title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C-class offered a system marketed as the agility control package, which provided revised agility and ride quality via hydro-mechanics, which analysed road conditions and driving habits, and adjusted damper and suspension settings to provide a balance between ride comfort and agility. An optional advanced agility control package offered a sport mode button to enable a stiffer suspension settings and more precise handling.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Unveiled at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show, the Vision C 220 BlueTEC is a concept saloon demonstrating Mercedes-Benz's first 4-cylinder Bluetec Diesel engine complying with the Euro 6 emission standard. The BlueTEC includes an inline-4 variable nozzle turbocharged engine with third-generation common-rail direct injection generating a power output of and of torque, a 6-speed manual transmission, exhaust gas recirculation, particulate filter, oxidization and SCR catalytic converters. The car accelerates from 0– in 8.5 seconds, and has a top speed of .


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Unveiled at the 2007 Tokyo Motor Show, the C 300 Bluetec Hybrid is a near-production study based on the C-Class Estate. The C 300 Bluetec has a 4-cylinder hybrid engine generating a combined power output of and of torque.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Available from mid 2007, the 4MATIC models include a 7G-Tronic seven-speed automatic transmission, permanently active all wheel drive with 45:55 torque split, a transfer case with multi-disc clutch centre differential, 4ETS traction control and Electronic Stability Program. The C 320 CDI 4MATIC and C 350 4MATIC models also include Elegance and Avantgarde trim package option, which include 17-inch light-alloy wheels, a luxury multifunction steering wheel and fine wood or aluminium trim in the interior.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C-Class Estate was unveiled at the 2007 Frankfurt International Motor Show. Later, it was displayed at the 40th Tokyo Motor Show 2007, followed by the Auto China 2010. The estate models went on sale in late 2007; early models included: C 200 CDI, C 220 CDI, C 320 CDI, C 320 CDI 4MATIC, C 180 Kompressor, C 200 Kompressor, C 230, C 280, C 350 and the C 63 AMG.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The BlueEFFICIENCY variants achieved better economy and weight reduction by using a newly developed windscreen made of laminated glass by AGC shared with the Maybach saloon, optimised noise-insulating firewall lining, lightweight forged wheels with low rolling resistance tyres from Michelin, a lightweight transmission; reducing drag coefficient to 0.25 via smooth under-body cladding, a radiator grille shutter, sealed joints between the hood and headlamps as well as between the rear fender and headlamps, streamlined exterior mirrors housing, lowered suspension (15 millimetres height reduction), aerodynamically tuned wheels; servo pump shut-off in power steering system; a new 6-speed manual transmission with newly developed final drive having further-improved anti friction bearings and forged differential gears, longer final-drive ratios (C 180 Kompressor and C 200 CDI models only); ECO Training mode cockpit; reduced engine displacement, optimised combustion chamber, mixture formation and engine friction (C 180 Kompressor); direct injection with max 200 bar piezoelectric fuel injectors (C 350 CGI BlueEFFICIENCY).


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Early models were introduced in Spring 2008, including the C 180 Kompressor BlueEFFICIENCY, C 200 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY and the C 350 CGI BlueEFFICIENCY.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 220 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY, C 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY and the C 250 CGI BlueEFFICIENCY were introduced in 2009. The C 250 CGI BlueEfficiency includes direct injection. All 3 models include the choice of saloon or station wagon bodystyles.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 180 CGI BlueEFFICIENCY, C 200 CGI BlueEFFICIENCY, C 220 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY and the C 250 CDI 4MATIC BlueEFFICIENCY were added to the range in 2010, with the C 250 CDI 4MATIC BlueEFFICIENCY and the C 220 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY being available in autumn 2010. All of the 4 models include the choice of saloon or estate bodystyles. ECO start/stop function is included for C 180 CGI BlueEFFICIENCY, C 200 CGI BlueEFFICIENCY and the C 220 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY. Direct petrol injection were added for C 180 CGI BlueEFFICIENCY and the C 200 CGI BlueEFFICIENCY. The C 250 CDI 4MATIC BlueEFFICIENCY includes Electronic Stability Program and the 4ETS traction system.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 350 CGI BlueEFFICIENCY was unveiled at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show. Standard trim level on the C 350 CGI BlueEFFICIENCY included standard Elegance or Avantgarde packages, and 3.5L 90 degree V6 stratified charge direct injection M272E35 engine was used. The saloon model includes an AMG lip spoiler on the boot lid, a dual-flow exhaust system with polished stainless steel tailpipes, a seven-speed 7G-TRONIC automatic transmission, 16-inch light alloy wheels with 17-inch wheels available as a no cost option, a speed-sensitive steering and the "Speedtronic" cruise control with a variable speed limiter.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Coinciding with the 2011 facelift, new 3.5L 60 degree V6 M276DE35 engine debuted on C350 in 2011. Although M276 was also a stratified charge direct injection engine as the predecessor M272, the moniker 'CGI' was dropped from the naming. The radiator grille shutter for saloon and stationwagon, and the foldable rear seat back as well as the boot lid spoiler on the saloon body were eliminated. 225/45R17 front and 245/40R17 rear tires became standard, with 225/40R18 front and 255/35R18 rear tires as a no cost option. Power output of the M276DE35 engine was increased from to for 2012-2014.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY Prime Edition was unveiled at the 2008 Paris Motor Show. It is a limited (5,000 units) version of the C 250 CDI BlueEfficiency saloon with the Avantgarde package included as standard. Standard features include 16-inch light-alloy wheels with 205/55 R16 tyres with 16-inch 7-spoke wheel with 205/55 R16 tyres and 17-inch light-alloy 5-twin-spoke wheels with 225/45 R17 front and 245/40 R17 rear tyres available as no-cost options; floor mats with "Prime Edition" lettering and aluminium interior trim with optional bird's-eye maple interior trim.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 63 AMG is reportedly the first AMG-Mercedes designed from the ground up. Its AMG C-Class predecessors had essentially featured bolt on performance modifications, and according to "Car and Driver", these earlier AMG models suffered from "relentless understeer" and "heavy steering". The C 63 AMG has a revised front suspension that is shared with the CLK 63 AMG Black Series. The ESP features a full defeat mode, interfering only under heavy braking. The C 63 AMG also has the quickest, most responsive steering of any Mercedes automobile to date.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The Mercedes-Benz M156 engine, despite being detuned compared to other AMG offerings using the same powerplant, still provides the C 63 AMG with more horsepower and torque over its direct rivals such as the Audi RS4 and BMW M3. The 7G-Tronic 7-speed automatic transmission has AMG SpeedShift with four shift modes – Comfort, Sport, Sport + and Manual – with the last one running with the converter locked allowing the driver to hold the engine at the rev limit. "Car and Driver" tested the car in their December 2007 issue and recorded a 0– acceleration time of 3.9 seconds and a quarter-mile time of 12.3 seconds at .


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Performance Package Plus for the C 63 AMG saloon and estate models. In 2011, this package included increasing power to at 6,800 rpm and of torque at 5,000 rpm, compound brake discs on the front axle and red or yellow painted brake callipers, composite brake discs connected aluminium bowl via cast-in arms, carbon fibre lip spoiler on the boot lid (saloon), AMG performance steering wheel in Nappa leather with a grip area trimmed in Alcantara. The package went on sale in December 2009. Optional black designo leather, covering the upper section of the dashboard, the upper door trim and the armrest on the centre console, was available in conjunction with Nappa leather appointments as an option.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: In 2010, Mercedes-AMG introduced a new AMG P31 Development Package which included a power increase to as compared to for the standard model. Top speed was also increased to as a result. When equipped with this package, the C 63 AMG has a revised ECU and crankshaft, as well as rotating assembly components from M159 engine found in the SLS AMG.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The Edition 507 was first shown at the Geneva Motor Show in 2013 as the swansong of the much feted 6.2l naturally aspirated V8 engine.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Available as a Coupe, Saloon and Estate, the Edition 507 came with a power increase to 507PS, hence the name, which was available at 6800 rpm with torque of 610 Nm at 5200 rpm. Engine wise, it adopts the slightly lighter V8 from the SLS AMG, which included an uprated ECU, new conrods, a lightweight crankshaft and forged pistons.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Externally, the Edition 507 carries the same vented aluminium bonnet from the Black Series, light-alloy spoke wheels, AMG side stripes and a boot lid spoiler.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: For the interior, there was the alcantara covered steering wheel, a special AMG emblem on the gear shifter, optional two-tone leather and an Edition 507 plaque on the passenger side fascia.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Unveiled at the 2010 Australian International Motor Show, the Concept 58 is a version of C 63 AMG saloon with designo Pearl Orange body colour, AMG Performance Package Plus, 19-inch multi spoke alloy wheels in black, Keyless-Go entry system and extended designo leather upholstery.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The DR 520 is a limited edition of the C 63 AMG with the AMG Performance Package Plus made specifically for the UK market. Introduced by Mercedes Specialist Products Division, it includes increased engine power to and of torque. Only three have been sold as of 2013.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The W204 C-Class completed 24 million test kilometers, and was until 2009 the most tested Mercedes-Benz ever. However, 2009 also saw the launch of the W212 E-Class, which completed 36 million test kilometers.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 63 AMG was the official Safety Car for the second DTM race of the 2008 season in Oschersleben. In the 2009 Formula 1 season, C 63 AMG Estate became the Official F1 Medical Car.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: FCP Euro modified a C 300 to compete in the 2017 American Endurance Racing Series. The car made its debut appearance at Road Atlanta February 10, 2017.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: A C 63 AMG Estate with the AMG Performance Package was used as official F1 Medical Car at the 2011 Formula 1 World Championship series.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Since November 2009, the updated CGI engines replaced the Kompressor engines, with the same power output, more torque, and better fuel efficiency. The C 250 CGI, using the M271 engine with charged gasoline injection engine replaced the C 230 using the 2.5-litre V6 engine. The M271 engine generated the same power output but had more torque.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C-Class (W204) models were available with a choice of rear and all-wheel drive (the AWD system is the fourth-generation of the 4Matic system which was not available in right-hand drive format), along with a variety of four and six-cylinder engines along with a 6.2-litre V8 engine exclusive to the C 63 AMG. 4Matic denotes all-wheel-drive models.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The 2007 Mercedes-Benz C Class was awarded Car of the Year in Australia by the "Wheels Magazine", edging out the Ford Mondeo and the Mazda 2 for the award. It was also awarded "Executive Car of the Year" by "Top Gear Magazine" for the 2007 Top Gear Awards as well as being awarded 2007–08 "Japan's Import Car of the Year" in late 2007 and again in late 2011 for 2011–12. The 2007 Mercedes-Benz C-Class was awarded 'Yellow Angel 2008' by ADAC, and the C 63 AMG was awarded Europe Tuning Car of the Year 2008 by journalists of the UIGA, the Italian association of motoring journalists.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: During the launch of the C-Class saloon in 2007, Mercedes-Benz started the 'C-for Yourself' campaign developed by BBDO France, featuring an online campaign with a new 360-degree soft configurator and a host of interactive films; A 30-/40-second television commercial with the then new Formula 1 world champion Fernando Alonso as brand ambassador. An 'Exclusive Driving Experience' campaign in Barcelona (1–3 April 2007) allowed some 80 consumers from all over Europe to experience the C-Class in an especially attractive environment. Vacationers who stayed at selected Robinson Club Resorts and Westin Hotels & Resorts facilities in Germany, Austria, Scotland, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece between May and September 2007 had the opportunity to test-drive the new C-Class. Premium shopping mall attendants could also test drive the cars during April and May 2007. The new C-Class also appeared in the German Touring Car Masters series starting on 22 April 2007. Mercedes-Benz also started a Mobile Special campaign that included special mobile client software that could be called up either by text messaging (SMS) from a number assigned to each country or directly from the Mercedes-Benz website in the participating markets. The Mobile Special also contained the dates of C-Class events and invitations to callers. The C-Class Avantgarde model with the AMG package appeared in the game Second Life starting on 16 March 2007, where the player can purchase the virtual model for 1,500 Linden Dollars or virtually test-drive it on a challenging track.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: As part of the C-Class station wagon campaign, Mercedes-Benz launched a print ad showing the C-Class station wagon on a stage, flanked by a curtain and background scenery. The previously launched Mobile Special campaign was expanded to include the wagon. Mercedes-Benz also held test driving events between December 2007 and April 2008 in selected Robinson Club resorts, various vacation resorts in Fuerteventura and Turkey, Serfaus, Fiss, Ladis, and Ski Amadé (Austria). Between December 2007 and January 2008, spontaneous test driving events were also held in selected upmarket shopping centres and malls in Germany.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Since 2007, the W204 C-Class saloons were produced in Sindelfingen, Beijing, and East London, South Africa. The W204 C-Class Estate production began at DaimlerChrysler in Bremen. At the time of its market launch (mid-2007), 75,000 orders had been received for the W204 C-Class saloon. The total sales of the C-Class reached 261,500 in 2007. In mid-2008, the C-Class sales exceeded 300,000 units. In late 2008, the C-Class sales reached 500,000 units, with 440,000 saloons and 60,000 wagons. The 250,000th C-Class – an iridium silver metallic C 220 CDI saloon – was produced in Sindelfingen and delivered to a customer in Japan. In mid-2010, the C-Class sales reached one million units, with 840,000 saloons and over 160,000 wagons. United States occupied 25 percent of total sales, followed by Germany and China. The C-Class Coupé production began in 2011 at the Bremen plant.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: In December 2010, Mercedes released some photos and details of W204 C-Class facelift, with the vehicle officially unveiled at the 2011 Detroit Auto Show, and later at the Auto Shanghai 2011.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: New features of the facelift model includes, an engine start-stop system, 7G-TRONIC PLUS gearbox available for base models with revised gear ratios to improve fuel economy. There was also a minor revision of the exterior appearance which included LED daytime running lights, LED taillights, a new hood and bumpers. The interior was significantly reworked to bring its arrangement and quality closer to the W212 E-Class and the W221 S-Class. There is a high resolution screen on the dashboard which has visual functions similar to the S and CL Class models, and it also has the new Mercedes-Benz Comand APS system first seen on the W212 E-Class.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Ten new driving assistance systems, including Adaptive Highbeam Assist, Active Lane Keeping Assist, Active Blind Spot Assist, Attention Assist drowsiness detection, Distronic Plus proximity control, Speed Limit Assist and Parking guidance including Parktronic and the Pre-Safe brake were now available. The new-generation of telematics include internet access and a 3D navigation display with plastic city views.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The multimedia system Comand Online now provided internet access when car is stationary. Beginning in mid-2012, the C-Class models equipped with Comand Online now has the new Mercedes-Benz emergency call system called "eCall".


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: All of the engine variants were now classed as BlueEfficiency units. All petrol engines now had direct injection system. All of the models now came with a 5-speed automatic transmission, except of C 300 CDI 4Matic which had the 7G-TRONIC PLUS 7-speed automatic transmission. The C 350 received the new 3.5L V6 engine with a 60-degree vee-angle and direct injection. There was also a new entry-level C 250 model which had a 1.8-litre turbocharged inline-4 engine with direct injection.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Orders for the Saloon and Estate models introduction took place in early 2011, and the European market introduction took place from March 2011. Early models include C 180 BlueEfficiency, C 200 BlueEfficiency, C 250 BlueEfficiency, C 350 BlueEfficiency, C 350 4Matic BlueEfficiency, C 180 CDI BlueEfficiency, C 200 CDI BlueEfficiency, C 220 CDI BlueEfficiency, C 250 CDI BlueEfficiency, C 250 CDI 4Matic BlueEfficiency and the C 300 CDI 4Matic BlueEfficiency. Sales of the C 250 CDI 4Matic BlueEfficiency began in June 2011. Sales of the C 350 CDI BlueEfficiency Saloon and Estate began in mid-2011.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The North American models for the 2012 model year became available for order at the dealers starting in September 2011.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 300 and C 300 4Matic (having the 3.0-litre V6 engine) retained their 90-degree vee-angle V6 engines and the 7G-tronic transmission, while the 6-speed manual transmission which was previously available for the rear-wheel drive C 230/250 and the C 300 was discontinued in the North American markets due to low sales. For the 2013 model year, the C 300 received the new 60-degree vee-angle V6 engine, which shares the same displacement but is detuned from the 3.5-litre engine found in the 2012 and later C 350. The C 300's new 3.5-litre engine generates a power output of and of torque, as compared to the and of torque from the old M272 3.0-litre engine.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: For the 2012 model year, the C 250 RWD sedan with its turbocharged inline-4 engine (replacing the 2010–11 C 250 model with a 2.5-litre V6 which was badged as the C 230 from 2008–09) was sold alongside the C 250 4Matic (another Canada-only model with a 2.5-litre V6 which was badged as the C 230 4Matic from 2008–09) since the 4Matic system was not compatible with the turbocharged inline-4 engine. For the 2013 model year, the sedan lineup was simplified considerably with the C 250 turbo inline-4 RWD, C 300 4MATIC, C 350 RWD, C 350 4MATIC, and C 63 AMG.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The facelifted C-Class went on sale in Japan in mid-2011. Early models include C 180 BlueEfficiency (with a 1.8-litre engine) (Saloon/Estate/Coupé), C 200 BlueEfficiency (Saloon/Estate), C 250 BlueEfficiency (Saloon/Estate) and the C 350 BlueEfficiency (Saloon/Estate). Delivery of C 180 BlueEFFICIENCY (with 1.8L engine) for all body styles began in 2012. Beginning in mid-2012, available models include the C 180 BlueEfficiency (with a 1.8-litre engine) (Saloon/Estate/Coupé), C 200 BlueEfficiency (Saloon/Estate), C 250 BlueEfficiency (Saloon/Estate/Coupé), C 350 BlueEfficiency (Saloon/Estate) and the C 63 AMG (Saloon/Estate/Coupé).


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: After the launch of the CLC-Class in January 2008, development and design work began on a replacement. On 23 October 2008, a German design patent was filed for a conventional two-door coupe of the W204. C-Class Coupé was unveiled at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show. An interesting fact to note is that since this is the first real C-Class coupe (not a shortened version like the SportCoupe and CLC-Class), it is fundamentally very similar to the C207 E-Class Coupe which itself is based on the C-Class underpinnings, just like the CLK-Class it replaced.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: European models went on sale in June 2011. Initial models included the C 180 BlueEfficiency, C 250 BlueEfficiency, C 350 BlueEfficiency, C 220 CDI BlueEfficiency and the C 250 CDI BlueEfficiency. US models went on sale in September 2011, which included C 250, C 350, and C 63 AMG. In 2012, the C 200 BlueEfficiency was added to the C-Class line-up.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C-Class 125!Edition is a special version of the C-Class commemorating the 125th anniversary of the automobile invention by Karl Benz.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 200 CGI BlueEfficiency Avantgarde 125!Edition includes 17-inch AMG twin spoke sport aluminium wheels, drilled bench rated brake discs (on the front) with Mercedes-Benz logo on the brake calipers, leather sports seats at the front, leather upholstered 3-spoke steering wheel, stainless steel pedals and sports suspension as standard equipment.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 200 CGI BlueEfficiency 125!Edition includes LED daytime running headlamps with intelligent light system along with headlong washers and 8-way adjustable power seats at the front.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 250 CGI BlueEfficiency Avantgarde 125!Edition includes 18-inch AMG twin spoke sport aluminium wheels, drilled bench rated disc (at the front) with Mercedes-Benz logo on the brake calipers, leather sports seat at the front, leather upholstered 3-spoke steering wheel, stainless steel pedals and sports suspension as standard equipment.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Japanese versions were sold in limited quantity (650 units in total) which included the C 200 CGI BlueEfficiency Avantgarde 125!Edition (380 units produced in Saloon/Estate bodystyles), C 200 CGI BlueEfficiency 125!Edition (250 units produced in Saloon/Estate bodystyles) and the C 250 CGI BlueEfficiency Avantgarde 125!Edition (20 units produced in Saloon/Estate bodystyles).


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The facelifted C 63 AMG includes the AMG SPEEDSHIFT MCT transmission shared with the SL 63 AMG, replacing the 7G-Tronic automatic transmission with AMG SpeedShift. Other new features include 5 twin-spoke AMG light-alloy wheels painted in titanium grey, 235/40 R 18 front and 255/35 R 18 rear tyres, all-colour three-dimensional TFT display in the middle of the redesigned speedometer, three-spoke AMG performance steering wheel shared with the CLS 63 AMG, aluminium shift paddles with manual gear selection and optional designo leather upholstery. The face-lift also brought a Coupé variant in the C 63 lineage.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The AMG Performance package includes increased engine power output to at 6,800 rpm and at 5,000 rpm. Performance figures include a 0– acceleration time of 4.4 seconds (4.5 seconds for the state version) and a top speed of . Other features include composite front brake discs and red painted brake calipers, carbon-fibre lip spoiler on the boot lid (Saloon) and the AMG performance steering wheel upholstered in Nappa leather with an Alcantara grip area.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The exclusive Edition 1 model includes AMG sports seats, door centre panels and armrests upholstered in black designo leather with contrasting porcelain seams on the sports seats, porcelain piano-lacquer trim, AMG sports steering wheel upholstered in two-tone Nappa leather and AMG multi-spoke light-alloy wheels painted in matt black.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Sales of the Saloon and Estate models began in July 2011. Coupé models went on sale in July 2011. Japanese versions of the Saloon, Estate, Coupé went on sale in mid-2011. The Taiwanese version of C 63 Coupé went on sale in limited quantity (10 units produced).


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Available only in Coupé bodystyle, the C 63 AMG Black Series includes a modified version of C 63 AMG M156 V8 engine now generating a maximum power output of at 6,800 rpm and of torque at 5,000 rpm. Performance figures include a 0– acceleration time of 4.2 seconds and a top speed of . Other notable features include 255/35 ZR 19 and 285/30 ZR 19 tyres, black diffuser insert shared with the SLS AMG GT3, twin tailpipes finished in chrome, AMG sports suspension with AMG rear axle differential lock, three-stage ESP, two AMG sports bucket seats, black DINAMICA microfibre upholstery on the centre panels of the seats and doors, omission of the rear bench seat (single rear seats available as option), AMG performance steering wheel upholstered in either Nappa leather or the Dinamica microfibre, steering wheel rim having flattened top and bottom sections along with aluminium shift paddles on the steering column for manual gear changes, red seat belts and red contrasting top stitching on the steering wheel, on the seats, door centre panels, armrests, on the doors, the centre console and on the shift lever gaiter along with three autonomous round dials has a three-dimensional TFT colour display.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The AMG Track Package includes 255/35 R 19 front and 285/30 R 19 rear sports tyres from Dunlop, active rear-axle transmission cooling with radiator in the rear apron.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The AMG Aerodynamics package includes carbon fibre flics on front apron, carbon-fibre functionally tuned front splitter and a fixed carbon-fibre rear aerofoil with an adjustable blade. China and US models went on sale in March 2012.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Sales of Japanese version began in October 2011 in limited quantities (50 units produced), with delivery began in the Spring of 2012. Mercedes initially planned to build only 650 units, but after the sales success 800 units were produced.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: C 63 AMG Coupé Performance Studio Taiwan Edition is a limited version of C 63 AMG Coupé for the Taiwanese market. Notable features included designo magno night black body colour, AMG 19-inch alloy wheels finished in matte black, AMG carbon fibre interior trim, black leather seats with red piping, AMG steering wheel in black suede and red stitching, AMG floor mat with red trim, and a 'Taiwan Edition' laser-etched sill plate with red AMG logo.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 63 AMG Performance Studio Edition went on sale in May 2012, with delivery beginning in November 2012. It is a special version of the C 63 AMG saloon with the AMG Performance Package as standard built specification for the Japanese market. Notable features included designo magno night black body colour, designo classic red interior upholstery, AMG carbon-fibre interior trim, 19-inch AMG multi-spoke forged alloy wheels finished in matte black and fine opal, AMG performance studio leather package (front seats upholstered in designo classic red leather with black stitching, embossed AMG emblem on the headrests, AMG performance steering wheel in designo classic red or two-tone designo black leather, Nappa leather on the dashboard and upper panel and front seat arm rest and shift selector upholstered in designo black leather with red stitching, handcrafted AMG floor mats made from designo classic red Nappa leather and AMG door handles), AMG performance media and the Harman Kardon 7-speaker audio system.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Available on the C 220, C 250 Sport and the C 250 CDI Sport, the C-Class Coupé Sport includes following notable features:


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 63 AMG Coupé Black Series Performance Studio Edition is a limited (20 units made) version of C 63 AMG Coupé Black Series made for the Japanese market. Notable features included matte black exterior parts, designo magno cashmere white interior trim with AMG Black Series logo, AMG door lock pin with AMG logo, AMG shift knob with AMG Affalterbach emblem, handcrafted AMG floor mats with AMG logo, 'AMG Performance Studio' side decal included as a no-cost option, matte black 19-inch AMG 10-spoke forged alloy wheels, AMG aerodynamic package which included carbon-fibre flicks, carbon-fibre front splitter and a carbon-fibre rear wing, AMG sport bucket seats upholstered in either Dinamica microfibre or leather, AMG performance steering wheel upholstered in Dinamica microfibre, AMG performance media, AMG parameter steering, AMG enhanced brake system, front spoiler, side skirt, rear skirt, ABS, AMG diffuser and the AMG emblem with AMG Black Series logo.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: Available in Saloon, Coupé, Estate bodystyles, the Edition 507 is a special version of C 63 AMG with increased engine power to at 6,800 rpm and at 5,200 rpm along with an increased top speed of . Notable features include a bonnet shared with the C 63 AMG Black Series, AMG light-alloy cross-spoke wheels in titanium grey with a high-sheen finish or matt black with high-sheen rim flanges, 235/35 R 19 front and 255/30 R 19 rear tyres, AMG sports stripes in matt graphite grey above the side sill panels; a lip spoiler on the boot lid (Saloon and Coupé only), exterior mirror housings, black surrounds on the radiator grille and daytime running lights in high-gloss black; darkened headlamps, optional designo magno platinum body colour, 360 x 36 mm composite front brake discs, 6-piston aluminium fixed front callipers, 4-piston fixed rear callipers, choice of 3 interior upholstery types (porcelain designo leather or Dinamica microfibre with light-coloured contrasting topstitching, black designo leather or Dinamica microfibre with light-coloured contrasting topstitching, black designo leather), AMG Performance steering wheel upholstered in Alcantara with light-coloured contrasting stitching and a 12-o'clock marking, selector lever of the AMG SPEEDSHIFT MCT 7-speed sports transmission in upholstered in Dinamica microfibre with the AMG badge, steering wheel and selector lever gaiter with light-coloured contrasting stitching, AMG instrument cluster with red applications, trim in high-gloss black piano lacquer and the "Edition 507" badge on the trim on the front passenger side.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C 63 AMG "Edition 507" was unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show, with introduction in the market scheduled in April 2013 (June 2013 for the German market).


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The US models were sold as 2014 model year cars in Saloon and Coupé bodystyles, replacing the AMG Development Package. The car also includes voucher for a driver training session at the AMG Driving Academy.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: As part of the 2011 model year launch campaign, Two 45 and 30-second TV advertisements were made, which take a humorous and cinematographic approach to the C-Class Saloon and Estate models, focusing in particular on the innovative ATTENTION ASSIST system, which detects and provides early warning of the onset of driver drowsiness. The 20-second pre-roll titled 'Souvenir' takes an enjoyable approach to the C-Class Estate's 1,500-litre load capacity. Printed ad features C-Class photographed against an urban backdrop, with the 'living city look' highlights the sportiness and dynamic qualities of the vehicles.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: As part of the C-Class Coupé campaign, an interactive web video titled 'Drive & Seek' was released in March 2011, featuring the theft of a work of art, a car chase starring the new C-Class Coupé and the hero agents, who rely on the help of the user, who must stay focused and make split-second decisions in order to capture the thieves and return the painting to its rightful owner. Four short films highlight the C-Class Coupé's top features in terms of agility, design, safety and comfort. The web special was accompanied by cinema-poster-style ads and posters. Print ad campaign started on 11 May, designed to show off the sporty and dynamic qualities and sleek design of the new C-Class Coupé. Three different ad images show the vehicle with a high-gloss finish in palladium silver on a disused air field in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, where parts of the web thriller were also shot. In the bright midday sun, the Coupé comes across as a shining jewel. Messages such as "More style per hour, "Awe. Inspiring" or "Adrenaline accelerator included" accentuate the vehicle's modern image. The two 45- and 30-second cinema ads also take a humorous approach to the campaign slogan "More glances per hour", which was released on 19 May 2011 serving as sequel to the Drive & Seek, linking back to the bank robbery featured in the film.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: A behind the scene video titled Making of C 63 AMG Coupe Fotoshooting was released by Mercedes AMG, featuring C 63 AMG Coupe and a Ducati 848 in matching white.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: AMG "Black Series" 50' Marauder Cigarette Boat, a powerboat inspired by C 63 AMG Coupé Black Series and built by Cigarette Racing, was unveiled at the 2012 Miami Boat Show.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)

text: The C-Class Coupé earned five stars for occupant protection. The optional PRE-SAFE and PRE-SAFE Brake safety system received the Euro NCAP Advanced prize.


title: Self-esteem

text: Self-esteem is confidence in one's own worth or abilities. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself (for example, "I am loved", "I am worthy") as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame. Smith and Mackie (2007) defined it by saying "The self-concept is what we think about the self; self-esteem, is the positive or negative evaluations of the self, as in how we feel about it."


title: Self-esteem

text: Self-esteem is an attractive psychological construct because it predicts certain outcomes, such as academic achievement, happiness, satisfaction in marriage and relationships, and criminal behavior. Self-esteem can apply to a specific attribute or globally. Psychologists usually regard self-esteem as an enduring personality characteristic ("trait self-esteem"), though normal, short-term variations ("state self-esteem") also exist. Synonyms or near-synonyms of self-esteem include: self-worth, self-regard, self-respect, and self-integrity.


title: Self-esteem

text: The concept of self-esteem has its origins in the 18th century, first expressed in the writings of the Scottish enlightenment thinker David Hume. Hume posits that it is important to value and think well of oneself because it serves a motivational function that enables people to explore their full potential.


title: Self-esteem

text: The identification of self-esteem as a distinct psychological construct has its origins in the work of philosopher, psychologist, geologist, and anthropologist William James (1892). James identified multiple dimensions of the self, with two levels of hierarchy: processes of knowing (called the "I-self") and the resulting knowledge about the self (the "Me-self"). The observation about the self and storage of those observations by the I-self creates three types of knowledge, which collectively account for the Me-self, according to James. These are the material self, social self, and spiritual self. The social self comes closest to self-esteem, comprising all characteristics recognized by others. The material self consists of representations of the body and possessions and the spiritual self of descriptive representations and evaluative dispositions regarding the self. This view of self-esteem as the collection of an individual's attitudes toward itself remains today.


title: Self-esteem

text: In the mid-1960s, social psychologist Morris Rosenberg defined self-esteem as a feeling of self-worth and developed the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES), which became the most-widely used scale to measure self-esteem in the social sciences.


title: Self-esteem

text: In the early 20th century, the behaviorist movement minimized introspective study of mental processes, emotions, and feelings, replacing introspection with objective study through experiments on behaviors observed in relation with the environment. Behaviorism viewed the human being as an animal subject to reinforcements, and suggested placing psychology as an experimental science, similar to chemistry or biology. As a consequence, clinical trials on self-esteem were overlooked, since behaviorists considered the idea less liable to rigorous measurement.


title: Self-esteem

text: In the mid-20th century, the rise of phenomenology and humanistic psychology led to renewed interest in self-esteem. Self-esteem then took a central role in personal self-actualization and in the treatment of psychic disorders. Psychologists started to consider the relationship between psychotherapy and the personal satisfaction of people with high self-esteem as useful to the field. This led to new elements being introduced to the concept of self-esteem, including the reasons why people tend to feel less worthy and why people become discouraged or unable to meet challenges by themselves.


title: Self-esteem

text: In 1992 the political scientist Francis Fukuyama associated self-esteem with what Plato called "thymos" – the "spiritedness" part of the Platonic soul.


title: Self-esteem

text: From 1997, the core self-evaluations approach included self-esteem as one of four dimensions that comprise one's fundamental appraisal of oneself – along with locus of control, neuroticism, and self-efficacy. The concept of core self-evaluations as first examined by Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997), has since proven to have the ability to predict job satisfaction and job performance. Self-esteem may be essential to self-evaluation.


title: Self-esteem

text: The importance of self-esteem gained endorsement from some government and non-government groups starting around the 1970s, such that one can speak of a self-esteem movement. This movement can be used as an example of promising evidence that psychological research can have an effect on forming public policy. The underlying idea of the movement was that low self-esteem was the root of problems for individuals, making it the root of societal problems and dysfunctions. A leading figure of the movement, psychologist Nathaniel Branden, stated: "[I] cannot think of a single psychological problem – from anxiety and depression, to fear of intimacy or of success, to spouse battery or child molestation – that is not traced back to the problem of low self-esteem".


title: Self-esteem

text: Self-esteem was believed to be a cultural phenomenon of Western individualistic societies since low self-esteem was not found in collectivist countries such as Japan.


title: Self-esteem

text: Concern about low self-esteem and its many presumed negative consequences led California assemblyman John Vasconcellos to work to set up and fund the Task Force on Self-Esteem and Personal and Social Responsibility, in California, in 1986. Vasconcellos argued that this task force could combat many of the state's problems – from crime and teen pregnancy to school underachievement and pollution. He compared increasing self-esteem to giving out a vaccine for a disease: it could help protect people from being overwhelmed by life's challenges.


title: Self-esteem

text: The task force set up committees in many California counties and formed a committee of scholars to review the available literature on self-esteem. This committee found very small associations between low self-esteem and its assumed consequences, ultimately showing that low self-esteem was not the root of all societal problems and not as important as the committee had originally thought. However, the authors of the paper that summarized the review of the literature still believed that self-esteem is an independent variable that affects major social problems. The task force disbanded in 1995, and the National Council for Self-Esteem and later the National Association for Self-Esteem (NASE) was established, taking on the task force's mission. Vasconcellos and Jack Canfield were members of its advisory board in 2003, and members of its masters' coalition included Anthony Robbins, Bernie Siegel, and Gloria Steinem.


title: Self-esteem

text: Many early theories suggested that self-esteem is a basic human need or motivation. American psychologist Abraham Maslow included self-esteem in his hierarchy of human needs. He described two different forms of "esteem": the need for respect from others in the form of recognition, success, and admiration, and the need for self-respect in the form of self-love, self-confidence, skill, or aptitude. Respect from others was believed to be more fragile and easily lost than inner self-esteem. According to Maslow, without the fulfillment of the self-esteem need, individuals will be driven to seek it and unable to grow and obtain self-actualization. Maslow also states that the healthiest expression of self-esteem "is the one which manifests in the respect we deserve for others, more than renown, fame, and flattery". Modern theories of self-esteem explore the reasons humans are motivated to maintain a high regard for themselves. Sociometer theory maintains that self-esteem evolved to check one's level of status and acceptance in one's social group. According to "Terror Management Theory", self-esteem serves a protective function and reduces anxiety about life and death.


title: Self-esteem

text: Carl Rogers (1902–1987), an advocate of humanistic psychology, theorized the origin of many people's problems to be that they despise themselves and consider themselves worthless and incapable of being loved. This is why Rogers believed in the importance of giving unconditional acceptance to a client and when this was done it could improve the client's self-esteem. In his therapy sessions with clients, he offered positive regard no matter what. Indeed, the concept of self-esteem is approached since then in humanistic psychology as an inalienable right for every person, summarized in the following sentence:


title: Self-esteem

text: One of the most widely used instruments, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) is a 10-item self-esteem scale score that requires participants to indicate their level of agreement with a series of statements about themselves. An alternative measure, the Coopersmith Inventory uses a 50-question battery over a variety of topics and asks subjects whether they rate someone as similar or dissimilar to themselves. If a subject's answers demonstrate solid self-regard, the scale regards them as well adjusted. If those answers reveal some inner shame, it considers them to be prone to social deviance.


title: Self-esteem

text: These rely on indirect measures of cognitive processing thought to be linked to implicit self-esteem, including the "name letter task" (or "initial preference task") and the Implicit Association Task.


title: Self-esteem

text: Such indirect measures are designed to reduce awareness of the process of assessment. When using them to assess implicit self-esteem, psychologists apply self-relevant stimuli to the participant and then measure how quickly a person identifies positive or negative stimuli. For example, if a woman was given the self-relevant stimuli of female and mother, psychologists would measure how quickly she identified the negative word, evil, or the positive word, kind.


title: Self-esteem

text: Experiences in a person's life are a major source of how self-esteem develops. In the early years of a child's life, parents have a significant influence on self-esteem and can be considered the main source of positive and negative experiences a child will have. Unconditional love from parents helps a child develop a stable sense of being cared for and respected. These feelings translate into later effects on self-esteem as the child grows older. Students in elementary school who have high self-esteem tend to have authoritative parents who are caring, supportive adults who set clear standards for their child and allow them to voice their opinion in decision making.


title: Self-esteem

text: Although studies thus far have reported only a correlation of warm, supportive parenting styles (mainly authoritative and permissive) with children having high self-esteem, these parenting styles could easily be thought of as having some causal effect in self-esteem development. Childhood experiences that contribute to healthy self-esteem include being listened to, being spoken to respectfully, receiving appropriate attention and affection and having accomplishments recognized and mistakes or failures acknowledged and accepted. Experiences that contribute to low self-esteem include being harshly criticized, being physically, sexually or emotionally abused, being ignored, ridiculed or teased or being expected to be "perfect" all the time.


title: Self-esteem

text: During school-aged years, academic achievement is a significant contributor to self-esteem development. Consistently achieving success or consistently failing will have a strong effect on students' individual self-esteem. However, students can also experience low self-esteem while in school. For example, they may not have academic achievements, or they live in a troubled environment outside of school. Issues like the ones previously stated, can cause adolescents to doubt themselves. Social experiences are another important contributor to self-esteem. As children go through school, they begin to understand and recognize differences between themselves and their classmates. Using social comparisons, children assess whether they did better or worse than classmates in different activities. These comparisons play an important role in shaping the child's self-esteem and influence the positive or negative feelings they have about themselves. As children go through adolescence, peer influence becomes much more important. Adolescents make appraisals of themselves based on their relationships with close friends. Successful relationships among friends are very important to the development of high self-esteem for children. Social acceptance brings about confidence and produces high self-esteem, whereas rejection from peers and loneliness brings about self-doubts and produces low self-esteem.


title: Self-esteem

text: Adolescence shows an increase in self-esteem that continues to increase in young adulthood and middle age. A decrease is seen from middle age to old age with varying findings on whether it is a small or large decrease. Reasons for the variability could be because of differences in health, cognitive ability, and socioeconomic status in old age. No differences have been found between males and females in their development of self-esteem. Multiple cohort studies show that there is not a difference in the life-span trajectory of self-esteem between generations due to societal changes such as grade inflation in education or the presence of social media.


title: Self-esteem

text: High levels of mastery, low risk taking, and better health are ways to predict higher self-esteem. In terms of personality, emotionally stable, extroverted, and conscientious individuals experience higher self-esteem. These predictors have shown us that self-esteem has trait-like qualities by remaining stable over time like personality and intelligence. However, this does not mean it can not be changed. Hispanic adolescents have a slightly lower self-esteem than their black and white peers, but then slightly higher levels by age 30. African Americans have a sharper increase in self-esteem in adolescence and young adulthood compared to Whites. However, during old age, they experience a more rapid decline in self-esteem.


title: Self-esteem

text: Shame can be a contributor to those with problems of low self-esteem. Feelings of shame usually occur because of a situation where the social self is devalued, such as a socially evaluated poor performance. A poor performance leads to higher responses of psychological states that indicate a threat to the social self namely a decrease in social self-esteem and an increase in shame. This increase in shame can be helped with self-compassion.


title: Self-esteem

text: There are three levels of self-evaluation development in relation to the real self, ideal self, and the dreaded self. The real, ideal, and dreaded selves develop in children in a sequential pattern on cognitive levels.


title: Self-esteem

text: This development brings with it increasingly complicated and encompassing moral demands. This level is where individuals' self-esteems can suffer because they do not feel as though they are living up to certain expectations. This feeling will moderately affect one's self-esteem with an even larger effect seen when individuals believe they are becoming their dreaded selves.


title: Self-esteem

text: A person can have high self-esteem and hold it confidently where they do not need reassurance from others to maintain their positive self-view, whereas others with defensive high self-esteem may still report positive self-evaluations on the Rosenberg Scale, as all high self-esteem individuals do; however, their positive self-views are fragile and vulnerable to criticism. Defensive high self-esteem individuals internalize subconscious self-doubts and insecurities, causing them to react very negatively to any criticism they may receive. There is a need for constant positive feedback from others for these individuals to maintain their feelings of self-worth. The necessity of repeated praise can be associated with boastful, arrogant behavior or sometimes even aggressive and hostile feelings toward anyone who questions the individual's self-worth, an example of threatened egotism.


title: Self-esteem

text: The "Journal of Educational Psychology" conducted a study in which they used a sample of 383 Malaysian undergraduates participating in work integrated learning (WIL) programs across five public universities to test the relationship between self-esteem and other psychological attributes such as self-efficacy and self-confidence. The results demonstrated that self-esteem has a positive and significant relationship with self-confidence and self-efficacy since students with higher self-esteem had better performances at university than those with lower self-esteem. It was concluded that higher education institutions and employers should emphasize the importance of undergraduates' self-esteem development.


title: Self-esteem

text: Implicit self-esteem refers to a person's disposition to evaluate themselves positively or negatively in a spontaneous, automatic, or unconscious manner. It contrasts with explicit self-esteem, which entails more conscious and reflective self-evaluation. Both explicit self-esteem and implicit self-esteem are theoretically subtypes of self-esteem proper.


title: Self-esteem

text: However, the validity of implicit self-esteem as a construct is highly questionable, given not only its weak or nonexistent correlation with explicit self-esteem and informant ratings of self-esteem, but also the failure of multiple measures of implicit self-esteem to correlate with each other.


title: Self-esteem

text: As present, there is little scientific evidence that self-esteem can be reliably or validly measured through implicit means.


title: Self-esteem

text: Narcissism is a disposition people may have that represents an excessive love for one's self. It is characterized by an inflated view of self-worth. Individuals who score high on narcissism measures, Robert Raskin's Narcissistic Personality Inventory, would likely select true to such statements as "If I ruled the world, it would be a much better place." There is only a moderate correlation between narcissism and self-esteem; that is to say that an individual can have high self-esteem but low narcissism or can be a conceited, obnoxious person and score high self-esteem and high narcissism. However, when correlation analysis is restricted to the sense of superiority or self-admiration aspects of narcissism, correlations between narcissism and self-esteem become strong (usually at or around "r" = .50, but sometimes up to "β" = .86). Moreover, self-esteem is positively correlated with a sense of superiority even when controlling for overall narcissism.


title: Self-esteem

text: In addition to exaggerated regard for oneself, however, narcissism is additionally defined by such characteristics as entitlement, exploitativeness and dominance. Additionally, while positive self-image is a shared characteristic of narcissism and self-esteem, narcissistic self-appraisals are exaggerated and limited to agentic traits (intellect, talent, etc.), whereas in non-narcissistic self-esteem, positive views of the self compared with others are relatively modest and sample equally from the agentic and communal (morality, honesty, etc.) domains. Thus, while sharing positive self-regard as a main feature, and while narcissism is defined by high self-esteem, the two constructs are not interchangeable.


title: Self-esteem

text: Threatened egotism is characterized as a response to criticism that threatens the ego of narcissists; they often react in a hostile and aggressive manner.


title: Self-esteem

text: Low self-esteem can result from various factors, including genetic factors, physical appearance or weight, mental health issues, socioeconomic status, significant emotional experiences, social stigma, peer pressure or bullying.


title: Self-esteem

text: Individuals with low self-esteem tend to be critical of themselves. Some depend on the approval and praise of others when evaluating self-worth. Others may measure their likability in terms of successes: others will accept themselves if they succeed but will not if they fail. People with chronic low self esteem are at a higher risk for experiencing psychotic disorders; and this behavior is closely linked to forming psychotic symptoms as well.


title: Self-esteem

text: Metacognitive therapy, EMDR technique, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and trait and construct therapies have been shown to improve the patient's self-esteem.


title: Self-esteem

text: This classification proposed by Martin Ross distinguishes three states of self-esteem compared to the "feats" (triumphs, honors, virtues) and the "anti-feats" (defeats, embarrassment, shame, etc.) of the individuals.


title: Self-esteem

text: The individual does not regard themselves as valuable or lovable. They may be overwhelmed by defeat, or shame, or see themselves as such, and they name their "anti-feat". For example, if they consider that being over a certain age is an anti-feat, they define themselves with the name of their anti-feat, and say, "I am old". They express actions and feelings such as pity, insulting themselves, and they may become paralyzed by their sadness.


title: Self-esteem

text: The individual has a generally positive self-image. However, their self-esteem is also vulnerable to the perceived risk of an imminent anti-feat (such as defeat, embarrassment, shame, discredit), consequently, they are often nervous and regularly use defense mechanisms. A typical protection mechanism of those with vulnerable self-esteem may consist in avoiding decision-making. Although such individuals may outwardly exhibit great self-confidence, the underlying reality may be just the opposite: the apparent self-confidence is indicative of their heightened fear of anti-feats and the fragility of their self-esteem. They may also try to blame others to protect their self-image from situations that would threaten it. They may employ defense mechanisms, including attempting to lose at games and other competitions in order to protect their self-image by publicly dissociating themselves from a need to win, and asserting an independence from social acceptance which they may deeply desire. In this deep fear of being unaccepted by an individual's peers, they make poor life choices by making risky decisions.


title: Self-esteem

text: People with strong self-esteem have a positive self-image and enough strength so that anti-feats do not subdue their self-esteem. They have less fear of failure. These individuals appear humble, cheerful, and this shows a certain strength not to boast about feats and not to be afraid of anti-feats.


title: Self-esteem

text: They are capable of fighting with all their might to achieve their goals because, if things go wrong, their self-esteem will not be affected. They can acknowledge their own mistakes precisely because their self-image is strong, and this acknowledgment will not impair or affect their self-image. They live with less fear of losing social prestige, and with more happiness and general well-being.


title: Self-esteem

text: However, no type of self-esteem is indestructible, and due to certain situations or circumstances in life, one can fall from this level into any other state of self-esteem.


title: Self-esteem

text: A distinction is made between contingent (or conditional) and non-contingent (or unconditional) self-esteem.


title: Self-esteem

text: "Contingent self-esteem" is derived from external sources, such as what others say, one's success or failure, one's competence, or relationship-contingent self-esteem.


title: Self-esteem

text: Therefore, contingent self-esteem is marked by instability, unreliability, and vulnerability. Persons lacking a non-contingent self-esteem are "predisposed to an incessant pursuit of self-value". However, because the pursuit of contingent self-esteem is based on receiving approval, it is doomed to fail, as no one receives constant approval, and disapproval often evokes depression. Furthermore, fear of disapproval inhibits activities in which failure is possible.


title: Self-esteem

text: "Non-contingent self-esteem" is described as true, stable, and solid. It springs from a belief that one is "acceptable period, acceptable before life itself, ontologically acceptable". Belief that one is "ontologically acceptable" is to believe that one's acceptability is "the way things "are" without contingency". In this belief, as expounded by theologian Paul Tillich, acceptability is not based on a person's virtue. It is an acceptance given "in spite of our guilt, not because we have no guilt".


title: Self-esteem

text: Psychiatrist Thomas A Harris drew on Tillich for his classic "I'm OK – You're OK" that addresses non-contingent self-esteem. Harris translated Tillich's "acceptable" by the vernacular "OK", a term that means "acceptable". The Christian message, said Harris, is not "YOU CAN BE OK, IF"; it is "YOU ARE ACCEPTED, unconditionally".


title: Self-esteem

text: A secure non-contingent self-esteem springs from the belief that one is ontologically acceptable and accepted.


title: Self-esteem

text: Whereas global self-esteem addresses how individuals appraise themselves in their entirety, domain-specific self-esteem facets relate to how they appraise themselves in various pertinent domains of life. Such functionally distinct facets of self-esteem may comprise self-evaluations in social, emotional, body-related, school performance-related, and creative-artistic domains.


title: Self-esteem

text: They have been found to be predictive of outcomes related to psychological functioning, health, education, and work.


title: Self-esteem

text: Low self-esteem in the social domain (i.e., self-perceived social competence), for example, has been repeatedly identified as a risk factor for bullying victimization.


title: Self-esteem

text: Abraham Maslow states that psychological health is not possible unless the essential core of the person is fundamentally accepted, loved and respected by others and by oneself. Self-esteem allows people to face life with more confidence, benevolence, and optimism, and thus easily reach their goals and self-actualize.


title: Self-esteem

text: Self-esteem may make people convinced they deserve happiness. Understanding this is fundamental, and universally beneficial, since the development of positive self-esteem increases the capacity to treat other people with respect, benevolence and goodwill, thus favoring rich interpersonal relationships and avoiding destructive ones. For Erich Fromm, the love of others and love of ourselves are not alternatives. On the contrary, an attitude of love toward themselves will be found in all those who are capable of loving others. Self-esteem allows creativity at the workplace and is a specially critical condition for teaching professions.


title: Self-esteem

text: José-Vicente Bonet claims that the importance of self-esteem is obvious as a lack of self-esteem is, he says, not a loss of esteem from others, but self-rejection. Bonet claims that this corresponds to major depressive disorder. Freud also claimed that the depressive has suffered "an extraordinary diminution in his self-regard, an impoverishment of his ego on a grand scale... He has lost his self-respect".


title: Self-esteem

text: The Yogyakarta Principles, a document on international human rights law, addresses the discriminatory attitude toward LGBT people that makes their self-esteem low to be subject to human rights violation including human trafficking. The World Health Organization recommends in "Preventing Suicide", published in 2000, that strengthening students' self-esteem is important to protect children and adolescents against mental distress and despondency, enabling them to cope adequately with difficult and stressful life situations.


title: Self-esteem

text: Other than increased happiness, higher self-esteem is also known to correlate with a better ability to cope with stress and a higher likeliness of taking on difficult tasks relative to those with low self-esteem.


title: Self-esteem

text: From the late 1970s to the early 1990s many Americans assumed as a matter of course that students' self-esteem acted as a critical factor in the grades that they earned in school, in their relationships with their peers, and in their later success in life. Under this assumption, some American groups created programs which aimed to increase the self-esteem of students. Until the 1990s, little peer-reviewed and controlled research took place on this topic.


title: Self-esteem

text: Peer-reviewed research undertaken since then has not validated previous assumptions. Recent research indicates that inflating students' self-esteems in and of itself has no positive effect on grades. Roy Baumeister has shown that inflating self-esteem by itself can actually decrease grades. The relationship involving self-esteem and academic results does not signify that high self-esteem contributes to high academic results. It simply means that high self-esteem may be accomplished as a result of high academic performance due to the other variables of social interactions and life events affecting this performance.


title: Self-esteem

text: Attempts by pro-esteem advocates to encourage self-pride in students solely by reason of their uniqueness as human beings will fail if feelings of well-being are not accompanied by well-doing. It is only when students engage in personally meaningful endeavors for which they can be justifiably proud that self-confidence grows, and it is this growing self-assurance that in turn triggers further achievement.


title: Self-esteem

text: High self-esteem has a high correlation to self-reported happiness; whether this is a causal relationship has not been established. The relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction is stronger in individualistic cultures.


title: Self-esteem

text: Additionally, self-esteem has been found to be related to forgiveness in close relationships, in that people with high self-esteem will be more forgiving than people with low self-esteem.


title: Self-esteem

text: High self-esteem does not prevent children from smoking, drinking, taking drugs, or engaging in early sex.


title: Self-esteem

text: Self-esteem has been associated with several mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. For example, low self-esteem may increase the likelihood that people who experience dysfunctional thoughts will develop symptoms of depression. In contrast, high self-esteem may protect against the development of mental health conditions, with research finding that high self-esteem reduces the chances of bulimia and anxiety.


title: Self-esteem

text: In research conducted in 2014 by Robert S. Chavez and Todd F. Heatherton, it was found that self-esteem is related to the connectivity of the frontostriatal circuit. The frontostriatal pathway connects the medial prefrontal cortex, which deals with self-knowledge, to the ventral striatum, which deals with feelings of motivation and reward. Stronger anatomical pathways are correlated with higher long-term self-esteem, while stronger functional connectivity is correlated with higher short-term self-esteem.


title: Self-esteem

text: The American psychologist Albert Ellis criticized on numerous occasions the concept of self-esteem as essentially self-defeating and ultimately destructive. Although acknowledging the human propensity and tendency to ego rating as innate, he has critiqued the philosophy of self-esteem as unrealistic, illogical and self- and socially destructive – often doing more harm than good. Questioning the foundations and usefulness of generalized ego strength, he has claimed that self-esteem is based on arbitrary definitional premises, and overgeneralized, perfectionistic and grandiose thinking. Acknowledging that rating and valuing behaviors and characteristics is functional and even necessary, he sees rating and valuing human beings' totality and total selves as irrational and unethical. The healthier alternative to self-esteem according to him is unconditional self-acceptance and unconditional other-acceptance. "Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy" is a psychotherapy based on this approach.


title: Self-esteem

text: For persons with low self-esteem, any positive stimulus will temporarily raise self-esteem. Therefore, possessions, sex, success, or physical appearance will produce the development of self-esteem, but the development is ephemeral at best. Such attempts to raise one's self-esteem by positive stimulus produce a "boom or bust" pattern. "Compliments and positive feedback" produce a boost, but a bust follows a lack of such feedback. For a person whose "self-esteem is contingent", success is "not extra sweet", but "failure is extra bitter".


title: Self-esteem

text: Life satisfaction, happiness, healthy behavioral practices, perceived efficacy, and academic success and adjustment have been associated with having high levels of self-esteem (Harter, 1987; Huebner, 1991; Lipschitz-Elhawi & Itzhaky, 2005; Rumberger 1995; Swenson & Prelow, 2005; Yarcheski & Mahon, 1989). However, a common mistake is to think that loving oneself is necessarily equivalent to narcissism, as opposed for example to what Erik Erikson speaks of as "a post-narcissistic love of the ego". People with a healthy self-esteem accept and love themselves unconditionally, acknowledging both virtues and faults in the self, and yet, in spite of everything, are able to continue to love themselves. In narcissists, by contrast, an " uncertainty about their own worth gives rise to...a self-protective, but often totally spurious, aura of grandiosity" – producing the class "of narcissists, or people with very high, but insecure, self-esteem... fluctuating with each new episode of social praise or rejection."


title: Self-esteem

text: Narcissism can thus be seen as a symptom of fundamentally low self-esteem, that is, lack of love towards oneself, but often accompanied by "an immense increase in self-esteem" based on "the defense mechanism of denial by overcompensation."


title: Self-esteem

text: "Idealized love of self...rejected the part of him" that he denigrates – "this destructive little child" within. Instead, the narcissist emphasizes their virtues in the presence of others, just to try to convince themself that they are a valuable person and to try to stop feeling ashamed for their faults; such "people with unrealistically inflated self-views, which may be especially unstable and highly vulnerable to negative information...tend to have poor social skills."


title: Shweta Tiwari

text: Shweta Tiwari (born 4 October 1980) is an Indian actress who primarily works in Hindi television. She is best known for playing Prerna Sharma in Ekta Kapoor's soap opera "Kasautii Zindagii Kay". In 2010, she participated in "Bigg Boss" and emerged as the winner, thus becoming the first female winner of the series. Other reality shows to her credit include "Nach Baliye", "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa" and "".


title: Shweta Tiwari

text: Tiwari has also worked in television shows like "Parvarrish" as Sweety, "Begusarai" as Bindiya and "Mere Dad Ki Dulhan" as Guneet Sikka. Currently, she is seen playing the titular lead Aparajita in Zee TV's "Main Hoon Aparajita".


title: Shweta Tiwari

text: Tiwari married actor Raja Chaudhary in 1998 and they have a daughter (Palak Tiwari), born on 8 October 2000. She filed for a divorce in 2007 after nine years of marriage. Tiwari reported she suffered a troubled relationship characterized by Raja's alcoholism and domestic violence. She complained that he used to beat her up daily. He used to turn up on the sets of her shows and misbehave with her.


title: Shweta Tiwari

text: Tiwari and actor Abhinav Kohli married on 13 July 2013 after dating for three years. On 27 November 2016, Tiwari gave birth to their son Reyansh Kohli. Reports of problems in their marriage first emerged in 2017. In August 2019, she filed a complaint of domestic violence against Kohli alleging harassment by him towards her and her daughter. Kohli was taken into police custody. Tiwari and Kohli separated in 2019.


title: Max Mosley

text: Max Rufus Mosley (13 April 1940 – 23 May 2021) was a British racing driver, lawyer, and president of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), a non-profit association which represents the interests of motoring organisations and car users worldwide and is the governing body for international motorsports including Formula One.


title: Max Mosley

text: A barrister and amateur racing driver, Mosley was a founder and co-owner of March Engineering, a racing car constructor and Formula One racing team. He dealt with legal and commercial matters for the company between 1969 and 1977 and became its representative at the Formula One Constructors' Association (FOCA), the body that represents Formula One constructors. Together with Bernie Ecclestone he represented FOCA at the FIA and in its dealings with race organisers. In 1978, Mosley became the official legal adviser to FOCA. In this role he and Marco Piccinini negotiated the first version of the Concorde Agreement, which settled a long-standing dispute between FOCA and the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA), a commission of the FIA and the then governing body of Formula One. Mosley was elected president of FISA in 1991 and became president of the FIA, FISA's parent body, in 1993.


title: Max Mosley

text: Mosley identified his major achievement as FIA President as the promotion of the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP or Encap). He also promoted increased safety and the use of green technologies in motor racing. In 2008, stories about his sex life appeared in the British press, along with unfounded allegations regarding Nazi connotations. Mosley successfully sued the newspaper that published the allegations and maintained his position as FIA president. He stood down at the end of his term in 2009 and was replaced by his preferred successor, Jean Todt.


title: Max Mosley

text: Mosley was the youngest son of Sir Oswald Mosley, former leader of the British Union of Fascists, and Diana Mitford. He was educated in France, Germany, and Britain before going on to attend university at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated with a degree in physics. He then changed to law and was called to the bar in 1964. In his teens and early twenties, Mosley was involved with his father's post-war political party, the Union Movement (UM). He commented that the association of his surname with fascism stopped him from developing his interest in politics further, although he briefly worked for the Conservative Party in the early 1980s.


title: Max Mosley

text: Mosley was the subject of Michael Shevloff's 2020 biographical documentary "Mosley". He died at the age of 81 on 23 May 2021. An inquest confirmed his death as suicide following a diagnosis of terminal cancer.


title: Max Mosley

text: Max Mosley was born on 13 April 1940 in London, in the early years of the Second World War. His father was Sir Oswald Mosley and his mother was Diana, Lady Mosley, one of the Mitford sisters. In addition to his older full-brother Alexander, Mosley had five older half-siblings. On his father's side, they included the novelist Nicholas Mosley, 3rd Baron Ravensdale (1923–2017). On his mother's side they were the merchant banker Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne (born 1930), and the Irish preservationist Desmond Guinness (1931 - 2020). He was a nephew of Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire and first cousin of Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire. He was also third cousin of Winston Churchill MP, the grandson of the British prime minister and fifth cousin of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.


title: Max Mosley

text: His father had been a Labour minister, and Member of Parliament for both the Conservative and Labour parties in the 1920s before leaving mainstream politics and becoming leader of the British Union of Fascists (BUF) in the 1930s. The month after Max's birth, Sir Oswald, who had campaigned for a negotiated peace between the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany, was interned by the British authorities under Defence Regulation 18B, along with other active fascists in Britain. Max's mother was imprisoned a month later. Max and his brother Alexander were not included in their parents' internment and, as a result, were separated from them for the first few years of their lives. In December 1940, Prime Minister Winston Churchill asked the Home Secretary Herbert Morrison to ensure Lady Mosley was able to see Max regularly.


title: Max Mosley

text: Sir Oswald and Lady Mosley were released from detention at HMP Holloway on 16 November 1943, provoking widespread public protests. Their children were refused entry to several schools, due to a combination of their wildness and their parents' reputation, and were initially tutored at home instead. The family moved to a succession of country houses in England. Mosley's older half-brother Nicholas described the family, including Sir Oswald's children from his first marriage, spending the summer of 1945 getting the harvest in and shooting at Crowood Farm, near Ramsbury, Wiltshire. In 1950, the Mosleys bought houses in Ireland, and in Orsay, near Paris. They spent the year moving around Europe, spending the spring in France and the autumn and winter in Ireland, where Mosley was keen on riding and hunting. His aunt Nancy Mitford, in letters to Evelyn Waugh, recalled Sir Oswald and his family cruising the Mediterranean Sea on the family yacht. On one such trip they visited Spain and were entertained by Sir Oswald's friend General Franco.


title: Max Mosley

text: At the age of 13, Mosley was sent to Stein an der Traun in Germany for two years, where he learned to speak fluent German. On his return to England, he spent a year at Millfield, an independent boarding school in Somerset, after which he continued his education in London for two years. He attended Christ Church at Oxford University, graduating with a degree in physics in 1961. During his time there, he was secretary of the Oxford Union where his father spoke on two occasions, once with Jeremy Thorpe on the other side. In 1960, Mosley introduced his father to Robert Skidelsky, one of Mosley's contemporaries at the university, later a biographer of his father. Rejecting an early ambition to work as a physicist after "establishing that there was no money in it", Mosley studied law at Gray's Inn in London and qualified as a barrister in 1964. After a pupillage with Maurice Drake, he specialised in patent and trademark law. From 1961 to 1964, Mosley was a member of the Territorial Army, Parachute Regiment (44th Independent Parachute Brigade Group).


title: Max Mosley

text: Mosley, like many of Formula One's drivers, lived in Monaco. On 9 June 1960, he was married at the Chelsea Register Office to Jean Taylor, the daughter of James Taylor, a policeman from Streatham. In 1970, their first son, Alexander, was born, and in 1972 their second son, Patrick. On 5 May 2009, Alexander, a restaurateur, was found dead at his home. He was thirty-nine. At an inquest on 10 June 2009, the Westminster coroner declared that he had died due to non-dependent drug abuse.


title: Max Mosley

text: From their teens to early twenties, Mosley and his brother were involved with their father's post-war party, the far-right Union Movement (UM), which advocated for European nationalism as its core issue. Trevor Grundy, a central figure in the UM's Youth Movement, writes of the 16-year-old Mosley painting the flash and circle symbol on walls in London on the night of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary (4 November 1956). The flash and circle was used by both the UM and the pre-war BUF. He also says Mosley organised a couple of large parties as a way "to get in with lively, ordinary, normal young people, girls as well as boys, and attract them to the Movement by showing that we were like them and didn't go on about Hitler and Mussolini, Franco and British Fascism all the time". Mosley met his future wife Jean at such a party. Mosley and Alexander were photographed posing as Teddy Boys in Notting Hill during the 1958 race riots between Afro-Caribbeans and local white gangs. The following year, they canvassed for their father when he ran as a Union Movement candidate for the nearby Kensington North seat in the 1959 general election.


title: Max Mosley

text: Mosley rarely discussed his early political involvement with his father. When his father Oswald died, the London "Daily Mail" described him as a "much maligned and much misunderstood political giant of his era". Certainly, his father's political presence affected his early years, but Mosley reflected on this time, "I was born into this rather strange family and then at a certain point you get away from that." While he distanced himself from this period of his life, the "misunderstanding has remained and today...he carries that weight on his shoulders."


title: Max Mosley

text: In a 1961 by-election, Mosley was an election agent for the Union Movement, supporting Walter Hesketh, the UM's parliamentary candidate for Manchester Moss Side. The motor racing journalist Alan Henry described him as one of his father's "right-hand men" at the time of a violent incident in 1962, in which Sir Oswald was knocked down by a mob in London and saved from serious injury by his son's intervention. As a result of his involvement in this fracas, Mosley was arrested and charged with threatening behaviour. He was later cleared at Old Street Magistrates' Court on the grounds that he was trying to protect his father. By 1964, when he began work as a barrister, Mosley was no longer involved in politics.


title: Max Mosley

text: In the early 1980s, Mosley attempted a political career, working for the UK Conservative Party and hoping to become a parliamentary candidate. Bernie Ecclestone's biographer, Terry Lovell, wrote that he gave up this aspiration after being unimpressed by "the calibre of senior party officials". He also felt his name would be a handicap and later said "If I had a completely open choice in my life, I would have chosen party politics, but because of my name, that's impossible". By the late 1990s, he had become a donor to the Labour Party, and a supporter of the government of Tony Blair. The Labour Party later decided not to accept further donations from Mosley.


title: Max Mosley

text: While Mosley was at university, his wife was given tickets to a motor race at the Silverstone Circuit. The circuit is not far from Oxford, and the couple went out of curiosity. Mosley was attracted by the sport, and once qualified as a barrister, began teaching law in the evenings to earn enough money to start racing cars himself. The sport's indifference to his background appealed to Mosley:


title: Max Mosley

text: At national level in the UK, Mosley competed in over 40 races in 1966 and 1967; he won 12 and set several class lap records. In 1968, he formed the London Racing Team in partnership with driver Chris Lambert to compete in European Formula Two, which at that time was the level of racing just below Formula One. Their cars were prepared by Frank Williams, later a Formula One team owner. It was a dangerous time to race: Mosley's first Formula Two race was the 1968 Deutschland Trophäe at Hockenheim in which double world champion Jim Clark was killed, and within two years both of Mosley's 1968 teammates, Piers Courage and Chris Lambert, were dead in racing accidents. Mosley's best result that year was an eighth place at a non-championship race at Monza. Engine builder Brian Hart says that as a driver, Mosley "might not have been particularly quick, but he was a thinking driver. He kept out of trouble and generally used his head."


title: Max Mosley

text: In 1969, after two large accidents due to breakages on his Lotus car, Mosley decided that "it was evident that I wasn't going to be World Champion" and retired from driving. He was already working with Robin Herd, Alan Rees, and Graham Coaker to establish the racing car manufacturer March Engineering where he handled legal and commercial matters. The name March is an acronym based on the initials of the founders; the 'M' stands for Mosley. Like the other founders, Mosley put in £2,500 of capital. His father told him that the company "would certainly go bankrupt, but it would be good training for something serious later on."


title: Max Mosley

text: Mosley played a key role in publicising the new outfit. Although March had few resources and limited experience, the firm announced ambitious plans to enter Formula One, the pinnacle of single-seater racing, in 1970. The team had initially intended to enter a single car, but by the beginning of the season (partly due to deals made by Mosley), the number of March cars entered for their first Formula One race had risen to five. Two of these were run by March's own in-house works team and the rest by customer teams. Mosley also negotiated sponsorship from tyre maker Firestone and oil additive manufacturer STP.


title: Max Mosley

text: The new operation was initially successful. In Formula One, March cars won three of their first four races. One of these was a world championship race, the 1970 Spanish Grand Prix, won by reigning world champion Jackie Stewart in a customer car run by Tyrrell Racing. As a result, March finished third in the 1970 Constructors' Championship. The factory also sold 40 cars to customers in various lower formulae. Despite these successes, the organisation got into financial difficulty almost immediately. The Formula One operation was costing more than the customer car business was making. The March works team's contract with its lead driver, Chris Amon, was expensive, and Mosley, in his own words, "tried at every opportunity to get rid of him". He reasoned that Stewart's highly competitive customer car was enough to show March in a good light. Amon stayed to the end of the year, but Mosley succeeded in "restructuring" his contract, saving the company some much-needed money. At the end of the season, Mosley successfully demanded full control of the finances, including the factory run by Coaker, who left shortly afterwards. Mosley and Herd borrowed £20,000 from relatives and friends to support the company into its second year. According to Lovell, the money came from Mosley's half-brother, Jonathan Guinness.


title: Max Mosley

text: Tyrrell started making its own cars towards the end of 1970, and March's 1971 program in Formula One was much reduced, with no recognised front-running driver. The Firestone and STP sponsorship was insufficient and Mosley failed to attract a large backer for 1971. Motorsport author Mike Lawrence has suggested that the shortfall forced him into short-term deals, which maintained cashflow, but were not in the best long-term interests of the company. Mosley negotiated a deal for the team to use Alfa Romeo engines in a third car, bringing much needed funding. The engines proved uncompetitive, and his hopes of an ongoing partnership with the Italian automobile manufacturer were not met. Nonetheless, March again finished third in the constructors championship, and works driver Ronnie Peterson, in a Cosworth DFV-powered car, was second in the Drivers' Championship. March's financial woes continued: the company had lost £71,000 at the end of 1971. Mosley and Rees disagreed over how to rectify the situation and Rees left March early in 1972.


title: Max Mosley

text: March was more successful in selling large numbers of customer cars in the lower formulae. Mosley organised extensive test sessions for the 1971 cars for journalists and drivers, and arranged a successful scheme for drivers to rent cars and engines for the season, rather than buying them outright. Losing money on a deal to supply Jochen Neerpasch, then motorsport manager at Ford, with a Formula Two car paid off when Neerpasch moved to BMW and offered March an exclusive deal to use BMW's Formula Two engine for the 1973 season. March cars powered by BMW engines won five of the next 11 European Formula Two championships.


title: Max Mosley

text: Although March considered quitting Formula One on several occasions, money was always found to support at least one car. Motorsport historian Mike Lawrence credits Mosley with pressing for a six-wheeled March to be built as a draw for sponsors, having seen the popularity with fans of Tyrrell's six-wheeled P34. The resulting March 2-4-0 never competed in Formula One, but generated the required publicity and a Scalextric slotcar model was profitable. Mosley spent much of his time negotiating deals for drivers with sponsorship and was also successful in selling Marches to other Formula One teams, such as Williams and Penske. The cars were rarely frontrunners, although the works team won a single race in both 1975 and 1976. By the end of 1977, Mosley was fed up with the struggle to compete in Formula One with no resources and left to work for FOCA full-time, selling his shares in the company to Herd but remaining as a director. March's involvement in Formula One ended the same year.


title: Max Mosley

text: From 1969, Mosley was invited to represent March at the Grand Prix Constructors' Association (GPCA), which negotiated joint deals on behalf of its member teams. Although the new March organisation was not popular with the established teams, Mosley has said that "when they went along to meetings to discuss things such as prize money, they felt they ought to take me along because I was a lawyer". He was unimpressed with the standard of negotiations: "our side all went in a group because no-one trusted anyone else and all were afraid that someone would break ranks and make a private deal." In 1971, British businessman Bernie Ecclestone bought the Brabham team, and Mosley recalled that:


title: Max Mosley

text: The Formula One Constructors' Association (FOCA) was created in 1974 by Ecclestone, Colin Chapman, Teddy Mayer, Mosley, Ken Tyrrell, and Frank Williams. FOCA would represent the commercial interests of the teams at meetings with the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI) a commission of the FIA and motorsport's world governing body. The CSI later became the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA), motorsport's world governing body. After leaving March at the end of , Mosley officially became legal advisor to FOCA, which was led by Ecclestone. In his biography of Ecclestone, Terry Lovell suggests that he appointed Mosley to this role not only because of his legal ability, but also because he "saw in Mosley the necessary diplomatic and political skills that made him perfectly suited to the establishment of the FIA". The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), founded in 1904 was FISA's parent body, representing road car users worldwide. In the same year, Mosley was nominated for a role at the FIA's Bureau Permanent International de Constructeurs d'Automobile (BPICA). His nomination was blocked by French, Italian, and German manufacturers.


title: Max Mosley

text: In the early 1980s, Mosley represented FOCA in the "FISA–FOCA war", a conflict between FOCA, representing the mainly UK-based independent teams, and FISA, which was supported by the "grandee" constructors owned by road car manufacturers (primarily Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, and Renault). In 1980, FOCA announced its own World Federation of Motor Sport and ran the non-championship 1981 South African Grand Prix. The staging of this event, with worldwide television coverage, helped persuade Jean-Marie Balestre, the FISA president, that FISA would have to negotiate a settlement with FOCA. As Mosley later commented ... "We were absolutely skint. If Balestre could have held the manufacturer's support for a little bit longer, the constructors would have been on their knees. The outcome would then have been very different." Mosley helped draw up the Concorde Agreement, a document which resolved the dispute by essentially giving FISA control of the rules and FOCA control of commercial and television rights. The most recent version of the Concorde Agreement expired on 31 December 2007, and a new one was being discussed, as of 2008. In 1982, the year after the first Concorde Agreement was signed, Mosley left his role at FOCA, and Formula One, to work for the Conservative Party.


title: Max Mosley

text: Mosley returned to motorsport in 1986, with the support of Ecclestone and Balestre, to become president of the FISA Manufacturers' Commission, the successor body to the BPICA with a seat on the FISA World Council. That same year, he established Simtek Research, a racing technical consultancy firm, with Nick Wirth, a former March employee. He sold his share of Simtek in 1991, when elected president of the FISA. According to Lovell, in 1987 Mosley suggested to Balestre that he could deal with his problems with Ecclestone by "mak[ing] him a member of the establishment". Later that year Ecclestone was appointed a vice-president of the FIA with responsibility for promotional affairs, with authority over Formula One and the other motor sports authorised by the FIA.


title: Max Mosley

text: In 1991, Mosley challenged Balestre for the presidency of FISA. Mosley said that his decision to challenge the Frenchman was prompted by Balestre's reported intervention on behalf of his countryman Alain Prost to ensure that race stewards disqualified Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna from the 1989 Japanese Grand Prix. Mosley campaigned on the basis that Balestre, who was also president of the FIA and of the Fédération Française du Sport Automobile, could not effectively manage all these roles together. He also said that no-one challenged Balestre because they were afraid of the consequences and suggested that the FISA President should not interfere with F1, which could be left to run itself. Mosley won the FISA presidency by 43 votes to 29; Balestre remained as FIA president. Mosley resigned a year later, fulfilling a promise made during his election campaign to seek a re-affirmation of his mandate. "I wanted to show people that I do what I say", he said. "Now they can judge me in a year's time." FISA immediately re-elected him.


title: Max Mosley

text: In 1993, Mosley agreed with Balestre that the Frenchman would stand down as president of the FIA in Mosley's favour, in return for the new role of President of the FIA Senate, to be created after Mosley's election. As well as motorsport, the FIA's remit includes the interests of motorists worldwide, an area in which Mosley wanted to involve himself. He had said, "That is what really interested me: [in F1] you maybe save one life every five years, whereas [in] road safety you are talking about thousands of lives". A challenge to Mosley's election by Jeffrey Rose, chairman of the British Royal Automobile Club, which arose was withdrawn when it became clear that the majority of voters were already committed to Mosley. The FISA was then merged into the FIA as its sporting arm.


title: Max Mosley

text: After the deaths of the drivers Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, worldwide media attention focused on the charismatic triple world champion Senna, rather than Ratzenberger, a virtual unknown driving for the minor Simtek team. Mosley did not go to Senna's funeral but attended that of Ratzenberger. In a press conference ten years later Mosley said, "I went to his funeral because everyone went to Senna's. I thought it was important that somebody went to his". In the aftermath of the deaths, and a number of other serious accidents, Mosley announced the formation of the Advisory Expert Group chaired by Professor Sid Watkins, to research and improve safety in motor racing. Watkins, who learned of his new role by hearing Mosley announce it on the radio, has called it a "novel and revolutionary approach". The resulting changes included reducing the capacity and power of engines, the use of grooved tyres to reduce cornering speeds, the introduction of the HANS device to protect drivers' necks in accidents, circuit re-design, and greatly increased requirements for crash testing of chassis.


title: Max Mosley

text: In 1995, a deal was signed between Ecclestone and the FIA that passed all of the commercial rights to Formula One to him for fifteen years, on the condition that they would return to the FIA at the end of that period. Ecclestone had been building up Formula One as a television package since the early 1990s, investing heavily in new digital television technology. For the duration of the deal, the FIA would receive an index-linked annual fixed royalty, estimated by Lovell at around 15%. Mosley said "My belief is that I got a better deal than anyone else could have because it was more difficult for Ecclestone to take a hard line with me as we had worked together for so long." The following year, the FIA also passed the rights to all its other directly sanctioned championships and events to Ecclestone, also for 15 years. An attempt to add a 10-year extension to the F1 contract in return for a share in Ecclestone's proposed flotation of Formula One was later vetoed by the European Commission. Mosley's agreement with Ecclestone on television rights for F1 angered three of the team principals in particular: Ron Dennis (McLaren), Frank Williams (Williams), and Ken Tyrrell (Tyrrell), who felt that neither Ecclestone nor the FIA had the right to make such an agreement without the teams. They refused to sign the 1997 Concorde Agreement without increased financial returns and threatened to make a complaint under European Union competition rules. The European Commission was already investigating the FIA's agreement with Ecclestone in what Lovell calls a "highly personal and bitter battle between Max Mosley and [EU commissioner Karel] van Miert".


title: Max Mosley

text: Later that year, the EU Commission Directorate-General for Competition made a preliminary decision against Ecclestone and the FIA. The resulting warning letters from van Miert to the FIA and Ecclestone were leaked and ended the attempt to float F1; the FIA won a case against the commission for the leak in 1998.


title: Max Mosley

text: At the same time, a local court in Germany ruled that the television rights to the FIA European Truck Racing Cup (passed to Ecclestone by the FIA the previous year, along with all other FIA authorised championships) should be returned to the series organiser, following a complaint from German television company AE TV-Cooperations. The TV Company argued that Ecclestone and Mosley were in breach of commercial clauses in the Treaty of Rome; following the court's decision Mosley appealed the judgement and cancelled the series until further notice. On appeal, the court ruled that the series organiser should be able to sell the television rights to whoever they felt was the best option for coverage and the FIA reinstated the European Truck Racing Cup.


title: Max Mosley

text: Between 1997 and 2000, Mosley repeatedly warned that if any EU decision went against the FIA, the marketing organisations and F1 itself would be moved out of Europe. In 1999, the EU Commission Directorate-General for Competition issued a Statement of Objections, listing a number of grievances surrounding the FIA's dealings with Ecclestone and Formula One. The FIA released the Statement to the media and held a press conference in Brussels ridiculing the commission's case. The Commission argued that a number of commercial agreements could be viewed as anti-competitive and invited the FIA and Ecclestone's companies, ISC and FOA, to submit proposals to modify these arrangements. In 2001, nine months after settlement talks had begun, the parties reached an agreement to amend existing contracts, which included Ecclestone stepping down as the FIA's vice-president of promotional affairs and the FIA ending all involvement in the commercial activities of Formula One.