title: Logic gate

text: In an 1886 letter, Charles Sanders Peirce described how logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits. Eventually, vacuum tubes replaced relays for logic operations. Lee De Forest's modification, in 1907, of the Fleming valve can be used as a logic gate. Ludwig Wittgenstein introduced a version of the 16-row truth table as proposition 5.101 of "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" (1921). Walther Bothe, inventor of the coincidence circuit, got part of the 1954 Nobel Prize in physics, for the first modern electronic AND gate in 1924. Konrad Zuse designed and built electromechanical logic gates for his computer Z1 (from 1935 to 1938).


title: Logic gate

text: From 1934 to 1936, NEC engineer Akira Nakashima, Claude Shannon and Viktor Shestakov introduced switching circuit theory in a series of papers showing that two-valued Boolean algebra, which they discovered independently, can describe the operation of switching circuits. Using this property of electrical switches to implement logic is the fundamental concept that underlies all electronic digital computers. Switching circuit theory became the foundation of digital circuit design, as it became widely known in the electrical engineering community during and after World War II, with theoretical rigor superseding the "ad hoc" methods that had prevailed previously.


title: Logic gate

text: Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices in the forms of PMOS and NMOS were demonstrated by Bell Labs engineers Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng in 1960. Both types were later combined and adapted into complementary MOS (CMOS) logic by Chih-Tang Sah and Frank Wanlass at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1963.


title: Logic gate

text: There are two sets of symbols for elementary logic gates in common use, both defined in ANSI/IEEE Std 91-1984 and its supplement ANSI/IEEE Std 91a-1991. The "distinctive shape" set, based on traditional schematics, is used for simple drawings and derives from United States Military Standard MIL-STD-806 of the 1950s and 1960s. It is sometimes unofficially described as "military", reflecting its origin. The "rectangular shape" set, based on ANSI Y32.14 and other early industry standards as later refined by IEEE and IEC, has rectangular outlines for all types of gate and allows representation of a much wider range of devices than is possible with the traditional symbols. The IEC standard, IEC 60617-12, has been adopted by other standards, such as EN 60617-12:1999 in Europe, BS EN 60617-12:1999 in the United Kingdom, and DIN EN 60617-12:1998 in Germany.


title: Logic gate

text: The mutual goal of IEEE Std 91-1984 and IEC 60617-12 was to provide a uniform method of describing the complex logic functions of digital circuits with schematic symbols. These functions were more complex than simple AND and OR gates. They could be medium scale circuits such as a 4-bit counter to a large scale circuit such as a microprocessor.


title: Logic gate

text: IEC 617-12 and its successor IEC 60617-12 do not explicitly show the "distinctive shape" symbols, but do not prohibit them. These are, however, shown in ANSI/IEEE 91 (and 91a) with this note: "The distinctive-shape symbol is, according to IEC Publication 617, Part 12, not preferred, but is not considered to be in contradiction to that standard." IEC 60617-12 correspondingly contains the note (Section 2.1) "Although non-preferred, the use of other symbols recognized by official national standards, that is distinctive shapes in place of symbols [list of basic gates], shall not be considered to be in contradiction with this standard. Usage of these other symbols in combination to form complex symbols (for example, use as embedded symbols) is discouraged." This compromise was reached between the respective IEEE and IEC working groups to permit the IEEE and IEC standards to be in mutual compliance with one another.


title: Logic gate

text: A third style of symbols, DIN 40700 (1976), was in use in Europe and is still widely used in European academia, see the logic table in .


title: Logic gate

text: In the 1980s, schematics were the predominant method to design both circuit boards and custom ICs known as gate arrays. Today custom ICs and the field-programmable gate array are typically designed with Hardware Description Languages (HDL) such as Verilog or VHDL.


title: Logic gate

text: Charles Sanders Peirce (during 1880–1881) showed that NOR gates alone (or alternatively NAND gates alone) can be used to reproduce the functions of all the other logic gates, but his work on it was unpublished until 1933. The first published proof was by Henry M. Sheffer in 1913, so the NAND logical operation is sometimes called Sheffer stroke; the logical NOR is sometimes called "Peirce's arrow". Consequently, these gates are sometimes called "universal logic gates".


title: Logic gate

text: By use of De Morgan's laws, an "AND" function is identical to an "OR" function with negated inputs and outputs. Likewise, an "OR" function is identical to an "AND" function with negated inputs and outputs. A NAND gate is equivalent to an OR gate with negated inputs, and a NOR gate is equivalent to an AND gate with negated inputs.


title: Logic gate

text: This leads to an alternative set of symbols for basic gates that use the opposite core symbol ("AND" or "OR") but with the inputs and outputs negated. Use of these alternative symbols can make logic circuit diagrams much clearer and help to show accidental connection of an active high output to an active low input or vice versa. Any connection that has logic negations at both ends can be replaced by a negationless connection and a suitable change of gate or vice versa. Any connection that has a negation at one end and no negation at the other can be made easier to interpret by instead using the De Morgan equivalent symbol at either of the two ends. When negation or polarity indicators on both ends of a connection match, there is no logic negation in that path (effectively, bubbles "cancel"), making it easier to follow logic states from one symbol to the next. This is commonly seen in real logic diagrams – thus the reader must not get into the habit of associating the shapes exclusively as OR or AND shapes, but also take into account the bubbles at both inputs and outputs in order to determine the "true" logic function indicated.


title: Logic gate

text: A De Morgan symbol can show more clearly a gate's primary logical purpose and the polarity of its nodes that are considered in the "signaled" (active, on) state. Consider the simplified case where a two-input NAND gate is used to drive a motor when either of its inputs are brought low by a switch. The "signaled" state (motor on) occurs when either one OR the other switch is on. Unlike a regular NAND symbol, which suggests AND logic, the De Morgan version, a two negative-input OR gate, correctly shows that OR is of interest. The regular NAND symbol has a bubble at the output and none at the inputs (the opposite of the states that will turn the motor on), but the De Morgan symbol shows both inputs and output in the polarity that will drive the motor.


title: Logic gate

text: De Morgan's theorem is most commonly used to implement logic gates as combinations of only NAND gates, or as combinations of only NOR gates, for economic reasons.


title: Logic gate

text: Logic gates can also be used to store data. A storage element can be constructed by connecting several gates in a "latch" circuit. Latching circuitry is used in static random-access memory. More complicated designs that use clock signals and that change only on a rising or falling edge of the clock are called edge-triggered "flip-flops". Formally, a flip-flop is called a bistable circuit, because it has two stable states which it can maintain indefinitely. The combination of multiple flip-flops in parallel, to store a multiple-bit value, is known as a register. When using any of these gate setups the overall system has memory; it is then called a sequential logic system since its output can be influenced by its previous state(s), i.e. by the "sequence" of input states. In contrast, the output from combinational logic is purely a combination of its present inputs, unaffected by the previous input and output states.


title: Logic gate

text: These logic circuits are used in computer memory. They vary in performance, based on factors of speed, complexity, and reliability of storage, and many different types of designs are used based on the application.


title: Logic gate

text: A three-state logic gate is a type of logic gate that can have three different outputs: high (H), low (L) and high-impedance (Z). The high-impedance state plays no role in the logic, which is strictly binary. These devices are used on buses of the CPU to allow multiple chips to send data. A group of three-states driving a line with a suitable control circuit is basically equivalent to a multiplexer, which may be physically distributed over separate devices or plug-in cards.


title: Logic gate

text: In electronics, a high output would mean the output is sourcing current from the positive power terminal (positive voltage). A low output would mean the output is sinking current to the negative power terminal (zero voltage). High impedance would mean that the output is effectively disconnected from the circuit.


title: Logic gate

text: Since the 1990s, most logic gates are made in CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology that uses both NMOS and PMOS transistors. Often millions of logic gates are packaged in a single integrated circuit.


title: Logic gate

text: Non-electronic implementations are varied, though few of them are used in practical applications. Many early electromechanical digital computers, such as the Harvard Mark I, were built from relay logic gates, using electro-mechanical relays. Logic gates can be made using pneumatic devices, such as the Sorteberg relay or mechanical logic gates, including on a molecular scale. Logic gates have been made out of DNA (see DNA nanotechnology) and used to create a computer called MAYA (see MAYA-II). Logic gates can be made from quantum mechanical effects, see quantum logic gate. Photonic logic gates use nonlinear optical effects.


title: Logic gate

text: In principle any method that leads to a gate that is functionally complete (for example, either a NOR or a NAND gate) can be used to make any kind of digital logic circuit. Note that the use of 3-state logic for bus systems is not needed, and can be replaced by digital multiplexers, which can be built using only simple logic gates (such as NAND gates, NOR gates, or AND and OR gates).


title: Logic gate

text: There are several logic families with different characteristics (power consumption, speed, cost, size) such as: RDL (resistor–diode logic), RTL (resistor-transistor logic), DTL (diode–transistor logic), TTL (transistor–transistor logic) and CMOS. There are also sub-variants, e.g. standard CMOS logic vs. advanced types using still CMOS technology, but with some optimizations for avoiding loss of speed due to slower PMOS transistors.


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: Bethenny Frankel (born November 4, 1970) is an American businesswoman, television personality, entrepreneur, philanthropist, and author. She starred in the Bravo television series "The Real Housewives of New York City", having appeared in eight of its thirteen seasons since its 2008 premiere. Prior to this, she was the runner-up on the NBC reality competition series "" in 2005. She has gone on to headline several series of her own: the Bravo spin-offs "Bethenny Ever After" (2010–2012) and "Bethenny & Fredrik" (2018), the FOX daytime talk show "Bethenny" (2013–2014), and the HBO Max reality competition series "The Big Shot with Bethenny" (2021).


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: Outside of her work in reality television, Frankel is the founder of the Skinnygirl, a lifestyle brand, and BStrong, a disaster relief initiative. She is also the author of four self-help books.


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: Frankel is the only child of Robert J. Frankel, a horse trainer, and Bernadette Birk, an interior designer. Her father was German-Jewish, whereas her mother was a Roman Catholic of Welsh descent. Her father left her mother when Frankel was four years old. When she was five, her mother married horse trainer John Parisella, who is Italian and of the Roman Catholic faith. Frankel describes her childhood as difficult. Her mother, Frankel says, "was always drinking" and often argued violently with her stepfather.


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: Frankel considers herself Jewish and has spoken against the rise of antisemitism, stating "I have a last name that's Jewish. I have family that's Jewish. I am Jewish" on her "Just B with Bethenny Frankel" podcast.


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: Frankel said she moved many times and attended multiple schools before going to boarding school. Frankel attended Catholic schools as a girl, and she graduated in 1988 from the Pine Crest School in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where she lived on campus. She attended the Natural Gourmet Institute in New York City, Boston University for two years, and graduated with a degree in psychology and communications from New York University.


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: In 1992, Frankel moved to Los Angeles with hopes of being an actress. While she landed some small acting roles, she worked as a nanny to Paris Hilton and a personal assistant to Jerry Bruckheimer and Linda Bruckheimer. During this time, Frankel also worked as a production assistant on the set of "Saved by the Bell". Frankel used these connections to start her first company, called "In Any Event", a party-planning business, which was short-lived. Her next entrepreneurial enterprise was re-selling pashmina scarves that she bought wholesale from an Indian manufacturer.


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: In 2003, Frankel started a baking business called "BethennyBakes", focusing on "healthy" cookies and meal delivery in New York City, which was featured on "", a reality competition series, in 2005. Frankel was one of two finalists on "". The company, BethennyBakes, later went out of business in 2006, but Frankel remained a spokesperson for Pepperidge Farms low-calorie line.


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: In 2008, Frankel began starring in the reality television series "The Real Housewives of New York City", which premiered in March on Bravo. In June 2010, Frankel appeared in the Bravo reality series "Bethenny Getting Married?" (later retitled "Bethenny Ever After"), which documented her engagement and marriage to Jason Hoppy as well as the birth of their daughter. The series premiere became Bravo's highest-rated one at the time, garnering 2.1 million viewers. In September 2010, Frankel announced her exit from "The Real Housewives of New York City" following its third season. In November, she competed in the reality competition series "Skating with the Stars" and finished in second place.


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: Frankel taped the pilot of a potential talk show in June 2011. The syndicated daytime talk show, eponymously titled "Bethenny", premiered in September 2013. It was cancelled in February 2014 after one season. Frankel rejoined "The Real Housewives of New York City" as a cast member for its seventh season, which premiered in April 2015. In March 2019, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Frankel had signed a deal with MGM Television and the company's chairman, Mark Burnett, to produce and star in future unscripted television projects. In June 2021, Frankel announced she no longer had a deal with MGM Television. In August of the same year, she announced her departure from "The Real Housewives of New York City". Some of her most notable phrases on the show that the Bravo Network recognized, and ultimately capitalized on, include: "Get off my jock", "Go to sleep! GO TO SLEEP!", "Life is not a Cabaret!" and "Mention it all!" while simultaneously opening her legs during an argument with fellow castmate Ramona Singer. In 2021, Frankel starred in the HBO Max reality competition series titled "The Big Shot with Bethenny", which she also produced alongside Burnett. The series features "aspiring business moguls compete for a job on Frankel's executive team."


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: In March 2009, Frankel's book, "Naturally Thin: Unleash Your SkinnyGirl and Free Yourself from a Lifetime of Dieting," was published and "The SkinnyGirl Dish: Easy Recipes for Your Naturally Thin Life," was published in December. She created an exercise DVD, "Body by Bethenny," in spring 2010 and an audiobook, "The Skinnygirl Rules," which summarized her two prior books. In 2011, Frankel published, "A Place of Yes: 10 Rules for Getting Everything You Want Out of Life" and in December 2012, published the novel "Skinnydipping".


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: Frankel created a pre-packaged margarita line, named Skinnygirl Margarita, in 2009, which led to Frankel founding the company Skinnygirl and the cocktail line, Skinnygirl Cocktails. The company has since created products such as "candy, deli meat, sweeteners, popcorn, salad dressings, shapewear, and most recently, jeans and apparel." She sold the cocktail line to Beam Global for $120 million in 2011.


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: Frankel is the founder of BStrong, a disaster relief organization. In 2017, the organization raised $300,000 in donations and supplies for the victims of Hurricane Harvey, after which Frankel visited Houston, Texas to distribute these items. In the same year, Frankel traveled to Mexico City and Jojutla, Mexico following the Puebla earthquake to raise awareness for the disaster's recovery efforts, for which BStrong also raised $150,000. Also in the same year, Frankel chartered four planes to Puerto Rico and distributed medical supplies, food, water, and hygiene products in assisting with Hurricane Maria relief efforts. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, BStrong raised funds and delivered personal protective equipment such as masks, goggles, gowns, and sheets to hospitals in the U.S. In February 2022, BStrong began fundraising to support Ukrainians during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. By March 5, 2022, BStrong had raised $25 million, with Frankel saying "$10 million has been allocated to help relocate refugees, while another $15 million was earmarked for distribution inside Ukraine". As of current, BStrong has raised over $100 million for the Ukraine conflict.


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: During the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, which is part of Russian-Ukrainian war, supported Ukraine with humanitarian aid.


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: In March 2010 she married pharmaceutical sales executive Jason Hoppy. They have one daughter, Bryn. After the couple separated in December 2012, Frankel filed for divorce in January 2013. A custody agreement was finalized in June 2014, followed by a financial settlement in July 2016. Frankel and Hoppy's divorce was finalized in January 2021. She is engaged to film producer Paul Bernon.


title: Bethenny Frankel

text: Frankel has a severe fish allergy and was hospitalized in December 2018 after consuming soup that contained fish. She has since advocated airlines stop serving fish, stating that it is a hazard to passengers with fish allergies to be in the presence of cooked seafood in an enclosed commercial airline jet.


title: MasterChef Australia (series 13)

text: The thirteenth series of the Australian cooking game show "MasterChef Australia" premiered on 19 April 2021 on Network 10. Andy Allen, Melissa Leong, and Jock Zonfrillo returned to the show as judges from the previous season.


title: MasterChef Australia (series 13)

text: Applications for contestants for the 13th series of "MasterChef Australia" were open between April and August 2020.


title: MasterChef Australia (series 13)

text: Only three Immunity Pins were up for grabs this season, which all 24 contestants competed for during the first Mystery Box challenge. In addition to being exempt from the first Elimination Challenge, the holders of the Immunity Pins were able to use them at any point during future Elimination Challenges, including right up to the end of a challenge.


title: MasterChef Australia (series 13)

text: The Second Chance Challenge returned as Second Chance Week, with "two" eliminated contestants being given the chance to return instead of one.


title: MasterChef Australia (series 13)

text: In Series 14 Tommy Pham and Minoli De Silva appeared for another chance to win the title. Minoli was eliminated on 17 May 2022, finishing 18th and Tommy was eliminated on 19 June 2022, finishing 10th.


title: Len Bias

text: Leonard Kevin Bias (November 18, 1963June 19, 1986) was an American college basketball player who attended the University of Maryland. During his four years playing for Maryland, he was named a first-team All-American. Two days after being selected by the Boston Celtics with the second overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft, Bias died from cardiac arrhythmia induced by a cocaine overdose. In 2021, Bias was inducted into the College Basketball Hall of Fame.


title: Len Bias

text: Bias was born and raised in the Prince George’s County area in Maryland, just outside of the Washington, D.C. area. He was one of four children born to James Bias Jr and Dr. Lonise Bias. He had a sister, Michelle, and two brothers, Eric and James III (James III was known as "Jay").


title: Len Bias

text: As a freshman, he was viewed as "raw and undisciplined," but ultimately, Bias developed into an All-American player. He led the Atlantic Coast Conference in scoring in his junior year and was named the ACC's Player of the Year. His senior season was highlighted by his performance in an overtime victory against top-ranked North Carolina, in which he scored 35 points, including 7 in the last three minutes of regulation and 4 in overtime. Bias collected his second ACC Player of the Year award at the end of the year and was named to two All-America teams.


title: Len Bias

text: Bias impressed basketball fans with his amazing leaping ability, physical stature, and ability to create plays, and he was considered one of the most dynamic players in the nation. By his senior year, scouts from various National Basketball Association teams viewed Bias as the most complete forward in the class of 1986. Celtics scout Ed Badger called Bias an "explosive and exciting kind of player" and compared him to Michael Jordan.


title: Len Bias

text: On June 17, 1986, Bias was selected by the Boston Celtics as the second overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft, which was held in New York City at Madison Square Garden. Red Auerbach, the Celtics' president and general manager, had dealt guard Gerald Henderson and cash to the Seattle SuperSonics for the pick in 1984. After the draft, Bias and his family returned to their suburban Maryland home. On June 18, Bias and his father flew to Boston, Massachusetts, from Washington, D.C., for an NBA club draft acceptance and product endorsement signing ceremony with the Celtics' coaches and management. Bias had discussions with Reebok's sports marketing division regarding a five-year endorsement package worth $1.6 million.


title: Len Bias

text: After returning home to Maryland, Bias drove back to the campus of the University of Maryland. He left campus at approximately 2 a.m. on June 19, drove to an off-campus gathering, and returned to his dormitory between 2:30 and 3 a.m. For the next three to four hours, Bias, with longtime friend Brian Tribble and several teammates, snorted cocaine in the dormitory suite shared by Bias and his teammates. Bias reportedly had a seizure and collapsed while talking with teammate Terry Long. At 6:32 a.m., when Tribble called 911, Bias was unconscious and not breathing. All attempts by the emergency medical team to restart his heart and breathing were unsuccessful. After additional attempts to revive him at Leland Memorial Hospital in Riverdale, Maryland, Bias was pronounced dead at 8:55 a.m. of a cardiac arrhythmia related to usage of cocaine. It was reported that there were no other drugs or alcohol found in his system.


title: Len Bias

text: Four days after Bias died, more than 11,000 people attended a June 23 memorial service at the Cole Field House, the university recreation and student center where Bias played for the Terrapins. Those speaking at the service included Red Auerbach, who said he had planned to draft Bias for the Celtics for three years. On June 30, 1986, the Celtics honored Bias with their memorial service, giving his never-used #30 Celtics jersey to his mother, Lonise.


title: Len Bias

text: On July 25, 1986, a grand jury returned indictments against Brian Tribble for possession of cocaine and possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. Bias' Maryland teammates Terry Long and David Gregg were charged with possession of cocaine and obstruction of justice. Long and Gregg were both suspended from the team on July 31. All three defendants entered not guilty pleas in August.


title: Len Bias

text: On October 20, 1986, prosecutors dropped all charges against Long and Gregg in exchange for their testimony against Tribble. On October 30, the grand jury added three more indictments against Tribble—one count of conspiracy to obstruct justice and two counts of obstruction of justice.


title: Len Bias

text: Also on October 30, Kenneth Mark Fobbs, Tribble's roommate, was charged with perjury for allegedly lying to the grand jury about the last time he had seen Tribble. The state ultimately dropped the perjury charges against Fobbs on March 24, 1987, and a jury acquitted Tribble of all charges related to the Bias case on June 3, 1987.


title: Len Bias

text: In October 1990, Tribble pleaded guilty to a drug charge following a two-year undercover sting operation. He cooperated with the government and was sentenced to ten years and one month in prison.


title: Len Bias

text: On December 5, 1990, Len's younger brother, Jay Bias, was murdered in a drive-by shooting at age 20. The killing followed a dispute in the parking lot of Prince George's Plaza, a Hyattsville shopping mall just a few miles from the University of Maryland. He was pronounced dead at the same hospital where his brother Len had died and was buried next to him at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery.


title: Len Bias

text: Following their sons' deaths, James and Lonise Bias assumed vocal advocacy roles. Lonise Bias became an anti-drug lecturer, while James Bias became an advocate for gun control. Lonise Bias, in the memory of her children, opened the Len and Jay Bias Foundation, which served to encourage better examples for youth.


title: Len Bias

text: A few weeks after Bias' death, committees in the United States House of Representatives began writing anti-drug legislation. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 was signed by President Ronald Reagan on October 27, 1986. The law provided a mandatory minimum prison term of 20 years and a maximum life sentence, along with a fine of up to $2 million for cases of drug distribution that led to the death or serious injury of a person. It is also known as the "Len Bias Law".


title: Len Bias

text: The circumstances surrounding Bias' death threw the University of Maryland and its athletics program into turmoil. An investigation revealed that Bias was 21 credits short of the graduation requirement despite having attended the university for four full years; in his final semester, he earned no academic credits, failing three courses and withdrawing from two others. On August 26, 1986, State's Attorney Arthur A. Marshall Jr. stated that in the hours after Bias' death, Maryland head basketball coach Lefty Driesell told players to remove drugs from Bias' dorm room. Two days later, Bias' father, James, accused the university and Driesell specifically of neglecting their athletes' academic status.


title: Len Bias

text: The controversy prompted athletic director Dick Dull to resign on October 7, 1986, with Driesell following suit on October 29 after 17 years as coach. The grand jury presiding over the Bias case issued a final report on February 26, 1987, criticizing the University of Maryland's athletic department, admissions office, and campus police.


title: Len Bias

text: A film about Len Bias' life, directed by Kirk Fraser, was promoted at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival and released June 19, 2009.


title: Len Bias

text: The documentary "Without Bias" premiered on ESPN on November 3, 2009, as part of their "30 for 30" documentary series.


title: Orient Express

text: The Orient Express was a long-distance passenger train service created in 1883 by the Belgian company "Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits" (CIWL) that operated until 2009. The train traveled the length of continental Europe and into western Asia, with terminal stations in Paris and London in the northwest and Athens or Istanbul in the southeast.


title: Orient Express

text: The route and rolling stock of the "Orient Express" changed many times. Several routes in the past concurrently used the "Orient Express" name, or slight variations. Although the original "Orient Express" was simply a normal international railway service, the name became synonymous with intrigue and luxury rail travel. The two city names most prominently served and associated with the "Orient Express" are Paris and Istanbul, the original endpoints of the timetabled service. The "Orient Express" was a showcase of luxury and comfort at a time when travelling was still rough and dangerous.


title: Orient Express

text: In 1977, the "Orient Express" stopped serving Istanbul. Its immediate successor, a through overnight service from Paris to Bucharest, was later cut back in 1991 to Budapest, and in 2001 was again shortened to Vienna, before departing for the last time from Paris on Friday 8 June 2007. After this, the route, still called the "Orient Express", was shortened to start from Strasbourg instead, occasioned by the inauguration of the LGV Est which afforded much shorter travel times from Paris to Strasbourg. The new curtailed service left Strasbourg at 22:20 daily, shortly after the arrival of a TGV from Paris, and was attached at Karlsruhe to the overnight sleeper service from Amsterdam to Vienna.


title: Orient Express

text: On 14 December 2009, the "Orient Express" ceased to operate and the route disappeared from European railway timetables, reportedly a "victim of high-speed trains and cut-rate airlines". Since 13 December 2021, an ÖBB Nightjet again runs three times per week on the Paris-Vienna route, although not branded as "Orient Express." The Venice-Simplon Orient Express train, a private venture by Belmond using original CIWL carriages from the 1920s and 1930s, continues to run to and from various destinations in Europe, including the original route from Paris to Istanbul.


title: Orient Express

text: In 1882, Georges Nagelmackers, a Belgian banker's son, invited guests to a railway trip of on his "Train Eclair de luxe" ("lightning luxury train"). The train left Paris Gare de l'Est on Tuesday, 10 October 1882, just after 18:30 and arrived in Vienna the next day at 23:20. The return trip left Vienna on Friday, 13 October at 16:40 and, as planned, re-entered the Gare de Strasbourg at 20:00 on Saturday 14 October.


title: Orient Express

text: Georges Nagelmackers was the founder of Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits, which expanded its luxury trains, travel agencies and hotels all over Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Its most famous train remains the "Orient Express".


title: Orient Express

text: The first menu on board (10 October 1882): oysters, soup with Italian pasta, turbot with green sauce, chicken ‘à la chasseur’, fillet of beef with ‘château’ potatoes, ‘chaud-froid’ of game animals, lettuce, chocolate pudding, buffet of desserts.


title: Orient Express

text: On 5 June 1883, the first "Express d'Orient" left Paris for Vienna. Vienna remained the terminus until 4 October 1883. The train was officially renamed the "Orient Express" in 1891.


title: Orient Express

text: The original route, which first ran on 4 October 1883, was from Paris, Gare de l'Est, to Giurgiu in Romania via Munich and Vienna. At Giurgiu, passengers were ferried across the Danube to Ruse, Bulgaria, to pick up another train to Varna. They then completed their journey to Constantinople by ferry. In 1885, another route began operations, this time reaching Constantinople via rail from Vienna to Belgrade and Niš, carriage to Plovdiv, and rail again to Istanbul.


title: Orient Express

text: In 1889, the train's eastern terminus became Varna in the Principality of Bulgaria, where passengers could take a ship to Constantinople. On 1 June 1889, the first direct train to Constantinople left Paris (Gare de l'Est). Istanbul, known as Constantinople until circa 1930 in English, remained its easternmost stop until 19 May 1977. The eastern terminus was the Sirkeci Terminal by the Golden Horn. Ferry service from piers next to the terminal would take passengers across the Bosphorus to Haydarpaşa Terminal, the terminus of the Asian lines of the Ottoman Railways.


title: Orient Express

text: The onset of the First World War in 1914 saw "Orient Express" services suspended. They resumed at the end of hostilities in 1918, and in 1919 the opening of the Simplon Tunnel allowed the introduction of a more southerly route via Milan, Venice, and Trieste. The service on this route was known as the Simplon "Orient Express", and it ran in addition to continuing services on the old route. The Treaty of Saint-Germain contained a clause requiring Austria to accept this train: formerly, Austria allowed international services to pass through Austrian territory (which included Trieste at the time) only if they ran via Vienna. The Simplon "Orient Express" soon became the most important rail route between Paris and Istanbul.


title: Orient Express

text: The 1930s saw the "Orient Express" services at its most popular, with three parallel services running: the "Orient Express", the Simplon "Orient Express", and also the Arlberg "Orient Express", which ran via Zürich and Innsbruck to Budapest, with sleeper cars running onwards from there to Bucharest and Athens. During this time, the "Orient Express" acquired its reputation for comfort and luxury, carrying sleeping-cars with permanent service and restaurant cars known for the quality of their cuisine. Royalty, nobles, diplomats, business people, and the bourgeoisie in general patronized it. Each of the "Orient Express" services also incorporated sleeping cars which had run from Calais to Paris, thus extending the service from one end of continental Europe to the other.


title: Orient Express

text: The start of the Second World War in 1939 again interrupted the service, which did not resume until 1945. During the war, the German Mitropa company had run some services on the route through the Balkans, but Yugoslav Partisans frequently sabotaged the track, forcing a stop to this service.


title: Orient Express

text: Following the end of the war, normal services resumed except on the Athens leg, where the closure of the border between Yugoslavia and the Kingdom of Greece prevented services from running. That border re-opened in 1951, but the closure of the Bulgarian–Turkish border from 1951 to 1952 prevented services running to Istanbul during that time. As the Iron Curtain fell across Europe, the service continued to run, but the Communist nations increasingly replaced the "Wagon-Lits" cars with carriages run by their own railway services.


title: Orient Express

text: By 1962, the original "Orient Express" and Arlberg "Orient Express" had stopped running, leaving only the Simplon "Orient Express". This was replaced in 1962 by a slower service called the "Direct Orient Express", which ran daily cars from Paris to Belgrade, and twice weekly services from Paris to Istanbul and Athens.


title: Orient Express

text: In 1971, the "Wagon-Lits" company stopped running carriages itself and making revenues from a ticket supplement. Instead, it sold or leased all its carriages to the various national railway companies, but continued to provide staff for the carriages. 1976 saw the withdrawal of the Paris–Athens direct service, and in 1977, the "Direct Orient Express" was withdrawn completely, with the last Paris–Istanbul service running on 19 May of that year.


title: Orient Express

text: The withdrawal of the "Direct Orient Express" was thought by many to signal the end of the "Orient Express" as a whole, but in fact a service under this name continued to run from Paris to Bucharest as before (via Strasbourg, Munich, and Budapest). However, a through sleeping car from Paris to Bucharest – and even eastwards from Vienna – was only operated until 1982, and also a through seating car was only operated seasonally. This meant that, as Paris–Budapest and Vienna–Bucharest coaches were running overlapped, a journey was only possible with changing carriages – despite the unchanged name and numbering of the train. In 1991 the Budapest-Bucharest leg of the train was canceled, the new final station now becoming Budapest. In the summer season of 1999 and 2000 a sleeping car from Bucharest to Paris reappeared running twice a week – now operated by CFR. This continued until 2001, when the service was cut back to just Paris–Vienna, already in EuroNight quality – but in both cases the coaches were in fact rather attached to a Paris–Strasbourg express. This service continued daily, listed in the timetables under the name "Orient Express", until 8 June 2007.


title: Orient Express

text: With the opening of the LGV Est Paris–Strasbourg high speed rail line on 10 June 2007, the "Orient Express" service was further cut back to Strasbourg–Vienna, departing nightly at 22:20 from Strasbourg, and still bearing the name, but lost the number 262/263 which was owned for decades.


title: Orient Express

text: The remains of the original train had a convenient connection from/to the Strasbourg-Paris TGV, but due to the less flexible prices the changing became less attractive. In the final years through coaches between Vienna and Karlsruhe (continuing first to Dortmund, then to Amsterdam, and finally – partly from Budapest – to Frankfurt) were attached. The last train with the name "Orient-Express" (now with a hyphen) departed from Vienna on 10 December 2009, and one day later from Strasbourg.


title: Orient Express

text: In 2017, Accor Hotels bought a 50% stake in the Orient Express brand from SNCF, in order to launch a new chain of luxury Orient Express Hotels.


title: Orient Express

text: In 2022, it was announced that Accor and SNCF would relaunch the Orient Express with the 'La Dolce Vita' train and a Paris-Istanbul service. In November, 2022 more details were revealed about the La Dolce Vita service. The La Dolce Vita will have 8 different itineraries around Italy with all but one departing from Rome. The La Dolce Vita service will launch in 2024. La Dolce Vita carriages have been designed by Italian Dimore studio, each train will have 12 Deluxe cabins, 18 Suites an Honor Suite, restaurant and entertainment areas. The original Orient Express service will also be relaunched in 2025 from Paris to Istanbul having a stop in the Croatian city of Split.


title: Orient Express

text: Along with the train service, Accor will operate a new luxury Orient Express Hotels chain. The chain will launch with two properties owned by Arsenale S.p.A., an Italian luxury hospitality company. The first will be the Hotel La Minerva in Rome, with renovation work designed by Hugo Toro, opening in 2023. A second hotel will open in Venice at the Palazzo Dona Giovannelli in early 2024, with 45 rooms and garden terraces on the rooftop. It will be designed by Aline Asmar d’Amman and her architecture studio Culture in Architecture. A third hotel will open in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, with 10 hotels expected by 2030.


title: Orient Express

text: Accor will debut its Orient Express train service from Paris to Istanbul in 2025, with trains designed by Maxime d’Angeac. The train cars on that route will include 17 historic carriages from the defunct "Nostalgie Istanbul Orient Express", which were discovered by French railway historian Arthur Mettetal in 2015 at the Małaszewicze train station at the Poland/Belarus border. In 2018, the cars were transported to France, for renovation work designed by Maxime d'Angeac. An exhibition called Orient Express Relevation was held in Paris from October 17 to October 21, 2022 and at will be held at Design Miami/ from November 30 to December 5.


title: Orient Express

text: Though the final service ran only from Strasbourg to Vienna, it was possible to retrace the entire original "Orient Express" route with four trains: Paris–Strasbourg, Strasbourg–Vienna, Vienna–Belgrade, and Belgrade-Istanbul, each of which were operated daily. Other routes from Paris to Istanbul exist even today, such as Paris–Munich–Budapest–Bucharest–Istanbul, or Paris–Zürich–Belgrade–Istanbul, all of which have comparable travel times of approximately 60 hours without delays. Train services across the border to Turkey were stopped through several years due to construction works, but they were reintroduced in June 2017, however, ending in Istanbul's suburb Halkalı, from where a transfer to the Marmaray commuter line, which would take around 30 minutes to get to the historical center of the city.


title: Orient Express

text: The luxurious dining car, where scenes for "Murder on the Orient Express" and other films were filmed, is now in the OSE museum of Thessaloniki.


title: Orient Express

text: In 1976, the Swiss travel company "Intraflug AG" first rented, then later bought several CIWL-carriages. They were operated as the "Nostalgic Istanbul Orient Express" by Seattle-based Society Expeditions. (The service was later slightly renamed, becoming the "Nostalgie Istanbul Orient Express"). The route went first from Zürich to Istanbul. In 1983, the 100th anniversary of the "Orient Express" was celebrated by extending the route to run from Paris to Istanbul. In 1988, a special journey was run to Hong Kong via the Soviet Union and China. From there, the train was transferred by ferry to Japan and ran between Hiroshima and Tokyo, after which it was used for some excursions (). The Nostalgie Istanbul Orient Express ceased operations in 2007.


title: Orient Express

text: In North America, the American Orient Express, formerly the American European Express and later GrandLuxe Express, operated several trains in charter service between 1989 and 2008 in conjunction with Amtrak. The service was owned by Reisebüro Mittelthurgau, which had bought Intraflug, the owner of the Nostalgic Istanbul Orient Express, in 1982. It was similarly operated by Society Expeditions.


title: Orient Express

text: In 1982, the "Venice-Simplon Orient Express" was established by businessman James Sherwood as a private venture and is currently owned and operated by Belmond. It operates restored 1920s and 1930s carriages on routes around Europe. It also offers connecting service from London to Folkestone on the "British Pullman", using similarly restored vintage British Pullman cars. The Venice-Simplon Orient Express operates from March to December and is aimed at leisure travellers. Tickets start at $3,262 USD per person and it operates on multiple different routes most notably Paris-Istanbul via Vienna and Budapest. Despite its name, the train runs via the Brenner Pass instead of the Simplon tunnel. Belmond also offers a similarly themed luxury train in Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, called the "Eastern and Oriental Express". Sherwood also operated a chain of Orient Express-branded luxury hotels, licensed from SNCF, owner of the Orient Express branding. The chain was renamed Belmond in 2014 when the branding license ended.


title: Orient Express

text: The glamour and rich history of the "Orient Express" has frequently lent itself to the plot of books and films and as the subject of television documentaries.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: Insidious: Chapter 2 is a 2013 American supernatural horror film directed by James Wan. The film is a sequel to the 2010 film "Insidious," and the second installment in the "Insidious" franchise, and the fourth in terms of the series's in-story chronology. The film stars Patrick Wilson and Rose Byrne, reprising their roles as Josh and Renai Lambert, a husband and wife who seek to uncover the secret that has left them dangerously connected to the spirit world. The film was released September 13, 2013. A prequel film, "", was released on June 5, 2015, and the storyline of this film will be continued in "" in 2023.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: In 1986, Lorraine Lambert summons demonologist Elise Rainier to help her son Josh, who is being followed by the spirit of an old woman. While attempting to confront paranormal phenomena in the home, Elise's arm is inexplicably slashed by an unseen force. She insists that they must suppress Josh's astral projection abilities for his own safety and plant altered memories in his brain.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: Twenty-five years later, Josh's wife, Renai Lambert, is under questioning about the death of Elise. She is warned that if Josh's fingerprints are found at the crime scene, he will be prosecuted for Elise's murder. Josh, Renai and their children - Dalton, Foster, and Cali - relocate to Lorraine's house, where they again begin to encounter strange paranormal events.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: Specs and Tucker, Elise's associates, visit Elise's house and discover a videotape of the 1986 investigation. Upon reviewing it, they find someone standing behind Josh in the video. Dalton tells his mother that he has been having bad dreams about a woman in a white dress, as well as hearing Josh talk to an unseen figure. Renai receives a call from the police stating that the fingerprints do not match Josh's. A woman in a white dress attacks Renai and Josh hears a voice urging him to kill his family.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: Specs and Tucker show Lorraine the tape, enhanced to reveal it is an adult Josh standing behind the young Josh. They contact Elise's former colleague Carl, who attempts to contact Elise's spirit. They are told to find answers at an abandoned hospital, where Lorraine used to work as a doctor. Lorraine recounts the story of a patient named Parker Crane who was admitted for trying to castrate himself. Twenty-five years ago, she saw Parker and when she asked a nurse why he was out of bed, the nurse seemed confused and told Lorraine that he had jumped to his death the day before.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: The group goes to the Crane family home where they find a secret room. Inside, they discover numerous corpses, a black wedding gown and newspaper clippings revealing Parker to be a killer referred to as "The Bride in Black" - who kidnapped and murdered young women while dressed as a woman himself.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: Josh's body begins to slowly deteriorate and Renai realizes he is possessed. Lorraine insists that they all get away from Josh. Carl, Specs and Tucker arrive to drug him but he subdues them. Carl awakens in the spirit realm of The Further, where he meets the spirits of the real Josh and Elise. It is revealed that time moves non-chronologically in The Further, and Josh is able to communicate with himself as a child to figure out the location of Parker's house in The Further.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: In the real world, the possessed Josh ambushes Lorraine and Renai. Renai and the children escape to the basement. Dalton voluntarily enters The Further to help his father. In The Further, Josh and the others find Parker's house. They witness Parker's mother, Michelle – the woman in the white dress – abusing him and forcing him to act like a girl. Parker had killed his victims at the behest of his mother's spirit. Elise saves Josh and appears to destroy Michelle's spirit, which stops the possessed Josh from murdering his family in the real world. Parker's ghost disappears. Carl and Josh escape and Dalton leads them back to the living world, allowing Josh to finally regain control of his body. The Lambert family is finally reunited, with Josh and Dalton once again having their memories suppressed by Carl.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: Some time later, Specs and Tucker arrive at the house of a family whose daughter, Allison, is in an unexplained coma. Unknown to them, Elise's spirit passes between them, going to Allison's room. She gasps as she sees something in the corner of the room.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: After the financial success of "Insidious" In April 2011, discussions for a sequel soon followed. With producer Jason Blum insisting on the return of director James Wan and screenwriter Leigh Whannell, a treatment script did not arrive until nearly a year later. "As long as there was a chance that James and Leigh were gonna write the second movie and direct the second movie, I didn't want to do it with someone else," said Blum. "They kept saying they might do it, they might not do it, which was why there's quite a bit of time between the two movies." On February 2, 2012, it was announced that director James Wan and screenwriter Leigh Whannell were in talks to return for the sequel.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: While promoting "The Conjuring" (2013) at New York Comic Con in October 2012, Wan described how he and Whannell were working closely on developing the story and the script for the follow up to "Insidious", explaining to ShockTilYouDrop.com, "I think the sequel to "Insidious" is kind of my reaction to "Saw" where for my own reason I wasn't as involved in the sequels, and so I felt with "Insidious", think it would be good to shepherd it and keep it more in track to the version I had when I made the first film so that it doesn't detour too far."


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: The film was titled "Insidious: Chapter 2" because it is a direct continuation of the first installment. However, the tone of the film was to be more grounded than in the first film, with Wan citing his work on "The Conjuring" as an influence to how he and Whannell approached "Insidious: Chapter 2". "I pulled things from "Insidious" that I applied to "The Conjuring", and what I learned from "The Conjuring" I applied to "Insidious 2"," said Wan. "So for me, I feel like it's a cumulative filmmaking experience that I've gathered over the years."


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: On November 19, 2012, it was officially announced that Patrick Wilson, Rose Byrne, Lin Shaye, and Ty Simpkins would reprise their roles from the first film. The following month, it was announced that Barbara Hershey would also be returning. In February 2013, Jocelin Donahue and Lindsay Seim rounded out the cast as younger versions of Hershey and Shaye's characters, respectively. It was also confirmed that the film's screenwriter Leigh Whannell and actor Angus Sampson would reprise their roles as Specs and Tucker, respectively. When asked about the return of the two characters, Whannell explained, "There was this hatred that spewed out from fans saying 'I hated those guys! They sucked! They ruined the movie!' so there will probably be a lot of people out there who will be disappointed to hear that the Specs and Tucker characters will be coming back."


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: Principal photography for "Insidious: Chapter 2" began on January 15, 2013, in Los Angeles. Having a slightly higher production budget than its predecessor, the film was captured over the course of 25 shooting days. A bulk of the film was shot at a house in Highland Park, Los Angeles, which served as the location of Lorraine Lambert's house. Another location used for filming was the former Linda Vista Community Hospital, which was redressed as a hospital setting and used for the construction of interior sets (including recreations of sets from the first film). "I've never shot in Linda Vista," said Wan about the location. "It's kind of funny because Leigh and I have always heard so much about it. For research on the first one [Leigh] came here to do a bit of ghost-hunting. And I think a lot of that inspired us when we needed a hospital set."


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: The musical score to "Insidious: Chapter 2" is composed by Joseph Bishara, who previously collaborated with director James Wan on the first installment as well as "The Conjuring". "Finding the right range and tone for the feeling is an important part," described Bishara on generating tension through sound. "James is very particular with sting placement along with Kirk, our editor on both "Insidious" films and "Conjuring". Silence can create a listening space, where rather than give you something else to listen to it enables you to hear things."


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: A soundtrack album for the film was released digitally on September 15 and in physical forms on October 8, 2013, by Void Recordings. Additional songs featured in the film include:


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: Prior to being officially announced, Sony Pictures Entertainment registered various domain names on November 28, 2011, for "Insidious: Chapter 2". On January 30, 2013, the first picture from the set of the film was released via writer Leigh Whannell's Twitter account. Additional behind-the-scenes photos from the set of the film were released the following month. In April 2013, the first promotional poster for the film went on display at CinemaCon in Las Vegas. The first theatrical trailer for the film was screened to a live audience on location at the Linda Vista Community Hospital on June 4, 2013, with an online release the following day. On August 10, 2013, it was announced at the convention Scare L.A by producer Jason Blum and Universal's creative director John Murdy, that a maze attraction entitled "Insidious: Into the Further" will be featured at the 2013 Halloween Horror Nights at Universal Studios Hollywood.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: While originally intended to be released on August 30, 2013, "Insidious: Chapter 2" was rescheduled for a September 20 release date. The film's release date was later moved again to September 13, 2013.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: On the night prior to its theatrical wide release, the film was shown in select theatres as part of a double feature with the first installment. A red carpet premiere for the film was held in Los Angeles on September 10, 2013.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: Preliminary reports had the film tracking for a $32–$35 million debut in North America. The film earned $1.5 million from its Thursday night showings, and reached a $20 million Friday total, making it the biggest opening day in September box office history. It went on to be the number one film during its opening weekend, taking $41 million at the box office. The film grossed a worldwide total of $161,919,318 against a budget of $5 million.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports a 40% approval rating based on 125 reviews, with an average score of 4.8/10. The site's consensus reads: ""Insidious: Chapter 2" is decidedly short on the tension and surprises that made its predecessor so chilling." Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 40 out of 100 based on 30 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: Robbie Collin of "The Telegraph" gave the film a positive review, stating that "the scares are mostly very scary indeed, and that means the film does its job." Scott Foundas of "Variety" praised the "artfully eerie" cinematography work of John R. Leonetti and the "pervasively unsettling atmosphere" constructed by sound designer and editor Joe Dzuban. Foundas further wrote that "where so many sequels seem like mere remakes of their predecessors, with bigger budgets and less imagination, "Insidious: Chapter 2" feels like a genuine continuation of characters we enjoyed getting to know the first time around, and wouldn't at all mind returning to again." Conversely, Robert Abele of the "Los Angeles Times" commented, "After the pleasurable free fall into old-fashioned nightmare artistry that was last summer's "The Conjuring", this busy-yet-dull sequel feels like Wan robotically flexing his manipulation of fright-film signposts, an exercise more silly than sinister." Justin Lowe of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "Setting aside the movie's tediously lame dialogue, self-conscious performances and frequently predictable scares, the narrative's compulsively shifting chronology intermittently manages to engage, although it does little to obscure the distracting shortcomings of both plot and character development."


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: On September 16, 2013, a third film in the series was announced with Leigh Whannell signed on to return as writer while Jason Blum and Oren Peli were also set to produce. When asked about returning for another sequel, actor Patrick Wilson went on to say that he "[doesn't] know where else it could go", and that "[Josh Lambert has] been through the wringer, and I think the movie sets it up well at the end ... And that's great, that's how it should end." On March 11, 2014, it was reported that the third film wouldn't focus on the Lambert family, but would focus on a new family and story, that it wouldn't connect to the last teaser scene in the second film, and that Whannell and Sampson wouldn't return as ghost hunters Specs and Tucker. On May 7, 2014, Wan tweeted that Whannell would be directing the third film, which would mark his directorial debut. Stefanie Scott and Dermot Mulroney starred in the film. Focus Features and Stage 6 Films released the follow-up on June 5, 2015.


title: Insidious: Chapter 2

text: In October 2020, it was announced that a sequel to "Chapter 2" was in development. Patrick Wilson will serve as director in addition to reprising his starring role, while Scott Teems serves as screenwriter, based on an original story by Leigh Whannell. The premise will center around a now-grown Dalton Lambert as he goes off to college, with Ty Simpkins reprising the role. Jason Blum, James Wan, Leigh Whannell, and Oren Pelli will serve as producers. The project will be a produced by Blumhouse Productions and distributed by Sony Pictures.


title: Granada

text: Granada (, ) is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence of four rivers, the Darro, the Genil, the Monachil and the Beiro. Ascribed to the Vega de Granada "comarca", the city sits at an average elevation of above sea level, yet is only one hour by car from the Mediterranean coast, the Costa Tropical. Nearby is the Sierra Nevada Ski Station, where the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1996 were held.


title: Granada

text: In the 2021 national census, the population of the city of Granada proper was 227,383, and the population of the entire municipal area was estimated to be 231,775, ranking as the 20th-largest urban area of Spain. About 3.3% of the population did not hold Spanish citizenship, the largest number of these people (31%; or 1% of the total population) coming from South America. Its nearest airport is Federico García Lorca Granada-Jaén Airport.


title: Granada

text: The area was settled since ancient times by Iberians, Romans, and Visigoths. The current settlement became a major city of Al-Andalus in the 11th century during the Zirid Taifa of Granada. In the 13th century it became the capital of the Emirate of Granada under Nasrid rule, the last Muslim-ruled state in the Iberian Peninsula. Granada was conquered in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs and progressively transformed into a Christian city over the course of the 16th century.


title: Granada

text: The Alhambra, a medieval Nasrid citadel and palace, is located in Granada. It is one of the most famous monuments of Islamic architecture and one of the most visited tourist sites in Spain. Islamic-period influence and Moorish architecture are also preserved in the Albaicín neighborhood and other medieval monuments in the city. The 16th century also saw a flourishing of Mudéjar architecture and Renaissance architecture, followed later by Baroque and Churrigueresque styles. Granada is also well known within Spain for the University of Granada which has an estimated 47,000 undergraduate students spread over five different campuses in the city. The pomegranate (in Spanish, "granada") is the heraldic device of Granada.


title: Granada

text: Granada's historical name in the Arabic language was (""). The word "Gárnata" (or "Karnata") possibly means "hill of strangers".


title: Granada

text: The region surrounding what today is Granada has been populated since at least 5500 BC. Archeological artifacts found in the city indicate that the site of the city, including the area around the present-day avenue of "Gran Vía de Colón", was inhabited since the Bronze Age. The most ancient ruins found in the area belong to an oppidum called "Ilturir", founded by the Iberian Bastetani tribe around 650 BC. The name Elibyrge is also attested in reference to this area. This settlement became later known as "Iliberri" or "Iliberis". In 44 BC "Iliberis" became a Roman colony and in 27 BC it became a Roman "municipium" named "Florentia Iliberritana" ('Flourishing Iliberri').


title: Granada

text: The identification of present-day Granada with the Roman-era "Iliberis" and the historical continuity between the two settlements has long been debated by scholars. Modern archeological digs on the Albaicín hill have uncovered finds demonstrating the presence of a significant Roman town on that site. Little is known, however, about the history of the city in the period between the end of the Roman era and the 11th century. An important Christian synod circa 300 AD, the Synod of Elvira, took place near this area (the name "Elvira" being derived from the name "Iliberri"), but there is no concrete archeological or documentary evidence establishing the exact location of the meeting. It may have taken place in the former Roman town or it may have taken place somewhere in the surrounding region, which was known as Elvira.


title: Granada

text: The Umayyad conquest of Hispania, starting in AD 711, brought large parts of the Iberian Peninsula under Moorish control and established al-Andalus. The earliest Arabic historical sources mention that a town named "Qashtīliya", later known as "Madīnat Ilbīra" (Elvira), was located on the southern slopes of the Sierra de Elvira mountains (near present-day Atarfe) and became the most important settlement in the area. A smaller settlement and fortress ("ḥiṣn") named "Ġarnāṭa" (also transliterated as "Gharnāṭa)" existed on the south side of the Darro River or on the site of the current Albaicín neighbourhood. The latter had a mainly Jewish population and thus was also known as "Gharnāṭat al-Yahūd" (""Gharnāṭa" of the Jews"). The district around the city was known as "Kūrat Ilbīra" (roughly "Province of Elvira"). After 743 the town of "Ilbīra" was settled by soldiers from the region of Syria who played a role in supporting Abd al-Rahman I, the founder of the Emirate of Córdoba and a new Umayyad dynasty. In the late 9th century, during the reign of Abdallah (r. 844–912), the city and its surrounding district were the site of conflict between "muwallad"s (Muslim converts) who were loyal to the central government and Arabs, led by Sawwār ibn Ḥamdūn, who resented them.


title: Granada

text: At the beginning of the 11th century, the area became dominated by the Zirids, a Sanhaja Berber group and offshoot of the Zirids who ruled parts of North Africa. This group became an important contingent in the army of ʿAbd al-Malik al-Muẓaffar, the prime minister of Caliph Hisham II (r. 976–1009) and successor to Ibn Abi ʿAmir al-Mansur (Almanzor) as "de facto" ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba. For their service, the Zirids were granted control of the province of Elvira. When the Caliphate collapsed after 1009 and the Fitna (civil war) began, the Zirid leader Zawi ben Ziri established an independent kingdom for himself, the Taifa of Granada. Arab sources such as al-Idrisi consider him to be the founder of the city of Granada. His surviving memoirs – the only ones for the Spanish "Middle Ages" – provide considerable detail for this brief period. Because "Madīnat Ilbīra" was situated on a low plain and, as a result, difficult to protect from attacks, the ruler decided to transfer his residence to the higher situated area of "Ġarnāṭa". According to Arabic sources "Ilbīra" was razed during the Fitna, afterwards it was not restored at its previous place and instead "Ġarnāṭa", the former Jewish town, replaced it as the main city. In a short time this town was transformed into one of the most important cities of al-Andalus. Until the 11th century it had a mixed population of Christians, Muslims, and Jews.


title: Granada

text: The Zirids built their citadel and palace, known as the "al-Qaṣaba al-Qadīma" ("Old Citadel"), on the hill now occupied by the Albaicín neighborhood. It was connected to two smaller fortresses on the Sabika hill (site of the future Alhambra) and Mauror hill to the south. The city around it grew during the 11th century to include the Albaicín, the Sabika, the Mauror, and a part of the surrounding plains. The city was fortified with walls encompassing an area of approximately 75 hectares. The northern part of these walls, near the Albaicin citadel, have survived to the present day, along with two of its gates: "Bāb al-Unaydar" (now called "Puerta Monaita" in Spanish) and "Bāb al-Ziyāda" (now known as "Arco de las Pesas" or "Puerta Nueva"). The city and its residences were supplied with water through an extensive network of underground cisterns and pipes. On the Darro River, along the wall connecting the Zirid citadel with the Sabika hill, was a sluice gate called "Bāb al-Difāf" ("Gate of the Tambourines"), which could be closed or opened to control the flow of the river and retain water if necessary. The nearby Bañuelo, a former hammam (bathhouse), also likely dates from this time, as does the former minaret of a mosque in the Albaicín, now part of the Church of San José.


title: Granada

text: Under the Zirid kings Habbus ibn Maksan and Badis, the most powerful figure was the Jewish administrator known as Samuel ha-Nagid (in Hebrew) or Isma'il ibn Nagrilla (in Arabic). Samuel was a highly educated member of the former elites of Cordoba, who fled that city after the outbreak of the Fitna. He eventually found his way to Granada, where Habbus ibn Maksan appointed him his secretary in 1020 and entrusted him with many important responsibilities, including tax collection. Under Badis, he even took charge of the army. During this period, the Muslim king was looked upon as a mainly symbolic figurehead. Granada was the center of Jewish Sephardi culture and scholarship. According to Daniel Eisenberg:


title: Granada

text: After Samuel's death, his son Joseph took over after his position but proved to lack his father's diplomacy, bringing on the 1066 Granada massacre, which ended the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain.


title: Granada

text: From the late 11th century to the early 13th century, Al-Andalus was dominated by two successive North African Berber empires. The Almoravids ruled Granada from 1090 and the Almohads from 1166. Evidence from the artistic and archeological remains of this period suggest that the city thrived under the Almoravids but declined under the Almohads. Remnants of the Almohad period in the city include the Alcázar Genil, built in 1218–1219 (but later redecorated under the Nasrids), and possibly the former minaret attached to the present-day Church of San Juan de los Reyes in the Albaicin.


title: Granada

text: In 1228 Idris al-Ma'mun, the last effective Almohad ruler in al-Andalus, left the Iberian Peninsula. As Almohad rule collapsed local leaders and factions emerged across the region. With the "Reconquista" in full swing, the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon – under kings Ferdinand III and James I, respectively – made major conquests across al-Andalus. Castile captured Cordoba in 1236 and Seville in 1248. Meanwhile, the ambitious Ibn al-Ahmar (Muhammad I) established what became the last and longest reigning Muslim dynasty in the Iberian peninsula, the Nasrids, who ruled the Emirate of Granada. On multiple occasions Ibn al-Ahmar aligned himself with Ferdinand III, eventually agreeing to become his vassal in 1246. Granada thereafter became a tributary state to the Kingdom of Castile, although this was often interrupted by wars between the two states. The political history of the emirate was turbulent and intertwined with that of its neighbours. The Nasrids sometimes provided refuge or military aid to Castilian kings and noblemen, even against other Muslim states, while in turn the Castilians provided refuge and aid to some Nasrid emirs against other Nasrid rivals. On other occasions the Nasrids attempted to leverage the aid of the North African Marinids to ward off Castile, although Marinid interventions in the Peninsula ended after Battle of Rio Salado (1340).


title: Granada

text: The population of the emirate was also swelled by Muslim refugees from the territories newly conquered by Castile and Aragon, resulting in a small yet densely-populated territory which was more uniformly Muslim and Arabic-speaking than before. The city itself expanded and new neighbourhoods grew around the Albaicín (named after refugees from Baeza) and in Antequeruela (named after refugees from Antequera after 1410). A new set of walls was constructed further north during the 13th–14th centuries, with "Bab Ilbirah" (present-day "Puerta de Elvira") as its western entrance. A major Muslim cemetery existed outside this gate. The city's heart was its Great Mosque (on the site of the present-day Granada Cathedral) and the commercial district known as the "qaysariyya" (the Alcaicería). Next to this was the only major madrasa built in al-Andalus, the "Madrasa al-Yusufiyya" (known today as the Palacio de la Madraza), founded in 1349. Other monuments from this era include the "al-Funduq al-Jadida" ("New Inn" or caravanserai, now known as the Corral del Carbón), built in the early 14th century, the Maristan (hospital), built in 1365–1367 and demolished in 1843, and the main mosque of the Albaicín, dating from the 13th century.


title: Granada

text: When Ibn Al-Ahmar established himself in the city he moved the royal palace from the old Zirid citadel on the Albaicín hill to the Sabika hill, beginning construction on what became the present Alhambra. The Alhambra acted as a self-contained palace-city, with its own mosque, hammams, fortress, and residential quarters for workers and servants. The most celebrated palaces that survive today, such as the Comares Palace and the Palace of the Lions, generally date from the reigns of Yusuf I (r. 1333–1354) and his son Muhammad V (r. 1354–1391, with interruptions). Some smaller examples of Nasrid palace architecture in the city have survived in the Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo (late 13th century) and the Dar al-Horra (15th century).Partly due to the heavy tributary payments to Castile, Granada's economy specialized in the trade of high-value goods. Integrated within the European mercantile network, the ports of the kingdom fostered intense trading relations with the Genoese, but also with the Catalans, and to a lesser extent, with the Venetians, the Florentines, and the Portuguese. It provided connections with Muslim and Arab trade centers, particularly for gold from sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb, and exported silk and dried fruits produced in the area.


title: Granada

text: Despite its frontier position, Granada was also an important Islamic intellectual and cultural center, especially in the time of Muhammad V, with figures such as Ibn Khaldun and Ibn al-Khatib serving in the Nasrid court. Ibn Battuta, a famous traveller and historian, visited the Emirate of Granada in 1350. He described it as a powerful and self-sufficient kingdom in its own right, although frequently embroiled in skirmishes with the Kingdom of Castile. In his journal, Ibn Battuta called Granada the "metropolis of Andalusia and the bride of its cities."


title: Granada

text: On 2 January 1492, the last Muslim ruler in Iberia, Emir Muhammad XII, known as "Boabdil" to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of the Emirate of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile), after the last episode of the Granada War.


title: Granada

text: The 1492 capitulation of the Kingdom of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs is one of the most significant events in Granada's history. It brought the demise of the last Muslim-controlled polity in the Iberian Peninsula. The terms of the surrender, outlined in the Treaty of Granada at the end of 1491, explicitly allowed the Muslim inhabitants, known as "mudéjares", to continue unmolested in the practice of their faith and customs. This had been a traditional practice during Castilian (and Aragonese) conquests of Muslim cities since the takeover of Toledo in the 11th century. The terms of the surrender pressured Jewish inhabitants to convert or leave within three years, but this provision was quickly superseded by the Alhambra Decree, issued only a few months later on March 31, which instead forced all Jews in Spain to convert or be expelled within four months. Those who converted became known as "conversos" (converts). This move, along with the progressive erosion of other guarantees provided by the surrender treaty, raised tensions and fears within the remaining Muslim community during the 1490s. Many of the city's affluent Muslims and its traditional ruling classes emigrated to North Africa in the early years after the conquest, but these early emigrants numbered only a few thousand, with the rest of the population unable to afford leaving.


title: Granada

text: By 1499, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros grew frustrated with the slow pace of the efforts of the first archbishop of Granada, Hernando de Talavera, to convert non-Christians and undertook a program of forced baptisms, creating the "converso" class for Muslims and Jews. Cisneros's new strategy, which was a direct violation of the terms of the treaty, provoked the Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501) centered in the rural Alpujarras region southeast of the city. The rebellion lasted until 1500 in Granada and continued until 1501 in the Alpujarras. Responding to the rebellion of 1501, the Crown of Castile rescinded the Treaty of Granada, and mandated that Granada's Muslims convert or emigrate. Many of the remaining Muslim elites subsequently emigrated to North Africa. The majority of the Granada's "mudéjares" converted (becoming the so-called "moriscos" or Moorish) so that they could stay. Both populations of converts were subject to persecution, execution, or exile, and each had cells that practiced their original religion in secrecy (the so-called "marranos" in the case of the "conversos" accused of the charge of crypto-Judaism).


title: Granada

text: Over the course of the 16th century, Granada took on an ever more Catholic and Castilian character, as immigrants arrived from other regions of Castile, lured by the promise of economic opportunities in the newly conquered city. At the time of the city's surrender in 1492 it had a population of 50,000 which included only a handful of Christians (mostly captives), but by 1561 (the year of the first royal census of the city) the population was composed of over 30,000 Christian immigrants and approximately 15,000 "moriscos". After 1492 the city's first churches had been installed in some converted mosques. The vast majority of the city's remaining mosques were subsequently converted into churches during and after the mass conversions of 1500. In 1531, Charles V founded the University of Granada on the site of the former madrasa built by Yusuf I.


title: Granada

text: Granada's Town Council did not fully establish until almost nine years after the Castilian conquest, upon the concession of the so-called 'Constitutive Charter' of the Ayuntamiento of Granada on 23 September 1500. From then on, the municipal institution became a crucible for the "Old Christian" and the converted "morisco" elites, resulting in strong factionalism, particularly after 1508. The new period also saw the creation of a number of other new institutions such as the Cathedral Cabildo, the , the Royal Chapel and the Royal Chancellery. For the rest of the 16th century the Granadan ruling oligarchy featured roughly a 40% of (Jewish) "conversos" and about a 31% of "hidalgos". From the 1520s onward, the mosque structures themselves began to be replaced with new church buildings, a process which continued for most of the century. In December 1568, during a period of renewed persecution against "moriscos", the Second Morisco Rebellion broke out in the Alpujarras. Although the city's "morisco" population played little role in the rebellion, King Philip II ordered the expulsion of the vast majority of the "morisco" population from the Kingdom of Granada, with the exception of those artisans and professionals judged essential to the economy. The expelled population was redistributed to other cities throughout the Crown of Castile. The final expulsion of all "moriscos" from Castile and Aragon was carried out between 1609 and 1614.


title: Granada

text: During the 17th century, despite the importance of immigration, the population of the city stagnated at about 55,000, contrary to the trend of population increase experienced in the rural areas of the Kingdom of Granada, where the hammer of depopulation caused by the expulsion of the "moriscos" had taken a far greater toll in the previous century. The 17th-century demographic stagnation in the city and overall steady population increase in the wider kingdom went in line with the demographic disaster experienced throughout the century in the rest of the Crown of Castile. The city was overshadowed in importance by other cities including Seville and the capital, Madrid.


title: Granada

text: Between 1810 and 1812 Granada was occupied by Napoleon's army during the Peninsular War. The French troops occupied the Alhambra as a fortified position and caused significant damage to the monument. Upon evacuating the city, they attempted to dynamite the whole complex, successfully blowing up eight towers before the remaining fuses were disabled by Spanish soldier José Garcia, thus saving what remains today. In 1830 Washington Irving lived in Granada and wrote his "Tales of the Alhambra", which revived some international interest in southern Spain and in its Islamic-era monuments.


title: Granada

text: In the 1930s the tensions that eventually divided Spain were evident in Granada, with frequent riots and friction between landowners and peasants. When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, Granada was one of the cities that joined the Nationalist uprising. There was local resistance against the Nationalists, particularly from the working classes in the Albaicín, which was violently repressed. During the 1950s and 1960s, under the Franco regime, the province of Granada was one of the poorest areas in Spain. In recent decades tourism has become a major industry in the city.


title: Granada

text: The city of Granada sits on the Vega de Granada, one of the depressions or plains located within the Baetic mountain ranges, continued to the west by those of Archidona and Antequera and to the East by those of Guadix, Baza and Huéscar.


title: Granada

text: The fertile soil of the Vega, apt for agriculture, is irrigated by the water streams originated in Sierra Nevada, as well as minor secondary ranges, all drained by the catchment basin of the Genil River, that cuts across the city centre following an east to west direction. The Monachil, a left-bank tributary of the former, also passes through the city, discharging into the Genil to the west of the city centre.


title: Granada

text: Granada has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ("Csa") close to a cold semi-arid climate ("BSk") Summers are hot and dry with daily temperatures averaging in the hottest month (July); however, temperatures reaching over are not uncommon in the summer months. Winters are cool and damp, with most of the rainfall concentrated from November through to January. The coldest month is January with daytime temperatures hovering at and dropping to around during the night. Frost is common as temperatures usually reach below-freezing in the early morning. Snow is rare and occurs once every few years. Spring and autumn are unpredictable, with temperatures ranging from mild to warm. Early summer in 2017 confronted the city with two massive heat waves that broke long-standing record temperatures starting on June 13, 2017, with a new maximum high for the month at 40.6 °C (old record 40.0), which was topped three times within the span of four days at 40.9 °C on June 14, 41.3 (June 15) and, eventually, 41.5 (June 17). The second extreme surge in temperatures followed roughly a month later when readings soared to 45.7 and 45.3 °C on July 12 and 13, respectively, surpassing the old July record by almost 3 degrees.


title: Granada

text: In the municipality of Granada there are five urban areas: Granada city, Alquería del Fargue, Bobadilla, Cerrillo de Maracena and Lancha del Genil. Due to the expansion of Granada city, Cerrillo de Maracena has been integrated into it.


title: Granada

text: According to the municipal register of inhabitants, in 2021 the municipality of Granada had a population of 231,775 people, of whom 106,987 were men (46.15%) and 124,738 were women (53.85%). Since the 90's, there has been a slight decrease in the population of Granada city, in favour of smaller towns in the metropolitan area.


title: Granada

text: 18,455 people living in the municipality of Granada in 2021 were of foreign nationality, which represents 7.95% of total population, rate lower than the national average. Resident foreigners come from all continents, the most numerous being Moroccan (4,890), Chinese (1,047), Senegalese (947), Colombian (889), Italian (854) and Bolivian (763).


title: Granada

text: The Alhambra is a fortified palace complex located on the Sabika hill, an outcrop of the Sierra Nevada which overlooks the city of Granada. It is one of the most famous monuments of Islamic architecture and one of the best-preserved palaces of the historic Islamic world, in addition to containing notable examples of Spanish Renaissance architecture. It is one of Spain's major tourist attractions and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1984.


title: Granada

text: The complex was begun in 1238 by Muhammad I Ibn al-Ahmar, the first Nasrid emir, on the site of earlier fortresses and of the 11th-century palace of vizier Samuel ibn Naghrillah. Later Nasrid rulers continuously modified the site, most notably during the reigns of Yusuf I and Muhammad V in the 14th century. During this era, the Alhambra was a self-contained city separate from the rest of Granada below. It contained most of the amenities of a Muslim city such as a Friday mosque, hammams (public baths), roads, houses, artisan workshops, a tannery, and a sophisticated water supply system. As a royal city and citadel, it contained at least six major palaces, most of them located along the northern edge where they commanded views over the Albaicín quarter. The most famous and best-preserved are the Mexuar, the Comares Palace, the Palace of the Lions, and the Partal Palace, which form the main attraction to visitors today. The other palaces are known from historical sources and from modern excavations. At the Alhambra's western tip is the Alcazaba fortress, the centerpiece of its defensive system. The architecture of the Nasrid palaces reflects the tradition of Moorish architecture developed over previous centuries. Decoration is focused on the inside of the building and was executed primarily with tile mosaics on lower walls and carved stucco on the upper walls. Geometric patterns, vegetal motifs, and Arabic calligraphy were the main types of decorative motifs. Additionally, "stalactite"-like sculpting, known as "muqarnas", was used for three-dimensional features like vaulted ceilings.


title: Granada

text: After the conclusion of the "Reconquista" in 1492, the site became the Royal Court of Ferdinand and Isabella (where Christopher Columbus received royal endorsement for his expedition), and the palaces were partially altered. In 1526, Charles V commissioned a new Renaissance-style palace, now known as the Palace of Charles V, in direct juxtaposition with the Nasrid palaces, but it was left uncompleted in the early 17th century. Other notable Renaissance additions from the reign of Charles V include the Emperor's Chambers and the "Peinador de la Reina" ('Queen's Robing Room'), which are connected to the former Nasrid Palaces.


title: Granada

text: In the 18th century the Alhambra fell into severe neglect and parts of it were demolished by French troops in 1812. Through the course of the 19th century, the Alhambra was "rediscovered" by British, American, and other European Romantic travelers and intellectuals. The most influential of them was Washington Irving, whose "Tales of the Alhambra" (1832) brought international attention to the site. The Alhambra became one of the first Islamic monuments to become the object of modern scientific study and has been the subject of numerous restorations since the 19th century, a process which continues today.


title: Granada

text: The Generalife is a Nasrid-era country estate or summer palace located just east of the Alhambra, on a sloping site above it. It was first built by Muhammad II and Muhammad III in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. This palace features several rectangular garden courtyards with decorated pavilions at either end and it was originally linked to the Alhambra by a walled corridor that crosses the valley between the two. It underwent modifications and redecoration under multiple later Nasrid rulers.


title: Granada

text: The Generalife also underwent major alterations by Christian Spanish builders in the 16th century, which imparted Renaissance elements on the palace. In the 20th century a large area of modern landscaped gardens, known as the "Jardines Nuevos" ('New Gardens'), were added to the south of the Nasrid palace and form the main approach to it today. These date in large part to the work of Leopoldo Torres Balbás and Francisco Prieto Moreno, between 1931 and 1951, who incorporated both Italian and Moorish influences in their design. An open-air auditorium was also added in 1952. Along with the Alhambra, the Generalife is a major tourist attraction and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984.


title: Granada

text: The cathedral of Granada is built over the Nasrid Great Mosque of Granada, in the centre of the city. Its construction began during the Spanish Renaissance in the early 16th century, shortly after the conquest of Granada by the Catholic Monarchs, who commissioned the works to Juan Gil de Hontañón and Enrique Egas. Numerous grand buildings were built in the reign of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, so that the cathedral is contemporary to the Christian palace of the Alhambra, the University and the Real Chancillería (Supreme Court).


title: Granada

text: The church was conceived on the model of the Cathedral of Toledo, for what initially was a Gothic architectural project, as was customary in Spain in the early decades of the 16th century. However, Egas was relieved by the Catholic hierarchy in 1529, and the continuation of the work was assigned to Diego Siloe, who built upon the example of his predecessor, but changed the approach towards a fully Renaissance aesthetic.


title: Granada

text: The architect drew new Renaissance lines for the whole building over the gothic foundations, with an ambulatory and five naves instead of the usual three. Over time, the bishopric continued to commission new architectural projects of importance, such as the redesign of the main façade, undertaken in 1664 by Alonso Cano (1601–1667) to introduce Baroque elements. In 1706 Francisco de Hurtado Izquierdo and later his collaborator José Bada built the current tabernacle of the cathedral.


title: Granada

text: Highlights of the church's components include the main chapel, where may be found the praying statues of the Catholic Monarchs, which consists of a series of Corinthian columns with the entablature resting on their capitals, and the vault over all. The spaces of the walls between the columns are perforated by a series of windows. The design of the tabernacle of 1706 preserves the classic proportions of the church, with its multiple columns crossing the forms of Diego de Siloé.


title: Granada

text: The Catholic Monarchs chose the city of Granada as their burial site by a royal decree dated September 13, 1504. The Royal Chapel of Granada, built over the former terrace of the Great Mosque, ranks with other important Granadan buildings such as the Lonja and the Catedral e Iglesia del Sagrario. In it are buried the Catholic Monarchs, their daughter Joanna of Castile ("Juana la Loca") and her husband Felipe I ("Felipe el Hermoso"). Construction of the Chapel started in 1505, directed by its designer, Enrique Egas. Built in several stages, the continuing evolution of its design joined Gothic construction and decoration with Renaissance ideals, as seen in the tombs and the 17th and 18th century Granadan art in the Chapel of Santa Cruz. Over the years the church acquired a treasury of works of art, liturgical objects and relics.


title: Granada

text: The Royal Chapel was declared a Historic Artistic Monument on May 19, 1884, taking consideration of BIC (Bien de Interés Cultural) status in the current legislation of Spanish Historical Heritage (Law 16/1985 of 25 June). The most important parts of the chapel are its main retable, grid and vault. In the Sacristy-Museum is the legacy of the Catholic Monarchs. Its art gallery is highlighted by works of the Flemish, Italian and Spanish schools.


title: Granada

text: The historic neighbourhood, located on the hillsides north of the Alhambra, still retains much of its medieval street plan dating back to the Nasrid period, although it has undergone physical and demographic changes since then. Archeological evidence indicates that Iberians inhabited the main hill of the present-day Albaicin towards the 7th century BC and that a significant town was located here during the Roman period. During the early Islamic period, up to the 10th century, the location hosted only the small settlement of "Gharnāṭa" (Granada), until in the 11th century the creation of the Zirid Taifa kingdom transformed the location into one of the most important cities in Al-Andalus. During this period, the city's main citadel and palace, the "al-Qaṣaba al-Qadīma" ("Old Citadel"), was located on the top of this hill. During the Nasrid period, the citadel was moved to the Alhambra and the old district became known as (), from which its present name derives. Among the various Nasrid-period houses and other structures, one notable establishment was the Maristan, a type of historic hospital (bimaristan) which also took care of the mentally ill.


title: Granada

text: Through the course of the 16th century, after the surrender of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs in 1492, the district underwent some of the some changes that occurred throughout the city. Mosques were replaced with new parish churches, particularly after 1501. These new churches were often built in a mix of Mudéjar and Renaissance styles, such as the Church of Santa Ana, the Church of San Cristóbal, and the Church of San Miguel Bajo, among others. Some, like the churches of El Salvador, San José, and San Juan de los Reyes, preserve parts of former mosques. New civic institutions were also built in this area, such as the Royal Chancellery ("Real Chancillería"), which overlooks Plaza Nueva, a wide public square expanded during the 16th century.


title: Granada

text: During the 16th century the most of the city's "morisco" population was concentrated in the Albaicín, but after the 1568 rebellion and their subsequent expulsion, the district was depopulated. As a result, many of the remaining Christian residents expanded their residences to form "carmen"s, traditional semi-rural houses with gardens or orchards, many examples of which survive today. Some of these houses and mansions, such as Casa de Zafra and the Dar al-Horra, date back to the Nasrid period. In 1994 the UNESCO World Heritage Site encompassing the Alhambra was extended to incorporate the Albaicín as well. In addition to its historic houses and mansions, churches, and the Royal Chancellery, the district also preserves sections of the 11th-century Zirid city walls (part of the former Zirid citadel), the 14th-century Nasrid walls, the Bañuelo (a former Islamic-era bathhouse), and numerous cisterns from the Islamic period that were part of a water supply system providing water to most of the city's houses.


title: Granada

text: The Sacromonte neighbourhood is located on the Valparaíso hill, one of several hills that make up Granada. This neighborhood is known as the old neighbourhood of the Romani, who settled in Granada after the conquest of the city. It is one of the most picturesque neighborhoods, full of whitewashed caves cut into the rock and used as residences. The sound of strumming guitars may still be heard there in the performance of flamenco "cantes" and "quejíos", so that over time it has become one of the most popular tourist attractions in Granada.


title: Granada

text: At the top of this hill is the Abbey of Sacromonte and the College of Sacromonte, founded in the 17th century by the then Archbishop of Granada Pedro de Castro. The Abbey of Sacromonte was built to monitor and guard the alleged relics of the evangelists of Baetica. Those are of questionable authenticity, but since their finding the area has been a religious pilgrimage destination.


title: Granada

text: The abbey complex consists of the catacombs, the abbey (17th–18th centuries), the Colegio Viejo de San Dionisio Areopagita (17th century) and the Colegio Nuevo (19th century). The interior of the church is simple and small but has numerous excellent works of art, which accentuate the size and rich carving of the "Crucificado de Risueño", an object of devotion for the Romani people, who sing and dance in the procession of Holy Week. The facilities also include a museum, which houses the works acquired by the Foundation.


title: Granada

text: The Charterhouse of Granada is a monastery of cloistered monks, located in what was a farm or Muslim almunia called "Aynadamar" ("fountain of tears") that had an abundance of water and fruit trees. The initiative to build the monastery in that place was begun by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, known as El Gran Capitán. The charterhouse was founded in 1506; construction started ten years later, and continued for the following 300 years.


title: Granada

text: The Monastery suffered heavy damage during the Peninsular War and lost considerable property in 1837 as a result of the confiscations of Mendizábal. Currently, the monastery belongs to the Carthusians, reporting directly to the Archdiocese of Granada.


title: Granada

text: The street entrance to the complex is an ornate arch of Plateresque style. Through it one reaches a large courtyard, at the end which is a wide staircase leading to the entrance of the church. The church, of early 16th century style and plan, has three entrances, one for the faithful and the other two for monks and clergy. Its plan has a single nave divided into four sections, highlighting the retables of Juan Sánchez Cotán and the chancel's glass doors, adorned with mother-of-pearl, silver, rare woods and ivory. The presbytery is covered by elliptical vaulting. The main altar, between the chancel arch and the church tabernacle, is gilded wood.


title: Granada

text: The church's tabernacle and sancta sanctorum are considered a masterpiece of Baroque Spanish art in its blend of architecture, painting and sculpture. The dome that covers this area is decorated with frescoes by the Córdoba artist Antonio Palomino (18th century) representing the triumph of the Church Militant, faith, and religious life.


title: Granada

text: The courtyard, with galleries of arches on Doric order columns opening on it, is centered by a fountain. The Chapter House of Legos is the oldest building of the monastery (1517). It is rectangular and covered with groin vaulting.


title: Granada

text: The Mosque of Granada was inaugurated in 2003 on the summit of the neighborhood of Albayzin. The mosque was built near the Church of San Salvador and the Church of San Nicolás. The Church of San Salvador was built on the site of the Great Mosque of Albayzin. The Society for the Return of Islam in Spain purchased the site in 1981, but it took many years for the plans to be approved. The mosque's initial funding was supplied by Shaykh 'Abdalqadir as-Sufi al-Murabit who envisioned providing Granada's new Spanish Muslim community with a mosque. Additional funding came from Malaysia, Morocco and the United Arab Emirates. In 1991 the CIE (Comunidad Islámica en España) hired the architect Renato Ramirez Sanchez to design the mosque. In the 1990s, there was a heated debate pertaining to the design of the minaret. Construction eventually began in 2001. The mosque now serves about 500 people.


title: Granada

text: The Palace of the Marqués de Salar was built in one of the most emblematic streets of Granada, the Carrera del Darro, at number 5. This place is an architectural example of the classical Granada during the Renaissance transformation of the XVI century. It was built by the Marqués de Salar, great-grandson of both Hernán Pérez del Pulgar (known by the name of "El de la Hazañas" [The One of the Valiant Deeds]) and Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba ("El Gran Capitán" [The Great Captain]), Captain-General of the Castilian-Aragonese forces that concluded the Reconquest of the peninsula. The palace is now the museum of perfumes El Patio de los Perfumes, with of floor space on two floors and of patio to relax surrounded by flowers and perfumes.