title: The Bourne Ultimatum (film)

text: "The Bourne Ultimatum" earned $69,283,690 during its opening weekend at the box office, which at the time had the highest August opening weekend, beating "Rush Hour 2". It would hold that record for seven years until it was overtaken by "Guardians of the Galaxy" in 2014. At the end of its theatrical release, the film grossed a total of $227,471,070 in the U.S. and $215,353,068 in foreign markets for a worldwide total of $442,824,138, making it the highest-grossing film in the series.


title: The Bourne Ultimatum (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film had an overall approval rating of 92% based on 265 reviews and an average score of 8/10. The website's critics consensus reads, ""The Bourne Ultimatum" is an intelligent, finely tuned non-stop thrill ride. Another strong performance from Matt Damon and sharp camerawork from Paul Greengrass make this the finest installment of the "Bourne" trilogy." On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 85 out of 100 based on 38 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A" on scale of A+ to F. All segments of the audience gave it a grade "A" or better. The audience was 56% male, and 82% was 25 or older.


title: The Bourne Ultimatum (film)

text: Like its predecessor, "The Bourne Supremacy", the film was criticized for its use of "shaky camera" work, as Richard Corliss of "Time" magazine, in an otherwise positive review, wondered "why, in the chat scenes, the camera is afflicted with Parkinson's? The film frame trembles, obscures the speaker with the listener's shoulder, annoys viewers and distracts them from the content of the scene."


title: The Bourne Ultimatum (film)

text: In the British press, the inclusion of a fictional journalist from the real British paper "The Guardian" and scenes set in the United Kingdom (particularly Waterloo railway station) were commented upon. In particular, that newspaper's reviewer joked that "dodging bullets from a CIA sniper... is the sort of thing which happens to us "Guardian" journalists all the time."


title: The Bourne Ultimatum (film)

text: The film was also well received in the hacker subculture, as it showed actual real-world applications such as the Bourne-again shell and Nmap, unlike many other films featuring hacking scenes (such as "Hackers").


title: The Bourne Ultimatum (film)

text: In May 2007, prior to the release of "The Bourne Ultimatum", Matt Damon claimed that he would not be interested in returning for a fourth "Bourne" film, stating (of his participation in the "Bourne" franchise): "We have ridden that horse as far as we can." Damon said in August 2007:


title: The Bourne Ultimatum (film)

text: However, on February 22, 2008, "Variety" reported that a fourth film was indeed in the works, with both Damon and Greengrass on board.


title: The Bourne Ultimatum (film)

text: On October 16, 2008, it was announced that George Nolfi would write the script, with Frank Marshall producing, and Jeffrey Weiner and Henry Morrison executive producing. Matt Damon, Julia Stiles, Joan Allen, and Paul Greengrass were also attached to the film. Joshua Zetumer had been hired to write a parallel script—a draft which could be combined with another (Nolfi's, in this instance)—by August 2009 since Nolfi would be directing "The Adjustment Bureau" that September.


title: The Bourne Ultimatum (film)

text: On February 1, 2010, Damon, speaking at the U.K. premiere of "Invictus", revealed that a follow-up to "The Bourne Ultimatum" was "at least five years away". Greengrass, also at the premiere, re-stated that he would not be part of any further "Bourne" films "unless the right script came along". However, Damon revealed that in the meantime there may be a "Bourne" "prequel of some kind, with another actor and another director". Matt Damon reconfirmed this on a March 10, 2010 appearance of "Today" and that he would only be involved if Greengrass was directing.


title: The Bourne Ultimatum (film)

text: In June 2010, it was announced that Tony Gilroy would be writing "The Bourne Legacy" and it would have a 2012 release date. That October, Gilroy was announced as the director of "The Bourne Legacy"; he confirmed that Damon would not return for this film and that there would be "a whole new hero":


title: The Bourne Ultimatum (film)

text: Universal Pictures stated at a media conference in Los Angeles, California, that they are likely to release more "Bourne" films, despite "The Bourne Legacy" being given mixed reviews by critics. On September 15, 2014, it was announced that Damon and Greengrass will indeed return for the next "Bourne" film, taking the release date, with Renner returning as Cross in a separate film at a later date. On June 18, 2014, the studio pushed back the film from August 14, 2015, to July 15, 2016. The film "Jason Bourne" premiered in the United States on July 29, 2016 to mixed reviews.


title: Melissa Leo

text: Melissa Chessington Leo (born September 14, 1960) is an American actress. She is the recipient of several accolades, including an Academy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award and two Critics' Choice Awards.


title: Melissa Leo

text: After appearing on several television shows and films in the 1980s, Leo became a regular on the television shows "All My Children," for which she was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award, and "The Young Riders". Her breakthrough role came in 1993 as detective and later sergeant Kay Howard on the television series "" (1993–1997).


title: Melissa Leo

text: Leo received critical acclaim for her performance as Ray Eddy in the 2008 film "Frozen River", earning her several nominations and awards, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. In 2010, Leo won several awards for her performance as Alice Eklund-Ward in the film "The Fighter", including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Melissa Leo

text: In 2013, she won a Primetime Emmy Award for her guest role on the television series "Louie". She starred in the 2015 Fox event series "Wayward Pines" as Nurse Pam. She then starred in the 2017 Netflix film "The Most Hated Woman in America" as American Atheists founder Madalyn Murray O'Hair.


title: Melissa Leo

text: Leo was born in Manhattan and grew up on the Lower East Side. She is the daughter of Margaret (née Chessington), a California-born teacher, and Arnold Leo III, an editor at Grove Press, fisherman, and former spokesman for the East Hampton Baymen's Association. She has an older brother, Erik Leo. Her paternal aunt is art historian Christine Leo Roussel. Leo's parents divorced, and her mother moved them to Red Clover Commune, in Putney, Vermont.


title: Melissa Leo

text: Leo began performing as a child with the Bread and Puppet Theater Company. She attended Bellows Falls High School in Bellows Falls, Vermont, and studied acting at Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts in London and SUNY Purchase, but did not graduate, choosing to leave school and move to New York City to begin auditioning for acting jobs. Leo spent summers at her father's house in Springs, a section of East Hampton, New York.


title: Melissa Leo

text: Leo's acting debut came in 1984, for which she was nominated for a Daytime Emmy at the 12th Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Ingenue/Woman in a Drama Series for "All My Children". Following this, Leo appeared in several films, including "Streetwalkin'", "A Time of Destiny", "Last Summer in the Hamptons", and "Venice/Venice." She also had several appearances on television, most notably her role as Det. Sgt. Kay Howard on "" until 1997. Three years later she reprised her role in the television movie, "". After a brief hiatus from acting, Leo's breakthrough came three years later in the Alejandro González Iñárritu film, "21 Grams" released to critical acclaim. Leo appeared in a supporting role alongside Sean Penn, Naomi Watts, Benicio del Toro, and Clea DuVall. Leo shared a Best Ensemble Acting award from the Phoenix Film Critics Society in 2003 and the runner-up for the Los Angeles Film Critics Association for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Melissa Leo

text: Leo appeared in supporting roles throughout the 2000s including the film "Hide and Seek", the independent film "American Gun", both in 2005, and a minor role in the comedy "Mr. Woodcock". In 2006, she won the Bronze Wrangler at the Western Heritage Awards for Outstanding Theatrical Motion Picture for "The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada" shared with Tommy Lee Jones who also produced the film. In 2008, she won the Maverick Actor Award and also the Best Actress award at the Method Fest for "Lullaby" (2008).


title: Melissa Leo

text: That same year, Leo earned critical praise for her performance in the film "Frozen River", winning several awards, including the Best Actress award from the Independent Spirit Awards, the Spotlight award from the National Board of Review, and Best Actress nominations from the Screen Actors Guild Awards, Broadcast Film Critics Association, and Academy Awards. Critic Roger Ebert backed her for a win, stating: "Best Actress: Melissa Leo. What a complete performance, evoking a woman's life in a time of economic hardship. The most timely of films, but that isn't reason enough. I was struck by how intensely determined she was to make the payments, support her two children, carry on after her abandonment by a gambling husband, and still maintain rules and goals around the house. This was a heroic woman."


title: Melissa Leo

text: Following "Frozen River", Leo continued to appear in several independent films, and had a minor role in the 2008 film "Righteous Kill", with Al Pacino and her "Hide and Seek" co-star, Robert De Niro. Leo appeared in a series of films throughout 2009, including "According to Greta", the title character in "Stephanie's Image", "True Adolescents", and "Veronika Decides to Die".


title: Melissa Leo

text: In 2010, Leo received fame for her role in David O. Russell's "The Fighter". Rick Bentley of "The Charlotte Observer" said: "Both actors (Mark Wahlberg and Christian Bale) are very good, but they get blown off the screen by Melissa Leo, who plays their mother, Alice Ward. Leo's Oscar-worthy portrayal of Alice as a master manipulator goes beyond acting to a total transformation." Roger Ebert referred to it as a "teeth-gratingly brilliant performance." Leo and several of the film's actors including her co-star Amy Adams and Bale were nominated. For her performance Leo received several awards, including the Golden Globe, Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association, New York Film Critics Circle, Screen Actors Guild, and culminating in her winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. While accepting her Oscar, Leo said: "When I watched Kate two years ago, it looked so fucking easy!" She apologized afterwards for using profanity, admitting that it was "a very inappropriate place to use that particular word ... those words, I apologize to anyone that they offend".


title: Melissa Leo

text: Prior to her win, Leo had created some controversy by attempting to self-promote her Oscar campaign, rather than rely on the marketing department of the studio. Leo personally bought ad space in Hollywood trade publications, which was initially thought might backfire in a similar manner to previous Oscar contenders Chill Wills and Margaret Avery.


title: Melissa Leo

text: Following her Oscar win, Leo appeared in the HBO miniseries "Mildred Pierce" alongside Kate Winslet, Evan Rachel Wood and Guy Pearce. Her performance garnered an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie. Her next projects include the satirical horror film "Red State", the independent comedy "Predisposed" with Jesse Eisenberg currently in pre-production and the crime thriller "The Dead Circus" based on the novel by John Kaye with Michael C. Hall and James Marsden currently in development. She guest-starred in an episode of the hit FX comedy "Louie", which garnered her an Emmy win for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series.


title: Melissa Leo

text: Leo appeared in the action-thriller "Olympus Has Fallen" as Ruth McMillan, the Secretary of Defense who was held hostage by terrorists in the White House and "Oblivion" as the main antagonist Sally. She reprised her role in the "Olympus" sequel "London Has Fallen".


title: Melissa Leo

text: Leo appeared in supporting roles in the thriller films "Prisoners", "The Equalizer", and "The Equalizer 2", having previously appeared in a 1985 episode of the original series. Leo appeared on the Fox series "Wayward Pines" as Nurse Pam.


title: Melissa Leo

text: Leo lives in Stone Ridge, New York. In 1987, she had a son, John Matthew "Jack" Heard, with her former boyfriend, actor John Heard. She considers director Adam Davenport a "son of sorts."


title: Melissa Leo

text: Leo publicly rejected the label of feminist in statements made during a 2012 interview with "Salon": "I don't think of myself as a feminist at all. As soon as we start labeling and categorizing ourselves and others, that's going to shut down the world. I would never say that." She reiterated these sentiments in a 2017 interview.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: Too Hot to Handle is an American-British reality television dating game show produced by Fremantle production companies Talkback and Thames. Created by Laura Gibson and Charlie Bennett, the show's eight-episode first season was released on Netflix on April 17, 2020. Hosted by a virtual assistant named "Lana", the show revolves around 10 adults – all of whom primarily engage in meaningless flings and are unable to form long-lasting relationships – who are placed together in a house for four weeks and must go through various workshops, all while being forbidden from any kissing, sexual contact or self-gratification, with the monetary prize getting reduced any time a rule is broken.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: In January 2021, the series was renewed for two more seasons, both of which were filmed back-to-back amid the COVID-19 pandemic on the Turks and Caicos Islands. The first half of the second season released June 23, 2021, followed by the second half the next week on June 30, 2021. The third season was released on January 19, 2022. The fourth season premiered on December 7, 2022.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: Hosted by a cone-shaped virtual assistant named "Lana", the show revolves around a group of adults – all of whom primarily engage in meaningless flings and are unable to form long-lasting relationships – who are placed together in a house for four weeks. While there, the contestants must go through various workshops, all while being forbidden from any kissing, sexual contact or self-gratification. The idea behind this is to foster genuine connections between the participants. The contestants start with a $100,000 grand prize that gets reduced any time a rule is broken.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: Each season starts with 10 new contestants, although later new additions occasionally join throughout. Similarly, contestants who are unable to form connections in the house or commit to the process are sometimes kicked out.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: The show was created by Laura Gibson and developed by Charlie Bennett, citing "Seinfeld" episode, "The Contest" as their inspiration for the premise of "Too Hot to Handle". Laura Gibson, creative director of Fremantle-owned production company Talkback, which produced the eight-part series, told "Deadline Hollywood" that she had been working to produce a dating show since 2016.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: Viki Kolar and Jonno Richards, executive producers for "Too Hot to Handle", said they found inspiration for the virtual character from artificial intelligence and virtual assistants, especially in video surveillance. Viki Kolar stated, "[A.I.] is literally everywhere around us. It's kind of governing us, it's taking over," in an interview with "Glamour".


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: On 5 May 2019, Netflix Studios, LLC applied to trademark the phrase "Too Hot to Handle" for all educational, training, entertainment, sporting, and cultural purposes. The application was approved on 24 June 2019, and was extended on 5 March 2020. This has been done with other Netflix original programs such as "Stranger Things", "The OA", and "Big Mouth". "Too Hot to Handle" was produced by Fremantle production company Talkback.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: The show, instead of using a human as their host, used a virtual assistant named Lana. Desiree Burch provided voice-over narration, making snarky and comedic remarks towards the contestants.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: In 2018, Talkback announced that casting for an untitled reality television show was open. In total, over 3,000 people auditioned for the show; however, producer Louise Peet stated that the people who ultimately ended up being on the show stood out to the casting team and were chosen quickly.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: A luxury resort called Casa Tau in Punta Mita, Mexico opened to guests in December 2018. Soon after, "Too Hot to Handle" started filming at Casa Tau in late-March 2019 and ended filming in April. After filming had ended, all fourteen contestants were able to spend several days at the resort with no cameras before going home.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: On 10 April 2020, Netflix released the trailer for the first season of "Too Hot to Handle". The first season of "Too Hot to Handle" consisted of eight episodes, all of which were released on 17 April 2020 on Netflix. A reunion episode aired on 8 May 2020, where Desiree Burch interviewed the fourteen contestants. The first 4 episodes of second season premiered on June 23, 2021, while the remaining 6 episodes premiered on June 30, 2021. The third season was released on January 19, 2022. The first 5 episodes of the fourth season premiered on December 7, 2022.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: At the allocation ceremony, the ten remaining contestants became the winners. Francesca Farago, Harry Jowsey, Kelz Dyke, Bryce Hirschberg, Chloe Veitch, David Birtwistle, Lydia Clyma, Nicole O'Brien, Rhonda Paul, and Sharron Townsend all split the prize fund, resulting in for each person.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: At the allocation ceremony, it came down to three contestants: Carly, Cam, and Marvin. The fellow finalists were the ones who voted for the winner, selecting Marvin as the winner of the prize fund.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: At the allocation ceremony, it came down to four contestants: Beaux & Harry (as a couple), Georgia, and Nathan. The fellow finalists were the ones who voted for the winner, selecting Beaux and Harry as the winner of the prize fund.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: At the allocation ceremony, it came down to two couples: Jawahir & Nick, and Kayla & Seb. The fellow finalists voted for the winner, with Jawahir & Nick winning the prize fund with a final vote of 6 votes to 1.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: "Too Hot to Handle" became the #1 television program on Netflix during the week of April 20. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of "Too Hot to Handle" 36%, holding an average rating of 4.9 out of 10 from 28 reviews. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, gives the series a metascore of 43 based on 13 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: Critic John Serba of "Decider" panned the show, describing it as "a mashup of "Temptation Island", "Love Island", "The Contest" episode of "Seinfeld" and "The Peter Griffin Sideboob Hour"", stating that "to call it tawdry is to engage in nuclear understatement", calling it "some of the dreckiest dreck ever drecked", and advising viewers to skip it.


title: Too Hot to Handle (TV series)

text: Rachelle Hampton of "Slate" also wrote a negative review, stating: "Despite an irresistibly juicy premise, "Too Hot to Handle" doesn't know what kind of show it wants to be, and it suffers for lack of direction. (...) Its will-they-or-won't-they concept is ruined as soon as it becomes clear that, yes, they "obviously" will, even if it means losing tens of thousands of dollars."


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: Tortoiseshell is a cat coat coloring named for its similarity to tortoiseshell material. Like calicoes, tortoiseshell cats are almost exclusively female. Male tortoiseshells are rare and are usually sterile.


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: Tortoiseshell cats, or torties, combine two colors other than white, either closely mixed or in larger patches. The colors are often described as red and black, but the "red" patches can instead be orange, yellow, or cream, and the "black" can instead be chocolate, gray, tabby, or blue. Tortoiseshell cats with the tabby pattern as one of their colors are sometimes referred to as torbies or torbie cats.


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: "Tortoiseshell" is typically reserved for particolored cats with relatively small or no white markings. Those that are predominantly white with tortoiseshell patches are described as tricolor, tortoiseshell-and-white (in the United Kingdom), or calico (in Canada and the United States).


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: Cats with a tortoiseshell pattern and small blotches of white are sometimes referred to as "tortico," a portmanteau of "tortie" and "calico."


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: Tortie cats with a predominantly white undercoat are often referred to as "caliby," a portmanteau of "calico" and "tabby."


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: Tortoiseshell markings appear in many different breeds, as well as in non-purebred domestic cats. This pattern is especially preferred in the Japanese Bobtail breed, and exists in the Cornish Rex group.


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: Tortoiseshell cats have particolored coats with patches of various shades of red and black, and sometimes white. The size of the patches can vary from a fine speckled pattern to large areas of color. Typically, the more white a cat has, the more solid the patches of color. Dilution genes may modify the coloring, lightening the fur to a mix of cream and blue, lilac or fawn; the markings on tortoiseshell cats are usually asymmetrical.


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: Occasionally tabby patterns of black and brown (eumelanistic) and red (phaeomelanistic) colors are also seen. These patched tabbies are often called a tortie-tabby, a torbie or, with large white areas, a caliby. Not uncommonly there will be a "split face" pattern with black on one side of the face and orange on the other, with a dividing line running down the bridge of the nose. Tortoiseshell coloring can also be expressed in the point pattern, referred to as a tortie point.


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: Leonard Doncaster was the first to prove that tortoiseshell is the female heterozygote of orange and black, the corresponding male being orange. In the course of his studies he discovered that the rare tortoiseshell male is often sterile.


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: Tortoiseshell and calico coats result from an interaction between genetic and developmental factors. The primary gene for coat color (B) for the colors brown, chocolate, cinnamon, etc., can be masked by the co-dominant gene for the orange color (O) which is on the X Chromosome and has two alleles, the orange (X) and not-orange (X), that produce orange phaeomelanin and black eumelanin pigments, respectively. (NOTE: Typically, the X for the chromosome is assumed from context and the alleles are referred to by just the uppercase O for the orange, or lower case o for the not-orange.) The tortoiseshell and calico cats are indicated: Oo to indicate they are heterozygous on the O gene. The (B) and (O) genes can be further modified by a recessive dilute gene (dd) which softens the colors. Orange becomes cream, black becomes gray, etc. Various terms are used for specific colors, for example, gray is also called blue, orange is also called ginger. Therefore, a tortoiseshell cat may be a chocolate tortoiseshell or a blue/cream tortoiseshell or the like, based on the alleles for the (B) and (D) genes.


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: The cells of female cats, which like other mammalian females have two X chromosomes (XX), undergo the phenomenon of X-inactivation, in which one or the other of the X-chromosomes is turned off at random in each cell in very early development. The inactivated X becomes a Barr body. Cells in which the chromosome carrying the orange (O) allele is inactivated express the alternative non-orange (o) allele, determined by the (B) gene. Cells in which the non-orange (o) allele is inactivated express the orange (O) allele. Pigment genes are expressed in melanocytes that migrate to the skin surface later in development. In bi-colored tortoiseshell cats, the melanocytes arrive relatively early, and the two cell types become intermingled, producing the characteristic brindled appearance consisting of an intimate mixture of orange and black cells, with occasional small diffuse spots of orange and black.


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: In tri-colored calico cats, a separate gene interacts developmentally with the coat color gene. This spotting gene produces white, unpigmented patches by delaying the migration of the melanocytes to the skin surface. There are a number of alleles of this gene that produce greater or lesser delays. The amount of white is artificially divided into "mitted", "bicolor", "harlequin", and "van", going from almost no white to almost completely white. In the extreme case, no melanocytes make it to the skin and the cat is entirely white (but not an albino). In intermediate cases, melanocyte migration is slowed, so that the pigment cells arrive late in development and have less time to intermingle. Observation of tri-color cats will show that, with a little white color, the orange and black patches become more defined, and with still more white, the patches become completely distinct. Each patch represents a clone of cells derived from one original cell in the early embryo.


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: A male cat, like males of other therian mammals, has only one X and one Y chromosome (XY). That X chromosome does not undergo X-inactivation, and coat color is determined by which allele is present on the X chromosome. Accordingly, the cat's coat will be either entirely orange or non-orange. Very rarely (approximately 1 in 3,000) a male tortoiseshell or calico is born; these typically have an extra X chromosome (XXY), a condition known in humans as Klinefelter syndrome, and their cells undergo an X-inactivation process like in females. As in humans, these cats often are sterile because of the imbalance in sex chromosomes. Some male calico or tortoiseshell cats may be chimeras, which result from fusion in early development of two (fraternal twin) embryos with different color genotypes; these torties can pass only one color to their offspring, not both, according to which of the two original embryos its testes are descended from. Others are mosaics, in which the XXY condition arises after conception and the cat is a mixture of cells with different numbers of X chromosomes.


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: In the folklore of several cultures, cats with tortoiseshell coloration are believed to bring good luck. In Ireland, tortoiseshell cats are considered to bring good luck to their owners. In the United States, tortoiseshells are sometimes referred to as "money cats". In Japan, tortoiseshell cats are considered to bring good luck against shipwrecks. There are some additional interpretations of the luck of tortoiseshell cats, such as the one in England that describes an announcement of misfortune when a strange tortoiseshell cat enters a house. In England, if a woman dreams of a tortoiseshell cat, it can be interpreted as a warning that she should take care of her so-called friends.


title: Tortoiseshell cat

text: One study found that tortoiseshell owners frequently believe their cats have increased attitude ("tortitude"); but there is little existing scientific evidence on the matter. One study found that there was not a relationship between coat color and tameness. However, a 2015 study from the University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine surveying more than 1,200 cat guardians established links between a tortoiseshell coat pattern and a cat's inclination towards hissing, biting, chasing, and slapping/scratching their human companions, while a 2016 study showed an association with increased aggression and prey interest. According to celebrity cat expert Jackson Galaxy, tortoiseshell cats tend to have much more distinct personalities and are more sensitive to environmental stimuli. Based on the varying study results, assumptions cannot be made between cat coat color and personality. However, with some animals, such as domestic horses, silver foxes, deer mice, and rats, there are associations between personality and coat color and more research is needed to see if there is such an association in cats.


title: Asphyxia

text: Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of deficient supply of oxygen to the body which arises from abnormal breathing. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which affects primarily the tissues and organs. There are many circumstances that can induce asphyxia, all of which are characterized by the inability of a person to acquire sufficient oxygen through breathing for an extended period of time. Asphyxia can cause coma or death.


title: Asphyxia

text: In 2015, about 9.8 million cases of unintentional suffocation occurred which resulted in 35,600 deaths. The word asphyxia is from Ancient Greek "without" and , "squeeze" (throb of heart).


title: Asphyxia

text: Situations that can cause asphyxia include but are not limited to: airway obstruction, the constriction or obstruction of airways, such as from asthma, laryngospasm, or simple blockage from the presence of foreign materials; from being in environments where oxygen is not readily accessible: such as underwater, in a low oxygen atmosphere, or in a vacuum; environments where sufficiently oxygenated air is present, but cannot be adequately breathed because of air contamination such as excessive smoke.


title: Asphyxia

text: Smothering is a mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the mouth and/or nostrils, for instance, by covering the mouth and nose with a hand, pillow, or a plastic bag. Smothering can be either partial or complete, where partial indicates that the person being smothered is able to inhale some air, although less than required. In a normal situation, smothering requires at least partial obstruction of both the nasal cavities and the mouth to lead to asphyxia. Smothering with the hands or chest is used in some combat sports to distract the opponent, and create openings for transitions, as the opponent is forced to react to the smothering.


title: Asphyxia

text: In some cases, when performing certain routines, smothering is combined with simultaneous compressive asphyxia. One example is overlay, in which an adult accidentally rolls over onto an infant during co-sleeping, an accident that often goes unnoticed and is mistakenly thought to be sudden infant death syndrome. Other accidents involving a similar mechanism are cave-ins or when an individual is buried in sand or grain.


title: Asphyxia

text: In homicidal cases, the term burking is often ascribed to a killing method that involves simultaneous smothering and compression of the torso. The term "burking" comes from the method William Burke and William Hare used to kill their victims during the West Port murders. They killed the usually intoxicated victims by sitting on their chests and suffocating them by putting a hand over their nose and mouth, while using the other hand to push the victim's jaw up. The corpses had no visible injuries, and were supplied to medical schools for money.


title: Asphyxia

text: Compressive asphyxia (also called chest compression) is mechanically limiting expansion of the lungs by compressing the torso, preventing breathing. "Traumatic asphyxia" or "crush asphyxia" usually refers to compressive asphyxia resulting from being crushed or pinned under a large weight or force, or in a crowd crush. An example of traumatic asphyxia is a person who jacks up a car to work on it from below, and is crushed by the vehicle when the jack fails. Constrictor snakes such as boa constrictors kill through slow compressive asphyxia, tightening their coils every time the prey breathes out rather than squeezing forcefully. In cases of an adult co-sleeping with an infant ("overlay"), the heavy sleeping adult may move on top of the infant, causing compression asphyxia.


title: Asphyxia

text: In fatal crowd disasters, compressive asphyxia from being crushed against the crowd causes all or nearly all deaths, rather than blunt trauma from trampling. This is what occurred at the Ibrox disaster in 1971, where 66 Rangers fans died; the 1979 The Who concert disaster where 11 died; the Luzhniki disaster in 1982, when 66 FC Spartak Moscow fans died; the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, where 96 Liverpool fans were crushed to death in an overcrowded terrace, 95 of the 96 from compressive asphyxia, 93 dying directly from it and 2 others from related complications; and the Astroworld Festival crowd crush in 2021, where 10 died. More recently on the 29th of October 2022, 156 people were killed and over 152 were injured in Itaewon, South Korea on an evening of Halloween celebrations.


title: Asphyxia

text: In confined spaces, people are forced to push against each other; evidence from bent steel railings in several fatal crowd accidents has shown horizontal forces over 4500 N (equivalent to a weight of approximately 450 kg or 1000 lbs). In cases where people have stacked up on each other in a human pile, it has been estimated that those at the bottom are subjected to around 380 kg (840 lbs) of compressive weight.


title: Asphyxia

text: "Positional" or "restraint" asphyxia is when a person is restrained and left alone prone, such as in a police vehicle, and is unable to reposition themself in order to breathe. The death can be in the vehicle, or following loss of consciousness to be followed by death while in a coma, having presented with anoxic brain damage. The asphyxia can be caused by facial compression, neck compression, or chest compression. This occurs mostly during restraint and handcuffing situations by law enforcement, including psychiatric incidents. The weight of the restraint(s) doing the compression may contribute to what is attributed to positional asphyxia. Therefore, passive deaths following custody restraint that are presumed to be the result of positional asphyxia may actually be examples of asphyxia occurring during the restraint process.


title: Asphyxia

text: Chest compression is a technique used in various grappling combat sports, where it is sometimes called wringing, either to tire the opponent or as complementary or distractive moves in combination with pinning holds, or sometimes even as submission holds. Examples of chest compression include the knee-on-stomach position; or techniques such as leg scissors (also referred to as body scissors and in budō referred to as "do-jime"; 胴絞, "trunk strangle" or "body triangle") where a participant wraps his or her legs around the opponent's midsection and squeezes them together.


title: Asphyxia

text: Perinatal asphyxia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen (hypoxia) to a newborn infant long enough to cause apparent harm. It results most commonly from a drop in maternal blood pressure or interference during delivery with blood flow to the infant's brain. This can occur as a result of inadequate circulation or perfusion, impaired respiratory effort, or inadequate ventilation. There has long been a scientific debate over whether newborn infants with asphyxia should be resuscitated with 100% oxygen or normal air. It has been demonstrated that high concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen free radicals, which have a role in reperfusion injury after asphyxia. Research by Ola Didrik Saugstad and others led to new international guidelines on newborn resuscitation in 2010, recommending the use of normal air instead of 100% oxygen.


title: Asphyxia

text: Classifications of different forms of asphyxia vary among literature, with differences in defining the concept of mechanical asphyxia being the most obvious.


title: Asphyxia

text: In DiMaio and DiMaio's 2001 textbook on forensic pathology, mechanical asphyxia is caused by pressure from outside the body restricting respiration. Similar narrow definitions of mechanical asphyxia have occurred in Azmak's 2006 literature review of asphyxial deaths and Oehmichen and Auer's 2005 book on forensic neuropathology. According to DiMaio and DiMaio, mechanical asphyxia encompasses positional asphyxia, traumatic asphyxia, and "human pile" deaths.


title: Asphyxia

text: In Shkrum and Ramsay's 2007 textbook on forensic pathology, mechanical asphyxia occurs when any mechanical means cause interference with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Similar broad definitions of mechanical asphyxia have occurred in Saukko and Knight's 2004 book on asphyxia, and Dolinak and Matshes' 2005 book on forensic pathology. According to Shkrum and Ramsay, mechanical asphyxia encompasses smothering, choking, positional asphyxia, traumatic asphyxia, wedging, strangulation and drowning.


title: Asphyxia

text: Sauvageau and Boghossian propose in 2010 that mechanical asphyxia should be officially defined as caused by "restriction of respiratory movements, either by the position of the body or by external chest compression", thus encompassing only positional asphyxia and traumatic asphyxia.


title: Asphyxia

text: If there are symptoms of mechanical asphyxia, it is necessary to call an Emergency Medical Services. In some countries, such as the US, there may also be self-acting groups of voluntary first responders who have been trained in first aid. In case of mechanical asphyxia, first aid can be provided on your own. In such a situation, you need to do the following:


title: American Hockey League

text: The American Hockey League (AHL) is a professional ice hockey league based in the United States and Canada that serves as the primary developmental league for the National Hockey League (NHL). Since the 2010–11 season, every team in the league has an affiliation agreement with one NHL team. When NHL teams do not have an AHL affiliate, players are assigned to AHL teams affiliated with other NHL teams. Twenty-six AHL teams are located in the United States and the remaining six are in Canada. The league offices are located in Springfield, Massachusetts, and its current president is Scott Howson.


title: American Hockey League

text: In general, a player must be at least 18 years of age to play in the AHL or not currently be beholden to a junior ice hockey team. The league limits the number of experienced professional players on a team's active roster during any given game; only five skaters can have accumulated four full seasons of play or more at the professional level (goaltenders are exempt from this rule and can stay in the AHL indefinitely without being subject to this cap). The AHL allows for practice squad contracts.


title: American Hockey League

text: The annual playoff champion is awarded the Calder Cup, named for Frank Calder, the first President (1917–1943) of the NHL. The defending champions are the Chicago Wolves in 2022, who are the first team to win the Calder Cup since the Charlotte Checkers in 2019.


title: American Hockey League

text: The AHL traces its origins directly to two predecessor professional leagues: the Canadian-American Hockey League (the "Can-Am" League), founded in 1926, and the first International Hockey League, established in 1929. Although the Can-Am League never operated with more than six teams, the departure of the Boston Bruin Cubs after the 1935–36 season reduced it down to just four member clubs – the Springfield Indians, Philadelphia Ramblers, Providence Reds, and New Haven Eagles – for the first time in its history. At the same time, the then-rival IHL lost half of its eight members after the 1935–36 season, also leaving it with just four member teams: the Buffalo Bisons, Syracuse Stars, Pittsburgh Hornets, and Cleveland Falcons.


title: American Hockey League

text: With both leagues down to the bare minimum number of teams to be viable, the governors of both leagues recognized the need for action to assure their member clubs' long-term survival. Their solution was to play an interlocking schedule. While the Can-Am was based in the Northeast and the IHL in the Great Lakes, their footprints were close enough for this to be a viable option. The two leagues' eight surviving clubs began joint play in November 1936 as a new two-division "circuit of mutual convenience" known as the International-American Hockey League. The four Can-Am teams became the I-AHL East Division, with the IHL quartet playing as the West Division. The IHL also contributed its former championship trophy, the F. G. "Teddy" Oke Trophy, which would go to the regular-season winners of the merged league's West Division until 1952. The Oke Trophy is now awarded to the regular-season winners of the AHL's Northeast Division.


title: American Hockey League

text: A little more than a month into that first season, the balance and symmetry of the new combined circuit suffered a setback when its membership unexpectedly fell to seven teams. The West's Buffalo Bisons were forced to cease operations on December 6, 1936, after playing just 11 games, because of what proved to be insurmountable financial problems and lack of access to a suitable arena; the Bisons' original arena, Peace Bridge Arena, had collapsed the previous season (a new Buffalo Bisons team would return to the league in 1940 after a new arena was constructed for them). The makeshift new I-AHL played out the rest of its first season (as well as all of the next) with just seven teams.


title: American Hockey League

text: At the end of the 1936–37 season, a modified three-round playoff format was devised and a new championship trophy, the Calder Cup, was established. The Syracuse Stars defeated the Philadelphia Ramblers in the final, three-games-to-one, to win the first-ever Calder Cup championship. The Calder Cup continues on today as the AHL's playoff championship trophy.


title: American Hockey League

text: After two seasons of interlocking play, the governors of the two leagues' seven active teams met in New York City on June 28, 1938, and agreed that it was time to formally consolidate. Maurice Podoloff of New Haven, the former head of the Can-Am League, was elected the I-AHL's first president. The former IHL president, John Chick of Windsor, Ontario, became vice-president in charge of officials.


title: American Hockey League

text: The new I-AHL also added an eighth franchise at the 1938 meeting to fill the void in its membership left by the loss of Buffalo two years earlier with the admission of the then two-time defending Eastern Amateur Hockey League (EAHL) champion Hershey Bears. The Bears remain the only one of these eight original I-AHL/AHL franchises to have been represented in the league without interruption since the 1938–39 season. The newly merged circuit also increased its regular-season schedule for each team by six games from 48 to 54.


title: American Hockey League

text: After the 1939–40 season the I-AHL renamed itself the American Hockey League. It generally enjoyed both consistent success on the ice and relative financial stability over its first three decades of operation. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, the cost of doing business in professional ice hockey began to rise sharply with NHL expansion and relocation (the NHL placed teams in Pittsburgh and Buffalo, forcing two long-time AHL clubs, the Pittsburgh Hornets and Buffalo Bisons, to fold) and especially the 1972 formation of the World Hockey Association (WHA), which forced the relocation and subsequent folding of the Cleveland Barons, Baltimore Clippers, and Quebec Aces. The number of major-league teams competing for players rose from six to thirty in just seven years. Player salaries at all levels shot up dramatically with the increased demand and competition for their services.


title: American Hockey League

text: This did not seem to affect the AHL at first, as it expanded to 12 teams by 1970. However, to help compensate for the rise in player salaries, many NHL clubs cut back on the number of players they kept under contract for development, and players under AHL contracts could now also demand much higher paychecks to remain with their clubs. As a result, half of the AHL's teams folded from 1974 to 1977. The league bottomed out in the summer of 1977, with news that the Rhode Island (formerly Providence) Reds – the last remaining uninterrupted franchise from the 1936–37 season, and the oldest continuously operating minor league franchise in North America – had decided to cease operations after 51 years in Rhode Island.


title: American Hockey League

text: The AHL appeared in serious danger of folding altogether if this downward trend was not reversed. However, two events in the fall of 1977 helped reverse the trend. The first of these was the decision of the NHL's Philadelphia Flyers to return to the league as a team owner, and the second was the unexpected collapse of the North American Hockey League just weeks before the start of the 1977–78 season.


title: American Hockey League

text: The Flyers' new AHL franchise became the immediately successful Maine Mariners, which brought the new AHL city of Portland, Maine both the regular-season and Calder Cup playoff titles in each of that club's first two seasons of operation. The folding of the NAHL, meanwhile, suddenly left two of its stronger teams, the Philadelphia Firebirds and Binghamton, New York-based Broome Dusters, without a league to play in. The owners of the Dusters solved their problem by buying the Reds franchise and moving it to Binghamton as the Binghamton Dusters, while the Firebirds crossed over to the AHL from the NAHL. The Dusters and Firebirds, together with the Hampton Gulls (who had joined the league from the Southern Hockey League), boosted the AHL to nine member clubs as the 1977–78 season opened. Hampton folded on February 10, 1978, but was replaced the next year by the New Brunswick Hawks. With franchise stability improving after the demise of the WHA in 1979, the league continued to grow steadily over the years, reaching 20 clubs by the 2000–01 season.


title: American Hockey League

text: In 2001–02, the AHL's membership jumped dramatically to 27 teams, mostly by the absorption of six teams—Milwaukee, Chicago, Houston, Utah, Manitoba, and Grand Rapids—from the International Hockey League. The IHL had established itself as the second top-level minor league circuit in North America, but folded in 2001 due to financial problems. One oddity caused by the AHL's 2001 expansion was that the league had two teams with the same nickname: the Milwaukee Admirals and the Norfolk Admirals. The latter team transferred to the league from the mid-level ECHL in 2000. This situation lasted until the end of the 2014–15 season when the Norfolk team moved to San Diego and was replaced by another ECHL team with the same name.


title: American Hockey League

text: The Utah Grizzlies suspended operations after the 2004–05 season (the franchise was sold in 2006 and returned to the ice in Cleveland in 2007 as the Lake Erie Monsters, now known as the Cleveland Monsters). The Chicago Wolves (2002, 2008), Houston Aeros (2003), Milwaukee Admirals (2004), and Grand Rapids Griffins (2013, 2017) have all won Calder Cup titles since joining the AHL from the IHL. Chicago and Milwaukee have also made multiple trips to the Calder Cup Finals, and Houston made their second Finals appearance in 2011.


title: American Hockey League

text: The Manitoba Moose moved to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador in 2011 and were renamed the St. John's IceCaps after the NHL's Atlanta Thrashers moved to Winnipeg as the second incarnation of the Winnipeg Jets. In 2013, Houston moved to Des Moines, Iowa to become the Iowa Wild. This left Chicago, Grand Rapids and Milwaukee as the only ex-IHL teams still in their original cities until the 2015 relocations when the IceCaps moved back to Winnipeg as the Manitoba Moose.


title: American Hockey League

text: Beginning with the 2015–16 season, twelve franchises have since relocated due to NHL parent clubs' influence on their development teams and players. Of the twelve relocated franchises, nine were relocated because they were directly owned by NHL teams and the NHL parent club wished to make call-ups from the AHL more practical by having closer affiliates.


title: American Hockey League

text: In January 2015, the AHL announced the relocation of five existing AHL franchises—Adirondack, Manchester, Norfolk, Oklahoma City, and Worcester—to California as the basis for a new "Pacific Division" becoming Stockton, Ontario, San Diego, Bakersfield, and San Jose respectively. The relocated teams were all affiliated and owned or purchased by teams in the NHL's Pacific Division. The franchise movements continued with two more relocations involving Canadian teams with the St. John's IceCaps going back to Winnipeg as the Manitoba Moose and the Hamilton Bulldogs becoming another iteration of the IceCaps to fulfill the arena contract in St. John's.


title: American Hockey League

text: In the following seasons, more NHL organizations influenced league membership. In 2016, the Springfield Falcons franchise was purchased by the Arizona Coyotes and relocated to become the Tucson Roadrunners and join the one-year-old Pacific Division. The Falcons were subsequently replaced by the Springfield Thunderbirds, the relocated Portland Pirates franchise under a new ownership group. The Montreal Canadiens-owned IceCaps relocated to the Montreal suburb of Laval, Quebec, and became the Laval Rocket in 2017. The Binghamton Senators were also purchased by the Ottawa Senators and were relocated to Belleville, Ontario, to become the Belleville Senators while the New Jersey Devils' owned Albany Devils were relocated to become the Binghamton Devils.


title: American Hockey League

text: For the 2018–19 season, a 31st team joined the league with the Colorado Eagles as the NHL's Colorado Avalanche affiliate. With the NHL planning to expand to 32 teams in 2021 with the Seattle Kraken, the Seattle ownership group was approved for a 2021 AHL expansion team, later announced to be the Coachella Valley Firebirds based in Palm Springs, California, following the construction of a new arena. The original plans for the new arena was eventually cancelled and the team postponed their launch by year while new arena plans were developed.


title: American Hockey League

text: In February 2020, the San Antonio Rampage franchise was bought and relocated by the NHL's Vegas Golden Knights for the 2020–21 season as the Henderson Silver Knights and was moved to the Pacific Division. For the 2021–22 season, the Vancouver Canucks relocated their franchise from Utica to Abbotsford while the Utica Comets agreed to relocate and operate the franchise that was operating as the Binghamton Devils. On May 23, 2022, it was announced that the Stockton Heat would be relocating to Calgary, Alberta, starting the 2022-23 season.


title: American Hockey League

text: The American Hockey League first held an All-Star Game in the 1941–42 season. The event was not played again until the 1954–55 season, and was then held annually until the 1959–60 season. In the 1994–95 season, the AHL revived the events again, and has been played every season until the COVID-19 pandemic cancelled the events in 2021 and 2022. The skills competition was first introduced for the 1995–96 season. From 1996 to 2010, the game took place between a team of players born outside of Canada and a team of players born within Canada. The All-Star Game was replaced by an all-star challenge between the league's divisions from the 2015–16 season onward. The challenge consists of six round-robin games between the league's divisions; the top two divisions in the challenge's round-robin phase advance to a six-minute championship game. The winning division of the championship game is declared the winner of the all-star challenge.


title: American Hockey League

text: Since the 2009–10 season, at least one team in the AHL has hosted an outdoor ice hockey game each year. The Syracuse Crunch was the first organization to put on an outdoor game in the AHL on February 20, 2010, building a rink at the New York State Fairgrounds in Syracuse, New York, and packing a record 21,508 fans in for the Mirabito Outdoor Classic against the Binghamton Senators. The contest, which was also televised to an international audience on NHL Network, was won by the Crunch, 2–1.


title: American Hockey League

text: The Connecticut Whale hosted the Whale Bowl—the AHL's second outdoor game—on February 19, 2011, as part of a 10-day Whalers Hockey Fest at Rentschler Field in East Hartford, Conn. Attendance for Connecticut's game against the Providence Bruins was announced at 21,673, the largest in AHL history to that point. Providence won, 5–4, in a shootout.


title: American Hockey League

text: On January 6, 2012, the largest crowd in AHL history saw the Adirondack Phantoms defeat the Hershey Bears, 4–3, in overtime before 45,653 fans at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as the final event of the week-long activities associated with the 2012 NHL Winter Classic, which also included a game between the Philadelphia Flyers and the New York Rangers on Jan 2 and an alumni game between retired players (including eight honored members of the Hockey Hall of Fame) of those two clubs on December 31, 2011. The contest was the third outdoor game in AHL history and it more than doubled the league's previous single-game attendance mark.


title: American Hockey League

text: On January 21, 2012, the Steeltown Showdown between Ontario rivals the Toronto Marlies and Hamilton Bulldogs was held at Ivor Wynne Stadium in Hamilton, Ont., with the Marlies winning 7–2 in front of 20,565 fans, the largest crowd ever for an AHL game in Canada. The AHL game was preceded the previous night by a game between Toronto Maple Leafs and Montreal Canadiens alumni.


title: American Hockey League

text: Two outdoor games were announced for the 2012–13 AHL season, but a meeting between the Grand Rapids Griffins and Toronto Marlies at Comerica Park in Detroit as part of the festivities surrounding the NHL Winter Classic was not held because of the cancellation of the NHL Winter Classic. On January 20, 2013, the Hershey Bears and Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins met outdoors at Hersheypark Stadium in Hershey, Pa. The Penguins earned a 2–1 overtime victory in front of 17,311 fans.


title: American Hockey League

text: The Rochester Americans hosted an outdoor game in 2013–14, the Frozen Frontier, which was held at Frontier Field in Rochester on December 13, 2013. The Americans took a 5–4 decision in a shootout against the Lake Erie Monsters before a standing-room crowd of 11,015 fans. A year after their originally scheduled date, the Griffins and Marlies played at Comerica Park on December 30, 2013, and Toronto prevailed in a shootout, 4–3, becoming the first AHL team ever with two outdoor wins. Attendance in Detroit was 20,337.


title: American Hockey League

text: As part of the recent addition of the Pacific Division, the AHL played its first outdoor hockey game in California during the 2015–16 season called the Golden State Hockey Rush. On December 18, 2015, the Stockton Heat hosted the Bakersfield Condors at Raley Field in West Sacramento, California. Stockton defeated Bakersfield 3–2 in front of 9,357 fans.


title: American Hockey League

text: For the second consecutive season, the AHL played an outdoor game in California. The Bakersfield Condors were named as hosts for their second outdoor game against the Ontario Reign to be held on January 7, 2017, at Bakersfield College's Memorial Stadium and was called the Condorstown Outdoor Classic. Despite sometimes heavy rain during the first period, the game went on as scheduled and the Condors defeated the Reign 3–2 in overtime.


title: American Hockey League

text: Although technically not an outdoor game, the Syracuse Crunch defeated the Utica Comets 2–1 on November 22, 2014 at the Carrier Dome, normally a college football stadium.


title: American Hockey League

text: The formation of an American Hockey League Hall of Fame was announced by the league on December 15, 2005, created to recognize, honor and celebrate individuals for their outstanding achievements and contributions specifically in the AHL.


title: American Hockey League

text: The following is a list of awards of the American Hockey League. The season the award was first handed out is listed in parentheses.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Pinhead (also known as Lead Cenobite or the Hell Priest, among other names and titles) is the main antagonist of the "Hellraiser" franchise. The character first appeared as an unnamed figure in the 1986 Clive Barker novella "The Hellbound Heart". When Clive Barker adapted the novella into the 1987 film "Hellraiser", he referred to the character in early drafts as "the Priest" but the final film gave no name. The production and make-up crew nicknamed the character "Pinhead"—derived from his bald head studded with nails—and fans accepted the sobriquet. The name was then used in press materials, tie-in media, and on-screen in some of the film's sequels, although Barker himself despises the moniker.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Pinhead is one of the leaders of the Cenobites, said to be humans who were later transformed into demonic creatures blindly devoted to the practice of experimental sadomasochism. They exist in an extra-dimensional realm that is Hell or one of many versions of Hell that co-exist. Cenobites are usually only summoned to Earth through puzzle boxes, such as one called the Lemarchand Configuration (known as the Lament Configuration in the film series).


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "The Hellbound Heart", Pinhead is described as an androgynous being with a feminine voice. In 1987's "Hellraiser", the character is portrayed by English actor Doug Bradley, who went on to reprise the role in seven subsequent "Hellraiser" films. In "" (2011), Pinhead is played by Stephan Smith Collins, with Fred Tatasciore providing the character's voice. In "" (2018), he is played by Paul T. Taylor. In the 2022 film, the character was portrayed by Jamie Clayton.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In the "Hellraiser" film series, Pinhead was once British soldier Captain Elliott Spencer, who became disillusioned with life and humanity during his experiences during World War I, leading him to summon the Cenobites and join their ranks. In Barker's "Hellraiser" comics published by BOOM! Studios, it is implied that Spencer was not the first Hell Priest or Pontifex and indicate that others will be recruited to fill the role if he ever leaves or is destroyed. Additionally, Barker's novel "The Scarlet Gospels" indicates that there is debate on whether there has always been one Hell Priest existing for many millennia, or if the title and nature of the Hell Priest has been adopted by many different humans-turned-Cenobite across the centuries.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: The Hell Priest's nature, and the motivations of the Cenobites, vary depending on the story. The character's appearance in 1987's "Hellraiser" marked a significant departure from the standard 1980s depiction of horror film villains, who tended to either be completely mute, or provide glib commentary while killing their victims. Instead, Pinhead was depicted as articulate and intelligent, speaking only when he deemed it necessary, capable of great evil but also bound by a personal code of honor (such as sparing the life of a young girl who summons him to Earth in "" because he realizes she acted as the pawn of another person). Barker drew influence from classical cinematic depictions of Count Dracula, in particular as portrayed by Christopher Lee.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: According to Clive Barker and Doug Bradley, the earliest incarnation of Pinhead appeared in "Hunters in the Snow", an original 1973 play with Doug Bradley in the role of the Dutchman, an undead inquisitor, and torturer. A later film titled "The Forbidden", which was shot in 16 millimeter and in black and white, included a prop in the form of a wooden block with six nails in it, which gave distorted shadow formations under different lighting angles. Years later, during the scripting of "Hellraiser", the same design was applied to Pinhead's face to give the same effect.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: After being disappointed with the way his material had been treated by the producers of the 1985 film "Underworld", which Barker wrote (and which included a scene in which needles burst out of a character's skull), Barker penned the novella "The Hellbound Heart" (1986) as his first step in directing a film by himself, introducing the Cenobites whom he also referred to as "sadomasochists from Hell". The following year, Barker adapted the novella into the first "Hellraiser" film, introducing the Cenobites to a wider audience. A Cenobite from the novella, described as having his head decorated by a gridwork pattern and jeweled pins, was depicted in the movie as having a similar appearance involving iron nails and operating as the apparent leader of his order of demons. The film credits him as "Lead Cenobite", but the make-up crew and production team referred to him as Pinhead, a name that was learned of and adopted by fans. The character is glibly referred to by the name "Pinhead" on-screen for the first time in "". The Pinhead name was used in press materials for the films and the various films to follow, as well as tie-in comic books published by Marvel Comics, including a crossover comic with Marshal Law, and a mini-series entitled "Pinhead". Clive Barker did not care for the nickname, believing it did not suit the dignity of the villain.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: During filming of the first "Hellraiser" film, actor Doug Bradley discussed the character with Clive Barker. Both agreed, as the novella indicated, that Pinhead was once human, though when he had lived and died was undecided. Bradley later concluded that while the Cenobites have been active for centuries, Pinhead was originally a person belonging to the 20th century, telling "Fangoria": "To me, Pinhead is the chief Cenobite of the 20th century". This idea was expanded on in the second "Hellraiser" film, when the movie incarnation of Pinhead was said to have originally lived as a World War I officer named Elliott Spencer.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In comics published by Marvel during the 1990s, Barker plotted and oversaw many stories that followed the canon of the "Hellraiser" movies, starting with the comic series "Hellraiser", and later including the spin-off titles "Pinhead" and "The Harrowers". In Barker's later prose work, the Pinhead character did not appear again for some time, but the Cenobites were occasionally referenced as the "Surgeons" or the "Order of the Gash". In 2011, a new "Hellraiser" comic book series was published by Boom! Studios, plotted by Clive Barker, who co-wrote it with various authors. Within the series, only humans refer to the lead Cenobite by the nickname "Pinhead", while other Cenobites referred to him as "the Priest" or the "Hell Priest", describing him as Hell's closest approximation to the Pope. It is also indicated that this title and position is assumed by different Cenobites over the millennia because there must always be a Hell Priest or Priestess. In the follow-up 2013 comic book series "Hellraiser: The Dark Watch", the title "Pontifex" is also used to describe the rank of Hell Priest or Priestess. The same series confirms that there are different versions of Hell co-existing, each ruled by a different leader, and that Leviathan and the Cenobites specifically target souls whose major sins involve the pursuit of pleasure, whereas other realms target different motivations (for example, the Hell dimension ruled by Abaddon harvests souls who were motivated by fury to sin).


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Barker promised to give the character an official name in "The Scarlet Gospels". In that novel, published in 2015, the character was given the official title and rank of "the Hell Priest". The narration stated the Hell Priest hates when humans referred to him by the nickname "Pinhead". Rather than explicitly stating that the prose version of the Hell Priest is also Elliott Spencer, "The Scarlet Gospels" indicates there is debate among characters on whether the Hell Priest has been the same person/Cenobite for many centuries, possibly thousands of years, or if there have been several to hold that rank and assume that appearance, and the current one only died and became a Cenobite during the 20th century. The book states that there is evidence to support both ideas, but after he is turned, he becomes very frank and more informative to his "victims" than ever.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: The novella "The Hellbound Heart" introduces the Cenobites as other-dimensional beings, priest-like figures known as the Order of the Gash, summoned via puzzle boxes by people who wish to explore the limits of physical experience. The Cenobites have pushed their self-experimentation to such a degree that they appear inhuman, demonic, and sexless. They are amoral creatures, seeing no real difference between pain and pleasure, prizing and hoarding the human souls they harvest. Their home dimension is vaguely implied to either be Hell or one of many dimensional realms that might be Hell or serve as the inspiration for stories of Hell. The protagonist Kirsty also wonders if other puzzle boxes might open doorways to Heavenly dimensions.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: The Cenobites in "The Hellbound Heart" are unnamed, except for one who appears to be a leader, and is called the Engineer. One of the Cenobites is described as having jeweled pins and a grid pattern decorating its head.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: The prose incarnation of the character next appears in Barker's "The Scarlet Gospels" (2015), now depicted not only as a Cenobite but also a leading figure of Hell. The narration says the jeweled pins in his head have blackened over the years, now resembling iron nails (giving him an appearance now more in line with the film franchise). The character is known as "the Hell Priest" in the novel, not a true name but an official title marking him as a powerful and high ranking authority in Hell. The novel mentions that some humans do refer to the Hell Priest as Pinhead, but that doing so in the demon's presence is to risk his anger. The same novel indicates there is debate among Earth's magicians as to whether this is the same Hell Priest who has existed for thousands of years or if he is a man who became a Cenobite during the 20th century, and is simply the latest of many to have Pinhead's appearance, power, and rank.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In 1998, Clive Barker stated that the novel would mark the death of Pinhead, and he hoped it would be definitive.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: "The Scarlet Gospels" novel established that Lucifer, the Biblical Devil who rules Hell, abandoned his dominion some time ago. A thriving society of demons rise in his absence, with the Hell Priest becoming a powerful figure. Eventually deciding to conquer the realm for himself, the Hell Priest spends years secretly killing off rivals in Hell as well as many magic-users on Earth, securing their sources of magical knowledge and power. After attempting and failing to kill occult detective Harry D'Amour, the Hell Priest decides the detective will witness and chronicle his rise to power. He kidnaps D'Amour's friend, a blind medium named Norma Paine, as a hostage. The Hell Priest journeys to a forbidden part of Hell where Lucifer is said to reside, hoping to gain enlightenment from their encounter. Instead, he finds an armored Lucifer in a crypt, dead by his own hand. The Hell Priest dons Lucifer's armor, increasing his own power but inadvertently resurrecting the Devil in the process. Lucifer mortally wounds the Hell Priest, who then rapes Norma Paine to death and blinds Harry before dying. The battle concluded, the Devil journeys to Earth. All of Hell is then destroyed by an unseen force, including the Hell Priest's remains.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: The 2018 novella "Hellraiser: The Toll", plotted by Barker and written by his assistant Mark Alan Miller, bridges the gap between "The Hellbound Heart" and "The Scarlet Gospels". In the novella, the Hell Priest is also known as the Cold Man.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Captain Elliot Spencer, Pinhead's human incarnation from the film franchise, has a cameo appearance in the novel "The Bloody Red Baron" by Kim Newman, in which he is working as an agent of the Diogenes Club. Suffering from shell shock, Spencer is discharged from the army after hammering nails into his own skull. In his introduction to Newman's collection "The Original Doctor Shade and Other Stories", author Neil Gaiman claims Kim Newman was part of a group of friends who inspired the depiction of the Cenobites.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In the films, the character is first referred to as "Pinhead" onscreen in "Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth", a nickname proposed by glib protagonist Joey Summerskill. In the film "Hellworld", the Cenobites are believed to be fictional characters and so different people in the story refer to the lead Cenobite as Pinhead just as fans of the "Hellraiser" franchise often do. In the film "Judgment", the name is used onscreen as a derogative term towards the Cenobite by an angel named Jophiel.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "Hellraiser" (1987), directed and written by Clive Barker, Frank Cotton escapes from the Cenobites, slowly rebuilding his body from the flesh and blood of victims. He recruits his sister-in-law and secret lover Julia Cotton as an accomplice in these murders. Frank's niece and Julia's step-daughter Kirsty Cotton unintentionally summons the Cenobites, led by Pinhead who explains they are "demons to some, angels to others". Kirsty offers to lead the Cenobites to her uncle who had escaped them, and Pinhead agrees to spare her. After claiming not only Frank but also Julia, the Cenobites turn on Kirsty, but she uses the puzzle box to banish them back to their realm.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "" (1988), Clive Barker worked on the film's plot and acted as executive producer but did not direct or write. In the film, Pinhead and the Cenobites follow Leviathan, a god of chaos who rules over Hell, depicted as a great labyrinth filled with tortures. The Cenobites are summoned to Earth by Tiffany, a young mute savant girl, but Pinhead declares they will spare her since she was manipulated to open the box by Julia, who escaped them, and her new accomplice, the corrupt Dr. Channard. Kirsty realizes the Cenobites have human origins and shows Pinhead a photograph of World War I British Army Captain Elliott Spencer, the man he once was. Pinhead regains his human memories, regaining his humanity. He smiles to Kirsty before being killed by Channard (now a Cenobite) and Julia, who are later defeated. Kirsty and Tiffany escape the labyrinth.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: This film is the first to name the villain "Pinhead" in the credits. Clive Barker intended Pinhead and his entourage to die in this film, leaving Julia Cotton to become the villain of future "Hellraiser" stories, but the studio wanted to return Pinhead to his villainous roots in a sequel. Clive Barker did not work on the stories for the subsequent films.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "" (1992), it is revealed that the death of Spencer in the previous film means the death of Pinhead's restraint and moral code. A new incarnation of Pinhead manifests who engage in a random killing spree, transforming some victims into new Cenobites. Reporter Joey Summerskill discovers Elliott Spencer's soul in limbo. Spencer explains his experiences in World War I caused him to see humanity and life as corrupt, leading him to use the Lament Configuration to summon the Cenobites, eventually joining their ranks. With Summerskill's help, Spencer's spirit escapes Limbo and re-merges with Pinhead. Summerskill then uses the Lament Configuration to banish the restored Cenobite back to Hell.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In this film, Summerskill glibly refers to the villain as "Pinhead", marking the first time the Cenobite is called by this name onscreen.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "" (1996), Pinhead allies himself with the demon princess Angelique, in order to force John Merchant (a descendant of the inventor Lemarchand who built the Lemarchand/Lament Configuration) to create an unsealable gateway to Hell. The future segments of the film reveal that Pinhead is finally destroyed in the year 2127 by Dr. Paul Merchant, another descendant, who uses a space station to complete the "Elysium Configuration", capable of closing Hell's gateway for good. Pinhead and other Cenobites are trapped inside it and are destroyed along with the box.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: "Bloodline" was beset by numerous problems during production, leading the film's director to request his name be removed and credit given to Alan Smithee. The later films in the franchise were all direct release to home video or video on demand. In addition, those films are chronologically set between the third and a fourth film.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "" (2000), Pinhead appears primarily under the guise of police psychiatrist Doctor Paul Gregory, assuming his true form near the end to inform protagonist Detective Joseph Thorne that he has been in Hell for the duration of the film, and is being punished for his corruption and various misdeeds in life.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "" (2002), Pinhead serves a role similar to the one he fulfilled in "Inferno". Kirsty is now married to Trevor Gooden, a corrupt insurance agent who plots to have her killed in a murder-for-money scheme, using Lemarchand's box to "cleanly" kill Kirsty without the evidence pointing to himself, his mistress, or his conspirators. Pinhead appears at the end of the film to inform Trevor, who had amnesia throughout the film, that he has actually been dead and trapped by the Cenobites for some time; Pinhead had appeared to Kirsty, pleased at the prospect of a "reunion", but Kirsty ultimately struck a deal with him: she would be left alone in exchange for killing Trevor and his conspirators, thus giving the Cenobites the victims' souls.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "" (2005), Pinhead appears several times to reporter Amy Klein after she tinkers with the box, a central relic of a cult she is investigating. After Amy is captured by the group's leader, Winter, she learns he is a descendant of puzzle creator Phillip Lemarchand, and believes that it is his birthright to control the box and, thereby, the Cenobites. However, neither he nor any of his followers have been able to open it. Amy successfully opens the box, but rather than submit to Winter, Pinhead instead kills him and his followers for attempting to control it. Subject to being taken to the Cenobite realm for having opened the box, Amy instead chooses to commit suicide.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "" (2005), Pinhead and the Cenobites are horror film characters and have become the basis for a successful MMORPG called "Hellworld". The game seems to come to life as Pinhead attacks the guests at a "Hellraiser"-themed party, but this is revealed to be the hallucination of five guests who have been drugged and buried alive by the party's host, who blames them for not preventing the suicide of his son, a "Hellworld"-obsessed fan. In the film's climax, the host discovers that the "Hellraiser" stories are based on fact, and his son came into possession of a real Lemarchand box. Opening it, the host is greeted by Pinhead, who praises his son's ingenuity before ordering a pair of Cenobites to kill him.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "" (2011), Pinhead is physically portrayed by Stephan Smith Collins and voiced by Fred Tatasciore. In the film, Pinhead is involved in the affair regarding Nico, Steven and Emma, each of them opening puzzle box. Nico is captured by Cenobites and tries to escape, while begging Steven to help him. Nico kills Steven after the latter refuses to help him further and Steven contacts Cenobites to get revenge on him. When Nico comes to kill both families, Emma uses puzzle box to summon Cenobites. After discovering more details about family's relationships and their affairs, Pinhead decides to take Nico for further experiments, but Nico is killed by Emma's father and instead decides to take Emma's mother to their realm.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "" (2018), Pinhead is portrayed by Paul T. Taylor. In the film, Pinhead eviscerates the angel Jophiel after manipulating events to cause the death of a serial murderer who is integral to God's plan to instill fear into sinners. Pinhead is punished by being expelled from Hell and sent to earth as a mortal man, crying out in longing for his revered state of eternal agony.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "Hellraiser" (2022), a remake/reimagining released on Hulu, Pinhead is portrayed by Jamie Clayton.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Published by Marvel Comics' Epic Comics imprint in the 1990s, the original "Hellraiser" comics follow the canon of the movies rather than Barker's original novella, referring to the lead Cenobite as Pinhead. A spin-off miniseries was entitled "Pinhead". In these comics, Pinhead is depicted as the latest incarnation of the cenobite spirit Xipe Totec, an entity derived from Aztec mythology. In the storytline "The Harrowing", Pinhead is revealed to have been romantically involved with a cenobite named Merkova, who was killed by the disciples of Morte Mamme, the sister and rival of Leviathan. Morte Mamme then selects a group of humans to act in opposition to the Cenobites, calling them the Harrowers. The team stars in the spin-off comic "Clive Barker's The Harrowers", which ran for six issues from 1993-1994. In the "Pinhead/Marshal Law" crossover, it is revealed that Pinhead's human incarnation, Captain Spencer, took part in the Battle of the Somme.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In 2011, Barker began writing a series of "Hellraiser" comics for BOOM! Studios. These comics followed the canon of the first three films, taking place sometime after the events of the third. Starting with issue #2, the series refers to the character as "the Priest" rather than Pinhead. Reunited in Hell with his Cenobite entourage from the first two films (referred to in the comic series as his personal "Cenobium"), the Priest is still haunted by his full memories and now sees only futility in his existence, longing to explore new experiences and interests. He declares he wants to permanently return to his human form and seek spiritual salvation, then sends anonymous clues to Kirsty Cotton as to the locations of Earth's remaining Lemarchand puzzles. Kirsty summons the Priest, who betrays his Cenobium. Bargaining with Kirsty, she has her take his place so he can return to humanity. Kirsty becomes a Cenobite called "the Priestess" who resembles Pinhead but wearing a white robe and, unlike most Cenobites, is allowed to retain her memories and personality. A year later, Elliott Spencer appears on Earth, human once again and no longer fully remembering his existence as a Cenobite. Kirsty's friend and surrogate daughter Tiffany recruits Spencer into the Harrowers, humans who oppose the Cenobites and hunt down Lamarchand puzzles. Later, Kirsty arranges for Spencer's memories to be restored. Spencer then allies with another demon lord in order to attain new power and fulfill his true mission, to unleash damned souls on Earth, conquer humanity, and replace Leviathan. During this battle, occult detective Harry D'Amour attempts to help the US government stop the chaos, guided by his psychic friend Norma Paine and Spencer's former lieutenant, the Cenobite known as the Female. He and Kirsty learn of Spencer's corrupt behavior before World War I, his desire to sleep with his own daughter Danielle, and that his final test to become a Cenobite involved fathering a child Priscilla with his daughter. Together, they defeat Spencer's bid for god-like power.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: The "Hellraiser" series ended with issue #20, and the finale featured Spencer being defeated and then imprisoned alongside Kirsty within a "memory sphere" in Leviathan's realm. The series was followed by the 2013 limited comic book series "Hellraiser: The Dark Watch", which begins one year later and reveals that Harry D'Amour became the Hell Priest or Pontifex following Kirsty's imprisonment, adopting an appearance similar to Pinhead but retaining his memories and personality because Leviathan saw him as more useful that way. D'Amour considers that the Cenobites, being human converts, are different in nature and motivation to the purebred demons he has met before (in the short story "The Last Illusion"). He confirms that while Leviathan and his Cenobites punish those who sin for the sake of pleasure, other realms of Hell have different demon orders that target other sins. D'Amour's ally Tiffany frees Kirsty and Spencer from imprisonment, later becoming a Cenobite herself. Elliott Spencer joins Abaddon's realm (which punishes the sins born of fury) and helps lead an army of the damned against Leviathan's Cenobite forces, with the hopes of then using the army to conquer Earth. After Abaddon's forces are stopped, Leviathan makes a deal with Kirsty and Spencer each in order to end their conflicts. Kirsty has humanity restored to herself, D'Amour and Tiffany, while her dead lover Edgar is restored to life. Elliott Spencer once again becomes the Hell Priest, but now with greater power and authority. He then kills Edgar and says goodbye to Kirsty.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Other tales of the Cenobites and Spencer as the Hell Priest are presented in the BOOM! Studios anthology comic book mini-series "Hellraiser: The Beastiary" (2015). The BOOM! Studios mini-series "Hellraiser: The Road Below" (2014) reveals Kirsty's first solo mission as the "new Pinhead" following her transformation into a Cenobite.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Pinhead is featured as a killer in the asymmetrical multiplayer survival horror game, "Dead by Daylight", voiced by Doug Bradley. He was added in the "Chapter 21: Hellraiser" DLC released on September 21, 2021 under the alias "The Cenobite".


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Barker drew inspiration for the cenobite designs from punk fashion, Catholicism and by visits he made to S&M clubs in New York and Amsterdam. For Pinhead specifically, Barker drew inspiration from African fetish sculptures. Initially, Barker intended Pinhead to have a navel piercing implying that the character had genital piercings. Barker's original "Hell Priest" sketches and concept art for Pinhead were eventually adapted into an officially licensed mask by Composite Effects, who released it in limited quantity to the public on 24 March 2017. This was done in celebration of the 30th anniversary of "Hellraiser".


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: After securing funding in early 1986, Barker and his producer Chris Figg assembled a team to design the Cenobites. Among the team were Bob Keen and Geoff Portass at Image Animation and Jane Wildgoose, a costume designer who was requested to make a series of costumes for 4–5 "super-butchers" while refining the scarification designs with Image Animation. Rather than gold or jeweled pins, the character would have black iron nails decorating his head. In terms of lighting, Pinhead was designed so that shadows would swirl round his head. By July 1986, the shooting script positively identified the single pinheaded Cenobite from the earlier draft as clearly the leader.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: The 2018 film "" updated Pinhead's appearance from the previous films. As writer-director Gary J. Tunnicliffe explained: "This is a very no-nonsense Pinhead. No glib one-liners, he's a little leaner and a little meaner. We especially tried to incorporate this into the make-up and costume; the cuts are deeper, the pins a little longer, his eyes are completely black and the wardrobe is a little sleeker and more visceral. Someone on set described him as the 'bad ass' version of Pinhead". The flesh exposed on Pinhead's chest was redesigned as a rhombus in honour of Pinhead's master, the fictional character Leviathan.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In the 2022 "Hellraiser" remake, Pinhead's design retains the nails studded along a grid sliced into the character's head. The character also has fully black or bloodshot eyes, and the skin below the neck appears to be flayed in ornate patterns.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In the first eight "Hellraiser" films, Pinhead is portrayed by Doug Bradley. Because of his eventual skill at the application and removal of the Pinhead appliances and costume, Bradley has been credited in some of the "Hellraiser" films as an assistant make-up artist. When he read the script for the first time, Bradley stated on interview that he saw Pinhead as a cross between Oscar Wilde and Noël Coward. Upon asking Barker how he should play Pinhead, Barker told him to "[think] of him as a cross between an administrator and a surgeon who's responsible for running a hospital where there are no wards, only operating theaters. As well as being the man who wields the knife, he's the man who has to keep the timetable going". In the original novella, the character Frank believed the Cenobites may have once been human but that their extreme experiments on themselves left them demonic and sexless. In keeping with this, Barker and Bradley decided early on that Pinhead had once been a human being before joining the Cenobites:


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: The Pinhead makeup took six hours to apply. When Bradley first donned the Pinhead makeup, he spent a few minutes alone in his room getting into character by looking at himself in the mirror. During rehearsals, Barker told Bradley, who at the time was more used to working in theatre, to subdue his movements and gestures, in order to give Pinhead an aura of complete control and to indicate he was confident enough to not feel the need to make threatening gestures or displays. New World Productions originally considered overdubbing Bradley's voice with that of an American actor, but this was reconsidered when the producers saw him perform.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Paul T. Taylor portrays Pinhead in "Hellraiser: Judgment", an experience he describes as a dream-come-true. According to Taylor, "[Pinhead] was always my favorite horror icon because he was the most twisted and intelligent in my mind". The American actor used a faux-British accent when portraying the character due to his belief that "Pinhead has to be British". Gary Tunnicliffe gave Taylor room to create his own interpretation of Pinhead, as Taylor brought an intentional vulnerability to the role. In addition to prior knowledge, Taylor used "Hellraiser" comic books as preparation for the film.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In the 2022 film, Pinhead is played by Jamie Clayton. On the decision to cast Clayton, a trans woman, as the character, the film's director, David Bruckner, explained: "We felt a kind of anticipation around the fans to reimagine the character. We knew we wanted Pinhead to be a woman. Jamie was just the right person for the role. A person's identity can be really exciting for a role in many ways, but I have to emphasize that Jamie absolutely killed, that's how we got there".


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In the mid- to late-2000s, a "Hellraiser" remake was in development, and was to be produced by Dimension Films.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Gary Tunnicliffe, who was responsible for the Pinhead makeup in the last four films, improvised a new design for Pinhead called "Project Angel: Recreating an Icon", the photos of which he published in "Fangoria".


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Among Tunnicliffe's redesigns included the usage of square shafted nails for the iconic pins, which were meant to look rusted and handmade. He also designed the new Pinhead as wearing a white priest's robe rather than the original black leather, as a homage to the origins of the word "cenobite" which implies a religious connection.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Pascal Laugier, who was set to write the remake, wrote an online statement in 2009, stressing that Tunnicliffe's redesign was unauthorised, and that he himself had a very different design in mind. That same year, Doug Bradley claimed that he was not approached to reprise the role of Pinhead in the remake, and said that "seeing someone else become Pinhead feels like a kick in the teeth".


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In the film franchise, Pinhead's role has varied with each installment. In the script for the original film, Barker describes Pinhead and the other cenobites as "demons" in his notes; the character himself, however, upon capturing Kirsty Cotton, describes himself and his fellow Cenobites as "explorers in the further regions of experience. Demons to some; angels to others". "" expands the lore of the Cenobites, depicting them as denizens of Hell, here a maze-like dimension ruled by an entity called Leviathan. Here, the Cenobites subject their quarry to emotional and psychological torture. "" portrayed Pinhead as a purely evil demon of chaos, a result of the loss of his human side in the previous film. In "", he is presented as a megalomaniac bent on world domination; beginning in "" he acts as a judge, punishing those who open the box for their sins and forcing them to face their personal demons. In "Inferno", he uses the title "Engineer", a name derived from an apparent Cenobite leader in Clive Barker's original novella.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: The first "Hellraiser" went into production during the height of the "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "Friday the 13th" and "Halloween" film series. According to Clive Barker, the popularity of these films led to producers and studios not caring for his intended portrayal of Pinhead as an articulate and intelligent character. Some suggested Pinhead should act more like Freddy Krueger and crack jokes, while others suggested to be a silent character like Jason Voorhees and Michael Myers. Barker insisted Pinhead's personality to be more evocative of Christopher Lee's portrayal of Count Dracula: "Part of the chill of Dracula surely lies in the fact that he is very clearly and articulately aware of what he is doing – you feel that this is a penetrating intelligence – and I don't find dumb things terribly scary – I find intelligence scary, particularly twisted intelligence. It's one of the reasons why Hannibal Lecter is scary, isn't it? It's because you always feel that he's going to be three jumps ahead of you". Starting with "Hell On Earth", Pinhead is more glib and also openly irreverent toward Christianity, imitating stigmata and remarking "not quite" when someone seeing him exclaims "Jesus Christ". In contrast to the first film where Pinhead seemed aloof about his nature, indicating he and his kind were "angels to some, demons to others", the fourth film "Bloodline" depicts him sneering as he asks, "Do I look like someone who cares what God thinks?" His glibness increases in later films, such as in "Hellworld" when a character believes the Cenobites are just a dream from which he must awake. After the Cenobites kill him, Pinhead asks, "How's that for a wake-up call?"


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "Hellbound: Hellraiser II", Pinhead lacks any memory of his human past as Elliott Spencer, believing he has always been a Cenobite. Once Kirsty Cotton reminds him of his human past and recalls his former life, he transforms into a human appearance and is then vulnerable to an attack by Channard. Screenwriter Peter Atkins explained that Pinhead regaining Spencer's humanity left him "spiritually weakened" and thus vulnerable. As a result, the third film, "Hell on Earth," depicts a new incarnation of Pinhead who lacks restraint and embraces chaos, wreaking havoc on Earth and indiscriminately killing humans he encounters. When Spencer's spirit willingly merges with him once again, the fusion regains Pinhead's previous sense of restraint and belief that he must follows the rules of his station. In the BOOM! Studios comics, it is said that Pinhead retains the memories of Elliott Spencer following the events of "Hell On Earth", leading him to feel less satisfied and certain of his power and purpose, now desiring more than his life as a Hell Priest in service to Leviathan.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In the original novella and first film, the Cenobites refuse to return to their dimension without a human soul, immediately targeting the person who opened the puzzle box. While Kirsty defends that she did not fully understand the box's nature, the Cenobites imply that desiring to open the box at all is enough to justify being taken and tortured by them. However, in "Hellbound: Hellraiser II", Pinhead stops the Cenobites from targeting teenage girl Tiffany, who opened the box not out of curiosity or desire but because she had been manipulated to do so by Dr. Channard and Julia Cotton, both of whom wished to avoid the immediate consequences of accessing the Cenobites' realm. Pinhead justifies sparing Tiffany by saying: "It is not "hands" that call us. It is "desire"". In addition to his belief in rules, Pinhead can be reasoned and bargained with. In both "Hellraiser" and "Hellraiser: Hellseeker", Kirsty Cotton offers other souls to Pinhead in exchange for her own (in particular, her human adversaries), and appeals to the villain's vanity and pride while doing so. In "Hellraiser: Revelations", Pinhead is prepared to take Emma to the Cenobite realm, but reconsiders when other characters explain she was forced to open the puzzle box at gunpoint by her boyfriend Nico. He then agrees to let Emma go and takes Nico instead.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: In "Hellraiser IV:" "Bloodline", Pinhead is shown to prefer manipulating or coercing agents to achieve his goals, avoiding direct action until necessary. This brings him into conflict with the demon Princess Angelique, who prefers to recruit agents through seduction rather than force. In Clive Barker's "Hellraiser" comics published by BOOM! Studios in 2011, which follow the canon of the first three films, Pinhead becomes disillusioned with his existence and is willing to destroy his fellow Cenobites and other demons of Hell if it means he can achieve his new goals of power. He takes a similar stance in "The Scarlet Gospels", initially targeting human magic-users to acquire their power and secrets, and so they won't interfere with his plans.


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: Paul T. Taylor, who portrays Pinhead in "", described the character as "twisted and intelligent". Finding Pinhead's mannerisms and demeanor to be unique among horror icons, Taylor tried to capture that in his performance: "It's about the stillness. He's already so terrifying that when he makes a move, it means something. He's very economical and when he speaks, he's so eloquent". Taylor also incorporated the uncomfortable make-up and costume into his presentation of the sadomasochist, stating that "Pinhead's always in agony so he likes it. I feel like I was in character the whole time, and I don't mean that in some sort of artistic, lofty way. I mean I maintained the demeanor the whole time because I had to".


title: Pinhead (Hellraiser)

text: The character's past, which is alluded to in "Hellbound", is expanded upon in the third film "Hell on Earth". It is revealed that Pinhead originated as Elliott Spencer, a captain in the British Expeditionary Force suffering from PTSD and survivor guilt. Spencer participated in the Battle of Passchendaele, after which he lost faith in humanity and God. He wandered Earth indulging in a hedonistic lifestyle to bury his trauma, turning to the baser methods of gratification and pleasure until finding the Lament Configuration in British India in 1921. Some time after summoning the Cenobites, he joined their ranks and became a powerful leader, though this experience caused him to forget his human life and conclude that he had always been a demonic force. When he is temporarily restored as a spirit in Limbo in the film "Hellraiser III", Spencer refers to his Pinhead incarnation as "very persuasive and very inventive", while finding the incarnation of Pinhead that lacks humanity to be a terrible and abhorrent force of evil and suffering.