title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: In 2010, Damon Lindelof began discussions with Walt Disney Studios about producing a modern science-fiction Disney film, with Tomorrowland as a basis. The project was greenlit by Walt Disney Pictures' president of production, Sean Bailey in June 2011 with Lindelof signed on to write and produce a film with the working title of "1952". Lindelof asked Jeff Jensen — who had previously published material on Lindelof's "Lost" television series — if he was interested in contributing to story elements. Jensen agreed and began to research the history of the Walt Disney Company, particularly Walt Disney's fascination with futurism, scientific innovation and utopia, as well as his involvement with the 1964 New York World's Fair and Disney's unrealized concept for EPCOT. In May 2012, Brad Bird was hired as director. Bird's story ideas and themes were influenced by the fading of cultural optimism that once defined society in the 1950s, '60s, and early '70s, stating that, "When Damon and I were first talking about the project, we were wondering why people's once-bright notions about the future gradually seemed to disappear."


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: While keeping information about the plot secret, when asked in November 2012 whether the project would be "", Bird denied the rumor, but confirmed that "Tomorrowland" would be a science-fiction film, with Lindelof adding that the film would not center on extraterrestrials. Coincidentally, Bird had been tapped to direct "Star Wars: Episode VII", but turned down the offer in order to work on "Tomorrowland". Later that month, George Clooney entered negotiations to star in the film. In February 2013, Hugh Laurie joined the film. In July 2013, Britt Robertson was cast.


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: On January 23, 2013, nearly a week before the title change, Bird tweeted a picture related to the project. The image showed a frayed cardboard box labeled "1952", supposedly uncovered from the Walt Disney Imagineering developmental unit, and containing items like archival photographs of Walt Disney, Technicolor film, envelopes, a vinyl record, space technology literature, a 1928 copy of an "Amazing Stories" magazine (which introduced Philip Francis Nowlan's Buck Rogers character), and an unidentified metal object. On August 10, 2013, Bird and Lindelof gave a presentation at the D23 Expo in Anaheim, California, where they opened the "1952" box and revealed many of its contents. Later that day a pavilion was unveiled on the D23 Expo show floor which presented the items for close inspection by guests. There was also an accompanying iPhone app which took viewers through the exhibit much like one would experience at a museum. Michael Giacchino was hired to compose the film music.


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: Originally, the film included overt references to Walt Disney's involvement with "Plus Ultra", the fictional organization founded by Gustave Eiffel, Jules Verne, Nikola Tesla, and Thomas Edison — including the idea that Disneyland's Tomorrowland was intended to be a cover-up for the real one developed by the group — however, the scenes and dialogue were omitted from the final cut of the film. Pixar Animation Studios created an animated short film, narrated by Maurice LaMarche, that explained the backstory of "Plus Ultra", which was planned to be incorporated into an excised scene where a young Frank Walker is transported beneath the "It's a Small World" attraction, and through an informative series of displays, reminiscent of Disney dark rides.


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: Principal photography commenced in Enderby, British Columbia on August 8, 2013, and also filmed in Vancouver. In October, Kathryn Hahn was cast as a character named Ursula. That same month, it was announced that part of the filming would take place in the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia. In November, scenes depicting the Newtons' hometown were shot at New Smyrna Beach, and the Carousel of Progress attraction at Walt Disney World in Florida. On February 3, 2014, additional filming took place at the It's a Small World attraction at Disneyland in California, and wrapped on February 6. The film's production designers incorporated the designs of Space Mountain and Spaceship Earth as architectural features of the Tomorrowland cityscape. Per a suggestion by Bird during production, the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo features the Tomorrowland skyline instead of the studio's conventional fantasy castle. Industrial Light & Magic created the visual effects for "Tomorrowland."


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: During post-production, a number of scenes featuring actress Judy Greer as Jenny Newton, Casey's (Robertson) late mother were cut in order to improve the film's runtime. Greer's role was reduced to minor cameo, while actor Lochlyn Munro, who portrayed Casey's live-in uncle Anthony, had his scenes removed completely.


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: The musical score for "Tomorrowland" was composed by Michael Giacchino, a recurrent collaborator of Bird's. A soundtrack album was released digitally on May 19, 2015, followed by a physical release on June 2, 2015. Songs not included on the album, but featured in the film include "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow" and "It's a Small World (After All)," both written by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman, and "I Got Mine" by The Black Keys.


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: The Optimist, an alternate reality game, was created by Walt Disney Imagineering with Walt Disney Studios to create the world of Tomorrowland and to introduce the movie to the Disney theme park fanbase. It occurred in a fictionalized version of Disney history and players interacted with multiple characters that led them on a hunt across a variety of places with clues and puzzles leading to more. It ran from July 3, 2013, to August 11, 2013. It led players around the Anaheim area and within Disneyland itself and culminated at the D23 Expo.


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: "Tomorrowland" held its world premiere at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California on May 9, 2015. The film was released on May 22, 2015, in theaters and IMAX, and was the first film to be released in Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema.


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: Despite owning the trademark to the word "Tomorrowland" in the United States since 1970, Disney released the film in the United Kingdom as "Tomorrowland: A World Beyond", and as "Project T" in several European markets, including the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, because ID&T had previously registered the trademark in 2005, for their electronic musical festival of the same name. In compliance to Disney's ownership of the trademark in the United States, ID&T renamed the American version of their music festival as TomorrowWorld.


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: "Tomorrowland" was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download on October 13, 2015. Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S., the film debuted at number 3 at the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks overall disc sales, and number 4 at the Blu-ray Disc sales chart with 47% of unit sales coming from Blu-ray.


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: "Tomorrowland" grossed $93.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $115.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $209 million, against a production budget of $180–190 million. "The Hollywood Reporter" estimated that the film cost $280 million to produce and market, and noted that the financial losses by Disney finished anywhere between $120 and $150 million. According to them, "Tomorrowland" was the third original tent-pole film of 2015 to flop, following "Jupiter Ascending" and "Seventh Son". Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distribution chief, Dave Hollis, commented on the film's debut performance, saying, ""Tomorrowland" is an original movie and that's more of a challenge in this marketplace. We feel it's incredibly important for us as a company and as an industry to keep telling original stories."


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: In the United States and Canada, "Tomorrowland" was released on May 22, 2015, from 3,970 theaters in its opening weekend. On its first three-day weekend, it earned $33 million, coming in at first place after a close race with "Pitch Perfect 2" which grossed $30.8 million. During the four-day Memorial Day weekend, it earned $42.7 million — the lowest opening for a big-budget tentpole since Disney's "", which opened to $37.8 million in 2010. Considering the film's $190 million budget ($280–330 million, including marketing costs), many media outlets considered the film's opening in the U.S. and Canada a box office failure.


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Brad Bird's "Tomorrowland", a noble failure about trying to succeed, is written and directed with such open-hearted optimism that you cheer it on even as it stumbles." Stephanie Merry of "The Washington Post" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Maybe the ultimate goal of "Tomorrowland" remains obscure because once you know where the story is headed, you realize it's a familiar tale. The movie can conjure up futuristic images, but the story is nothing we haven't seen before." Moira MacDonald of "The Seattle Times" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Though it's made with great energy and inventiveness, there's something ultimately muddy about "Tomorrowland"; it's as if director Brad Bird got so caught up in the sets and effects and whooshing editing that the story somehow slipped away." Colin Covert of the "Star Tribune" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "A well-oiled machine of visuals, and yet a wobbling rattletrap of storytelling, the sci-fi fantasy "Tomorrowland" is an unwieldy clunker driven into the ditch at full speed." James Berardinelli of Reelviews.net gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "For a while, it doesn't matter that the plot meanders. The story seems like a jigsaw puzzle inviting us to solve it. That's the fun part. However, when the resolution is presented, it underwhelms." A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" gave the film a negative review, saying "It's important to note that "Tomorrowland" is not disappointing in the usual way. It's not another glib, phoned-in piece of franchise mediocrity, but rather a work of evident passion and conviction. What it isn't is in any way convincing or enchanting."


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: Steven Rea of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Unlikely to be remembered in decades to come – or even in months to come, once the next teenage dystopian fantasy inserts itself into movie houses."


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Rapturous on a scene-by-scene basis and nearly incoherent when taken as a whole, the movie is idealistic and deranged, inspirational and very, very conflicted." Stephen Whitty of "The Star-Ledger" (Newark) gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Strip "Tomorrowland" down to its essentials, and you get an ending out of "I'd like to teach the world to sing" and a moral which boils down to: Just be positive, OK? So OK. I'm positive "Tomorrowland" was a disappointment." David Edelstein of "Vulture" gave the film a positive review, stating that ""Tomorrowland" is the most enchanting reactionary cultural diatribe ever made. It's so smart, so winsome, so utterly rejuvenating that you'll have to wait until your eyes have dried and your buzz has worn off before you can begin to argue with it." Inkoo Kang of "TheWrap" also wrote a positive review, saying ""Tomorrowland" is a globe-trotting, time-traveling caper whose giddy visual whimsies and exuberant cartoon violence are undermined by a coy mystery that stretches as long as the line for "Space Mountain" on a hot summer day." Brian Truitt of "USA Today" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "A spectacular ride for most of it, and while you're a little let down at the end, you kind of want to jump back on and do it all over again."


title: Tomorrowland (film)

text: Linda Barnard of the "Toronto Star" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Brad Bird presents a gorgeously wrought, hopeful future vision in "Tomorrowland", infusing the family film with enough entertaining action and retro-themed whiz bang to forgive an awkward opening and third-act weakness." A.A. Dowd of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a B−, saying "Bird stages the PG mayhem with his usual grasp of dimension and space, his gift for action that's timed like physical comedy. He keeps the whole thing moving, even when it begins to feel bogged down by preachiness and sci-fi exposition." Forrest Wickman, of "Slate", said the film's "politics might be a little incoherent, or naïve. It is a kids' movie, after all." Anthony Perrotta of "Entropy" commented that the film was inspired by the beliefs of both Walt Disney and Ayn Rand, similarly to Andrew Ryan, the villain in BioShock who constructed Rapture, a city that resembles Tomorrowland in its secrecy and intention to encourage scientific development of idealists by isolating them from the rest of the world. Amy Nicholson of "LA Weekly" gave the film a B+, saying "Bird has made a film that every child should see. And if his $190 million dream flops, he'll be asking the same question as his movie: When did it become uncool to care?"


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Delhi Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh, in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of 10 colour-coded lines serving 255 stations with a total length of . It is by far the largest and busiest metro rail system in India, and the second oldest after the Kolkata Metro. The system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using both broad-gauge and standard-gauge. Delhi Metro operates over 2,700 trips daily, starting at around 05:00 and ending at 23:30.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Construction started in 1998, and the first elevated section (Shahdara to Tis Hazari) on the Red Line opened on 25 December 2002. The first underground section (Vishwa Vidyalaya – Kashmere Gate) on the Yellow Line opened on 20 December 2004. The development of the network was divided into phases. Phase I with 3 lines was completed by 2006, and Phase II in 2011. Phase III is in the finishing stage and is scheduled to be complete by end of 2022. Construction under Phase IV was formally started on 30 December 2019.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a company with equal equity participation from the Government of India and the Government of Delhi, built and operates the Delhi Metro. DMRC was certified by the United Nations in 2011 as the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to get carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, reducing carbon emission levels in the city by 630,000 tonnes every year.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Delhi Metro also has interchanges with the Rapid Metro Gurgaon (with a shared ticketing system) and Noida Metro. On 22 October 2019, DMRC took over the operations of the financially troubled Rapid Metro Gurgaon. Annual ridership of Delhi metro was 1.79 billion in 2019


title: Delhi Metro

text: The concept of mass rapid transit for New Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study that was carried out in the city in 1969. Over the next several years, many official committees by a variety of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment, and governmental jurisdiction. In 1984, the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well as augmenting the city's existing suburban railway and road transport networks.


title: Delhi Metro

text: While extensive technical studies and the raising of finance for the project were in progress, the city expanded significantly resulting in a two-fold rise in population and a five-fold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998. Consequently, traffic congestion and pollution soared, as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to bear the load. An attempt at privatizing the bus transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in long waiting times, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving which even led to road accidents. To rectify the situation, the Government of India under Prime Minister H.D. Deve Gowda and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on 3 May 1995, with Elattuvalapil Sreedharan as the managing director.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on 1 October 1998. After the previous problems experienced by the Kolkata Metro, which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", DMRC is a special-purpose organisation vested with great autonomy and powers to execute this gigantic project involving many technical complexities, under a difficult urban environment and within a very limited time frame. DMRC was given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders, and control funds. The DMRC then hired the Hong Kong MTRC as a technical consultant on rapid transit operation and construction techniques. As a result, construction proceeded smoothly, except for one major disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for standard gauge.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The first line of the Delhi Metro, the Red Line, was inaugurated by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India on 24 December 2002. The Delhi Metro became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after the Kolkata Metro, when the Vishwa Vidyalaya–Kashmere Gate section of the Yellow Line opened on 20 December 2004. This underground line was inaugurated by the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The first phase of the project was eventually completed in 2006, on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described by Business Week as "nothing short of a miracle".


title: Delhi Metro

text: A total of long network with 59 stations and the following 3 routes (initial parts of Red, Yellow and Blue lines) were built within the limits of Delhi state, stations progressively started to open from 25 December 2002 to 11 November 2006.


title: Delhi Metro

text: A total of long network with 86 stations and the following 10 new routes and extensions was built, out of which seven routes are extension spurs of the Phase I network, three were new colour-coded lines and three routes connect to other cities (Yellow Line to Gurgaon, Blue Line to Noida and Blue Line to Ghaziabad) of the national capital region, outside the physical limits of Delhi state, in the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At the end of Phases I and II, the cumulative total length of the network became with 145 stations progressively becoming operational from 4 June 2008 to 27 August 2011.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Phase-I (Red, Yellow and Blue lines) and phase II (Green, Violet, and Orange lines) focused on adding new radial lines to expand the network. To further reduce congestion and improve connectivity, Phase III included 8 extensions to the existing lines as well as building two ring lines (Pink and Magenta lines) along with the Grey line. It has 28 underground stations, 3 new lines, and 7 route extensions, totaling , with a cost of . The 3 new lines of Phase-III are the Pink Line running on Inner Ring Road (Line 7), the Magenta Line running on Outer Ring Road (Line 8) & the Grey Line connecting Dwarka and Najafgarh (Line 9).


title: Delhi Metro

text: Work on Phase III started in 2011, with 2016 being the planned deadline. More than 20 tunnel boring machines were used simultaneously to expedite the work; however, the actual work for the original was completed in March 2019 (except for a small stretch due to non-availability of land). Later, certain small extensions to the Delhi Metro were added as part of the Phase–III project, only one of which is still under construction (Dwarka Sector 21 to ECC Centre). Phase III was expected to be completed by the end of 2020 but construction was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was finally completed on 18 September 2021 with the opening of the Grey Line extension from Najafgarh to Dhansa Bus Stand.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Driverless operations on the 38-km long Magenta line began on 28 December 2021, making it the first driverless metro line of Delhi Metro and India's first driverless metro. On 25 November 2021, the 59-km long Pink Line also began driverless train operations. With this, the total stretch of DMRC's network under driverless operations now stands at close to 97 km, putting Delhi Metro in fourth position globally among such networks, marginally behind Kuala Lumpur.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The expected daily ridership of the whole network of all phases, after the completion of Phase-III, was estimated at 53.47 lakh passengers. Against this, however, the actual ridership of DMRC was 27.79 lakh only (2019–20), i.e. 51.97 percent of the projected ridership. The actual ridership of the Phase III corridors was 4.38 lakh only as against the projected ridership of 20.89 lakh in 2019–20, which is a deficit of 79.02 percent.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The communication-based train control (CBTC) being used in Phase-III trains enables trains to run at a short headway of 90 seconds, although the actual headway between trains is kept much higher because of the relatively low demand on the new corridors. Keeping the short headway and other constraints in mind, DMRC changed its decision to build 9-car-long stations for new lines and instead opted for shorter stations which can accommodate 6-car trains.


title: Delhi Metro

text: On 19 October 2008, a launching gantry and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi, collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were using a crane to lift a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge when the gantry collapsed along with a span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus, killing the driver and a labourer.


title: Delhi Metro

text: On 12 July 2009, a section of a bridge collapsed while it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat – Badarpur corridor. Six people died and 15 were injured. The following day, on 13 July 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six. On 22 July 2009, a worker at Ashok Park Metro station was killed when a steel beam fell on him. Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began in 1998.


title: Delhi Metro

text: On 23 April 2018, five people were injured when an iron girder fell off the elevated section of a Metro rail structure being constructed at the Mohan Nagar intersection in Ghaziabad. A car, an auto rickshaw, and a motorbike were also damaged in the accident.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I consisted of 59 stations and of route length, of which is underground and surface or elevated. The inauguration of the Dwarka–Barakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I in October 2006. Phase II of the network consists of of route length and 86 stations, and is fully completed, with the first section opened in June 2008 and the last line opened in August 2011.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Phase-III consists of 109 stations, 3 new lines and 7 route extensions, totaling , with a cost of and was mostly completed on 5 April 2019, except for a small section of the Pink Line between the Mayur Vihar Pocket 1 and Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake stations as well as the Grey Line extension from Najafgarh to Dhansa Bus Stand, which opened on 6 August 2021 and 18 September 2021, respectively. Phase IV project's routes with 6 lines totaling 103.93 km were finalized in July 2015. Out of this, 61.679 km across 3 lines (priority corridors) with 45 stations was approved by the Government of India for construction on March 7, 2019. The Silver Line's length was increased in October 2020, making the entire project 65.1 km long. It is planned to be completed by 2025.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Red Line was the first line of the Metro to be opened and connects Rithala in the west to Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda) in the east, covering a distance of . It is partly elevated and partly at grade and crosses the Yamuna River between Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park stations. The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on 24 December 2002 caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride. Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari – Trinagar (later renamed Inderlok) on 4 October 2003, Inderlok – Rithala on 31 March 2004, and Shahdara – Dilshad Garden on 4 June 2008. The red line has interchange stations, at Kashmere Gate with the Yellow Line and Violet Line, at Inderlok with the Green Line & at Netaji Subhash Place & Welcome with the Pink Line. In the future the red line will have an interchange with the Blue Line at Mohan Nagar. Beginning 24 November 2013, a total of six-coach trains were eventually commissioned on the Red Line.


title: Delhi Metro

text: On 8 March 2019, an extension of the line from Dilshad Garden to Shaheed Sthal(New Bus Adda) was opened to the public.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground line to be opened on the Delhi Metro. It runs for from north to south and connects Samaypur Badli with HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon. The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated, while the central section which passes through some of the most congested parts of Delhi is underground. The first underground section of Delhi Metro between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate opened on 20 December 2004, and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate – Central Secretariat opened on 3 July 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya – Jahangirpuri on 4 February 2009. This line also possesses the country's second deepest Metro station at Chawri Bazar, situated below ground level.


title: Delhi Metro

text: On 21 June 2010, an additional stretch from Qutab Minar to HUDA City Centre was opened, initially operating separately from the mainline. However, Chhatarpur station on this line opened on 26 August 2010. Due to delays in acquiring the land for constructing the station, it was constructed using prefabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the Delhi Metro network to be made completely of steel. The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on 3 September 2010.


title: Delhi Metro

text: On 10 November 2015, the line was further extended between Jahangirpuri and Samaypur Badli in Outer Delhi. Interchanges are available with the Red Line and Kashmere Gate ISBT at Kashmere Gate, Blue Line at Rajiv Chowk, Violet Line at Kashmere Gate & Central Secretariat, Airport Express (Orange Line) at New Delhi, Pink Line at Azadpur & Dilli Haat - INA, Magenta Line at Hauz Khas, Rapid Metro Gurgaon at Sikanderpur and with the Indian Railways network at Chandni Chowk and New Delhi.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Yellow Line is the first line of Delhi Metro which has phased out all four coach trains with six and eight-coach configurations. The Metro Museum at Patel Chowk metro station, the only museum about metro railway in South Asia, is a collection of display panels, historical photographs and exhibits, tracing the genesis of the Delhi Metro. The museum was opened on 1 January 2009.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened and the first to connect areas outside Delhi. Mainly elevated and partly underground, it connects Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering a distance of . The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on 31 December 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka – Dwarka Sector 9 on 1 April 2006, Barakhamba Road – Indraprastha on 11 November 2006, Indraprastha – Yamuna Bank on 10 May 2009, Yamuna Bank – Noida City Centre on 12 November 2009, and Dwarka Sector 9 – Dwarka Sector 21 on 30 October 2010. This line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations, and has India's second extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan.


title: Delhi Metro

text: A branch of the Blue line, inaugurated on 8 January 2010, takes off from Yamuna Bank station and runs for up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi. It was further extended up to Vaishali which was opened to the public on 14 July 2011. A small stretch of from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 was inaugurated on 30 October 2010. On 9 March 2019, a 6.67 km extension of the line from Noida City Centre to Noida Electronic City was opened for public by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Interchanges are available with the Noida Sector 51 station of Aqua Line (Noida Metro) at Noida Sector 52 station, Yellow Line at Rajiv Chowk station, Green Line at Kirti Nagar, Violet Line at Mandi House, Airport Express (Orange Line) at Dwarka Sector 21, Pink Line at Rajouri Garden, Mayur Vihar Phase-I, Karkarduma & Anand Vihar, Magenta Line at Janakpuri West & Botanical Garden and with the Indian Railways network and Interstate Bus Station (ISBT) at Anand Vihar station, which connects with Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Anand Vihar ISBT. In the future it will have an interchange with the Red Line at Mohan Nagar.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Opened in 2010, Green Line (Line 5) is the fifth line of the Delhi Metro network and the first line on standard gauge, as opposed to previous broad gauge lines. It runs between Inderlok (a station on the Red Line) and Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh with a branch line connecting the line's Ashok Park Main station with Kirti Nagar station on the Blue Line. The completely elevated line, built as part of Phase II of the Delhi Metro runs mostly along the busy NH 10 route in West Delhi. The line consists of 24 stations including an interchange station covering a total length of . This line also has the country's first standard-gauge maintenance depot at Mundka.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The line was opened in two stages, with the Inderlok – Mundka section opening on 3 April 2010 and the Kirti Nagar – Ashok Park Main branch line on 27 August 2011. On 6 August 2012, in a step that will improve commuting in National Capital Region, the Union Government approved an extension of the Delhi Metro from Mundka to Bahadurgarh in Haryana. The metro stretch has seven stations at Mundka Industrial Area, Ghevra, Tikri Kalan, Tikri Border, Pandit Shree Ram Sharma, Bahadurgarh City and Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh between Mundka and Bahadurgarh. This stretch was opened on 24 June 2018.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Interchanges are available with Red Line at Inderlok, Blue Line at Kirti Nagar and Pink Line at Punjabi Bagh West.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Violet Line is the sixth line of the Metro to be opened, and the second standard-gauge corridor after the Green Line. The line connects Raja Nahar Singh in Ballabgarh via Faridabad to Kashmere Gate in New Delhi, with being overhead and the rest underground. The first section between Central Secretariat and Sarita Vihar was inaugurated on 3 October 2010, just hours before the inaugural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, which was the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the event. Completed in just 41 months, it includes a bridge over the Indian Railways mainlines and a cable-stayed bridge across an operational road flyover and connects several hospitals, tourist attractions, and a major industrial estate along its route. Services are provided at intervals of 5 min. An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse. On 14 January 2011, the remaining portion from Sarita Vihar to Badarpur was opened for commercial service, adding three new stations to the network and marking the completion of the line.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The section between Mandi House and Central Secretariat was opened on 26 June 2014. After that, a 971-metre section between ITO and Mandi House was opened on 8 June 2015. A extension southwards till Escorts Mujesar in Faridabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 6 September 2015. All the nine Metro stations of the Badarpur – Escorts Mujesar (Faridabad) section of Delhi Metro's Phase 3, have been awarded the highest possible rating (platinum) for adherence to green building norms, by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), which has devised a rating mechanism for Metro stations and buildings on a scale of platinum, gold, silver etc. for following the green building specifications. The awards for these stations were given to DMRC's Managing Director Mangu Singh by P C Jain, Chairperson of IGBC in the presence of DMRC's directors and senior officials on 10 September 2015.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Currently, the Faridabad corridor of Delhi Metro Violet Line is the longest metro corridor outside of Delhi, consisting of 11 stations and the total length of corridor being . On 28 May 2017, the ITO – Kashmere Gate corridor of the Delhi Metro was formally flagged off for passenger services by the Union Minister of Urban Development, Venkaiah Naidu and the Chief Minister of Delhi, Arvind Kejriwal. This section which runs underground is popularly known as the "Heritage Line". Interchanges are available with Red Line at Kashmere Gate, Yellow Line at Kashmere Gate & Central Secretariat, Blue Line at Mandi House, Pink Line at Lajpat Nagar & Magenta Line at Kalkaji Mandir.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Airport Express line runs for from New Delhi Railway Station to Dwarka Sector 21, linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport. The line was operated by "Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL)", a subsidiary of Reliance Infrastructure, the concessionaire of the line till 30 June 2013 and is now being operated by DMRC. The line was constructed at a cost of


title: Delhi Metro

text: , of which Reliance Infrastructure invested and will pay fees on a revenue-share model. The line has six stations (Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity became operational on 15 August 2011), with some featuring check-in facilities, parking, and eateries. Rolling stock consists of six-coach trains operating at intervals of ten minutes and having a maximum speed of .


title: Delhi Metro

text: Originally scheduled to open before the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance and was opened on 24 February 2011, after a delay of around 5 months. After 16 months of commencement of operations, the line was shut down for repairs of the viaducts on 8 July 2012. The line reopened on 22 January 2013. On 27 June 2013 Reliance Infrastructure Ltd intimated DMRC that they are unable to operate the line beyond 30 June 2013. Following this DMRC took over operations of Airport Express line from 1 July 2013 with an Operations and Maintenance team of 100 officials to handle the line. In Jan 2015, DMRC reported that Airport Metro has recorded about 30 percent rise in its ridership following the fare reduction of up to 40 percent in July last year On 14 September 2015 DMRC announced to reduce fares even further to improve the ridership of the line, the new fare structure will have maximum fare of ₹60 and minimum of ₹10 instead of ₹100 and ₹20 charged earlier, a reduction of about 40%. DMRC has stated that this was done to reduce the crowding on Blue line, diverting some of the Dwarka-bound passengers to Airport Express Line, which is underutilised and faster compared to the Blue Line.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Interchanges are available with Yellow Line at New Delhi, Blue Line at Dwarka Sector 21, Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station of Pink Line at Dhaula Kuan & with the Indian Railways network at New Delhi.


title: Delhi Metro

text: A proposed expansion into the ECC Centre in Dwarka Sector 25 is expected to be completed between 2020 and 2021.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Pink Line is the second new line of the third phase of the Delhi Metro. It was partially opened on 14 March 2018, with a further extension opening on 6 August 2018. On 31 October 2018, Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake to Shiv Vihar section was opened. On 31 December 2018, Lajpat Nagar to Mayur Vihar Pocket I section opened. The final section between Mayur Vihar Pocket I and Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake was opened on 6 August 2021 after being previously delayed due to land acquisition and rehabilitation issues.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Pink Line consists of 38 metro stations from Majlis Park to Shiv Vihar, both in North Delhi. With a length of , it is the longest line in Delhi Metro, breaking the record set by the operational Blue Line (excluding branch line). It is mostly elevated and covers Delhi in an almost 'U' shaped pattern. The Pink Line is also known as the Ring Road Line, as the entire line passes alongside the busy Ring Road in Delhi, which witnesses massive traffic jams every day.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Pink line has interchanges with most of the operational lines of the network such as the Red Line at Netaji Subhash Place & Welcome, Yellow Line at Azadpur & Dilli Haat - INA, Blue Line at Rajouri Garden, Mayur Vihar Phase-I, Anand Vihar & Karkarduma, Green Line at Punjabi Bagh West, Dhaula Kuan of Airport Express (Orange Line) at Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus, Violet Line at Lajpat Nagar, as well as with Hazrat Nizamuddin and Anand Vihar Terminal (Indian Railways) and the ISBT's at Anand Vihar and Sarai Kale Khan. The Pink Line has the highest point of Delhi Metro at Dhaula Kuan with a height of 23.6 metres, passing over the Dhaula Kuan grade separator flyovers and the Airport Express Line.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Magenta Line is the first new line of the Third Phase of the Delhi Metro that was partially opened on 25 December 2017 between Botanical Garden and Kalkaji Mandir. The entire length of the line was inaugurated on 28 May 2018.


title: Delhi Metro

text: It consists of 25 metro stations from Janakpuri West to Botanical Garden. The Magenta Line provide direct connectivity to Terminal 1D of Indira Gandhi International Airport. The Hauz Khas station on this line and the current Yellow Line is the deepest Metro station at a depth of 29 metres, surpassing the record set by Chawri Bazaar station on the Yellow Line, at a depth of 25 metres. The Magenta line has interchanges with the Yellow Line at Hauz Khas, Blue Line at Janakpuri West and Botanical Garden, and Violet Line at Kalkaji Mandir of the Delhi Metro network.


title: Delhi Metro

text: India's first ever fully-automated driverless train service was started on Magenta line in December 2020.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Grey Line (also known as Line 9) is the shortest route in the system. It connects Dwarka to Dhansa Bus Stand in the western part of Delhi. It covers around 4.295 km and comprises four stations: Dhansa Bus Stand, Najafgarh, Nangli and Dwarka. The line has an interchange with Blue Line at Dwarka Station. The Najafgarh to Dwarka section was opened to the public on 4 October 2019. The extension to Dhansa Bus Stand was scheduled to open in December 2020, but construction got delayed due to the "COVID-19 pandemic," and was subsequently inaugurated on 18 September 2021.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Delhi Metro was planned to be built in phases spread over approximately 20 years with each phase having a target of five years to be completed and the end of one phase marking the beginning of another. Phase I () and Phase II () were completed in 2006 and 2011, respectively. Phase-III, totaling , was mostly completed on 5 April 2019, except for a small section of the Pink Line between the Mayur Vihar Pocket 1 and Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake stations as well as the Grey Line extension from Najafgarh to Dhansa Bus Stand, which opened on 6 August 2021 and 18 September 2021, respectively.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Phase IV of the network with a length of and 6 lines was finalized by the Government of Delhi in December 2018. Approval from Government of India was received for 3 priority corridors in March 2019. Construction work on these 3 priority corridors having a length of commenced on 30 December 2019, with an expected completion date of 2025. Therefore, at the end of Phase IV, the total length of the Delhi Metro will exceed , which does not include other independently operated systems in the National Capital Region such as the long Aqua Line of the Noida-Greater Noida Metro and the of the Rapid Metro Gurgaon that connect to the Delhi Metro. This may make Delhi Metro the 5th longest metro system by route length after Chengdu Metro, Beijing Subway, Shanghai metro and Guangzhou Metro.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Former managing director of DMRC E. Sreedharan stated that by the time Phase IV is completed, the city will need Phase V to cope with the rising population and transport needs. Planning work for Phase V has not started. However, the following corridors, while not specifically tied or approved to any expansion phase have been suggested to be constructed in the near future:


title: Delhi Metro

text: The trains operate at a frequency of one to two minutes to five to ten minutes between 05:00 and 00:00, depending upon the peak and off-peak hours. Trains operating within the network typically travel at speed up to and stop for about 20 seconds at each station. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Many stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafés, convenience stores and mobile recharge. Eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing gum are prohibited in the entire system. The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advance warning in emergencies, and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the premises of stations. Navigation information is available on Google Maps. Since October 2010, the first coach of every train is reserved for women. However, last coaches are also reserved when the train changes tracks at the terminal stations in the Red, Green and Violet Lines. To make travelling by metro a smoother experience, Delhi Metro has launched its own official mobile app "Delhi Metro Rail" for smartphone users,(iPhone and Android) that will provide information on various facilities like the location of the nearest metro station, fare, parking availability, tourist spots near metro stations, security and emergency helpline numbers.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by CISF Unit DMRC of Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007. Closed-circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations, and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms. Over 7000 CISF personnel have been deployed for security of metro and its installations in addition to metal detectors, X-ray baggage inspection systems, and dog squads which are used to secure the system. To deal with law and order issues in the system, 18 Delhi Metro Rail Police (A dedicated wing of Delhi Police) stations have been established. About 5,200 CCTV cameras have been installed, which cover every nook and corner of each Metro station. Each of the underground stations has about 45 to 50 cameras installed while the elevated stations have about 16 to 20 cameras each. The monitoring of these cameras is done by the CISF, which is in charge of the security of the Metro, as well as the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. Intercoms are provided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the train operator. Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure the preparedness of security agencies in emergency situations.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Delhi Metro's fares were last revised and went into effect on 10 October 2017 based on the recommendation of the 4th Fare Fixation Committee in May 2016. For convenience, Delhi Metro commuters have five choices for ticket purchase. These are:


title: Delhi Metro

text: As the network has expanded, high ridership in new trains has led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro. To alleviate the problem, 8 coach trains have been introduced in Yellow line and Blue line and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed. Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern. While the quality and the cleanliness of the Delhi Metro was lauded, the rising cost of fares have been routinely criticized, with fares being much more expensive compared to the bus services the metro replaced. One recent study has named the fares of the Delhi Metro as one of the world's most unaffordable among the metros that charge more than US$0.5 per ride. Another study finds that Delhi Metro may also have a low ridership problem compared to its size and may not be generating the amount of traffic a metro system generates.


title: Delhi Metro

text: DMRC operates around 291 electric feeder buses on 42 routes connecting 54 metro stations in Delhi. Around two hundred thousand people use the feeder bus service on a daily basis. Timings of Feeder Bus operation are 08:00 Hours to 20:00 Hours at a frequency of 10 to 15 minutes depending upon Road Traffic density. However, if an operator wishes he can operate before/beyond these hours. At present Metro, Feeder Bus Depots are located at Shastri Park, Kohat Enclave, Janakpuri West, Dwarka Sector-9, Chhatarpur, Yamuna Bank, Azadpur.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Delhi Metro had a continuous increase in ridership since its inception up to FY 2016–17. When Metro services were introduced in 2002, the average ridership was 80,000 passengers per day. In FY 2016–17, average daily ridership rose to 28 lakh (2.8 million). Ridership declined in 2017-18 and marginally increased in 2018-19, following fare increases. In 2019, ridership averaged 47 lakh (4.7 million) per day between May and June 2019. The highest number of passengers in a single day was reached on 30 July 2019, with 51.6 lakh (5.16 million) trips on the network. In FY 2019–20, the average daily ridership was 27.8 lakhs (2.78 million).


title: Delhi Metro

text: Delhi Metro was suspended on 25 March 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic, and operations were restarted on 12 September 2020, resulting in a decline in average daily ridership to 8.78 lakhs (0.88 million) in FY 2020–21.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Delhi Metro has been operating with a loss on an EBT basis since 2010, although the loss has reduced after 2015–16. EBITDA margin declined from 73% in Fiscal 2007 to 27% in Fiscal 2016–17 before improving to 30% in 2017–18. In 2014, Delhi Metro started a semi-naming policy of metro stations, awarded through an open e-tendering process, to generate non-fare revenues.


title: Delhi Metro

text: DMRC is owned equally by the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Government of India.


title: Delhi Metro

text: As of March 2016, total debt stood at , while equity capital was . The cost of the debt is 0% for Union Government and Delhi Government loans and between 0.01% and 2.3% for Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) loans. Of the equity capital as of 31 March 2016, is paid-up capital, and the rest is reserves and surplus.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Delhi Metro uses the rolling stock of two different gauges. Phase I lines use broad gauge rolling stock, while three Phase II lines use rolling stock. Trains are maintained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur for the Yellow Line, Mundka for the Green Line, Najafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue Line, Shastri Park for the Red Line, and Sarita Vihar for the Violet Line.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Maglev trains were initially considered for some lines of Phase 3, but DMRC decided to continue with conventional rail in August 2012.


title: Delhi Metro

text: As on 31 March 2015, the company has a total of 1,306 coaches (220 trains). Apart from extensions on various existing lines, two new lines viz. Lines 7 & 8 are proposed in Phase III. 486 coaches (81 six-car trains) being procured for these two new lines will have an advanced feature in Unattended Train Operation (UTO). Additional 258 broad gauge (BG) coaches for Lines 1 to 4 and 138 standard gauge (SG) coaches for Lines 5 & 6 are proposed to be procured for augmentation/extensions to cater to the increased traffic. Resultantly, at the end of Phase III, there would be 2,188 coaches (333 trains). Barring a few 4-car trains on Line 5, 93% of the trains would operate either in 6-car or 8-car configuration at the end of Phase III.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers. For Phase I, the rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem, Mitsubishi Corporation, and MELCO. The coaches have a very similar look to MTR Rotem EMU, but there are only 4 doors and sliding doors are used instead of plug doors. The coaches were initially built in South Korea by ROTEM, then in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement. These trains consist of four stainless steel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1,500 passengers, with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach. The coaches are fully air-conditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor-controlled brakes and secondary air suspension, and are capable of maintaining an average speed of over a distance of . The system is extensible up to eight coaches, and platforms have been designed accordingly.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation, which has received an order for 614 cars worth approximately . While initial trains were made in Görlitz, Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier's factory in Savli, near Vadodara. These trains are a mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess several improved features like Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras with eight-hour backup for added security, charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops, improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of even in packed conditions and heaters for winter.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore. Most of these trains are supplied to BEML by Hyundai Rotem. The trains are four-car consists with a capacity of 1,506 commuters per train, accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach. These trains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles and laptops, better humidity control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes, and will be capable of maintaining an average speed of over a distance of .


title: Delhi Metro

text: Eight 6-car trains supplied by CAF Beasain were imported from Spain. CAF held 5% equity in the DAME project, and Reliance Infrastructure held the remaining 95% before DMRC took over the operations. The trains on this line are of a premium standard compared to the existing metro trains and have inbuilt noise reduction and padded fabric seats. The coaches are equipped with LCD screens for the entertainment of the passengers and also provide flight information for the convenience of air travellers. The trains are fitted with an event recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature and impact and the wheels have a flange lubrication system for less noise and better riding comfort.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic operation, protection and signalling modules. A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from Motorola Solutions is used on all lines to carry both voice and data information. For the Blue Line, Siemens supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M. An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and a centralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies. For Red and Yellow lines ALSTOM has supplied signalling system and for the Green and Violet lines, Bombardier Transportation supplied its CITYFLO 350 signalling system.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Airport Express line introduced WiFi services at all stations along the route on 13 January 2012. Connectivity inside metro trains travelling on the route is expected in the future. The WiFi service is provided by "YOU Broadband and Cable India Limited". In August 2017, Wifi service was launched at all the 50 stations under Blue Line.


title: Delhi Metro

text: A fully automated, operator-less train system has been offered to Delhi Metro by the French defense and civilian technologies major Thales.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations, RINA, and the International Organization for Standardization, becoming the second metro in the world, after the New York City Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction. Most of the Metro stations on the Blue Line conduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental protection measure. It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism, and has so far earned 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains. To reduce its dependence on non-renewable sources of energy, DMRC is looking forward to harnessing solar energy and install solar panels at the Karkarduma, Noida Sector-21, Anand Vihar and Pragati Maidan Metro stations and DMRC's residential complex at Pushp Vihar. As of March 2017, the DMRC has commissioned 20 MWp (megawatt peak) of solar power plants across 21 locations on the metro network. This is planned to increase to 31 MWp by March 2018, and 50 MWp by 2021.


title: Delhi Metro

text: The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure, and community artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display at stations. Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals at Metro stations, while pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have been decorated with mosaic murals created by local schoolchildren. The Metro station at INA Colony has a gallery showcasing artwork and handicrafts from across India, while all stations on the Central Secretariat – Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels installed on the monumental architectural heritage of Delhi. The Nobel Memorial Wall at Rajiv Chowk has portraits of the seven Nobel Laureates from India: Rabindranath Tagore, CV Raman, Hargobind Khorana, Mother Teresa, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Amartya Sen and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and provide details about their contribution to society with separate panels on Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prizes.


title: Delhi Metro

text: Many films have been shot in Delhi Metro. The first-ever movie to be shot in Delhi metro was Bewafaa in November 2003. Later, Delhi-6, Love Aaj Kal, Paa were few popular films that have sequences shot inside Delhi metro trains and station premises. In March 2014, the shooting of Hrithik Roshan and Katrina Kaif starrer film Bang Bang! was done near Mayur Vihar Extension metro station. In 2019, Hrithik Roshan and Tiger Shroff starrer film War was one of the last films to be shot in Delhi metro.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: The Kangal Shepherd Dog or Kangal Çoban Köpeği is a historic Turkish breed of large livestock guardian dog native to eastern Turkey. The breed name derives from that of the town and district of Kangal in Sivas Province, the easternmost province of the Central Anatolia Region. The coat colour varies from pale fawn to wolf grey, always with a black mask.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: It is a traditional flock guardian dog, kept with flocks of sheep to fend off predators of all sizes, including wolves, bears and jackals. It is thought to have the most powerful bite of all domestic dogs.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: Some have been exported to African countries such as Namibia and Kenya where they successfully protect local herds from lions, cheetahs and similar indigenous big cats.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: The Kangal is a traditional working breed of Central Anatolia. The name derives from that of the town and district of Kangal in Sivas Province, the easternmost province of the Central Anatolia Region. The Kangal has been used by shepherds for protection against wolves and other predators for centuries.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: A DNA study found that the dogs of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan are genetically closest to Kangal dogs, and the researchers propose that the breed may have been brought from Central Asia by the nomadic Turks.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: In October 2012, The Kennel Club (UK) announced it would recognise the Kangal Shepherd Dog as a breed and classify it within the Pastoral Group. This allowed the breed to be exhibited at KC licensed events in the UK from July 2013. In January 2013 an interim Breed standard for the breed was issued.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: On 25 June 2018, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) published the official Kangal Shepherd Dog breed standard to replace the previous Anatolian Shepherd Dog standard due to the breed not being recognised in Turkey.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: Around 300 Kangal Shepherd Dogs have been given to farmers in Namibia since 1994 by the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) to help protect livestock from cheetah attacks, and the program has been extended to Kenya. Since then, the number of cheetahs killed by farmers is calculated to have fallen from 19 per farmer annually to 2.4. Livestock losses have been cut significantly at more than 80% of the farms where the dogs have been adopted. The great majority of cheetahs that are still killed by farmers are killed after specific attacks on livestock. Previously, the cats were tracked and killed whenever they neared a farm.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: Anatolian Shepherd Dog is the name used in the United States to describe dogs descended from regional Turkish livestock guardian dogs, particularly the Kangal but also the Akbash, from the late 1960s. In 1967 a US Navy Lieutenant who was stationed in Turkey, Robert Ballard, acquired two working livestock guardians Zorba and Peki, from breeders in the Ankara region, Zorba was a long-coated pinto-colored dog and Peki a short-coated buff-colored bitch. In the late 1960s Ballard returned to the United States and took his dogs with him and in 1970 the pair bred their first litter, becoming the foundation stock of the breed in the United States. A breed club was quickly formed and further examples were imported from Turkey. In developing the breed, the American enthusiasts acted without understanding of regional Turkish varieties of shepherd's dogs, with the result that the American dogs could be bred with various coat lengths, colors and color patterns whilst in Turkey the different breeds breed more true to a set coat type. This was further exacerbated by most of these dogs being sourced in the intermediate zone between the main breeding centers of the Akbash and the Kangal, where examples of both types can be found. Anatolian Shepherd is a mixed dog breed of all Turkish livestock guardian dogs.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: In subsequent years animosity developed between American breeders, who insisted their dogs were the true Turkish shepherd's dog, and Turkish breeders who believed, and stated, they were an amalgam of various Turkish breeds. Insults and counter-insults were exchanged with American breeders accusing the Turks of marketing dogs of dubious ancestry as independent breeds and the Turks stating the Americans were breeding crossbred dogs. The name Anatolian Shepherd Dog is unknown in Turkey and the breed is sometimes described as having the Turkish name of Çoban Köpeği which means 'shepherd's dog', or livestock guardian dog. Since the 1980s Americans have almost exclusively imported Kangals and the Anatolian has increasingly conformed to that breed type. Despite this pups of mixed appearance are still whelped and Turkish authorities still refuse to recognise Anatolians as a purebred Turkish breed.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: Dogs usually stand between at the withers, bitches between , with a tolerance either way for both sexes.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: The Kangal Shepherd Dog is not as heavy as some other Mastiff breeds, allowing it greater speed and agility than larger dogs. Kangal Shepherd Dogs can reach speeds of up to .


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: The under-layer provides insulation against both severe Anatolian winters and the fierce summer sun, while the outer-layer repels water and snow. This combination of coat allows it to regulate its core temperature more efficiently, while the coat is dense enough to repel rupture from wolf bites.


title: Kangal Shepherd Dog

text: When suspicious, a Kangal Shepherd Dog will stand with its tail and ears erect and give an alarm call, inciting the sheep to gather around it for protection. The Kangal Shepherd Dog's first instinct is to place itself between the perceived threat and the sheep or master. Once the sheep are safely behind it, the Kangal Shepherd Dog confronts the intruder. When faced with a wolf, the Kangal Shepherd Dog sometimes is successful in intimidating the enemy, but it will resort to a physical confrontation if the predator stands its ground.


The 2022 United States Senate election in North Carolina was held on November 8, 2022 to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of North Carolina. Primary elections were scheduled for March 8, 2022, but were delayed by the North Carolina Supreme Court and rescheduled for May 17.


title: 2022 United States Senate election in North Carolina

text: Incumbent three-term Republican U.S. senator Richard Burr announced in 2016 that he would not seek reelection in 2022. Former Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court Cheri Beasley and U.S. Representative Ted Budd won the Democratic and Republican primaries, respectively. The race was considered competitive, with Budd narrowly leading in polls. Budd ultimately defeated Beasley with 50.5% of the vote.


text: With Burr's retirement, this primary was expected to be very competitive. Former U.S. Representative Mark Walker was the first major candidate to announce his candidacy, on December 1, 2020. Walker opted to retire from the House and not run for reelection in 2020 because his district was made much more favorable to the Democratic Party after redistricting. Former President Donald Trump's daughter-in-law Lara Trump was widely speculated as a possible candidate for this seat. She received encouragement and support from U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham and Kellyanne Conway, a former Trump White House official. Early opinion polls suggested she would perform well against other prospective candidates in the primary. On April 14, 2021, former Governor Pat McCrory announced his candidacy. U.S. Representative Ted Budd announced his candidacy on April 28, 2021.


text: Opinion polls taken during April 2021 showed McCrory with a wide lead over Walker and Budd. McCrory was aided by a high degree of name recognition because of his several statewide campaigns.


text: On June 5, 2021, the North Carolina Republican Party held a convention in Greenville. At the convention, former President Trump announced that he was endorsing Budd for the U.S. Senate seat. Lara Trump announced that she would not be running, and joined her father-in-law in endorsing Budd. The former president also took a shot at McCrory, saying, "You can't pick people that have already lost two races, that do not stand for our values." McCrory lost both the 2008 and 2016 gubernatorial elections. Budd was reportedly unaware of Trump's intentions until 15 minutes before he took the stage. Both Walker and McCrory stated their intentions to stay in the race.


text: Meanwhile, North Carolina redrew its congressional maps, making Walker's house seat more favorable to Republicans than it had been before 2020. After that, Trump met with Walker and promised to endorse him if he left the Senate race to instead run for his old House seat, newly numbered as the 7th district. Walker filed to switch races, but later decided against it in favor of staying in the Senate race.


text: The first primary debate was held on February 26 in Raleigh. It was sponsored by the John Locke Foundation, a conservative think tank based in North Carolina. McCrory, Walker and Eastman participated. Budd was invited, but did not attend, leaving an empty podium. The first televised debate was held by WRAL-TV on April 14 and featured McCrory and Walker, with Budd once again declining to attend. A third debate was held on April 20 on Spectrum News 1. McCrory, Walker, and Eastman participated. A fourth debate, sponsored by Nexstar Media Group, was held on April 26 and aired on television stations across North Carolina, including WJZY, WNCN, WGHP, and WNCT-TV. McCrory and Walker participated. Budd declined and Eastman was not invited.


text: Budd won the primary overwhelmingly with over 58% of the vote. McCrory finished second with almost 25%, and Walker third with 9%. Budd won a plurality in every county in the state except for Mecklenburg, which McCrory won by under 100 votes. After the results were released, McCrory declared his political career over. He did not endorse Budd for the general election.


text: After losing the 2020 Democratic primary for United States Senate, Erica Smith teased a campaign for the other Senate seat in 2022. She officially launched her campaign in March 2021. Jeff Jackson, who has represented the 37th district in the North Carolina Senate since 2014, was widely speculated as a potential candidate for U.S. Senate in 2020, but decided to run for reelection to the State Senate instead. In fall 2020, Jackson said he would discuss a potential 2022 campaign with his family over the holiday season. In January 2021, Jackson officially launched his campaign, and began a tour of the state, holding town hall events in all 100 counties. Cheri Beasley narrowly lost her election to a full term as Chief Justice in 2020. In February 2021, it was reported that she had hired a campaign consultant and was preparing to enter the U.S. Senate race. Beasley officially launched her campaign on April 27.


text: In November 2021, Smith filed papers to run for North Carolina's 2nd congressional district in 2022 after Representative G. K. Butterfield announced he would not seek reelection. On November 23, Smith officially launched her House campaign and ended her Senate campaign. She endorsed Beasley on November 30.


text: On December 16, 2021, Jackson withdrew from the race and endorsed Beasley, making Beasley the presumptive nominee.


text: In the first quarter of 2022, Beasley raised $3.6 million. In the second quarter of 2022, Beasley reported raising $7.42 million, narrowly beating a second quarter record set by Cal Cunningham in 2020.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: USS "Texas" (BB-35) is a museum ship and former United States Navy . She was launched on 18 May 1912 and commissioned on 12 March 1914.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: "Texas" served in Mexican waters following the "Tampico Incident" but saw no action there, and made numerous sorties into the North Sea during World War I without engaging the enemy, though she did fire in anger for the first time when shooting medium-caliber guns at supposed submarines (no evidence exists that suggests these were anything more than waves). In World War II, "Texas" escorted war convoys across the Atlantic and later shelled the neutral French in the North African campaign and German-held beaches in the Normandy Landings before being transferred to the Pacific Theater late in 1944 to provide naval gunfire support during the Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. "Texas" was decommissioned in 1948, having earned a total of five battle stars for service in World War II. She is currently undergoing a $35 million dollar repair project in Galveston, Texas and then headed to a yet unknown location for future tours.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: "Texas" was also a technological testbed: the first US battleship to mount anti-aircraft guns, the first US warship to control gunfire with directors and range-keepers, the first US battleship to launch an aircraft, and one of the first US Navy warships to receive production radar.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: "Texas" was the first US battleship to become a permanent museum ship, (though , which became a museum in 1925 - 23 years before Texas - was intended to be permanent before WWII required her service, and eventual scrapping in the 1950s), the first battleship declared to be a US National Historic Landmark, and is the only remaining World War I era dreadnought battleship. She is also one of the eight remaining ships and the only remaining capital ship to have served in both World Wars.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: The United States Congress authorized the construction of "Texas", the second Navy ship to be named after that state, on 24 June 1910. Bids for "Texas" were accepted from 27 September to 1 December with the winning bid of $5,830,000—excluding the price of armor and armament—submitted by Newport News Shipbuilding. The contract was signed on 17 December and the plans were delivered to the building yard seven days later. "Texas" keel was laid down on 17 April 1911 at Newport News, Virginia. She was launched on 18 May 1912, sponsored by Miss Claudia Lyon, daughter of Colonel Cecil Lyon, Republican national committeeman from Texas. The ship was commissioned on 12 March 1914 with Captain Albert W. Grant in command.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: "Texas"s main battery consisted of ten /45 caliber Mark 1 guns, which could fire armor-piercing shells to a range of . Her secondary battery consisted of twenty-one /51-caliber guns. She also mounted four torpedo tubes for the Bliss-Leavitt Mark 8 torpedo, one each on the port-side bow and stern and starboard bow and stern. The torpedo rooms held 12 torpedoes total, plus 12 naval defense mines. "Texas" and her sister were the only battleships to store and hoist their 14-inch ammunition in cast-iron cups, nose-down.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: On 24 March 1914, "Texas" departed Norfolk Navy Yard and set a course for New York City, making an overnight stop at Tompkinsville, New York, on the night of 26 March. Entering New York Navy Yard on the next day, she spent the next three weeks there undergoing the installation of fire-control equipment.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: During his stay in New York, President Woodrow Wilson ordered a number of ships of the Atlantic Fleet to Mexican waters in response to tension created when a detail of Mexican federal troops detained an American gunboat crew at Tampico. The problem was quickly resolved locally, but Rear Admiral Henry T. Mayo sought further redress by demanding an official disavowal of the act by the Huerta regime and a 21-gun salute to the American flag.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: President Wilson saw in the incident an opportunity to put pressure on a government he felt was undemocratic. On 20 April, Wilson placed the matter before the United States Congress and sent orders to Rear Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, commanding the naval force off the Mexican coast, instructing him to land a force at Veracruz and to seize the customs house there in retaliation for what is now known as the "Tampico Incident". That action was carried out on 21–22 April.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: Due to the intensity of the situation, "Texas" put to sea on 13 May and headed directly to operational duty without benefit of the usual shakedown cruise and post-shakedown repair period. After a five-day stop at Hampton Roads from 14 to 19 May, she joined Rear Admiral Fletcher's force off Veracruz on 26 May. She remained in Mexican waters for just over two months, supporting the American forces ashore. On 8 August, she left Veracruz and set a course for Nipe Bay, Cuba, and from there steamed to New York, where she entered the Navy Yard on 21 August.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: The battleship remained there until 6 September, when she returned to sea, joined the Atlantic Fleet, and settled into a schedule of normal fleet operations. In October, she returned to the Mexican coast. Later that month, "Texas" became station ship at Tuxpan, a duty that lasted until 4 November, when she steamed for Galveston, Texas. While at Galveston on 7 November, Texas Governor Oscar Colquitt presented the ship's silver service to Captain Grant. The Young Men's Business League of Waco, Texas, raised the $10,000 to purchase the silver.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: "Texas" sailed for Tampico on 14 November and thereafter to Veracruz, where she remained for a month. The ship left Mexico on 20 December and set a course for New York. The battleship entered New York Navy Yard on 28 December and remained there undergoing repairs until 16 February 1915. On 25 May, "Texas", along with battleships , , and , rescued 230 passengers from the damaged Holland America Line passenger ship , which had been rammed by Norwegian-flagged fruit steamer "Joseph J. Cuneo". In gratitude, Holland America Line presented "Texas" with a model of a 17th-century warship, which is displayed with the wardroom silver as of 2014. In 1916, "Texas" became the first US battleship to mount anti-aircraft guns with the addition of two /50-caliber guns on platforms atop the boat cranes, and the first to control gunfire with directors and rangefinders, analog forerunners of today's computers.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: Upon her return to active duty with the fleet, "Texas" resumed a schedule alternating between training operations along the New England coast and off the Virginia Capes and winter fleet tactical and gunnery drills in the West Indies. That routine lasted just over two years until the February-to-March crisis over unrestricted submarine warfare catapulted the US into World War I in April 1917. The 6 April declaration of war found "Texas" riding at anchor in the mouth of the York River with the other Atlantic Fleet battleships. She remained in the Virginia Capes–Hampton Roads vicinity until mid-August, conducting exercises and training Naval Armed Guard gun crews for service onboard merchant ships. One of the gun crews trained aboard "Texas" was assigned to the merchant vessel at the beginning of the war. On 19 April, the crew of "Mongolia" sighted a surfaced German U-boat and the gun crew trained aboard "Texas" opened fire on the U-boat, averting an attack on "Mongolia" and firing the first American shots of World War I.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: In August, she steamed to New York for repairs, arriving at Base 10 on 19 August and entering the New York Navy Yard soon thereafter. She completed repairs on 26 September and got underway for Port Jefferson that same day. During the mid-watch on 27 September, she ran hard aground on Block Island. Captain Victor Blue and his navigator, confused about shore lights and more concerned about the minefield at the opening of Long Island Sound, made the turn at the wrong time and ran the ship aground on the island from the bow all the way aft beyond midships. For three days, her crew lightened ship to no avail. On 30 September, tugs came to her assistance, and she finally backed clear. Hull damage dictated a return to the yard, and extensive repairs precluded her departure with Battleship Division 9 for the British Isles in November. The secondary battery was reduced to eighteen 5-inch guns in October 1917. Captain Blue, a protege of Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels, was never court-martialed and remained in command of "Texas". The Navy Department held his navigator entirely responsible for the accident.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: By December, she had completed repairs and moved south to conduct military simulations out of the York River. Mid-January 1918 found the battleship back at New York preparing for the voyage across the Atlantic, including the removal of two more 5-inch guns, reducing the total number aboard to 16. She departed New York on 30 January 1918, arrived at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands off the coast of Scotland on 11 February, and rejoined Battleship Division 9, by then known as the 6th Battle Squadron of Britain's Grand Fleet.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: "Texas"s service with the Grand Fleet consisted entirely of convoy missions and occasional forays to reinforce the British squadron on blockade duty in the North Sea whenever German heavy units threatened. The fleet alternated between bases at Scapa Flow and at the Firth of Forth in Scotland. "Texas" began her mission five days after her arrival at Scapa Flow, when she sortied with the entire fleet to reinforce the 4th Battle Squadron, then on duty in the North Sea. She returned to Scapa Flow the next day and remained until 8 March, when she put to sea on a convoy escort mission from which she returned on 13 March. "Texas" and her division mates entered the Firth of Forth on 12 April, but got underway again on the 17th to escort a convoy. The American battleships returned to base on 20 April. Four days later, "Texas" again stood out to sea to support the Second Battle Squadron the day after the German High Seas Fleet had sortied from Jade Bay toward the Norwegian coast to threaten an Allied convoy. Forward units caught sight of the retiring Germans on 25 April, but at such an extreme range, bringing the German fleet into engagement with the Grand Fleet was not possible. The Germans returned to their base that day, and the Grand Fleet, including "Texas", did likewise on the next.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: "Texas" and her division mates passed a relatively inactive May in the Firth of Forth. On 9 June, she got underway with the other warships of the 6th Battle Squadron and headed back to the anchorage at Scapa Flow, arriving there the following day. From 30 June to 2 July, "Texas" and her colleagues acted as escort for American minelayers adding to the North Sea Mine Barrage. After a two-day return to Scapa Flow, "Texas" put to sea with the Grand Fleet to conduct two days of tactical exercises and war games. At the conclusion of those drills on 8 July, the fleet entered the Firth of Forth. For the remainder of World War I, "Texas" and the other battleships of Division 9 continued to operate with the Grand Fleet as the 6th Battle Squadron. With the German Fleet increasingly tied to its bases in the estuaries of the Jade and the Ems rivers, the American and British ships settled into a routine schedule of operations with little-to-no hint of combat operations. That state of affairs lasted until the Armistice ended hostilities on 11 November 1918. At 03:35 on 21 November, she got underway to accompany the Grand Fleet to meet the surrendering German Fleet. The two fleets rendezvoused about east of the Isle of May and proceeded to the Firth of Forth. Afterward, the American contingent moved to Portland Harbour, England, arriving there on 4 December.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: On 12 December 1918, "Texas" put to sea with Battleship Divisions 9 and 6 to meet President Woodrow Wilson embarked in on his way to the Paris Peace Conference. The rendezvous took place around 07:30 the following morning and provided an escort for the President into Brest, France, where the ships arrived at 12:30 that afternoon. On the afternoon of 14 December, "Texas" and the other American battleships departed Brest to return to the United States. The warships arrived off Ambrose light station on Christmas Day, 1918, and entered New York the next day.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: Following overhaul, "Texas" resumed duty with the Atlantic Fleet early in 1919. On 10 March, she became the first American battleship to launch an airplane when Lieutenant Commander Edward O. McDonnell flew a British-built Sopwith Camel off the warship at Guantanamo Bay. Later in 1919 "Texas"s captain, Nathan C. Twining, successfully employed naval aircraft to spot the fall of shells during a main battery exercise. The results were that aircraft-borne gunfire spotters were significantly more accurate than shipboard spotters. In testimony to the Navy General Board, Lieutenant Commander Kenneth Whiting attested that the increase in gunfire effectiveness with air spotting was likely to be as great as 200%. As a result of these first experiments, the Navy would add floatplanes to all of the fleet's battleships and newer cruisers. In May 1919, "Texas" served as a plane guard and navigational aid for the successful attempt by Navy Curtiss NC flying boat "NC-4" to become the first airplane to cross the Atlantic. On 26 July 1919 "Texas" entered the Pacific Ocean as part of the newly formed Pacific Fleet and she would spend the next five and half years as a part of Pacific Fleet. On 17 July the following year, she was designated "BB-35" under the Navy's newly adopted alpha-numeric system of hull classification symbols.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: "Texas" left the Pacific on 16 January 1924 and returned to the east coast for overhaul and to participate in a training cruise to European waters with Naval Academy Midshipmen embarked. While operating in the Atlantic, on 25 November 1924, she sank the incomplete battleship in compliance with the Naval Arms Limitation Treaty of 1922, and later that fall, conducted maneuvers as a unit of the Scouting Fleet. On 31 July 1925, she entered Norfolk Navy Yard for a major modernization overhaul. The overhaul, which replaced both cage masts with tripod masts, replaced her 14 Babcock & Wilcox coal-fired boilers with 6 Bureau Express oil-fired boilers, and upgraded her fire-control equipment, was completed on 23 November 1926. Also, her AA armament was increased to eight 3-inch guns, and the torpedo tubes were removed. Six of the 5-inch guns were relocated to new main deck casemates at this time.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: Following completion of her overhaul, "Texas" was designated the flagship of the United States Fleet and resumed duty along the eastern seaboard. She kept at that task until late 1927, when she did a brief tour of duty in the Pacific from late September-early December. In 1927, "Texas" set another first with the showing of "talking" pictures for crew entertainment. Near the end of the year, "Texas" returned to the Atlantic and resumed normal duty with the Scouting Fleet. In January 1928, she transported President Calvin Coolidge to Havana, Cuba, for the Pan-American Conference and then continued on via the Panama Canal and the west coast to maneuvers with the fleet near Hawaii.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: She returned to New York early in 1929 for her annual overhaul and had completed it by March when she began another brief tour of duty in the Pacific. She returned to the Atlantic in June and resumed normal duty with the Scouting Fleet. In April 1930, she took time from her operating schedule to escort into New York when that ship carried the returning US delegation to the London Naval Conference. In January 1931, she left the yard at New York as flagship of the United States Fleet and headed via the Panama Canal to San Diego, California, and then on to Los Angeles (port of San Pedro) which became her home port for the next six years and three months. There would be a temporary redeployment back to the Atlantic from April to October 1934. During this Pacific period, she served first as flagship for the entire Fleet and, later, as flagship for Battleship Division 1.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: In the summer of 1937, she once more was reassigned to the east coast, as the flagship of the Training Detachment, United States Fleet. Late in 1938 or early in 1939, the warship became flagship of the newly organized Atlantic Squadron, built around Battleship Division 5. Through both organizational assignments, her labors were directed primarily to training missions, Midshipman cruises, Naval Reserve drills, and training members of the Fleet Marine Force. Also in 1937, eight AA guns in two quadruple mounts were added to improve the light AA armament. In December 1938, "Texas" received for testing the first shipborne radar designed and made by a commercial company, RCA, for the US Navy, the 385 MHz CXZ. In 1941, "Texas" was one of fourteen ships to receive the RCA CXAM-1 radar.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: Soon after war broke out in Europe in September 1939, "Texas" began operating on the Neutrality Patrol, an American attempt to keep the war out of the Western Hemisphere. Later, as the United States moved toward more active support of the Allied cause, the warship began convoying ships carrying Lend-Lease materiel to the United Kingdom. In February 1941, the US 1st Marine Division was activated aboard "Texas". On 1 February, Admiral Ernest J. King hoisted his flag as Commander-in-Chief of the re-formed Atlantic Fleet aboard "Texas". That same year, while on Neutrality Patrol in the Atlantic, "Texas" was stalked unsuccessfully by the German submarine .


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: On Sunday, 7 December 1941, the day of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the battleship was at Casco Bay, Maine, undergoing a rest and relaxation period following three months of watch duty at Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland. After 10 days at Casco Bay, she returned to Argentina and remained there until late January 1942, when she got underway to escort a convoy to England. After delivering her charges, the battleship patrolled waters near Iceland until March when she returned home. At various times in 1942, the secondary battery was reduced to six 5-inch guns and the light AA battery was increased, adding two extra 1.1-inch/75-caliber quad mounts (these would be replaced by 10 quad mount Bofors in June 1943) and adding fourteen Oerlikon cannons (increased to 44 by 1944), the attack on Pearl Harbor having demonstrated the need for this. For the next six months, she continued convoy-escort missions to various destinations. On one occasion, she escorted Guadalcanal-bound Marines as far as Panama; on another, the warship screened service troops to Freetown, Sierra Leone, on the west coast of Africa. More frequently, she made voyages to and from the United Kingdom escorting both cargo- and troop-carrying ships.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: On 23 October 1942, "Texas" embarked upon her first major combat operation when she sortied with Task Group 34.8 (TG 34.8), the Northern Attack Group for Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa. The objective assigned to this group was Port Lyautey in French Morocco. The warships arrived off the assault beaches near the village of Mehedia early in the morning of 8 November and began preparations for the invasion. "Texas" transmitted Lt. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's first "Voice of Freedom" broadcast, asking the French not to oppose Allied landings on North Africa. When the troops went ashore, "Texas" did not go into action immediately to support them. At that point in the war, the doctrine of amphibious warfare was still embryonic. Many Army officers did not recognize the value of prelanding bombardments. Instead, the Army insisted upon attempting a landing by surprise. "Texas" entered the battle early in the afternoon when the Army requested her to fire upon a Vichy French Army ammunition dump near Port Lyautey. One more gunfire mission was provided on the 10th before the cease fire on 11 November. Thus, unlike in later operations, she expended only 273 rounds of 14-inch shells and six rounds of 5-inch shells. During her short stay, some of her crewmen went ashore to assist in salvaging some of the ships that had been sunk in the harbor. On 16 November, "Texas" departed North Africa for the East Coast of the United States in a task force along with , , , four transports, and seven destroyers.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: The young news reporter Walter Cronkite was on board "Texas" starting in Norfolk, Virginia, through her service off the coast of North Africa, and thence back to the US. On the return trip, Cronkite was flown off "Texas" in one of her OS2U Kingfisher aircraft when Norfolk was within flying distance. He was granted permission to be flown the rest of the distance to Norfolk so that he could outpace a rival correspondent on to return to the US and to issue the first uncensored news reports to be published about Operation Torch. Cronkite's experiences aboard "Texas" launched his career as a war correspondent.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: Throughout 1943, "Texas" carried out the familiar role of convoy escort. With New York as her home port, she made numerous transatlantic voyages to such places as Casablanca and Gibraltar, as well as frequent visits to ports in the UK. That routine continued into 1944 but ended on 22 April of that year when, at the European end of one such mission, she remained at the Clyde estuary in Scotland and began training for the invasion of Normandy.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: During the next twelve days, "Texas" carried out many 14-inch gun-firing exercises with British battleships and . The firing was done in conjunction with Royal Air Force airplanes as spotters. On 29 April, "Texas", , and relocated to Belfast Lough, Northern Ireland. There, final preparations were made, including the removal of the airplane catapult and the ship's OS2U Kingfisher observation planes. The three pilots who flew "Texas"s Kingfishers during this period were temporarily transferred to a newly formed squadron, VOS-7, that was composed of the pilots who flew observation and scouting planes from the cruisers , , and and the battleships "Arkansas", "Nevada", and "Texas". VOS-7 received training in defensive fighter tactics, aerobatics, navigation, formation flying and spotting procedures in Royal Air Force Spitfires; they flew spotting missions in the Spitfires because of the threat from German fighters. The pilots of VOS-7 would fly spotting missions for the US warships off Omaha and Utah Beaches during D-Day. Also, during this time additional radio equipment was added, including a device to detect and jam radio-guided missiles. Final exercises were carried out to the south in Dundrum Bay and Belfast Lough. During the final preparations, General Eisenhower came aboard on 19 May to speak to the crew. On 31 May, the ship was sealed and a briefing given to the crew about the upcoming invasion. For the invasion, "Texas" was designated Bombardment Force Flagship for Omaha Beach, in the Western Taskforce. Her firing area of Omaha was the western half, supporting the US 29th Infantry Division and the US 2nd Ranger Battalion at Pointe du Hoc, and the US 5th Ranger Battalion, which had been diverted to Western Omaha to support the troops at Pointe du Hoc.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: The Omaha Beach bombardment force consisted of two sections with "Texas" and the British light cruiser responsible for the western half with "Arkansas", and the French light cruisers and responsible for the east. Also assigned to Omaha Beach were the American destroyers , , , , , , , , , and the British destroyers , and .


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: At 02:09 on 3 June, "Texas" and the rest of the Western Taskforce sailed from Belfast Lough for Normandy. In sight, on a parallel course was a group of British ships, including the battleships and "Ramillies". At 07:10 on 4 June, the taskforce had to reverse course due to unacceptable weather in Normandy. Later that evening, off Lundy Island, the taskforce reversed course and headed for and joined the invasion fleet gathering at Area Z. The invasion fleet then headed south toward Normandy and navigated the German minefield, through which minesweepers had cleared channels; not a single Omaha Beach vessel was lost.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: At 03:00 on 6 June 1944, "Texas" and the British cruiser "Glasgow" entered the Omaha Western fire support lane and arrived at her initial firing position offshore near Pointe du Hoc at 04:41, as part of a combined total US-British flotilla of 702 ships, including seven battleships and five heavy cruisers.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: The initial bombardment commenced at 05:50, against the site of six guns, atop Pointe du Hoc. When "Texas" ceased firing at the Pointe at 06:24, 255 14-inch shells had been fired in 34 minutes—an average rate of fire of 7.5 shells per minute, which was the longest sustained period of firing for "Texas" in World War II. While shells from the main guns were hitting Pointe du Hoc, the 5-inch guns were firing on the area leading up to Exit D-1, the route to get inland from western Omaha. At 06:26, "Texas" shifted her main battery gunfire to the western edge of Omaha Beach, around the town of Vierville. Meanwhile, her secondary battery went to work on another target on the western end of "Omaha" beach, a ravine laced with strong points to defend an exit road. Later, under control of airborne spotters, she moved her major-caliber fire inland to interdict enemy reinforcement activities and to destroy batteries and other strong points farther inland.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: By noon, the assault on Omaha Beach was in danger of collapsing due to stronger than anticipated German resistance and the inability of the Allies to get needed armor and artillery units on the beach. In an effort to help the infantry fighting to take Omaha, some of the destroyers providing gunfire support closed near the shoreline, almost grounding themselves to fire on the Germans. "Texas" also closed to the shoreline; at 12:23, "Texas" closed to only from the water's edge, firing her main guns with very little elevation to clear the western exit D-1, in front of Vierville. Among other things, she fired upon snipers and machine gun nests hidden in a defile just off the beach. At the conclusion of that mission, the battleship attacked an enemy anti-aircraft battery located west of Vierville.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: On 7 June, the battleship received word that the Ranger battalion at Pointe Du Hoc was still isolated from the rest of the invasion force with low ammunition and mounting casualties; in response, "Texas" obtained and filled two LCVPs with provisions and ammunition for the Rangers. Upon their return, the LCVPs brought thirty-five wounded Rangers to "Texas" for treatment of whom one died on the operating table. Along with the Rangers, a deceased Coast Guardsman and twenty-seven prisoners (twenty Germans, four Italians, and three French) were brought to the ship. The prisoners were fed, segregated, and not formally interrogated aboard "Texas", due to the ship bombarding targets or standing by to bombard, before being loaded aboard an LST for transfer to England. Later in the day, her main battery rained shells on the enemy-held towns of Formigny and Trévières to break up German troop concentrations. That evening, she bombarded a German mortar battery that had been shelling the beach. Not long after midnight, German planes attacked the ships offshore, and one of them swooped in low on "Texas"s starboard quarter. Her anti-aircraft batteries opened up immediately but failed to hit the intruder. On the morning of 8 June, her guns fired on Isigny, then on a shore battery, and finally on Trévières once more.


title: USS Texas (BB-35)

text: After that, she retired to Plymouth to rearm, returning to the French coast on 11 June. From then until 15 June, she supported the army in its advance inland. By 15 June, the troops had advanced to the edge of "Texas"s gun range; her last fire support mission was so far inland that to get the needed range, the starboard torpedo blister was flooded with water to provide a list of two degrees which gave the guns enough elevation to complete the fire mission. With combat operations beyond the range of her guns on 16 June, "Texas" left Normandy for England on 18 June.