title: Enclave and exclave

text: The former complex of enclaves at Cooch Behar district included 24 second-order enclaves and one small third-order enclave called "Dahala Khagrabari #51": a piece of India within a part of Bangladesh, within a part of India, within Bangladesh. The Indo-Bangladesh enclaves were exchanged on 31 July 2015 by the ratified Land Boundary Agreement, and Dahala Khagrabari was ceded to Bangladesh.


title: Enclave and exclave

text: The border arrangements concerning the Vennbahn meant that, from 1922 to 1949, a Belgian counter-enclave existed within a German enclave.


title: Enclave and exclave

text: An ethnic enclave is a community of an ethnic group inside an area in which another ethnic group predominates. Ghettos, Little Italys, barrios and Chinatowns are examples. These areas may have a separate language, culture and economic system.


title: Enclave and exclave

text: Diplomatic missions, such as embassies and consulates, as well as military bases, are usually exempted from the jurisdiction of the host country, i.e., the laws of the host nation in which an embassy is located do not typically apply to the land of the embassy or base itself. This exemption from the jurisdiction of the host country is defined as extraterritoriality. Areas and buildings enjoying some forms of extraterritoriality are not true enclaves since, in all cases, the host country retains full sovereignty. In addition to embassies, some other areas enjoy a limited form of extraterritoriality.


title: Enclave and exclave

text: One or more parcels/holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries. Most instances are exempt from taxes. In the special case of embassies/consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions, such as being exempt from major hindrances and host-country arrests in ordinary times on the premises. Most non-embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of "extraterritoriality", they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant/sale in most matters. Nonetheless, for a person's offence against the property itself, equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere, assuming the perpetrator is found in the prosecuting authority's homeland. Devoid of permanent residents, formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below. Nonetheless, minor laws, especially on flag flying, are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation's monument.


title: Enclave and exclave

text: Embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi-sovereignty, depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time-to-time by host nations. Subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law, including giving warnings, the enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility, even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely, usually on a breakdown of relations, in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage, or as another form of sanction. The same seems to be possible in profit-driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below, providing safeguards as the structure or a new replacement site. The same possible curtailments and alterations never apply to proper exclaves.


title: Enclave and exclave

text: Changes in borders can make a railway that was previously located solely within a country traverse the new borders. Since diverting a railway is expensive, this arrangement may last a long time. This may mean that doors on passenger trains are locked and guarded to prevent illicit entry and exit while the train is temporarily in another country. Borders can also be in the "wrong" place, forcing railways into difficult terrain. In large parts of Europe, where the Schengen Area has eliminated border controls when travelling between its 27 member countries, this problem no longer exists, and railways can criss-cross borders with no need for border controls or locked trains.


title: 50 First Dates

text: 50 First Dates is a 2004 American romantic comedy drama film directed by Peter Segal and starring Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore with Rob Schneider, Sean Astin and Dan Aykroyd in supporting roles. It follows the story of Henry, a womanizing marine veterinarian who falls for an art teacher named Lucy. When he discovers she has amnesia, and forgets him when she falls asleep, he resolves to win her over again each new day.


title: 50 First Dates

text: Most of the film was shot on location in Oahu, Hawaii, on the Windward side and the North Shore. Sandler and Barrymore won an MTV award for Best On Screen Team. The fictitious memory impairment suffered by Barrymore's character, "Goldfield's Syndrome", is similar to short-term memory loss and anterograde amnesia.


title: 50 First Dates

text: The film was remade in Indian Telugu as "Sathyabhama" (2007), in Indian Malayalam as "Ormayundo Ee Mukham" (2014), in Japan as "50 First Kisses" (2018), in Iran as (2005) and in Mexico as "Como si fuera la primera vez" in 2019.


title: 50 First Dates

text: Henry Roth is a veterinarian at Sea Life Park Hawaii on Oahu. His closest friends are Ula, a marijuana-smoking Islander; Alexa, his androgynous assistant; Willy, his pet African penguin; and Jocko, a walrus.


title: 50 First Dates

text: Henry's boat breaks down, so he goes to the Hukilau Café to wait for the Coast Guard. He sees Lucy Whitmore make architectural art with her waffles. Henry assumes she is a local, which prevents him from introducing himself, but the next day he comes back and has breakfast with her. Lucy asks to see him again the next morning.


title: 50 First Dates

text: The next day, Lucy shows no recollection of ever meeting him. The restaurant owner Sue explains to Henry that the year before, Lucy and her father Marlin went up to the North Shore to pick a pineapple for his birthday. On the way back, a car accident left Lucy with anterograde amnesia. To save her the heartbreak of reliving the accident, Marlin and Doug, Lucy's lisping steroid-addicted brother, re-enact Marlin's birthday.


title: 50 First Dates

text: Despite Sue's warning, Henry tries to get Lucy to have breakfast with him again. It ends poorly when Henry unintentionally hurts Lucy's feelings. At her house, Marlin and Doug instruct Henry to leave Lucy alone. Henry begins concocting ways to run into Lucy through the following days, during which he manages to successfully impress her over a series of "first" dates and "chance" encounters. Later, Marlin and Doug give their permission for Henry to continue when they discover Lucy regularly singing the Beach Boys' "Wouldn't It Be Nice" in her painting studio – the first major change in her routine since the accident.


title: 50 First Dates

text: One day, as Henry is about to sit with Lucy at breakfast, she notices a police officer writing a ticket because of her expired plates. With the ruse exposed, Lucy is distressed to learn that her friends and family have maintained the charade for so long; however, in watching her reaction, Henry surmises that her strongest reactions are to feeling betrayed by her loved ones, not the actual memory loss.


title: 50 First Dates

text: Henry devises a new strategy to let Lucy know about the truth by creating a video with her friends to explain the situation calmly; rather than let her go through her pre-accident routine, they plant the video in her room with a note to play it when she first wakes up. The strategy works and allows Lucy to process the events while catching her up on current events, including her relationship to Henry. Henry and Lucy's relationship grows well using this method, and they continue to refine the process while enduring some humorous setbacks such as their sleeping together and Lucy attacking Henry the next morning. However, when Lucy discovers that Henry has decided to cancel ten years' worth of planning for his research study of walruses in Bristol Bay to help manage her condition, she decides that they need to break up. Henry reluctantly helps her destroy her journal entries of their relationship and effectively "erase" their time together.


title: 50 First Dates

text: Some weeks later, Henry is preparing to leave for his research study. Before he goes, Marlin tells him that Lucy is now living at the institute and teaching an art class. As a parting gift, he gives Henry a Beach Boys CD which reminds him of Lucy. He soon realizes that Lucy's singing of "Wouldn't It Be Nice" was not random, but occurred on days when they met together and indicates new learned memory retention. Henry abandons his trip and travels to the art class. While Lucy does not remember him, she reveals that she dreams about him every night and has been painting some of their adventures. They happily reconcile.


title: 50 First Dates

text: Some time later, Lucy wakes up and plays the tape marked "Good Morning Lucy". It again reminds her of her accident, but ends with her and Henry's wedding. From the tape, Henry says to put a jacket on and come have breakfast when she is ready. Lucy then sees that she is on Henry's boat, which finally made it to Alaska. She goes up on deck and meets Marlin, Henry and their young daughter, Nicole.


title: 50 First Dates

text: On October 29, 2002, "Variety" reported that Columbia Pictures had bought a spec script from screenwriter George Wing, titled "Fifty First Kisses", with Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore originally in negotiations to star in the lead roles. Barrymore was sold on the script and wrote Sandler a letter suggesting it as their next film together since "The Wedding Singer". Sandler joined the cast in December 2002, and was announced as co-producer under his film studio Happy Madison Productions along with Steve Golin's Anonymous Content. Sandler then recommended the script to director Peter Segal while they were working post-production on "Anger Management". Segal agreed to direct, leaving him with only two days of break from work before filming. The director revealed that the studio had changed the original title to "50 First Dates" because "marketing found that the term 'kisses' was turning off guys".


title: 50 First Dates

text: While the script is primarily credited to George Wing, Lowell Ganz, Babaloo Mandel, Tim Herlihy, and Allen Covert did uncredited rewrites on it as well. Adam Sandler had also reworked the script, significantly transforming its genre from drama to comedy. Additional changes Sandler made to the script include moving its setting from Seattle to Hawaii and rewriting a decent amount of interior scenes that takes place in a café. Director Peter Segal felt these scenes were "very claustrophobic" as well as derivative of "My Dinner with Andre", encouraging Sandler to rewrite these and move the location to the Kualoa Ranch. Sandler said that shooting in Hawaii "just seemed like the very best possible place to do it for many different reasons. You don't see many movies [set] there, so it was a great experience to film in a different locale. And it is such a spectacularly beautiful place for a romantic comedy."


title: 50 First Dates

text: Most of the film was shot on location in Kaneohe, Kaaawa, Wahiawa, Makapuu, Waimānalo, and Honolulu, as well as in Kāneohe Bay in 2003. The Hukilau Cafe where Drew Barrymore and Adam Sandler had breakfast each morning is still standing at Kualoa Ranch, as well as the roadway and gate in the valley where they met each day. Due to the high cost of filming outside of the studio zone, some interior scenes (such as inside the Whitmore residence) were shot on sets in Los Angeles carefully decorated to look like they were in Hawaii.


title: 50 First Dates

text: The soundtrack contains cover versions of songs that were originally recorded in the 1980s. This includes mostly reggae-style covers. It was a moderate commercial hit, reaching number 30 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 1 on the Top Soundtracks chart and Top Reggae Albums chart in the United States.


title: 50 First Dates

text: Despite being prominently featured in the film, neither the Beach Boys' 1966 "Wouldn't It Be Nice" nor Israel Kamakawiwoʻole's 1990 "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" was included on the soundtrack.


title: 50 First Dates

text: The soundtrack was produced by 311's frontman, Nick Hexum. 311 provided a cover of the Cure's "Lovesong" for the soundtrack. It is heard over the film's end credits.


title: 50 First Dates

text: On Rotten Tomatoes "50 First Dates" has a score of 45% based on 175 reviews from critics, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The website's consensus states, "Gross-out humor overwhelms the easy chemistry between Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore, who bring some energy and yucks to this tale of a girl with short-term memory loss and the guy who tries to get her to love him." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 48% based on 38 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A− on scale of A to F.


title: 50 First Dates

text: Critics who enjoyed the film (such as "The New York Times" reviewer A. O. Scott) praised the uplifting story while lamenting the seemingly excessive and incongruous amount of crude humor and drug references. Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars, saying "The movie is sort of an experiment for Sandler. He reveals the warm side of his personality, and leaves behind the hostility, anger and gross-out humor... The movie doesn't have the complexity and depth of "Groundhog Day"... but as entertainment it's ingratiating and lovable."


title: 50 First Dates

text: Rex Reed was more negative in his review for "The New York Observer", calling the film "stupid, coarse and abysmally unfunny" while singling out offensive humor about brain damage.


title: 50 First Dates

text: Sandler and Barrymore won the award for Best On-Screen Team at the MTV Movie & TV Awards. The two actors, who had previously worked together in the film "The Wedding Singer", are said to regard "50 First Dates" as one of their favorite collaborations as professional "soul mates".


title: 50 First Dates

text: In an article in "The BMJ" on depictions of amnesia in film, clinical neuropsychologist Sallie Baxendale writes that "50 First Dates" "maintains a venerable movie tradition of portraying an amnesic syndrome that bears no relation to any known neurological or psychiatric condition".


title: 50 First Dates

text: In 2010, researchers described a woman who developed a similar kind of memory impairment after she was involved in a car crash. She described her memory as being normal for events on the same day, with memories from the previous day subsequently being lost each night. However, a neuropsychological test revealed some improvement in recall for tasks which she had, unknowingly, performed the previous day. Although the woman claimed not to have seen "50 First Dates" prior to her 2005 crash (but has watched it several times since), she stated that Drew Barrymore was her favorite actress, leading researchers to conclude that her condition might have been influenced by some knowledge of the film's plot, and its impact upon her understanding of amnesia.


title: 50 First Dates

text: In July 2015, two people were discovered to have a form of anterograde amnesia that resembles the type depicted in the movie. One is a man in the UK, originally from Germany. He wakes up every day thinking it is March 14, 2005, because that is the day he underwent anesthesia for a dental procedure which led to this condition as a rare, unexplained complication (however, his anterograde amnesia, like that of others with the condition, causes him to forget facts not daily, but within 90 minutes). The other is a woman who reportedly believes every day is October 15, 2014. She used to be a pub manager and was visiting Kettering General Hospital for a kickboxing injury when she slipped and hit her head on a metal pole.


title: 50 First Dates

text: The Hebrew Home of Riverdale, Bronx, has started an experimental program in which residents with early dementia watch a video every morning in which they see comforting messages and reminders from family members that they may still know. After April 2015, the program may include more residents. Robert Abrams of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital considered this idea "both innovative and thoughtful". Charlotte Dell, director of social services for the home, said the program was inspired by "50 First Dates".


title: Campbell Scott

text: Campbell Scott (born July 19, 1961) is an American actor, producer and director. His roles include Steve Dunne in "Singles", Mark Usher in "House of Cards", Joseph Tobin in "Damages", and Richard Parker in "The Amazing Spider-Man" and "The Amazing Spider-Man 2", as well as narration in "The Men Who Built America".


title: Campbell Scott

text: Scott was born on July 19, 1961, in New York City, the son of American actor George C. Scott (1927–1999) and Canadian-American actor Colleen Dewhurst (1924–1991). He graduated from John Jay High School with friend Stanley Tucci before graduating from Lawrence University in 1983. His brother is Alexander Scott. He also has one paternal half-sister, actress Devon Scott.


title: Campbell Scott

text: Scott's first role was in the 1987 film "Five Corners", as a policeman. In 1990, Scott played a lead role in the ground-breaking film "Longtime Companion", which chronicles the early years of the AIDS/HIV epidemic and its impact upon a group of American friends. In the following year he appeared briefly in Kenneth Branagh-directed, "Dead Again", and co-starred in the movie "Dying Young" (in which his mother also appeared) alongside Julia Roberts. He also appeared in the 1992 Cameron Crowe movie "Singles" alongside Bridget Fonda and Kyra Sedgwick, and in 1996, he teamed up with Stanley Tucci to direct the film "Big Night". The film met with critical acclaim and was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival. For their work, Scott and Tucci won both the New York Film Critics Circle Award and the Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best New Director.


title: Campbell Scott

text: In 2002 he was awarded the Best Actor prize from the National Board of Review for his performance in "Roger Dodger". Scott starred in "Six Degrees" on ABC in 2006.


title: Campbell Scott

text: In 2005–2006 Scott served as the reader for the audiobook versions of Stephen King's bestsellers "The Shining" and "Cell", and for Ernest Hemingway's "For Whom the Bell Tolls".


title: Campbell Scott

text: In 2007 Scott lent his voice for the narration of a Chevron Corporation television ad, as well as the Iraq War documentary film, "No End in Sight". He also appeared in the romantic comedy "Music and Lyrics", starring Hugh Grant and Drew Barrymore. Next up for Scott was the 2009 drama "Handsome Harry". Scott also had a recurring role on the USA drama "Royal Pains", as Boris Kuester von Jurgens-Ratenicz.


title: Campbell Scott

text: On August 28, 2009 TVGuide.com confirmed Scott was cast for the third season of "Damages". Scott was a series regular, playing Joe Tobin, the son of indicted Bernie Madoff-like Louis Tobin (Len Cariou). The season aired from January to April 2010.


title: Campbell Scott

text: In May 2010 Scott provided the voice-over for a new Häagen-Dazs TV commercial called "Ode to Flavor". The ad was created by Goodby, Silverstein & Partners, directed by Noah Marshall with art direction by Croix Cagnon. He played the role of Richard Parker, the father of Peter Parker, in the 2012 film "The Amazing Spider-Man". Scott reprised his role in the 2014 film "The Amazing Spider-Man 2".


title: Campbell Scott

text: From December 2015 to March 2016 Scott appeared as Lloyd Dallas in the Broadway revival of "Noises Off".


title: Campbell Scott

text: In 2017 he collaborated with Dutch DJ and producer Ferry Corsten on "Blueprint", an album combining Trance music and science fiction, in which he can be heard as the story's narrator.


title: Campbell Scott

text: In 2019 Scott portrayed the lead role of Ebenezer Scrooge in a Broadway adaptation of Charles Dickens's "A Christmas Carol" written by Jack Thorne and directed by Matthew Warchus.


title: Campbell Scott

text: Scott plays Dr. Lewis Dodgson (replacing Cameron Thor) in "Jurassic World Dominion", the sixth film in the "Jurassic Park" franchise, which was released in June 2022.


title: Cole Porter

text: Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter. Many of his songs became standards noted for their witty, urbane lyrics, and many of his scores found success on Broadway and in film.


title: Cole Porter

text: Born to a wealthy family in Indiana, Porter defied his grandfather's wishes for him to practice law and took up music as a profession. Classically trained, he was drawn to musical theatre. After a slow start, he began to achieve success in the 1920s, and by the 1930s he was one of the major songwriters for the Broadway musical stage. Unlike many successful Broadway composers, Porter wrote the lyrics as well as the music for his songs. After a serious horseback riding accident in 1937, Porter was left disabled and in constant pain, but he continued to work. His shows of the early 1940s did not contain the lasting hits of his best work of the 1920s and 1930s, but in 1948 he made a triumphant comeback with his most successful musical, "Kiss Me, Kate". It won the first Tony Award for Best Musical.


title: Cole Porter

text: Porter's other musicals include "Fifty Million Frenchmen", "DuBarry Was a Lady", "Anything Goes", "Can-Can" and "Silk Stockings". His numerous hit songs include "Night and Day", "Begin the Beguine", "I Get a Kick Out of You", "Well, Did You Evah!", "I've Got You Under My Skin", "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" and "You're the Top". He also composed scores for films from the 1930s to the 1950s, including "Born to Dance" (1936), which featured the song "You'd Be So Easy to Love"; "Rosalie" (1937), which featured "In the Still of the Night"; "High Society" (1956), which included "True Love"; and "Les Girls" (1957).


title: Cole Porter

text: Porter was born in Peru, Indiana, the only surviving child of a wealthy family. His father, Samuel Fenwick Porter, was a druggist by trade. His mother, Kate, was the indulged daughter of James Omar "J. O." Cole, "the richest man in Indiana", a coal and timber speculator who dominated the family. J. O. Cole built the couple a house on his Peru-area property, known as Westleigh Farms. After high school, Porter returned to his childhood home only for occasional visits.


title: Cole Porter

text: Porter's strong-willed mother doted on him and began his musical training at an early age. He learned the violin at age six, the piano at eight, and wrote his first operetta (with help from his mother) at ten. She falsified his recorded birth year, changing it from 1891 to 1893 to make him appear more precocious. His father, a shy and unassertive man, played a lesser role in Porter's upbringing, although as an amateur poet, he may have influenced his son's gifts for rhyme and meter. Porter's father was also a talented singer and pianist, but the father-son relationship was not close.


title: Cole Porter

text: J. O. Cole wanted his grandson to become a lawyer, and with that in mind, sent him to Worcester Academy in Massachusetts in 1905. Porter brought an upright piano with him to school and found that music, and his ability to entertain, made it easy for him to make friends. Porter did well in school and rarely came home to visit. He became class valedictorian and was rewarded by his grandfather with a tour of France, Switzerland and Germany. Entering Yale College in 1909, Porter majored in English, minored in music, and also studied French. He was a member of Scroll and Key and Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and contributed to campus humor magazine "The Yale Record". He was an early member of the Whiffenpoofs "a cappella" singing group and participated in several other music clubs; in his senior year, he was elected president of the Yale Glee Club and was its principal soloist.


title: Cole Porter

text: Porter wrote 300 songs while at Yale, including student songs such as the football fight songs "Bulldog" and "Bingo Eli Yale" (aka "Bingo, That's The Lingo!") that are still played at Yale. During college, Porter became acquainted with New York City's vibrant nightlife, taking the train there for dinner, theater, and nights on the town with his classmates, before returning to New Haven, Connecticut, early in the morning. He also wrote musical comedy scores for his fraternity, the Yale Dramatic Association, and as a student at Harvard – "Cora" (1911), "And the Villain Still Pursued Her" (1912), "The Pot of Gold" (1912), "The Kaleidoscope" (1913) and "Paranoia" (1914) – which helped prepare him for a career as a Broadway and Hollywood composer and lyricist. After graduating from Yale, Porter enrolled in Harvard Law School in 1913, where he roomed with future Secretary of State Dean Acheson. He soon felt that he was not destined to be a lawyer, and, at the suggestion of the dean of the law school, switched to Harvard's music department, where he studied harmony and counterpoint with Pietro Yon. His mother did not object to this move, but it was kept secret from J. O. Cole.


title: Cole Porter

text: In 1915, Porter's first song on Broadway, "Esmeralda", appeared in the revue "Hands Up". The quick success was immediately followed by failure: his first Broadway production, in 1916, "See America First", a "patriotic comic opera" modeled on Gilbert and Sullivan, with a book by T. Lawrason Riggs, was a flop, closing after two weeks. Porter spent the next year in New York City before going overseas during World War I.


title: Cole Porter

text: In 1917, when the United States entered World War I, Porter moved to Paris to work with the Duryea Relief organization. Some writers have been skeptical about Porter's claim to have served in the French Foreign Legion, but the Legion lists Porter as one of its soldiers and displays his portrait at its museum in Aubagne. By some accounts, he served in North Africa and was transferred to the French Officers School at Fontainebleau, teaching gunnery to American soldiers. An obituary notice in "The New York Times" stated that, while in the Legion, "he had a specially constructed portable piano made for him so that he could carry it on his back and entertain the troops in their bivouacs." Another account, given by Porter, is that he joined the recruiting department of the American Aviation Headquarters, but, according to his biographer Stephen Citron, there is no record of his joining this or any other branch of the forces.


title: Cole Porter

text: Porter maintained a luxury apartment in Paris, where he entertained lavishly. His parties were extravagant and scandalous, with "much gay and bisexual activity, Italian nobility, cross-dressing, international musicians and a large surplus of recreational drugs". In 1918, he met Linda Lee Thomas, a rich, Louisville, Kentucky-born divorcée eight years his senior. She was beautiful and well-connected socially; the couple shared mutual interests, including a love of travel, and she became Porter's confidante and companion. The couple married the following year. She was in no doubt about Porter's homosexuality, but it was mutually advantageous for them to marry. For Linda, it offered continued social status and a partner who was the antithesis of her abusive first husband. For Porter, it brought a respectable heterosexual front in an era when homosexuality was not publicly acknowledged. They were, moreover, genuinely devoted to each other and remained married from December 19, 1919, until her death in 1954. Linda remained protective of her social position and, believing that classical music might be a more prestigious outlet than Broadway for her husband's talents, tried to use her connections to find him suitable teachers, including Igor Stravinsky, but was unsuccessful. Finally, Porter enrolled at the Schola Cantorum in Paris, where he studied orchestration and counterpoint with Vincent d'Indy. Meanwhile, Porter's first big hit was the song "Old-Fashioned Garden" from the revue "Hitchy-Koo of 1919". In 1920, he contributed the music of several songs to the musical "A Night Out".


title: Cole Porter

text: Marriage did not diminish Porter's taste for extravagant luxury. The Porter home on the rue Monsieur near Les Invalides was a palatial house with platinum wallpaper and chairs upholstered in zebra skin. In 1923, Porter came into an inheritance from his grandfather, and the Porters began living in rented palaces in Venice. He once hired the entire Ballets Russes to entertain his guests, and for a party at Ca' Rezzonico, which he rented for $4,000 a month ($ in current value), he hired 50 gondoliers to act as footmen and had a troupe of tightrope walkers perform in a blaze of lights. In the midst of this extravagant lifestyle, Porter continued to write songs with his wife's encouragement.


title: Cole Porter

text: Porter received few commissions for songs in the years immediately after his marriage. He had the occasional number interpolated into other writers' revues in Britain and the U.S. For a C. B. Cochran show in 1921, he had two successes with the comedy numbers "The Blue Boy Blues" and "Olga, Come Back to the Volga". In 1923, in collaboration with Gerald Murphy, he composed a short ballet, originally titled "Landed" and then "Within the Quota", satirically depicting the adventures of an immigrant to America who becomes a film star. The work, written for the Ballets suédois, lasts about 16 minutes. It was orchestrated by Charles Koechlin and shared the same opening night as Milhaud's "La création du monde". Porter's work was one of the earliest symphonic jazz-based compositions, predating George Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue" by four months, and was well received by both French and American reviewers after its premiere at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in October 1923.


title: Cole Porter

text: After a successful New York performance the following month, the Ballets suédois toured the work in the U.S., performing it 69 times. A year later the company disbanded, and the score was lost until it was reconstructed from Porter's and Koechlin's manuscripts between 1966 and 1990, with help from Milhaud and others. Porter had less success with his work on "The Greenwich Village Follies" (1924). He wrote most of the original score, but his songs were gradually dropped during the Broadway run, and by the time of the post-Broadway tour in 1925, all his numbers had been deleted. Frustrated by the public response to most of his work, Porter nearly gave up songwriting as a career, although he continued to compose songs for friends and perform at private parties.


title: Cole Porter

text: At the age of 36, Porter reintroduced himself to Broadway in 1928 with the musical "Paris", his first hit. It was commissioned by E. Ray Goetz at the instigation of Goetz's wife and the show's star, Irène Bordoni. She had wanted Rodgers and Hart to write the songs, but they were unavailable, and Porter's agent persuaded Goetz to hire Porter instead. In August 1928, Porter's work on the show was interrupted by the death of his father. He hurried back to Indiana to comfort his mother before returning to work. The songs for the show included "Let's Misbehave" and one of his best-known list songs, "Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love", which was introduced by Bordoni and Arthur Margetson. The show opened on Broadway on October 8, 1928. The Porters did not attend the first night because Porter was in Paris supervising another show for which he had been commissioned, "La Revue", at a nightclub. This was also a success, and, in Citron's phrase, Porter was finally "accepted into the upper echelon of Broadway songwriters". Cochran now wanted more from Porter than isolated extra songs; he planned a West End extravaganza similar to Ziegfeld's shows, with a Porter score and a large international cast led by Jessie Matthews, Sonnie Hale and Tilly Losch. The revue, "Wake Up and Dream", ran for 263 performances in London, after which Cochran transferred it to New York in 1929. On Broadway, business was badly affected by the 1929 Wall Street crash, and the production ran for only 136 performances. From Porter's point of view, it was nonetheless a success, as his song "What Is This Thing Called Love?" became immensely popular.


title: Cole Porter

text: Porter's new fame brought him offers from Hollywood, but because his score for Paramount's "The Battle of Paris" was undistinguished, and its star, Gertrude Lawrence, was miscast, the film was not a success. Citron expresses the view that Porter was not interested in cinema and "noticeably wrote down for the movies." Still on a Gallic theme, Porter's last Broadway show of the 1920s was "Fifty Million Frenchmen" (1929), for which he wrote 28 numbers, including "You Do Something to Me", "You've Got That Thing" and "The Tale of the Oyster". The show received mixed notices. One critic wrote, "the lyrics alone are enough to drive anyone but P. G. Wodehouse into retirement", but others dismissed the songs as "pleasant" and "not an outstanding hit song in the show". As it was a lavish and expensive production, nothing less than full houses would suffice, and after only three weeks, the producers announced that they would close it. Irving Berlin, who admired and championed Porter, took out a paid press advertisement calling the show "The best musical comedy I've heard in years. ... One of the best collections of song numbers I have ever listened to". This saved the show, which ran for 254 performances, considered a successful run at the time.


title: Cole Porter

text: Ray Goetz, producer of "Paris" and "Fifty Million Frenchmen", the success of which had kept him solvent when other producers were bankrupted by the post-crash slump in Broadway business, invited Porter to write a musical show about the other city that he knew and loved: New York. Goetz offered the team with whom Porter had last worked: Herbert Fields writing the book and Porter's old friend Monty Woolley directing. "The New Yorkers" (1930) acquired instant notoriety for including a song about a streetwalker, "Love for Sale". Originally performed by Kathryn Crawford in a street setting, critical disapproval led Goetz to reassign the number to Elisabeth Welch in a nightclub scene. The lyric was considered too explicit for radio at the time, though it was recorded and aired as an instrumental and rapidly became a standard. Porter often referred to it as his favorite of his songs. "The New Yorkers" also included the hit "I Happen to Like New York".


title: Cole Porter

text: Next came Fred Astaire's last stage show, "Gay Divorce" (1932). It featured a hit that became Porter's best-known song, "Night and Day". Despite mixed press (some critics were reluctant to accept Astaire without his previous partner, his sister Adele), the show ran for a profitable 248 performances, and the rights to the film, retitled "The Gay Divorcee", were sold to RKO Pictures. Porter followed this with a West End show for Gertrude Lawrence, "Nymph Errant" (1933), presented by Cochran at the Adelphi Theatre, where it ran for 154 performances. Among the hit songs Porter composed for the show were "Experiment" and "The Physician" for Lawrence, and "Solomon" for Elisabeth Welch.


title: Cole Porter

text: In 1934, producer Vinton Freedley came up with a new approach to producing musicals. Instead of commissioning book, music and lyrics and then casting the show, Freedley sought to create an ideal musical with stars and writers all engaged from the outset. The stars he wanted were Ethel Merman, William Gaxton and comedian Victor Moore. He planned a story about a shipwreck and a desert island, and for the book he turned to P. G. Wodehouse and Guy Bolton. For the songs, he decided on Porter. By telling each of these that he had already signed the others, Freedley gathered his ideal team together. A drastic last-minute rewrite was necessitated by a major shipping accident that dominated the news and made Bolton and Wodehouse's book seem tasteless. Nevertheless, the show, "Anything Goes", was an immediate hit. Porter wrote what many consider his greatest score of this period. "The New Yorker" magazine's review said, "Mr. Porter is in a class by himself", and Porter subsequently called it one of his two perfect shows, along with the later "Kiss Me, Kate". Its songs include "I Get a Kick Out of You", "All Through the Night", "You're the Top" (one of his best-known list songs), and "Blow, Gabriel, Blow", as well as the title number. The show ran for 420 performances in New York (a particularly long run in the 1930s) and 261 in London. Porter, despite his lessons in orchestration from d'Indy, did not orchestrate his musicals. "Anything Goes" was orchestrated by Robert Russell Bennett and Hans Spialek. Now at the height of his success, Porter was able to enjoy the opening night of his musicals; he made grand entrances and sat in front, apparently relishing the show as much as any audience member. Russel Crouse commented "Cole's opening-night behaviour is as indecent as that of a bridegroom who has a good time at his own wedding."


title: Cole Porter

text: "Anything Goes" was the first of five Porter shows featuring Merman. He loved her loud, brassy voice and wrote many numbers that displayed her strengths. "Jubilee" (1935), written with Moss Hart while on a cruise around the world, was not a major hit, running for only 169 performances, but it featured two songs that have since become standards, "Begin the Beguine" and "Just One of Those Things". "Red, Hot and Blue" (1936), featuring Merman, Jimmy Durante and Bob Hope, ran for 183 performances and introduced "It's De-Lovely", "Down in the Depths (on the Ninetieth Floor)", and "Ridin' High". The relative failure of these shows convinced Porter that his songs did not appeal to a broad enough audience. In an interview, he said "Sophisticated allusions are good for about six weeks ... more fun, but only for myself and about eighteen other people, all of whom are first-nighters anyway. Polished, urbane and adult playwriting in the musical field is strictly a creative luxury."


title: Cole Porter

text: Porter also wrote for Hollywood in the mid-1930s. His scores include those for the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films "Born to Dance" (1936), with James Stewart, featuring "You'd Be So Easy to Love" and "I've Got You Under My Skin", and "Rosalie" (1937), featuring "In the Still of the Night". He wrote the score of the short film "Paree, Paree", in 1935, using some of the songs from "Fifty Million Frenchmen". Porter also composed the cowboy song "Don't Fence Me In" for "Adios, Argentina", an unproduced movie, in 1934, but it did not become a hit until Roy Rogers sang it in the 1944 film "Hollywood Canteen". Bing Crosby, The Andrews Sisters, and other artists also popularized it in the 1940s. The Porters moved to Hollywood in December 1935, but Porter's wife did not like the movie environment, and Porter's closeted homosexual acts, formerly very discreet, became less so; she retreated to their Paris house. When his film assignment on "Rosalie" was finished in 1937, Porter hastened to Paris to make peace with Linda, but she remained cool. After a walking tour of Europe with his friends, Porter returned to New York in October 1937 without her. They were soon reunited by an accident Porter suffered.


title: Cole Porter

text: On October 24, 1937, Porter was riding with Countess Edith di Zoppola and Duke Fulco di Verdura at Piping Rock Club in Locust Valley, New York, when his horse rolled on him and crushed his legs, leaving him substantially crippled and in constant pain for the rest of his life. Though doctors told Porter's wife and mother that his right leg would have to be amputated, and possibly the left one as well, he refused to have the procedure. Linda rushed from Paris to be with him, and supported him in his refusal of amputation. He remained in the hospital for seven months before being allowed to go home to his apartment at the Waldorf Towers. He resumed work as soon as he could, finding it took his mind off his perpetual pain.


title: Cole Porter

text: Porter's first show after his accident was not a success. "You Never Know" (1938), starring Clifton Webb, Lupe Vélez and Libby Holman, ran for only 78 performances. The score included the songs "From Alpha to Omega" and "At Long Last Love". He returned to success with "Leave It to Me!" (1938); the show introduced Mary Martin, singing "My Heart Belongs to Daddy", and other numbers included "Most Gentlemen Don't Like Love" and "From Now On". Porter's last show of the 1930s was "DuBarry Was a Lady" (1939), a particularly risqué show starring Merman and Bert Lahr. After a pre-Broadway tour, during which it ran into trouble with Boston censors, it achieved 408 performances, beginning at the 46th Street Theatre. The score included "But in the Morning, No" (which was banned from the airwaves), "Do I Love You?", "Well, Did You Evah!", "Katie Went to Haiti" and another of Porter's up-tempo list songs, "Friendship". At the end of 1939, Porter contributed six songs to the film "Broadway Melody of 1940" for Fred Astaire, George Murphy and Eleanor Powell.


title: Cole Porter

text: Meanwhile, as political unrest increased in Europe, Porter's wife closed their Paris house in 1939, and the next year bought a country home in the Berkshire mountains, near Williamstown, Massachusetts, which she decorated with elegant furnishings from their Paris home. Porter spent time in Hollywood, New York and Williamstown.


title: Cole Porter

text: "Panama Hattie" (1940) was Porter's longest-running hit so far, running in New York for 501 performances despite the absence of any enduring Porter songs. It starred Merman, Arthur Treacher and Betty Hutton. "Let's Face It!" (1941), starring Danny Kaye, had an even better run, with 547 performances in New York. This, too, lacked any numbers that became standards, and Porter always counted it among his lesser efforts. "Something for the Boys" (1943), starring Merman, ran for 422 performances, and "Mexican Hayride" (1944), starring Bobby Clark, with June Havoc, ran for 481 performances. These shows, too, are short of Porter standards. The critics did not pull their punches, complaining about the lack of hit tunes and the generally low standard of the scores. After two flops, "Seven Lively Arts" (1944) (which featured the standard "Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye") and "Around the World" (1946), many thought that Porter's best period was over.


title: Cole Porter

text: Between Broadway musicals, Porter continued to write for Hollywood. His film scores of this period were "You'll Never Get Rich" (1941) with Astaire and Rita Hayworth, "Something to Shout About" (1943) with Don Ameche, Janet Blair and William Gaxton, and "Mississippi Belle" (1943–44), which was abandoned before filming began. He also cooperated in the making of the film "Night and Day" (1946), a largely fictional biography of Porter, with Cary Grant implausibly cast in the lead. The critics scoffed, but the film was a huge success, chiefly because of the wealth of vintage Porter numbers in it. The biopic's success contrasted starkly with the failure of Vincente Minnelli's film "The Pirate" (1948), with Judy Garland and Gene Kelly, in which five new Porter songs received little attention.


title: Cole Porter

text: From this low spot, Porter made a conspicuous comeback in 1948 with "Kiss Me, Kate". It was by far his most successful show, running for 1,077 performances in New York and 400 in London. The production won the Tony Award for Best Musical (the first Tony awarded in that category), and Porter won for best composer and lyricist. The score includes "Another Op'nin', Another Show", "Wunderbar", "So In Love", "We Open in Venice", "Tom, Dick or Harry", "I've Come to Wive It Wealthily in Padua", "Too Darn Hot", "Always True to You (in My Fashion)", and "Brush Up Your Shakespeare".


title: Cole Porter

text: Porter began the 1950s with "Out of This World" (1950), which had some good numbers but too much camp and vulgarity, and was not greatly successful. His next show, "Can-Can" (1952), featuring "C'est Magnifique" and "It's All Right with Me", was another hit, running for 892 performances. Porter's last original Broadway production, "Silk Stockings" (1955), featuring "All of You", was also successful, with a run of 477 performances. Porter wrote two more film scores and music for a television special before ending his Hollywood career. The film "High Society" (1956), starring Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra and Grace Kelly, included Porter's last major hit song "True Love". It was adapted as a stage musical of the same name. Porter also wrote numbers for the film "Les Girls" (1957), which starred Gene Kelly. His final score was for the CBS television special "Aladdin" (1958).


title: Cole Porter

text: Porter's mother died in 1952, and his wife died of emphysema in 1954. By 1958, Porter's injuries caused a series of ulcers on his right leg. After 34 operations, it had to be amputated and replaced with an artificial limb. His friend Noël Coward visited him in the hospital and wrote in his diary, "The lines of ceaseless pain have been wiped from his face...I am convinced that his whole life will cheer up and that his work will profit accordingly." In fact, Porter never wrote another song after the amputation and spent the remaining six years of his life in relative seclusion, seeing only intimate friends. He continued to live in the Waldorf Towers in New York in his memorabilia-filled apartment. On weekends, he often visited an estate in the Berkshires, and he stayed in California during the summers.


title: Cole Porter

text: Porter died of kidney failure at age 73 on October 15, 1964, in Santa Monica, California. He is interred in Mount Hope Cemetery in his native Peru, Indiana, between his wife and father.


title: Cole Porter

text: Many artists have recorded Porter songs, and dozens have released entire albums of his songs. In 1956, jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald released "Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Songbook". In 1972, she released another collection, "Ella Loves Cole". Among the many album collections of Porter songs are the following: "Oscar Peterson Plays the Cole Porter Songbook" (1959); "Anita O'Day Swings Cole Porter with Billy May" (1959); "" (1965); "Rosemary Clooney Sings the Music of Cole Porter" (1982); "" (1989) and "Love for Sale" (Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga, 2021). In 1990 Dionne Warwick released "Dionne Sings Cole Porter". In that same year, "Red Hot + Blue" was released as a benefit CD for AIDS research and featured 20 Cole Porter songs recorded by artists such as U2 and Annie Lennox.


title: Cole Porter

text: Additional recording collections include "Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Cole Porter" (1996) and "John Barrowman Swings Cole Porter" (2004); Barrowman played "Jack" in the 2004 film "De-Lovely". Other singers who have paid tribute to Porter include the Swedish pop music group Gyllene Tider, which recorded a song called "Flickan i en Cole Porter-sång" ("That Girl from the Cole Porter Song") in 1982. He is referenced in the merengue song "The Call of the Wild" by David Byrne on his 1989 album "Rei Momo". He also is mentioned in the song "Tonite It Shows" by Mercury Rev on their 1998 album "Deserter's Songs". After "Can-Can" was adapted as a film, the soundtrack won the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Sound Track Album.


title: Cole Porter

text: In 1965, Judy Garland performed a medley of Porter's songs at the 37th Academy Awards shortly after Porter's death. In 1980, Porter's music was used for the score of "Happy New Year", based on the Philip Barry play "Holiday". The cast of "The Carol Burnett Show" paid a tribute to Porter in a humorous sketch in their CBS television series. "You're the Top: The Cole Porter Story", a video of archival material and interviews, and "Red, Hot and Blue", a video of artists performing Porter's music, were released in 1990 to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of Porter's birth. In contrast to the highly embellished 1946 screen biography "Night and Day", Porter's life was chronicled more realistically in "De-Lovely", a 2004 Irwin Winkler film starring Kevin Kline as Porter and Ashley Judd as Linda. The soundtrack to "De-Lovely" includes Porter songs sung by Alanis Morissette, Sheryl Crow, Elvis Costello, Diana Krall and Natalie Cole, among others. Porter also appears as a character in Woody Allen's 2011 film "Midnight in Paris".


title: Cole Porter

text: Many events commemorated the centenary of Porter's birth, including the halftime show of the 1991 Orange Bowl. Joel Grey and a large cast of singers, dancers and marching bands, performed a tribute to Porter in Miami, Florida during the 57th King Orange Jamboree parade, whose theme was "Anything Goes". The Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra performed a program of Cole Porter music at the Circle Theatre in Indianapolis, which also featured clips of Porter's Hollywood films. "A Gala Birthday Concert" was held at New York City's Carnegie Hall, with more than 40 entertainers and friends paying tribute to Porter's long career in theater and film. In addition, the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative postage stamp honoring Porter's birth. The Indiana University Opera performed Porter's musical, "Jubilee", in Bloomington, Indiana.


title: Cole Porter

text: In May 2007, a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was dedicated to Porter. In December 2010, his portrait was added to the Hoosier Heritage Gallery in the office of the Governor of Indiana. Numerous symphony orchestras have paid tribute to Porter in the years since his death including Seattle Symphony Orchestra, with Marvin Hamlisch as conductor and the Boston Pops, both in 2011. In 2012, Marvin Hamlisch, Michael Feinstein, and the Dallas Symphony Orchestra honored Porter with a concert that included his familiar classics. The Cole Porter Festival is held every year in June in his hometown of Peru, Indiana, to foster music and art appreciation. Costumed singers in the cabaret-style Cole Porter Room at the Indiana Historical Society's Eugene and Marilyn Glick Indiana History Center in Indianapolis take requests from visitors and perform Porter's hit songs. Since Porter's death, except for a brief time at the New York Historical Society, his 1908 Steinway grand piano, which he had used when composing since the mid-1930s, has been displayed and often played in the lobby of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Porter is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame and Great American Songbook Hall of Fame, which recognized his "musically complex [songs] with witty, urbane lyrics". In 2014, Porter was honored with a plaque on the Legacy Walk in Chicago, which celebrates LGBT achievers.


title: Cole Porter

text: Shows listed are stage musicals unless otherwise noted. Where the show was later made into a film, the year refers to the stage version. A complete list of Porter's works is in the Library of Congress (see also the Cole Porter Collection).


title: Pumpkin

text: A pumpkin is a vernacular term for mature winter squash of species and varieties in the genus "Cucurbita" that has culinary and cultural significance but no agreed upon botanical or scientific meaning. The term "pumpkin" is sometimes used interchangeably with "squash" or "winter squash", and is commonly used for cultivars of "Cucurbita argyrosperma", "Cucurbita ficifolia", "Cucurbita maxima", "Cucurbita moschata", and "Cucurbita pepo".


title: Pumpkin

text: Native to North America (northeastern Mexico and the southern United States), "C. pepo" pumpkins are one of the oldest domesticated plants, having been used as early as 7,000 to 5,500 BC. Today, pumpkins of varied species are widely grown for food, as well as for aesthetic and recreational purposes. The pumpkin's thick shell contains edible seeds and pulp. Pumpkin pie, for instance, is a traditional part of Thanksgiving meals in Canada and the United States, and pumpkins are frequently carved as jack-o'-lanterns for decoration around Halloween, although commercially canned pumpkin purée and pumpkin pie fillings are usually made of different pumpkin varieties from those used for jack-o'-lanterns.


title: Pumpkin

text: According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the English word "pumpkin" derives from the Ancient Greek word (romanized ), meaning 'melon'. Under this theory, the term transitioned through the Latin word and the Middle French word to the Early Modern English , which was changed to "pumpkin" by 17th-century English colonists, shortly after encountering pumpkins upon their arrival in what is now the northeastern United States.


title: Pumpkin

text: An alternate derivation for "pumpkin" is the Massachusett word , meaning 'grows forth round'. This term would likely have been used by the Wampanoag people (who speak the dialect of Massachusett) when introducing pumpkins to English Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony, located in present-day Massachusetts. The English word "squash" is also derived from a Massachusett word, variously transcribed as , , or, in the closely-related Narragansett language, .


title: Pumpkin

text: Researchers have noted that the term pumpkin and related terms like ayote and calabaza are applied to a range of winter squash with varying size and shape. The term "tropical pumpkin" is sometimes used for pumpkin cultivars of the species "Cucurbita moschata".


title: Pumpkin

text: Pumpkin fruits are a type of botanical berry known as a pepo. Characteristics commonly used to define "pumpkin" include smooth and slightly ribbed skin, and deep yellow to orange color. White, green, and other pumpkin colors also exist.


title: Pumpkin

text: While "C. pepo" pumpkins generally weigh between , Giant pumpkins can exceed a tonne in mass. Most are varieties of "Cucurbita maxima", and were developed through the efforts of botanical societies and enthusiast farmers. The largest cultivars of the species "Curcubita maxima" frequently reach weights of over , with current record weights of over 1,226 kg (2,703 lbs).


title: Pumpkin

text: The oldest evidence of "Cucurbita pepo" pumpkin is fragments found in Mexico that are dated between 7,000 and 5,500 BC. Within decades after Europeans began colonizing North America, illustrations of pumpkins similar to the modern cultivars Small Sugar pumpkin and Connecticut Field pumpkin were published in Europe.


title: Pumpkin

text: Pumpkins are a warm-weather crop that is usually planted by early July in the Northern Hemisphere. Pumpkins require that soil temperatures deep are at least and that the soil holds water well. Pumpkin crops may suffer if there is a lack of water, because of temperatures below , or if grown in soils that become waterlogged. Within these conditions, pumpkins are considered hardy, and even if many leaves and portions of the vine are removed or damaged, the plant can quickly grow secondary vines to replace what was removed.


title: Pumpkin

text: Pumpkins produce both a male and female flower, with fertilization usually performed by bees. In America, pumpkins have historically been pollinated by the native squash bee, "Peponapis pruinosa", but that bee has declined, probably partly due to pesticide (imidacloprid) sensitivity. Ground-based bees, such as squash bees and the eastern bumblebee, are better suited to manage the larger pollen particles that pumpkins create, but today most commercial plantings are pollinated by hives of honeybees, which also allows the production and sale of honey that the bees produce from the pumpkin pollen. One hive per acre (0.4 hectares, or five hives per 2 hectares) is recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. If there are inadequate bees for pollination, gardeners may have to hand pollinate. Inadequately pollinated pumpkins usually start growing but fail to develop.


title: Pumpkin

text: In 2020, world production of pumpkins (including squash and gourds) was 28 million tonnes, with China accounting for 27% of the total. Ukraine and Russia each produced about one million tonnes.


title: Pumpkin

text: As one of the most popular crops in the United States, in 2017 over of pumpkins were produced. The top pumpkin-producing states include Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and California. Pumpkin is the state squash of Texas.


title: Pumpkin

text: According to the Illinois Department of Agriculture, 95% of the U.S. crop intended for processing is grown in Illinois. And 41% of the overall pumpkin crop for all uses originates in the state, more than five times the nearest competitor (California, whose pumpkin industry is centered in the San Joaquin Valley), and the majority of that comes from five counties in the central part of the state. Nestlé, operating under the brand name "Libby's", produces 85% of the processed pumpkin in the United States, at their plant in Morton, Illinois.


title: Pumpkin

text: In the fall of 2009, rain in Illinois devastated the Nestlé's Libby's pumpkin crop, which, combined with a relatively weak 2008 crop depleting that year's reserves, resulted in a shortage affecting the entire country during the Thanksgiving holiday season. Another shortage, somewhat less severe, affected the 2015 crop.


title: Pumpkin

text: The pumpkin crop grown in the western United States, which constitutes approximately 3–4% of the national crop, is primarily for the organic market. Terry County, Texas, has a substantial pumpkin industry, centered largely on miniature pumpkins. Illinois farmer Sarah Frey is called "the Pumpkin Queen of America" and sells around five million pumpkins annually, predominantly for use as lanterns.


title: Pumpkin

text: In a amount, raw pumpkin provides of food energy and is an excellent source (20% or more the Daily Value, DV) of provitamin A beta-carotene and vitamin A (53% DV) (table). Vitamin C is present in moderate content (11% DV), but no other nutrients are in significant amounts (less than 10% DV, table). Pumpkin is 92% water, 6.5% carbohydrate, 0.1% fat and 1% protein (table).


title: Pumpkin

text: Most parts of the pumpkin plant are edible, including the fleshy shell, the seeds, the leaves, and the flowers. When ripe, the pumpkin can be boiled, steamed, or roasted. Pumpkins that are immature may be eaten as summer squash.


title: Pumpkin

text: In North America, pumpkins are an important part of the traditional autumn harvest, eaten mashed and making its way into soups and purées. Often, pumpkin flesh is made into pie, various kinds of which are a traditional staple of the Canadian and American Thanksgiving holidays. Pumpkin purée is sometimes prepared and frozen for later use. A 2003 review of United States processing and canning practices noted that the most common commercially-canned pumpkin varieties were Connecticut field pumpkin, Dickinson pumpkin, Kentucky field pumpkin, Boston marrow, and Golden Delicious.


title: Pumpkin

text: In the Middle East, pumpkin is used for sweet dishes; a well-known sweet delicacy is called "halawa yaqtin". In the Indian subcontinent, pumpkin is cooked with butter, sugar, and spices in a dish called "kadu ka halwa". Pumpkin is used to make "sambar" in Udupi cuisine. In Australia and New Zealand, pumpkin is often roasted in conjunction with other vegetables. In Japan, small pumpkins are served in savory dishes, including tempura. In Myanmar, pumpkins are used in both cooking and desserts (candied). In Thailand, small pumpkins are steamed with custard inside and served as a dessert. In Vietnam, pumpkins are commonly cooked in soups with pork or shrimp. In Italy, it can be used with cheeses as a savory stuffing for ravioli. In western and central Kenya, pumpkin flesh is usually boiled or steamed.


title: Pumpkin

text: Association of pumpkins with harvest time and pumpkin pie at Canadian and American Thanksgiving reinforce its iconic role. Starbucks turned this association into marketing with its Pumpkin Spice Latte, introduced in 2003. This has led to a notable trend in pumpkin and spice flavored food products in North America.


title: Pumpkin

text: In the southwestern United States and Mexico, pumpkin and squash flowers are a popular and widely available food item. They may be used to garnish dishes, or dredged in a batter then fried in oil.


title: Pumpkin

text: In Guangxi province, China, the leaves of the pumpkin plant are consumed as a cooked vegetable or in soups. Korean cuisine makes use of pumpkin leaves, usually of "C. moschata" varieties.


title: Pumpkin

text: Pumpkin leaves are a popular vegetable in the western and central regions of Kenya; they are called , and are an ingredient of , Pumpkin leaves are also eaten in Zambia, where they are called and are boiled and cooked with groundnut paste as a side dish.


title: Pumpkin

text: Pumpkin seeds, also known as "pepitas", are edible and nutrient-rich. They are about 1.5 cm (0.5 in) long, flat, asymmetrically oval, light green in color and usually covered by a white husk, although some pumpkin varieties produce seeds without them. Pumpkin seeds are a popular snack that can be found hulled or semi-hulled at grocery stores. Per ounce serving, pumpkin seeds are a good source of protein, magnesium, copper and zinc.


title: Pumpkin

text: In Myanmar, the seeds are a popular sunflower seed substitute. Pumpkin seeds are popular with Kenyan children who roast them on a pan before eating them.


title: Pumpkin

text: Pumpkin seed oil is a thick oil pressed from roasted seeds that appears red or green in color. When used for cooking or as a salad dressing, pumpkin seed oil is generally mixed with other oils because of its robust flavor. Pumpkin seed oil contains fatty acids, such as oleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.


title: Pumpkin

text: Pumpkins have been used as folk medicine by Native Americans to treat intestinal worms and urinary ailments, and this Native American remedy was adopted by American doctors in the early nineteenth century as an anthelmintic for the expulsion of worms. In Germany and southeastern Europe, seeds of "C. pepo" were also used as folk remedies to treat irritable bladder and benign prostatic hyperplasia.


title: Pumpkin

text: In China, "C. moschata" seeds were also used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis and for the expulsion of tape worms..


title: Pumpkin

text: Pumpkin seed meal from "Cucurbita maxima" and "Cucurbita moschata" have been demonstrated to improve the nutrition of eggs for human consumption, and "Cucurbita pepo" seed has successfully been used in place of soybean in chicken feed.


title: Pumpkin

text: In the United States, the carved pumpkin was first associated with the harvest season in general, long before it became an emblem of Halloween. The practice of carving produce for Halloween originated from an Irish myth about a man named "Stingy Jack". The practice of carving pumpkin jack-o'-lanterns for the Halloween season developed from a traditional practice in Ireland as well as Scotland and other parts of the United Kingdom of carving lanterns from the turnip, mangelwurzel, or swede (rutabaga). These vegetables continue to be popular choices today as carved lanterns in Scotland and Northern Ireland, although the British purchased a million pumpkins for Halloween in 2004 reflecting the spread of pumpkin carving in the United Kingdom.


title: Pumpkin

text: Immigrants to North America began using the native pumpkins for carving, which are both readily available and much larger – making them easier to carve than turnips. Not until 1837 does "jack-o'-lantern" appear as a term for a carved vegetable lantern, and the carved pumpkin lantern association with Halloween is recorded in 1866.


title: Pumpkin

text: In 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities that encourage kids and families to join together to make their own jack-o'-lanterns.


title: Pumpkin

text: The traditional American pumpkin used for jack-o-lanterns is the Connecticut field variety. Kentucky Field pumpkin is also among the pumpkin cultivars grown specifically for jack-o-lantern carving.


title: Pumpkin

text: Pumpkin chunking is a competitive activity in which teams build various mechanical devices designed to throw a pumpkin as far as possible. Catapults, trebuchets, ballistas and air cannons are the most common mechanisms.


title: Pumpkin

text: Growers of giant pumpkins often compete to grow the most massive pumpkins. Festivals may be dedicated to the pumpkin and these competitions. In the United States, the town of Half Moon Bay, California, holds an annual Art and Pumpkin Festival, including the World Champion Pumpkin Weigh-Off.


title: Pumpkin

text: There is a connection in folklore and popular culture between pumpkins and the supernatural, such as:


title: Pumpkin

text: In most folklore the carved pumpkin is meant to scare away evil spirits on All Hallows' Eve (that is, Halloween), when the dead were purported to walk the earth.


title: Pumpkin

text: The species and varieties include many economically important cultivars with a variety of different shapes, colors, and flavors that are grown for different purposes. "Variety" is used here interchangeably with "cultivar", but not with "species" or taxonomic variety.


title: Zhao Lusi

text: Zhao Lusi (; born 9 November 1998), also known as Rosy, is a Chinese actress and singer. She is best known for her roles in "Oh! My Emperor" (2018), "Love Better than Immortality" (2019), "The Romance of Tiger and Rose" (2020), "Dating in the Kitchen" (2020), "The Long Ballad" (2021), "Please Feel at Ease Mr. Ling" (2021), "Who Rules The World" (2022) and "Love Like the Galaxy" (2022).


title: Zhao Lusi

text: In 2017, Zhao made her acting debut with a supporting role in the web drama "Cinderella Chef". The same year, she played a minor role in the film "City of Rock".


title: Zhao Lusi

text: In 2018, Zhao gained attention for her supporting role in the historical romance series "Untouchable Lovers". The same year, she played her first leading role in the time-travel historical drama "Oh! My Emperor". The series gained a following online and led to increased recognition for Zhao. Zhao received the Newcomer award at the Golden Bud–The Third Network Film And Television Festival.


title: Zhao Lusi

text: In 2019, Zhao played in the romance film "Autumn Fairytale", based on the South Korean television series "Autumn in My Heart". The same year, she starred in period fantasy "Prodigy Healer", and historical romance "Love Better Than Immortality". She later starred in the romance drama "I Hear You" with Riley Wang.


title: Zhao Lusi

text: In 2020, Zhao starred in the xianxia series "Love of Thousand Years". She then starred in historical romance drama "The Romance of Tiger and Rose". The series was a hit, and was praised for its interesting setup and plot. She won the Best Leading Actress award at 2020 Wenrong Awards. The same year, she starred in the romance drama "Dating in the Kitchen".


title: Zhao Lusi

text: In 2021, Zhao starred as the second female lead in the historical series "The Long Ballad, " which gained her the Asian Star Prize at 2021 Seoul International Drama Awards. Then she played the lead role in the romantic comedy "Please Feel at Ease Mr. Ling," and starred in the period drama "A Female Student Arrives at the Imperial College."


title: Zhao Lusi

text: In 2022, she starred in the fantasy romance drama "Who Rules The World" with Yang Yang, based on the novel by Qing Lengyue, and starred in the historical romance drama "Love Like the Galaxy" alongside Wu Lei, based on the novel, "Xing Han Can Lan, Xing Shen Zhi Zai" by Guan Xin Ze Luan


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: The Menu is a 2022 American dark comedy horror film directed by Mark Mylod, written by Seth Reiss and Will Tracy, based on an original story created by Tracy, and produced by Adam McKay, Betsy Koch and Will Ferrell. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Ralph Fiennes, Anya Taylor-Joy, Nicholas Hoult, Hong Chau, Janet McTeer, Reed Birney, Judith Light, and John Leguizamo. The film focuses on a group of diners at an exclusive restaurant who discover the celebrity chef owner intends to kill them all before the night is out.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: "The Menu" had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2022, and was released in the United States on November 18, 2022, by Searchlight Pictures. The film received largely positive reviews from critics, who praised the screenplay, direction, production design, and cast performances.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: Tyler and his companion Margot Mills travel by boat to Hawthorne, an exclusive restaurant owned and operated by celebrity chef Julian Slowik, located on a private island. The other guests attending the dinner are Lilian, a food critic; her editor Ted; wealthy couple Richard and Anne; George, a post-prime movie star, and his personal assistant Felicity; and business partners Soren, Dave, and Bryce, along with Julian's alcoholic mother. The group are given a tour of the island by the restaurant Maître d'hôtel, Elsa, who notes that Margot was not Tyler's designated guest for the evening.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: Dinner begins, with the elaborate courses and Julian's accompanying monologues becoming increasingly unsettling. After a scallop dish intended to represent the island and a bread plate served with no bread, the guests are served chicken and tortillas that have been printed with images revealing secrets from their past. For the fourth course, Julian's sous chef kills himself in front of everyone. Another staff member cuts off Richard's ring finger when he tries to escape. The restaurant's main "angel" investor is drowned in front of the guests. Julian allows the male guests to attempt escape, only to have the staff catch and return them.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: Julian declares all the guests were selected because they either contributed to him losing his passion for his craft (such as Richard and Anne) or because they make a living off exploiting the work of artisans like him (such as Soren, Dave, and Bryce, who all worked for the restaurant's investor). He announces that by the end of the night, he, the staff, and the guests are all going to die. Since Margot's presence was unplanned, Julian gives her the choice of dying with either the staff or the guests.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: Julian reveals that Tyler was invited personally and knew all along that the dinner would end with everyone's death. It is revealed that Margot is an escort named Erin, who Tyler has hired for the evening, knowing full well she would die. Julian humiliates Tyler further by forcing him to cook and insulting his food, influencing Tyler to kill himself in a storeroom. Julian decides that Margot belongs with the staff and asks her to collect a barrel needed for dessert, falsely claiming Elsa forgot it.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: Margot sneaks into Julian's house, only to be attacked by Elsa. Margot kills Elsa in self-defense by stabbing her in the neck. After seeing newspaper clippings of Julian's past life in his office, Margot finds a radio, calls for help, and returns to the restaurant with the barrel. A Coast Guard officer arrives from his boat, then reveals himself to be a line cook in disguise and returns to the kitchen.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: Due to Margot's betrayal, Julian now declares that she belongs with the guests, but Margot mocks his dishes and complains that she is still hungry. When Julian asks what she would like to eat, Margot asks him for a cheeseburger and fries, having previously seen a photo of a young, happy Julian working at a fast-food restaurant. Moved by her simple request, Julian prepares the meal to her specifications. Margot takes a bite and praises his food, then asks if she can get it "to go". Julian packs the food for her and the staff allows her to leave, quietly encouraged by the other guests. Margot takes the Coast Guard boat docked nearby and escapes the island.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: To end the dinner, Julian pays tribute to s'mores by covering the guests with small capes made of marshmallows and hats made of chocolate. He then sets the restaurant ablaze, detonating the barrel and killing the guests, staff, and himself. Margot watches the burning restaurant from the boat, continuing to eat her cheeseburger.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: Will Tracy dined at Cornelius Sjømatrestaurant during a honeymoon and later suggested a story to Seth Reiss inspired by the experience.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: In April 2019, it was announced that Emma Stone and Ralph Fiennes would star in "The Menu", with Alexander Payne attached to direct. In December, the screenplay appeared on the annual Black List, a survey showcasing the most popular films still in development. By May 2020, Searchlight Pictures held the distribution rights, and Payne and Stone had left the film due to scheduling conflicts, with Mark Mylod replacing Payne as director.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: In June 2021, Fiennes rejoined the cast. Anya Taylor-Joy entered negotiations to replace Stone (and was confirmed the next month), and Hong Chau and Nicholas Hoult joined the cast. John Leguizamo, Janet McTeer, Judith Light, Reed Birney, Rob Yang, and Aimee Carrero joined in September. In October, Paul Adelstein, Arturo Castro, Mark St. Cyr, Rebecca Koon and Peter Grosz were confirmed as parts of the ensemble.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: Filming began on September 3, 2021, in Savannah, Georgia, with cinematographer Peter Deming. Filming included the Jekyll Island shore.<ref name="washingtonpost/menu-review"></ref>


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: Several figures from the world of fine dining were brought on as consultants for the film, including food designer Dominique Crenn, who recreates several dishes from her San Francisco restaurant Atelier Crenn for the fictional restaurant Hawthorne, and second unit director David Gelb, who was brought on to recreate the filmmaking style from his Netflix docu-series "Chef’s Table".


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: Christopher Tellefsen was the film's editor, while Colin Stetson composed the musical score. His score was released separately into an album, "The Menu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" by Milan Records on November 18, the same day as the film's release.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: "The Menu" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2022, and also made its US premiere at Fantastic Fest that month. It was released November 18, 2022 in the United States in 3,211 theaters, the widest release in Searchlight's history.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: The film will be released to digital platforms on January 3, 2023, with a Blu-ray and DVD release on January 17, 2023.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: , "The Menu" has grossed $32.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $32.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $64.6 million.


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: In the United States and Canada, "The Menu" was released alongside "She Said", and was projected to gross $7–10 million from 3,211 theaters in its opening weekend, the widest release in Searchlight's history. It made $3.6 million on its first day, including $1 million from Wednesday and Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $9 million, finishing second behind holdover "".


title: The Menu (2022 film)

text: Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, and those at PostTrak gave the film a 78% overall positive score, with 52% saying they definitely would recommend it.


title: Goth subculture

text: Goth is a music-based subculture that began in the United Kingdom during the early 1980s. It was developed by fans of Gothic rock, an offshoot of the post-punk music genre. The name "Goth" was derived directly from the genre. Notable post-punk artists who presaged the gothic rock genre and helped develop and shape the subculture include: Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus, the Cure, and Joy Division.


title: Goth subculture

text: The goth subculture has survived much longer than others of the same era, and has continued to diversify and spread throughout the world. Its imagery and cultural proclivities indicate influences from 19th-century Gothic fiction and from horror films. The scene is centered on music festivals, nightclubs, and organized meetings, especially in Western Europe. The subculture has associated tastes in music, aesthetics, and fashion.


title: Goth subculture

text: The music preferred by goths includes a number of styles such as gothic rock, death rock, cold wave, dark wave, and ethereal wave. Styles of dress within the subculture draw on punk, new wave, and New Romantic fashion. It also draws from the fashion of earlier periods such as the Victorian, Edwardian, and Belle Époque eras. The style most often includes dark (usually solid black) attire, dark makeup, and black hair. The subculture has continued to draw interest from a large audience decades after its emergence.


title: Goth subculture

text: The term "gothic rock" was coined by music critic John Stickney in 1967 to describe a meeting he had with Jim Morrison in a dimly lit wine-cellar, which he called "the perfect room to honor the Gothic rock of the Doors". That same year, the Velvet Underground song "All Tomorrow's Parties" created a kind of "mesmerizing gothic-rock masterpiece" according to music historian Kurt Loder. In the late 1970s, the "gothic" adjective was used to describe the atmosphere of post-punk bands like Siouxsie and the Banshees, Magazine, and Joy Division. In a live review about a Siouxsie and the Banshees' concert in July 1978, critic Nick Kent wrote that, concerning their music, "[P]arallels and comparisons can now be drawn with gothic rock architects like the Doors and, certainly, early Velvet Underground". In March 1979, in his review of Magazine's second album "Secondhand Daylight", Kent noted that there was "a new austere sense of authority" in the music, with a "dank neo-Gothic sound". Later that year, the term was also used by Joy Division's manager, Tony Wilson on 15 September in an interview for the BBC TV programme's "Something Else". Wilson described Joy Division as "gothic" compared to the pop mainstream, right before a live performance of the band. The term was later applied to "newer bands such as Bauhaus who had arrived in the wake of Joy Division and Siouxsie and the Banshees". Bauhaus's first single issued in 1979, "Bela Lugosi's Dead", is generally credited as the starting point of the gothic rock genre.


title: Goth subculture

text: In 1979, "Sounds" described Joy Division as "Gothic" and "theatrical". In February 1980, "Melody Maker" qualified the same band as "masters of this Gothic gloom". Critic Jon Savage would later say that their singer Ian Curtis wrote "the definitive Northern Gothic statement". However, it was not until the early 1980s that gothic rock became a coherent music subgenre within post-punk, and that followers of these bands started to come together as a distinctly recognizable movement. They may have taken the "goth" mantle from a 1981 article published in UK rock weekly "Sounds": "The face of Punk Gothique", written by Steve Keaton. In a text about the audience of UK Decay, Keaton asked: "Could this be the coming of Punk Gothique? With Bauhaus flying in on similar wings could it be the next big thing?" The F Club night in Leeds in Northern England, which had opened in 1977 firstly as a punk club, became instrumental to the development of the goth subculture in the 1980s. In July 1982, the opening of the Batcave in London's Soho provided a prominent meeting point for the emerging scene, which would be briefly labelled "positive punk" by the "NME" in a special issue with a front cover in early 1983. The term "Batcaver" was then used to describe old-school goths.


title: Goth subculture

text: Outside the British scene, deathrock developed in California during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a distinct branch of American punk rock, with acts such as Christian Death and 45 Grave at the forefront.


title: Goth subculture

text: The bands that defined and embraced the gothic rock genre included Bauhaus, early Adam and the Ants, the Cure, the Birthday Party, Southern Death Cult, Specimen, Sex Gang Children, UK Decay, Virgin Prunes, Killing Joke, and the Damned. Near the peak of this first generation of the gothic scene in 1983, "The Face" Paul Rambali recalled that there were "several strong Gothic characteristics" in the music of Joy Division. In 1984, Joy Division's bassist Peter Hook named Play Dead as one of their heirs: "If you listen to a band like Play Dead, who I really like, Joy Division played the same stuff that Play Dead are playing. They're similar."


title: Goth subculture

text: By the mid-1980s, bands began proliferating and became increasingly popular, including the Sisters of Mercy, the Mission, Alien Sex Fiend, the March Violets, Xmal Deutschland, the Membranes, and Fields of the Nephilim. Record labels like Factory, 4AD and Beggars Banquet released much of this music in Europe, and through a vibrant import music market in the US, the subculture grew, especially in New York and Los Angeles, California, where many nightclubs featured "gothic/industrial" nights. The popularity of 4AD bands resulted in the creation of a similar US label, Projekt, which produces what was colloquially termed ethereal wave, a subgenre of dark wave music.


title: Goth subculture

text: The 1990s saw further growth for some 1980s bands and the emergence of many new acts, as well as new goth-centric U.S. record labels such as Cleopatra Records, among others. According to Dave Simpson of "The Guardian", "[I]n the 90s, goths all but disappeared as dance music became the dominant youth cult". As a result, the goth movement went underground and fractured into cyber goth, Shock rock, Industrial metal, Gothic metal, and Medieval folk metal. Marilyn Manson was seen as a "goth-shock icon" by "Spin".


title: Goth subculture

text: The Goth subculture of the 1980s drew inspiration from a variety of sources. Some of them were modern or contemporary, others were centuries-old or ancient. Michael Bibby and Lauren M. E. Goodlad liken the subculture to a bricolage. Among the music-subcultures that influenced it were Punk, New wave, and Glam. But it also drew inspiration from B-movies, Gothic literature, horror films, vampire cults and traditional mythology. Among the mythologies that proved influential in Goth were Celtic mythology, Christian mythology, Egyptian mythology, and various traditions of Paganism.


title: Goth subculture

text: The figures that the movement counted among its historic canon of ancestors were equally diverse. They included the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844‒1900), Comte de Lautréamont (1846‒1870), Salvador Dalí (1904‒1989) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905‒1980). Writers that have had a significant influence on the movement also represent a diverse canon. They include Ann Radcliffe (1764‒1823), John William Polidori (1795‒1821), Edgar Allan Poe (1809‒1849), Sheridan Le Fanu (1814-1873), Bram Stoker (1847‒1912), Oscar Wilde (1854‒1900), H. P. Lovecraft (1890‒1937), Anne Rice (1941‒2021), William Gibson (1948‒), Ian McEwan (1948‒), Storm Constantine (1956‒2021), and Poppy Z. Brite (1967‒).


title: Goth subculture

text: Gothic literature is a genre of fiction that combines romance and dark elements to produce mystery, suspense, terror, horror and the supernatural. According to David H. Richter, settings were framed to take place at "...ruinous castles, gloomy churchyards, claustrophobic monasteries, and lonely mountain roads". Typical characters consisted of the cruel parent, sinister priest, courageous victor, and the helpless heroine, along with supernatural figures such as demons, vampires, ghosts, and monsters. Often, the plot focused on characters ill-fated, internally conflicted, and innocently victimized by harassing malicious figures. In addition to the dismal plot focuses, the literary tradition of the gothic was to also focus on individual characters that were gradually going insane.


title: Goth subculture

text: English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel "The Castle of Otranto" is one of the first writers who explored this genre. The American Revolutionary War-era "American Gothic" story of the Headless Horseman, immortalized in "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (published in 1820) by Washington Irving, marked the arrival in the New World of dark, romantic storytelling. The tale was composed by Irving while he was living in England, and was based on popular tales told by colonial Dutch settlers of the Hudson Valley, New York. The story would be adapted to film in 1922, in 1949 as the animated "The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad", and again in 1999.


title: Goth subculture

text: Throughout the evolution of the goth subculture, classic Romantic, Gothic and horror literature has played a significant role. E. T. A. Hoffmann (1776–1822), Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), Charles Baudelaire (1821–1867), H. P. Lovecraft (1890–1937), and other tragic and Romantic writers have become as emblematic of the subculture as the use of dark eyeliner or dressing in black. Baudelaire, in fact, in his preface to "Les Fleurs du mal" ("Flowers of Evil") penned lines that could serve as a sort of goth malediction:


title: Goth subculture

text: The gothic subculture has influenced different artists—not only musicians—but also painters and photographers. In particular their work is based on mystic, morbid and romantic motifs. In photography and painting the spectrum varies from erotic artwork to romantic images of vampires or ghosts. There is a marked preference for dark colours and sentiments, similar to Gothic fiction. At the end of the 19th century, painters like John Everett Millais and John Ruskin invented a new kind of Gothic.


title: Goth subculture

text: Some people credit Jalacy "Screamin' Jay" Hawkins, perhaps best known for his 1956 song "I Put A Spell on You," as a foundation of modern goth style and music. Some people credit the band Bauhaus' first single "Bela Lugosi's Dead", released in August 1979, with the start of goth subculture.


title: Goth subculture

text: The British sitcom "The IT Crowd" featured a recurring goth character named Richmond Avenal, played by Noel Fielding. Fielding said in an interview that he himself had been a goth at age fifteen and that he had a series of goth girlfriends. This was the first time he dabbled in makeup. Fielding said that he loved his girlfriends dressing him up.


title: Goth subculture

text: Notable examples of goth icons include several bandleaders: Siouxsie Sioux, of Siouxsie and the Banshees; Robert Smith, of the Cure; Peter Murphy, of Bauhaus; Rozz Williams, of Christian Death; Olli Wisdom, leader of the band Specimen and keyboardist Jonathan Melton aka Jonny Slut, who evolved the Batcave style. Some members of Bauhaus were, themselves, fine art students or active artists. Nick Cave was dubbed as "the grand lord of gothic lushness".


title: Goth subculture

text: One female role model is Theda Bara, the 1910s femme fatale known for her dark eyeshadow. In 1977, Karl Lagerfeld hosted the Soirée Moratoire Noir party, specifying "tenue tragique noire absolument obligatoire" (black tragic dress absolutely required). The event included elements associated with leatherman style.


title: Goth subculture

text: Siouxsie Sioux was particularly influential on the dress style of the Gothic rock scene; Paul Morley of "NME" described Siouxsie and the Banshees' 1980 gig at Futurama: "[Siouxsie was] modeling her newest outfit, the one that will influence how all the girls dress over the next few months. About half the girls at Leeds had used Sioux as a basis for their appearance, hair to ankle". Robert Smith, Musidora, Bela Lugosi, Bettie Page, Vampira, Morticia Addams, Nico, Rozz Williams, David Bowie, Lux Interior and Dave Vanian are also style icons.


title: Goth subculture

text: The 1980s established designers such as Drew Bernstein of Lip Service, and the 1990s saw a surge of US-based gothic fashion designers, many of whom continue to evolve the style to the present day. Style magazines such as "Gothic Beauty" have given repeat features to a select few gothic fashion designers who began their labels in the 1990s, such as Kambriel, Rose Mortem, and Tyler Ondine of Heavy Red.


title: Goth subculture

text: Gothic fashion is marked by conspicuously dark, antiquated and homogeneous features. It is stereotyped as eerie, mysterious, complex and exotic. A dark, sometimes morbid fashion and style of dress, typical gothic fashion includes colored black hair and black period-styled clothing. Both male and female goths can wear dark eyeliner and dark fingernail polish, most especially black. Styles are often borrowed from punk fashion and—more currently—from the Victorian and Elizabethan periods. It also frequently expresses pagan, occult or other religious imagery. Gothic fashion and styling may also feature silver jewelry and piercings.


title: Goth subculture

text: Ted Polhemus described goth fashion as a "profusion of black velvets, lace, fishnets and leather tinged with scarlet or purple, accessorized with tightly laced corsets, gloves, precarious stilettos and silver jewelry depicting religious or occult themes". Of the male "goth look", goth historian Pete Scathe draws a distinction between the Sid Vicious archetype of black spiky hair and black leather jacket in contrast to the gender ambiguous guys wearing makeup. The first is the early goth gig-going look, which was essentially punk, whereas the second is what evolved into the Batcave nightclub look. Early goth gigs were often very hectic affairs, and the audience dressed accordingly.


title: Goth subculture

text: In contrast to the LARP-based Victorian and Elizabethan pomposity of the 2000s, the more Romantic side of 1980s trad-goth—mainly represented by women—was characterized by new wave/post-punk-oriented hairstyles (both long and short, partly shaved and teased) and street-compliant clothing, including black frill blouses, midi dresses or tea-length skirts, and floral lace tights, Dr. Martens, spike heels (pumps), and pointed toe buckle boots (winklepickers), sometimes supplemented with accessories such as bracelets, chokers and bib necklaces. This style, retroactively referred to as "Ethergoth", took its inspiration from Siouxsie Sioux and mid-1980s protagonists from the 4AD roster like Elizabeth Fraser and Lisa Gerrard.


title: Goth subculture

text: "The New York Times" noted: "The costumes and ornaments are a glamorous cover for the genre's somber themes. In the world of Goth, nature itself lurks as a malign protagonist, causing flesh to rot, rivers to flood, monuments to crumble and women to turn into slatterns, their hair streaming and lipstick askew".


title: Goth subculture

text: Cintra Wilson declares that the origins of the dark romantic style are found in the "Victorian cult of mourning." Valerie Steele is an expert in the history of the style.


title: Goth subculture

text: Goth fashion has a reciprocal relationship with the fashion world. In the later part of the first decade of the 21st century, designers such as Alexander McQueen, Anna Sui, Rick Owens, Gareth Pugh, Ann Demeulemeester, Philipp Plein, Hedi Slimane, John Richmond, John Galliano, Olivier Theyskens and Yohji Yamamoto brought elements of goth to runways. This was described as "Haute Goth" by Cintra Wilson in the "New York Times".


title: Goth subculture

text: Thierry Mugler, Claude Montana, Jean Paul Gaultier and Christian Lacroix have also been associated with the fashion trend. In Spring 2004, Riccardo Tisci, Jean Paul Gaultier, Raf Simons and Stefano Pilati dressed their models as "glamorous ghouls dressed in form-fitting suits and coal-tinted cocktail dresses". Swedish designer Helena Horstedt and jewelry artist Hanna Hedman also practice a goth aesthetic.


title: Goth subculture

text: Gothic styling often goes hand in hand with aesthetics, authenticity and expression, and is mostly considered to be an "artistical concept". Clothes are frequently self-designed.


title: Goth subculture

text: In recent times, especially in the course of commercialization of parts of the Goth subculture, many non-involved people developed an interest in dark fashion styles and started to adopt elements of Goth clothing (primarily mass-produced goods from malls) without being connected to subcultural basics: goth music and the history of the subculture, for example. Within the Goth movement they have been regularly described as "poseurs" or "mall goths""."


title: Goth subculture

text: Some of the early gothic rock and deathrock artists adopted traditional horror film images and drew on horror film soundtracks for inspiration. Their audiences responded by adopting appropriate dress and props. Use of standard horror film props such as swirling smoke, rubber bats, and cobwebs featured as gothic club décor from the beginning in The Batcave. Such references in bands' music and images were originally tongue-in-cheek, but as time went on, bands and members of the subculture took the connection more seriously. As a result, morbid, supernatural and occult themes became more noticeably serious in the subculture. The interconnection between horror and goth was highlighted in its early days by "The Hunger", a 1983 vampire film starring David Bowie, Catherine Deneuve and Susan Sarandon. The film featured gothic rock group Bauhaus performing "Bela Lugosi's Dead" in a nightclub. Tim Burton created a storybook atmosphere filled with darkness and shadow in some of his films like "Beetlejuice" (1988), "Batman" (1989), "Edward Scissorhands" (1990), "Batman Returns" (1992) and the stop motion films "The Nightmare Before Christmas" (1993), which was produced/co-written by Burton, and "Corpse Bride" (2005), which he co-produced. The Nickelodeon cartoon "Invader Zim" is also based on the goth subculture.


title: Goth subculture

text: As the subculture became well-established, the connection between goth and horror fiction became almost a cliché, with goths quite likely to appear as characters in horror novels and film. For example, "The Craft", "The Crow", "The Matrix" and "Underworld" film series drew directly on goth music and style. The dark comedies "Beetlejuice", "The Faculty", "American Beauty", "Wedding Crashers", and a few episodes of the animated TV show "South Park" portray or parody the goth subculture. In "South Park", several of the fictional schoolchildren are depicted as goths. The goth kids on the show are depicted as finding it annoying to be confused with the Hot Topic "vampire" kids from the episode "The Ungroundable" in season 12, and even more frustrating to be compared with emo kids. The goth kids are usually depicted listening to goth music, writing or reading Gothic poetry, drinking coffee, flipping their hair, and smoking.


title: Goth subculture

text: Morticia Addams from The Addams Family created by Charles Addams is a fictional character and the mother in the Addams Family. Morticia was played by Carolyn Jones in the 1964 television show "The Addams Family" and by Anjelica Huston in the 1991 version, and voiced by Charlize Theron in 2019 animated film.


title: Goth subculture

text: A recurring sketch in the 1990's on NBC's "Saturday Night Live" was "Goth Talk", in which a public access channel broadcast hosted by unpopular young goths would continually be interrupted by the more "normal" kids in school. The sketch featured series regulars Will Ferrell, Molly Shannon, and Chris Kattan.


title: Goth subculture

text: A prominent American literary influence on the gothic scene was provided by Anne Rice's re-imagining of the vampire in 1976. In "The Vampire Chronicles", Rice's characters were depicted as self-tormentors who struggled with alienation, loneliness, and the human condition. Not only did the characters torment themselves, but they also depicted a surreal world that focused on uncovering its splendour. These Chronicles assumed goth attitudes, but they were not intentionally created to represent the gothic subculture. Their romance, beauty, and erotic appeal attracted


title: Goth subculture

text: many goth readers, making her works popular from the 1980s through the 1990s. While Goth has embraced Vampire literature both in its 19th century form and in its later incarnations, Rice's postmodern take on the vampire mythos has had a "special resonance" in the subculture. Her vampire novels feature intense emotions, period clothing, and "cultured decadence". Her vampires are socially alienated monsters, but they are also stunningly attractive. Rice's goth readers tend to envision themselves in much the same terms and view characters like Lestat de Lioncourt as role models.


title: Goth subculture

text: Richard Wright's novel "Native Son" contains gothic imagery and themes that demonstrate the links between blackness and the gothic; themes and images of "premonitions, curses, prophecies, spells, veils, demonic possessions, graves, skeletons" are present, suggesting gothic influence. Other classic themes of the gothic are present in the novel, such as transgression and unstable identities of race, class, gender, and nationality.


title: Goth subculture

text: The re-imagining of the vampire continued with the release of Poppy Z. Brite's book "Lost Souls" in October 1992. Despite the fact that Brite's first novel was criticized by some mainstream sources for allegedly "lack[ing] a moral center: neither terrifyingly malevolent supernatural creatures nor (like Anne Rice's protagonists) tortured souls torn between good and evil, these vampires simply add blood-drinking to the amoral panoply of drug abuse, problem drinking and empty sex practiced by their human counterparts", many of these so-called "human counterparts" identified with the teen angst and goth music references therein, keeping the book in print. Upon release of a special 10th anniversary edition of "Lost Souls", "Publishers Weekly"—the same periodical that criticized the novel's "amorality" a decade prior—deemed it a "modern horror classic" and acknowledged that Brite established a "cult audience".