title: Aron Ralston

text: Assuming that he would die without intervention, he spent five days slowly sipping his small amount of remaining water, approximately 350 ml (12 imp fl oz), and slowly eating his small amount of food, two burritos, while repeatedly trying to extricate his arm. His efforts were futile as he was unable to free his arm from the 800 lb (360 kg) chockstone. After three days of trying to lift and break the boulder, the dehydrated and delirious Ralston prepared to amputate his trapped arm at a point on the mid-forearm in order to escape. After having experimented with tourniquets and having made exploratory superficial cuts to his forearm, he realized, on the fourth day, that in order to free his arm he would have to cut through the bones in it, but the tools available were insufficient to do so.


title: Aron Ralston

text: After running out of food and water on the fifth day, Ralston decided to drink his own urine. He carved his name, date of birth and presumed date of death into the sandstone canyon wall, and videotaped his last goodbyes to his family. He did not expect to survive the night, but as he attempted to stay warm he began hallucinating and had a vision of himself playing with a future child while missing part of his right arm. Ralston credited this as giving him the belief that he would live.


title: Aron Ralston

text: After waking at dawn the following day he discovered that his arm had begun to decompose due to the lack of circulation, and became desperate to tear it off. Ralston then had an epiphany that he could break his radius and ulna bones using torque against his trapped arm. He did so, then amputated his forearm with his multi-tool, using the dull knife and pliers for the tougher tendons. The painful process took an hour, during which time he used tubing from a CamelBak as a tourniquet, taking care to leave major arteries until last. The manufacturer of the multi-tool was never named, but Ralston said "it was not a Leatherman but what you'd get if you bought a $15 flashlight and got a free multi-use tool."


title: Aron Ralston

text: After freeing himself, Ralston climbed out of the slot canyon in which he had been trapped, rappelled down a sheer wall, then hiked out of the canyon, all one-handed. He was from his vehicle, and had no phone. However, after of hiking, he encountered a family on vacation from the Netherlands; Eric and Monique Meijer and their son Andy, who gave him food and water and hurried to alert the authorities. Ralston had feared he would bleed to death; he had lost , including 25% of his blood volume. Rescuers searching for Ralston, alerted by his family that he was missing, had narrowed the search down to Canyonlands and he was picked up by a helicopter in a wide area of the canyon. He was rescued approximately four hours after amputating his arm.


title: Aron Ralston

text: Ralston later said that if he had amputated his arm earlier, he would have bled to death before being found, while if he had not done it he would have been found dead in the slot canyon days later.


title: Aron Ralston

text: His severed hand and forearm were retrieved from under the boulder by park authorities. According to television presenter Tom Brokaw, it took 13 men, a winch and a hydraulic jack to move the boulder so that Ralston's arm could be removed. His arm was then cremated and the ashes given to Ralston. He returned to the accident scene with Tom Brokaw and a camera crew six months later, on his 28th birthday, to film a "Dateline NBC" special about the accident in which he scattered the ashes of his arm there, where, he said, they belong.


title: Aron Ralston

text: After the accident occurred, Ralston made numerous appearances in the media. On July 21, 2003, Ralston appeared on the "Late Show with David Letterman", and his story was featured by "GQ" "Men of the Year" and "Vanity Fair" "People of 2003".


title: Aron Ralston

text: Ralston documented his experience in an autobiographical book titled "Between a Rock and a Hard Place", published by Atria Books in September 2004. It reached No. 3 on "The New York Times" Hardcover Non-Fiction list. It hit No. 1 in New Zealand and Australia, and is the No. 7 best-selling memoir of all-time in the United Kingdom. Later that month, Ralston's story was featured on a two-hour edition of "Dateline NBC" called "Desperate Days in Blue John Canyon".


title: Aron Ralston

text: Ralston has appeared twice on "The Today Show", "Good Morning America", and "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno". He has also appeared on "The Howard Stern Show", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "CNN's American Morning with Bill Hemmer", "Minute to Win It", "Anderson Cooper 360°", "CNN Saturday Morning", "Enough Rope", and "CNBC with Deborah Norville". On September 28, 2004, he appeared on the radio program "The Bob Rivers Show" and described his ordeal as "six days of terror and horror."


title: Aron Ralston

text: After his recovery he continued to climb mountains, including Aconcagua in 2005, and in 2008, Ojos del Salado in Chile and Monte Pissis in Argentina. In 2005, Ralston became the first person to climb all of the 59 ranked and/or named of Colorado's 'fourteeners' solo in winter, a project he started in 1997 and resumed after the amputation in Bluejohn Canyon.


title: Aron Ralston

text: He later noted that surviving being trapped in the canyon had given him a sense of invincibility, at a time that it should have humbled him. He lost friends to suicide, and became depressed after his girlfriend broke up with him in 2006. He has since tried to shift his focus away from adventure-seeking for esteem purposes.


title: Aron Ralston

text: In 2008, Ralston signed on to advise polar explorer Eric Larsen on his 2009–2010 "Save the Poles" expedition, of traveling to the north and south poles, and climbing Mount Everest (sometimes referred to as the third pole) within the same year.


title: Aron Ralston

text: In August 2009, Ralston married Jessica Trusty. Their first child was born in February 2010. They divorced in early 2012.


title: Aron Ralston

text: In 2011, Ralston was a contestant on the U.S. television show "Minute To Win It", where he won $125,000 for Wilderness Workshop, made a cameo on "The Simpsons" in "Treehouse of Horror XXII", took part in the reality show "Alone in the Wild", where he had to 'survive' in the wild with a video camera and a bag of supplies, and delivered the commencement speech on May 15, 2011, at Carnegie Mellon University for the graduating classes of 2011 and 2013.


title: Aron Ralston

text: He has also appeared on the Comedy Central show "Tosh.0" in a sketch with host Daniel Tosh and another climber in 2012.


title: Aron Ralston

text: In December 2013, Ralston and his girlfriend, Vita Shannon, who have a daughter together, were both arrested after an altercation at their home. The circumstances of the altercation are unclear. Charges against Ralston were dropped shortly after, and charges against Shannon were dropped after Ralston did not show up to a court hearing.


title: Aron Ralston

text: As a corporate speaker, Ralston receives an honorarium of about $25,000 per domestic speaking appearance, and up to $37,000 for international speeches. On May 4, 2007, Ralston appeared at the Swiss Economic Forum and gave a speech about "how he did not lose his hand, but gained his life back."


title: Aron Ralston

text: British film director Danny Boyle directed the film "127 Hours" about Ralston's accident. Filming took place in March and April 2010, with a release in New York City and Los Angeles on November 5, 2010. Fox Searchlight Pictures funded the film. Actor James Franco played the role of Ralston. The movie received standing ovations at both the Telluride Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival. Some of the audience members in Toronto fainted during the final amputation scene.


title: Aron Ralston

text: The film received widespread acclaim by critics and review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 93% of 226 professional critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 8.3/10.


title: Aron Ralston

text: At the 83rd Academy Awards in 2011 the film was nominated for six Oscars, including Best Picture (won by "The King's Speech") and Best Actor for Franco (won by Colin Firth for his role in "The King's Speech"). "127 Hours" was also nominated in the categories for Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Original Score, Best Original Song, and Best Editing.


title: Aron Ralston

text: Of the authenticity of "127 Hours," Ralston has said that the film is "so factually accurate it is as close to a documentary as you can get and still be a drama," and he jokingly added that he thought it is "the best film ever made."


title: Kris Wu

text: On 31 July 2021, Wu was detained by Beijing police after multiple rape allegations emerged on Chinese social media. In August 2021, the People's Procuratorate of Chaoyang District of Beijing approved his arrest on suspicion of rape. On 25 November 2022, the Beijing court sentenced Wu to a total of 13 years in prison, to be followed by deportation from China.


title: Kris Wu

text: Li Jiaheng () was born on 6 November 1990, in Guangzhou, Guangdong, to Stacey Yu Wu (born Wu Xiuqin; ) and Li Kaiming (). His parents divorced when he was a toddler and he was raised solely by his mother.


title: Kris Wu

text: At the age of 10, he moved to Vancouver, Canada, with his mother. He returned to China at the age of 14 and attended for a brief period, after which he and his mother went back to Vancouver, where he attended Point Grey Secondary School and Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School under the name Kevin Li. At the age of 17, his legal name was changed to Wu Yi Fan ().


title: Kris Wu

text: At the age of 18, Wu auditioned for SM Entertainment's Canadian global auditions, which were held in Vancouver; after passing the auditions, he became a trainee for the company and was offered a role in Exo in 2012.


title: Kris Wu

text: On 17 February 2012, Wu was introduced as the eleventh member of Exo. In April 2012, Exo made their debut and quickly became one of the most popular K-pop groups in South Korea and internationally, achieving commercial success with their studio album "XOXO" and their hit song "Growl" in 2013. The album became the first album by a Korea-based artist in twelve years to sell over one million copies, and is the 12th best selling album of all time in Korea. Before leaving the group, Wu was featured on Exo's "Overdose" album, which was released in May 2014 and became the best selling album of 2014 in South Korea.


title: Kris Wu

text: Wu released "Time Boils the Rain" as part of the soundtrack for the Chinese box office hit "Tiny Times 3" in July 2014. In the following year, he became the youngest celebrity to have a wax figure at Madame Tussauds Shanghai and was named "Newcomer of the Year" by Esquire China.


title: Kris Wu

text: Wu made his film debut in "Somewhere Only We Know", directed by Xu Jinglei. The film was released on 14 February 2015, and debuted at No.1 on the Chinese box office, grossing US$37.81 million in six days following its release. He won the "Best Newcomer Award" at the 3rd China International Film Festival London for his performance.


title: Kris Wu

text: He then starred in his second film "Mr. Six", which closed at the Venice Film Festival. The film was a box office hit, grossing over US$137 million and becoming one of the highest-grossing films in China. The same year, Wu starred alongside Liu Yifei in "So Young 2: Never Gone" and romance melodrama "Sweet Sixteen". He won the "Newcomer with the Most Media Attention" award at the Shanghai International Film Festival and "Best Actor" at the Gold Crane Award for his performance. Wu also starred in the blockbuster fantasy film "", directed and written by Guo Jingming.


title: Kris Wu

text: Wu made his runway debut at "Burberry's" Fall 2016 Men's Show in London. He also took part in the 2016 NBA All-Star Game as a member of Team Canada, coached by Drake.


title: Kris Wu

text: In January 2017, Wu made his U.S. film debut in D. J. Caruso's "". He released the single "Juice", featuring Vin Diesel in the music video, as part of the soundtrack on 19 January . Wu then starred in Stephen Chow's film, "", playing Tang Sanzang.


title: Kris Wu

text: In February 2017, Wu represented China at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony in Los Angeles. The same month, Wu accepted his second invitation to play in the 2017 NBA All-Star Game in New Orleans. "Forbes" listed Wu their 30 Under 30 Asia 2017 list which comprises 30 influential people under 30 years old who have made substantial effect in their fields.


title: Kris Wu

text: In July 2017, Wu co-starred in Luc Besson's science fiction film "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets".


title: Kris Wu

text: In October 2017, Wu released "Deserve", featuring American rapper Travis Scott. Upon its release, "Deserve" placed No. 1 on the U.S. iTunes chart, making Wu the only Chinese artist to achieve the feat. At the end of 2017, Wu released a single, "B.M.". Kris released another single, "Miss You" featuring Zhao Liying on Christmas Day 2017. The music video was released on 28 December.


title: Kris Wu

text: As of April 2018, future music from Wu will be released internationally, excluding Japan and Korea, through a partnership of Universal Music China, Interscope in the United States and Island Records in the United Kingdom Wu's debut album "Antares" featuring the 2018 singles "Like That" and "Freedom" (featuring Jhené Aiko) was released on 2 November 2018.


title: Kris Wu

text: On 19 April 2019, Wu released a single, "Big Bowl, Thick Noodle", the music video for which was viewed over 90 million times on streaming site Miaopai. Wu then embarked on his Alive Tour, performing at cities across China. On 6 November 2019, his 29th birthday, Wu released a second single, "Eternal Love", along with an accompanying micro film starring himself and Japanese model Kōki.


title: Kris Wu

text: On 22 April 2020, Wu released the four-track EP "Testing", preceded by the single "Aurora" on 15 April. The EP was pre-ordered one million times just 87 minutes after being made available on Tencent streaming platform QQ Music, marking a new record for the platform. The EP features three Chinese songs and one in English.


title: Kris Wu

text: In August 2019, during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, Wu shared photos of the Chinese flag accompanied by the hashtags "the Chinese national flag has 1.4 billion flag bearers" and "I am a flag bearer" on his official Weibo account.


title: Kris Wu

text: In 2016, he became the first endorser for "Mixxtail". "Mercedes-Benz" chose Wu as their brand ambassador in China for their Smart division and introduced the limited edition "Kris Wu Edition" smart. Wu has also been made the global ambassador for "I.T Cashback Card" under American Express Hong Kong. The brand made him chief design advisor and the face of their latest in-house brand, "Under Garden". He designed the lookbook for the latest collection. "Burberry" chose Wu as their global ambassador in 2016, making him the first non-British as well as the first Asian person to be the face of the brand. It was reported that "Burberry" experienced a growth in sales and awareness with Chinese shoppers thanks to Kris' campaign.


title: Kris Wu

text: In June 2014, Wu joined "Heart Ali", a project started by Fan Bingbing and Chen Lizhi (the general manager of Beijing Maite Media). The charity project is aimed at helping children suffering from congenital heart defects in Ngari Prefecture in Tibet.


title: Kris Wu

text: On 21 January 2016, he launched his own charity project called "Extraordinary Honorary Court" (不凡荣誉球场), a collaboration project with Sina, Weibo Sports, and Weibo Charity. The goal is to spread basketball in middle schools in China to encourage all basketball-loving youth to continue their dreams of pursuing this sport. Wu was also announced as the ambassador for China's Jr. NBA program and is part of the program's mentor group.


title: Kris Wu

text: On 15 May 2014, Wu filed a lawsuit against the agency to terminate his contract. SM Entertainment claimed to be completely taken aback despite having dealt with several disputes regarding their contracts in the past.


title: Kris Wu

text: On 30 July 2015, SM Entertainment filed a lawsuit against Wu and the Chinese companies working with him at the Beijing court, stating that "these activities have infringed the rights of the EXO members and SM, and have caused great financial harm to us and our partners. This is not only an abuse of the system, but also an unethical move that has betrayed the trust of this company and the other members." The following day, Wu released a statement defending himself stating that SM Entertainment had made him leave the group for several months and that SM Entertainment's way of mistreating and neglecting their artists resulted in serious health issues: he had to take medication to be able to work from July 2013 to January 2014, when he was diagnosed with myocarditis. A settlement was reached that he will be under their management in only Korea and Japan.


title: Kris Wu

text: On 8 July 2021, Du Meizhu, a 19-year-old Chinese college student, posted allegations online accusing Wu of a pattern of sexual assault involving multiple females, some underage, while they were unconscious and under the influence of alcohol. Through the Chinese social media platform Weibo, Du stated she was raped while intoxicated on 5 December 2020, at age 18, and that she was speaking for at least seven other victims, two of whom were minors at the time of the crime.


title: Kris Wu

text: The allegations were denied by Wu, and were then investigated by the Beijing Public Security Bureau and other authorities. Multiple companies, including Porsche, Bulgari, and Lancôme, ended ties with Wu and either dropped him as a brand ambassador or suspended existing endorsement deals.


title: Kris Wu

text: Wu was detained by police in Beijing on 31 July 2021, and formally arrested on 16 August 2021, on suspicion of rape. On 25 November 2022, Chaoyang District People's Court in Beijing sentenced Wu to a total of 13 years in prison and deportation from China after serving his sentence for rape and group lewdness. Wu was also fined an additional ¥600 million yuan (US$84 million) for tax evasion.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: Happy Gilmore is a 1996 American sports comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and produced by Robert Simonds. It stars Adam Sandler as the title character, an unsuccessful ice hockey player who discovers a newfound talent for golf. The screenplay was written by Sandler and his writing partner Tim Herlihy, in their second feature collaboration after the previous year's "Billy Madison"; the film also marks the first of multiple collaborations between Sandler and Dugan. The film was released in theaters on February 16, 1996, by Universal Pictures. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, "Happy Gilmore" was a commercial success, earning $39 million on a $12 million budget. The film won an MTV Movie Award for "Best Fight" for Adam Sandler versus Bob Barker.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: Happy Gilmore is a short-tempered, unsuccessful ice hockey player who lacks skills other than fighting and a powerful slapshot he learned from his late father. After yet another failed tryout, Happy learns that his grandmother owes the IRS $270,000 in back taxes; she has 90 days to pay off the debt, or her house will face foreclosure. Happy sends his grandmother to live in a retirement home, where its residents are mistreated, temporarily until he can pay for her house.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: Two movers repossessing Happy's grandmother's furniture challenge him to a long-drive contest using his grandfather's old golf clubs. With an unorthodox, slapshot-style swing, Happy hits a ball some 400 yards, winning $40 from the movers. Inspired, he starts hustling golfers at the driving range to make quick money. There, he meets Chubbs Peterson, a club pro and former tour star who lost a hand in an alligator attack. Chubbs urges Happy to enter a local tournament where the winner will earn an automatic spot on the professional golf tour; desperate to take back his grandmother's house, Happy accepts after Chubbs informs him of the significant prize money involved.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: Happy wins the local tournament and a spot on the tour, quickly becoming a fan favorite thanks to his long drives and unorthodox antics, such as asking the crowd to cheer during his swing instead of staying quiet. He also meets arrogant pro Shooter McGavin, who disapproves of his lack of golf etiquette. Though Happy has a powerful drive, his putting is terrible, and his bad behavior draws the attention of tour Commissioner Doug Thompson. Public relations head Virginia Venit convinces Thompson not to expel Happy from the tour, citing higher television ratings and attendance and new sponsorship offers; she promises to help Happy with his anger issues. With Virginia's help, Gilmore begins to improve his performance and behavior, and the two form a romantic connection.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: During the Pepsi pro-am event, Happy plays poorly when Shooter hires a heckler, Donald, to antagonize him, and he and his celebrity partner, Bob Barker, get into a fistfight. Happy is fined $25,000 and given a one-month suspension from the tour, jeopardizing his chances to save his grandmother's house until Virginia secures him an endorsement deal with Subway. However, the house is put up for auction where Shooter spitefully outbids Happy. Shooter offers it to Happy on the condition that he agrees to quit golf. Happy initially accepts, but Virginia talks him out of it, telling him that his grandmother would rather see Happy be successful. Happy strikes a deal with Shooter for the upcoming Tour Championship: if Happy wins, Shooter will return the house, but if Shooter wins, Happy will quit. Happy seeks out Chubbs, who helps him improve his short game by practicing at a miniature golf course. As thanks, Happy presents Chubbs the head of the alligator that bit off his hand, but a startled Chubbs falls out of a window to his death.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: Now determined to win the Tour Championship for both Chubbs and his grandmother, Happy plays well and leads at the end of the third round. Desperate to win the Tour Championship, which he has never done before, Shooter once again calls on Donald. On the final day, Happy seems unstoppable until Donald drives his car onto the course and hits Happy, who sustains a shoulder injury, impairing his long-drive ability and his focus. Shooter takes the lead, but Happy, after his grandmother arrives to tell him that the house is not important to her and she just wants him to be happy, rallies to tie Shooter after 17 holes. On the 18th hole, a television tower damaged earlier by Donald falls over and blocks the green, but Happy miraculously uses the fallen tower as a Rube Goldberg machine to sink his putt for the win. Enraged over Happy's victory, Shooter tries to steal the winner's gold jacket but is assaulted by a mob of fans, led by Happy's imposing ex-boss Mr. Larson. Happy takes back his grandmother's house, sees a vision of a two-handed Chubbs with Abraham Lincoln and the alligator waving at Happy as he waves back. He then celebrates with his grandmother, Virginia, and his caddy Otto.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: "Happy Gilmore" was directed by Dennis Dugan, and written by "Saturday Night Live" ("SNL") alumni Tim Herlihy and Adam Sandler. Herlihy and Sandler were roommates in college and wrote stand-up comedy together, before moving on to screenplays. After Sandler was fired from "SNL" in 1995, he moved on to films. He and Herlihy wrote "Billy Madison" (1995), which proved successful for distributor Universal Pictures. As such, Herlihy and Sandler began a new project. In an office during a brainstorming session, they came up with a high-concept premise for a film about a "hockey player who smacks a 400 yard drive". Judd Apatow performed a script rewrite, although he went uncredited.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: The Happy Gilmore character is loosely based on Sandler's childhood friend Kyle McDonough, who played ice hockey and would golf with Sandler as they grew up. Sandler could never hit the ball as far as McDonough, and figured that McDonough's hockey skills gave him an edge. Meanwhile, Chubbs Peterson's missing hand is an in-joke referencing actor Carl Weathers' film "Predator" (1987), which depicts his character losing his arm. Herlihy and Sandler included any joke that made them laugh and do not remember who came up with which, although Herlihy takes credit for Shooter McGavin's "I eat pieces of shit like you for breakfast" line. In a 1994 interview, Sandler cited the golf comedy "Caddyshack" (1980), a film he and Herlihy bonded over in college, as inspiration.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: Former pro golfer Mark Lye served as a consultant on the script, and told Herlihy and Sandler after seeing their initial ideas, "You gotta be crazy. You cannot do a movie like that." According to Lye, the initial drafts featured Happy winning the Masters Tournament: "They had the green jacket. They were desecrating the USGA. Making fun of Augusta National." He suggested that Happy win a fictional tournament, and Herlihy and Sandler changed the jacket's color from green to gold. Lye also disliked the unrealistic nature of early drafts, which depicted Happy repeatedly making 400-yard drives, so he took the crew to a PGA Tour event so they could understand the atmosphere of golf. The final script, the one Lye gave approval, was Herlihy and Sandler's fifth draft.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: Dugan became attached to direct through Sandler. Years earlier, Dugan had attempted to cast Sandler in one of his films, but the producers did not let him because Sandler was not well-known. "A couple of years later, [Sandler] is big", Dugan said. "I wanted to be hired to direct "Happy Gilmore" with him. I walk in the room, and he says: 'You're the guy who wanted to give me that part. I don't need to know anything else, I want to work with you.'" "Happy Gilmore" was produced on a budget of $12 million and filmed entirely at locations in British Columbia. Most scenes taking place at golf courses were filmed at Pitt Meadows at the Swan-e-set Bay Resort & Country Club, while interior shots, such as those in the broadcast booth, took place in an abandoned Vancouver hospital. Arthur Albert served as cinematographer, while Mark Lane was the set decorator. Devo frontman Mark Mothersbaugh composed the film's soundtrack.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: Christopher McDonald declined the role of Shooter McGavin twice because he was tired of playing villains and wanted to spend more time with his family. Kevin Costner was approached but turned it down in favor of another 1996 golf-themed comedy, "Tin Cup", while Bruce Campbell lobbied hard for the part. McDonald became interested in the role after winning a round of golf, and decided to take it after he met with Sandler. According to McDonald, Dugan "didn't want to see the Bad Guy 101 again" and gave McDonald the freedom to improvise on set.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: "Happy Gilmore" features appearances from Richard Kiel, known for playing Jaws in the "James Bond" film series; Bob Barker, the host of "The Price Is Right"; and Verne Lundquist, a football sportscaster.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: According to Lundquist, he filmed his scenes in the abandoned hospital as production wrapped. Sandler's New York University roommate Jack Giarraputo sat next to Lundquist in every shot, as Sandler wanted him to appear in the film. In 2016, Lundquist stated he still gets a monthly $34 check from the Screen Actors Guild for his appearance in the film.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: "Happy Gilmore" was a commercial success, ranking number two at the U.S. box office on its debut weekend with $8.5 million in revenue, behind "Broken Arrow". The film was made for $12 million and grossed a total of $41.2 million worldwide, with $38.8 million of that at the North American domestic box office.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "Happy Gilmore" has an approval rating of 61% based on 54 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Those who enjoy Adam Sandler’s schtick will find plenty to love in this gleefully juvenile take on professional golf; those who don’t, however, will find it unfunny and forgettable." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews." Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: Brian Lowry of "Variety" stated that "The general tone nevertheless makes it difficult to elevate the gags beyond an occasional chuckle". Lowry only noted a few scenes he found inspired, including the fight scene with Bob Barker and when Happy attempts to find his "Happy Place" which was described as "Felliniesque". Roger Ebert gave the film one and a half stars out of four, stating that Adam Sandler's character "doesn't have a pleasing personality: He seems angry even when he’s not supposed to be, and his habit of pounding everyone he dislikes is tiring in a PG-13 movie". Ebert also noted the film's product placement stating that he "probably missed a few, but I counted Diet Pepsi, Pepsi, Pepsi Max, Subway, Budweiser (in bottles, cans, and Bud-dispensing helmets), Michelob, Visa cards, Bell Atlantic, AT&T, Sizzler, Red Lobster, Wilson, "Golf Digest", the ESPN sports network, and Top-Flite golf balls". Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a grade "D+" calling it "A one-joke "Caddyshack" for the blitzed and jaded," although he did praise Sandler's confident performance.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: Darren Bignell of "Empire" wrote: "The real surprise is that it's a lot of fun, with Sandler becoming more personable as the film progresses, and a couple of truly side-splitting scenes."


title: Happy Gilmore

text: The scene with Barker beating up Gilmore increased ratings for "The Price Is Right" among younger demographics. Barker claimed that someone in the audience asked him about "Happy Gilmore" almost every day. The show's producers had previously tried, but failed, to appeal to a younger demographic with a syndicated variation of the game hosted by Doug Davidson.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: The film has developed a cult following in the golf community, with Golf.com, Consequence of Sound, and "Golf Digest" praising the film, predominantly praising the villain Shooter McGavin.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: The "Happy Gilmore swing," featuring a walking or running approach, is often imitated or attempted for fun, including by touring golf professionals. Three-time major champion Pádraig Harrington is particularly well known for his impression and even uses the technique in training. The TV series "Sport Science" has featured Harrington's "Happy Gilmore swing," demonstrating how it can indeed generate additional distance, though at the cost of accuracy.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: Long drive champion and professional golfer Jamie Sadlowski, also a former hockey player who can hit golf balls over 400 yards, has been called "the real-life version of Happy Gilmore."


title: Happy Gilmore

text: Lee Trevino regrets his appearance in the film and said if he had known how much swearing there would be in the film he would not have done it.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: In 2015, Sandler and Barker reenacted their fight for the Comedy Central "Night of Too Many Stars" fundraiser in aid of autism charities.


title: Happy Gilmore

text: In September 2022, Sandler stated that he hopes to eventually make a sequel. The actor explained that he has been creating ideas for what a follow-up movie would be, while stating the character would be involved in a senior golf tour.


title: Bell Labs

text: is an American industrial research and scientific development company owned by multinational company Nokia. With headquarters located in Murray Hill, New Jersey, the company operates several laboratories in the United States and around the world.


title: Bell Labs

text: Researchers working at Bell Laboratories are credited with the development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix operating system, and the programming languages B, C, C++, S, SNOBOL, AWK, AMPL, and others. Nine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.


title: Bell Labs

text: Bell Labs had its origin in the complex corporate organization of the Bell System telephone conglomerate. In the late 19th century, the laboratory began as the Western Electric Engineering Department, located at 463 West Street in New York City. In 1925, after years of conducting research and development under Western Electric, a Bell subsidiary, the Engineering Department was reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories and placed under the shared ownership of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and Western Electric. In the 1960s the laboratory was moved to New Jersey. It was acquired by Nokia in 2016.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1880, when the French government awarded Alexander Graham Bell the Volta Prize of 50,000francs for the invention of the telephone (equivalent to about US$10,000 at the time, or about $ now), he used the award to fund the Volta Laboratory (also known as the "Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory") in Washington, D.C. in collaboration with Sumner Tainter and Bell's cousin Chichester Bell. The laboratory was variously known as the "Volta Bureau", the "Bell Carriage House", the "Bell Laboratory" and the "Volta Laboratory".


title: Bell Labs

text: It focused on the analysis, recording, and transmission of sound. Bell used his considerable profits from the laboratory for further research and education to permit the "[increased] diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf": resulting in the founding of the Volta Bureau (c. 1887) which was located at Bell's father's house at 1527 35th Street N.W. in Washington, D.C. Its carriage house became their headquarters in 1889.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1893, Bell constructed a new building close by at 1537 35th Street N.W., specifically to house the lab. This building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.


title: Bell Labs

text: After the invention of the telephone, Bell maintained a relatively distant role with the Bell System as a whole, but continued to pursue his own personal research interests.


title: Bell Labs

text: The Bell Patent Association was formed by Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Sanders, and Gardiner Hubbard when filing the first patents for the telephone in 1876.


title: Bell Labs

text: Bell Telephone Company, the first telephone company, was formed a year later. It later became a part of the American Bell Telephone Company.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1884, the American Bell Telephone Company created the Mechanical Department from the Electrical and Patent Department formed a year earlier.


title: Bell Labs

text: American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and its own subsidiary company, took control of American Bell and the Bell System by 1889.


title: Bell Labs

text: American Bell held a controlling interest in Western Electric (which was the manufacturing arm of the business) whereas AT&T was doing research into the service providers.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1896, Western Electric bought property at 463 West Street to station their manufacturers and engineers who had been supplying AT&T with their product. This included everything from telephones, telephone exchange switches, and transmission equipment.


title: Bell Labs

text: On January 1, 1925, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. was organized to consolidate the development and research activities in the communication field and allied sciences for the Bell System. Ownership was evenly shared between Western Electric and AT&T. The new company had existing personnel of 3600 engineers, scientists, and support staff. In addition to the existing research facilities of 400,000 square feet of space, its space was extended with a new building on about one quarter of a city block.


title: Bell Labs

text: The first chairman of the board of directors was John J. Carty, the vice-president of AT&T, and the first president was Frank B. Jewett, also a board member, who stayed there until 1940. The operations were directed by E. B. Craft, executive vice-president, and formerly chief engineer at Western Electric.


title: Bell Labs

text: By the early 1940s, Bell Labs engineers and scientists had begun to move to other locations away from the congestion and environmental distractions of New York City, and in 1967 Bell Laboratories headquarters was officially relocated to Murray Hill, New Jersey.


title: Bell Labs

text: Among the later Bell Laboratories locations in New Jersey were Holmdel, Crawford Hill, the Deal Test Site, Freehold, Lincroft, Long Branch, Middletown, Neptune, Princeton, Piscataway, Red Bank, Chester, and Whippany. Of these, Murray Hill and Crawford Hill remain in existence (the Piscataway and Red Bank locations were transferred to and are now operated by Telcordia Technologies and the Whippany site was purchased by Bayer).


title: Bell Labs

text: The largest grouping of people in the company was in Illinois, at Naperville-Lisle, in the Chicago area, which had the largest concentration of employees (about 11,000) prior to 2001. There also were groups of employees in Indianapolis, Indiana; Columbus, Ohio; North Andover, Massachusetts; Allentown, Pennsylvania; Reading, Pennsylvania; and Breinigsville, Pennsylvania; Burlington, North Carolina (1950s–1970s, moved to Greensboro 1980s) and Westminster, Colorado. Since 2001, many of the former locations have been scaled down or closed.


title: Bell Labs

text: The Holmdel site, a 1.9 million square foot structure set on 473 acres, was closed in 2007. The mirrored-glass building was designed by Eero Saarinen. In August 2013, Somerset Development bought the building, intending to redevelop it into a mixed commercial and residential project. A 2012 article expressed doubt on the success of the newly named Bell Works site, but several large tenants had announced plans to move in through 2016 and 2017.


title: Bell Labs

text: Bell Laboratories was, and is, regarded by many as the premier research facility of its type, developing a wide range of revolutionary technologies, including radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, information theory, the operating system Unix, the programming languages C and C++, solar cells, the charge-coupled device (CCD), and many other optical, wireless, and wired communications technologies and systems.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1924, Bell Labs physicist Walter A. Shewhart proposed the control chart as a method to determine when a process was in a state of statistical control. Shewhart's methods were the basis for statistical process control (SPC): the use of statistically based tools and techniques to manage and improve processes. This was the origin of the modern quality movement, including Six Sigma.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1926, the laboratories invented an early example synchronous-sound motion picture system, in competition with Fox Movietone and DeForest Phonofilm.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1927, a Bell team headed by Herbert E. Ives successfully transmitted long-distance 128-line television images of Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover from Washington to New York. In 1928 the thermal noise in a resistor was first measured by John B. Johnson, and Harry Nyquist provided the theoretical analysis; this is now termed "Johnson noise". During the 1920s, the one-time pad cipher was invented by Gilbert Vernam and Joseph Mauborgne at the laboratories. Bell Labs' Claude Shannon later proved that it is unbreakable.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1931, a foundation for radio astronomy was laid by Karl Jansky during his work investigating the origins of static on long-distance shortwave communications. He discovered that radio waves were being emitted from the center of the galaxy.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1931 and 1932, experimental high fidelity, long playing, and even stereophonic recordings were made by the labs of the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Leopold Stokowski.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1937, the vocoder, an electronic speech compression device, or codec, and the Voder, the first electronic speech synthesizer, were developed and demonstrated by Homer Dudley, the Voder being demonstrated at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Bell researcher Clinton Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with George Paget Thomson for the discovery of electron diffraction, which helped lay the foundation for solid-state electronics.


title: Bell Labs

text: In the early 1940s, the photovoltaic cell was developed by Russell Ohl. In 1943, Bell developed SIGSALY, the first digital scrambled speech transmission system, used by the Allies in World War II. The British wartime codebreaker Alan Turing visited the labs at this time, working on speech encryption and meeting Claude Shannon.


title: Bell Labs

text: Bell Labs Quality Assurance Department gave the world and the United States such statisticians as Walter A. Shewhart, W. Edwards Deming, Harold F. Dodge, George D. Edwards, Harry Romig, R. L. Jones, Paul Olmstead, E.G.D. Paterson, and Mary N. Torrey. During World War II, Emergency Technical Committee – Quality Control, drawn mainly from Bell Labs' statisticians, was instrumental in advancing Army and Navy ammunition acceptance and material sampling procedures.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1947, the transistor, probably the most important invention developed by Bell Laboratories, was invented by John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley (and who subsequently shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956). In 1947, Richard Hamming invented Hamming codes for error detection and correction. For patent reasons, the result was not published until 1950.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1948, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", one of the founding works in information theory, was published by Claude Shannon in the "Bell System Technical Journal". It built in part on earlier work in the field by Bell researchers Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley, but it greatly extended these. Bell Labs also introduced a series of increasingly complex calculators through the decade. Shannon was also the founder of modern cryptography with his 1949 paper "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems".


title: Bell Labs

text: The 1950s also saw developments based upon information theory. The central development was binary code systems. Efforts concentrated on the prime mission of supporting the Bell System with engineering advances, including the N-carrier system, TD microwave radio relay, direct distance dialing, E-repeater, wire spring relay, and the Number Five Crossbar Switching System.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1952, William Gardner Pfann revealed the method of zone melting, which enabled semiconductor purification and level doping.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1953, Maurice Karnaugh developed the Karnaugh map, used for managing of Boolean algebraic expressions.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1956 TAT-1, the first transatlantic communications cable, was laid between Scotland and Newfoundland in a joint effort by AT&T, Bell Laboratories, and British and Canadian telephone companies.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1957, Max Mathews created MUSIC, one of the first computer programs to play electronic music. Robert C. Prim and Joseph Kruskal developed new greedy algorithms that revolutionized computer network design.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1959, Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng invented the metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). The MOSFET has achieved electronic hegemony and sustains the large-scale integration (LSI) of circuits underlying today's information society.


title: Bell Labs

text: On October 1, 1960, the Kwajalein Field Station was announced as a location for the NIKE-ZEUS test program. Mr. R. W. Benfer was the first director to arrive shortly on October 5 for the program. Bell Labs designed many of the major system elements and conducted fundamental investigations of phase-controlled scanning antenna arrays.


title: Bell Labs

text: In December 1960, Ali Javan, PhD physicist from the university of Teheran, Iran with help by Rolf Seebach and his associates William Bennett and Donald Heriot, successfully operated the first gas laser, the first continuous-light laser, operating at an unprecedented accuracy and color purity.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1962, the electret microphone was invented by Gerhard M. Sessler and James E. West. Also in 1962, John R. Pierce's vision of communications satellites was realized by the launch of Telstar.


title: Bell Labs

text: On July 10, 1962, the Telstar spacecraft was launched into orbit by NASA and it was designed and built by Bell Laboratories. The first worldwide television broadcast was July 23, 1962 with a press conference by President Kennedy.


title: Bell Labs

text: In Spring 1964, the building of an electronic switching systems center was planned at Bell Laboratories near Naperville, Illinois. The building in 1966 would be called Indian Hill, and development work from former electronic switching organization at Holmdel and Systems Equipment Engineering organization would occupy the laboratory with engineers from Western Electric Hawthorne Works. Scheduled for work were about 1,200 people when completed in 1966, and peaked at 11,000 before October 2001 Lucent Technologies downsizing occurred.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1964, the carbon dioxide laser was invented by Kumar Patel and the discovery/operation of the Nd:YAG laser was demonstrated by J.E. Geusic "et al." Experiments by Myriam Sarachik provided the first data that confirmed the Kondo effect. The research of Philip W. Anderson into electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems led to improved understanding of metals and insulators for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1977.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978.


title: Bell Labs

text: Frank W. Sinden, Edward E. Zajac, Ken Knowlton, and A. Michael Noll made computer-animated movies during the early to mid-1960s. Ken Knowlton invented the computer animation language BEFLIX. The first digital computer art was created in 1962 by Noll.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1966, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), a key technology in wireless services, was developed and patented by R. W. Chang.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1968, molecular beam epitaxy was developed by J.R. Arthur and A.Y. Cho; molecular beam epitaxy allows semiconductor chips and laser matrices to be manufactured one atomic layer at a time.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1969, Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson created the computer operating system UNIX for the support of telecommunication switching systems as well as general-purpose computing. Also, in 1969, the charge-coupled device (CCD) was invented by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009.


title: Bell Labs

text: From 1969 to 1971, Aaron Marcus, the first graphic designer involved with computer graphics, researched, designed, and programmed a prototype interactive page-layout system for the Picturephone.


title: Bell Labs

text: The 1970s and 1980s saw more and more computer-related inventions at the Bell Laboratories as part of the personal computing revolution.


title: Bell Labs

text: The 1970s also saw a major central office technology evolve from crossbar electromechanical relay-based technology and discrete transistor logic to Bell Labs-developed thick film hybrid and transistor–transistor logic (TTL), stored program-controlled switching systems; 1A/#4 TOLL Electronic Switching Systems (ESS) and 2A Local Central Offices produced at the Bell Labs Naperville and Western Electric Lisle, Illinois facilities. This technology evolution dramatically reduced floor space needs. The new ESS also came with its own diagnostic software that needed only a switchman and several frame technicians to maintain.


title: Bell Labs

text: About 1970, the coax-22 cable was developed by Bell Labs. This coax cable with 22-strands allowed a total capacity of 132,000 phone calls. Previously, there was a 12-strand coax cable used for "L" carrier systems. Both these types of cables were manufactured at Western Electrics' Baltimore Works facility on machines designed by a Western Electric Senior development engineer.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1970, A. Michael Noll invented a tactile, force-feedback system, coupled with interactive stereoscopic computer display.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1971, an improved task priority system for computerized telephone exchange switching systems for telephone traffic was invented by Erna Schneider Hoover, who received one of the first software patents for it.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1972, Dennis Ritchie developed the compiled programming language C as a replacement for the interpreted language B, which was then used in a worse is better rewrite of UNIX. Also, the language AWK was designed and implemented by Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan of Bell Laboratories. Also in 1972, Marc Rochkind invented the Source Code Control System.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1976, optical fiber systems were first tested in Georgia and in 1980, the first single-chip 32-bit microprocessor, the Bellmac 32A was demonstrated. It went into production in 1982.


title: Bell Labs

text: During the 1980s, the operating system "Plan 9 from Bell Labs" was developed extending the UNIX model. Also, the Radiodrum, an electronic music instrument played in three space dimensions, was invented.


title: Bell Labs

text: The launching of the Bell Labs Fellows Award started in 1982 to recognize and honor scientists and engineers who have made outstanding and sustained R&D contributions at AT&T with a level of distinction. As of the 2021 inductees, only 336 people have received the honor.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1982, fractional quantum Hall effect was discovered by Horst Störmer and former Bell Laboratories researchers Robert B. Laughlin and Daniel C. Tsui; they consequently won a Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1984, the first photoconductive antennas for picosecond electromagnetic radiation were demonstrated by Auston and others. This type of antenna became an important component in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. In 1984, Karmarkar's algorithm for linear programming was developed by mathematician Narendra Karmarkar. Also in 1984, a divestiture agreement signed in 1982 with the American Federal government forced the break-up of AT&T: Bellcore (now iconectiv) was split off from Bell Laboratories to provide the same R&D functions for the newly created local exchange carriers. AT&T also was limited to using the Bell trademark only in association with Bell Laboratories. "Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc." became a wholly owned company of the new AT&T Technologies unit, the former Western Electric. The 5ESS Switch was developed during this transition.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1985, laser cooling was used to slow and manipulate atoms by Steven Chu and team. In 1985, the modeling language "A Mathematical Programming Language", AMPL, was developed by Robert Fourer, David M. Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories. Also in 1985, Bell Laboratories was awarded the National Medal of Technology "For contribution over decades to modern communication systems".


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1985, the programming language C++ had its first commercial release. Bjarne Stroustrup started developing C++ at Bell Laboratories in 1979 as an extension to the original C language.


title: Bell Labs

text: Arthur Ashkin invented optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers. A major breakthrough came in 1987, when Ashkin used the tweezers to capture living bacteria without harming them. He immediately began studying biological systems using the optical tweezers, which are now widely used to investigate the machinery of life. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (2018) for his work involving optical tweezers and their application to biological systems.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1988, TAT-8 became the first transatlantic fiber-optic cable. Bell Labs in Freehold, NJ developed the 1.3-micron fiber, cable, splicing, laser detector, and 280 Mbit/s repeater for 40,000 telephone-call capacity.


title: Bell Labs

text: In the late 1980s, realizing that voiceband modems were approaching the Shannon limit on bit rate, Richard D. Gitlin, Jean-Jacques Werner, and their colleagues pioneered a major breakthrough by inventing DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) and creating the technology that enabled megabit transmission on installed copper telephone lines, thus facilitating the broadband era.


title: Bell Labs

text: In May 1990, Ronald Snare was named AT&T Bell Laboratories Fellow, for “Singular contributions to the development of the common-channel signaling network and the signal transfer points globally.” This system began service in the United States in 1978. Bell Labs Vice President Donald Leonard knew first-hand Mr. Snare’s accomplishments and knowledge over many years of Mr. Snare’s technical work and consultations. Vice President Leonard nominated and sponsored Mr. Snare for the Fellow Award recognition. Among this inductee, awards were presented to several others for accomplishments in other technical fields during the ceremony.


title: Bell Labs

text: In the early 1990s, approaches to increase modem speeds to 56K were explored at Bell Labs, and early patents were filed in 1992 by Ender Ayanoglu, Nuri R. Dagdeviren and their colleagues.


title: Bell Labs

text: substantially increase both the reliability (via diversity) and capacity (via spatial multiplexing) of


title: Bell Labs

text: wireless systems without expanding the bandwidth. Subsequently, the BLAST system proposed by Gerard Foschini and colleagues dramatically expanded the capacity of wireless systems. This technology, known today as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), was a significant factor in


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1994, the quantum cascade laser was invented by Federico Capasso, Alfred Cho, Jerome Faist and their collaborators. Also in 1994, Peter Shor devised his quantum factorization algorithm.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1996, SCALPEL electron lithography, which prints features atoms wide on microchips, was invented by Lloyd Harriott and his team. The operating system Inferno, an update of Plan 9, was created by Dennis Ritchie with others, using the then-new concurrent programming language Limbo. A high performance database engine (Dali) was developed which became DataBlitz in its product form.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1996, AT&T spun off Bell Laboratories, along with most of its equipment manufacturing business, into a new company named Lucent Technologies. AT&T retained a small number of researchers who made up the staff of the newly created AT&T Labs.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 1997, the smallest then-practical transistor (60 nanometers, 182 atoms wide) was built. In 1998, the first optical router was invented.


title: Bell Labs

text: 2000 was an active year for the Laboratories, in which DNA machine prototypes were developed; progressive geometry compression algorithm made widespread 3-D communication practical; the first electrically powered organic laser was invented; a large-scale map of cosmic dark matter was compiled; and the F-15 (material), an organic material that makes plastic transistors possible, was invented.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 2002, physicist Jan Hendrik Schön was fired after his work was found to contain fraudulent data. It was the first known case of fraud at Bell Labs.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 2003, the New Jersey Institute of Technology Biomedical Engineering Laboratory was created at Murray Hill, New Jersey.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 2004, Lucent Technologies awarded two women the prestigious Bell Labs Fellow Award. Magaly Spector, a director in INS/Network Systems Group, was awarded for "sustained and exceptional scientific and technological contributions in solid-state physics, III-V material for semiconductor lasers, Gallium Arsenide integrated circuits, and the quality and reliability of products used in high speed optical transport systems for next generation high bandwidth communication." Eve Varma, a technical manager in MNS/Network Systems Group, was awarded for her citation in "sustained contributions to digital and optical networking, including architecture, synchronization, restoration, standards, operations and control."


title: Bell Labs

text: In 2005, Jeong H. Kim, former President of Lucent's Optical Network Group, returned from academia to become the President of Bell Laboratories.


title: Bell Labs

text: In April 2006, Bell Laboratories' parent company, Lucent Technologies, signed a merger agreement with Alcatel. On December 1, 2006, the merged company, Alcatel-Lucent, began operations. This deal raised concerns in the United States, where Bell Laboratories works on defense contracts. A separate company, LGS Innovations, with an American board was set up to manage Bell Laboratories' and Lucent's sensitive U.S. government contracts. In March 2019, LGS Innovations was purchased by CACI.


title: Bell Labs

text: In December 2007, it was announced that the former Lucent Bell Laboratories and the former Alcatel Research and Innovation would be merged into one organization under the name of Bell Laboratories. This is the first period of growth following many years during which Bell Laboratories progressively lost manpower due to layoffs and spin-offs making the company shut down briefly.


title: Bell Labs

text: In February 2008, Alcatel-Lucent continued the Bell Laboratories tradition of awarding the prestigious award for outstanding technical contributors. Martin J. Glapa, a former chief Technical Officer of Lucent's Cable Communications Business Unit and Director of Advanced Technologies, was presented by Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs President Jeong H. Kim with the 2006 Bell Labs Fellow Award in Network Architecture, Network Planning, and Professional Services with particular focus in Cable TV Systems and Broadband Services having "significant resulting Alcatel-Lucent commercial successes." Glapa is a patent holder and has co-written the 2004 technical paper called "Optimal Availability & Security For Voice Over Cable Networks" and co-authored the 2008 "Impact of bandwidth demand growth on HFC networks" published by IEEE.


title: Bell Labs

text: As of July 2008, however, only four scientists remained in physics research, according to a report by the scientific journal "Nature".


title: Bell Labs

text: On August 28, 2008, Alcatel-Lucent announced it was pulling out of basic science, material physics, and semiconductor research, and it will instead focus on more immediately marketable areas, including networking, high-speed electronics, wireless networks, nanotechnology and software.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 2009, Willard Boyle and George Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention and development of the charge-coupled device (CCD).


title: Bell Labs

text: Gee Rittenhouse, former Head of Research, returned from his position as chief operating officer of Alcatel-Lucent's Software, Services, and Solutions business in February 2013, to become the 12th President of Bell Labs.


title: Bell Labs

text: On November 4, 2013, Alcatel-Lucent announced the appointment of Marcus Weldon as President of Bell Labs. His stated charter was to return Bell Labs to the forefront of innovation in Information and communications technology by focusing on solving the key industry challenges, as was the case in the great Bell Labs innovation eras in the past.


title: Bell Labs

text: In July 2014, Bell Labs announced it had broken "the broadband Internet speed record" with a new technology dubbed XG-FAST that promises 10 gigabits per second transmission speeds.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 2014, Eric Betzig shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs in the Semiconductor Physics Research Department.


title: Bell Labs

text: On April 15, 2015, Nokia agreed to acquire Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Labs' parent company, in a share exchange worth $16.6 billion. Their first day of combined operations was January 14, 2016.


title: Bell Labs

text: In September 2016, Nokia Bell Labs, along with Technische Universität Berlin, Deutsche Telekom T-Labs and the Technical University of Munich achieved a data rate of one terabit per second by improving transmission capacity and spectral efficiency in an optical communications field trial with a new modulation technique.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 2018, Arthur Ashkin shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on "the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems" which was developed at Bell Labs in the 1980s.


title: Bell Labs

text: In 2020, Alfred Aho and Jeffrey Ullman shared the Turing Award for their work on compilers, starting with their tenure at Bell Labs during 1967–69.


title: Bell Labs

text: On, November 16, 2021, Nokia presented the 2021 Bell Labs Fellows Award Ceremony, six new members (Igor Curcio, Matthew Andrews, Bjorn Jelonnek, Ed Harstead, Gino Dion, Esa Tiirola) held at Nokia Batvik Mansion, Finland.


title: Bell Labs

text: The Emmy Award has been won five times by Bell Labs: one under Lucent Technologies, one under Alcatel-Lucent, and three under Nokia.


title: Bell Labs

text: The inventions of fiber-optics and research done in digital television and media File Format were under former AT&T Bell Labs ownership.


title: Bell Labs

text: The American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Western Electric, and other Bell System companies issued numerous publications, such as local house organs, for corporate distribution, for the scientific and industry communities, and for the general public, including telephone subscribers.


title: Bell Labs

text: The Bell Laboratories Record was a principal house organ, featuring general interest content such as corporate news, support staff profiles and events, reports of facilities upgrades, but also articles of research and development results written for technical or non-technical audiences. The publication commenced in 1925 with the founding of the laboratories.


title: Bell Labs

text: A prominent journal for the focussed dissemination of original or reprinted scientific research by Bell Labs engineers and scientists was the "Bell System Technical Journal", started in 1922 by the AT&T Information Department. Bell researchers also published widely in industry journals.


title: Bell Labs

text: Some of these articles were reprinted by the Bell System as Monographs, consecutively issued starting in 1920. These reprints, numbering over 5000, comprise a catalog of Bell research over the decades. Research in the Monographs is aided by access to associated indexes, for monographs 1–1199, 1200-2850 (1958), 2851-4050 (1962), and 4051-4650 (1964).


title: Bell Labs

text: Essentially all of the landmark work done by Bell Labs is memorialized in one or more corresponding monographs. Examples include:


title: Bell Labs

text: AT&T had several short films that focused on the science and technology associated with telephony or inventions from Bell Labs or Bell System. Here is a list of short films with a description and significance.


title: Bell Labs

text: On May 20, 2014, Bell Labs announced the "Bell Labs Prize", a competition for innovators to offer proposals in information and communication technologies, with cash awards of up to $100,000 for the grand prize.


title: Bell Labs

text: The Murray Hill campus features a exhibit, the Bell Labs Technology Showcase, showcasing the technological discoveries and developments at Bell Labs. The exhibit is located just off the main lobby and is open to the public.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) is the national governing body for cricket in India. Its headquarters are situated at Cricket centre, Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. The BCCI is the richest governing body of cricket in the world and is part of the "Big Three" of international cricket, along with Cricket Australia and the England and Wales Cricket Board.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The board was formed in and is a consortium of state cricket associations. The state associations select their own representatives who in turn elect the BCCI president. Grant Govan was the first BCCI president and Anthony De Mello was its first secretary. It joined the Imperial Cricket Conference in the year 1926. The BCCI is an autonomous, private organisation and does not fall under the purview of the National Sports Federation of India. The government of India has minimal regulation on BCCI. As such, it does not receive any grants or funds from the Ministry of Sports.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: BCCI manages four squads that represent India in international cricket: the men's national cricket team, the women's national cricket team, the national under-19 cricket team and the national under-19 women's team. It also governs the developmental India A and India B teams. As part of its duties, the BCCI organizes and schedules matches to be played by each of these teams, and it schedules, sanctions and organises every season of domestic cricket in India.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: BCCI has hosted multiple ICC World Cups in past. It will host upcoming 2023 Cricket World Cup, 2026 ICC T20 World cup, 2031 ICC ODI Cricket World Cup, and 2025 Women's Cricket World Cup.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: India has a rich sporting history. BCCI has hosted and organised multiple ICC cricket World Cups, such as the 1987, 1996, 2011, 2016, 2021 ICC Men's cricket World cups, 2013, 2016 Women's Cricket world cups.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The first game of cricket was played in India by European sailors. They played it as a recreational activity in the early half of the 18th century. These sailors played Cricket near their settlement in coastal areas. The first recorded match in India was played between the British army and British settlers, in 1751. The world's second oldest cricket club, the Calcutta Cricket Club, was founded in 1792 in Calcutta (present Kolkata). The Parsis were the first civilian community who took cricket as a sport and played it in India. In 1848 they set up the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay (present Mumbai). In 1850, they founded the Young Zoroastrian Cricket Club. In 1886, Hindu people founded Hindu Gymkhana sports club.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 1912, an all-India cricket team visited England for the first time, sponsored and captained by the Maharaja of Patiala. In 1926, two representatives of the Calcutta Cricket Club travelled to London to attend meetings of the Imperial Cricket Conference, the predecessor to the current International Cricket Council. Although technically not an official representative of Indian cricket, they were allowed to attend by Lord Harris, chairman of the conference. The outcome of the meeting was the MCC's decision to send a team to India, led by Arthur Gilligan, who had captained England in The Ashes.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In a meeting with the Maharaja of Patiala and others, Gilligan promised to press for its inclusion in the ICC if all the promoters of the game in the country came together to establish a single controlling body. An assurance was given, and a meeting was held in Delhi on 21 November 1927. This meeting was attended by delegates from Patiala, Delhi, United Provinces, Rajputana, Alwar, Bhopal, Gwalior, Baroda, Kathiawar, Central Provinces, Sindh and Punjab. A consensus was reached to create a board for control of cricket in India. On 10 December 1927, a unanimous decision to form a provisional board of control was taken. In December 1928, the BCCI was formed. R E Grant Govan was elected as its first president and Anthony de Mello as secretary.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In the year 1926, BCCI joined the Imperial Cricket Council, the governing body for international cricket. In 1936 BCCI started India's premier first-class cricket championship, the Ranji Trophy. It was named after the first Indian person who played international cricket, the King of Nawanagar state, K.S. Ranjitsinhji. He played for England in international cricket. The Mumbai cricket team (Bombay Cricket team until the 1990s) is the most successful team, winning 41 titles.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 1932, India played its maiden Test match, under the captaincy of CK Naidu, against England at the Lord's cricket ground in London. During England's 1933-34 tour of India, on 17 December 1933, Lala Amarnath became the first Indian batsman to score a test century, scoring 118 on his debut, at the Bombay Gymkhana. In 1967–68, India won its first ever Test cricket series outside Asia. Previously it had defeated Pakistan, New Zealand and England and won series at home in India.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 1952, the English team did a tour of India. It was the English team's first tour of India after India was freed from British control. Nigel Howard was the captain of touring team. The former India captain, Vijaya Ananda Gajapathi Raju, also known as Vizzy, was the BCCI president in the 1960s.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 1975, the BCCI paid 2500 rupees per match to the test cricketers. Banks, Indian railways and private enterprises would recruit players.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The board made Ajit Wadekar captain. In 1971, The Indian team won their first test series against England on English soil in the 71 tour and the against the West Indies in the Caribbean 1970–71 West Indies tour. Sunil Gavaskar made his test debut.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: India won the 1983 Cricket World Cup, defeating the defending champions, the West Indies by 43 runs in the final at the Lord's. India also won the World Championship of Cricket in 1985, defeating Pakistan by 8 wickets in the final at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The BCCI hosted the 1987 World cup. It would be the first time that the cricket world cup was organized outside England.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: Through the 1980s and early 1990s, BCCI paid 5 lakh per match to terrestrial network Doordarshan to telecast Indian cricket team's matches.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 1991, BCCI proposed South Africa's readmission to international cricket at the International Cricket Council (ICC). After the proposal succeeded, BCCI sold television broadcast rights for the first time, with South African Broadcasting Corporation purchasing the rights to telecast the South African cricket tour of India, South Africa's first official international tour after a 21-year exile from international cricket. During this time, South Africa would join the "Asian bloc" of BCCI and its South Asian neighbours.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 1993, BCCI signed a deal with TransWorld International (TWI), wherein TWI would pay BCCI for telecasting England's tour of India on satellite television and Doordarshan would pay TWI for the rights to telecast the matches in India. The 1993 Hero Cup was telecast on Star TV which made it the first cricket series to be telecast on satellite television in India and broke the monopoly of Doordarshan. This ensued a lengthy legal battle between Doordarshan and BCCI, which was led by Jagmohan Dalmiya and president I. S. Bindra. In February 1995, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the television rights of India's matches were a "commodity" belonging to the BCCI for which the broadcaster must pay BCCI and not the other way around.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: BCCI, in a joint bid with Pakistan and Sri Lanka, won the rights to host the 1996 Cricket World Cup, defeating the England and Australia bloc. The tournament was a commercial success, yielding ICC a profit of $50 million.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 1997, Dalmiya went on to become the president of ICC. With Dalmiya at the helm of ICC, BCCI led a successful proposal of granting Test status to Bangladesh in 1999–2000.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 2007, BCCI established the Indian Premier League (IPL), an annual franchise-based Twenty20 cricket league. In 2008, BCCI sold the ownership of eight city-based franchises to various corporate groups and Bollywood celebrities in a closed auction for a total of 723.49 million and the tournament's global media rights for 10 years to World Sport Group for 1.03 billion. The media deal was renegotiated the following year to $1.6 billion. In 2010, BCCI expanded the league to 10 teams, selling two new franchises for a total of 703 million. On the back of the commercial success of IPL, similar-styled Twenty20 leagues spawned around the world as well as franchise-based leagues in other sports in India.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 2007 the governing body of women's cricket, Women's Cricket Association of India, merged into the BCCI. This happened after the International Women's Cricket Council merged into ICC in 2006.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: India women's national cricket team represents India in Women's international cricket. Indian women's team played first cricket world cup, the 1978 Women's Cricket World Cup, the first women's cricket world cup to be held in India. Diana Edulji was the first captain of India women's cricket team in ODI. Notable achievements of the women's team have been appearances in the finals of the 2005 Women's Cricket World Cup in South Africa and 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup in England.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The 1978 Women's Cricket World Cup, 1997 Women's Cricket World Cup and 2013 Women's Cricket World Cup, have been held in India.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: On 28 October 2022, secretary of BCCI Jay Shah announced that the BCCI will pay equal amount of money to women's team players as they do pay to men's team's players. BCCI pays men rupee 15 lakh for Test match, 6 lakh for ODI and 3 lakh for T20I per match.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 2008 BCCI launched its franchise Twenty20 cricket league, the IPL, which has grown to become the world's most lucrative and richest cricket league, attracting many of the worlds' top players. It is one of the biggest sports league in the world. The IPL is the major revenue source for the BCCI, and is the only league to have a special window in ICC Future Tours Programme (ICC FTP), meaning that very little international cricket is organised during the tournament.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: From 2008, it banned Pakistani players to play in IPL due to Pakistan's involvement in 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks. In that terrorist attack by Pakistan-trained terrorists, 166 people died and 238 was injured. The terrorists was of Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based UN, Israel, USA and India designated banned terrorist organisation. The attack widespread angard Indians. In 2012 BCCI advised its IPL franchises to not buy any Pakistani players. It was wary of several issues, their off-field misdemeanours, spot-fixing alligations against them.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: From 2012, BCCI opposed to hold bilateral series with PCB. India plays against Pakistan only in ICC, ACC's multinational events. Many times PCB urged to BCCI to play bilaterals but BCCI rejected them all the time. As per BCCI they can not and will not play bilateral series against Pakistan without Government of India's (GOI) permission. Pakistan sponsors, harbours, support terrorist organisations and trains terrorists, is the main reason for strong opposition form GOI. In 2017, then Sports minister of India, Vijay Goel said on this matter that, “Terrorism and sports can't go along and Pakistan should understand that. The relation between India and Pakistan can be cordial only after Pakistan stops sponsoring cross border terrorism."


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: BCCI pays 10 percent from the salary of every foreign players to their respective national board. In 2022, Australian Cricketers' Association expressed their unhappiness on it.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: Former president, N. Srinivasan was criticised for his alleged biased behaviour towards some state boards, by awarding them ODI, Test and T20 matches in his regime in supposed violation of the board's rotation policy on venues.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The BCCI constitution was amended during Srinivasan's tenure as the treasurer to allow him to buy a franchise through his India Cements company during the 2008 Indian Premier League Team Auction. Srinivasan courted further controversy for appointing India and Chennai Super Kings captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni as a vice-president of India Cements. Srinivasan's son-in-law Gurunath Meiyappan, also closely associated with Chennai Super Kings, IPL franchise was arrested for alleged involvement in spot fixing and betting by Indian police. In 2015, the Supreme Court appointed Lodha Committee suspended the Chennai Super Kings for two years from the Indian Premier League and suspended Meiyappan from cricket activities for life. In 2013, his daughter Rupa Gurunath, president of Tamil Nadu cricket association was found guilty of 'conflict of interest' by BCCI ethics officer, Justice D.K. Jain. In 2015, Srinivasan was barred from BCCI contesting elections due to his 'conflict of interest' by the Supreme Court which also struck down the amendments of BCCI constitution that had allowed him to own and operate and IPL franchise while also serving on the board .


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: BCCI does not allow its contracted, non-contracted, national and domestic players to participate in any cricket leagues abroad. Only players retired from all formats of Indian cricket, can take part in foreign leagues as per BCCI's rule. Players such as Adam Gilchrist had raised question marks on this policy. Indian players such as Suresh Raina, Robin Uthappa have been urged board to allow non-contracted players like them to participate in foreign leagues.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: Many politicians from multiple political parties have held different positions in BCCI so far, such as Sharad Pawar of Nationalist Congress Party, Madhavrao Scindia of Congress party and Anurag Thakur of Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) were presidents, his brother Arun Singh Dhumal is current IPL chairman. As of 18 October 2022, son of Home minister of India Amit Shah, Jay Shah is the incumbent secretary. Rajiv Shukla of Congress party associated with BCCI from decades is present vice-president. Ashish Shelar of BJP is treasurer.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: Not only BCCI but also most of the state and regional cricket association are indulge in this phenomenon, in which politicians runs these associations. Politicians tend to use state and regional cricket associations as a ladder to reach at the top in the Indian cricket administration : BCCI. For example present Indian prime minister Narendra Modi was president of Gujarat Cricket Association for brief period of time form 16 September 2009 to 30 May 2014; union minister Jyotiraditya Scindia (BJP) is a powerful politician in Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association (MPCA), Since April 2022, his son is vice-president of Gwalior Division Cricket Association, which is part of MPCA. After Lodha commitee's suggestions or guidelines, which states that no Incumbent minister or MP can held office in BCCI or State association, politicians found an alternate way to bypass it, now politicians tend to place their sons, brothers etc on the posts and indirectly run the post.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The BCCI has been criticised for its monopolistic practices and has suffered from allegations of corruption and cronyism. . The Supreme Court on 30 January 2017 nominated a four-member panel Committee of Administrators:- Vinod Rai, Ramachandra Guha, Vikram Limaye and Diana Edulji to look after the administration of the BCCI in order to implement Lodha Committee reforms. Vinod Rai, a retired civil servant and the former Comptroller and Auditor General of India led the four-member panel to look after the administrative duties of the board until the elections could be conducted.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: BCCI was constantly opposed to come under National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA). On 9 August 2019, the BCCI agreed to adhere to the anti-doping mechanisms governed by the NADA.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: Sunil Joshi, former Indian cricket team spinner was named as chairman of the national selection panel by the Cricket Advisory Committee (CAC) of BCCI replacing M.S.K. Prasad in that role.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: BCCI banned former Indian captain Kapil Dev for his involvement in an un-sanctioned, private cricket league, the Indian Cricket League, which launched in 2007. It was owned and operated by Essel Group. The board also banned Indian players who played in this league including Hemang Badani, Dinesh Mongia, Rohan Gavaskar, and Ambati Rayudu. Later BCCI gave amnesty to these players, and lifted the ban, after they ended their ties with this league. It blacklisted Zee of Essel group due to this league, the board removed them from it in 2021. Due to blacklisting, Zee was prohibited from buying BCCI's media rights.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The BCCI is governed by its constitution. The board has been prohibited by the Supreme Court of India from amending its own constitution without its approval.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The headquarters of the BCCI's headquarters is located at the Cricket Centre within the premises of the Mumbai Cricket Association at the Wankhede Stadium in the Churchgate area of Mumbai, Maharashtra where it occupies three floors of a four-floor building.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: According to BCCI, it is an autonomous body and does not receive any grants or funding from the Indian government. In 2004 in Supreme court of India board's lawyers said that Indian cricket team play as, "the official team of BCCI and not the official team of India." The lawyers also claimed that we (BCCI) "do not even fly the national flag" and the board never "uses any national emblem in the activities of the Board." While it recommends its players for prestigious awards such as Arjuna award the BCCI claims not to be a national sports federation. From its foundation BCCI did not get sanctioned by Government of India and it started as governing body of Cricket in India as well as representative of India. BCCI is alleged to use British Raj emblem without prior permission from government of India and its


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: BCCI's logo is derived from "Star of India". According to Information Commissioner Sridhar Acharyulu, BCCI's logo was designed by the British Raj in 1928. It is 90% similar to "Star of India" sign.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The BCCI has a special anti-corruption unit, which is responsible for preventing any malpractice in cricket within India. This unit is responsible for investigating unlawful activities such as betting, spot-fixing, match-fixing and corrupt approaches of players. Shabir Hussein has been the head of this unit since April 2021 .


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: Former supreme court judge Vineet Saran is the incumbent 'Ethics officer and ombudsman' of BCCI. He was appointed in June 2022. Board created this 'Ethics officer ' post in 2017 due to increasing complaints of conflict of interest in the board's office holders, employees and associated peoples. The officer look the complaints of conflict of interest.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: Membership of the Board of Control for Cricket in India consists of full members and associate members; only full members have voting rights in annual general meeting.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: Following the Lodha Committee's recommendations in 2015, full membership was to be restricted to state and union territory associations, limited to one representative body per state. Subsequently, several state associations became full members and, because the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra each had three members, Mumbai, Baroda, Saurashtra and Vidharbh were relegated to associate membership. Neither Cricket Club of India nor National Cricket Club field teams in major domestic tournaments but as founding members of BCCI had full voting rights until the Lodha Committee recommendations were implemented. Some of the recommendations that were implemented have since been reversed. In 2018, Railways, Services and Universities regained full membership, and in 2022, the rule restricting states to a single full member was removed, meaning that Mumbai, Baroda, Saurashtra and Vidharbh once again became full members.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: President is an elected position, and is considered the most powerful position in the BCCI administration. Due to financial clout and popularity of cricket in the country, it is considered as a highly prestigious position. President presides the meeting of apex council and general body. He signs audited annual accounts as well as financial statements.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The full member state boards can vote in the presidents' election. Gujarat, Maharashtra has more than one full member but as per Lodha committee – supreme court guidelines any state can have only one vote in the election at any given time.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: Former India, Karnataka cricketer, national selector, India under-19 teams' coach and president of the Karnataka State Cricket Association Roger Binny is the incumbent president of the BCCI. He succeeded Sourav Ganguly. Binny is a member of India's 1983 world cup winner team. He took charge in October 2022.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: 'BCCI secretary' is the second most powerful and important post after president. Secretary signs all the contracts and carries correspondence on behalf of BCCI. Jay Shah is the incumbent secretary. The secretary have power to take action or defend office bearers, employees of the board.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: As per the eligibility criteria the person who have at least 10 years of working experience in a 100 crore INR or more annual turnover company on management position can be a CEO in this bord. Hemang Amin is the incumbent CEO. Rahul Johari became the first CEO after this position created in the board. The post was created after the recommendation of supreme court appointed Lodha Committee. The CEO of BCCI handles its management duties, he reports to the BCCI secretary.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: On 18 November 2022, BCCI sacked all the senior selector after defeat in the semifinal of the 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. New senior selection panel is yet be selected and announced.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: BCCI organise following national junior cricket tournaments, in which junior teams of state association's participate :


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 2012, BCCI established its own production house. BCCI's broadcast service does the production work of Indian cricket team's international matches at home as well as of leading domestic championships and IPL . Till 2012, the company who holds the media rights used to do the production work in exchange of money from BCCI. Previously Nimbus sports did production for the board for some years. BCCI's production house holds production rights and copyrights of Indian cricket. It broadcasts video highlights of domestic as well as bilateral cricket series, on its website, www.bcci.tv .


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 2020, with US$405 million out of US$1,534 million, India had 26% share in the ICC FTP income disbursed to 10 Test playing nations, while the England and Wales Cricket Board received US$139 million as the second highest earner.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 2020, to revive the financial health of other boards after the global economic decline and the significantly reduced income of most boards due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ICC will change its FTP to schedule to organise more bilateral matches of other nations with India.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The BCCI is regarded as cricket's big economic player. ICC is mainly governed by board of directors which are nominated by each member board. Every member board needs bilateral matches with BCCI for high media rights value. Those boards which go along with BCCI, get good number of bilateral matches leading to high income during bilateral series. They generally work at ICC in consultation with BCCI. In 2009, the ICC and BCCI were in disagreement over the WADA "Whereabouts" clause.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In FY 2019–2020, the total annual income of BCCI is estimated to be over INR 3,730 crore (US$535 million), including INR 2,500 crore (US$345 million) from the IPL, INR 950 crore (US$139 million) from bilateral cricket with other nations, and INR 380 crore (US$51 million per year or total US$405 million for 8 years) from India's share of ICC revenue.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 2020, as per the present eight-year Future Tours Program (FTP), India receives a total of US$405 million from ICC, as contrasted with US$139 million to the England and Wales Cricket Board, while US$128 million for each of Cricket Australia, Cricket South Africa, Pakistan Cricket Board, New Zealand Cricket, Sri Lanka Cricket, Cricket West Indies and Bangladesh Cricket Board, and US$94 million for Zimbabwe.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 2018 Star India won the BCCI's exclusive media rights for the period of year 2018– 2023. Star India won the rights to broadcast Indian cricket team's matches on their TV channels such as Star Sports 1 HD, Star Sports 2 HD etc. and rights to broadcast on Disney+ Hotstar in 6138.10 crore rupees.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: On average, Star Sports pays 60.1 crore rupees per match to the board. The deal also include rights to broadcast men's domestic tournaments such as "Vijay Hazare trophy, Ranji Trophy, Irani Cup, Duleep trophy, Mushtaq Ali trophy" and women's international cricket matches in India on Star Sport channel and Disney+ Hotstar.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The IPL is the BCCI's largest source of income by medium of media rights. From 2018 to 2022, global rights were awarded to Star India for . In 2022, BCCI sold IPL media rights in total 48,390 cr, comprising television rights of 23,575 cr and digital rights of 20,500 cr won by Disney and Viacom18 respectively. This deal includes 410 matches from year 2023–2027. Viacom 18 won the exclusive digital rights for Indian subcontinent and for streaming in UK, Australia-New Zealand and South Africa, while Times Internet won global streaming rights in Middle East, North Africa and United States. Due to this deal IPL became the second most richest league in the world behind National Football League (NFL).


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: Star India is the official broadcaster of BCCI, MPL is kit sponsor, Byju's is team sponsor, Mastercard is title sponsor for all the bilateral series, which take place in India and for all the domestic championships such as "Ranji trophy, Vijay Hazare trophy, Sayyed Mushtaq Ali trophy, Irani trophy, Duleep trophy" and "Deodhar trophy" etc. Dream 11, Ambuja and Hyundai are official partners.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: BCCI sold IPL 2022, offline – online tickets selling rights to BookMyShow, a ticket selling Indian company. The deal had been included management of spectators entry on stadium gates. Paytm insider app also often sells bilateral series's tickets.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: On 12 September 2006, BCCI announced that it will spend 1,600 crore over the subsequent one year to upgrade the cricket stadiums around the country.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In the early half of the 2000s it established National Cricket Academy at Bangalore. It got built to train new upcoming cricketers. On 17 February 2022 BCCI president Sourav Ganguly founded new NCA facility at Bangalore. It is being built in 40 acres land near airport. On completion it will have three cricket grounds, 40 practice pitches, rooms to reside, swimming pool, gymnasium. It will be built in 200 crore rupees.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In March 2020, BCCI President Sourav Ganguly donated 51 crore to the PM CARES Fund to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in India. BCCI to donate 10-litre 2000 oxygen concentrators to help India fight COVID-19.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: The BCCI created four grades for contracted male players A+, A, B, C and three grades for contracted female players A, B, C. The male players who are in A+ grade get 7 crores rupees in a year. Players of A grade get 5 crore, B grade's players gets 3 crores and C grade's players receive 1 crore rupees in one year. The female players who are in A grade get 50 lakhs rupees in a year, B grade gets 30 lakhs rupees in a year and C grade gets 10 lakhs rupees in a year.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: BCCI give pension to the former domestic and international players who played for the country. On 31 December 1993 BCCI decided to give 50,000 rupees pension to the players, who played more than 25 International Test match for the nation. The board gives 15,000 rupees pension to the players, who played Ranji trophy before 1957– 1958 season. In 2013 BCCI gave one time benefits to the domestic players who played more than 75 first class matches. For women's cricketers the board give 22500 rupees per month pension to the players who played 10 or more Tests for the country and 15000 rupees per month for who played 5 to 9 Tests.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: BCCI have taken insurance for nearly everything which are related to them such as they covered mediclaim for their employees, they have insured international and domestic players for loss of fees due to injury, matches, their old office and new office at Wankhede stadium, IPL matches. For it BCCI pay huge premium every year. In case of cancellation of IPL, domestic, international cricket matches, opening IPL shows which takes place at starting of the season due to bad weather, riot, fire then BCCI receives payments fom insurance companies. Board provides five lakh rupees insurance to the players, who played under board.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: In 2018, the total amount of tax 472.22 crore, which was outstanding as on 1 April 2018, was cleared along with interest in September 2018 but the Department of Revenue has issued a notice for tax evasion to the BCCI. The Department of Revenue has asked the BCCI to pay another outstanding income tax worth 1,303 crore, according to details submitted by the Finance Ministry in the Parliament in February 2019.


title: Board of Control for Cricket in India

text: Earlier in 2007–08, although the Income Tax Department withdrew this exemption, BCCI only paid tax amounting to against its tax liability of in the 2009–2010 financial year


title: Lululemon Athletica

text: lululemon athletica inc. (; styled in all lowercase) is a Canadian multinational athletic apparel retailer headquartered in British Columbia and incorporated in Delaware, United States. It was founded in 1998 as a retailer of yoga pants and other yoga wear, and has expanded to also sell athletic wear, lifestyle apparel, accessories, and personal care products. The company has 574 stores internationally, and also sells online.


title: Lululemon Athletica

text: Lululemon was founded in 1998 by Chip Wilson in Vancouver, with its first standalone store opening in November 2000. Wilson created the name to have many L's so that it would sound western to Japanese buyers, who often have difficulty pronouncing the letter. He later remarked that he found it "funny to watch [Japanese speakers] try and say it".


title: Lululemon Athletica

text: The company's initial public offering was in July 2007, raising $327.6 million by selling 18.2 million shares.


title: Lululemon Athletica

text: In 2013, the company made its third consecutive appearance on "Fortune"s Fastest-Growing Companies list. In December 2013, founder Chip Wilson announced his resignation as chairman, and that the president of TOMS Shoes, Laurent Potdevin, would become CEO.


title: Lululemon Athletica

text: In 2014, Lululemon opened its first store in Europe, a flagship shop in Covent Garden, London. In February 2015, Wilson announced that he was resigning from the board, and that Michael Casey, former lead director of the board, would replace him. In 2018, Laurent Potdevin resigned as CEO and from the company's board due to misconduct.


title: Lululemon Athletica

text: From its founding through 2015, Lululemon incorporated elements of Landmark Forum into its leadership and development training. According to a company source, seventy per cent of managers are hired internally. Store managers are responsible for their store's layout, color coordination, and community involvement.