcester, claim that Ælfthryth organised the killing of Edward, while Henry of Huntingdon wrote that she killed Edward herself.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Modern historians have offered a variety of interpretations of Edward's killing. Three main theories have been proposed. Firstly, that Edward was killed, as the life of Oswald claims, by nobles in Æthelred's service, either as a result of a personal quarrel, or to place their master on the throne. The life of Oswald portrays Edward as an unstable young man who, according to Frank Stenton: "had offended many important persons by his intolerable violence of speech and behaviour. Long after he had passed into veneration as a saint it was remembered that his outbursts of rage had alarmed all who knew him, and especially the members of his own household." This may be a trope of hagiography.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: In the second version, Ælfthryth was implicated, either beforehand by plotting the killing, or afterwards in allowing the killers to go free and unpunished.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: A third alternative, noting that Edward in 978 was very close to ruling on his own, proposes that Ealdorman Ælfhere was behind the killing so as to preserve his own influence and to prevent Edward taking revenge for Ælfhere's actions earlier in the reign. John notes this and interprets Ælfhere's part in Edward's reburial as being a penance for the assassination.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Edward's body lay at Wareham for a year before being disinterred. Ælfhere initiated the reinterment, perhaps as a gesture of reconciliation. According to the life of Oswald, Edward's body was found to be incorrupt when it was disinterred (which was taken as a miraculous sign). The body was taken to the Shaftesbury Abbey, a nunnery with royal connections which had been endowed by King Alfred the Great and where Edward and Æthelred's grandmother Ælfgifu had spent her latter years.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: Edward's remains were reburied with lavish public ceremony. Later versions, such as the "Passio S. Eadwardi," have more complicated accounts. It said that Edward's body was concealed in a marsh, where it was revealed by miraculous events. The "Passio" dates the reburial to 18 February.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: In 1001, Edward's relics (for he was considered a saint, although never canonised) were translated to a more prominent place within the nunnery at Shaftesbury. The ceremonies are said to have been led by the then-Bishop of Sherborne, Wulfsige III, accompanied by a senior cleric whom the "Passio" calls Elsinus, sometimes identified with Ælfsige, the abbot of the New Minster, Winchester. King Æthelred, preoccupied with the threat of a Danish invasion, did not attend in person, but he issued a charter to the Shaftesbury nuns late in 1001 granting them lands at Bradford on Avon, which is thought to be related. A 13th-century calendar of saints gives the date of this translation as 20 June.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: The rise of Edward's cult has been interpreted in various ways. It is sometimes portrayed as a popular movement, or as the product of a political attack on King Æthelred by former supporters of Edward. Alternatively, Æthelred has been seen as one of the key forces in the promotion of Edward's cult and that of their sister Eadgifu (Edith of Wilton). He was thought to make the charter in 1001 granting land to Shaftesbury at the elevation of Edward's relics, and some accounts suggest that Æthelred legislated the observation of Edward's feast days across England in a law code of 1008. It is unclear whether this innovation, seemingly drafted by Archbishop Wulfstan II, dates from Æthelred's reign. It may instead have been promulgated by King Cnut. David Rollason has drawn attention to the increased importance of the cults of other murdered royal saints in this period. Among these are the cults of King Ecgberht of Kent's nephews, whose lives form part of the Mildrith Legend, and those of the Mercian Saints Kenelm and Wigstan.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: During the sixteenth century and English Reformation, King Henry VIII led the dissolution of the monasteries and many holy places were demolished. Edward's remains were hidden so as to avoid desecration.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: In 1931, the relics were recovered by Wilson-Claridge during an archaeological excavation; their identity was confirmed by Dr. T. E. A. Stowell, an osteologist. In 1970, examinations performed on the relics suggested that the young man had died in the same manner as Edward. Wilson-Claridge wanted the relics to go to the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia. His brother, however, wanted them to be returned to Shaftesbury Abbey. For decades, the relics were kept in a cutlery box in a bank vault at the Midland Bank in Woking, Surrey because of the unresolved dispute about which of two churches should have them.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: In time, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia was victorious and placed the relics in a church in Brookwood Cemetery in Woking, with the enshrinement ceremony occurring in September 1984. The St Edward Brotherhood of monks was organised there as well. The church is now named St Edward the Martyr Orthodox Church, and it is under the jurisdiction of a traditionalist Greek Orthodox community. However, while the bones are of approximately the right date, they are of a man in his late twenties or early thirties rather than a youth in his mid teens.


title: Edward the Martyr

text: In the Orthodox Church, St Edward is ranked as a Passion-bearer, a type of saint who accepts death out of love for Christ. Edward was widely venerated before the canonisation process was formalised, and he is also regarded as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. His feast day is celebrated on 18 March, the day of his murder. The Orthodox Church commemorates him a second time each year on 3 September and commemorates the translation of his relics into Orthodox possession on 13 February.


title: Lilium

text: Lilium () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to the northern hemisphere and their range is temperate climates and extends into the subtropics. Many other plants have "lily" in their common names, but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies.


title: Lilium

text: Lilies are tall perennials ranging in height from . They form naked or tunicless scaly underground bulbs which are their organs of perennation. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb, a number of species also produce contractile roots that move the bulbs deeper into the soil.


title: Lilium

text: The flowers are large, often fragrant, and come in a wide range of colors including whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne in racemes or umbels at the tip of the stem, with six tepals spreading or reflexed, to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a "Turk's cap". The tepals are free from each other, and bear a nectary at the base of each flower. The ovary is 'superior', borne above the point of attachment of the anthers. The fruit is a three-celled capsule.


title: Lilium

text: Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.


title: Lilium

text: Most cool temperate species are deciduous and dormant in winter in their native environment. But a few species native to areas with hot summers and mild winters ("Lilium candidum", "Lilium catesbaei", "Lilium longiflorum") lose their leaves and enter a short dormant period in summer or autumn, sprout from autumn to winter, forming dwarf stems bearing a basal rosette of leaves until, after they have received sufficient chilling, the stem begins to elongate in warming weather.


title: Lilium

text: Taxonomical division in sections follows the classical division of Comber, species acceptance follows the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, the taxonomy of section "Pseudolirium" is from the Flora of North America, the taxonomy of Section "Liriotypus" is given in consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007, the taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections) follows the Flora of China and the taxonomy of Section "Sinomartagon" follows Nishikawa et al. as does the taxonomy of Section "Archelirion".


title: Lilium

text: The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, , considers "Nomocharis" a separate genus in its own right, however some authorities consider "Nomocharis" to be embedded within "Lilium", rather than treat it as a separate genus. The Sinomartagon are divided in 3 paraphyletic groups, while the Leucolirion are divided in 2 paraphyletic groups.


title: Lilium

text: There are 111 species counted in this genus. For a full list of accepted species with their native ranges, see List of Lilium species.


title: Lilium

text: Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These genera include "Cardiocrinum", "Notholirion", "Nomocharis" and "Fritillaria".


title: Lilium

text: The botanic name "Lilium" is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek word "leírion", generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by the Madonna lily. The word was borrowed from Coptic (dial. Fayyumic) , from standard , from Demotic , from Egyptian "flower". Meillet maintains that both the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean. , , was used by the Greeks, albeit for lilies of any color.


title: Lilium

text: The term "lily" has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants, often with only superficial resemblance to the true lily, including water lily, fire lily, lily of the Nile, calla lily, trout lily, kaffir lily, cobra lily, lily of the valley, daylily, ginger lily, Amazon lily, leek lily, Peruvian lily, and others. All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrew "shūshan", "shōshan", "shōshannā" as "lily", but the "lily among the thorns" of "Song of Solomon", for instance, may be the honeysuckle.


title: Lilium

text: The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, across most of Asia to Japan, south to India, and east to Indochina and the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and epiphytes are known in tropical southeast Asia. In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.


title: Lilium

text: The proliferation of deer (e.g. "Odocoileus virginianus") in North America, mainly due to factors such as the elimination of large predators for human safety, is responsible there for a downturn in lily populations in the wild and is a threat to garden lilies as well. Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas.


title: Lilium

text: Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions. Numerous ornamental hybrids have been developed. They are used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especially "Lilium longiflorum", form important cut flower crops or potted plants. These are forced to flower outside of the normal flowering season for particular markets; for instance, "Lilium longiflorum" for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.


title: Lilium

text: Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing (northern hemisphere), slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb (except "Lilium candidum" which should be planted at the surface). Most prefer a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August (northern hemisphere). The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while others bloom in late summer or early autumn. They have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. A soil pH of around 6.5 is generally safe. Most grow best in well-drained soils, and plants are watered during the growing season. Some species and cultivars have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads are staked to stay upright.


title: Lilium

text: The following lily species and cultivars currently hold the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):


title: Lilium

text: Numerous forms, mostly hybrids, are grown for the garden. They vary according to the species and interspecific hybrids that they derived from, and are classified in the following broad groups:


title: Lilium

text: Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary culture and embryo rescue.


title: Lilium

text: Aphids may infest plants. Leatherjackets feed on the roots. Larvae of the Scarlet lily beetle can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves. The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies ("Lilium") and fritillaries ("Fritillaria"). Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North American "Lilium" species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others. The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America. Daylilies ("Hemerocallis", not true lilies) are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels. Slugs, snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers.


title: Lilium

text: Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection of "Botrytis elliptica", also known as Lily blight, lily fire, and botrytis leaf blight. Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth, including lily curl stripe, ringspot, and lily rosette virus.


title: Lilium

text: Plant grow regulators(PGRs) are used to limit the height of lilies, especial those sold as potted plants; commonly used chemicals include ancymidol, fluprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uni-conazole, which are applied to the foliage and retard the biosynthesis of gibberellins, a class of plant hormones responsible for stem growth.


title: Lilium

text: Some "Lilium" species are toxic to cats. This is known to be so especially for "Lilium longiflorum", though other "Lilium" and the unrelated "Hemerocallis" can also cause the same symptoms. The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to the renal tubular epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause acute kidney failure. Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat.


title: Lilium

text: Lily bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, though bulbs of some species may be too bitter to eat.


title: Lilium

text: "Lilium brownii" var. "viridulum", known as 百合 ("pak hop"; ), is one of the most prominent edible lilies in China. Its bulbs are large in size and not bitter. They were even exported and sold in the San Francisco Chinatown in the 19th century, available both fresh and dry. A landrace called 龍牙百合 () mainly cultivated in Hunan and Jiangxi is especially renowned for its good-quality bulbs.


title: Lilium

text: "L. lancifolium" () is widely cultivated in China, especially in Yixing, Huzhou and Longshan. Its bulbs are slightly bitter.


title: Lilium

text: "L. davidii" var. "unicolor" () is mainly cultivated in Lanzhou and its bulbs are valued for sweetness.


title: Lilium

text: Other edible Chinese lilies include "L. brownii" var. "brownii", "L. davidii" var. "davidii", "L. concolor", "L. pensylvanicum", "L. distichum", "L. martagon" var. "pilosiusculum", "L. pumilum", "L. rosthornii" and "L. speciosum" var. "gloriosoides". Researchers have also explored the possibility of using ornamental cultivars as edible lilies.


title: Lilium

text: The dried bulbs are commonly used in the south to flavor soup. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.


title: Lilium

text: The commonly marketed "lily" flower buds, called 金针菜 ("kam cham tsoi"; ) in Chinese cuisine, are actually from daylilies, "Hemerocallis citrina", or possibly "H. fulva". Flowers of the "H. graminea" and "Lilium bulbiferum" were reported to have been eaten as well, but samples provided by the informant were strictly daylilies and did not include "L. bulbiferum".


title: Lilium

text: Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat. A 19th century English source reported that "Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have tonic properties".


title: Lilium

text: Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from the Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year.


title: Lilium

text: The parts of "Lilium" species which are officially listed as food material in Taiwan are the flower and bulbs of "Lilium lancifolium", "Lilium brownii" var. "viridulum", "Lilium pumilum" and "Lilium candidum".


title: Lilium

text: The lily bulb or "yuri-ne" is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine. It may be most familiar in the present day as an occasional in the chawan-mushi (savoury egg custard), where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the "hot pudding" of each serving. It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup or .


title: Lilium

text: The boiled bulb may also be strained into purée for use, as in the sweetened "kinton", or "chakin-shibori".


title: Lilium

text: There is also the "yuri-yōkan", one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch with agar dissolved in water and sugar. This was a specialty of Hamada, Shimane, and the shop established in 1885 became famous for it. Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote a waka poem about the confection which mentioned "hime-yuri" "princess lily", one source stated that the "hime-yuri" (usually taken to mean "L. concolor") had to have been used, but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range with Fuchu, Hiroshima which is renowned for its production of "yama-yuri" ("L. auratum").


title: Lilium

text: Current Japanese governmental sources (c. 2005) list the following lily species as prominent in domestic consumption: the "oni yuri" or tiger lily "Lilium lancifolium", the "kooni yuri" "Lilium leichtlinii" var. "maximowiczii", and the gold-banded white "yama-yuri" "L. auratum".


title: Lilium

text: But Japanese sources c. 1895–1900, give a top-three list which replaces "kooni yuri" with the named from the gaps between the tepals.


title: Lilium

text: There is uncertainty regarding which species is meant by the "hime-yuri" used as food, because although this is usually the common name for L. concolor in most up-to-date literature, it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well, c. 1895–1900. The non-tiger-lily "himeyuri" is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time, but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant.


title: Lilium

text: The flower buds and roots of Lilium canadense are traditionally gathered and eaten by North American indigenous peoples. Coast Salish, Nuu-chah-nulth and most western Washington peoples steam, boil or pit-cook the bulbs of "Lilium columbianum". Bitter or peppery-tasting, they were mostly used as a flavoring, often in soup with meat or fish.


title: Lilium

text: Traditional Chinese medicine list the use of the following: 野百合 "Lilium brownii", 百合 "Lilium brownii" var. "viridulum", 渥丹 "Lilium concolor", 毛百合 "Lilium dauricum", 卷丹 "Lilium lancifolium", 山丹 "Lilium pumilum", 南川百合 "Lilium rosthornii", 药百合"Lilium speciosum" var. "gloriosoides", 淡黄花百合 "Lilium sulphureum"


title: Lilium

text: In Taiwan, governmental publications list "Lilium lancifolium" Thunb., "Lilium brownii" var. "viridulum" Baker, "Lilium pumilum" DC.


title: Lilium

text: In the "kanpō" or Chinese medicine as practiced in Japan, the official Japanese governmental pharmacopeia includes the use of lily bulb (known as in traditional pharmacological circles), listing the use of the following species: "Lilium lancifolium", "Lilium brownii", "Lilium brownii" var. "colchesteri", "Lilium pumilum" The scales flaked off from the bulbs are used, usually steamed.


title: Lilium

text: In South Korea, the lilium species which are officially listed for medicinal use are 참나리 "Lilium lancifolium" Thunberg; 당나리 "Lilium brownii" var. "viridulun" Baker;


title: Lilium

text: In the Victorian language of flowers, lilies portray love, ardor, and affection for your loved ones, while orange lilies stand for happiness, love, and warmth.


title: Lilium

text: Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence.


title: Lilium

text: "Lilium formosanum", or Taiwanese lily, is called "the flower of broken bowl" () by the elderly members of the Hakka ethnic group. They believe that because this lily grows near bodies of clean water, harming the lily may damage the environment, just like breaking the bowls that people rely on. An alternative explanation is that parents convince children into not taking the lily by convincing the children that their dinner bowls may break if they destroy this flower.


title: Lilium

text: In Western Christianity, Madonna lily or "Lilium candidum" has been associated with the Virgin Mary since at least the Medieval Era. Medieval and Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, especially at the Annunciation, often show her with these flowers. Madonna lilies are also commonly included in depictions of Christ's resurrection. "Lilium longiflorum", the Easter lily, is a symbol of Easter, and "Lilium candidum", the Madonna lily, carries a great deal of symbolic value in many cultures. See the articles for more information.


title: Lilium

text: "Lilium mackliniae" is the state flower of Manipur. "Lilium michauxii", the Carolina lily, is the official state flower of North Carolina. Idyllwild, California, hosts the Lemon Lily Festival, which celebrates "Lilium parryi". Lilium philadelphicum is the floral emblem of Saskatchewan province in Canada, and is on the flag of Saskatchewan.


title: Lilium

text: Lily of the valley, flame lilies, daylilies, and water lilies are symbolically important flowers commonly referred to as lilies, but they are not in the genus "Lilium".


title: Rex Linn

text: Rex Maynard Linn (born November 13, 1956) is an American film and television actor. He is best known domestically for playing the role of Sgt. Frank Tripp in the CBS drama "" and more recently for playing Kevin Wachtell in the television series "Better Call Saul". Internationally he is best known for playing Richard Travers in the 1993 action thriller film "Cliffhanger".


title: Rex Linn

text: Linn was born in Spearman, Texas, the third child, and second son, of Darlene (née Deere) and James Paul Linn. In August 1969, his parents relocated the family to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, where his father practiced law. There he attended Heritage Hall and later Casady School, an independent school affiliated with the Episcopal Church, and was employed part-time at the Oklahoma City Zoo. November 1975, after seeing Jack Nicholson in "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", Linn announced he was an actor.


title: Rex Linn

text: In his high-school production of "Fiddler on the Roof", after Linn demolished a set during a number, his drama coach ordered him off the set and advised him to direct his energy to some other field of endeavor, ending Linn's high-school acting career. He graduated from Oklahoma State University in 1980.


title: Rex Linn

text: After graduation, Linn worked his way up to vice president of energy lending for the Lakeshore Bank, remaining with it until July 5, 1982, when the bank went insolvent. Linn was able to persuade a talent agent to take a chance on him and represent him in the Oklahoma market. At the same time, he accepted a job with an oil company, overseeing field operations in western Oklahoma, all the while auditioning for film and TV commercial parts. After shooting some commercials, he started landing small roles in various projects. During this time, he was given the opportunity to act in his first film, "Dark Before Dawn", which was being produced by his best friend, Edward K. Gaylord II.


title: Rex Linn

text: In 1989, he was cast in his first substantial role, as serial killer Floyd Epps, in "Night Game", starring Roy Scheider. Following this film, and a part as the sheriff in a 1990 episode of "The Young Riders" (titled "Hard Time"), he decided it was time to head west. He began with small roles in theatrical films such as "My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys" (1991), "Thunderheart" (1992), "Sniper" (1993), and "Cliffhanger" (1993), and guest shots on TV series including "Northern Exposure", "Raven", and "The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.". Since "Cliffhanger", he has appeared in more than 35 films, with that number growing annually. Linn's most recent movie credit is in the political thriller, "An Acceptable Loss" (2018), where he starred alongside Jamie Lee Curtis.


title: Rex Linn

text: On June 29, 1994, Linn was honored with a star on Carpenter's Square Theatre Walk of Fame in Oklahoma City. In 1994, he played a detective in "Clear and Present Danger". He was a celebrity co-host of the Oklahoma Film Society Real to Reel 2005: "Classic Monster Mash". He has narrated three audio books, "One Ranger" (2005), "A Man Called Cash" (2005), and "Missing Persons" (2006), as well as a documentary for the Oklahoma University InvestEd program, "Anatomy of Fraud – Catching a Con in Pottawatomie County in 2004". A similar documentary, "Anatomy of a Fraud: Catching a Con in Logan County", also to be narrated by Linn, was described as being "in production" in 2005.


title: Rex Linn

text: He currently is reported to be living in Sherman Oaks, California, with his dogs, Jack and Choctaw. Linn is a University of Texas Longhorns fan, even taking the day off from his "CSI: Miami" work to attend the 2005 Rose Bowl game when his beloved team played and won the 2005 national championship against the University of Southern California.


title: Rex Linn

text: He is a former chairman of the Oklahoma City chapter of Ducks Unlimited. In 1986, he won the state duck-calling competition, and came fourth in the national competition.


title: Rex Linn

text: Linn is an active supporter of children's charities and the arts. On May 12, 2007, he was a celebrity award presenter at the National Association of Police Organizations TOP COPS award ceremony in Washington, DC.


title: Rex Linn

text: He had recurring roles in several TV series, most recently as Sgt. Frank Tripp on "", a role for which he was tricked into reading during the first season and which he held, as a series regular, until the end of the series.


title: Rex Linn

text: He had a minor role in the webisode series "" playing as Mike Palmer, a father hiding in a neighborhood in Georgia during a zombie apocalypse. It aired on AMC.com on October 3, 2011.


title: Avalon

text: Avalon (; ; ; ; literally meaning "the isle of fruit [or apple] trees"; also written "Avallon" or "Avilion" among various other spellings) is a mythical island featured in the Arthurian legend that first appeared in Geoffrey of Monmouth's influential 1136 "Historia Regum Britanniae" as a place of magic where King Arthur's sword Excalibur was made and later where Arthur was taken to recover from being gravely wounded at the Battle of Camlann. Since then, the island has become a symbol of Arthurian mythology, similar to Arthur's castle of Camelot.


title: Avalon

text: Avalon was associated from an early date with mystical practices and magical figures such as King Arthur's half-sister Morgan, cast as the island's ruler by Geoffrey and some of the later authors inspired by him. Certain Briton traditions maintain that Arthur is an eternal king who had never truly died but would return, and the particular motif of his rest in Morgana's care in Avalon has become especially popular and can be found in various versions in many French and other medieval Arthurian works written in the wake of Geoffrey.


title: Avalon

text: Avalon has been often identified as the former island of Glastonbury Tor, an early and long-standing belief that notably involved the purported discovery of Arthur's remains and their later grand reburial in accordance with the medieval English tradition in which Arthur did not survive the fatal injuries from his final battle. Besides Glastonbury, several other alternative locations of Avalon have been claimed or proposed as well. Medieval sources also occasionally described the place as a valley.


title: Avalon

text: Geoffrey of Monmouth calls it "Insula Avallonis" in Latin, in "Historia Regum Britanniae" ("The History of the Kings of Britain", c. 1136). In the later "Vita Merlini" ("The Life of Merlin", c. 1150), Geoffrey calls it "Insula Pomorum", the "Isle of Fruit Trees" (from Latin "pōmus" "fruit tree"). The name is generally considered to be of Welsh origin (a Cornish or Breton origin is also possible), from Old Welsh, Old Cornish, or Old Breton "aball" or "avallen(n)", "apple tree, fruit tree" (cf. Welsh "afal", from Proto-Celtic *"abalnā", literally "fruit-bearing (thing)").


title: Avalon

text: The tradition of an "apple" island among the Ancient British may also be related to Irish legends of the otherworld island home of Manannán mac Lir and Lugh, Emain Ablach (also the Old Irish poetic name for Isle of Man), where "Ablach" means "Having Apple Trees"— from Old Irish "aball" ("apple") — and is similar to the Middle Welsh name "Afallach", which was used to replace the name Avalon in medieval Welsh translations of French and Latin Arthurian tales. All are related to the Gaulish root *"aballo" "fruit tree" (found in the place name Aballo/Aballone) and are derived from Proto-Celtic *"abal"- "apple", which is related at the Indo-European level to English "apple", Russian "яблоко" ("jabloko"), Latvian "ābele", et al.


title: Avalon

text: In the early 12th century, William of Malmesbury claimed the name of Avalon came from a man called Avalloc, who once lived on this isle with his daughters. Gerald of Wales similarly derived the name of Avalon from its purported former ruler, Avallo.


title: Avalon

text: The name is also similar to "Avallus", described by Pliny the Elder in his 1st-century "Naturalis Historia" as a mysterious island where amber could be found.


title: Avalon

text: According to Geoffrey in the "Historia", and much subsequent literature which he inspired, King Arthur was taken to Avalon in hope that he could be saved and recover from his mortal wounds following the tragic Battle of Camlann.


title: Avalon

text: Avalon is first mentioned by Geoffrey as the place where Arthur's sword Excalibur ("Caliburn") was forged.


title: Avalon

text: Geoffrey dealt with the subject in more detail in the "Vita Merlini", in which he describes for the first time in Arthurian legend the enchantress Morgan ("Morgen") as the chief of nine sisters (Moronoe, Mazoe, Gliten, Glitonea, Gliton, Tyronoe, Thiten and Thiton) who rule Avalon. Geoffrey's telling (in the in-story narration by Taliesin) indicates a sea voyage was needed to get there. His description of Avalon here, which is heavily indebted to the early medieval Spanish scholar Isidore of Seville (being mostly derived from the section on famous islands in Isidore's famous work "Etymologiae", XIV.6.8 ""Fortunatae Insulae""), shows the magical nature of the island:


title: Avalon

text: In many later versions of Arthurian legend, including the popular "Le Morte d'Arthur" by Thomas Malory, Morgan and some other magical queens or enchantresses arrive after the battle to take the mortally wounded Arthur from the battlefield of Camlann (or Salisbury Plain in the romances) to Avalon in a black boat. Besides Morgan, who has become Arthur's sibling in prevailing narrative, they sometimes come with the Lady of the Lake among them; other times, they may include the Queens of Eastland, the Northgales, the Outer Isles, and the Wasteland. In the Vulgate Cycle, Morgan first tells Arthur of her intention to relocate to Avalon, "where the ladies who know all the magic in the world are" ("où les dames sont qui seiuent tous les enchantemens del monde"), shortly before his final battle. In Lope Garcia de Salazar's Spanish version of the Post-Vulgate "Roman du Graal", Avalon is conflated with (and explicitly named as) the mythological Island of Brasil, said to be located west of Ireland and afterwards hidden in mist by Morgan's enchantment.


title: Avalon

text: Arthur's fate is sometimes left untold, or uncertain. Other times, his eventual death is actually confirmed, as it happens in the Stanzaic "Morte Arthur", where the Archbishop of Canterbury later receives Arthur's dead body and buries it at Glastonbury. In the telling of Alliterative "Morte Arthure", relatively devoid of supernatural elements, it is not Morgan but the renowned physicians from Salerno who try, and fail, to save Arthur's life in Avalon. Conversely, the "Gesta Regum Britanniae", an early rewrite of Geoffrey's "Historia", states in the present tense that Morgan "keeps his healed body for her very own and they now live together." In a similar narrative, the chronicle "Draco Normannicus" contains a fictional letter from King Arthur to Henry II of England, claiming Arthur having been healed of his wounds and made immortal by his "deathless (eternal) nymph" sister Morgan in the holy island of Avalon ("Avallonis eas insula sacra") through the island's miraculous herbs.


title: Avalon

text: Avalon has been occasionally described as a valley. In "Le Morte d'Arthur", for instance, Avalon is called an isle twice and a vale once (the latter in the scene of Arthur's final voyage, oddly in spite of Malory's adoption of the boat travel motif). Notably, the vale of Avalon ("vaus d'Avaron") is mentioned twice in Robert de Boron's Arthurian prequel "Joseph d'Arimathie" as a place located in the western Britannia, to where an early Christian Joseph of Arimathea brought the Holy Grail after his journey from the Holy Land.


title: Avalon

text: In "Erec and Enide" by Chrétien de Troyes, the consort of Morgan is the Lord of the Isle of Avalon, Arthur's nephew Guinguemar (also appearing in the same or similar role under similar names in other works). In Layamon's "Brut", Arthur is taken to Avalon to be healed there through means of magic water by a distinctively Anglo-Saxon version of Morgan: an elf queen of Avalon named Argante. "Diu Crône" says the queen of Avalon is Enfeidas, Arthur's aunt and goddess. The Venician "Les Prophéties de Merlin" features the character of an enchantress known only as the Lady of Avalon ("Dame d'Avalon"), Merlin's pupil who is not Morgan and is in fact a rival and enemy of her (as well as of Sebile). In the late Italian "Tavola Ritonda", the lady of the island of Avalon ("dama dell'isola di Vallone") is the fairy mother of the evil sorceress Elergia. The tales of the half-fairy Melusine have her grow up in the isle of Avalon.


title: Avalon

text: Morgan also features as an immortal ruler of a fantastic Avalon, sometimes alongside the still-alive Arthur, in some subsequent and otherwise non-Arthurian chivalric romances such as "Tirant lo Blanch", as well as the tales of Huon of Bordeaux, where the faery king Oberon is a son of either Morgan by name or "the Lady of the Secret Isle", and the legend of Ogier the Dane, where Avalon can be described as an enchanted fairy castle ("chasteu d'Auallon"), as it is also in "Floriant et Florete". In his "La Faula", Guillem de Torroella claims to have visited the Enchanted Island ("Illa Encantada") and met Arthur who has been brought back to life by Morgan and they both of them are now forever young, sustained by the Grail. In the "chanson de geste" "La Bataille Loquifer", Morgan and her sister Marsion (Marrion) bring the hero Renoart to Avalon, where Arthur now prepares his return alongside Morgan, Gawain, Ywain, Percival and Guinevere. Such stories typically take place centuries after the times of King Arthur.


title: Avalon

text: Though no longer an island in the 12th century, the high conical bulk of Glastonbury Tor in today's South-West England had been surrounded by marsh prior to the draining of fenland in the Somerset Levels. In ancient times, Ponter's Ball Dyke would have guarded the only entrance to the island. The Romans eventually built another road to the island. Glastonbury's earliest name in Welsh was the Isle of Glass, which suggests that the location was at one point seen as an island. At the end of the 12th century, Gerald of Wales wrote in "De instructione principis":


title: Avalon

text: Around 1190, monks at Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have discovered the bones of Arthur and his wife Guinevere. The discovery of the burial is described by chroniclers, notably Gerald, as being just after King Henry II's reign when the new abbot of Glastonbury, Henry de Sully, commissioned a search of the abbey grounds. At a depth of 5 m (16 feet), the monks were said to have discovered an unmarked tomb with a massive treetrunk coffin and, also buried, a lead cross bearing the inscription:


title: Avalon

text: Accounts of the exact inscription vary, with five different versions existing. One popular today, made famous by Malory, claims "Here lies Arthur, the king that was and the king that shall be" ("Hic iacet Arthurus, rex quondam rexque futurus"), also known in the now-popular variant "the once and future king" ("rex quondam et futurus"). The earliest is by Gerald in "Liber de Principis instructione" c. 1193, who wrote that he viewed the cross in person and traced the lettering. His transcript reads: "Here lies buried the famous "Arthurus" with "Wenneveria" his second wife in the isle of Avalon" ("Hic jacet sepultus inclitus rex Arthurus cum Wenneveria uxore sua secunda in insula Avallonia"). He wrote that inside the coffin were two bodies, whom Giraldus refers to as Arthur and "his queen"; the bones of the male body were described as being gigantic. The account of the burial by the chronicle of Margam Abbey says three bodies were found, the other being that of Mordred; Richard Barber argues that Mordred's name was airbrushed out of the story once his reputation as a traitor was appreciated. The story is today seen as an example of pseudoarchaeology. Historians generally dismiss the authenticity of the find, attributing it to a publicity stunt performed to raise funds to repair the Abbey, which had been mostly burned in 1184.


title: Avalon

text: In 1278, the remains were reburied with great ceremony, attended by King Edward I and Queen Eleanor of Castile, before the High Altar at Glastonbury Abbey. They were moved again in 1368 when the choir was extended. The site became the focus of pilgrimages until the dissolution of the abbey in 1539. The fact that the search for the body is connected to Henry II and Edward I, both kings who fought major Anglo-Welsh wars, has had scholars suggest that propaganda may have played a part as well. Gerald was a constant supporter of royal authority; in his account of the discovery clearly aims to quash the idea of the possibility of King Arthur's messianic return:


title: Avalon

text: The burial discovery ensured that in later romances, histories based on them and in the popular imagination Glastonbury became increasingly identified with Avalon, an identification that continues strongly today. The later development of the legends of the Holy Grail and Joseph of Arimathea interconnected these legends with Glastonbury and with Avalon, an identification which also seems to be made in "Perlesvaus". The popularity of Arthurian romances has meant this area of the Somerset Levels has today become popularly described as the Vale of Avalon.


title: Avalon

text: In more recent times, writers such as Dion Fortune, John Michell, Nicholas Mann and Geoffrey Ashe have formed theories based on perceived links between Glastonbury and Celtic legends of the Otherworld in attempts to link the location firmly with Avalon, drawing on the various legends based on Glastonbury Tor as well as drawing on ideas like Earth mysteries, ley lines and even the myth of Atlantis. Arthurian literature also continues to use Glastonbury as an important location as in "The Mists of Avalon", "A Glastonbury Romance", and "The Bones of Avalon". Even the fact that Somerset has many apple orchards has been drawn in to support the connection. Glastonbury's reputation as the real Avalon has made it a popular site of tourism. Having become one of the major New Age communities in Europe, the area has great religious significance for neo-Pagans and modern Druids, as well as some Christians. Identification of Glastonbury with Avalon within hippie subculture, as seen in the work of Michell and in the Gandalf's Garden community, also helped inspire the annual Glastonbury Festival that eventually became the largest musical and cultural event in the world.


title: Avalon

text: Medieval suggestions for the location of Avalon ranged far beyond Glastonbury. They included paradisal underworld realms equated with the other side of the Earth at the antipodes, as well as Mongibel (Mount Etna) in Sicily and other, unnamed locations in the Mediterranean. Pompenius Mela's ancient Roman description of the island of Île de Sein, off the coast of Finistère in Brittany, was notably one of Geoffrey of Monmouth's original inspirations for his Avalon.


title: Avalon

text: More recently, just as in the quest for Arthur's mythical capital Camelot, a large number of locations have been put forward as being the "real Avalon". They include Greenland or other places in or across the Atlantic, the former Roman fort of Aballava in Cumbria, Bardsey Island off the coast of Wales, the isle of Île Aval near present-day Lannion on the coast of Pleumeur-Bodou in Brittany, and Lady's Island in Leinster. In the works of William F. Warren, Avalon was compared to Hyperborea along with the Garden of Eden and theorized to be located in the Arctic. Geoffrey Ashe championed an association of Avalon with the town of Avallon in Burgundy, as part of a theory connecting King Arthur to the Romano-British leader Riothamus who was last seen in that area. Robert Graves identified Avalon with the Spanish island of Majorca (Mallorca), while Laurence Gardner suggested the Isle of Arran off the coast of Scotland. Graham Phillips claimed to have located the grave of the historical Arthur (Owain Ddantgwyn) in the "true site of Avalon" on a former island at Baschurch in Shropshire.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Monica Rambeau is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Romita Jr., the character debuted in "The Amazing Spider-Man Annual" #16 (October 1982). Monica was introduced as the second Captain Marvel, and she gained super powers after being bombarded by extradimensional energy produced by an energy disruptor weapon. The character joined and eventually became leader of the Avengers for a time. She was also a member of Nextwave and the latest Ultimates team. She has also been known as Photon, Pulsar and beginning in 2013, Spectrum.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Akira Akbar portrayed young Monica Rambeau in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Captain Marvel" (2019). Teyonah Parris portrays the adult version of Rambeau in the television miniseries "WandaVision" (2021) and will also appear in "The Marvels" (2023).


title: Monica Rambeau

text: In August 2022, Marvel Comics announced "Photon", Monica Rambeau's first solo comic book series, to be released in December.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: The character, created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Romita Jr., first appears in "The Amazing Spider-Man Annual" #16 (October 1982).


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Talking about the visual features of the character, Romita noted that, originally, the character was intended to look like actress Pam Grier, but her appearance was changed before publication:


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Following her debut, the character appeared throughout the entirety of Stern's five-year run on "The Avengers", ultimately becoming the team's leader, before making numerous appearances as a reserve member after her departure from active duty. Two one-shot titles, both written by Dwayne McDuffie and illustrated by Mark D. Bright, followed. She also starred in "Avengers: Unplugged" #5. She returned in "The Avengers" (vol. 3) with sporadic appearances between issues #1–59. During this run, she also appeared in "Avengers: Infinity" #1–4 (September–December 2000), "Maximum Security" #2–3 (both January 2001), "Thor" (vol. 2) #30 (January 2001) and the "Avengers Annual" in 2001.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Following a cameo in "Great Lakes Avengers" #1 and "New Thunderbolts" #8–9, she appeared in "Order" #5–6. She starred in "Nextwave" #1–12. Following the cancellation of that series, Rambeau was seen briefly in "Civil War", "She-Hulk", and as a main character in "Marvel Divas" #1–4 and "Heralds" #1–5. She appears "Iron Age" #1 (2011), "Captain Marvel" #7–8, "Journey into Mystery" #649, and "Age of Ultron".


title: Monica Rambeau

text: In 2009, Rambeau appeared in the limited series, "Marvel Divas" (partly inspired by "Sex and the City"). She was one of the main characters, alongside Black Cat, Hellcat, and Firestar.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Starting in September 2013, she appeared as one of the lead characters in the Marvel NOW! relaunch of "Mighty Avengers", she acted as the team's field leader under the new codename Spectrum.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: She was part of the 2015's Ultimates team, written by Al Ewing and drawn by Kenneth Rocafort, the team consisted of Monica Rambeau, Black Panther, Blue Marvel, Miss America, and Captain Marvel. In Marvel NOW! (2016), the Ultimates broke up but are later reunited and asked to become the heralds of Galactus, who is now the Lifebringer of Worlds. The second volume ended at a special #100 issue and it includes an appearance of the original Ultimates team.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: She was a major character in the Avengers weekly story-arc "Avengers: No Road Home", alongside Hawkeye, Hercules, Hulk, Scarlet Witch, Vision, Voyager and Rocket Raccoon. It was meant to be a spiritual successor to previous Avengers weekly story-arc, "Avengers: No Surrender".


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Monica Rambeau was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to Frank and Maria Rambeau. She was a lieutenant in the New Orleans harbor patrol, where she operated as a cargo ship captain. While trying to stop a dangerous weapon, Rambeau was exposed to extra-dimensional energy and became capable of converting her body to energy. After this event, the media dubbed her "Captain Marvel." Following a close call where her excess energy nearly made her a danger to others before that power was drained off by Iron Man and Spider-Man, she decided to use her powers to fight crime under that name. She was told by Ben Grimm that the name had originally been used by the late Kree hero Mar-Vell, but Grimm assured her that "[Marvell] wouldn't mind. I probably ain't the only 'Thing' in the world either."


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Rambeau sought out the Avengers for help in mastering her new powers and became a member-in-training, soon aiding them against Egghead. Befriended and mentored by Avengers veterans Captain America and the Wasp, Captain Marvel soon graduated to full membership after the battle against Plantman. She became their first African-American heroine.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Two of Rambeau's enemies are super-powered psychiatrist Moonstone (Karla Sofen), and Moonstone's powerful pawn Blackout (Marcus Daniels), who wields the Darkforce. Captain Marvel first encountered them when the Avengers opposed the duo's escape from incarceration in Project: PEGASUS. After that, Rambeau temporarily lost her ability to transform back to human form during a battle against Dr. Eric Paulson, in which she fought alongside Spider-Man and Starfox. She was with the team when the Beyonder abducted them and other Earth superheroes for the first Secret Wars saga.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Moonstone and Blackout returned as members of Baron Zemo's Masters of Evil, participating in an occupation of Avengers Mansion and trapping Rambeau in the Darkforce dimension. With help from The Shroud, Rambeau was able to escape in time to help retake the Mansion. During the battle, Moonstone became temporarily paralyzed and Blackout died. Another of Rambeau's major early foes was the murderous interstellar pirate Nebula, who shanghaied Rambeau into space for an extended period before she reunited with the Avengers.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Captain Marvel also took part in battles against the Beyonder, a confused Jean Grey, Kang the Conqueror, Attuma, and Grandmaster.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Rambeau later replaced the Wasp as leader of the Avengers, commanding them in battles against the X-Men, the Olympian Gods, and the Super-Adaptoid. She spent a lot of time refereeing squabbles between Hercules and the Submariner, and dealing with the duplicitous telepath Dr. Druid, who sought to supplant her as Avengers chairman and undermined her authority at every opportunity.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: When honorary Avengers member and wife of the Submariner Marrina transformed into the gigantic sea monster Leviathan, Captain Marvel led the hunt for the creature. During the battle that followed, Rambeau transformed herself into a massive bolt of lightning to try and stop the beast. She made contact with the water and accidentally conducted herself across the surface of the ocean, dispersing her atoms so widely that she barely regained physical form. She reformed as a frail, withered husk of a woman devoid of super-powers.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: After retiring from the team, Rambeau regained first her physical health, and eventually her powers, initially developing the ability to manipulate mechanical energy for various effects. She resumed crimefighting, facing foes such as Brazilian crime lord Kristina Ramos, Moonstone, and Powderkeg. At the same time, she served as a cargo ship captain in her friend Ron Morgan's shipping company before starting her own charter business.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Rambeau stayed connected with the Avengers and served as a reservist, sometimes assuming leadership duties in the absence of the current chair. She helped repel an Atlantean invasion of the surface world and assists in the Acts of Vengeance, which involved a concentrated, multi-villain attack on Earth's superheroes, or in the Terminus Factor. Rambeau led a reserve substitute roster during the team's first United Nations-backed reorganization. She took on another leadership role during the and led an Avengers delegation to the Shi'ar Empire to petition for peace.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: When a group of aliens calling themselves Starblasters tried to push the moon away from Earth, Quasar assembled a team with some of the most powerful heroes of the world, recruiting Rambeau, Carol Danvers, Black Bolt, Hyperion, Ikaris, Darkstar, Vanguard and Perun. During this adventure, her original powers gradually regenerated, fully returning when the alien Stranger accelerates the process.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: When Genis became an adventurer, he was known as Captain Marvel like his father before him—which Rambeau resented. After she, Starfox and Genis teamed up to defeat the Controller, Genis tried to concede the Captain Marvel title to Rambeau since he felt she was more worthy of it. Rambeau declined out of respect for the Mar-Vell legacy and adopted the new alias Photon.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: After the return of the main Avengers from the pocket universe created by Franklin Richards almost all the current and former Avengers members were trapped in a curse created by Morgan Le Fay where they served her as soldiers in a guard called Queen's Vengeance. Due to her strong loyalty to the group Rambeau, under the name Daystar, was one of the first Avengers to recover their will and rebel against the sorceress.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Later when Photon was attacked by the Wrecking Crew in the Mardi Gras of New Orleans, she asked the Avengers for help and wound up being involved in an adventure in Arkon's world with the group and her old fellow Avenger, Black Knight.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: For a time, Rambeau's mother intercepted her Avengers calls out of fear for her daughter's safety. After discovering this deception, Rambeau led an unofficial force of Avengers against the 'Infinites', who planned on relocating the galaxy. Next, Photon was involved in the events of Maximum Security, and fought with her former teammates against Bloodwraith, and Lord Templar and Pagan.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: After that, Rambeau helped the team in the deep-space monitoring station with Quasar and Living Lightning, called into action in Kang's War, (supporting also her friend Janet van Dyne and advising the new recruit Triathlon on his current issues as the newest member of the team), in the world crisis caused by Zodiac, and when the Scarlet Witch suffered a nervous breakdown and attacked the Avengers.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: When Genis-Vell wanted to establish a new identity for himself, he began calling himself Photon. Rambeau confronted him but decided to let Genis keep the Photon alias after she came up with a name she liked better, Pulsar.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Rambeau later led the Nextwave team, part of the Highest Anti-Terrorism Effort (H.A.T.E.), against Unusual Weapons of Mass Destruction created by the Beyond Corporation© where she avoided using a code name and wore a new uniform.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: During the Superhero Civil War, Rambeau was a member of Captain America's Secret Avengers, but also registered as a member of the Initiative.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: When Brother Voodoo asked for Rambeau's help in tracking down some evil sorcerers, she revealed a former relationship with Brother Voodoo to Black Cat, Hellcat, and Firestar. Despite her breaking it off, Voodoo still had feelings for Rambeau. She agreed to aid him, rekindling their relationship in the process.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: She later attended Emma Frost's birthday party in Las Vegas where she helped solve a cosmic crisis involving Frankie Raye.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: The group continued to meet partly over their support of Firestar, who had recovered from breast cancer. She assisted Carol Danvers, in an investigation in the Gulf of Mexico, where Rambeau indicated that she was still fearful of using her powers under the water since her traumatic experience in battle against Marrina Smallwood, and aided Iron Man in the Avengers' deep-space monitoring station against ancient Viking monsters who claimed to be the Emperor of Mars.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: During the "Infinity" storyline, Monica Rambeau took the name of Spectrum as she chased after the criminal Blue Streak. Even the police officers that arrested him were impressed by her latest alias and her new costume. Spectrum returned to a specialist shop in New York where a man named Luc sells designer superhero costumes. He mentioned that someone was waiting for her in the next room. Monica recognized the man, though apparently all he wanted to do was talk and ask for help. Spectrum heard the explosions when Proxima Midnight began her attack on the city. Her mysterious guest says he cannot be seen in America, and needed her help for a mysterious mission, but she was adamant...he is in a costume shop, and if he wanted her help, he'd put on a costume and come help her.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: During the "Last Days" part of the "Secret Wars" storyline, Spectrum devised a plan to destroy Earth-1610 to keep it from colliding with Earth-616. In desperation during the two weeks before the end of the world, Spectrum channeled her full power and went to destroy Earth-1610. However, right before she could successfully destroy the other Earth, she spotted a group of children who lived there, causing her to hesitate for only a moment, long enough for Ultimate Reed Richards to capture her.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: In the aftermath of the "Devil's Reign" storyline, Spectrum assists the newly-elected Mayor Luke Cage in taking down a Thunderbolts unit led by Crossbones. Afterwards, public relations specialist Helen Astrantia wanted Spectrum to lead the re-branded Thunderbolts. She turns down the suggestion and flies off.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Due to bombardment by extra-dimensional energies, Rambeau can transform herself into any form of energy within the electromagnetic spectrum. Among the many energy forms she has assumed and is able to control are visible light, cosmic rays, gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, electricity, infrared radiation, microwaves, radio waves, and neutrinos. By assuming an energy-form, she gains all of that energy's properties.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: She is invisible and intangible in many of her energy forms (the most frequent exception being visible light), and is capable of flight in all her energy forms (reaching velocities up to and including light speed). She also has the ability to project these energies from her body while she is in human form (only one wavelength of energy at a time), usually in the form of energy blasts from her hands. She mentally controls both the type and quantity of energy she wishes to transmit. The maximum amount of energy she can transmit at a given time is unknown. Rambeau can also divert small amounts of various energies for employment as force beams, which have the equivalent to 300 tons of TNT of explosive force. A variation of this ability enables her to project light-based holographic illusions of herself. Rambeau has also shown the ability to split her energy form into several miniature energy forms that are under her mental command, each miniature Rambeau is able to react and fly at light-speed.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: When she encounters a new or unfamiliar energy, Rambeau can often duplicate it given enough time for analysis. Rambeau tends to be physically insubstantial in her energy forms, though with concentration and effort she can sometimes perform tasks such as briefly grasping an object, either by partially solidifying or by applying some sort of force to the object in question.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: When Rambeau temporarily lost her original powers after a massive energy expenditure, she developed the ability to shunt any mechanical energy directed towards her through a dimensional interface surrounding her body, granting her increased strength, resistance to impact, and the ability to fly. After Rambeau asked Reed Richards to examine these new abilities, he theorized that she accessed the same dimension from which she derived her energy powers to create the interface.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Rambeau has strong leadership skills and law enforcement experience due to both of her time as a police officer and former leader of the Avengers. She is an excellent markswoman, unarmed combatant, detective, and swimmer with extensive nautical expertise. She has received Harbor Patrol training, and Avengers training in unarmed combat by Captain America.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Rambeau is able to retain her energy form for several hours with no ill effects. She can only transform herself into one wavelength of energy at a time, but she can transform between one energy-state and another in a fraction of a second. Extensive energy transformation and manipulation can be physically taxing once she re-assumes her physical form. Rambeau can also be involuntarily reverted to her original form by other forces.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Nick Hemming of "Looper" stated, "The truth is, Monica Rambeau, created by Roger Stern and John Romita Jr. in 1982, is a spectacular heroine in her own right. Few understand just how monumental her contributions to the Marvel universe truly are, nor how massive her character potential remains, decades after her debut. As a character, her impressive energy-manipulating powers make her an Alpha-Level threat, while her strong leadership and sarcastic wit make her a fan-favorite This is the untold truth of Marvel's all-too-often forgotten Avenger, Monica Rambeau." Andy Davis of "Screen Rant" wrote, "Marvel has one of the biggest libraries of superheroes and villains in comic history, and seeing former Captain Marvel Monica Rambeau finally get her own solo "Photon" series is inspiring not just because she'll get her story told, but also because it opens the door for other beloved characters to finally get their moment in the spotlight in the future as Monica lights the way as a true superhero."


title: Monica Rambeau

text: According to Diamond Comic Distributors, the "Captain Marvel: Monica Rambeau" trade paperback was the 112th best selling graphic novel in January 2019.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: During the "Age of Ultron" storyline, Rambeau appears amongst the superhero resistance against Ultron.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Like other inhabitants of this reality, Monica Rambeau would periodically visit Earth-616 for vacations. Due to the nature of the interdimensional travel, she received duplicate powers to her counterpart and would masquerade as her. It is implied that the inexperienced Rambeau appearing around that time in "Black Panther" was, in fact, this alternate. Rambeau claimed that the main reason she visited Earth-616 was not because she would gain superpowers but because her parents were still alive in that reality.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Monica Rambeau is featured in "New Warriors" #11–13, in an alternate reality that is listed as Earth-9105, where she goes under the code-name of Sceptre. She is part of a murderous version of the Avengers, who enforce the will of the tyrannical female Sphinx. She briefly makes an appearance in "Avengers Forever" when she and several other alternate, evil Avengers are brought forth in order to battle the main protagonists.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Photon is shown as a reservist member of the Avengers and aids them during the searching of the twelve items of power, fighting against the Green Lantern. After the battle for the last item in the Savage Land, Monica takes part in one annual JLA-Avengers meeting at the Justice League Satellite in the new merged world that the villain Krona created, being unaware of the changes. After that she appeared fighting along with other Captain Marvels of both universes (Mar-Vell, Shazam!) in the final battle.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Monica Rambeau appears in "Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness" issue #3 in her Nextwave uniform, fighting alongside the rest of the team against a zombified Power Pack.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Although Monica Rambeau has never appeared in Marvel Comics' future-era MC2 line, the comics feature her daughter by Derek Freeman, Blacklight, who first appears in "A-Next" #9.


title: Monica Rambeau

text: Monica Rambeau has a brief appearance in "What if the Scarlet Witch Hadn't Acted Alone?", "What If? Avengers Disassembled" (2006).


title: Fisher Stevens

text: Fisher Stevens (born Steven Fisher; November 27, 1963) is an American actor, director, producer and writer. As an actor, he is best known for his portrayals of Ben in "Short Circuit" and "Short Circuit 2", Chuck Fishman on the 1990s television series "Early Edition", and villainous computer genius Eugene "The Plague" Belford in "Hackers". He portrays Marvin Gerard on NBC’s "The Blacklist". His most recent successes include winning the 2010 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for "The Cove" and the 2008 Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary Feature for "Crazy Love". In addition, he has directed the documentary "Before the Flood", which screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and by National Geographic on October 21, 2016. He stars as Hugo Baker on the HBO satirical drama series "Succession".


title: Fisher Stevens

text: Stevens was born Steven Fisher in 1963 in Chicago, the son of Sally, a painter and AIDS activist, and Norman Fisher, a furniture executive.


title: Fisher Stevens

text: Stevens grew up in the Chicago, Illinois area, living in Hyde Park, Highland Park, and Evanston and describes himself as a "white Jewish kid from Chicago."


title: Fisher Stevens

text: His parents divorced when he was 13, after which he moved to New York with his mother. At age 16, Stevens landed his first movie role, acting in the horror film "The Burning". He completed one year at New York University before deciding to pursue acting full time. He adopted the stage name "Fisher Stevens" upon joining the Screen Actors Guild because the Guild had several existing actors named "Steven Fisher".


title: Fisher Stevens

text: He co-founded the Naked Angels Theater Company with longtime friends Rob Morrow, Nicole Burdette, Pippin Parker, Charles Landry, Nancy Travis and Ned Eisenberg in 1986. He also co-founded Greene Street Films, a film-production company located in Tribeca, New York City, in 1996. Stevens performed as Edgar Allan Poe on Lou Reed's album "The Raven" in 2003. He is a harmonica player.


title: Fisher Stevens

text: As an actor, he is known for his roles as Chuck Fishman on "Early Edition", Seamus O'Neill on "Key West", Eugene "The Plague" Belford in "Hackers", Iggy in "Super Mario Bros.", Hawk Ganz in "The Flamingo Kid", and his role as Indian character Ben Jabituya/Jahveri in "Short Circuit" and "Short Circuit 2", respectively. His television credits include "Columbo", "Frasier", "Friends", "Law & Order", "Key West", "Damages", The Mentalist and "Lost". He appeared on two episodes of the television series "Numb3rs".


title: Fisher Stevens

text: Fisher has a Broadway and off-Broadway career spanning nearly three decades. He played Jigger Craigin in the 1994 Lincoln Center revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Carousel". He had an early success in the 1982 Broadway production of "Torch Song Trilogy" playing David, the adopted son of the gay protagonist played by the show's writer Harvey Fierstein, and the original Broadway production of "Brighton Beach Memoirs", where he succeeded Matthew Broderick in the starring role of Eugene. Throughout his career, he has acted in and directed more than 50 stage productions.


title: Fisher Stevens

text: In 2010, Fisher co-founded a new media and documentary film company, Insurgent Media, with Andrew Karsch and Erik H. Gordon.


title: Fisher Stevens

text: In June 2010, Stevens made his major theatrical directing debut with John Leguizamo's one-man show, "Ghetto Klown" (originally called "Klass Klown"), which eventually ran on Broadway from March to July 2011. The two had appeared together in a production of "A Midsummer Night's Dream" at The Public Theater about 20 years earlier. On July 13, 2012, PBS debuted "Tales From a Ghetto Klown", a documentary about the development of the show which prominently features Stevens.


title: Fisher Stevens

text: He directed the 2012 crime story "Stand Up Guys", starring Al Pacino and Christopher Walken. He teamed up with his longtime partner Alexis Bloom to direct the film "", which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2016. The film was a tribute to both mother and daughter as they passed in the same year. Both were close friends with Stevens.


title: Fisher Stevens

text: In 2018, Stevens had a recurring role as Hugo Baker in the second season of HBO's satirical-comedy-drama series "Succession". He was promoted to series regular in season 3.


title: Fisher Stevens

text: Stevens dated actress Michelle Pfeiffer from 1989 until 1992. Stevens later dated longtime filmmaking partner and producer Alexis Bloom. The couple married in 2017 in a private ceremony. They have two children.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: On August 28, 2003, pizza delivery man Brian Douglas Wells robbed a PNC Bank near his hometown of Erie, Pennsylvania. After being apprehended by police, Wells was murdered when an explosive collar locked to his neck detonated. A Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigation into the murder uncovered a complex plot that has been described as "one of the most complicated and bizarre crimes in the annals of the FBI".


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: In conjunction with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) and the Pennsylvania State Police (PSP), the FBI investigation led to Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong and Kenneth Barnes being charged with the crime in 2007. The investigation determined the plot was masterminded by Diehl-Armstrong to receive an inheritance by hiring Barnes with the money from the bank robbery to kill her father. William Rothstein and Floyd Stockton were also found to have conspired in the crime, but Rothstein died before being charged and Stockton was granted immunity in exchange for testifying against Diehl-Armstrong. Diehl-Armstrong was sentenced in 2011 to life in prison, without the possibility of parole, and Barnes received a reduced sentence of 22.5 years in exchange for testifying against Diehl-Armstrong; both died in prison.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: Wells' involvement in the plot is a matter of controversy. Investigators concluded Wells was a willing participant in the bank robbery, but was told the bomb was fake. Wells' family said he was forced to rob the bank by the conspirators. Known as the "collar bomb" and "pizza bomber" case, the incident gained extensive media coverage, including the 2018 Netflix series "Evil Genius".


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: Brian Wells was born in Warren, Pennsylvania, to Rose and Harold Wells, the latter of whom was a Korean War veteran. In 1973, when Wells was a 16-year-old sophomore, he dropped out of Erie's East High School and went to work as a mechanic.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: At Kenneth Barnes' home, he, Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, and William Rothstein discussed ways they could make money. Diehl-Armstrong suggested Barnes kill her father, Harold Diehl, so she would receive an inheritance. Barnes told her he was willing to do this for . The collar bomb-bank robbery plot was hatched to obtain enough money to pay Barnes to kill Diehl-Armstrong's father. In return for a reduced sentence, Barnes later told investigators Diehl-Armstrong was the mastermind of the crime and that she wanted the money to pay Barnes to kill her father, who she believed was wasting her inheritance.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: Marjorie Eleanor "Marge" Diehl-Armstrong (February 26, 1949 – April 4, 2017) had a history of suffering from multiple mental illnesses including bipolar disorder, since her early teens, and seems to have been a serial killer. Before her mental health deteriorated in her twenties, Diehl-Armstrong was an "exemplary student" in high school and earned a master's degree from Gannon College. In 1984, she shot her boyfriend Robert Thomas six times as he lay on the couch but was acquitted on claims of self-defense. Her husband and several other partners also died under suspicious circumstances. Diehl-Armstrong died from breast cancer in prison on April 4, 2017, at the age of 68.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: Kenneth Barnes (1954 – June 20, 2019) was a retired television repairman, crack dealer, and Diehl-Armstrong's "fishing buddy". He suffered from diabetes and died in prison on June 20, 2019, at the age of 64–65.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: William Ansel "Bill" Rothstein (January 17, 1944 – July 30, 2004) dated Diehl-Armstrong in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was implicated in a 1977 murder after he gave a handgun to a friend who used it to murder a romantic rival; he later attempted to destroy the weapon but was granted immunity from prosecution in exchange for his testimony. Rothstein was a handyman and part-time shop teacher, and was part of a group called the "fractured intellectuals"; intelligent people who were not well-adjusted. Rothstein was admitted to the Millcreek Community Hospital on July 23, 2004, having previously been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma showing diffuse, large-cell type myeloproliferative lymphoma, and died on July 30 that year at the age of 60. Rothstein was the putative creator of the collar bomb.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: Floyd Arthur "Jay" Stockton Jr. (born 1947) is a convicted rapist of a disabled teenager. Stockton lived as a fugitive at Rothstein's house. He was granted immunity for his testimony against Diehl-Armstrong, but was never called to testify in court due to illness.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: Immediately after his death, investigators searched Wells' house and found a list of people he knew, including two prostitutes unknown to other members of his family. One of the prostitutes he frequented, Jessica Hoopsick, knew Kenneth Barnes, who dealt crack and whose house was used by prostitutes.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: According to law enforcement reports, Wells participated in the planning of the bank robbery the day before and was aware of the complex plot, although he believed the bomb would be fake and would serve as an alibi if he was caught. According to an FBI affidavit, two witnesses confirmed that Wells talked about the robbery about a month before it occurred. Wells was seen leaving Rothstein's house the day before the incident, and investigators believe he participated in a rehearsal. It was believed Wells was killed to reduce the number of witnesses.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: Family and friends of Wells dispute his involvement in the bank robbery and his own death; according to them, Wells was accosted at gunpoint and forced to wear the bomb.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: The bomb used in the killing consisted of a hinged collar that worked like a large handcuff to go around the neck, four keyholes that went under the chin, and a rectangular section that contained two pipe bombs and two kitchen timers. One electronic timer hung down over the chest. The device had several decoys, such as unconnected wires, a toy cell phone, and stickers bearing deceptive warnings.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: Wells worked as a pizza delivery driver at the Mama Mia's Pizzeria in Erie for ten years before his death. Just after 1:30 p.m. on August 28, 2003, the pizzeria received a call from a payphone at a nearby gas station. The owner could not understand the customer and passed the phone to Wells, who received a call to deliver two pizzas to 8631 Peach Street, an address a few miles from the pizzeria. The address was the location of the transmitting tower of WSEE-TV at the end of a dirt road.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: According to law enforcement, upon arriving at the television tower, Wells found the plot had changed and learned the bomb was real. Wells' family disputes this account of the events at the television tower; according to them, Wells was accosted at gunpoint by strangers and forced to participate. The details of events at the tower that led to the bomb being attached to Wells' neck have never been firmly established, but evidence suggests there was a struggle and that Barnes, Diehl-Armstrong, Rothstein, and Stockton were all present at that time.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: In interviews by law enforcement, Stockton claimed to be the one to put the bomb around Wells' neck. When Wells discovered that the bomb was real, Barnes said a pistol was fired in order to force Wells' compliance, and witnesses confirmed hearing a gunshot. After the bomb was applied, Wells was given a sophisticated home-made shotgun, which had the appearance of an unusually shaped cane.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: Wells was instructed to claim that three black men had forced the bomb on him and were holding him as a hostage.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: Wells' corpse was found with nine pages of lengthy, hand-written instructions addressed to "Bomb Hostage" telling him to rob the bank. The instructions also included a scavenger hunt, listing a series of strictly timed tasks of collecting keys that would delay detonation and eventually defuse the bomb. It also warned that Wells would be under constant surveillance and any attempts to contact authorities would result in the bomb's detonation. "ACT NOW, THINK LATER OR YOU WILL DIE!" was scrawled at the bottom of the instructions.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: Wells was instructed to "quietly" enter the PNC Bank at Summit Towne Center on Peach Street and give the teller an affixed note demanding $250,000, and to use his shotgun to threaten anyone who did not cooperate or attempted to flee. Upon entering the bank around 2:30 p.m., Wells slid the note to a teller. The note stated the bomb would explode in fifteen minutes and that the full amount must be handed over within that time. The teller was unable to access the vault that quickly and gave Wells a bag containing $8,702, with which he exited the bank.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: At 2:38, a witness called 9-1-1 from the bank and reported a male leaving the bank with "a bomb or something wrapped around his neck". This is the first-known emergency call for the incident. According to witnesses at the bank and surveillance footage, after entering the bank, Wells waited in line. When he reached the counter, he began sucking a lollipop. He appeared confident as he left the bank, swinging his cane gun and the bag of money "like Charlie Chaplin" according to one witness.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: Around fifteen minutes after Wells left the bank, he had completed the first task of the treasure hunt. He was proceeding with the second task when police saw him standing outside his automobile and promptly arrested him, handcuffed him and left him sitting on the ground in the parking lot. Wells said three unnamed black people had placed a bomb around his neck, provided him with the shotgun, and told him they would kill him unless he committed the robbery and completed several other tasks.


title: Death of Brian Wells

text: The responding police officers did not attempt to disarm the device, instead focusing on clearing the immediate area of pedestrians and ensuring Wells could not detonate the device. The bomb squad was first called at 3:04 p.m., at least thirty minutes after the first 9-1-1 call from the bank and about ten minutes after Wells was arrested. At 3:18, three minutes before the bomb squad arrived, the bomb detonated and blasted a fist-sized hole in Wells's chest, killing him in seconds. Traffic congestion in the area delayed the bomb squad's arrival but personnel from the ATF still considered their response appropriately quick.