title: Maanaadu

text: The team later moved to Ramoji Film City at Hyderabad on 11 March for the film's second schedule. However, the film council in Hyderabad declined permission to shoot the film until 19 March for safety reasons due to the COVID-19 pandemic, thus the film's shooting being put on hold. Later the shooting of the film resumed at Pondicherry on 9 November 2020, with Silambarasan joining the sets post the completion of his film "Eeswaran" (2021). The schedule took place for a month and was completed within 9 December 2020. The team headed to Yercaud on 25 December 2020, to shoot major sequences without featuring Silambarasan.


title: Maanaadu

text: A huge set was erected at the EVP Film City in Chennai, resembling a political gathering, and several lead stars were part of this schedule. The set works began in mid-February 2021 and took place for more than a month. Venkat Prabhu revealed that it was a challenging one to shoot a sequence with lot of artistes involved during this pandemic situation. He further added that the team planned to shoot this sequence in a quick time, citing the rise of COVID-19 infections in Chennai following the hot weather in the city. The shooting of the schedule was wrapped up on 5 April 2021, and then planned for another sequence to be filmed in Maldives airport, but was delayed further since the government had imposed ban on passengers from India arriving in the country due to surge in COVID-19 cases. After the statewide lockdown due to second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, the team later shifted to Hosur Aerodrome on 6 July 2021 for the final schedule and filming was completed on 9 July 2021. The production team eventually planned to shoot the entire film in 85 days, but filming was completed within 68 days.


title: Maanaadu

text: The post-production began in July 2021, soon after the completion of the film. In September 2021, according to a report, the film "is shot in several locations, with a huge political gathering scene in the film, it requires almost 900 computer graphic shots". Silambarasan started dubbing for the film in May 2021, earlier before the post-production works, with the dubbing took place in his home studio. In mid-October 2021, Premgi Amaren completed dubbing for his portions for the film. The following day, S. J. Suryah started dubbing for his portions in the film and completed within five days. However, it was reported that Silambarasan refused to dub for the portions in the film, citing pending renumeration. Suresh Kamatchi, assured Silambarasan to pay him as the remainder, which convinced the actor, and had completed dubbing for the remaining portions of his film, within a day. Yuvan started re-recording for the film's music and score in August 2021, which was completed within early-October 2021. The final copy of the film was submitted to the Central Board of Film Certification and was received U/A certificate (in concern of few action sequences) with a runtime of 147 minutes.


title: Maanaadu

text: Following the official teaser, which released on Silambarasan's birthday (3 February 2021), netizens and fans of the actor claimed uncanny comparisons have been made to that of the American film "Tenet" (2020), directed by Christopher Nolan, as the frames from the teaser had made the use of reverse editing, as it deals with reverse-time formula. However, Venkat Prabhu refused such claims saying that it has no connection to that film. In the trailer, it was revealed that the film is based on a time loop concept (a common trope used in science-fiction films), where two characters were forced to repeat the same day after an unfortunate incident. It is the second Indian film to deal with the concept of time loops after "Jango", released earlier the same year. Prabhu acknowledged "Groundhog Day" (1993) and "Vantage Point" (2008) as influences on "Maanaadu".


title: Maanaadu

text: Apart from time-loop, the film explores the concept of on Islamophobia, the demolition of the Babri Masjid, and how Muslims are being alienated. It was reported to normalise Muslim identity and mount opposition to anti-Muslim rhetoric and prejudice. Silambarasan said in February 2021, saying that "I have faith in God but not any particular religion. Generally, there is a misconception about Muslims in society and I wanted to do something to change it. "Maanaadu" will clear the misconception about the religion and its followers."


title: Maanaadu

text: The film's soundtrack is composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, after regularly collaborating with Venkat Prabhu and Silambarasan. The soundtrack album consists of seven tracks — only two songs, titled "Meherezylaa" and "Voice of Unity" (the latter was used as a promotional song and not featured in the film), and few instrumentals used in the background score were released along with the album. The track "Meherezylaa" was released on the occasion of World Music Day (21 June 2021), with the entire cast and crew being present at the Twitter Spaces to launch the track from the album. The promotional song "Voice of Unity" was released at an event held in Chennai. The soundtrack album was released by U1 Records on 7 November 2021, to positive response.


title: Maanaadu

text: "Maanadu" was earlier scheduled for a theatrical release on 14 May 2021 (Eid-al-Fitr) but due to the extensive post-production activities the film's released was postponed to August 2021, which was further delayed due to the COVID-19 restrictions. On 11 September 2021, it was announced that the film would be released in five Indian languages on 4 November 2021, during Diwali. Suresh Kamatchi said that the extensive visual effects work delayed the post-production process, thereby resulting in the film being scheduled for release on that date.


title: Maanaadu

text: However, on 18 October 2021, he announced that the film will be postponed to 25 November 2021, in order to ensure a wider release and large number of screens being provided for the film, thereby avoiding clash with Rajinikanth-starrer "Annaatthe" (2021), which also scheduled for release on the same day. The decision was made to avoid losses for the stake holders involved, according to the producer Suresh Kamatchi. Furthermore, the issues revolving over the film's copyrights and Silambarasan's refusal to dub for the film, citing his pending renumeration, were the reasons for the delay.


title: Maanaadu

text: The Tamil Nadu theatrical rights were acquired by Subbiah Shanmugham of SSI Productions. Seyons International acquired the rights for distributing the film in countries such as United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Europe, Australia and Africa. Scandinavian Tamil Media Group AS acquired the rights for distributing the film in countries such as Norway, Sweden and Denmark. DMY Productions and BMN acquired the theatrical marketing rights in Malaysia and Sri Lanka regions. United India Exports purchased the distribution rights in Singapore and Gulf regions respectively.


title: Maanaadu

text: Allu Aravind's Geetha Arts had acquired the rights of the film to be presented in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana regions, which was called off in favour of a Telugu remake. In mid-November, it was reported Great India Films will distribute the film in the United States. The theatrical rights in Kerala, were purchased by Mukesh R. Mehta of E4 Entertainment. AV Media Consultancy purchased the Karnataka theatrical rights, while UFO Moviez acquired the distribution rights in North India.


title: Maanaadu

text: The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were bought by SonyLIV, and it was premiered through the streaming service on 24 December 2021, four weeks after the film's theatrical premiere. Initially, Kalaignar TV was reported to acquire the satellite rights, but it was later sold to Star Vijay.


title: Maanaadu

text: T. Rajendar and Usha Rajendar, Silambarasan's parents, filed a police complaint against the Tamil Film Producers Council for the film's postponement, over the issues revolving "Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan" (2017). It has been reported that one of the members from the council demanded Silambarasan to compensate the losses incurred by the film's producer Michael Rayappan after its failure, and they even tried to send death threats to the actor, if he releases the film without refunding the dues. They also warned that they might stage protests outside the office of Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. K. Stalin, if the perpetuators stop the film's release.


title: Maanaadu

text: At the pre-release event held in November 2021, Silambarasan gave an emotional speech referring to his controversies concerning both his personal and professional life, as many producers in the past few months, have filed complaints against the actor at the South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce over multiple issues. In the event, he said that "I've faced a lot of problems in the past few months. But, I will take care of them. You guys [fans] should take care of me."


title: Maanaadu

text: On 24 November 2021, a day before the film's scheduled release, Suresh Kamatchi announced that the film had been postponed due to reasons involving financial settlements within the distributors and film financier Uttam Chand. It received a shocking response from the actor's fans and trade industry sources, as the film had a tremendous response at the pre-sale bookings in advance, and analysts believed that the film will be the "biggest opener for Simbu at the box office". The night of the same day, DMK MLA Udhayanidhi Stalin, had arranged a meeting with the producers and financiers to clear the dues, which was eventually solved quick and the film was released as scheduled. Despite financial settlements being done, the film's early morning shows, scheduled for 5:00 A.M. were cancelled as the Key Delivery Message (KDM) did not arrive in time, as planned and the first show began at 8:30 A.M.


title: Maanaadu

text: In December 2021, T. Rajendar filed a case regarding the price negotiations of satellite rights, where he had claimed the ownership for the same name. In his complaint, it has been stated that he was involved in sorting out the release issues of the film and had apparently signed a guarantee letter to take responsibility for the amount that needed to be paid to Uttam Chand. Both the parties have agreed upon Rajendar taking responsibilities for the remainder to be paid after negotiating deals for satellite and digital streaming rights. But the deal was negotiated without his consent, where he was not present during the price negotiation. In response, the Tamil Film Active Producers Council, headed by director Bharathiraja condemned Rajendar's actions for claiming the film's satellite rights as a very false precedent and said that how a guarantor apply for a license for the property whether it is fair for a reputable artist in the film industry". He strongly claimed that no one is in charge of a traditional business organization.


title: Maanaadu

text: The Bharatiya Janata Party's minority wing opposed the film claiming that it portrays Muslims in bad light and asked the Chief Minister to ban it. The affair ended with BJP's Tamil Nadu state president Annamalai K restraining BJP cadres and members from making further claims (or) criticism of the film, calling it a harmless entertainment film made with good intentions and sealed the issue.


title: Maanaadu

text: On the opening day of its release, the film crossed in Tamil Nadu. In the Chennai city box-office, the film collected . The film earned US$100,000 ( lakh) from preview shows in United States held on 24 November, a day before the film's release in India. At the second day, the film earned around in Tamil Nadu. In the third and fourth day, the film made and in Tamil Nadu, respectively, thereby making the first weekend collection to be around . The film was considered to become a profitable venture, as it achieved break-even within four days of its release. At the end of the first week, the film earned . Within 25 days of its release (19 December 2021), the film had grossed over , becoming the second Silambarasan film to enter the 100-crore club. The film is the third highest-grossing Tamil film of 2021, behind "Master" and "Annaatthe".


title: Maanaadu

text: The film received positive reviews from critics and audience. M. Suganth of "The Times of India" gave a rating of 4 out on 5 and wrote "Venkat Prabhu superbly Indian-ises the time loop concept and delivers an edge-of-the-seat masala movie. After the set-up, the film moves at a breakneck pace, hardly letting go of either momentum and drama." Srivatsan S. of "The Hindu" stated that, "[Venkat Prabhu] takes a mainstream Hollywood trope and converts it into a "masala" film, thereby making the final product look refined [...] Part of the reason why "Maanaadu" is thrilling is because, in essence, it is good "masala" that hides behind the facade of time-loop". Sudhir Srinivasan of "Cinema Express" rated the same and said ""Maanaadu" has two stars—TR Silambarasan and SJ Suryah—and no duets, love stories, punch dialogues, or why, even fight sequences that threaten your suspension of disbelief. Venkat Prabhu reposes his faith squarely in the joys emergent from the time-loop idea and brings out an ace each time. Every time Khaaliq dies and gets reborn, the story explores a new idea. And yet, Venkat Prabhu manages to tie all these iterations and their events into a clever mystery that must be solved by Khaaliq, one step at a time." Ranjani Krishnakumar of "Film Companion" wrote, "Maanaadu is entertaining not because the two leads are smart, but because they are ridiculously ordinary [...] "Maanaadu" is not the best sci-fi film you’ll ever see. In fact, it’s hardly the genre film. It’s a mainstream film that uses a sci-fi trope for its convenience."


title: Maanaadu

text: Haricharan Pudipeddi of "Hindustan Times" praised the film, saying that "Maanaadu highly enjoyable is that each iteration of the same scene is presented in a way that it isn't boring and there's something new to offer to the viewers each time. Another interesting perspective is that the time loop is told from the hero's point of view in the first half and from the villain's standpoint post interval. SJ Suryah as the antagonist is unbelievably good. Very few actors can so effectively make even over-the-top performances stand out, and Suryah is brilliant throughout the movie. The scenes in which he's trying to understand why he's stuck in a time loop while trying to get a grip over reality leaves the audiences in splits." Manoj Kumar of "The Indian Express" gave a rating of 3.5 out on 5 and wrote, "Director Venkat Prabhu has several catchy ideas and has engagingly strung them together. The endless loop and the seemingly endless efforts of the protagonists to get out of the time trap has an innate novelty to it. You respond to such movies like many characters in these films as if you are watching such a concept for the first time. We don't get bothered by the last film with the same theme as long as the current movie is enjoyable." Vivek of "Deccan Herald" rated the film with 3.5 out of 5 stars, stating that ""Maanaadu" doesn't begin extraordinarily but once it gets into its groove, it doesn't have dull moments. Full marks to Venkat for cleverly using a complicated concept in a 'masala film' template and emerging a winner." Sowmya Rajendran, chief editor of "The News Minute" gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The film's willingness to respect the audience's intelligence is charming".


title: Maanaadu

text: "Behindwoods" gave the film positive review 3/5, writing "Overall "Maanaadu" is a well made political film that wants you to take its politics seriously, while justifying the humour and science fiction tag." "Sify" gave a rating of 3.5 out on 5 and wrote, "Maanaadu has a few minor flaws, but the film is engaging and entertaining with a high concept core theme" with the final verdict as "A time loop film for the masses." Bharat Kumar of "News Today" called the film, "Touted as a political thriller, the movie has enough elements to engage the audience. With Silambarasan back in the scheme of things and a strong antagonist in SJ Suryah, Venkat Prabhu has won the battle before it begins." Sujatha Narayanan of "The Quint" wrote ""Maanaadu" is that film for Venkat Prabhu where the film’s potential for a super-hit was written large in the first look poster itself [...] The ingenuity of the writing and direction lies in making a Nolan-esque film accessible to the common man."


title: Maanaadu

text: A review from "ABP News" called the film a decent entertainer narrated with great skill. Akshay Kumar of "DT Next" gave a rating of 3.5 out on 5 and wrote, "The film is not without flaws, the reason why Silambarasan is stuck in a time-loop could have been better and why SJ Suriya is stuck along with Simbu in the loop is not clear. With the fast-paced screenplay you will forgive and forget the logic loopholes and enjoy the film which is the actor's best since "Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa" (2010) and Venkat Prabhu's best since "Mankatha" (2011)." Ashwin Ram of "Moviecrow" rated the film with 3.5/5 stars, praising the director "Trendy director Venkat Prabhu proves his mettle again by coming up with an experimental high concept entertainer that's delivered in a simplified manner. A smartly packaged commercial crowd-pleaser, sets fireworks on-screen and takes us back to the crazy Diwali mood."


title: Maanaadu

text: "Maanaadu" received unanimous praise from celebrities, with Rajinikanth appreciating Venkat Prabhu for the unique concept and making. Later, Sivakarthikeyan appreciated the team and also congratulated Prabhu for his "neat execution" in the film. Director S. Shankar took to Twitter to appreciate the film and Prabhu for the concept, he further heaped praise on the technical departments as "everyone was at their best", calling the film as "an entertaining and new experience for Tamil cinema". Praveen Sudevan, writing for "The Hindu", compared the similarites for "Maanaadu" with that of "Master" and "Doctor", as both the films have "solid antagonists", noting that S. J. Suryah's character Dhanushkodi, a ruthless cop "outwits the protagonist for most of the film" and added that "his performance equally contributed to the film’s success as Silambarasan's". He further heaped praise on Prabhu for "putting the hero and the villain on a level playing field". "Maanaadu" was further listed as one of the best Tamil films of 2021, by news articles, which include: "Firstpost" (Ashameera Aiyappan), "The Indian Express" (Manoj Kumar R.), "The News Minute" (Sowmya Rajendran) and "Hindustan Times" (Haricharan Pudipeddi).


title: Maanaadu

text: Following the success of the film, in December 2021, Venkat Prabhu confirmed a sequel to the film with Silambarasan and S.J. Suryah returning. Prabhu added that the basic plot revolves around Khaliq going back to the loop resulting in Dhanushkodi returning to life.


title: Maanaadu

text: In January 2022, Suresh Productions acquired the film's remake rights in all other Indian languages as well as the dubbing rights of the film in Telugu version for . In March, Venkat Prabhu said he planned to direct both the Hindi and Telugu remakes simultaneously with different star casts.


title: Kemba Walker

text: Kemba Hudley Walker (born May 8, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Walker was picked ninth overall by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 NBA draft. After graduating from Rice High School in 2008, he played college basketball for the Connecticut Huskies. In their 2010–11 season, Walker was the nation's second-leading scorer and was named consensus first-team All-American; he also led the Huskies to the 2011 NCAA championship and claimed the tournament's Most Outstanding Player award. Walker is a four-time NBA All-Star.


title: Kemba Walker

text: Walker attended Rice High School in Harlem, New York City. During his junior year, Walker played once at Madison Square Garden against Simeon Career Academy and senior guard Derrick Rose in a 53–51 victory. Over his senior year, he posted 18.2 points and 5.3 assists per game, earning him a spot on the prestigious McDonald's All-American Team. He was able to play in the elite New York City Gauchos, the premier AAU basketball program for youth, and was joined by fellow Big East Conference talents-to-be Jordan Theodore, Darryl Bryant, Devin Hill, and Danny Jennings. Walker's team finished No. 1 in the nation.


title: Kemba Walker

text: Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Walker was listed as the No. 5 point guard and the No. 14 player in the nation in 2008.


title: Kemba Walker

text: During his freshman year at the University of Connecticut, Walker played in every contest and was named to the Big East All-Rookie Team. He helped the Huskies achieve a number one seed in the 2009 NCAA tournament. Despite starting in only two games, he averaged 25.5 minutes per contest, easily far more than any regular non-starter. He also helped the Huskies advance to the 2009 Final Four with a 23-point effort in the Elite Eight versus Missouri.


title: Kemba Walker

text: During the Huskies' 2009–2010 season, Walker started in all 34 of their games and contributed an average of 14.6 points. He also led the team in scoring for the eighth time in the last nine games of the season, with 18 points at Virginia Tech. Walker was named by the U.S. Basketball Writers Association (USBWA) to the First Team All-District. Connecticut clinched a 4-seed in the NCAA's 2010 National Invitation Tournament only to fall short to Virginia Tech and finish the relatively disappointing season going 18–16 (7–11) in conference play.


title: Kemba Walker

text: Walker rose to national prominence in his third year at Connecticut. This was because, twelve games into his junior campaign, he distinguished himself as the leading scorer in the nation, posting 26.7 points per contest; in addition, Walker averaged 5 rebounds and 3.8 assists. It was then that he appeared on one of the six regional covers of "Sports Illustrated" magazine.


title: Kemba Walker

text: In the 2011 Big East tournament, Walker hit the game-clinching shot at the buzzer to beat the Pittsburgh Panthers, ranked No. 3 overall, thereby advancing the Huskies to the semifinals. Walker led UConn to victory in the ensuing Big East Championship against the Louisville Cardinals and earned tournament MVP honors in the process. Over five games in as many days, Walker tallied an unprecedented 130 points, a record of points scored for not only the Big East but for any conference tournament in the past 15 seasons. UConn thus became the first school to win five games in five days and earn a conference championship.


title: Kemba Walker

text: On March 14, 2011, the U.S. Basketball Writers Association named Walker First Team All-American with only Fox Sports picking him to the Second Team. His heroic performance in the 2010–11 season also made him a finalist for the Association's college player of the year honors, the Oscar Robertson Trophy. Despite finishing second to Jimmer Fredette for this award, at least several journalists held that it was rather Walker who deserved the distinction of best player that year. Among other accolades bestowed on him, Walker claimed the Bob Cousy Award for college basketball's top point guard in the nation. On April 4, 2011, Walker, with 16 points himself, rallied and led the University of Connecticut to win the Division I Championship, while he won the honor of NCAA basketball tournament Most Outstanding Player. Upon the team's return from Houston, at a pep rally to celebrate the National Title, Walker was added to the Huskies of Honor. He became the first men's basketball player to receive the distinction since the inaugural class was announced in December 2006.


title: Kemba Walker

text: Walker graduated from UConn in three years. Accordingly, he entered the 2011 NBA draft and was selected ninth overall by the Charlotte Bobcats. Walker signed a multi-year shoe deal with Under Armour, the first rookie from the 2011 draft class to do so.


title: Kemba Walker

text: On December 11, 2011, he signed the rookie scale contract with the Bobcats, and with the injury of point guard D. J. Augustin, he became their starting point guard for the lockout-shortened season. On January 28, 2012, in a home game against the Washington Wizards, he achieved his first triple-double with 20 points, 11 assists, and 10 rebounds, joining Boris Diaw and Stephen Jackson as the only Bobcats in team history to record one. Walker participated in the 2012 Rising Stars Challenge during All-Star Weekend.


title: Kemba Walker

text: On November 14, 2012, Walker hit the first game-winner of his NBA career against the Minnesota Timberwolves. He finished the game with 22 points on 9-of-19 shooting, as well as 5 rebounds, 4 assists and 4 steals. On January 21, 2013, he scored a then career-high 35 points against the Houston Rockets. During the 2012–13 season, Walker was selected with teammate Michael Kidd-Gilchrist to the 2013 Rising Stars Challenge in which they both scored 8 points.


title: Kemba Walker

text: Kemba finished the 2012–13 season with averages of 16.7 points, 5.8 assists, 3.5 rebounds, and 1 steal per contest. He took significant strides over his rookie year.


title: Kemba Walker

text: On December 18, 2013, Walker hit a buzzer-beating jump shot over Jonas Valančiūnas in overtime to beat the Toronto Raptors. He finished the night with 26 points and 5 rebounds on 10/18 shooting from the field. On February 19, 2014, Walker recorded 23 points, 5 rebounds and a career-high 16 assists in a 116–98 win over the Detroit Pistons. Five days later, he was awarded the Eastern Conference Player of the Week, having averaged 22.5 points, 8.8 assists, and 5.5 rebounds in the span of seven days. In a home victory over the Orlando Magic on April 4, 2014, Walker recorded his second career triple-double with 13 points, 10 assists, and 10 rebounds.


title: Kemba Walker

text: Playing against the Miami Heat in the first round of the Eastern Conference Playoffs and with teammate Al Jefferson unable to play due to a Plantar fasciitis injury, Walker had an exceptional game four: he finished the game with a playoff franchise-high 29 points, along with 5 assists, 5 rebounds, 3 blocks, and 2 steals. The effort came in a loss as the Heat completed a four-game sweep of the Bobcats.


title: Kemba Walker

text: In the newly renamed Charlotte Hornets' opening game against the Milwaukee Bucks on October 29, Walker led an impressive comeback in an overtime 108–106 victory. The Hornets had been 24 points down by the fourth quarter when they staged a comeback; Walker scored a three-pointer with 1.6 seconds left to force overtime and later hit the shot that clinched the game as well. He finished with 26 points, 5 assists, and 6 rebounds. The following day, he signed a four-year, $48 million contract extension with the Hornets. On December 5, 2014, Walker hit his second game-winner of the season in a 103–102 win over the New York Knicks. On December 27, in a 94–102 loss to the Orlando Magic, he scored a then career-high 42 points and set a Charlotte Hornets franchise record for most points scored in a half with his 35 points that he posted in the second. On January 3, against the Orlando Magic, Walker scored 30 points to pass Kendall Gill for 10th place on the Charlotte Hornets all-time scoring list with 4,160 points. In three back-to-back games played between the January 3 and 7, Walker scored 30, 33, and 31 points in victories over the Orlando Magic, the Boston Celtics, and the New Orleans Pelicans respectively; he thereby joined Larry Johnson, Glen Rice, and Kelly Tripucka as one of four players in Charlotte Hornets' franchise history to have three or more consecutive games of scoring 30-plus points. Walker also hit his fifth game-winner of his career and his third of the season on January 7 in the 98–94 victory over the Pelicans. On January 12, he was named the Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, January 5, through Sunday, January 11. Over the week, he led the Hornets to a 4–0 record and averaged 30.3 points, 5.8 rebounds, and 4.5 assists in 36.2 minutes, while shooting .500 from the field (44–88), .364 from beyond the three-point line (8–22) and .893 from the free-throw line (25–28).


title: Kemba Walker

text: On January 28, 2015, Walker was ruled out for six weeks after he underwent successful surgery to repair a torn lateral meniscus in his left knee. He returned to action on March 11, after missing 18 games, to score six points in 16 minutes off the bench as the Hornets lost to the Sacramento Kings 106–113.


title: Kemba Walker

text: On November 23, 2015, Walker scored a then season-high 39 points in a 127–122 overtime win over the Sacramento Kings. On January 18, 2016, Walker set a career-high and a franchise-record with 52 points in a 124–119 double overtime win over the Utah Jazz. He made 16-of-34 from the field, including 6-of-11 three-pointers, and was 14-of-15 from the free throw line, breaking the team mark of 48 points set by Glen Rice in March 1997. On March 9, in a win over the New Orleans Pelicans, Walker became just the third Hornets player to make 500 career three-pointers, joining Dell Curry (929) and Glen Rice (508). Five days later, he earned his fourth career Player of the Week award, and second of the 2015–16 season (first coming on January 25), becoming just the sixth Charlotte player to win the award multiple times in the same season. The Hornets finished the regular season as the sixth seed in the Eastern Conference with a 48–34 record. In the first round of the playoffs, the Hornets faced the third-seeded Miami Heat, and in a Game 4 win on April 25, Walker scored a playoff career-high 34 points, helping the Hornets tie the series at 2–2. He topped that mark in Game 6 of the series, scoring 37 points in a 97–90 loss, as the Heat tied the series at 3–3. The Hornets went on to lose Game 7, bowing out of the playoffs with a 4–3 defeat.


title: Kemba Walker

text: On November 4, 2016, Walker scored a season-high 30 points in a 99–95 win over the Brooklyn Nets, helping Charlotte improve to 4–1 for the first time since 2000. He topped that mark on November 11, recording 40 points, 10 rebounds and six assists in a 113–111 loss to the Toronto Raptors. On December 29, with 22 points against the Miami Heat, Walker recorded his 7,000th point with the Charlotte franchise when he hit a three-pointer with 4:16 left in the first quarter. He became the fourth player in franchise history to reach that mark, and became the second-quickest by doing so in his 396th game—Larry Johnson passed the mark in his 355th career game with the Hornets. On January 2, 2017, Walker recorded 34 points and a season-high 11 rebounds in a 118–111 loss to the Chicago Bulls. On January 26, he was named an Eastern Conference All-Star reserve for the 2017 NBA All-Star Game. Two days later, in a loss to the Sacramento Kings, Walker moved into third place in franchise history in field goals made (2,586), passing Gerald Wallace. On January 31, he scored 22 points against the Portland Trail Blazers and moved into third place on the team's career scoring list. On March 6, he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, February 27 through Sunday, March 5. On March 31, 2017, he scored a game-high 31 points in a 122–114 win over the Denver Nuggets. During the game, Walker became the second player in team history to reach 8,000 career points—the only other player to reach that mark is Dell Curry (9,839).


title: Kemba Walker

text: On December 4, Walker scored 29 points and made all 14 free throw attempts (tying a career-high) in a 104–94 win over the Orlando Magic, becoming the first player in franchise history with 200 career 20-point games. On January 10, 2018, he had 41 points on 16-of-28 shooting in a 115–111 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. On January 15, he scored 20 points in a 118–107 win over the Detroit Pistons, thus reaching 9,000 career points. On January 24, in a 101–96 loss to the New Orleans Pelicans, Walker became only the second Hornets' player with 900 career 3-pointers, joining Dell Curry (929). On January 31, he set franchise and career-highs with nine 3-pointers and scored 38 points in a 123–110 win over the Atlanta Hawks. On February 4, in a 115–110 win over the Phoenix Suns, Walker scored 18 points and broke the franchise career record for 3-pointers with 930, surpassing the record of 929 held by Dell Curry. On February 8, Walker was named as the replacement for the injured Kristaps Porziņģis in the 2018 NBA All-Star Game, marking his second consecutive All-Star selection. On March 22, Walker scored 46 points with 10 3-pointers in a 140–79 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. It was his ninth 40-point game of his career and third-highest scoring game of his career, as he helped the Hornets record the sixth-largest win in NBA history. On March 28, he scored 21 points in a 118–105 loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers, surpassing Dell Curry (9,839 points) to become the franchise's career scoring leader. Walker also established a new team record with his 44th consecutive made free throw. That free throw also brought his career total to 1,999, which broke Gerald Wallace's franchise record of 1,998.


title: Kemba Walker

text: On October 17, 2018, Walker scored 41 points in a 113–112 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks, setting a franchise record for points scored in a season opener. It was his 10th 40-point game of his career, tying Glen Rice for the franchise record for 40-point games. Three days later, he scored 39 points, including the game-winning free throw with a half-second left, to lift the Hornets to a 113–112 win over the Miami Heat. During the game, he eclipsed the career 10,000-point mark. Walker set the NBA record for most three-point field goals through the first three games of a season with 19 (previously held by Danilo Gallinari with 18 in 2009–10) and became the first player in NBA history to make five or more three-point field goals in each of the first three games of a season. He was subsequently named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the first week of the season. On November 17, he scored a career-high and franchise-best 60 points in a 122–119 overtime loss to the Philadelphia 76ers. On December 5 against the Minnesota Timberwolves, Walker made his 502nd career start for Charlotte, the most of any player in team history, passing Muggsy Bogues (501).


title: Kemba Walker

text: On January 24, Walker was named a starter for the Eastern Conference in the 2019 NBA All-Star Game, joining Glen Rice as the only players to represent Charlotte in three All-Star Games. Walker also became the third Hornets player to start an All-Star Game, along with Larry Johnson (1993) and Eddie Jones (2000). On February 6, he had 30 points and a season-high 11 rebounds in a 99–93 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. On February 9, he hit a season-high nine 3-pointers and scored 37 points in a 129–120 win over the Atlanta Hawks. With 32 points, seven assists and three rebounds against the New Orleans Pelicans on April 3, Walker recorded his 26th 30-point game of the season, passing Glen Rice for the franchise record for 30-point games in a season. He also set the franchise record for 3-pointers made in a season when he made his 244th 3-pointer against New Orleans. On April 5, he scored 29 points in a 113–111 win over the Toronto Raptors, thus joining Glen Rice as the only players in franchise history to score 2,000 points in a season—Rice scored 2,115 points in the 1996–97 season. With his 250th made 3-pointer on April 7 against the Detroit Pistons, Walker became only the ninth different player in NBA history to connect on 250+ 3-pointers in a season. He was subsequently named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played April 1–7, marking his seventh career player of the week award. Following the season, he was named to the All-NBA Third Team, his first all-league selection.


title: Kemba Walker

text: Coming off a frustrating 2018–19 season, the Boston Celtics would go on to lose franchise centerpieces Kyrie Irving and Al Horford to free agency, opening the door to start a new chapter with a new max-salary player. After Walker and the Celtics showed mutual interest at the start of free agency, he officially joined the franchise on July 6, 2019, through a sign and trade deal with Charlotte worth $141 million over four years. Walker chose to wear number 8 with the Celtics as his usual number 15 had been retired by the Celtics in honor of Tom Heinsohn.


title: Kemba Walker

text: Walker made his Celtics debut on October 23, 2019, against the Philadelphia 76ers; he put up 12 points on 18 shot attempts from the field in 34 minutes of play during the 107–93 loss. On November 27, Walker scored a then season-high 39 points in a 121–110 win over the Brooklyn Nets. That season-high would be eclipsed on December 11, when Walker scored 44 points in 122–117 loss to the Indiana Pacers. On January 16, 2020, Walker would post a 40-point, 11 assist double-double in a 128–123 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks.


title: Kemba Walker

text: On January 20, Walker recorded his first head-to-head win against LeBron James, after having begun his career 0–28 against him. Posting 20 points, seven assists, four rebounds, and a steal, he helped the Celtics come away with a 139–107 blowout victory over longtime rivals the Lakers. Three days later, Walker was named to his fourth consecutive All-Star Game, being selected as an Eastern Conference starter.


title: Kemba Walker

text: The 2019–2020 season was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After the season resumed, Walker helped the Celtics reach the Eastern Conference Finals, where the team was defeated by the Miami Heat. Walker missed several games during the season due to knee soreness.


title: Kemba Walker

text: In December 2020, the Celtics confirmed that Walker had received a stem cell injection in his left knee in October and had been placed on 12 week strengthening program, sidelining him for the start of the 2020–21 NBA season. Walker made his season debut on January 17, 2021.


title: Kemba Walker

text: In the 2021 playoffs, Walker missed games four and five of Boston's first-round playoff series against the Brooklyn Nets due to a bone bruise in his left knee. The Celtics lost the series in five games.


title: Kemba Walker

text: On June 18, 2021, Walker was traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder, along with a 2021 first-round draft pick (16th selection), and a 2025 second round draft pick from the Boston Celtics in exchange for Al Horford, Moses Brown, and a 2023 second-round draft pick. Walker reached a contract buyout agreement with the Thunder on August 6, 2021.


title: Kemba Walker

text: On August 11, he signed with the New York Knicks. On October 20, Walker made his Knicks debut, recording 10 points and eight assists in a 138–134 double overtime victory over the Boston Celtics. On November 29, 2021, Walker was removed from the Knicks' rotation in favor of Alec Burks. He sat for 10 games before re-entering the rotation on December 18 after guard Derrick Rose was injured. On December 25, in the Knicks' 101–87 win against the Atlanta Hawks, Walker recorded a triple-double with 10 points, 10 rebounds and 12 assists and became the seventh player in NBA history to record a triple-double in NBA's Christmas game.


title: Kemba Walker

text: Walker missed games in January 2022 due to knee problems. In February 2022, the Knicks and Walker reached an agreement that he would be sidelined for the remainder of the season.


title: Kemba Walker

text: On July 6, 2022, Walker and the draft rights to Jalen Duren were traded to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for a future first-round selection. On October 17, Walker was waived by the Pistons.


title: Kemba Walker

text: On November 28, 2022, Walker signed with the Dallas Mavericks, on a one-year, non-guaranteed deal. On December 17, Walker put up 32 points, five rebounds, and seven assists in a 100–99 overtime loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers.


title: Kemba Walker

text: Walker is the son of Paul and Andrea Walker. His parents met in his father's native Antigua, while his mother is originally from St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands and was raised in the Bronx. He has two brothers, Akil and Keya, and two sisters named Sharifa and Kayla.


title: Kemba Walker

text: Walker is also a dancer. He performed three times at the Apollo Theater for the TV show "Showtime at the Apollo".


title: Kemba Walker

text: On June 21, 2011, Walker released a mixtape in collaboration with DJ Skee and Skee Sports. The mixtape features songs inspired by and inspiring to Walker.


title: Kemba Walker

text: In 2011, Walker signed a multi-year sponsorship deal with Under Armour. In 2015, Walker's contract with Under Armour expired. He subsequently signed with Jordan Brand, a subsidiary of Nike.


title: Paresthesia

text: Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation of the skin (tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, numbness) with no apparent physical cause. Paresthesia may be transient or chronic, and may have any of dozens of possible underlying causes. Paresthesias are usually painless and can occur anywhere on the body, but most commonly occur in the arms and legs.


title: Paresthesia

text: The most familiar kind of paresthesia is the sensation known as "pins and needles" after having a limb "fall asleep". A less well-known and uncommon paresthesia is formication, the sensation of insects crawling on the skin.


title: Paresthesia

text: Paresthesias of the hands, feet, legs, and arms are common transient symptoms. The briefest electric shock type of paresthesia can be caused by tweaking the ulnar nerve near the elbow; this phenomenon is colloquially known as bumping one's "funny bone". Similar brief shocks can be experienced when any other nerve is tweaked (e.g. a pinched neck nerve may cause a brief shock-like paresthesia toward the scalp). In the older age group, spinal column irregularities may tweak the spinal cord briefly when the head or back is turned, flexed, or extended into brief uncommon positions (Lhermitte's sign).


title: Paresthesia

text: The most common everyday cause is temporary restriction of nerve impulses to an area of nerves, commonly caused by leaning or resting on parts of the body such as the legs (often followed by a pins and needles tingling sensation). Other causes include conditions such as hyperventilation syndrome and panic attacks. A cold sore outside the mouth (not a canker sore inside the mouth) can be preceded by tingling due to activity of the causative herpes simplex virus. The varicella zoster virus (shingles) also notably may cause recurring pain and tingling in skin or tissue along the distribution path of that nerve (most commonly in the skin, along a dermatome pattern, but sometimes feeling like a headache, chest or abdominal pain, or pelvic pain).


title: Paresthesia

text: Other common examples occur when sustained pressure has been applied over a nerve, inhibiting or stimulating its function. Removing the pressure typically results in gradual relief of these paresthesias. Most pressure-induced paraesthesia results from awkward posture, such as engaging in cross-legged sitting for prolonged periods of time.


title: Paresthesia

text: Reactive hyperaemia, which occurs when blood flow is restored after a period of ischemia, may be accompanied by paresthesia, e.g. when patients with Raynaud's disease rewarm after a cold episode.


title: Paresthesia

text: Cases of paresthesia have also been reported at varying frequencies following anthrax, flu, HPV and COVID-19 vaccine intake.


title: Paresthesia

text: Chronic paresthesia (Berger's paresthesia, Sinagesia, or Bernhardt paresthesia) indicates either a problem with the functioning of neurons, or poor circulation.


title: Paresthesia

text: In older individuals, paresthesia is often the result of poor circulation in the limbs (such as in peripheral vascular disease), most often caused by atherosclerosis, the build-up of plaque within artery walls over decades, with eventual plaque ruptures, internal clots over the ruptures, and subsequent clot healing, but leaving behind narrowing or closure of the artery openings, locally and/or in downstream smaller branches. Without a proper supply of blood and nutrients, nerve cells can no longer adequately send signals to the brain. Because of this, paresthesia can also be a symptom of vitamin deficiency or other malnutrition, as well as metabolic disorders like diabetes, hypothyroidism, or hypoparathyroidism. It can also be a symptom of mercury poisoning.


title: Paresthesia

text: Irritation to the nerve can also come from inflammation to the tissue. Joint conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and carpal tunnel syndrome are common sources of paresthesia. Nerves below the head may be compressed where chronic neck and spine problems exist, and can be caused by, among other things, muscle cramps that may be a result of clinical anxiety or excessive mental stress, bone disease, poor posture, unsafe heavy lifting practices, or physical trauma such as whiplash. Paresthesia can also be caused simply by putting pressure on a nerve by applying weight (or pressure) to the limb for extended periods of time.


title: Paresthesia

text: Another cause of paresthesia may be direct damage to the nerves themselves, i.e., neuropathy, which itself can stem from injury, such as from frostbite; infections such as Lyme disease; or may be indicative of a current neurological disorder. Neuropathy is also a side effect of some chemotherapies, such as in the case of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Benzodiazepine withdrawal may also cause paresthesia, as the drug removal leaves the GABA receptors stripped bare and possibly malformed. Chronic paresthesia can sometimes be symptomatic of serious conditions, such as a transient ischemic attack; or autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, or lupus erythematosus. The use of fluoroquinolones can also cause paresthesia. Stroke survivors and those with traumatic brain injury (TBI) may experience paresthesia from damage to the central nervous system.


title: Paresthesia

text: The varicella zoster virus disease (shingles) can attack nerves, causing numbness instead of the pain commonly associated with shingles.


title: Paresthesia

text: Acroparesthesia is severe pain in the extremities, and may be caused by Fabry disease, a type of sphingolipidosis.


title: Paresthesia

text: Dental paresthesia is loss of sensation caused by maxillary or mandibular anesthetic administration before dental treatment.


title: Paresthesia

text: Potential causes include trauma introduced to the nerve sheath during administration of the injection, hemorrhage about the sheath, more side-effect-prone types of anesthetic being used, or administration of anesthetic contaminated with alcohol or sterilizing solutions.


title: Paresthesia

text: A nerve conduction study usually provides useful information for making a diagnosis. An MRI or a CT scan is sometimes used to rule out certain causes stemming from central nervous system issues.


title: Paresthesia

text: Medications offered can include the immunosuppressant prednisone, intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG), anticonvulsants such as gabapentin or Gabitril, or antiviral medication, depending on the underlying cause.


title: Paresthesia

text: In addition to treatment of the underlying disorder, palliative care can include the use of topical numbing creams, such as lidocaine or prilocaine. Ketamine has also been successfully used, but is generally not approved by insurance. Careful consideration must be taken to apply only the necessary amount, as excess can contribute to these conditions. Otherwise, these products generally offer extremely effective, but short-lasting relief from these conditions.


title: Paresthesia

text: Paresthesia caused by stroke may receive some temporary benefit from high doses of Baclofen multiple times a day. HIV patients who self-medicate with cannabis report that it reduces their symptoms.


title: Paresthesia

text: The word "paresthesia" (; British English "paraesthesia"; plural paraesthesiae or paraesthesias) comes from the Greek "para" ("beside", "i.e.", abnormal) and "aisthesia" ("sensation").


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Dame Katherine Patricia Routledge, (; born 17 February 1929) is an English actress, singer and broadcaster. For her role as Hyacinth Bucket in the BBC sitcom "Keeping Up Appearances" (1990–1995), she was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance in 1992 and 1993. Her film appearances include "To Sir, with Love" (1967) and "Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River" (1968).


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Routledge made her professional stage debut at the Liverpool Playhouse in 1952 and her Broadway debut in "How's the World Treating You" in 1966. She won the 1968 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her role in "Darling of the Day", and the 1988 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for "Candide".


title: Patricia Routledge

text: On television, Routledge came to prominence during the 1980s in monologues written by Alan Bennett and Victoria Wood; appearing in Bennett's "A Woman of No Importance" (1982), as Kitty in "" (1985–1986), and being nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for Bennett's "Talking Heads: A Lady of Letters" (1988). She also starred as Hetty Wainthropp in the British television series "Hetty Wainthropp Investigates" (1990, 1996–1998). In 2017, she was made a dame by Queen Elizabeth II for her services to entertainment and charity.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Routledge was born on 17 February 1929 in Tranmere in Birkenhead, Cheshire. Her father was a haberdasher and gentlemen's outfitter. She was educated at Birkenhead High School, and the University of Liverpool. She gained a degree with honours in English Language and Literature. She was involved in the University's dramatic society, where she worked closely with the academic Edmund Colledge, who both directed and acted in several of the society's productions. It was Colledge who persuaded her to pursue an acting career. After graduating, she trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School and returned to Liverpool to begin her acting career at the Liverpool Playhouse.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Routledge has had a prolific career in theatre, particularly musical theatre, in the United Kingdom and the United States. Her vocal range was labelled as a mezzo-soprano and a contralto. She has been a long-standing member of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), appearing in such acclaimed productions as the 1983 "Richard III", which starred Antony Sher in the title role. Her West End credits include "Little Mary Sunshine", "Cowardy Custard", "Virtue in Danger", "Noises Off", "The Importance of Being Earnest", and "The Solid Gold Cadillac", as well as a number of less successful vehicles. She was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her work in "And a Nightingale Sang" in 1979. A classically trained singer, she has occasionally made forays into operetta including taking the title role in an acclaimed production of Jacques Offenbach's "La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein" at the 1978 Camden Festival; "As the Grand Duchess she invested every phrase, spoken or sung [...] with wit and meaning, and coloured her tone to express a wide variety of emotions. Never did she resort to the hoydenish behaviour that this role – in British productions at least – seems to invite."


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Routledge made her Broadway debut in Roger Milner's outrageous comedy "How's the World Treating You?" in 1966, returning in the short-lived 1968 musical "Darling of the Day", for which she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical, sharing the honour with Leslie Uggams of "Hallelujah, Baby!" Following this, Routledge had roles in several more unsuccessful Broadway productions including a musical called "Love Match", in which she played Queen Victoria; the legendary 1976 Leonard Bernstein flop "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue", in which she portrayed every U.S. First Lady from Abigail Adams to Eleanor Roosevelt; and a 1981 musical, "Say Hello to Harvey" – based on the Mary Coyle Chase play "Harvey" (1944) – which closed in Toronto before reaching New York City.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: In 1980, Routledge played Ruth in the Joseph Papp production of "The Pirates of Penzance", co-starring American actor Kevin Kline and pop vocalist Linda Ronstadt, at the Delacorte Theatre in New York City's Central Park, one of a series of Shakespeare in the Park summer events. The show was a hit and transferred to Broadway the following January, with Estelle Parsons replacing Routledge. A DVD of the Central Park production, with Routledge, was released in October 2002. She also performed in "Façade" at New York's Carnegie Recital Hall.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Routledge won a Laurence Olivier Award in 1988 for her portrayal of the Old Lady in Leonard Bernstein's "Candide" in the London cast of the critically acclaimed Scottish Opera production. One critic noted "She stopped the show with 'I am so easily assimilated', and her long narration worked on at least two levels – it was both hilarious and oddly moving." She also played the role of Nettie Fowler to great acclaim in the 1993 London production of "Carousel". In a 2006 Hampstead Theatre production of "The Best of Friends", she portrayed Dame Laurentia McLachlan. In 2008, she played Queen Mary in Royce Ryton's play "Crown Matrimonial". More recent work include the narrator in "The Carnival of the Animals" with the Nash Ensemble in 2010, the role of Dame Myra Hess in the play "Admission: One Shilling" in 2011, and Lady Markby in "An Ideal Husband" at the Chichester Festival Theatre in 2014.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Since 2019, Routledge has toured with a show entitled "Face The Music". The show features insights into her musical career.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Routledge's screen credits include "To Sir, with Love" (1967), "Pretty Polly" (both 1967), "30 Is a Dangerous Age, Cynthia", "The Bliss of Mrs. Blossom", "Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River" (all 1968), "If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium" (1969) and "Girl Stroke Boy" (1971).


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Routledge's early television appearances included a role in "Steptoe and Son", in the episode "Seance in a Wet Rag and Bone Yard" (1974), as a clairvoyant called Madame Fontana. She also appeared in "Coronation Street", and as a white witch in "Doctor at Large" (1971). Also in 1971, Routledge played Mrs. Jennings in the BBC mini-series production of "Sense and Sensibility". However, she did not come to prominence on television until she featured in monologues written for her by Alan Bennett and later Victoria Wood in the 1980s. She first appeared in "A Woman of No Importance", the second installment of Bennett's anthology, "Objects of Affection" in 1982. She then played the opinionated Kitty in "" in 1985. She performed two further monologues in Bennett's "Talking Heads" in 1987 and 1998. Routledge was nominated for a British Academy Television Award for Best Actress for the monologue "A Lady of Letters".


title: Patricia Routledge

text: In 1989, Routledge accepted the lead role of Hetty Wainthropp in an ITV mystery drama, "Hetty Wainthropp: Missing Persons". ITV opted not to pursue a series after the pilot episode, but in 1996 the BBC produced the first series of "Hetty Wainthropp Investigates", with Routledge again in the lead role. The show co-starred Dominic Monaghan as her assistant and Derek Benfield as her husband. It was first aired in January 1996, and ran until the autumn of 1998, with one special episode in 1999. Monaghan, who went on to enjoy a Hollywood career, has since credited Routledge as "an amazing teacher" who taught him some "very valuable lessons" in acting.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: In 1990, Routledge was cast as Hyacinth Bucket in the comedy series "Keeping Up Appearances". She portrayed a formerly working-class woman with social pretensions (insisting her surname be pronounced "bouquet") and delusions of grandeur (her oft-mentioned "candlelight suppers"). Routledge delighted in portraying Hyacinth, as she claimed she "couldn't stand people like her" in real life. In 1991, she won a British Comedy Award for her portrayal, and she was later nominated for two BAFTA TV Awards in 1992 and 1993. The series ended at Routledge's request in 1995 despite its ongoing popularity. She wished to pursue other roles as a character actress. During an interview on Australian television, Routledge said: "I'd much rather people look back and say 'I remember that' than say 'Oh, is that still on?'" Another reason she wished the series to end was that she felt that the writer, Roy Clarke, was "rewriting old scripts".


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Routledge has also played several real-life characters for television, including Barbara Pym, and, in a dramatised BBC Omnibus biographical documentary of 1994, Hildegard of Bingen.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: In 2001 Routledge starred in "Anybody's Nightmare", a fact-based television drama in which she played a piano teacher who served four years in prison for murdering her elderly aunt, but was acquitted following a retrial.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Routledge's extensive radio credits include several Alan Bennett plays and the BBC dramatisation of Carole Hayman's "Ladies of Letters", in which she and Prunella Scales play retired women exchanging humorous correspondence over the course of several years. A tenth series of "Ladies of Letters" premiered on BBC Radio 4 in 2009.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Radio work prior to 1985 included "Private Lives", "Present Laughter", "The Cherry Orchard", "Romeo and Juliet", "Alice in Wonderland" and "The Fountain Overflows".


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Having a distinctive voice, Routledge has also recorded and released a variety of audiobooks including unabridged readings of "Wuthering Heights" and "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and abridged novelisations of the Hetty Wainthropp series.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: In 1966, she sang the role of Mad Margaret in "Ruddigore", the title role in "Iolanthe", and Melissa in "Princess Ida", in a series of BBC Radio Gilbert and Sullivan recordings. She took part in a studio broadcast of Tchaikovsky's opera "Vakula the Smith" (narrating excerpts from the work by Gogol) in 1989. In 2006, she was featured in a programme of the "Stage and Screen" series on Radio 3.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Routledge has never married and has no children. In a 2001 interview, she said: "I didn't make a decision not to be married and not to be a mother. Life just turned out like that because my involvement in acting was so total".


title: Patricia Routledge

text: She has lived in Chichester since 2000, and regularly worships at Chichester Cathedral. She has helped raise £10,000 towards the restoration of the cathedral roof.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: Routledge was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1993 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2004 Birthday Honours, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to theatre and charity.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: In 2008, Routledge received an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from Lancaster University for her contribution to drama and theatre.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: On 15 March 2019, Routledge received an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from the University of Chester at Chester Cathedral for her contributions to theatre and television.


title: Patricia Routledge

text: An honorary president of the Association of English Singers & Speakers (which exists to "encourage communication of English words in speech and song with clarity, understanding and imagination"), she has sponsored the annual AESS National English Song Prize from 2003 to the present.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: The 2020 United States Senate elections were held on November 3, 2020, with the 33 class 2 seats of the Senate contested in regular elections. Of these, 21 were held by Republicans, and 12 by Democrats. The winners were elected to six-year terms from January 3, 2021, to January 3, 2027. Two special elections for seats held by Republicans were also held in conjunction with the general elections: one in Arizona, to fill the vacancy created by John McCain's death in 2018; and one in Georgia, following Johnny Isakson's resignation in 2019. These elections ran concurrently with the 2020 United States presidential election in which incumbent Republican president Donald Trump lost to Democratic nominee Joe Biden.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: In the 2014 United States Senate elections, the last regularly scheduled elections for Class 2 Senate seats, the Republicans won nine seats from the Democrats and gained a majority, which they continued to hold after the 2016 and 2018 elections. Before the election, Republicans held 53 seats, Democrats held 45 seats, and independents caucusing with the Democrats held two seats, which were not up for re-election. Including the special elections in Arizona and Georgia, Republicans defended 23 seats and the Democrats 12.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: In this election, the Democratic Party made a net gain of three Senate seats and the vice presidency, giving them a majority for the first time since 2014, albeit by a narrow 50-50 margin. Democrats unseated four Republicans – in Arizona, in Colorado, and in two elections in Georgia – while Republicans flipped a seat in Alabama. However, Democrats under-performed expectations overall; despite record-breaking turnout and fund-raising efforts, they failed to flip several seats that were considered competitive, and lost many races by much larger margins than expected. Except in Maine, the winning party in every Senate election was the winning party in the state's presidential election.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Due to election laws in Georgia that require candidates to win at least 50% of the vote in the general election, the state's regularly-scheduled and special Senate elections were decided in a run-off election on January 5, 2021. After the November general election, Republicans held 50 seats, while Democrats held 48 and the vice presidency, so sweeping both races was crucial for Democrats to attain a majority. They succeeded in doing so, and the partisan balance in the Senate became tied for the fourth time in history, after the results in the 1880 elections, a brief period in 1953, and the 2000 elections. Vice President Kamala Harris's tie-breaking vote gave Democrats control of the chamber by the smallest margin possible after the new administration took office.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: This marked the first time since 1980 that either chamber of Congress flipped partisan control in a presidential year, and the first time Democrats did so since 1948.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Republicans defended 23 seats, while Democrats defended 12. Each block represents one of the 100 Senate seats. "D#" is a Democratic senator, "I#" is an Independent senator, and "R#" is a Republican senator. They are arranged so that the parties are separated, and a majority is clear by crossing the middle.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Each block indicates an incumbent senator's actions going into the election. Both Independents caucus with the Democrats.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Several sites and individuals published predictions of competitive seats. These predictions looked at factors such as the strength of the incumbent (if the incumbent was running for re-election) and the other candidates, and the state's partisan lean (reflected in part by the state's Cook Partisan Voting Index rating). The predictions assigned ratings to each seat, indicating the predicted advantage that a party had in winning that seat. Most election predictors used:


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: One Democrat and two Republicans sought re-election but lost in the general election, that included two interim appointees also sought for election to finish the term.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: In each special election, the winner's term begins immediately after their election is certified by their state's government.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Doug Jones was elected in a special election in 2017, narrowly defeating Republican nominee Roy Moore. He ran for a full term in 2020, losing to Republican Tommy Tuberville in a landslide.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Tuberville is a former football head coach for Auburn University. He defeated former senator and attorney general Jeff Sessions in a July 14 run-off to secure the Republican nomination, after securing President Donald Trump's endorsement. Sessions occupied the seat until 2017 when he resigned to become attorney general in the Trump administration.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Alabama is one of the country's most Republican states, and Jones's win was in part due to sexual assault allegations against nominee Roy Moore during the special election; most analysts expected the seat to flip back to GOP control. Tuberville defeated Jones by more than 20 percentage points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: One-term Republican Dan Sullivan was elected in 2014, defeating incumbent Democrat Mark Begich. He defeated independent challenger Al Gross to win a second term in office.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Potential Democratic candidates included Begich, who was the Democratic nominee for governor of Alaska in 2018, and Anchorage mayor Ethan Berkowitz, who was the Democratic nominee for governor of Alaska in 2010. One Democrat, Edgar Blatchford, filed to run by the June 1 filing deadline.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Gross, an orthopedic surgeon and fisherman, declared his candidacy on July 2, 2019, as an Independent. He participated in a joint primary for the Alaska Democratic Party, Alaska Libertarian Party and Alaskan Independence Party, winning the nomination as an independent supported by the Democratic Party.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Six-term Republican John McCain was re-elected in 2016, but died in office on August 25, 2018, after a battle with brain cancer. Republican governor Doug Ducey appointed former senator Jon Kyl to fill the seat temporarily. After Kyl stepped down at the end of the year, Ducey appointed outgoing U.S. Representative Martha McSally to replace him after she lost the election to the other Arizona senate seat. McSally ran in the 2020 special election to fill the remaining two years of the term, losing to Democrat Mark Kelly, a former astronaut.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Once a solidly Republican state, Arizona trended more purple in the late 2010s. Incumbent Republican Martha McSally was appointed to the late John McCain's seat two months after losing the 2018 Arizona U.S. Senate election to Democrat Kyrsten Sinema. Her Democratic opponent, astronaut Mark Kelly, raised significantly more money and generally led her by 5 to 15 points in the polling. McSally also suffered from low approval ratings due to her strong allegiance to Trump, who was unpopular in Arizona despite having won the state by 3.5 points in 2016.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: One-term Republican Tom Cotton was elected in 2014, after serving two years in the United States House of Representatives, defeating incumbent Democratic senator Mark Pryor by a comfortable margin. Cotton was re-elected to a second term by a 33-point margin, defeating Libertarian Ricky Dale Harrington, Jr.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Joshua Mahony, a non-profit executive and 2018 Democratic nominee for Congress in Arkansas's 3rd congressional district, filed to run for the Democratic nomination, but dropped out just after the filing deadline. No other Democrats filed within the filing deadline. Progressive activist Dan Whitfield ran as an independent, but suspended his campaign on October 1, 2020, after failing to qualify for the ballot.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: One-term Republican Cory Gardner was elected in 2014 after serving four years in the United States House of Representatives, narrowly defeating one-term Democrat Mark Udall. Gardner sought a second term but lost to Democrat John Hickenlooper by 9.3 percentage points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Hickenlooper is a popular former governor of Colorado, and led Gardner by as much as 20 percentage points in polls, with most pundits considering him a heavy favorite. Gardner was Colorado's only Republican statewide officeholder, and the once purple state has trended increasingly Democratic since his narrow win in 2014. Gardner also had low approval ratings due to his strong allegiance to Trump, who lost Colorado in 2016 to Hillary Clinton by 4.9%, and in 2020 to Joe Biden by 13.5%. Hickenlooper also raised significantly more money than Gardner.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: One-term Democrat Chris Coons was re-elected in 2014; he first took office after winning a 2010 special election, which occurred after long-time senator Joe Biden resigned to become vice president of the United States (Biden also won the 2020 presidential election and became president). He faced an unsuccessful primary challenge from technology executive Jessica Scarane. Conservative activist Lauren Witzke and attorney Jim DeMartino ran for the Republican nomination.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Due to Republican Senator Johnny Isakson's resignation from office for health reasons in 2019, both of Georgia's Senate seats were up for election in November 2020. The state had tilted Republican in Senate races since the mid-1990s, but increased support for Democrats in populous suburbs has made office elections more competitive; a close governor's race, multiple close U.S. House races, and many other close local office races resulted in Democratic gains in 2018 elections. Both the regular and special election were considered highly competitive toss-ups. Both of these elections received national attention, as if Republicans won at least one of these seats, they would maintain a Senate majority, but if the Democrats won both, the Senate would be split 50/50 with Vice President Kamala Harris breaking the tie.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Jon Ossoff, a former congressional candidate, documentary film producer, and investigative journalist, defeated former Columbus mayor Teresa Tomlinson and 2018 lieutenant governor nominee Sarah Riggs Amico in the Democratic primary to secure nomination. He faced incumbent Republican David Perdue in the November 3 election.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: In the November election, no candidate received 50% or more of the total vote; per Georgia law, the election advanced to a run-off between the top two finishers, Ossoff and Perdue, on January 5, 2021. Ossoff was projected the winner on January 6, and Perdue conceded on January 8.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Three-term Senator Johnny Isakson announced on August 28, 2019, that he would resign from the Senate on December 31, 2019, citing health concerns. Georgia governor Brian Kemp appointed Republican Kelly Loeffler to replace Isakson until a regular election could be held; Loeffler took office on January 6, 2020, and competed in the November 2020 election to retain her seat.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Other Republicans who ran for the seat included Wayne Johnson, former chief operating officer of the Office of Federal Student Aid, and four-term U.S. representative Doug Collins.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: A "jungle primary" was held November 3, 2020, but no candidate won more than 50% of the vote, so a run-off election between the top two finishers, Loeffler and Democratic challenger Raphael Warnock, was held on January 5, 2021. Warnock defeated Loeffler, who initially refused to concede and vowed to challenge the outcome, but conceded on January 7, after the storming of the U.S. Capitol.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Two-term republican Jim Risch successfully ran for a third term in 2020, defeating Democrat Paulette Jordan in a landslide. Jordan is a former gubernatorial nominee and former Coeur d'Alene Tribal Councilwoman.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Four-term democrat and Senate minority whip Dick Durbin, easily won a fifth term in office, defeating Republican Mark Curran by a 16-point margin.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Curran served as sheriff of Lake County from 2006 to 2018 and won the Republican primary with 41.55% of the vote.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Antiwar activist Marilyn Jordan Lawlor and state representative Anne Stava-Murray briefly challenged Durbin in the Democratic primary, but both ended up withdrawing.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: 2019 Chicago mayoral candidate Willie Wilson, a businessman and perennial candidate, ran as a member of the "Willie Wilson Party," with the backing of a handful of Chicago aldermen and the Chicago Police Union.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: One-term republican Joni Ernst, first elected to the Senate in 2014, won a second term in office, defeating Democrat Theresa Greenfield.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Greenfield won the Democratic nomination, defeating former vice-admiral Michael T. Franken, attorney Kimberly Graham, and businessman Eddie Mauro in the primary.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Ernst's popularity had dropped in polls, and many considered this seat a possible Democratic pick-up, but Ernst was re-elected by a larger-than-expected 6.5 points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Four-term Republican Pat Roberts, was re-elected in 2014 with 53.15% of the vote, and announced on January 4, 2019, that he would not be running for re-election in 2020.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: In the Republican primary, United States representative Roger Marshall defeated former Kansas secretary of state Kris Kobach, state Turnpike Authority chairman Dave Lindstrom, state senate president Susan Wagle, and others.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: There was considerable speculation about a Senate bid by Mike Pompeo (the United States secretary of state, former director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and former U.S. representative for Kansas's 4th congressional district), but he did not run.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Barbara Bollier, a state senator and former Republican, defeated former congressional candidate Robert Tillman for the Democratic nomination, but lost to Marshall with a more than expected 11.4 point margin.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Republican Mitch McConnell, the Senate Majority Leader, defeated Democrat Amy McGrath by 19.6 percentage points, winning a 7th term in office.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: A Louisiana primary (a form of jungle primary) was held on November 3. Had no candidate won a majority of the vote in the primary, a run-off election would have been held, but Cassidy won in the first round.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Republican Susan Collins won a fifth term in office, defeating Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives Sara Gideon.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Gideon consistently led Collins in polls for almost the entire election cycle. Collins is considered one of the most moderate Republicans in the Senate and had never faced a competitive re-election campaign, even though Maine leans Democratic. But she faced growing unpopularity due to her increasingly conservative voting record, and her votes to confirm Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court and to acquit Trump in his impeachment trial. Despite almost all polling and Gideon's formidable funding, Collins was re-elected by a surprising 8.6-point margin.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Democrat Ed Markey was re-elected in 2014, having won a 2013 special election to replace long-time incumbent John Kerry, who resigned to become U.S. secretary of state. He easily won a second full term in 2020, defeating Republican Kevin O'Connor by more than 33 percentage points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Markey fended off a primary challenge from Joe Kennedy III, four-term U.S. representative for Massachusetts's Fourth District and grandson of former U.S. senator and U.S. attorney general Robert F. Kennedy. This marked the first time a member of the Kennedy family lost an election in Massachusetts.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: On August 24, 2020, perennial candidate Vermin Supreme launched a write-in campaign for the Libertarian nomination, but received too few votes to qualify for the general election ballot.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: James won a Republican Michigan Senate nomination for his second time, having run against incumbent Democrat Debbie Stabenow in 2018 for Michigan's other senate seat. He faced only token opposition for the 2020 Republican nomination, running against perennial candidate Bob Carr.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Tina Smith was appointed to the U.S. Senate to replace Al Franken in 2018 after serving as lieutenant governor, and won a special election later in 2018 to serve the remainder of Franken's term. She defeated Republican Jason Lewis, winning her first full term in office.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Republican Cindy Hyde-Smith won her first full term in office, defeating Democrat and former U.S. secretary of agriculture Mike Espy by 10 percentage points. This race was an exact rematch of the 2018 Mississippi Senate special election, in which Hyde-Smith defeated Espy for the remaining two years of the seat's term.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Republican Steve Daines won a second term in office, defeating the Democratic nominee, Montana Governor Steve Bullock.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Daines was opposed (before his nomination) in the Republican primary by hardware store manager Daniel Larson and former Democratic speaker of the Montana House of Representatives John Driscoll, who changed parties in 2020.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Libertarian and Green party candidates were set to appear on the general election ballot, but the Libertarians refused to nominate a replacement after their nominee withdrew and the Greens' nominee was disqualified.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Once Bullock filed his candidacy, the race became seen as highly competitive. Bullock, a popular governor and a moderate, led in many polls in the spring and summer of 2020, and raised more money than Daines. Closer to election day, Bullock slightly trailed in polls, but the election was still seen as relatively competitive. Daines defeated Bullock by a larger-than-expected 10-point margin.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Republican Ben Sasse easily won a second term in office, defeating Democrat Chris Janicek by more than 40 percentage points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Sasse had defeated businessman and former Lancaster County Republican Party chair Matt Innis in the Republican primary with 75.2% of the vote.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Businessman and 2018 U.S. Senate candidate Chris Janicek won the Democratic primary with 30.7% of the vote, defeating six other candidates.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: After the primary election, the Nebraska Democratic party withdrew its support from Janicek when allegations that he sexually harassed a campaign staffer emerged. Janicek refused to leave the race despite the state party endorsing his former primary opponent, which led former Democratic Congressman Brad Ashford to announce a write-in campaign on August 23, 2020. After Janicek vowed to remain in the race anyway, Ashford withdrew on August 27, citing lack of time and resources necessary for a U.S. Senate campaign. The state Democratic Party subsequently threw its support behind long-time Nebraska activist Preston Love, Jr., who declared a write-in candidacy for the seat.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Two-term Democrat Jeanne Shaheen won a third term in office by nearly 16 percentage points, defeating Republican Corky Messner.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Messner defeated U.S. Army brigadier general Donald C. Bolduc and perennial candidate Andy Martin for the Republican nomination, winning the nomination on September 8.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Democrat Cory Booker won a second full term in office, having first won his seat in a 2013 special election after serving seven years as the mayor of Newark. He defeated Republican Rick Mehta by a margin of more than 16 percentage points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Booker had sought his party's nomination for President of the United States in 2020. He suspended his presidential campaign on January 13, 2020, and confirmed his intention to seek a second Senate term.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Attorney Rik Mehta defeated engineer Hirsh Singh, 2018 Independent U.S. Senate candidate Tricia Flanagan, 2018 independent U.S. Senate candidate Natalie Lynn Rivera, and Eugene Anagnos for the Republican nomination.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Green Party candidate Madelyn Hoffman and two independent candidates also appeared on the general election ballot.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: New Jersey has not elected a Republican senator since 1972, and all pundits expected Booker to be easily re-elected.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Two-term Democrat Tom Udall was the only incumbent Democratic U.S. senator retiring in 2020. Democratic U.S. representative Ben Ray Luján defeated Republican Mark Ronchetti by 6 percentage points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Ronchetti, the former KRQE chief meteorologist, defeated former U.S. Interior Department official Gavin Clarkson and executive director for the New Mexico Alliance for Life Elisa Martinez in the primary.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Republican Thom Tillis won a second term in office, defeating Democratic former state senator Cal Cunningham.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Cunningham defeated state senator Erica D. Smith and Mecklenburg County commissioner Trevor Fuller for the Democratic nomination. Tillis defeated three opponents.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Despite having grown unpopular among both centrist and conservative Republicans due to his inconsistent support of Trump, and trailing narrowly in polls for almost the entire cycle, Tillis won re-election by nearly 2 points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Republican Jim Inhofe easily won a fifth term in office, defeating Democrat Abby Broyles by more than 30 percentage points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Inhofe defeated J.J. Stitt, a farmer and gun shop owner, and Neil Mavis, a former Libertarian Party candidate, for the Republican nomination.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Broyles, an attorney, defeated perennial candidate Sheila Bilyeu and 2018 5th congressional district candidate Elysabeth Britt for the Democratic nomination.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Libertarian candidate Robert Murphy and two Independents also appeared on the general election ballot.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Democrat Jeff Merkley won a third term in office, defeating Republican Jo Rae Perkins by more than 17 percentage points. Merkley also received the Oregon Independent Party and the Working Families Party nominations.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Perkins, a 2014 U.S. Senate and 2018 U.S. House candidate, defeated three other candidates in the Republican primary with 49.29% of the vote. She is a supporter of QAnon.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Ibrahim Taher was also on the general election ballot, representing the Pacific Green Party and the Oregon Progressive Party. Gary Dye represented the Libertarian Party.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Democrat Jack Reed won a fifth term in office, defeating Republican Allen Waters by more than 33 percentage points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Three-term Republican Lindsey Graham won a fourth term in office, defeating Democrat Jaime Harrison by over ten percentage points in a highly publicized race.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: After his primary opponents dropped out, former South Carolina Democratic Party chairman Jaime Harrison was unopposed for the Democratic nomination.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Bill Bledsoe won the Constitution Party nomination. On October 1, 2020, Bledsoe dropped out of the race and endorsed Graham, but remained on the ballot as required by state law.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Despite the significant Republican lean of the state as a whole, polls indicated that the Senate election was competitive, with summer polling ranging from a tie to a modest advantage for Graham. Graham's popularity had declined as a result of his close embrace of Trump, reversing his outspoken criticism of Trump in the 2016 campaign.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Graham's victory was by a much larger margin than expected, as part of a broader pattern of Republicans overperforming polls in 2020.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Republican Mike Rounds, former governor of South Dakota, won a second term in office, defeating Democrat Dan Ahlers.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Three-term Republican Lamar Alexander was re-elected in 2014. He announced in December 2018 that he would not seek a fourth term.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Assisted by an endorsement from Trump, former ambassador to Japan Bill Hagerty won the Republican nomination and the seat.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Environmental activist Marquita Bradshaw of Memphis defeated James Mackler, an Iraq War veteran and Nashville attorney, in the Democratic primary, a major upset.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Republican John Cornyn won a fourth term in office, defeating Democrat MJ Hegar by a little less than ten percentage points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Hegar, an Air Force combat veteran and the 2018 Democratic nominee for Texas's 31st congressional district, defeated runner-up state senator Royce West and 11 other candidates in the Democratic primary. Hegar and West advanced to a primary run-off election on July 14 to decide the nomination, and Hegar prevailed.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: The Green and Libertarian Parties also appeared on the general election ballot. Candidates from the Human Rights Party and the People over Politics Party and three independents failed to qualify.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Statewide races in Texas have been growing more competitive in recent years, and polling in August/September showed Cornyn with a lead of 4–10 points over Hegar, with a significant fraction of the electorate still undecided. Cornyn's victory was at the higher end of the polling spectrum.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Gade, a professor and U.S. Army veteran, defeated teacher Alissa Baldwin and U.S. Army veteran and intelligence officer Thomas Speciale in the Republican primary.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Republican Shelley Moore Capito was re-elected to a second term in a landslide, defeating Democrat Paula Jean Swearengin by 43 points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Capito was unsuccessfully challenged in the Republican primary by farmer Larry Butcher and Allen Whitt, president of the West Virginia Family Policy Council.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Swearengin, an environmental activist and unsuccessful candidate for Senate in 2018, won the Democratic primary, defeating former mayor of South Charleston Richie Robb and former state senator Richard Ojeda, who previously ran for Congress and, briefly, president in 2020.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Four-term Republican Mike Enzi announced in May 2019 that he would retire. Republican nominee Cynthia Lummis defeated Democratic nominee Merav Ben-David by more than 46 percentage points.


title: 2020 United States Senate elections

text: Ben-David, the chair of the Department of Zoology and Physiology at the University of Wyoming, defeated community activists Yana Ludwig and James Debrine, think-tank executive Nathan Wendt, and perennial candidates Rex Wilde and Kenneth R. Casner for the Democratic nomination.


title: Model–view–controller

text: Model–view–controller (MVC) is a software architectural pattern commonly used for developing user interfaces that divide the related program logic into three interconnected elements. This is done to separate internal representations of information from the ways information is presented to and accepted from the user.


title: Model–view–controller

text: Traditionally used for desktop graphical user interfaces (GUIs), this pattern became popular for designing web applications. Popular programming languages have MVC frameworks that facilitate the implementation of the pattern.


title: Model–view–controller

text: One of the seminal insights in the early development of graphical user interfaces, MVC became one of the first approaches to describe and implement software constructs in terms of their responsibilities.


title: Model–view–controller

text: Trygve Reenskaug created MVC while working on Smalltalk-79 as a visiting scientist at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the late 1970s. He wanted a pattern that could be used to structure any program where users interact with a large, convoluted data set. His design initially had four parts: Model, View, Thing, and Editor. After discussing it with the other Smalltalk developers, he and the rest of the group settled on Model, View, and Controller instead.


title: Model–view–controller

text: In their final design, a Model represents some part of the program purely and intuitively. A View is a visual representation of a Model, retrieving data from the Model to display to the user and passing requests back and forth between the user and the Model. A Controller is an organizational part of the user interface that lays out and coordinates multiple Views on the screen, and which receives user input and sends the appropriate messages to its underlying Views. This design also includes an Editor as a specialized kind of Controller used to modify a particular View, and which is created through that View.


title: Model–view–controller

text: Smalltalk-80 supports a version of MVC that evolved from this one. It provides abstract codice_1 and codice_2 classes as well as various concrete subclasses of each that represent different generic widgets. In this scheme, a codice_1 represents some way of displaying information to the user, and a codice_2 represents some way for the user to interact with a codice_1. A codice_1 is also coupled to a model object, but the structure of that object is left up to the application programmer. The Smalltalk-80 environment also includes an "MVC Inspector," a development tool for viewing the structure of a given model, view, and controller side-by-side.


title: Model–view–controller

text: In 1988, an article in "The Journal of Object Technology" (JOT) by two ex-PARC employees presented MVC as a general "programming paradigm and methodology" for Smalltalk-80 developers. However, their scheme differed from both Reenskaug et al.'s and that presented by the Smalltalk-80 reference books. They defined a view as covering any graphical concern, with a controller being a more abstract, generally invisible object that receives user input and interacts with one or many views and only one model.


title: Model–view–controller

text: The MVC pattern subsequently evolved, giving rise to variants such as hierarchical model–view–controller (HMVC), model–view–adapter (MVA), model–view–presenter (MVP), model–view–viewmodel (MVVM), and others that adapted MVC to different contexts.


title: Model–view–controller

text: The use of the MVC pattern in web applications grew after the introduction of NeXT's WebObjects in 1996, which was originally written in Objective-C (that borrowed heavily from Smalltalk) and helped enforce MVC principles. Later, the MVC pattern became popular with Java developers when WebObjects was ported to Java. Later frameworks for Java, such as Spring (released in October 2002), continued the strong bond between Java and MVC.


title: Model–view–controller

text: In 2003, Martin Fowler published "Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture", which presented MVC as a pattern where an "input controller" receives a request, sends the appropriate messages to a model object, takes a response from the model object, and passes the response to the appropriate view for display. This is close to the approach taken by the Ruby on Rails framework (August 2004), which has the client send requests to the server via an in-browser view, where they are handled by a controller, which then communicates with the appropriate model objects. The Django framework (July 2005, for Python) put forward a similar "MTV" (Model Template View) take on the pattern, in which a view retrieves data from models and passes it to templates for display. Both Rails and Django debuted with a strong emphasis on rapid deployment, which increased MVC's popularity outside the traditional enterprise environment in which it has long been popular.


title: Model–view–controller

text: The central component of the pattern. It is the application's dynamic data structure, independent of the user interface. It directly manages the data, logic and rules of the application. In Smalltalk-80, the design of a model type is left entirely to the programmer. With WebObjects, Rails, and Django, a model type typically represents a table in the application's database.


title: Model–view–controller

text: Any representation of information such as a chart, diagram or table. Multiple views of the same information are possible, such as a bar chart for management and a tabular view for accountants.


title: Model–view–controller

text: In Smalltalk-80, a view is just a visual representation of a model, and does not handle user input. With WebObjects, a view represents a complete user interface element such as a menu or button, and does receive input from the user. In both Smalltalk-80 and WebObjects, however, views are meant to be general-purpose and composable.


title: Model–view–controller

text: With Rails and Django, the role of the view is played by HTML templates, so in their scheme a view specifies an in-browser user interface rather than representing a user interface widget directly. (Django opts to call this kind of object a "template" in light of this.) This approach puts relatively less emphasis on small, composable views; a typical Rails view has a one-to-one relationship with a controller action.


title: Model–view–controller

text: Smalltalk-80 views communicate with both a model and a controller, whereas with WebObjects, a view talks only to a controller, which then talks to a model. With Rails and Django, a view/template is used by a controller/view when preparing a response to the client.


title: Model–view–controller

text: A Smalltalk-80 controller handles user input events, such as button presses or mouse movement. At any given time, each controller has one associated view and model, although one model object may hear from many different controllers. Only one controller, the "active" controller, receives user input at any given time; a global window manager object is responsible for setting the current active controller. If user input prompts a change in a model, the controller will signal the model to change, but the model is then responsible for telling its views to update.


title: Model–view–controller

text: In WebObjects, the views handle user input, and the controller mediates between the views and the models. There may be only one controller per application, or one controller per window. Much of the application-specific logic is found in the controller.


title: Model–view–controller

text: In Rails, requests arriving at the on-server application from the client are sent to a "router," which maps the request to a specific method of a specific controller. Within that method, the controller interacts with the request data and any relevant model objects and prepares a response using a view. Conventionally, each model type has an associated controller; for example, if the application had a codice_7 model, it would typically have an associated codice_8 controller as well. However, developers are free to make other kinds of controllers if they wish.


title: Model–view–controller

text: Django calls the object playing this role a "view" instead of a controller. A Django view is a function that receives a web request and returns a web response. It may use templates to create the response.


title: Model–view–controller

text: In addition to dividing the application into these components, the model–view–controller design defines the interactions between them.


title: Model–view–controller

text: As with other software patterns, MVC expresses the "core of the solution" to a problem while allowing it to be adapted for each system. Particular MVC designs can vary significantly from the traditional description here.