title: Extermination camp

text: At Auschwitz, the corpses were incinerated in crematoria and the ashes either buried, scattered, or dumped in the river. At Sobibór, Treblinka, Bełżec, and Chełmno, the corpses were incinerated on pyres. The efficiency of industrialised murder at Auschwitz-Birkenau led to the construction of three buildings with crematoria designed by specialists from the firm J. A. Topf & Söhne. They burned bodies 24 hours a day, and yet the death rate was at times so high that corpses also needed to be burned in open-air pits.<ref name="B/G-199"></ref>


title: Extermination camp

text: The estimated total number of people who were murdered in the six Nazi extermination camps is 2.7 million, according to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.


title: Extermination camp

text: The Nazis attempted to either partially or completely dismantle the extermination camps in order to hide any evidence that people had been murdered there. This was an attempt to conceal not only the extermination process but also the buried remains. As a result of the secretive , the camps were dismantled by commandos of condemned prisoners, their records were destroyed, and the mass graves were dug up. Some extermination camps that remained uncleared of evidence were liberated by Soviet troops, who followed different standards of documentation and openness than the Western allies did.


title: Extermination camp

text: Nonetheless Majdanek was captured nearly intact due to the rapid advance of the Soviet Red Army during Operation Bagration.


title: Extermination camp

text: In the post-war period the government of the People's Republic of Poland created monuments at the extermination camp sites. These early monuments mentioned no ethnic, religious, or national particulars of the Nazi victims. The extermination camps sites have been accessible to everyone in recent decades. They are popular destinations for visitors from all over the world, especially the most infamous Nazi death camp, Auschwitz near the town of Oświęcim. In the early 1990s, the Jewish Holocaust organisations debated with the Polish Catholic groups about "What religious symbols of martyrdom are appropriate as memorials in a Nazi death camp such as Auschwitz?" The Jews opposed the placement of Christian memorials such as the Auschwitz cross near Auschwitz I where mostly Poles were killed. The Jewish victims of the Holocaust were mostly killed at Auschwitz II Birkenau.


title: Extermination camp

text: The March of the Living is organized in Poland annually since 1988. Marchers come from countries as diverse as Estonia, New Zealand, Panama, and Turkey.


title: Extermination camp

text: Holocaust deniers or negationists are people and organizations who assert that the Holocaust did not occur, or that it did not occur in the historically recognized manner and extent. Holocaust deniers claim that the extermination camps were actually transit camps from which Jews were deported farther east. However, these theories are disproven by surviving German documents, which show that Jews were sent to the camps to be murdered.


title: Extermination camp

text: Extermination camp research is difficult because of extensive attempts by the SS and Nazi regime to conceal the existence of the extermination camps. The existence of the extermination camps is firmly established by testimonies of camp survivors and Final Solution perpetrators, material evidence (the remaining camps, etc.), Nazi photographs and films of the killings, and camp administration records.


title: Extermination camp

text: In 2017 a Körber Foundation survey found that 40 percent of 14-year-olds in Germany did not know what Auschwitz was. A 2018 survey organized in the United States by the Claims Conference, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and others found that 66 percent of the American millennials who were surveyed (and 41 percent of all U.S. adults) did not know what Auschwitz was. In 2019, a survey of 1,100 Canadians found that 49 percent of them could not name any of the Nazi camps which were located in German-occupied Europe.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: The Divergent Series: Insurgent (simply known as Insurgent) is a 2015 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Robert Schwentke, based on the 2012 novel "Insurgent", the second book in the "Divergent" trilogy by Veronica Roth. It is the sequel to the 2014 film "Divergent" and the second installment in "The Divergent Series", produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian and Douglas Wick, with a screenplay by Brian Duffield, Akiva Goldsman and Mark Bomback. Schwentke took over from Neil Burger as director, with Burger serving as the executive producer of the film. Along with the first film's returning cast, led by Shailene Woodley and Theo James, the sequel features supporting actors Octavia Spencer, Naomi Watts, Suki Waterhouse, Rosa Salazar, Daniel Dae Kim, Jonny Weston, Emjay Anthony, and Keiynan Lonsdale.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: The plot of "Insurgent" takes place five days after the previous installment and continues to follow Dauntless soldier Tris Prior; Tris and Four, her Dauntless instructor, are on the run after evading a coup from Erudite faction leader Jeanine and the rest of her faction. The faction system in post-apocalyptic Chicago is crumbling, and everyone is desperate for power — and answers. Filming began on May 27, 2014, in Atlanta, Georgia, before concluding on September 6, 2014.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: "The Divergent Series: Insurgent" was released on March 20, 2015, in the United States in the IMAX 3D format as well as regular 3D and 2D. Critical reaction to the film was mixed: some considered the film to be an improvement over its predecessor, with the visual style, action sequences, and Woodley's performance being singled out for praise; criticism focused on the film's storyline and derivative nature. The film was a commercial success, grossing $52.2 million in its opening weekend and reaching the number one spot at the box-office. During its release in theaters, the film earned over $297 million worldwide.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: Five days after the assault on the Abnegation faction by the Erudite leader Jeanine and her mind-controlled Dauntless soldiers, Jeanine has declared martial law and that the Divergents and their allies are the enemy. Among the Abnegation wreckage, the Dauntless leaders Max and Eric recover a box with all five faction symbols on its sides. Jeanine presumes that it contains data from the city's founders and the means to end the Divergence problem. As only Divergents can open the box, she orders all Divergents to be captured.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: The 17-year-old Divergent Tris; her Divergent boyfriend, Four, her Erudite brother Caleb; and the Dauntless troublemaker Peter hide within the Amity compound, led by Johanna. Eric leads a Dauntless crew to test all the occupants for Divergence. Peter discloses the group's location as the others escape and board a train headed into Factionless territory. Four reveals to the Factionless that his real name is Tobias Eaton, the son of the Factionless leader Evelyn, whom he still resents for leaving him with his abusive father, Marcus. At the Factionless hideout, Evelyn suggests that Dauntless and Factionless unite against Erudite, but Four declines. The next morning, the three leave for Candor to meet up with the remaining Dauntless who were given shelter there, including Tori and Tris's best friend, Christina. During the trek, a disheartened Caleb splits from the group. Upon arrival, Tris and Four are arrested and brought before Candor leader Jack Kang, who intends to deliver them to Jeanine. However, Four pleads for a trial with the use of Candor's truth serum. The serum reveals the real events, and they are absolved, but Tris tearfully admits killing Christina's lover, Will, which angers Christina.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: The Dauntless who have sided with Jeanine attack Candor, and many Candor members are shot with metal disks. Max and Eric capture Tris and discover that she has a Divergent reading of 100%, making her the perfect subject to open the box. Four arrives to save Tris and executes Eric for his crimes. Meanwhile, Jeanine, frustrated that none of the Divergent subjects has survived the simulations required to open the box, is approached by Peter, who suggests the best way to get to Tris is by exploiting her selfless Abnegation upbringing.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: Back at the Factionless base, Four reluctantly agrees with Evelyn that war is inevitable. Jeanine activates the disks, which are a mind control device that causes Christina and her friends Marlene and Hector to walk robotically towards a ledge and to ask for Tris's surrender. Tris and Tori manage to grab Christina and Hector in time, but Marlene plunges to her death. Overcome by guilt, Tris decides to turn herself in to Jeanine.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: At the Erudite headquarters, Tris threatens to kill herself, rather than comply, but she is stopped by the presence of Caleb, who is fully recommitted to Erudite. Tris agrees to undergo the trials if the suicides cease. Under Jeanine, Caleb, and Peter's watch, Tris overcomes the first four simulations before she requires rest. The next day, after discovering that Four was captured while he tried to rescue her, she fails the Amity trial, and her vital signs cease, shocking Jeanine. Peter takes her body to Four, reveals he faked her death, and assists Four in overpowering the guards. Tris is now determined to unveil the box's message and so with Peter's help, they return to the simulation room, and she successfully opens the box in front of everyone. A hologram explains that the walled city and the faction system were part of an experiment, with the Divergents as its ultimate goal. The world is waiting outside for them to rejoin it. Realizing that she has lost all of her power, Jeanine orders the box to be buried and Four and Tris to be executed. However, the Factionless break into the room, incapacitate Max, and rescue the pair. Jeanine and Caleb are arrested and the message is broadcast to the entire city. Hailed as a hero, Tris is eager to explore the outside world. In her cell, Jeanine wonders what might lie beyond the wall. Evelyn tells Jeanine that she will never find out, then kills her.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: In December 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that a film adaptation of "Insurgent" would be released as "The Divergent Series: Insurgent" on March 20, 2015, as a sequel to the film adaptation of "Divergent" with Brian Duffield originally chosen to write the script for the film. On December 16, 2013, it was announced that Neil Burger, director of "Divergent", would not return to direct "Insurgent", due to him still working on the first film. On February 13, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke was offered the director position for the film and that Akiva Goldsman had been hired to re-write Duffield's script.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: In March 2014, it was confirmed that Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Jai Courtney, Ansel Elgort, Ray Stevenson, Zoë Kravitz, Miles Teller, Maggie Q, Mekhi Phifer, and Kate Winslet would reprise their roles from "Divergent". Additionally, Ashley Judd, whose character died in the previous film, joined the cast for flashback and dream scenes involving her character. Woodley, who was filming at the time "The Fault in Our Stars" has cut her hair, in order to appear in both films at that time.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: On May 12, 2014, it was announced that Octavia Spencer joined the cast as Amity representative Johanna Reyes. Late May 2014, Suki Waterhouse and Jonny Weston were cast as Marlene and Edgar, respectively. The character of Edgar does not appear in the "Divergent" trilogy; Weston later confirmed that the character is a member of factionless. Early June 2014, Stephanie Leigh Schlund announced that she was cast in the film as a member of the Amity, although she did not appear in the finished film. Naomi Watts and Daniel Dae Kim joined the cast as Evelyn Johnson and Jack Kang. On June 9, 2014, Rosa Salazar joined the cast as Lynn. On June 10, 2014, Australian actor Keiynan Lonsdale joined the cast as Uriah. On June 11, 2014, Emjay Anthony joined the cast as Hector.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: Filming began in Atlanta on May 27, 2014, and concluded on September 6, 2014. Filming took place at the United States Penitentiary, Atlanta. For the Amity Compound, a set was constructed at Serenbe Community south of Atlanta. From June 11–24, 2014, filming took place at Peachtree Street, downtown Atlanta including a zip-line scene for which a set was constructed on the roof of Peachtree Center. On June 27, scenes were shot at the Archives Building in Atlanta. From July 12–13, 2014, production took place in Chicago with scenes being filmed at Wells Street, Franklin Street, Adams Street, Van Buren Street and helicopter shots at the Chicago Loop. Ashley Judd filmed her scenes along with Woodley in late June 2014. Additional interior and exterior shots of the High Museum in Atlanta were used as well.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: In late August to early September, filming again moved to Atlanta. From August 28–29 and September 2–6, 2014, more scenes were filmed at the Archives Building in Atlanta. Some scenes were re-shot including the train sequence, which was filmed in Fulton County, Georgia on September 3, 2014. A few scenes were re-shot in Atlanta from December 17–21, 2014.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: In November 2014, it was announced that composer Joseph Trapanese would score the film. Instead of a song-based soundtrack, the film relied on the score, which is darker and more intense than the first one. "The Divergent Series: Insurgent – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" album was released March 17, 2015. The first single, "Holes in the Sky" by M83 featuring Haim, was released on March 2, 2015.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: "The Divergent Series: Insurgent" was released on March 20, 2015, in the United States in 2D, Digital 3D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D. It is the first film of the series to be released in 3D formats and the second film in the franchise to be released in IMAX following the first film.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: On October 22, 2014, after a few clues were given on the official Instagram page, www.thedivergentseries.com was launched. On October 28, 2014, 3D interactive character posters of Ansel Elgort as Caleb Prior, Maggie Q as Tori, Keiynan Lonsdale as Uriah Pedrad, Mekhi Phifer as Max, Miles Teller as Peter Hayes, Zoë Kravitz as Christina, Theo James as Tobias "Four" Eaton, and Shailene Woodley as Beatrice "Tris" Prior were released by various media sites.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: The teaser trailer for "The Divergent Series: Insurgent" officially debuted online through the film's official YouTube account on November 12, 2014. The official full-length trailer premiered on December 12, 2014. On January 22, 2015, another five 3D interactive character posters were released, featuring Woodley, James, Kate Winslet, Octavia Spencer and Naomi Watts. The first clip from the film was released on February 18, 2015, and a second clip was released three days later. The final trailer was released on February 24, 2015.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: "The Divergent Series: Insurgent" was released on Digital HD on July 21, 2015, and on August 4, 2015, on 3D/Blu-ray/DVD.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: "Insurgent" earned $130.2 million in North America, and $166.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $297 million. "Insurgent" made less in North America in comparison to "Divergent" with $130 million over $150 million but more worldwide with $297 million over $288 million partially due to a 3D conversion.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: "The Divergent Series: Insurgent" earned $4.1 million from Thursday late night shows, which is lower than its predecessor's $4.9 million late night gross. It opened Friday, March 20, 2015, across 3,875 theaters, and earned $21.3 million, which was lower than its predecessor's opening day of $22.8 million. In total, it earned $52,263,680 for its debut weekend, finishing first at the box office, of which $3.6 million (7% of the total gross) came from 356 IMAX theaters. This was about the same opening gross as the first film, which made $54.6 million on the same weekend the year before.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: "Insurgent" was released in a total of 82 countries internationally. Outside the US and Canada, "Insurgent" opened Thursday, March 19, 2015, in 52 countries earning $8.2 million, where it debuted at number one in 49 of the 52 countries. It opened in 20 more countries on March 21, for a total of 72 countries, earning $39.7 million in two days. Through Sunday, March 22, it earned an opening-weekend total of $48.3 million from 76 countries, where it debuted at No. 1 in 63 countries as well as topping the overseas box office for one weekend.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: Its largest openings occurred in France ($6 million), the UK, Ireland and Malta ($4.4 million), Brazil ($4.2 million), Mexico ($3.7 million) and Australia ($3.2 million). In China, the film opened during the Dragon Boat Festival holiday weekend on June 19–21, 2015 and grossed $9.14 million in three days (Friday-Sunday) and $11.7 million in four days (Friday-Monday), which nearly equals the entire run of "Divergent" in the market ($12.4 million). It debuted at third place behind "Jurassic World" and "". France is the biggest market in terms of total earnings with $16.9 million followed by Brazil ($12.3 million), the United Kingdom and Ireland ($11.9 million) and Russia ($9.5 million).


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a rating of a 28%, based on 207 reviews, with a rating average of 5.00/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Shailene Woodley gives it her all, but "Insurgent" is still a resounding step back for a franchise struggling to distinguish itself from the dystopian YA crowd." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score, the film has a score of 42 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". At CinemaScore, the average grade audiences gave the film was an "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: Many critics praised Shailene Woodley's performance, as well as some of the main cast. Writing for "New England Movies Weekly" Daniel M. Kimmel said, "Woodley does solid work here as she's done elsewhere, and continues to be someone to watch." Susan Wloszczyna of RogerEbert.com wrote, "Woodley herself almost single-handedly saves these films from being just another overwrought dystopian nightmare." Some critics have considered the film to be an improvement over its predecessor, with Kevin P. Sullivan of "Entertainment Weekly" writing that, "Taken for what it is, "Insurgent" is a vast improvement over the franchise's first installment, mostly thanks to expansion in two arenas: budget and scope," and Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" calling it "A more effective, adult-friendly film than its predecessor." However, "Insurgent" still received a considerable amount of negative criticism; Richard Corliss of "Time" said that "With its repeat itinerary, "Insurgent" is less a sequel than a remake. The movie has an ordinary middle-chapter scenario, and less "The Empire Strikes Back" than "."" Joe Morgenstern of "The Wall Street Journal" felt that ""Insurgent" opens new horizons of repetitiveness, dramatic shapelessness, self-seriousness and a generalized oppressiveness."


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: Tom Russo of "The Boston Globe" gave the film a positive review, calling it "a sequel that sticks to more routine territory of action, angst, and dystopian gloom — mostly a sound approach, thanks to the consistent strength of franchise lead Shailene Woodley and a mix of intended and inadvertent surprises." Tom Long of "The Detroit News" gave the film a B− and wrote, "The action sequences are well done, some of the visuals are spectacular, and at its heart "Insurgent" is wrestling with some very basic questions about ambition and human interaction." Charles Koplinski of the "Illinois Times" called it, "Smart, Slick and Superior to its predecessor," and Rich Cline of Contactmusic.com called it "A sharp improvement on the original," and wrote "this second entry in "The Divergent Series" has a much stronger sense of its premise and characters."


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: Mara Reinstein of "Us Weekly" gave it a 2/4, saying that there are "Trainloads of action abound (literally), but it's essentially generic combat." Claudia Puig of "USA Today" judged, "This second installment, based on Veronica Roth's series of YA novels, feels cobbled together and less focused than 2014's "Divergent", and lacks tension and excitement." Michael O'Sullivan of "The Washington Post" criticized the supporting characters writing that, "many of the other characters here are, by definition, one-dimensional." Sheri Linden of "The Hollywood Reporter" said, "Even with breathless chases, strong design components and dazzling effects, the story's organizing principle — the faction system that divides society into five groups based on personality — grows less compelling as "Insurgent" proceeds."


title: The Divergent Series: Insurgent

text: On April 11, 2014, Summit Entertainment announced that a two-part film based on the final book in the "Divergent" trilogy, "Allegiant", would be made. The first part, "The Divergent Series: Allegiant", would be due for release on March 18, 2016, while the second part, "The Divergent Series: Ascendant", would be released on June 9, 2017. Shailene Woodley, Theo James, and Naomi Watts would reprise their roles. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke would return to direct "Part 1". Principal photography for "Allegiant" began in Atlanta on May 18, 2015, and concluded on August 23, 2015. On September 10, 2015, it was announced that the two films would be re-titled, with "Part 1" being renamed as "The Divergent Series: Allegiant" and "Part 2" as "The Divergent Series: Ascendant". On February 29, 2016, it was announced that Lee Toland Krieger will serve as the director for "Ascendant" after Robert Schwentke backed out. On July 20, 2016, it was announced that "Ascendant" was put on hold due to Lionsgate's decision to release it as a TV movie, mainly due to the third movie "Allegiant" underperforming. In December 2018, it was announced that the television movie was cancelled due to the lack of interest of the cast and network executives.


title: Caporegime

text: A caporegime or capodecina, usually shortened to capo or informally referred to as "captain" or "skipper", is a rank used in the Mafia (both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia) for a "made member" of an Italian crime family who heads a "crew" of soldiers and has major social status and influence in the organization. "Caporegime" is an Italian word, which is used to signify the head of a family in Sicily, but has now come to mean a ranking member, similar to captain or senior sergeant in a military unit. In general, the term indicates the head of a branch of an organized crime syndicate who commands a crew of soldiers and reports directly to the don (boss) or an underboss or street boss. The shortened version "capo" has been used to refer to certain high-ranking members of Latin American drug cartels as well.


title: Caporegime

text: The Mafia, particularly the American Mafia, is typically divided into distinct and partially independent "crews" headed by a "capo" or leader of the individuals. Individual crew members report to the capo. The crew collects protection and other money for the capo, who at regular intervals gives a share (or "taste") of the collected money to the underboss or the boss. Estimates of average income of a capo vary and are difficult to quantify. Income is dependent on the success and size of a capo's crew and the state of the economy at the time.


title: Caporegime

text: Mafia crews are usually independent from each other, with members typically operating strictly within their own crew. Asking Mafia members how many crews and how many individuals are in a family is prohibited because of the Mafia's oath of secrecy and the suspicion that the inquiring individual might be an informant.


title: Caporegime

text: Sometimes, a crew might specialize in certain areas like gambling, while other crews might be more involved in legitimate interests like construction. A crew might also operate in certain geographical areas.


title: Caporegime

text: The number of caporegimes/crews depends on the size of a family. The Gambino crime family has had more than 20 capos whereas the St. Louis crime family has had fewer.


title: Caporegime

text: In the Mafia, when a boss makes a decision, he passes instructions down through the chain of command. Whenever he issues orders, in most cases he gives them to the capo. In some cases, he gives orders to the consigliere or the underboss, who in turn passes them to the capo. In either case, it is the capo who passes them to the soldiers in his crew. For years, this made it extremely difficult to indict a boss for illegal acts, since the soldiers almost never receive orders directly from him. A caporegime acts as a buffer between the soldiers and the boss. Effectively, a caporegime operates his own small family within the framework of a larger family.


title: Caporegime

text: Each capo is in charge of a mini-gang or a crew of soldiers and associates that can range greatly in size. These men may or may not be based in close proximity. For example, Bonanno crime family capo Joey Gambino had crew members spread throughout New York's five boroughs and even had crew members operating in New Jersey. Capos have varying degrees of power. Some are relatives or close friends of the boss, which gives them more influence. A capo with an active crew generating much profit is always respected. For example, when he was a capo, John Gotti was widely respected and tolerated due to the profits his crew generated for the Gambino crime family. Despite their various blunders and mistakes, they avoided getting killed by their superiors and were tolerated due to this fact. On the other hand, capo Joe Sferra of the DeCavalcante crime family was demoted to soldier and removed from his lucrative union post in June 1965 after a series of blunders. In 1984, a more severe loss of power occurred to Salvatore "Salvie" Testa, a once rising Philadelphia crime family capo. He ended up getting murdered by Nicky Scarfo due to the suspicions raised about his loyalty.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Hawaii ( ; ) is the largest island in the United States, located in the state of Hawaii. It is the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean. With an area of , it has 63% of the Hawaiian archipelago's combined landmass. However, it has only 13% of Hawaiʻi's population. The island of Hawaiʻi is the third largest island in Polynesia, behind the two main islands of New Zealand.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: The island is often referred to as the Island of Hawaii or Hawaii Island to distinguish it from the state. It is also referred to as the Big Island. Administratively, the island is coextensive with Hawaii County.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: As of the 2020 census, the population was 200,629. The county seat and largest town is Hilo. There are no incorporated cities in Hawaiʻi County.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Hawaii is said to have been named after Hawaiiloa, the legendary Polynesian navigator who first discovered it. Other accounts attribute the name to the legendary realm of Hawaiki, a place from which some Polynesian people are said to have originated, the place where they transition to in the afterlife, or the realm of the gods and goddesses. Captain James Cook, the English explorer and navigator who was captain of the first European expedition that came upon the Hawaiian Islands, called it O-Why-hee (from Hawaiian) and the "Sandwich Islands" after his patron, the Earl of Sandwich. Cook was killed on the Big Island at Kealakekua Bay on 14 February 1779, in a melee which followed the theft of a ship's boat.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Hawaii was the home island of Paiea Kamehameha, later known as Kamehameha the Great. Kamehameha united most of the Hawaiian islands under his rule in 1795, after several years of war, and gave the kingdom and the island chain the name of his native island.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: In 1822, the missionary William Ellis arrived and was one of a party that completed a tour of the island, descriptions of which were later published in his journal.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (20.8%) is water. The county's land area comprises 62.7 percent of the state's land area. It is the highest percentage by any county in the United States.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: At its greatest dimension, the island is across. It has a land area of comprising 62% of the Hawaiian Islands' land area. Measured from its sea floor base to its highest peak, Mauna Kea is the world's tallest mountain, taller than even Mount Everest, since the base of Mount Everest is above sea level.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Ka Lae, the southernmost point in the 50 states of the United States, is on Hawaii. The nearest landfall to the south is in the Line Islands. To the northwest of the island of Hawaii is the island of Maui, whose Haleakalā volcano is visible from Hawaii across the Alenuihaha Channel.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: The island of Hawaiʻi is built from five separate shield volcanoes that erupted somewhat sequentially, one overlapping the other. These are (from oldest to youngest):


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Geological evidence from exposures of old surfaces on the south and west flanks of Mauna Loa led to the proposal that two ancient volcanic shields (named Ninole and Kulani) were all but buried by the younger Mauna Loa. Geologists now consider these "outcrops" to be part of the earlier building of Mauna Loa.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Because Mauna Loa and Kīlauea are active volcanoes, the island of Hawaii is still growing. Between January 1983 and September 2002, lava flows added to the island. Lava flowing from Kīlauea has destroyed several towns, including Kapoho in 1960 and again in 2018, and Kalapana and Kaimū in 1990. In 1987 lava filled in "Queen's Bath", a large, L-shaped, freshwater pool in the Kalapana area. Another 875 acres were added between May to July, 2018 by the 2018 lower Puna eruption. Mauna Loa erupted in 2022 after 38 years.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Some geologists count seven volcanoes as building the island, which include the submarine volcanoes Māhukona and Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lōʻihi) as parts of the base of the island. Māhukona off the northwest corner of the island has already disappeared below the surface of the ocean. Approximately southeast of Hawaii lies the undersea volcano known as Kamaʻehuakanaloa. It is an erupting seamount that now reaches approximately below the surface of the ocean. Continued activity at current rates from Kamaʻehuakanaloa will likely cause it to break the surface of the ocean sometime between 10,000 and 100,000 years from now.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: The Great Crack is an , and fissure in the island, in the district of Kau. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Great Crack is the result of crustal dilation from magmatic intrusions into the southwest rift zone of Kilauea. While neither the earthquake of 1868 nor that of 1975 caused a measurable change in the Great Crack, lava welled out of the lower of the Great Crack in 1823.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Visitors can find trails, rock walls, and archaeological sites from as old as the 12th century around the Great Crack. In August 2018, the National Park Service purchased nearly of private land adjacent to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, claiming that the area has important geological features that need to be studied and preserved.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: The Hilina Slump is a section of the south slope of the Kīlauea volcano which is slipping away from the island. Between 1990 and 1993, Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements showed a southward displacement of about per year. Undersea measurements show that a "bench" has formed a buttress and that this buttress may tend to reduce the likelihood of future catastrophic detachment.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: On 2 April 1868, an earthquake with a magnitude estimated between 7.25 and 7.9 rocked the southeast coast of Hawaii. This was the most destructive earthquake in the recorded history of Hawaii. It triggered a landslide on Mauna Loa, north of Pahala, killing 31 people. A tsunami claimed 46 more lives. The villages of Punaluu, Nīnole, Kawaa, Honuapo, and Keauhou Landing were severely damaged. The tsunami reportedly rolled over the tops of the coconut trees up to high, and it reached inland a distance of a quarter of a mile (400 meters) in some places.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: On 29 November 1975, a section of the Hilina Slump dropped and slid toward the ocean. This movement caused a 7.2 magnitude earthquake and a tsunami. Oceanfront property was washed off its foundations in Punaluu. Two deaths were reported at Halape, and 19 other people were injured.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: The island suffered tsunami damage from earthquakes in Alaska on 1 April 1946, and in Chile on 23 May 1960. Downtown Hilo was severely damaged by both tsunamis, with many lives lost. Just north of Hilo, Laupāhoehoe lost 16 schoolchildren and five teachers in the tsunami of 1946.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: In March 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake off the east coast of Japan again created a tsunami that caused minor damage in Hawaii. The estimated damage to public buildings alone was about US$3 million. In the Kona area this tsunami washed a house into Kealakekua Bay, destroyed a yacht club and tour boat offices in Keauhou Bay, caused extensive damage in Kailua Kona, flooded the ground floor of the King Kamehameha Hotel, and permanently closed the Kona Village Resort.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: In early May 2018, hundreds of small earthquakes were detected on Kīlauea's East rift zone, leading officials to issue evacuation warnings. On 3 May 2018, the volcano erupted in Puna after a 5.0 earthquake earlier in the day, causing evacuations of the Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions. A seemingly related 5.3 magnitude quake and a subsequent 6.9 magnitude earthquake occurred on 4 May.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Vog (volcanic fog) can envelop the island of Hawaii when Kilauea Volcano is active. Since the termination of volcanic activity in September 2018, the vog has largely disappeared on the west side of the island. The gas plumes of the Kīlauea Volcano create a blanket of vog which the dominant trade winds mostly deflect toward the Kona coast on the west side of the island of Hawaiʻi. Vog contains chemicals that can damage the environment and the health of plants, humans, and other animals. Most of the aerosols are acidic and of a size where they can remain in the lungs to damage them and impair function. Flu-like symptoms and general lethargy are reported, and are especially pronounced in people with respiratory conditions.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Sugarcane was the backbone of the island of Hawaii's economy for more than a century. In the mid-20th century, sugarcane plantations began to downsize, and in 1995 the last plantation closed.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Most of the island's economy is based on tourism, centered primarily in resort areas on the western coast of the island in the North Kona and South Kohala districts. More recently, Hawaii Island has become a focus for sustainable tourism.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Diversified agriculture is a growing sector of the economy. Major crops include macadamia nuts, papaya, flowers, tropical and temperate vegetables, and coffee beans. Only coffee grown in the Kona District of this island may be branded Kona coffee. The island's orchid agriculture is the largest in the state, and resulted in the unofficial nickname "The Orchid Isle". The island is home to one of the United States' largest cattle ranches: Parker Ranch, on in Waimea. The island is also known for astronomy, with numerous telescopes operated on the summit of Mauna Kea at the Mauna Kea Observatories, where atmospheric clarity is excellent and there is little light pollution.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: NELHA (Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority), a state developed site, is a green economic development ocean science and technology park on the west side of the island. It provides resources and facilities for energy and ocean-related research, education, and commercial activities in an environmentally sound and culturally sensitive manner. Business tenants on this coastal site include microalgae farms, aquaculture, solar technology and marine biotech. Tenants have access to three sets of pipelines delivering deep-sea water from a depth of up to , as well as pristine sea surface water and almost constant sunshine. A 2012 study by the University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization (UHERO) found the total economic impact of activities at NELHA was $87.7 million and created 583 jobs.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Three routes connect the two major towns, Hilo on the east coast and Kailua-Kona on the west coast of the island:


title: Hawaii (island)

text: There are also State highways 270 (Kawaihae – Hawi) and 180 (the "Kona coffee road", from Honalo to State highway 190), South Point Road (Highway 11 to South Point), etc.


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Rental car offices are at the international airports. Taxi service is also available. Island-wide bus service is provided by the "Hele-On Bus".


title: Hawaii (island)

text: Major commercial ports are Hilo on the east side and Kawaihae on the west side of the island. Cruise ships often stop at Kailua-Kona (90 times in 2017) and Hilo (108 times in 2017).


title: Before trilogy

text: The "Before" trilogy consists of three American romance films directed by Richard Linklater. Beginning with "Before Sunrise" (1995), and continuing with two sequels, "Before Sunset" (2004) and "Before Midnight" (2013). The first film was co-written by Linklater and Kim Krizan. The second film was written by Linklater, Krizan, Ethan Hawke, and Julie Delpy (with Linklater and Krizan receiving story credit for their work on the sequel ) while the third films was co-written by Linklater, Hawke and Delpy. Hawke and Delpy also star in the trilogy.


title: Before trilogy

text: The films were distributed by Sony Pictures (under their Columbia and Classics labels for the first and third films) and Warner Bros. Pictures (under its Independent label for the second only), while all three were produced by Castle Rock Entertainment; "Before Midnight" was also produced by Venture Forth and Linklater's production company, Detour Filmproduction. Set and filmed in nine year intervals, the films chronicle the romantic relationship between Jesse (Hawke) and Céline (Delpy) at three periods of their lives; the characters also make cameo appearances in Linklater's animated anthology film "Waking Life" (2001). The Before Trilogy is followed by a brief documentary titled After Before which unravels the making of Before Midnight.


title: Before trilogy

text: The films are considered minimal, consisting mostly of monologues and casual conversation with extended dialogue between the characters. Contrasting ideas and perspectives on life and love are detailed, with the series referencing time, self-discovery, age, loss, and parentage; it is considered an exploration of postmodern romance.


title: Before trilogy

text: The "Before" trilogy received widespread critical acclaim, nominated for two Academy Awards, two Writers Guild of America Awards, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical for Delpy for "Before Midnight". The series is also a commercial success, grossing $61.5 million worldwide against a combined budget of $7.5 million. Although discussed by the filmmakers and widely rumored, a fourth film is not in development.


title: Before trilogy

text: "Before Sunrise" is set in a single night in Vienna as Jesse, an American student traveling Europe, and Céline, a French student visiting relatives, meet on a Eurail train to Paris. They wander the streets of Vienna and fall in love, but they go their separate ways and agree to meet again in the future.


title: Before trilogy

text: "Before Sunset" takes place nine years after the first film, and is set in a single afternoon in Paris. Jesse, now a married father and a best-selling author, meets Céline while on tour promoting his latest book, which retells their meeting in Vienna. They wander Paris and lament on not following through with their plans to reunite. At the end of the film, Jesse goes to Céline's apartment, deciding to miss his flight home to stay with her.


title: Before trilogy

text: "Before Midnight" takes place nine years later, and is set in a single day on the Peloponnese coast in Greece. Jesse and Céline, now a couple with twin daughters, argue over Jesse's desire to relocate to Chicago to be closer to his son, Hank, while Céline wishes to stay in Paris to take a job with the French government. Despite their relationship being tested, they eventually reconcile.


title: Before trilogy

text: "Before Sunrise" was inspired by a woman whom Richard Linklater met in a toy shop in Philadelphia in 1989. Due to the prevalence of dialogue, Linklater opted to collaborate on the screenplay with Kim Krizan, who previously appeared in his films "Slacker" (1990) and "Dazed and Confused" (1993). According to Linklater, "her mind [is] a constant stream of confident and intelligent ideas", as they talked about the film's concept and characters; only discussing an outline, the screenplay was written in 11 days. Linklater wished to explore the "relationships of life and discover two people [of] complete anonymity and try to find out who they really were". As a result, he decided on a foreign setting, deciding a person is "more open to experiences outside your realm".


title: Before trilogy

text: Casting for the first film took nine months; originally against casting Ethan Hawke, considering him too young for the part, Linklater hired him after seeing him at a play in New York City. After hiring Julie Delpy, Linklater asked them to read together in Austin, Texas, then deciding they were right for the roles. In 2016, Delpy told "Creative Screenwriting" she and Hawke performed uncredited rewrites, stating "the original screenplay [lacked] romance. It was a lot of talking [and] Richard hired us to bring the romance to the film". Despite not being credited, Delpy claimed a credit from a relatively unknown actress may have prevented the film from gaining finance. Delpy and Hawke subsequently received writing credit for the sequels.


title: Before trilogy

text: Linklater considered a larger budget sequel, to be filmed in four locations. His proposal did not secure funding, so he scaled back the concept of the film, with Hawke, Linklater, and Delpy working independently on their own screenplays over the years. They also adapted elements of the earlier scripts for "Before Sunrise" for the sequel.


title: Before trilogy

text: Hawke said, "It's not like anybody was begging us to make a second film. We obviously did it because we wanted to."


title: Before trilogy

text: It filmed entirely on location in Paris. It opens inside the Shakespeare and Company bookstore on the Left Bank. Other locations include their walking through the Marais district of the 4th arrondissement, Le Pure Café in the 11th arrondissement, the Promenade Plantée park in the 12th arrondissement, on board a "bateau mouche" from Quai de la Tournelle to Quai Henri IV, the interior of a taxi, and finally "Céline's apartment." Described in the film as located at 10 rue des Petites-Écuries, it was filmed in Cour de l'Étoile d'Or off rue du Faubourg St-Antoine.


title: Before trilogy

text: Filming took 15 days, on a budget of about US$2 million. The film is noted for its use of the Steadicam for tracking shots and its use of long takes; the longest of the Steadicam takes lasts about 11 minutes. As the summer was one of the hottest on record, the cast and crew suffered along with the city residents, as temperatures exceeded 100 degrees F (38 °C) for most of the production.


title: Before trilogy

text: The film is notable for essentially taking place in real time, i.e. the time elapsed in the story is the run time of the film. In the fast-changing temperate Paris climate, this created challenges for the cinematographer Lee Daniel to match the color and intensity of the skies and ambient light from scene to scene. The scenes were mostly shot in sequence, as they were still developing the screenplay. Producer Anne Walker-McBay worked with less time and less money than she had on "Before Sunrise", but still brought the film in on time and on budget. The sequel was released nine years after "Before Sunrise", the same amount of time that has lapsed in the plot since the events of the first film.


title: Before trilogy

text: The film was released in the wake of Hawke's divorce from Uma Thurman. Some commentators drew parallels between Hawke's personal life and the character of Jesse in the film. Additional comment has noted that both Hawke and Delpy incorporated elements of their own lives into the screenplay. Delpy wrote two of the songs featured in the film, and a third by her was included in the closing credits and film soundtrack.


title: Before trilogy

text: In the subsequent years, Linklater, Hawke, and Delpy had all discussed doing a sequel to "Before Sunset" (or the third in a trilogy). In November 2011, Hawke said that he, Delpy and Linklater "have been talking a lot in the last six months. All three of us have been having similar feelings, that we're kind of ready to revisit those characters. There's nine years between the first two films and, if we made the film next summer, it would be nine years again, so we started thinking that would be a good thing to do. So we're going to try and write it this year."


title: Before trilogy

text: In June 2012, Hawke confirmed that the sequel to "Before Sunset" would be filmed that summer. Soon after, Delpy denied filming would take place that year. But by August 2012, numerous reports emerged from Messenia, Greece, that the film was being shot there. The completion of filming the sequel, titled "Before Midnight", was announced on September 5, 2012. Linklater said that, after ten weeks of writing and rehearsing, the film was made in fifteen days for less than $3 million. It premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival in January 2013.


title: Before trilogy

text: "Before Sunrise" received high critical praise at the time of its release. The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 100% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 8.32/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Thought-provoking and beautifully filmed, "Before Sunrise" is an intelligent, unabashedly romantic look at modern love, led by marvelously natural performances from Ethan Hawke and Julie Delpy." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100 based on 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B on scale of A to F.


title: Before trilogy

text: Film critic Roger Ebert gave "Before Sunrise" three out of four stars and described Julie Delpy as "ravishingly beautiful and, more important, warm and matter-of-fact, speaking English so well the screenplay has to explain it (she spent some time in the States)". In her review for "The New York Times", Janet Maslin wrote, ""Before Sunrise" is as uneven as any marathon conversation might be, combining colorful, disarming insights with periodic lulls. The film maker clearly wants things this way, with both these young characters trying on ideas and attitudes as if they were new clothes". Hal Hinson, in his review for "The Washington Post" wrote, ""Before Sunrise" is not a big movie, or one with big ideas, but it is a cut above the banal twentysomething love stories you usually see at the movies. This one, at least, treats young people as real people".


title: Before trilogy

text: "Before Sunset" received widespread acclaim from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it hold an approval rating of 95% based on 174 reviews, with an average rating of 8.31/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Filled with engaging dialogue, "Before Sunset" is a witty, poignant romance, with natural chemistry between Hawke and Delpy." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 90 out of 100 based on 39 reviews from mainstream publications, indicating "universal acclaim". The film appeared on 28 critics' top 10 lists of the best films of 2004, and took the 27th spot on Metacritic's list of The Best-Reviewed Movies of the Decade (2000–09).


title: Before trilogy

text: In comparing this film to the first, American film critic Roger Ebert wrote, ""Before Sunrise" was a remarkable celebration of the fascination of good dialogue. But "Before Sunset" is better, perhaps because the characters are older and wiser, perhaps because they have more to lose (or win), and perhaps because Hawke and Delpy wrote the dialogue themselves." In her review for the "Los Angeles Times", Manohla Dargis lauded the film as a "deeper, truer work of art than the first," and praised director Linklater for making a film that "keeps faith with American cinema at its finest."


title: Before trilogy

text: "Before Midnight" also received widespread critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 98% based on reviews from 189 critics, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The site's consensus is: "Building on the first two installments in Richard Linklater's well-crafted "Before" trilogy, "Before Midnight" offers intelligent, powerfully acted perspectives on love, marriage, and long-term commitment." Metacritic gives the film a score of 94 out of 100, based on reviews from 41 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". It was listed as the third-best film of the year after "12 Years a Slave" and "Gravity". According to Rotten Tomatoes, it was the second-best reviewed film of 2013 after Alfonso Cuarón's "Gravity".


title: Before trilogy

text: According to "Total Film"s Philip Kemp, "As with its two predecessors — and with the films of French New Wave director Éric Rohmer, presiding deity of this kind of cinema—"Midnight"'s essentially a film about people talking. But when the talk's this good, this absorbing and revealing and witty and true, who's going to complain?... [It's a] more-than-worthy, expectation-exceeding chapter in one of modern cinema's finest love stories. As honest, convincing, funny, intimate and natural as its predecessors."


title: Before trilogy

text: Perry Seibert of AllMovie also praised the film, writing: "The screenwriting trio fill the movie with long, discursive conversations (there are only two scenes in the first 20 minutes) that feel utterly improvised when they are performed, but are far too deftly structured to be anything other than the work of consummate artists." Eric Kohn, from "Indiewire", gave the film a rave review, adding it to his list of Top 10 Films of 2013. He wrote that "With "Before Midnight", Richard Linklater has completed one of the finest movie trilogies of all time." In 2021, "The Independent" ranked the "Before Trilogy" third on its list of "10 greatest movie trilogies of all time".


title: Before trilogy

text: Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave "Before Sunrise" a grade "B" on scale of A to F. The other two films were not surveyed by CinemaScore.


title: Before trilogy

text: Linklater, Hawke, and Delpy have discussed continuing the series further, with changing levels of interest.


title: Before trilogy

text: In March 2020, Hawke stated a sequel may likely not follow the previous precedent of a nine-year gap between films. "If the first three were all nine years apart, the fourth would not follow that trajectory," he said. "Linklater would want a different path [but] we enjoy working together and being together. We have to make sure we have something to say."


title: Before trilogy

text: In June 2021, Delpy said that she had turned down going ahead with a sequel, later clarifying, “we — [the] three of us — agreed we couldn’t come up with something good for a fourth one. It was an idea none of us liked [and] that was the end of it.”


title: Frank Miller

text: Frank Miller (born January 27, 1957) is an American comic book writer, penciller and inker, novelist, screenwriter, film director, and producer known for his comic book stories and graphic novels such as his run on "Daredevil" and subsequent "Daredevil: Born Again", "The Dark Knight Returns", "", "Sin City", and "300".


title: Frank Miller

text: He also directed the film version of "The Spirit", shared directing duties with Robert Rodriguez on "Sin City" and "", and produced the film "300". His film "Sin City" earned a Palme d'Or nomination, and he has received every major comic book industry award. In 2015, Miller was inducted into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame.


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller is noted for combining film noir and manga influences in his comic art creations. "I realized when I started "Sin City" that I found American and English comics be too wordy, too constipated, and Japanese comics to be too empty. So I was attempting to do a hybrid".


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller was born in Olney, Maryland, on January 27, 1957, and raised in Montpelier, Vermont, the fifth of seven children of a nurse mother and a carpenter/electrician father. His family was Irish Catholic.


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller grew up a comics fan; a letter he wrote to Marvel Comics was published in "The Cat" #3 (April 1973). His first published work was at Western Publishing's Gold Key Comics imprint, received at the recommendation of comics artist Neal Adams, to whom a fledgling Miller, after moving to New York City, had shown samples and received much critique and occasional informal lessons. Though no published credits appear, he is tentatively credited with the three-page story "Royal Feast" in the licensed TV series comic book "The Twilight Zone" #84 (June 1978), by an unknown writer, and is credited with the five-page "Endless Cloud", also by an unknown writer, in the following issue (July 1978). By the time of the latter, Miller had his first confirmed credit in writer Wyatt Gwyon's six-page "Deliver Me From D-Day", inked by Danny Bulanadi, in "Weird War Tales" #64 (June 1978).


title: Frank Miller

text: Former Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter recalled Miller going to DC Comics after having broken in with "...a small job from Western Publishing, I think. Thus emboldened, he went to DC, and after getting savaged by Joe Orlando, got in to see art director Vinnie Colletta, who recognized talent and arranged for him to get a one-page war-comic job". The Grand Comics Database does not list this job; there may have been a one-page DC story, or Shooter may have misremembered the page count or have been referring to the two-page story, by writer Roger McKenzie, "Slowly, painfully, you dig your way from the cold, choking debris..." in "Weird War Tales" #68 (Oct. 1978). Other fledgling work at DC included the six-page "The Greatest Story Never Told", by writer Paul Kupperberg, in that same issue, and the five-page "The Edge of History", written by Elliot S. Maggin, in "Unknown Soldier" #219 (Sept. 1978). His first work for Marvel Comics was penciling the 17-page story "The Master Assassin of Mars, Part 3" in "John Carter, Warlord of Mars" #18 (Nov. 1978).


title: Frank Miller

text: At Marvel, Miller settled in as a regular fill-in and cover artist, working on a variety of titles. One of these jobs was drawing "Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man" #27–28 (Feb.–March 1979), which guest-starred Daredevil. At the time, sales of the "Daredevil" title were poor but Miller saw potential in "a blind protagonist in a purely visual medium," he recalled in 2000. Miller went to writer and staffer Jo Duffy (a mentor-figure whom he called his "guardian angel" at Marvel) and she passed on his interest to editor-in-chief Jim Shooter to get Miller work on Daredevil's regular title. Shooter agreed and made Miller the new penciller on the title. As Miller recalled in 2008:


title: Frank Miller

text: "Daredevil" #158 (May 1979), Miller's debut on that title, was the finale of an ongoing story written by Roger McKenzie and inked by Klaus Janson. After this issue, Miller became one of Marvel's rising stars.


title: Frank Miller

text: However, sales on "Daredevil" did not improve, Marvel's management continued to discuss cancellation, and Miller himself almost quit the series, as he disliked McKenzie's scripts. Miller's fortunes changed with the arrival of Denny O'Neil as editor. Realizing Miller's unhappiness with the series, and impressed by a backup story Miller had written, O'Neil moved McKenzie to another project so that Miller could try writing the series himself. Miller and O'Neil maintained a friendly working relationship throughout his run on the series. With issue #168 (Jan. 1981), Miller took over full duties as writer and penciller. Sales rose so swiftly that Marvel once again began publishing "Daredevil" monthly rather than bimonthly just three issues after Miller became its writer.


title: Frank Miller

text: Issue #168 saw the first full appearance of the ninja mercenary Elektra—who became a popular character and star in a 2005 motion picture—although her first cover appearance was four months earlier on Miller's cover of "The Comics Journal" #58. Miller later wrote and drew a solo Elektra story in "Bizarre Adventures" #28 (Oct. 1981). He added a martial arts aspect to Daredevil's fighting skills, and introduced previously unseen characters who had played a major part in the character's youth: Stick, leader of the ninja clan the Chaste, who had been Murdock's sensei after he was blinded and a rival clan called the Hand.


title: Frank Miller

text: Unable to handle both writing and penciling "Daredevil" on the new monthly schedule, Miller began increasingly relying on Janson for the artwork, sending him looser and looser pencils beginning with #173. By issue #185, Miller had virtually relinquished his role as Daredevil's artist, and he was providing only rough layouts for Janson to both pencil and ink, allowing Miller to focus on the writing.


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller's work on Daredevil was characterized by darker themes and stories. This peaked when in #181 (April 1982) he had the assassin Bullseye kill Elektra, and Daredevil subsequently attempt to kill him. Miller finished his "Daredevil" run with issue #191 (Feb. 1983), which he cited in a winter 1983 interview as the issue he is most proud of; by this time he had transformed a second-tier character into one of Marvel's most popular.


title: Frank Miller

text: Additionally, Miller drew a short Batman Christmas story, "Wanted: Santa Claus – Dead or Alive", written by Dennis O'Neil for "DC Special Series" #21 (Spring 1980). This was his first professional experience with a character with which, like Daredevil, he became closely associated. At Marvel, O'Neil and Miller collaborated on two issues of "The Amazing Spider-Man Annual". The 1980 Annual featured a team-up with Doctor Strange while the 1981 Annual showcased a meeting with the Punisher.


title: Frank Miller

text: As penciler and co-plotter, Miller, together with writer Chris Claremont, produced the miniseries "Wolverine" #1–4 (Sept.-Dec. 1982), inked by Josef Rubinstein and spinning off from the popular "X-Men" title. Miller used this miniseries to expand on Wolverine's character. The series was a critical success and further cemented Miller's place as an industry star.


title: Frank Miller

text: His first creator-owned title was DC Comics' six-issue miniseries "Ronin" (1983–1984). In 1985, DC Comics named Miller as one of the honorees in the company's 50th-anniversary publication "Fifty Who Made DC Great".


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller was involved in a few unpublished projects in the early 1980s. A house advertisement for "Doctor Strange" appeared in Marvel Comics cover-dated February 1981. It stated "Watch for the new adventures of Earth's Sorcerer Supreme – - as mystically conjured by Roger Stern and Frank Miller!". Miller's only contribution to the series was the cover for "Doctor Strange" #46 (April 1981). Other commitments prevented him from working on the series. Miller and Steve Gerber made a proposal to revamp DC's three biggest characters: Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman, under a line called "Metropolis" and comics titled "Man of Steel" or "The Man of Steel", "Dark Knight" and "Amazon". However, this proposal was not accepted.


title: Frank Miller

text: In 1986, DC Comics released the writer–penciler Miller's "", a four-issue miniseries printed in what the publisher called "prestige format"—squarebound, rather than stapled; on heavy-stock paper rather than newsprint, and with cardstock rather than glossy-paper covers. It was inked by Klaus Janson and colored by Lynn Varley.


title: Frank Miller

text: The story tells how Batman retired after the death of the second Robin (Jason Todd) and, at age 55, returns to fight crime in a dark and violent future. Miller created a tough, gritty Batman, referring to him as "The Dark Knight" based upon his being called the "Darknight Detective" in some 1970s portrayals, although the nickname "Dark Knight" for Batman dates back to 1940. Released the same year as Alan Moore's and Dave Gibbons' DC miniseries "Watchmen", it showcased a new form of more adult-oriented storytelling to both comics fans and a crossover mainstream audience. "The Dark Knight Returns" influenced the comic-book industry by heralding a new wave of darker characters. The trade paperback collection proved to be a big seller for DC and remains in print.


title: Frank Miller

text: By this time, Miller had returned as the writer of "Daredevil". Following his self-contained story "Badlands", penciled by John Buscema, in #219 (June 1985), he co-wrote #226 (Jan. 1986) with departing writer Dennis O'Neil. Then, with artist David Mazzucchelli, he crafted a seven-issue story arc that, like "The Dark Knight Returns", similarly redefined and reinvigorated its main character. The storyline, "Daredevil: Born Again", in #227–233 (Feb.-Aug. 1986) chronicled the hero's Catholic background and the destruction and rebirth of his real-life identity, Manhattan attorney Matt Murdock, at the hands of Daredevil's nemesis, the crime lord Wilson Fisk, also known as the Kingpin. After completing the "Born Again" arc, Frank Miller intended to produce a two-part story with artist Walt Simonson but it was never completed and remains unpublished.


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller and artist Bill Sienkiewicz produced the graphic novel "Daredevil: Love and War" in 1986. Featuring the character of the Kingpin, it indirectly bridges Miller's first run on "Daredevil" and "Born Again" by explaining the change in the Kingpin's attitude toward Daredevil. Miller and Sienkiewicz also produced the eight-issue miniseries "" for Epic Comics. Set outside regular Marvel continuity, it featured a wild tale of cyborgs and ninjas, while expanding further on Elektra's background. Both of these projects were critically well received. "Elektra: Assassin" was praised for its bold storytelling, but neither it nor "Daredevil: Love and War" had the influence or reached as many readers as "Dark Knight Returns" or "Born Again".


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller's final major story in this period was in "Batman" issues 404–407 in 1987, another collaboration with Mazzucchelli. Titled "", this was Miller's version of the origin of Batman in which he retconned many details and adapted the story to fit his "Dark Knight" continuity. Proving to be hugely popular, this was as influential as Miller's previous work. A trade paperback released in 1988 remains in print, and is one of DC's best selling books. The story was adapted as an in 2011.


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller also illustrated the covers for the first twelve issues of First Comics' English-language reprints of Kazuo Koike and Goseki Kojima's "Lone Wolf and Cub". This helped bring Japanese manga to a wider Western audience.


title: Frank Miller

text: During this time, Miller (along with Marv Wolfman, Alan Moore, and Howard Chaykin) had been in dispute with DC Comics over a proposed ratings system for comics. Disagreeing with what he saw as censorship, Miller refused to do any further work for DC, and he took his future projects to the independent publisher Dark Horse Comics. From then on Miller was a major supporter of creator rights and became a major voice against censorship in comics.


title: Frank Miller

text: After announcing he intended to release his work only via the independent publisher Dark Horse Comics, Miller completed one final project for Epic Comics, the mature-audience imprint of Marvel Comics. "Elektra Lives Again" was a fully painted graphic novel written and drawn by Miller and colored by longtime partner Lynn Varley. Telling the story of the resurrection of Elektra from the dead and Daredevil's quest to find her, as well as showing Miller's will to experiment with new story-telling techniques.


title: Frank Miller

text: 1990 saw Miller and artist Geof Darrow start work on "Hard Boiled", a three-issue miniseries. The title, a mix of violence and satire, was praised for Darrow's highly detailed art and Miller's writing.


title: Frank Miller

text: At the same time Miller and artist Dave Gibbons produced "Give Me Liberty", a four-issue miniseries for Dark Horse. "Give Me Liberty" was followed by sequel miniseries and specials expanding on the story of protagonist Martha Washington, an African-American woman in modern and near-future North America, all of which were written by Miller and drawn by Gibbons.


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller also wrote the scripts for the science fiction films "RoboCop 2" and "RoboCop 3", about a police cyborg. Neither was critically well received. In 2007, Miller stated that "There was a lot of interference in the writing process. It wasn't ideal. After working on the two Robocop movies, I really thought that was it for me in the business of film." Miller came into contact with the fictional cyborg once more, writing the comic-book miniseries "RoboCop Versus The Terminator", with art by Walter Simonson. In 2003, Miller's screenplay for "RoboCop 2" was adapted by Steven Grant for Avatar Press's Pulsaar imprint. Illustrated by Juan Jose Ryp, the series is called "Frank Miller's RoboCop" and contains plot elements that were divided between "RoboCop 2" and "RoboCop 3".


title: Frank Miller

text: In 1991, Miller started work on his first "Sin City" story. Serialized in "Dark Horse Presents" #51–62, it proved to be another success, and the story was released in a trade paperback. This first Sin City "yarn" was rereleased in 1995 under the name "The Hard Goodbye". "Sin City" proved to be Miller's main project for much of the remainder of the decade, as Miller told more Sin City stories within this noir world of his creation, in the process helping to revitalize the crime comics genre. "Sin City" proved artistically auspicious for Miller and again brought his work to a wider audience without comics. Miller lived in Los Angeles, California in the 1990s, which influenced "Sin City". He later lived in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of New York City, which was also an influence.


title: Frank Miller

text: "" was a five issue miniseries published by Marvel Comics in 1993. In this story, Miller and artist John Romita Jr. told Daredevil's origins differently from in the previous comics, and they provided additional detail to his beginnings. Miller also returned to superheroes by writing issue #11 of Todd McFarlane's "Spawn", as well as the "Spawn/Batman" crossover for Image Comics.


title: Frank Miller

text: In 1994, Miller became one of the founding members of the comic imprint Legend, under which many of his Sin City works were released via Dark Horse Comics. In 1995, Miller and Darrow collaborated again on "Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot", published as a two-part miniseries by Dark Horse. In 1999 it became an animated series on "Fox Kids".


title: Frank Miller

text: Written and illustrated by Frank Miller with painted colors by Varley, "300" was a 1998 comic-book miniseries, released as a hardcover collection in 1999, retelling the Battle of Thermopylae and the events leading up to it from the perspective of Leonidas of Sparta. "300" was particularly inspired by the 1962 film "The 300 Spartans", a movie that Miller watched as a young boy.


title: Frank Miller

text: He was one of the artists on the "" one-shot written by Evan Dorkin published in 2000. Miller moved back to Hell's Kitchen by 2001 and was creating "" as the 9/11 terrorist attacks occurred about four miles from that neighborhood. His differences with DC Comics put aside, he saw the sequel initially released as a three-issue miniseries, and though it sold well, it received a mixed to negative reception. Miller also returned to writing Batman in 2005, taking on the writing duties of "All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder", a series set inside of what Miller describes as the "Dark Knight Universe," and drawn by Jim Lee. "All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder" also received largely negative reviews.


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller's previous attitude towards movie adaptations was to change after Robert Rodriguez made a short film based on a story from Miller's "Sin City" entitled "The Customer is Always Right". Miller was pleased with the result, leading to him and Rodriguez directing a full-length film, "Sin City" using Miller's original comics panels as storyboards. The film was released in the U.S. on April 1, 2005. The film's success brought renewed attention to Miller's "Sin City" projects. Similarly, a 2006 film adaptation of "300", directed by Zack Snyder, brought new attention to Miller's original comic book work. A sequel to the film, "", based on Miller's second "Sin City" series and co-directed by Miller and Robert Rodriguez, was released in theaters on August 22, 2014.


title: Frank Miller

text: On July 10, 2015, at the San Diego Comic-Con, Miller was inducted into the Eisner Awards Hall of Fame.


title: Frank Miller

text: From 2015 to 2017, DC released a nine-issue, bimonthly sequel to "The Dark Knight Returns" and "The Dark Knight Strikes Again", titled "". Miller co-wrote it with Brian Azzarello, and Andy Kubert and Klaus Janson were the artists. Issue one was the top-selling comic of November 2015, moving an estimated 440,234 copies. In 2016, Miller and Azzarello also co-wrote the graphic novel, "" with art by John Romita Jr. and Peter Steigerwald.


title: Frank Miller

text: From April to August 2018, Dark Horse Comics published monthly Miller's five-issue miniseries sequel to "300", "", which marked his first work as both writer and artist comics creation since "Holy Terror".


title: Frank Miller

text: In 2017 Miller announced he was writing a "Superman: Year One" project with artwork by John Romita Jr. The three-issue series was released by DC Black Label from June to October 2019 and received mixed reviews.


title: Frank Miller

text: Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing published his and author Tom Wheeler's young-adult novel "Cursed", about the King Arthur legend from the point of view of the Lady of the Lake in October 2019.


title: Frank Miller

text: In December 2019, DC released "Dark Knight Returns: The Golden Child", the fifth series in "The Dark Knight Returns" universe to mixed reviews. It is written by Miller with artwork by Rafael Grampa.


title: Frank Miller

text: In July 2020, Netflix released a 10-episode series based on "Cursed" with Miller and Wheeler serving as both creators and executive producers.


title: Frank Miller

text: On April 28, 2022, it was reported that Miller was launching an American comic book publishing company titled Frank Miller Presents, or FMP. Miller will act as the company's president and editor-in-chief, working alongside Dan DiDio as publisher and chief operating officer Silenn Thomas. FMP expects to produce between two and four titles per year, with Miller's initial contributions to include "Sin City 1858" and "Ronin Book Two".


title: Frank Miller

text: In October 2012, Joanna Gallardo-Mills, who began working for Miller as an executive coordinator in November 2008, filed suit against Miller in Manhattan for discrimination and "mental anguish", stating that Miller's former girlfriend, Kimberly Cox, created a hostile work environment for Gallardo-Mills in Miller and Cox's Hell's Kitchen living and work space.


title: Frank Miller

text: In July 2020, producer Stephen L'Heureux, who worked on "Sin City: A Dame to Kill For", filed a $25 million defamation and economic interference lawsuit against Miller and fellow producer Silenn Thomas. L'Heureux alleged the pair had repeatedly made, "false, misleading and defamatory statements" about L'Heureux's ownership of the developmental rights of "Sin City" and "Hard Boiled" to Skydance Media CEO David Ellison and other Skydance executives and prevented the creation of a film adaptation of "Hard Boiled" and a TV series based on "Sin City". Miller's attorney Allen Grodsky denied the allegation stating, "The claims asserted in Mr. L'Heureux's lawsuit are baseless, and we will be aggressively defending this lawsuit."


title: Frank Miller

text: In July 2011, while at San Diego Comic-Con promoting his upcoming graphic novel "Holy Terror", in which the protagonist hero fights Al-Qaeda terrorists, Miller made a remark about Islamic terrorism and Islam, saying, "I was raised Catholic and I could tell you a lot about the Spanish Inquisition, but the mysteries of the Catholic Church elude me. And I could tell you a lot about Al-Qaeda, but the mysteries of Islam elude me too."


title: Frank Miller

text: In November 2011, Miller posted remarks pertaining to the Occupy Wall Street movement on his blog, calling it "nothing but a pack of louts, thieves, and rapists, fed by Woodstock-era nostalgia and putrid false righteousness." He said of the movement, "Wake up, pond scum. America is at war against a ruthless enemy. Maybe, between bouts of self-pity and all the other tasty tidbits of narcissism you've been served up in your sheltered, comfy little worlds, you've heard terms like al-Qaeda and Islamicism." Miller's statement generated controversy. In a 2018 interview, Miller backed away from his comments saying that he "wasn't thinking clearly" when he made them and alluded to a very dark time in his life during which they were made.


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller was married to colorist Lynn Varley from 1986 to 2005. She colored many of his most acclaimed works (from "Ronin" in 1984 through "300" in 1998) and the backgrounds to the 2006 movie "300".


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller has been romantically linked to New York-based Shakespearean scholar Kimberly Halliburton Cox, who had a cameo in "The Spirit" (2008).


title: Frank Miller

text: In response to claims that his comics are conservative, Miller said, "I'm not a conservative. I'm a libertarian."


title: Frank Miller

text: Although still conforming to traditional comic book styles, Miller infused his first issue of "Daredevil" with his own film noir style. Miller sketched the roofs of New York in an attempt to give his "Daredevil" art an authentic feel not commonly seen in superhero comics at the time. One journalist noted,


title: Frank Miller

text: "Ronin" shows some of the strongest influences of manga and bande dessinée on Miller's style, both in the artwork and narrative style. "Sin City" was drawn in black and white to emphasize its film noir origins. Miller has said he opposes naturalism in comic art: "People are attempting to bring a superficial reality to superheroes which is rather stupid. They work best as the flamboyant fantasies they are. I mean, these are characters that are broad and big. I don't need to see sweat patches under Superman's arms. I want to see him fly."


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller considers the renowned Argentinian comic book artist Alberto Breccia as one of his personal mentors, even declaring that (regarding modernity in comics), "It all started with Breccia". In that same regard, Miller's work in "Sin City" has been analyzed by South American writers and artists –as well as European critics like – as being based or inspired in Breccia's groundbreaking style, especially regarding the latter's chiaroscuros and strong use of stark black-and-white technique.


title: Frank Miller

text: "Daredevil: Born Again" and "The Dark Knight Returns" were both critical successes and influential on subsequent generations of creators to the point of being considered classics of the medium. "" was also met with praise for its gritty style, while comics including "Ronin", "300" and "Sin City" were also successful, cementing Miller's place as a legend of comic books. However, later material such as "" received mixed reviews. In particular, "All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder" was widely considered a sign of Miller's creative decline.


title: Frank Miller

text: Fellow comic book writer Alan Moore has described Miller's work from "Sin City"-onward as homophobic and misogynistic, despite praising his early "Batman" and "Daredevil" material. Moore previously penned a flattering introduction to an early collected edition of "The Dark Knight Returns", and the two have remained friends. Moore has praised Miller's realistic use of minimal dialogue in fight scenes, which "move very fast, flowing from image to image with the speed of a real-life conflict, unimpeded by the reader having to stop to read a lot of accompanying text".


title: Frank Miller

text: Miller's graphic novel "Holy Terror" was accused of being anti-Islamic. Miller later said that he regretted "Holy Terror", saying, "I don't want to wipe out chapters of my own biography. But I'm not capable of that book again."


title: Frank Miller

text: In terms of Miller's film career, his 2008 adaptation of "The Spirit" received negative reviews, earning a Rotten Tomatoes approval rating of 14% based on 111 reviews, with an average rating of 3.58/10, Metacritic gave it an aggregate score of 30 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally negative reviews". and a metascore of 30/100 at Metacritic.com. Meanwhile, his film adaptation of "Sin City" was well received by audiences and critics.


title: Goblin

text: A goblin is a small, grotesque, monstrous creature that appears in the folklore of multiple European cultures. First attested in stories from the Middle Ages, they are ascribed conflicting abilities, temperaments, and appearances depending on the story and country of origin, ranging from mischievous household spirits to malicious, bestial thieves. They often have magical abilities similar to a fairy or demon, such as the ability to shapeshift.


title: Goblin

text: Similar creatures include brownies, dwarves, duendes, gnomes, imps, leprechauns, and kobolds, but it is also commonly used as a blanket term for all small, fay creatures. The term is sometimes expanded to include goblin-like creatures of other cultures, such as the pukwudgie, dokkaebi or ifrit.


title: Goblin

text: Alternative spellings include "gobblin", "gobeline", "gobling", "goblyn", "goblino", and "gobbelin". The term "goblette" has been used to refer to female goblins.


title: Goblin

text: The word "goblin" is first recorded in the 14th century and is probably from unattested Anglo-Norman "*gobelin", similar to Old French "gobelin", already attested around 1195 in Ambroise of Normandy's "Guerre sainte", and to Medieval Latin "gobelinus" in Orderic Vitalis before 1141, which was the name of a devil or daemon haunting the country around Évreux, Normandy.


title: Goblin

text: It may be related both to German "kobold" and to Medieval Latin "cabalus" - or "*gobalus", itself from Greek κόβαλος ("kobalos"), "rogue", "knave", "imp", "goblin". German "Kobold" contains the Germanic root "kov-" (Middle German "Kobe" "refuge, cavity", "hollow in a rock", Dial. English "cove" "hollow in a rock", English "sheltered recess on a coast", Old Norse "kofi" "hut, shed" ) which means originally a "hollow in the earth". The word is probably related to Dial. Norman "gobe" "hollow in a cliff", with simple suffix "-lin" or double suffixation "-el-in" (cf. Norman surnames "Beuzelin", "Gosselin", "Étancelin", etc.)


title: Goblin

text: Alternatively, it may be a diminutive or other derivative of the French proper name "Gobel", more often "Gobeau", diminutive forms "Gobelet, Goblin, Goblot", but their signification is probably "somebody who sells tumblers or beakers or cups". Moreover, these proper names are not from Normandy, where the word "gobelin, gobelinus" first appears in the old documents.


title: Goblin

text: The Welsh "coblyn", a type of knocker, derives from the Old French "gobelin" via the English "goblin".


title: Goblin

text: Many Asian mythical creatures have been likened to, or translated as, goblins. Some examples for these:


title: Goblin

text: In J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Hobbit" the evil creatures living in the Misty Mountains are referred to as goblins. In "The Lord of the Rings" the same creatures are primarily referred to as orcs.


title: Goblin

text: Goblinoids are a category of humanoid legendary creatures related to the goblin. The term was popularized in the "Dungeons & Dragons" fantasy role-playing game, in which goblins and related creatures are a staple of random encounters. Goblinoids are typically barbaric foes of the various human and "demi-human" races. Even though goblinoids in modern fantasy fiction are derived from J. R. R. Tolkien's orcs. The main types of goblinoids in "Dungeons & Dragons" are goblins, bugbears and hobgoblins; these creatures are also figures of mythology, next to ordinary goblins.


title: Goblin

text: In the "Harry Potter" book series and the shared universe in which its film adaptations are set, goblins are depicted as strange, but civilised, humanoids, who often serve as bankers or craftsmen. Depictions of goblins in Harry Potter, however, have often been criticized as anti-Semitic.


title: Goblin

text: In Terry Pratchett's "Discworld" series, goblins are initially a despised and shunned subterranean race; however, in later books, goblins are eventually integrated with the other races, and their mechanical and engineering talents come to be valued.


title: Goblin

text: The Green Goblin is a well-known supervillain, one of the archenemies of Spider-Man, who has various abilities including enhanced stamina, durability, agility, reflexes and superhuman strength due to ingesting a substance known as the "Goblin Formula". He has appeared in various Spider-Man related media, such as comics, television series, video games, and films, including "Spider-Man" (2002) and "" (2021) as Norman Osborn, and "Spider-Man 3" (2007) and "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" (2014) as Harry Osborn.


title: Goblin

text: In the Manga/Anime Goblin Slayer, goblins are a male only race of average intelligence who abduct female humanoids to procreate and the main antagonists in the series.


title: Goblin

text: In the game Elder Scrolls, goblins are a hostile beast race said to originate from Summerset Isle, can range in size from being smaller than a Wood Elf to being larger than a Nord and love living in dankly places such as caves and sewers.


title: Maui

text: The island of Maui (; Hawaiian: ) is the second-largest of the islands of the state of Hawaii at 727.2 square miles (1,883 km) and is the 17th largest island in the United States. Maui is the largest of Maui County's four islands, which also includes Molokai, Lānai, and unpopulated Kahoolawe. In 2020, Maui had a population of 168,307, the third-highest of the Hawaiian Islands, behind that of Oahu and Hawaii Island. Kahului is the largest census-designated place (CDP) on the island with a population of 26,337 , and is the commercial and financial hub of the island. Wailuku is the seat of Maui County and is the third-largest CDP . Other significant places include Kīhei (including Wailea and Makena in the Kihei Town CDP, the island's second-most-populated CDP), Lāhainā (including Kāanapali and Kapalua in the Lāhainā Town CDP), Makawao, Pukalani, Pāia, Kula, Haikū, and Hāna.


title: Maui

text: Native Hawaiian tradition gives the origin of the island's name in the legend of Hawaiiloa, the navigator credited with the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. According to it, Hawaiiloa named the island after his son, who in turn was named for the demigod Māui. The earlier name of Maui was Ihikapalaumaewa. The Island of Maui is also called the "Valley Isle" for the large isthmus separating its northwestern and southeastern volcanic masses.


title: Maui

text: Maui's diverse landscapes are the result of a unique combination of geology, topography, and climate. Each volcanic cone in the chain of the Hawaiian Islands is built of dark, iron-rich/quartz-poor rocks, which poured out of thousands of vents as highly fluid lava throughout millions of years. Several of the volcanoes were close enough to each other that lava flows on their flanks overlapped one another, merging into a single island. Maui is such a "volcanic doublet," formed from two shield volcanoes that overlapped one another to form an isthmus between them.


title: Maui

text: The older, western volcano has been eroded considerably and is cut by numerous drainages, forming the peaks of the West Maui Mountains (in Hawaiian, Mauna Kahalawai). Puu Kukui is the highest of the peaks at . The larger, younger volcano to the east, Haleakalā, rises to more than above sea level, and measures from seafloor to summit.


title: Maui

text: The eastern flanks of both volcanoes are cut by deeply incised valleys and steep-sided ravines that run downslope to the rocky, windswept shoreline. The valley-like Isthmus of Maui that separates the two volcanic masses was formed by sandy erosional deposits.


title: Maui

text: Maui's last eruption (originating in Haleakalā's Southwest Rift Zone) occurred around 1790; two of the resulting lava flows are located (1) at Cape Kīnau between Āhihi Bay and La Perouse Bay on the southwest shore of East Maui, and (2) at Makaluapuna Point on Honokahua Bay on the northwest shore of West Maui. Considered to be dormant by volcanologists, Haleakalā is certainly capable of further eruptions.


title: Maui

text: Maui is part of a much larger unit, Maui Nui, that includes the islands of Lānai, Kahoolawe, Molokai, and the now submerged Penguin Bank. During periods of reduced sea level, including as recently as 20,000 years ago, they are joined as a single island due to the shallowness of the channels between them.


title: Maui

text: The climate of the Hawaiian Islands is characterized by a two-season year, tropical and uniform temperatures everywhere (except at high elevations), marked geographic differences in rainfall, high relative humidity, extensive cloud formations (except on the driest coasts and at high elevations), and dominant trade-wind flow (especially at elevations below a few thousand feet). Maui itself has a wide range of climatic conditions and weather patterns that are influenced by several different factors in the physical environment:


title: Maui

text: Maui displays a unique and diverse set of climatic conditions, each of which is specific to a loosely defined sub-region of the island. These sub-regions are defined by major physiographic features (such as mountains and valleys) and by location on the windward or leeward side of the island.


title: Maui

text: Showers are very common; while some of these are very heavy, the vast majority are light and brief. Even the heaviest rain showers are seldom accompanied by thunder and lightning. Throughout the lowlands in summer an overwhelming dominance of trade winds produces a drier season. At one extreme, the annual rainfall averages to or less in leeward coastal areas, such as the shoreline from Maalaea Bay to Kaupo, and near the summit of Haleakalā. At the other extreme, the annual average rainfall exceeds along the lower windward slopes of Haleakalā, particularly along the Hāna Highway. Big Bog, a spot on the edge of Haleakala National Park overlooking Hana at about elevation had an estimated mean annual rainfall of over the 30-year period of 1978 to 2007. If the islands of the State of Hawaii did not exist, the average annual rainfall on the same patch of water would be about . Instead, the mountainous topography of Maui and the other islands induce an actual average of about .


title: Maui

text: In the lowlands, rainfall is most likely to occur throughout the year during the night or morning hours, and least likely in mid-afternoon. The most pronounced daily variations in rainfall occur during the summer because most summer rainfall consists of trade winds showers that most often occur at night. Winter rainfall in the lowlands is the result of storm activity, which is as likely to occur in the daytime as at night. Rainfall variability is far greater during the winter when occasional storms contribute appreciably to rainfall totals. With such wide swings in rainfall, there are inevitably occasional droughts, sometimes causing economic losses. These occur when winter rains fail to produce sufficient significant rainstorms, impacting normally dry areas outside the trade winds that depend on them the most. The winter of 2011-2012 produced extreme drought on the leeward sides of Moloka'i, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii.


title: Maui

text: The blend of warm tropical sunshine, varying humidity, ocean breezes and trade winds, and varying elevations create a variety of microclimates. Although the Island of Maui is small, it can feel quite different in each district resulting in a unique selection of micro-climates that are typical to each of its distinctive locations: Central Maui; leeward South Maui, and West Maui; windward North Shore and East Maui; and Upcountry Maui.


title: Maui

text: Although Maui's daytime temperatures average between and year round, evening temperatures are about cooler in the more humid windward areas, about cooler in the dryer leeward areas, and cooler yet in higher elevations.


title: Maui

text: Central Maui consists primarily of Kahului and Wailuku. Kahului is the center of the island and tends to keep steady, high temperatures throughout the year. The micro-climate in Kahului can be at times muggy, but it usually feels relatively dry and is often very breezy. The Wailuku area is set closer to the West Maui Mountain range. Here, more rainfall will be found throughout the year and higher humidity levels.


title: Maui

text: Leeward side includes South Maui (Kihei, Wailea, and Makena) and West Maui (Lahaina, Kaanapali, and Kapalua). These areas are typically drier, with higher daytime temperatures (up to ), and the least amount of rainfall. (An exception is the high-altitude, unpopulated West Maui summit, which boasts up to of rainfall per year on its north and east side.)


title: Maui

text: Windward side includes the North Shore (Paia and Haiku) and East Maui (Keanae, Hana, and Kipahulu). Located in the prevailing, northeast trade winds, these areas have heavier rainfall levels, which increase considerably at higher elevations.


title: Maui

text: Upcountry Maui (Makawao, Pukalani, and Kula) at the to levels, provides mild heat ( and low ) during the day and cool evenings. The higher the elevation, the cooler the evenings. During Maui's winter, Upper Kula can be as cold as in the early morning hours, and the Haleakala summit can dip below freezing.


title: Maui

text: An exception to the normal pattern is the occasional winter “Kona storms” which bring rainfall to the South and West areas accompanied by high southwesterly winds (opposite of the prevailing trade wind direction).


title: Maui

text: Maui is a leading whale-watching center in the Hawaiian Islands due to humpback whales wintering in the sheltered Auau Channel between the islands of Maui county. The whales migrate approximately from Alaskan waters each autumn and spend the winter months mating and birthing in the warm waters off Maui, with most leaving by the end of April. The whales are typically sighted in pods: small groups of several adults, or groups of a mother, her calf, and a few suitors. Humpbacks are an endangered species protected by U.S. federal and Hawaii state law. There are estimated to be about 22,000 humpbacks in the North Pacific. Although Maui's Humpback face many dangers, due to pollution, high-speed commercial vessels, and military sonar testing, their numbers have increased rapidly in recent years, estimated at 7% growth per year.


title: Maui

text: Maui is home to a large rainforest on the northeastern flanks of Haleakalā, which serves as the drainage basin for the rest of the island. The extremely difficult terrain has prevented the exploitation of much of the forest.


title: Maui

text: Agricultural and coastal industrial land use has hurt much of Maui's coastal regions. Many of Maui's extraordinary coral reefs have been damaged by pollution, run-off, and tourism, although finding sea turtles, dolphins, and Hawaii's celebrated tropical fish, is still common. Leeward Maui used to boast a vibrant dry 'cloud forest' as well but this was destroyed by human activities over the last three hundred years.


title: Maui

text: The birdlife of Maui lacks the high concentration of endemic birdlife found in some other Hawaiian islands. As recently as 200,000 years ago it was linked to the neighboring islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Kaho'olawe in a large island called Maui Nui, thus reducing the chance of species endemic to any single one of these. Although Molokai does have several endemic species of birds, some extinct and some not, in modern times Maui, Lanai, and Kaho'olawe have not had much endemic birdlife. In ancient times during and after the period in which Maui was part of Maui Nui, Maui boasted a species of moa-nalo (which was also found on Molokai, Lanai, and Kaho'olawe), a species of harrier (the Wood harrier, shared with Molokai), an undescribed sea eagle (Maui only), and three species of ground-dwelling flightless ibis ("Apteribis sp."), plus a host of other species. Today, the most notable non-extinct endemics of Maui are probably the 'Akohekohe ("Palmeria dolei") and the Maui parrotbill ("Pseudonestor xanthophrys"), also known as Kiwikiu, both of which are critically endangered and only found in an alpine forest on the windward slopes of Haleakala. Conservation efforts have looked at how to mitigate female parrotbill mortality since this has been identified as a key driving factor driving the decline in population. The parrotbill has a notable lack of resistance to mosquito-born diseases, so only forests above 1500 meters of elevation provide refuge for most parrotbills. The habitat is in the process of being restored on leeward east Maui as of 2018.


title: Maui

text: As Maui's population continues to grow, the previously undeveloped areas of the island that provided a refuge for the wildlife are decreasing in size as they are becoming more developed. This is proving to be a risk for the endangered species of the island. Both flora and fauna habitats need to be protected for the sake of the numerous endangered species that live there. More than 250 species of native flora are federally listed as endangered or threatened. Birds found on other islands as well as Maui include the I'iwi ("Drepanis coccinea"], 'Apapane ("Himatione sanguinea"), as well as the Nene ("Branta sandvicensis", the state bird of Hawaii), Hawaiian coot ("Fulica alai"), and a number of others. The Winter months provide a great opportunity for whale watching, as thousands of humpback whales migrate annually and pass by the island.


title: Maui

text: Polynesians from Tahiti were the original people to populate Maui. The Tahitians introduced the kapu system, a strict social order that affected all aspects of life and became the core of Hawaiʻian culture. Modern Hawaiʻian history began in the mid-18th century. Kamehameha I, king of the island of Hawaiʻi, invaded Maui in 1790 and fought the inconclusive Battle of Kepaniwai, but returned to Hawaiʻi to battle a rival, finally subduing Maui a few years later.


title: Maui

text: On November 26, 1778, explorer James Cook became the first European to see Maui. Cook never set foot on the island because he was unable to find a suitable landing. The first European to visit Maui was the French admiral Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, who landed on the shores of what is now known as La Perouse Bay on May 29, 1786. More Europeans followed: traders, whalers, loggers (e.g., of sandalwood) and missionaries. The latter began to arrive from New England in 1823, settling in Lahaina, which at that time was the capital. They clothed the natives, banned them from dancing hula, and greatly altered the culture. The missionaries taught reading and writing, created the 12-letter Hawaiian alphabet, started a printing press in Lahaina, and began writing the islands' history, which until then was transmitted orally. Ironically, the missionaries both altered and preserved the native culture. The religious work altered the culture while the literacy efforts preserved native history and language. Missionaries started the first school in Lahaina, which still exists today: Lahainaluna Mission School, which opened in 1831.