title: Bobby Deol

text: In 2001 (although filmed in 2000), Deol starred alongside Karisma Kapoor and Rahul Dev in Indra Kumar's "Aashiq". Following this, he featured in Abbas–Mustan's thriller, "Ajnabee", alongside Kareena Kapoor, Akshay Kumar and Bipasha Basu. The film, adapted from the 1992 American thriller "Consenting Adults", features Bobby as Raj, the new husband of Priya Malhotra (Kapoor) who after moving to Switzerland and initially befriending their neighbors (Kumar and Basu), become entangled in a web of deceit and extra-marital affairs. Ziya us Salaam of "The Hindu" was unconvinced with Deol's performance, remarking that he "only occasionally manages to transmit fear of the fugitive."


title: Bobby Deol

text: In 2002, Deol starred alongside his brother Sunny in the historical drama "". Set in British India, it depicts the events leading up to the hanging of Indian freedom fighter Bhagat Singh and his companions Rajguru and Sukhdev on 23 March 1931. The film stars Bobby Deol as Bhagat Singh and Sunny Deol as another revolutionary Chandra Shekhar Azad. The film received mixed reviews from critics. "Rediff.com" believed the movie had plenty of good moments, and plenty of bad ones and believed the film was superior to that of the original on Bhagat Singh, although they believed the agony of Bhagat Singh's fight was underplayed, diminishing the brutality and anguish suffered in the real-life event. While Deol was praised for some scenes, he was criticised for his loud acting and "Rediff.com" believed he was overshadowed by Ajay Devgan remarking, "In terms of performance, Devgan is clearly the winner, with the advantage of a stronger script and a better director. Devgan, who reportedly lost weight to look the part, is today emerging as one of India's finest actors, willing to try out different roles. Deol tries his best, but it is difficult to shout and act simultaneously."


title: Bobby Deol

text: Later in 2002, Deol was nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his role as a suave, wealthy shipping businessman in Abbas-Mustan's romantic thriller "Humraaz". The film is inspired by Alfred Hitchcock's "Dial M For Murder" (1954) (remade in 1998 as "A Perfect Murder") and features Deol in a love triangle with Ameesha Patel and Akshaye Khanna. The film received positive reviews from critics, with Chitra Mahesh of "The Hindu" saying, "Bobby Deol spends the entire first half looking moony eyed and spaced out, but overcomes the stupor towards the end where he actually gives a good performance." Deol's final film of 2002 was David Dhawan's "Chor Machaaye Shor" in which he acted alongside Paresh Rawal, Shilpa Shetty, Bipasha Basu and Om Puri. He played Shyam, a small-time crook who gets his hands on some diamonds worth millions.


title: Bobby Deol

text: In 2003, Deol took a hiatus from acting and returned to the screen in 2004 in "Kismat" opposite Priyanka Chopra. In "Bardaasht", a drama based on the screenplay written by Vikram Bhatt, Deol starred alongside Lara Dutta and Rahul Dev as Aditya Shrivastav, a deserted army officer. The film deals with themes of police brutality and corruption and justice. Deol then played another army officer, a Lieutenant Commander in Anil Sharma's "Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo" as Kunaljit Singh/Vikramjeet Singh. The film, which featured an ensemble cast including Amitabh Bachchan and Akshay Kumar, was arguably Deol's most high-profile film to date, but despite the hype and high box office expectations, it proved a commercial disaster. However, he received praise for his role which had him wear a pugh/turban, which gave him more of an audience from the Punjabi crowd, and inspired comments saying he looks better in a turban.


title: Bobby Deol

text: In 2005, Deol starred in Vikram Bhatt's thriller "Jurm" as the wealthy businessman Avinash Malhotra who suspects his wife Sanjana (Lara Dutta) of having an affair with Rohit (Milind Soman). Deol's performance was praised by a number of critics, with Vivek Fernandes of "Rediff.com" remarking, "Bobby Deol, Bhatt's schoolmate, does his alma mater proud with his controlled performance. There's a sense of maturity about his candour, which is good news." Deol then starred alongside Sanjay Dutt, Sunil Shetty and Ajay Devgan in Mani Shankar's war movie "Tango Charlie" as an Indian trooper named Tarun Chauhan of the 101st BSF Battalion, operating in the northeastern Indian province fighting Bodo militants in Upper Assam. He followed this role by featuring in Suneel Darshan's romance film "Barsaat" as the ambitious young Indian Arav, who, in living in the United States, becomes involved in a love triangle with Priyanka Chopra and Bipasha Basu. The film was a critical and commercial failure, with Ziya us Salaam of "The Hindu" concluding, "A moth-eaten love triangle with all the stereotypes Bollywood survives on – a devoted wife with her "karva chauth ki thali", the other woman with her mini-skirts, a joint family, songs, festivities... No shower of rejuvenation, this "Barsaat" is just drenched in mediocrity." She was equally unimpressed with Deol's performance, remarking, "The girls are ready with their curls and curves, the guy just appears lost, making you wonder if Bobby has grown even an inch as an actor since he made his debut in Rajkumar Santoshi's film of the same name." His final role of 2005 was as Karan in "", opposite Akshay Kumar, Lara Dutta, Kareena Kapoor, and Juhi Chawla. He once again plays a wealthy businessman but is down on his luck with his finances and romancing women. The film, although performing below average in India was a major success in the United Kingdom, where it became the highest grosser of Bollywood in 2005, grossing around £888,000.


title: Bobby Deol

text: In 2006, Deol starred in the romantic musical film "Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai". Deol played Raj, a character who falls in love with Durga (Ameesha Patel), a beautiful blind woman with a talent for shaping pottery, but faces competition from Rohit (Arjun Rampal). The pairing of Deol and Patel was hugely hyped and had been labelled as the "Bollywood equivalent of Hugh Grant and Renée Zellweger". Although the film received mixed reviews, a number of critics praised Deol's performance as Raj, with Taran Adarsh commenting, "Bobby Deol is only getting better as an actor. He manages to register an impact in a film that belongs to Patel and Rampal primarily." Later that year, he made a brief special appearance in "Alag" in the song "Sabse Alag".


title: Bobby Deol

text: In 2007, Deol starred in 6 films. The first of them, "Shakalaka Boom Boom", was shot in South Africa and is based on conflicts and the power game involved in the functioning of the music industry, addressing the themes of envy, jealousy, insecurity, anxiety, manipulation and anger. The film, which featured Deol alongside Upen Patel, Kangana Ranaut and Celina Jaitly was generally praised by critics, especially for its choreography, and Deol received some positive reviews. Taran Adarsh of "IndiaFM.com" said after viewing the film, "Both Bobby and Upen get fabulous roles and the two actors make the most of it. Bobby is one of the most under-rated actors around. His work has been consistent all through, but one tends to overlook this talented actor's abilities all the while. Watch him go negative in "Shakalaka Boom Boom" and you'd agree that he's amongst the best in the business today. His outburst in the end is remarkable."


title: Bobby Deol

text: Deol's second film of 2007 was "Jhoom Barabar Jhoom", which saw him play the character of Steve/Satvinder Singh opposite Abhishek Bachchan (who played a gypsy in London), Preity Zinta, and Lara Dutta. Directed by Shaad Ali, the film was produced by Aditya Chopra and Yash Chopra under the Yash Raj Films banner. The film opened to mixed reviews, and was mostly criticized by what critics believed was a "shallow screenplay". Taran Adarsh of "IndiaFM.com" gave the film a 1.5 out of 5 rating, saying, "the film is "all gloss, no substance"". He also believed that Deol was overshadowed by his co-stars, remarking that the film, "belongs to Abhishek first and Preity next". Deol next starred in the boxing drama "Apne". The film was a family affair, featuring Deol alongside his father Dharmendra, a disgraced retired boxer who trains Deol and his brother (Sunny Deol) to become champion boxers but in doing so creates a rift within the family.


title: Bobby Deol

text: Deol next starred in the suspense thriller "Naqaab", another Abbas-Mustan film which features him alongside Akshaye Khanna and Urvashi Sharma as another millionaire caught in a love triangle. Deol received mixed reviews for his performance. For instance, Raja Sen of "Rediff.com" praised several of his scenes, remarking, "Bobby gets a considerably meaty role, and there are a couple of moments when he genuinely works the audience", but describes his character as "sensitive to an annoying hilt". This film was followed by brief special appearances as himself in "Om Shanti Om" and "Nanhe Jaisalmer".


title: Bobby Deol

text: In 2008, Deol starred opposite Priyanka Chopra, Danny Denzongpa and Irrfan Khan in the crime drama "Chamku", playing the lead character and titlesake of Chamku, a man raised by Baba (Danny Denzongpa), a Naxal leader based in the southern interiors of Bihar, after his family was brutally murdered. He is assigned by a covert governmental program jointly conceived by RAW and the Intelligence Bureau to carry out political assassinations but after falling in love with the kindergarten teacher Shubhi (Priyanka Chopra), he decides to lead a reformed life but is later tempted to turn to crime again. Kabeer Kaushik, the director of the film had originally approached Deol to play the lead role in his debut film, "Sehar", but despite liking the script, Deol turned it down because at the time he was not prepared to work with a debutant director. Deol next featured in "Heroes" as an army officer and Dhananjay "DJ" Shergill alongside a strong cast which included Salman Khan, Preity Zinta, Sunny Deol and Mithun Chakraborty. Although initially set to be released on 6 June 2008, it was pushed to 24 October 2008, the opening weekend of the holiday Diwali. Much of the filming took place in northern India, including Ladakh (notably Pangong Tso), Chandigarh, Punjab, and Delhi. Deol's last role in 2008 was in the film "Dostana", as Abhimanyu Singh, a supporting role to the films' main stars Abhishek Bachchan, John Abraham and Priyanka Chopra under the Dharma Productions banner. The film explores the story of two men who pretend to be gay, but both fall in love with the same girl, their roommate. "Dostana" is the first Bollywood film to be filmed entirely in Miami, United States and went on to become the eighth highest-grossing film at the Indian box office in 2008.


title: Bobby Deol

text: In 2009, Deol portrayed Nandu, an orphan turned assassin wrongly accused of a politician's murder in the movie "".


title: Bobby Deol

text: Deol's next film titled, "Help", was shot in Mauritius, in which he appeared opposite Mugdha Godse. The film was released on 13 August 2010. Deol then starred in "Yamla Pagla Deewana" which was released on 14 January 2011. He later starred in the film "Thank You" opposite Sonam Kapoor. His character is a businessman who is unfaithful to his wife. In 2012, he appeared in the heist film "Players". He played the role of Ronnie, who has no experience in conning people, but is a master of illusions. He was one of the most popular illusionists who abandoned magic after a tragic incident.


title: Bobby Deol

text: Bobby Deol has made his comeback in 2017 with Shreyas Talpade's directorial venture "Poster Boys" alongside his brother Sunny Deol. In 2018, Deol played the role of Yash in the action thriller "Race 3" alongside Salman Khan and Jacqueline Fernandez. He also starred as Kalaa in the comedy film "" co-starring his Dharmendra, Sunny Deol and Kriti Kharbanda. In 2019, he starred as Dharamputra / Max in the comedy film "Housefull 4" alongside Kriti Kharbanda, the film released on 25 October 2019 and was directed by Farhad Samji. His latest release "Class of '83" was on Netflix, where he played the character of a police officer. The film is based on the book "The Class of '83" and tells the story of a hero policeman shunted to a punishment posting as the dean of the police academy. "Class of '83" is Netflix's third collaboration with Red Chillies Entertainment, following the original series "Bard of Blood" and "Betaal". The film premiered on 21 August 2020 on Netflix. In 2020 his web series "Aashram" premiered on MX Player original series where he played the character of a Baba Nirala. The actor has made a stellar comeback in his second innings and cast in several movies since then. Three generations of Deols in ‘Apne 2’: Dharmendra, Sunny Deol, Bobby Deol, and Karan Deol all set for the sequel.


title: Russell Peters

text: Russell Dominic Peters (born September 29, 1970) is a Canadian stand-up comedian, actor, and producer. He began performing in Toronto in 1989 and won a Gemini Award in 2008. In 2013, he was number three on "Forbes" list of the world's highest-paid comedians, and became the first comedian to get a Netflix stand-up special. He also won the Peabody Award and the International Emmy Award for Best Arts Programming for producing "Hip-Hop Evolution" (2016). He lives in Los Angeles.


title: Russell Peters

text: Peters was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on September 29, 1970 to immigrants from India, both of Anglo-Indian descent, Eric and Maureen Peters, who had moved to Canada in 1965 from Bombay, Maharashtra, Western India and Calcutta, West Bengal, East India respectively. His extended family lives in Burhanpur, Madhya Pradesh.


title: Russell Peters

text: When Peters was four, he and his family moved to Brampton. He attended Chinguacousy Secondary School for grades 9–10, and North Peel Secondary School in Bramalea for grades 11–12. In school, he was regularly bullied because of his ethnicity. He eventually learned boxing, which helped him resist the bullying. Peters also became a fan of hip hop in his youth. By the 1990s, he was a well-connected DJ in the Toronto scene.


title: Russell Peters

text: In 1992, Peters met American comedian George Carlin, one of his biggest influencers, who advised him to get on stage whenever and wherever possible. Peters said he "took that advice to heart, and I think that's the reason I am where I am now." In 2007, 15 years later, he hosted one of Carlin's last shows before the comedian's death the following year.


title: Russell Peters

text: On September 28, 2013, Peters was awarded the 2013 Trailblazer award by the Association of South Asians in Media, Marketing and Entertainment (ASAMME) for good contributions to comedy. He is among the first South Asians to achieve international success in the field.


title: Russell Peters

text: In 2017, Peters made an appearance on "Top Gear America" in the third episode of season 1 as one of the guests.


title: Russell Peters

text: According to "Forbes", Peters earned an estimated $15 million between June 2009 and June 2010, continuing his run as one of the highest-paid comedians, after earning an estimated $5 million the prior year. "Forbes" ranked him as the third-highest-paid comedian. In 2013, he earned $21 million, according to "Forbes" estimate.


title: Russell Peters

text: Peters credits the turning point in his career to his 2004 special on the Canadian TV show "Comedy Now!", which was uploaded onto YouTube, where it became popular. While the initial video upload featured his entire 45-minute performance, YouTube users subsequently uploaded segments of the performance in which Peters focused on individual cultural groups. According to Peters, those segments were seen by the targeted cultural groups and were well received by them. The video and its viral nature was referred to by Peters on his performance, "Outsourced"; when the audience cheered when he referred to earlier jokes, he exclaimed, "Look at you, you filthy downloaders!"


title: Russell Peters

text: In 2007, Peters was the first comedian to sell out Toronto's Air Canada Centre, selling more than 16,000 tickets in two days for the single show. He ended up selling more than 30,000 tickets nationally over the two-day sales period. He broke a UK comedy sales record at London's O2 Arena when he sold over 16,000 tickets to his show in 2009. His show in Sydney on 15 May 2010 had an audience of 13,880, making it the largest stand-up comedy show ever in Australia. Peters's performances on 5–6 May 2012 in Singapore also set attendance records for a single stand-up comedian at the Singapore Indoor Stadium.


title: Russell Peters

text: Peters hosted the Canada Day Comedy Festival 2006, and participated in a USO tour of Iraq, Afghanistan, Germany, Africa and Greenland in November 2007 with Wilmer Valderrama and Mayra Veronica. He also produced and starred in the radio situation comedy series "Monsoon House" on CBC Radio One.


title: Russell Peters

text: Peters was the host of the televised 2008 Juno Awards ceremonies in Calgary on 6 April, 2008, for which he won a Gemini Award for "Best Performance or Host in a Variety Program or Series." The show received the second-highest ratings of any Juno Awards broadcast. Following the show's success, Peters accepted an invitation to host the Juno Awards for a second consecutive year; the 2009 Juno Awards took place in Vancouver on 29 March 2009.


title: Russell Peters

text: Peters released his debut comedy album, "Outsourced", of his performance aired on Comedy Central on August 26, 2006. The DVD version is uncensored; it has sold more than 100,000 copies, and remained on the National DVD Chart over one and a half years after its release.


title: Russell Peters

text: Peters released a second DVD/CD combo, "Red, White and Brown", in Canada in 2008, and in the U.S. in early 2009. It was recorded on February 2, 2008, at the WaMu Theatre in New York City's Madison Square Garden. It was self-produced and financed by Peters and his brother Clayton.


title: Russell Peters

text: On October 26, 2010, Peters published his autobiography, "Call Me Russell", co-written with his brother, Clayton, and Dannis Koromilas.


title: Russell Peters

text: In May 2011, Peters released "The Green Card Tour: Live from the O2 Arena", a live performance recorded in front of a total audience of 30,000, over two nights at O2 Arena in London, England. Also in 2011, Peters received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame.


title: Russell Peters

text: Peters's stand-up performances feature observational comedy, using humour to highlight racial, ethnic, class and cultural stereotypes. He often refers to his own experiences growing up in an Anglo-Indian family, and impersonates the accents of various ethnic groups to poke fun at them. As he told an audience in San Francisco, "I don't make the stereotypes, I just see them." In a 2006 interview with "The National," Peters observed that he did not intend to put down or offend different races and cultures, but tried to "raise them up through humour".


title: Russell Peters

text: Peters is widely known for his punchline, "Somebody gonna get a hurt real bad." It ends a joke he tells about his childhood with a traditional Indian father, who used corporal punishment on his sons. Another punchline he uses is "Be a man! Do the right thing!", which relates to a story of a Chinese man trying to get him to pay more for an item at a shop.


title: Russell Peters

text: Peters lives in Los Angeles, California, and owns two homes there. He also owns homes in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada and Vaughan, Ontario.


title: Russell Peters

text: In 2010, Peters established the Russell Peters North Peel Scholarship, an award worth up to and intended to finance up to three years of college. It will be awarded annually to a student from Judith Nyman Secondary School (formerly North Peel) with a strong academic record and the intention of attending college.


title: Russell Peters

text: Peters proposed to girlfriend Monica Diaz on July 10, 2010, at the Los Angeles International Airport and announced their engagement via Twitter. The couple married on August 20, 2010, at A Little White Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas, Nevada. The wedding was attended by about 20 guests, including an Elvis impersonator. Soon after, Peters told "The Canadian Press" that Diaz was pregnant, saying, "Did I get married because she was knocked up? I would say that expedited it." Their daughter, Crystianna Marie Peters, was born two months early on December 14, 2010. In a March 2012 interview, Peters revealed that he and Diaz were divorcing.


title: Russell Peters

text: In October 2016, it was announced that Peters was engaged to Ruzanna Khetchian. After the engagement was called off, Peters announced on December 4, 2018, via Twitter, that he and his new girlfriend Jennifer Andrade were expecting a child. Andrade was the Miss Universe Honduras in 2012. The following April, it was announced that Andrade had given birth to a boy, whom they named Russell Santiago Peters. His relationship with Andrade ended in 2020.


title: Russell Peters

text: When interviewer Larry King asked Peters, "Is there such a thing as too taboo?", Peters replied, "I don't talk about religion because I think people are a little weird about religion, especially nowadays, and I'm more of a science guy than I am a beliefs guy. I'm more into facts than I am into beliefs." Peters is an atheist.


title: Russell Peters

text: Russell Peters has appeared in many films. Earlier in his career, he had cameo roles in "Boozecan" (1994) as Snake's Friend, "Tiger Claws III" (2000) as Detective Elliott, "My Baby's Daddy" (2004) as the obstetrician, and "Quarter Life Crisis" (2006) as Dilip Kumar.


title: Russell Peters

text: He appeared in "Senior Skip Day" (2008), which starred Larry Miller, Tara Reid, and Gary Lundy. That year he was also in "The Take" (2008) as Dr. Sharma.


title: Russell Peters

text: He acted in the Punjabi-Canadian "Breakaway" (2011), alongside Rob Lowe, Camilla Belle, Anupam Kher, and Vinay Virmani. That year he also acted in Duncan Jones's "Source Code" (2011) as Max, an amateur comedian with a bad attitude; and as Pervius in "" (2011).


title: Russell Peters

text: Peters has guest-starred on the TV series "Mr. D" as the school superintendent. In 2011, he starred in a Canadian TV Christmas special, "A Russell Peters Christmas". Guests included Michael Bublé, Pamela Anderson, and Jon Lovitz. The show attracted the highest number of viewers of any CTV Canadian holiday special.


title: Torrentz

text: Torrentz was a Finland-based metasearch engine for BitTorrent, run by an individual known as Flippy, and founded on 24 July 2003. It indexed torrents from various major torrent websites, and offered compilations of various trackers per torrent that were not necessarily present in the default .torrent file, so that when a tracker was down, other trackers could do the work. It was the second most popular torrent website in 2012.


title: Torrentz

text: Torrentz's user interface was simple; it had only a user menu and a search panel. Users were not required to register before searching files.


title: Torrentz

text: To perform a search, users would simply type in a string of keywords within the autocomplete-enabled search field and execute the search by either pressing the search button in the UI or the enter key on the keyboard. From there, a list of matching torrent files were displayed on the screen for the user to choose from. This list could be filtered by age (one day, three days, one week or one month) and by "safety & quality" ("any", "good" or "verified"). The "good" filter was applied by default, and "verified" was reserved for torrents uploaded by well-known groups.


title: Torrentz

text: Selecting a torrent from the search results list would take the user to another page listing the websites currently hosting the specified torrent (with which users would download files). As Torrentz used meta-search engines, users would be redirected to other torrent sites to download content (commonly KickassTorrents, which was considered safe to use).


title: Torrentz

text: In November 2008, scammers using fake papers attempted to take over the torrentz.com domain. As a backup, the site administrator set up the domain torrentz.eu. After 18 December 2010, torrentz.eu became the site's default domain, due to the domain name seizures carried out by US authorities on various torrent websites.


title: Torrentz

text: In 2013, Paramount Pictures sent a DMCA claim to Google to remove the Torrentz homepage and two other pages from its search engine. Torrentz counter-claimed on this request, claiming that the links did not infringe any copyright policies.


title: Torrentz

text: On 26 May 2014, Torrentz had its domain name suspended without a court order following a request from the Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit. A day later, the suspension of torrentz.eu was lifted. The website had three alternative domains (.me, .ch and .in) and hoped to move the .eu domain to a new registrar. All of these domains have since been blocked within the UK by Sky. The website had similarly been banned in India in 2012 for copyright violations, this led to incidents of hacking activism by Anonymous demanding the unblocking of Torrentz and other websites which had been blocked.


title: Torrentz

text: On 5 August 2016, Torrentz was shut down by its operators with the message "Torrentz will always love you. Farewell." displayed; it operated for over 13 years.


title: Torrentz

text: In August 2016, a few days after Torrentz shut down, an unofficial clone of Torrentz - Torrentz2.eu - was launched that initially indexed 60 million torrents. Later that month, another unofficial clone - torrentzeu.to - was launched that initially indexed 30 million torrents. At the end of June 2020, the torrentz2.eu domain was shut down but the backup domain torrentz2.is remained accessible. Since November 2020, torrentz2.is and its mirror pages return a "503 error" to its visitors, although its .onion domain remains functional.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune is a 2007 action-adventure game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the first game in the "Uncharted" series and was released in November 2007 for PlayStation 3. The game follows Nathan Drake, the supposed descendant of explorer Sir Francis Drake, as he searches for the lost treasure of El Dorado with journalist Elena Fisher and mentor Victor Sullivan.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: The development of "Uncharted: Drake's Fortune" began in 2005, and saw Naughty Dog altering their approach to development, as they sought to create a humanized video game that was distinct from their other entries, settling on an action-adventure game with platforming elements and a third-person perspective. The game was delayed numerous times throughout its development, as the team regularly updated or wholly changed various aspects related to the story, coding, and the game's design. "Uncharted: Drake's Fortune" is notable for being one of the first video games to feature force feedback vibration, and the development team found influence for many of the game's aesthetic elements from film, pulp magazines, and movie serials.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: Extensively marketed as a PlayStation exclusive, "Uncharted: Drake's Fortune" received generally favorable reviews, with praise for its technical achievements, cast, characters, story, music, and production values, drawing similarities to blockbuster films. It faced some criticism for its graphical issues, short length, vehicle sections, and marked difficulty. "Uncharted: Drake's Fortune" sold one million copies after ten weeks of release. It was followed by the sequel "" in 2009, and was re-released on PlayStation 4 as part of "".


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: Treasure hunter Nathan "Nate" Drake (Nolan North), accompanied by reporter Elena Fisher (Emily Rose), recovers the coffin of his self-proclaimed ancestor Sir Francis Drake, having located it from coordinates inscribed on a family heirloom: a ring Nate wears around his neck. The coffin contains Sir Francis Drake's diary, which gives the location of El Dorado. Pirates attack and destroy Nate's boat, but Nate's friend and mentor Victor "Sully" Sullivan (Richard McGonagle) rescues the two in his seaplane. Fearing Elena's reporting will attract potential rivals, Nate and Sully abandon her at a dock.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: Following the diary to the indicated spot, Nate and Sully discover an alcove that once held a large statue, and realizes that El Dorado is not a city but rather a golden idol. They find a Nazi U-boat, which contains a page from Drake's diary showing the statue was taken to an island. However, mercenaries led by criminal Gabriel Roman (Simon Templeman), to whom Sully owes a substantial debt, and his lieutenant Atoq Navarro (Robin Atkin Downes) intercept Nate and Sully. Navarro tries to execute Drake, but Sully intervenes and is seemingly killed by a shot to the chest: Nate manages to escape, encounters Elena, and flies with her to the island.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: On the way, anti-aircraft fire forces Elena and Nate to bail out and they are separated. After retrieving supplies from the wrecked seaplane, Nate heads toward an old fort to find Elena. Briefly captured by pirates led by his old associate Eddy Raja (James Sie), Elena breaks Nate free and they flee to the island's old customs house. After finding records showing the statue was moved further inland, they find that Sully is somehow alive and accompanying Roman and Raja. Nate and Elena find and rescue Sully who, having survived due to Drake's diary blocking the bullet, explains he was buying time for Nate by misleading Roman.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: Searching through the catacombs of a monastery, Nate overhears an argument between Roman, Navarro, and Eddy, revealing that Roman hired Eddy to capture Nate and secure the island, with the reward being a share of El Dorado. Following Nate's escape, Roman doubts Eddy's abilities and ignores his claim that something cursed on the island is killing his men. The dispute ends when Roman dismisses Eddy and his crew. Regrouping, Nate and Elena find a passage leading to a treasure vault, in which they find the body of Drake, assuming that he died searching for the treasure. They encounter a terrified Eddy and a crew member, shortly before they are attacked by mutated humans who kill the crew member; despite Nate's heroic efforts, Eddy is also killed when one drags him into a pit.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: Nate and Elena escape and find themselves in an abandoned German bunker. Venturing into the base, Nate discovers that the Germans had sought the statue during World War II, but like the Spaniards before them, became cursed by the statue, causing them to become mutants. Sir Francis, knowing of the statue's power, attempted to keep it on the island by destroying the ships and flooding the city, before "he" too was killed by the mutants.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: Nate returns to find Elena has been captured by Roman and Navarro. Regrouping with Sully, he fails to stop them from reaching the statue. Navarro, knowing of the curse, tricks Roman into opening the statue, revealing it to be a sarcophagus containing a mummy infected with an airborne mutagenic virus. Upon Roman turning into one of the mutants, Navarro kills him and takes control of his men, planning to sell the virus as a biological weapon. Nate jumps onto the sarcophagus and rides it as it is airlifted onto a boat in the bay. He engages and defeats Navarro and manages to sink both the sarcophagus and him to the bottom of the ocean. Sully arrives, and after Nate and Elena display affection towards each other, they leave the island with several chests of treasure.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: Gameplay in "Uncharted" is a combination of action-adventure gameplay elements and some 3D platforming with a third-person perspective. Platforming elements allow Nate to jump, swim, grab and move along ledges, climb and swing from ropes, and perform other acrobatic actions that allow players to make their way along the ruins in the various areas of the island that Drake explores.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: When facing enemies, the player can either use melee and combo attacks at close range to take out foes or can opt to use weapons. Melee attacks comprise a variety of single punches, while combo attacks are activated through specific sequences of button presses that, when timed correctly, offer much greater damage; the most damaging of these is the specific "brutal combo", which forces enemies to drop twice the ammunition they would normally leave. Nate can only carry one pistol and one rifle at a time, and there is a limited amount of ammunition per gun. Picking up a different firearm switches that weapon for the new one. Grenades are also available at certain points, and the height of the aiming arc is adjusted by tilting the Sixaxis controller up or down. These third-person perspective elements were compared by several reviewers to "Gears of War", in that the player can have Drake take cover behind walls, and use either blind fire or aimed fire to kill enemies. In common with the aforementioned game, "Uncharted" lacks an actual on-screen health bar; instead, when the player takes damage, the graphics gradually begin to lose color, turning grey and black. While resting or taking cover for a brief period - and if he is able to avoid damage while taking cover - Drake's health level, indicated by the screen color, returns to normal.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: The game also includes vehicle sections, where Drake must protect the jeep he and Elena are in using a mounted turret (with a machine gun and a grenade launcher, both of which have unlimited ammunition), and where Drake and Elena ride a jet ski along water-filled routes while avoiding enemy fire and explosive barrels. While players direct Drake in driving the jet ski, they also control Elena by aiming the gun in order to use her weapon — either the grenade launcher or the Beretta, depending on the chapter — in defense, or to clear the barrels from their path.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: The game also features reward points, which can be gained by collecting 60 hidden treasures in the game that glimmer momentarily or by completing certain accomplishments, such as achieving a number of kills using a specific weapon, performing a number of headshots, or using specific methods of killing enemies. In subsequent playthroughs of the game, the player can use these rewards points to unlock special options; these include in-game bonuses such as alternate costumes and unlimited ammunition but also non-game extras, such as making-of videos and concept art. There are also several references to other Naughty Dog games, especially the "Jak and Daxter" series; this is done through the "Ottsel" branding on Drake and Fisher's wetsuits, a reference to the species that mixes otter and weasel found in the game, and the strange relic found in one of the earlier chapters, which is actually a precursor orb from the same series.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: The game is censored when playing on a Japanese console to remove blood, which normally appears when shooting enemies; this follows the trend of other censored console games in the region, such as "Dead Rising" and "".


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: After completing "Jak 3", Naughty Dog assembled their most technically talented staff members and began development of "Uncharted: Drake's Fortune" under the codename "Big". It was in full production for about two years, with a small team of engineers working on the game for about a year beforehand. Naughty Dog decided to create a brand new IP rather than opt to develop a PlayStation 3 "Jak and Daxter" game—they wanted to create a franchise suitable for the new hardware, in order to develop such ideas as realistic human characters instead of stylized ones owing to limitations of previous hardware, as well as create something "fresh and interesting", although termed as 'stylized realism'. Inspiration was drawn from various sources in the action and adventure genres: pulp magazines, movie serials, and more contemporary titles like "Indiana Jones" and "National Treasure". The team felt the sources shared themes of mystery and "what-if scenarios" that romanticized adventure and aimed to include those in "Uncharted".


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: The game was first unveiled at E3 2006. From early previews of the game, inevitable comparisons of elements such as platforming and shooting between "Uncharted" and the well-known "Tomb Raider" series were drawn, earning the title the nickname of "Dude Raider". However, the developers saw their game as concentrating more on third-person cover-based play, in contrast to "Tomb Raider"s "auto-aiming" play and greater puzzle-solving elements. Other influences they cited include "Resident Evil 4", "Kill Switch", and "Gears of War". Throughout the game's development the staff tried to remain flexible and detached from the original design concepts; attention was focused on the features that worked well, while features that did not work were removed. The development team intended the game's main setting, the island, to play a big role in the overall experience. Feeling too many games used bleak, dark settings with monochromatic color schemes, they wanted the island to be a vibrant, believable game world that immersed the player and encouraged exploration.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: In designing the characters, the artists aimed for a style that was photorealistic. The creators envisioned the main protagonist, Nathan Drake, as more of an everyman character than Lara Croft, shown as clearly under stress in the game's many firefights, with no special training and constantly living at the edge of his abilities. Director Amy Hennig felt a heavily armored, "tough as nails" protagonist with a large weapon was not a suitable hero and decided a "tenacious and resourceful" character would portray more human qualities. Supporting characters (Elena Fisher and Victor Sullivan) were included to avoid a dry and emotionless story. Fisher's character underwent changes during development; in early trailers for the game, the character had dark brown hair, but ultimately the color changed to blonde and the style was altered. The writing of the story was led by Hennig with help from Neil Druckmann and Josh Scherr. The lead game designer was Richard Lemarchand, with the game co-designed by Hirokazu Yasuhara, a former Sega game designer best known for designing the early "Sonic the Hedgehog" games.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: The game went gold in the middle of October 2007. A demo was then released on November 8 on the PlayStation Network before its final release on November 19 in North America, December 6 in Australia, and December 7 in Europe. The demo was first placed on the North American store, and was initially region-locked such that it would only play on a North American PS3, but this was later confirmed as a mistake, as the developers were apparently unaware that people from different regions could sign up for a North American account and download the demo; a region-free demo was released soon after.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: "Uncharted" uses the Cell microprocessor to generate dozens of layered character animations to portray realistic expressions and fluid movements, which allow for responsive player control. The PlayStation 3's graphics processing unit, the RSX Reality Synthesizer, employed several functions to provide graphical details that helped immerse the player into the game world: lighting models, pixel shaders, dynamic real-time shadowing, and advanced water simulation. The new hardware allowed for processes that the team had never used in PlayStation 2 game development and required them to quickly familiarize themselves with the new techniques; for example, parallel processing and pixel shaders. While Blu-ray afforded greater storage space, the team became concerned with running out of room several times — "Uncharted" used more and bigger textures than previous games, and included several languages on the disc. Gameplay elements requiring motion sensing, such as throwing grenades and walking across beams, were implemented to take advantage of the Sixaxis controller. A new PlayStation 3 controller, the DualShock 3, was unveiled at the 2007 Tokyo Game Show, and featured force feedback vibration. "Uncharted" was also on display at the show with demonstrations that implemented limited support for vibration.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: Being Naughty Dog's first PlayStation 3 game, the project required the company to familiarize themselves with the new hardware and resulted in several development mistakes. The switch from developing for the PlayStation 2 to the PlayStation 3 prompted the staff to implement changes to their development technology. Naughty Dog switched to the industry standard language C++ to participate in technology sharing among Sony's first-party developers—the company had previously used their own proprietary programming language GOAL, a Lisp-based language. In rewriting their game code, they decided to create new programming tools as well. This switch, however, delayed the team's progress in developing a prototype, as the new tools proved to be unreliable and too difficult to use. Ten months into full production, the team decided to recreate the game's pipeline, the chain of processing elements designed to progress data through a system. In retrospect, Naughty Dog's Co-President Evan Wells considered this the greatest improvement to the project. Additionally, the animation blending system was rewritten several times to obtain the desired character animations.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: The game was patched on August 4, 2008 in Europe and North America to version 1.01 to include support for the PlayStation 3's Trophy system. There are 47 trophies in the game that match the medals that can already be won in the game and one further trophy, the Platinum trophy, awarded when all other trophies have been collected; "Uncharted" was the first Naughty Dog game to include the Platinum trophy type. Similar to other PlayStation 3 titles that receive trophy support via downloaded patches, players must start a new save game to be awarded trophies, regardless of how many medals they received in previous playthroughs. This was enforced because the developers wanted to avoid the sharing of save data in order to gain trophies they did not earn. The patch was described as "incredibly easy" to implement, owing to the game already containing preliminary support for Trophies via its Medals system; it was also stated that these hooks were already included due to Naughty Dog's belief that Sony would roll out the Trophy system before the game's launch in November 2007. Despite mentioning that the game was developed as a franchise and that it lent itself to episodic content, it was later stated that no content available via download would be made for "Uncharted".


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: During the Closed Beta of PlayStation Home on October 11, 2008, Naughty Dog released an "Uncharted" themed game space for PlayStation Home. This space is "Sully's Bar" from the game. In this space, users can play an arcade mini-game called "Mercenary Madness", which during the Closed Beta, there were rewards. The rewards were removed with the release of the Home Open Beta. There are also three other rooms in this space: during the Closed Beta, users had to find out codes for the doors that accessed these rooms. The code entry to the rooms was also removed with the release of the Home Open Beta. The three other rooms are the "Artifact Room", "Archives", and "Smuggler's Den". There is an artifact viewer in the Archives and Smuggler's Den rooms. Also in the Archives, there is a video screen that previews "Uncharted 2: Among Thieves". The Artifact Room only features seating and different artifacts for users to look at. This space was one of the first five-game spaces of the PlayStation Home Open Beta in North America, which Home went Open Beta on December 11. This space was released to the European version on November 5, 2009, almost a year after the Open Beta release. Naughty Dog has also released a game space for "Uncharted's" sequel on October 23, making "Uncharted" the first game series to have a game space for both games in its series.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: "Uncharted: Drake's Fortune" received generally favorable reviews from game critics. "Game Informer" complimented the visuals and dialogue between the characters Drake and Fisher, calling them stunning and entertaining respectively. They further added that the production values appeared high, citing the level of detail and musical score. "" echoed similar statements about the visuals and compared them to that of "Crysis".


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: The overall presentation of the game received unanimous praise from critics, who recognized the game's high production values, describing them as "top-notch", "incredible" or comparing them to those found in Hollywood. When combined with the overall style of the game, this led many reviewers to compare "Uncharted" to summer blockbuster films, with the action and theme of the game drawing comparisons to the "Indiana Jones" film series and "Tomb Raider". As part of the presentation, the game's story and atmosphere were also received well. The depth of the characters was praised, each having "their own tone". The voice acting was also received well, as the cast "nails its characterizations"; overall, the voice acting was described as a "big-star performance", "superb" and "stellar". Game designer Tim Schafer, well known as the creator of the early LucasArts adventure games such as "The Secret of Monkey Island", has also lauded the game, saying he "liked it a lot", and jokingly thanked it for teaching him a new fashion tip (Nathan Drake's "half-tucked" shirt).


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: The technical achievements in creating this presentation were also lauded. The graphics and visuals were a big part of this, including appreciation of the "lush" jungle environments, with lighting effects greatly adding to them. The game's water effects were also appreciated. Overall, many reviewers commented that, at the time, it was one of the best-looking PlayStation 3 games available. Further to the graphical aspects, both facial animation and the animation of characters, such as Nate's "fluid" animations as he performs platforming sections were noted, although the wilder animations of enemies reacting to being shot were over-animated "to perhaps a laughable degree".


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: Criticism of the game included some graphical issues, such as texture pop-in and screen tearing. Of more concern were gameplay issues, including overall gameplay length being rather short, with reviewers completing the game in anywhere from six to ten hours, and some disappointment with the "not particularly memorable" vehicle sections; the inability to both aim weapons and drive the jet-ski was a well-noted issue. Further, some "frustrating, repetitive slogs" with regards to the "constant stream" of pirates and mercenaries, and "moving from one infuriating firefight to the next" towards the end of the game were cited as part of poorer elements of overall gameplay.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: "Uncharted" received several accolades from web review sites such as IGN, who named it their PlayStation 3 game of the year.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: The game became one of the first batch of titles to be released as part of Europe's budget Platinum range of best-selling titles. Sony announced at E3 2009 that "Uncharted: Drake's Fortune" had sold over 2.6 million copies worldwide and was a hit for the PlayStation 3. As of March 2015, "Uncharted" has sold 4.8 million copies.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: Due to the critical and commercial success of "Drake's Fortune", "Uncharted" became a franchise with several sequels and other media. The sequel "" was released in 2009. The third installment "" was released worldwide in November 2011.


title: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

text: The fourth installment of the series, "", which is the last main installment in the series, was released on May 10, 2016. A single-player-only remaster of the first three titles, titled "", was released for the PlayStation 4 on October 7, 2015 in Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and October 9 in North America, the United Kingdom and Ireland. Two spin-offs for the PlayStation Vita, titled "" and "" were released in 2011 and 2012 respectively.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: The 2022 WrestleMania Backlash was the 17th Backlash professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on May 8, 2022, at the Dunkin' Donuts Center in Providence, Rhode Island; this was the third Backlash held at Dunkin' Donuts Center after the 1999 and 2009 editions. It was also the second Backlash held under this name after the previous year's event, thus officially renaming the event series as WrestleMania Backlash. The concept of the event was based around the backlash from WrestleMania 38.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: Six matches were contested at the event. In the main event, The Bloodline (Roman Reigns and The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso)) defeated Drew McIntyre and RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle) in a six-man tag team match. In other prominent matches, Ronda Rousey defeated Charlotte Flair in an "I Quit" match to win the SmackDown Women's Championship, Edge defeated AJ Styles by technical submission, and in the opening bout, Cody Rhodes defeated Seth "Freakin" Rollins. This was the first PPV to not feature a WWE Championship or Universal Championship match on the card since Elimination Chamber in March 2020.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: Backlash is a recurring event that was established by WWE in 1999. It was held annually from 1999 to 2009. Backlash was discontinued after 2009 but reinstated in 2016 and has been held every year since, except in 2019. The original concept of the event was based around the backlash from WWE's flagship event, WrestleMania. The events from 2016 to 2018 and in 2020 did not carry this theme; however, the 2021 event returned to this original concept and was named "WrestleMania Backlash". The 2022 event was also confirmed to be held under this name, thus renaming the event series to WrestleMania Backlash. It was the 17th event in the Backlash chronology and featured the backlash from WrestleMania 38. It was scheduled to take place on May 8, 2022, at the Dunkin' Donuts Center in Providence, Rhode Island and featured wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown brands. It aired on pay-per-view (PPV) worldwide and the streaming services Peacock in the United States and the WWE Network in international markets.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: The event included matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw" and "Friday Night SmackDown".


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: At WrestleMania 38, Charlotte Flair defeated Ronda Rousey to retain the SmackDown Women's Championship. During the match, Flair had tapped out to Rousey's armbar; however, the referee was incapacitated and Flair was able to get a cheap win after the referee came to his senses. On the following episode of "SmackDown", Rousey, who wanted a rematch with a clear winner, challenged Flair to an "I Quit" match. Flair refused and told Rousey to fall back in line. During "Talking Smack" the next day, however, the championship rematch was subsequently granted and scheduled for WrestleMania Backlash.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: At WrestleMania 38, former All Elite Wrestling wrestler and Executive Vice President Cody Rhodes made his return to WWE after six years as Seth "Freakin" Rollins' surprise opponent, where Rhodes was victorious. On the April 11 episode of "Raw", Rollins claimed that he was at an unfair disadvantage since he did not know who he was facing beforehand. Rollins further claimed that on an even playing field, he would defeat Rhodes and challenged him to a rematch, which Rhodes accepted and thus was scheduled for WrestleMania Backlash.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: At WrestleMania 38, SmackDown's Universal Champion Roman Reigns defeated Raw's WWE Champion Brock Lesnar in a Winner Takes All match to claim both titles, thus becoming recognized as the "Undisputed WWE Universal Champion". On the following episode of "SmackDown", Reigns stated that he had nothing left to prove; however, he wanted his cousins, the SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso), to replicate his feat by winning the Raw Tag Team Championship to bring more gold to The Bloodline. The Usos appeared on "Raw" the following week to issue a challenge to the Raw Tag Team Champions, RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle), who accepted and the match was made official as a Winners Take All championship unification match at WrestleMania Backlash. However, on the April 29 episode of "SmackDown", the contract signing for the match ended with Reigns assisting The Usos in attacking RK-Bro and tearing up the contract in the process. Drew McIntyre then came out and joined forces with RK-Bro in driving off The Bloodline from the ring. Because of what had transpired, Reigns' special counsel, Paul Heyman, then met with WWE official Adam Pearce backstage where Heyman requested that the resulting tag team championship unification match be called off and instead, a six-man tag team match featuring The Bloodline against RK-Bro and McIntyre be made for WrestleMania Backlash.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: At WrestleMania 38, Edge defeated AJ Styles thanks to a distraction from Damian Priest. Edge and Priest then formed an alliance where Edge claimed to wipe out anyone who did not fit in their "Mountain of Omnipotence". On the April 18 episode of "Raw", Edge stated that he needed to finish what he started with Styles and then challenged Styles to a rematch at WrestleMania Backlash, with Styles later accepting. On the May 2 episode of "Raw", Styles defeated Priest, thus banning Priest from ringside during the match.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: During Happy Corbin's match at WrestleMania 38, he was accidentally distracted by his tag partner, Madcap Moss, which resulted in a loss for Corbin. Following this, dissension arose between Corbin and Moss, with Corbin blaming Moss for his loss at WrestleMania. Tension continued to grow between the two and a match was scheduled for WrestleMania Backlash.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: At WrestleMania 38, Bobby Lashley defeated Omos; oddly, Lashley's manager MVP did not accompany him for the match. MVP returned the next night on "Raw" and turned on Lashley. Over the next few weeks, MVP lambasted Lashley for celebrating his WrestleMania moment without him and thus, MVP aligned himself with Omos. Lashley and Omos then competed in an arm wrestling match on the April 25 episode, which ended in Lashley's favor. Omos then attacked Lashley after the contest and later challenged him to a WrestleMania rematch at WrestleMania Backlash which Lashley accepted.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: The pay-per-view opened with Cody Rhodes facing Seth "Freakin" Rollins. During the match, Rollins attempted a Suicide Dive, but Rhodes avoided it and performed a Cody Cutter on Rollins for a nearfall. Rollins attempted a Phoenix Splash, but Rhodes avoided it. Rollins landed on his feet and Rhodes performed a Superkick on Rollins. Rhodes went up to the top rope and was cut off by Rollins, who superplexed him. Rollins rolled through to go for a Falcon Arrow, but Rhodes countered into a Cross Rhodes. Rhodes pinned Rollins, but Rollins' foot ended up on the bottom rope, thus breaking the pin. Rhodes attempted a Vertebreaker; however, Rollins reversed into a roll-up while attempting to hold Rhodes' tights, but Rhodes reversed into his own roll-up while holding Rollins' tights to win the match.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: Next, Bobby Lashley faced Omos (accompanied by MVP). Throughout the match, Lashley managed to apply the Hurt Lock on Omos momentarily, but Omos was able break out of the maneuver. Lashley attempted a Vertical Suplex on Omos, who ran the ropes and performed a Spinebuster on Lashley. In the climax, Lashley attempted a Spear; but Omos caught him with his knees and sent Lashley to the ring post. While the referee was distracted, MVP struck Lashley in the face with his cane, allowing Omos to perform the Choke Bomb on Lashley to win the match.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: The third match was between AJ Styles and Edge, with Damian Priest barred from ringside. At the start of the match, Styles went after Edge aggressively with punches. Styles dropkicked Edge to the floor, and performed an Asai Moonsault on Edge. Back in the ring, as Styles attempted a Phenomenal Forearm, Edge cut him off with a boot to Styles' injured shoulder. A short time later after Edge targeted Styles' injured shoulder, Styles performed a Pele Kick on Edge. Styles ran the ropes, leading to both men hitting a cross body block to each other at the same time. Styles charged at Edge, who performed a Spear for a nearfall. As Styles went up the rope, Damian Priest walked out and stood in the aisle. Priest claimed he was technically only at the aisle and not the ringside. Finn Bálor then ran out and brawled with Priest, taking him out of the arena. In the closing moments, a masked person shoved Styles off the top rope. Edge applied a Crossface on Styles, who passed out, thus winning the match. Post-match, the masked person joined Edge in the ring. The latter dropped to one knee in front of him, with Edge motioning for the person to stand up. The masked person revealed herself to be Rhea Ripley, thus being added to Edge's stable, The Judgment Day. Edge and Ripley held up their arms and celebrated the victory.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: After that, Charlotte Flair defended the SmackDown Women's Championship against Ronda Rousey in an "I Quit" match. Early in the match, Flair performed a German Suplex on Rousey. At ringside, Flair pulled a kendo stick underneath the ring. Rousey took the weapon from her and chased Flair, who ran up to the stage and went to the back. Flair returned with two kendo sticks and hit Rousey with the sticks. Flair grabbed a camera and threw it towards Rousey, who then hopped the barricade and fought with Flair in the crowd. Back in the ring, Flair performed the Natural Selection on Rousey onto the chair. Flair applied the Figure Eight Leglock, but Rousey used the chair to break free. Rousey reached up and hooked Flair in an armbar through the chair. Flair declined to quit, causing Rousey to twist the arm of Flair and making Flair say "I Quit", thus Rousey won the SmackDown Women's Championship. It was soon after revealed that Flair had (kayfabe) broken her radial bone in her forearm and would be out of action indefinitely.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: In the penultimate match, Happy Corbin faced Madcap Moss. During the match, Corbin performed a Senton Bomb on Moss for a nearfall. Corbin stuffed a shoulder block by hitting Moss with a knee to the head. Moss performed a Fallaway Slam on Corbin for a nearfall. In the end, Moss ran the ropes and performed a Sunset Flip to win the match.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: In the main event, Drew McIntyre and RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle) faced The Bloodline (Roman Reigns and The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso)) (accompanied by Paul Heyman) in a six-man tag team match. During the match, Reigns and McIntyre brawled in the ring. As Reigns knocked Riddle off the apron, McIntyre performed a Claymore Kick on Reigns. Riddle performed a Floating Bro on Jey for a nearfall. Jey performed an Elevated neckbreaker on Riddle, but Orton broke up the pin. At ringside, Reigns leapt off the ring steps and performed a Superman Punch on Orton. McIntyre attempted a Powerbomb on Reigns through the announce table, but Jimmy saved Reigns and took a Glasgow Kiss from McIntyre. Reigns took advantage and performed an Uranage Slam on McIntyre. Back in the ring, Riddle performed an RKO on Jey from the top rope. Reigns had made a quick tag before Riddle performed the RKO, thus after Riddle stood up, Reigns hit him with a Spear to win the match.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: On the following episode of "Raw", Cody Rhodes was given a United States Championship match against Theory. During the match, Seth "Freakin" Rollins interfered, costing Rhodes the match by disqualification. Rhodes then challenged Rollins to another match, but this time as a Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell, which Rollins accepted.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: Rhea Ripley explained that she joined Judgment Day to become better. She then defeated Liv Morgan. Damian Priest then faced Finn Bálor which ended by disqualification when Edge attacked Bálor. AJ Styles then attacked Edge, but Judgment Day gained the upper hand. A six-person mixed tag team match pitting Morgan, Styles, and Bálor against The Judgment Day was made official for Hell in a Cell


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: MVP hosted a segment of the VIP Lounge, praising Omos for his victory over Bobby Lashley. Lashley interrupted, but was attacked by Cedric Alexander, who wanted to rejoin MVP and reform The Hurt Business. Omos and MVP retreated while Lashley applied the Hurt Lock on Alexander. Later, Lashley said the only reason he did not defeat Omos at WrestleMania Backlash was due to MVP's interference and a rematch between Omos and Lashley was scheduled for the following week as a Steel Cage match, which Lashley won. Later on, a 2-on-1 handicap match pitting Lashley against MVP and Omos was scheduled for Hell in a Cell.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: Raw Tag Team Champions RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle) appeared on the following "SmackDown" to challenge the SmackDown Tag Team Champions, The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso), to the title unification match that was originally going to happen at WrestleMania Backlash. The Usos accepted and the match was scheduled for the following week, in which The Usos won after Roman Reigns prevented Jey Uso from being hit from Riddle's top-rope RKO (while Reigns' special counsel Paul Heyman distracted the referee), followed by Jey hitting a top-rope Uso splash, to become the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Champions. Afterwards, The Usos and Reigns continued their attack, ending with Jey hitting Riddle with an Uso Splash through the announce table. Reigns and the Usos then held their titles up high as "SmackDown" went off the air.


title: WrestleMania Backlash (2022)

text: Madcap Moss was interviewed about his match against Happy Corbin, who then attacked him with a chair, put the chair around Moss' neck, and slammed Moss' André the Giant Memorial Trophy down on top of the chair on him. The next day on "Talking Smack", it was reported that Moss suffered a (kayfabe) cervical contusion. On the June 3 edition of "SmackDown", Moss returned and lost to Corbin via DQ. Later that night, a No Holds Barred match between the two was scheduled for Hell in a Cell.


title: Shrek the Third

text: Shrek the Third (also known as Shrek 3) is a 2007 American computer-animated comedy film loosely based on the 1990 picture book "Shrek!" by William Steig, produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The sequel to "Shrek 2" (2004) and the third installment in the "Shrek" film series, it was directed by Chris Miller (in his feature directorial debut), co-directed by Raman Hui, and produced by Aron Warner, from a screenplay written by Miller, Warner, and the writing team of Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman, based on a story by Andrew Adamson, the co-director of the previous installments. The film features Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, Antonio Banderas, Rupert Everett, Julie Andrews, and John Cleese reprising their voice roles from the previous films, along with new additions such as Justin Timberlake as Arthur Pendragon and Eric Idle as Merlin. In the film, Prince Charming is plotting to overthrow Shrek and Fiona, who have inherited the throne following King Harold's death. Shrek, who does not want to rule the kingdom and does not believe an ogre is fit to be king, attempts to convince Fiona's underachieving, 16-year-old cousin Artie to reign instead.


title: Shrek the Third

text: "Shrek the Third" premiered at the Mann Village Theatre, Westwood in Los Angeles on May 6, 2007, and was theatrically released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on May 18, 2007, exactly six years after the first film was released. The film received mixed reviews but was a commercial success, grossing $813 million worldwide on a budget of $160 million, becoming the fourth highest-grossing film of 2007. It was nominated for the Best Animated Film at the 61st British Academy Film Awards. "Shrek the Third" was the final film in the "Shrek" franchise to be co-produced by Pacific Data Images, which folded in 2015. The sequel, "Shrek Forever After", was released in May 2010.


title: Shrek the Third

text: Seven years after the events of the second film, Shrek and Princess Fiona are to succeed the dying King Harold, but Shrek's attempts to serve as the Regent during Harold's medical leave end in disaster. Shrek insists that an ogre as king is not ideal and that there must be someone else to rule Far Far Away. Before he dies, Harold tells Shrek of another heir: his nephew and Fiona's cousin, Arthur "Artie" Pendragon. Meanwhile, Prince Charming vows to become King of Far Far Away and avenge the death of his mother, the Fairy Godmother. Charming goes to the Poison Apple tavern and persuades fairy tale villains to fight for their "happily ever after".


title: Shrek the Third

text: Shrek, Donkey, and Puss in Boots set out to retrieve Artie. As they sail away, Fiona reveals to Shrek that she is pregnant, much to Shrek's nightmare, as he believes that he is incapable of raising ogre babies. The trio journey to Worcestershire Academy, an elite magical boarding school, where they discover Artie is a scrawny, 16-year-old underachiever. At the school pep rally, Shrek tells Artie he has been chosen to be king of Far Far Away. Artie is excited until Donkey and Puss inadvertently frighten him by discussing the king's responsibilities. Losing confidence, Artie tries to take control of the ship and steer it back to Worcestershire; following a scuffle with Shrek, the ship crashes on a remote island where they encounter Artie's retired wizard teacher, Merlin.


title: Shrek the Third

text: Fiona and Queen Lillian host Snow White, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Rapunzel and Doris the Ugly Stepsister for a baby shower when Charming and other villains attack the castle, Gingy, Pinocchio, the Big Bad Wolf and the Three Little Pigs are captured. Prince Charming tells Pinocchio for Fiona to escape with the princesses and Lillian instead. One of the pigs accidentally reveals that Shrek has gone to retrieve Artie; Charming sends Captain Hook and his pirates to track them down. The ladies are locked in a tower after Rapunzel betrays them, having fallen in love with Charming.


title: Shrek the Third

text: Hook and his pirates catch up to Shrek on Merlin's island. Shrek avoids capture, and Hook reveals Charming's takeover of Far Far Away. Shrek urges Artie to return to Worcestershire. Instead, Artie cons Merlin into using his magic to send them to Far Far Away. The spell causes Puss and Donkey to accidentally switch bodies. They find Pinocchio and learn that Charming plans to kill Shrek as part of a play. After breaking into the castle, they are caught and taken captive.


title: Shrek the Third

text: Charming prepares to kill Artie to retain the crown. To save Artie's life, Shrek lies, claiming that he was just using Artie to replace him as the next king. Charming believes Shrek and allows a disheartened Artie to leave. Donkey and Puss are imprisoned with Fiona and the ladies, where Fiona grows frustrated with their lack of initiative. Lillian smashes an opening in the stone wall of the prison with a headbutt. While the princesses launch a rescue mission for Shrek, Donkey and Puss free Gingy, Pinocchio, and the others along with Dragon and Donkey's children. Puss and Donkey mollify Artie by explaining that Shrek lied to save Artie's life.


title: Shrek the Third

text: Charming stages a musical in front of the kingdom. Just as Charming is about to kill Shrek, Fiona, Puss, and Donkey, the princesses and other fairy tale characters confront the villains, but quickly lose in a showdown. Artie shows up and gives a speech to the villains, convincing them that they can be accepted into society instead of being outcasts. The villains agree to give up their evil ways, while Charming refuses to listen and lunges at Artie with his sword. Shrek blocks the blow and it appears that he has been stabbed. Charming decrees himself the new king, but Shrek reveals that the sword missed and pushes Charming aside, while Dragon knocks the tower down onto Charming.


title: Shrek the Third

text: Artie is crowned the new king. While the kingdom celebrates, Merlin reverts Puss and Donkey's body swap. Meanwhile, back at the swamp, Shrek and Fiona begin raising their children, with help from Donkey, Puss, Lillian, and Dragon.


title: Shrek the Third

text: Following the success of "Shrek 2", a third and fourth "Shrek" movie, along with plans for a final, fifth film, were announced in May 2004 by Jeffrey Katzenberg: ""Shrek 3" and "4" are going to reveal other unanswered questions and, finally, in the last chapter, we will understand how Shrek came to be in that swamp, when we meet him in the first movie."


title: Shrek the Third

text: DreamWorks hired screenwriters Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman (of both "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", "Doc Hollywood" and "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" fame) to write the script of the film and Jon Zack, who wrote "The Perfect Score", came on board as a consultant. Unlike the first two films, the film was not directed by Andrew Adamson due to his occupation with "". Adamson was still involved as an executive producer, and was giving advice approximately every four months on the state of the film. "Shrek the Third" was instead directed by Chris Miller, a story artist on the first film and a head of story on the second, and co-directed by Raman Hui, a supervising animator on the first two films.


title: Shrek the Third

text: The film was developed under the working title of "Shrek 3". By March 2006, the title of the film was changed to "Shrek the Third". According to Miller, the reason behind the title change was because they "didn't want to just sort of title it like it was just a sequel," instead they wanted "something to make it stand on its own, give it its own personality and really try to treat it as a chapter in Shrek's life." Hui also remarked: "It's about Shrek becoming the new king of Far Far Away; the title sounds kind of royal as well."


title: Shrek the Third

text: The film was originally going to be released in November 2006; however, in December 2004, the date was changed to May 2007; "The sheer magnitude of the "Shrek" franchise has led us to conclude that a May release date, with a DVD release around the holiday season, will enable us to best maximize performance and increase profitability, thereby generating enhanced asset value and better returns for our shareholders." Katzenberg explained. "Flushed Away", another film from DreamWorks Animation, was instead given the slot of November 2006. The release date change was also the day after Disney/Pixar changed the release date of "Cars", from November 2005 to June 2006.


title: Shrek the Third

text: "Shrek the Third" opened in 4,122 North American theaters on May 18, 2007, grossing $38 million on its first day, which was the biggest opening day for an animated film at the time. It grossed a total of $121.6 million in its first weekend, the best opening weekend ever for an animated film, and the second-highest opening for a 2007 film in the United States, behind "Spider-Man 3". It held the animated opening weekend record for nine years until it was surpassed by "Finding Dory"s $135.1 million debut. At the time, its opening weekend was the third-highest of all time in these regions.


title: Shrek the Third

text: "Shrek the Third" grossed $322.7 million in the United States, and $490.7 million overseas, bringing its cumulative total to $813.4 million. The film was the fourth-highest-grossing film worldwide of 2007, and the second-highest-grossing film in the United States that year. In addition, it was the highest-grossing animated film of 2007, and the third-highest-grossing animated film ever, trailing only behind "Finding Nemo" and "Shrek 2". The film sold an estimated 46,907,000 tickets in North America.


title: Shrek the Third

text: The film was released in the United Kingdom on June 29, 2007, and topped the country's box office for the next two weekends, before being dethroned by "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix".


title: Shrek the Third

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "Shrek the Third" has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of , making it the lowest-rated film in the "Shrek" franchise by the website to date. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Shrek the Third" has pop culture potshots galore, but at the expense of the heart, charm, and wit that made the first two "Shreks" classics." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, a step down from the first two films' "A".


title: Shrek the Third

text: Some critics were confused as to the film's target demographic. Carina Chocano of the "Los Angeles Times" felt themes about career and parenting anxieties, the lifestyle of celebrities, as well as its humor, would be above children: "Does a kids' movie really need, among other similar touches, a Hooters joke? I, for one, wouldn't want to have to explain it." Nonetheless, she also found certain moments to be funny: "Shrek's anxiety dream about procreating is fabulously surreal, and King Harold's deathbed scene, with its grimaces and false alarms, is pure kiddie comedy at its best." David Ansen of "Newsweek" wrote that the film's "slightly snarky wit is aimed almost entirely at parents... this one never touched my heart or got under my skin. It's a movie at war with itself: a kiddie movie that doesn't really want to be one."


title: Shrek the Third

text: Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, saying the film "wasn't awful, but it's bland, with a barrel-scraping averageness. There are no new ideas, no very funny new characters..." He called the character Merlin a "frankly unfunny new character" and considered the character to be a "rip-off of Albus Dumbledore from the "Harry Potter" franchise". He stated that the film contained "no decent musical numbers, incidentally, and the one cover version is bizarrely chosen. For Harold's funeral, we get a rendering of ... Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die". Er ... huh? Because it's kind of sad and it has "die" in the title?"


title: Shrek the Third

text: A. O. Scott from "The New York Times" described the film as "at once more energetic and more relaxed [than its predecessors], less desperate to prove its cleverness and therefore to some extent, smarter."


title: Shrek the Third

text: The film was released on both DVD and HD DVD on November 13, 2007. The DVD was released in separate pan and scan and widescreen formats. The film and special features on the HD DVD version were presented in widescreen high-definition 1080p and feature a Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 audio soundtrack, and special features for both formats include several deleted scenes, features, trailers, commentary, music videos, and exclusively on the HD DVD version, some web-enabled and HDi Interactive Format features such as a special trivia track, a film guide, and an interactive coloring book which can be downloaded as of street date.


title: Shrek the Third

text: Following Paramount's decision to discontinue HD DVD production (making "Shrek the Third" the only DreamWorks Animation film to be released on that format), the film was subsequently released on Blu-ray Disc on September 16, 2008. It was re-released on Blu-ray as part of the Shrek: The Whole Story boxset on December 7, 2010 before receiving another separate release on August 30, 2011, and on Blu-ray 3D on November 1, 2011 as a Best Buy exclusive.


title: Shrek the Third

text: As of August 30, 2014, DVD sales gathered revenue of $176.7 million from about 11,863,374 units sold.


title: Shrek the Third

text: "Shrek The Third" was widely anticipated and DreamWorks backed the film with a large marketing campaign, with toys, books, games, clothes, and many other items becoming available throughout 2007. A video game based on the film has been released for the Wii, PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation Portable, PC, and Nintendo DS.


title: Shrek the Third

text: In May 2007, "Shrek The Third" was made into a mobile video game, developed by Gameloft. Shrek n' Roll, an action puzzle game based on the film, was released for the Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade on November 14, 2007.


title: Shrek the Third

text: Adult Swim comedy team Tim and Eric, annoyed by the amount of advertisement they had witnessed in the months approaching the release of the film, decided to independently "promote" "Shrek the Third" in a series of internet videos


title: Shrek the Third

text: In the beginning of the film, in Prince Charming's dinner theater, coconuts are revealed to be the source of the sound effect for horses' hoof beats. This same joke was used in "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", which also starred John Cleese and Eric Idle. Idle walked out of the premiere (though later reentered after calming himself down) and claimed to be considering suing the producers of "Shrek" for the unauthorized use of this gag, while the producers claim they were honouring Idle and Cleese by putting the part in.


title: Shrek the Third

text: The conservative "Illinois Review" blog criticized the inclusion of Doris the Ugly Stepsister, accusing the writers of including the character to "desensitize" children and parents to transgender identity.


title: Shrek the Third

text: The film was followed by the sequel, "Shrek Forever After", which was released in theatres on May 21, 2010.


title: Parkour

text: Parkour () is an athletic training discipline or sport in which practitioners (called "traceurs") attempt to get from point A to point B in the fastest and most efficient way possible, without assisting equipment and often while performing artistic-gymnastic maneuvers. With roots in military obstacle course training and martial arts, parkour includes running, climbing, swinging, vaulting, jumping, plyometrics, rolling, and quadrupedal movement—whatever is suitable for a given situation. Parkour is an activity that can be practiced alone or with others, and is usually carried out in urban spaces, though it can be done anywhere. It involves seeing one's environment in a new way, and envisioning the potential for navigating it by movement around, across, through, over and under its features.


title: Parkour

text: Although practitioners of Parkour often perform flips and other acrobatic movements, these are not considered a part of Parkour proper.


title: Parkour

text: The practice of similar movements had existed in communities around the world for centuries, notably in Africa and China, the latter tradition ("qinggong") popularized by Hong Kong action cinema (notably Jackie Chan) during the 1970s to 1980s. Parkour as a type of movement was later established by David Belle when he and others founded the Yamakasi in the 1990s and initially called it . The discipline was popularised in the 1990s and 2000s through films, documentaries, video games, and advertisements.


title: Parkour

text: The word "parkour" derives from (obstacle course), the classic obstacle course method of military training proposed by Georges Hébert. Raymond Belle used the term "" to encompass all of his training including climbing, jumping, running, balancing, and the other methods he undertook in his personal athletic advancement. His son, David, further developed his father's methods and achieved success as a stuntman, and one day on a film set showed his 'Speed Air Man' video to Hubert Koundé. Koundé suggested he change the "c" of "" to a "k" because it was stronger and more dynamic, and to remove the silent "s" for the same reason, forming ""parkour"".


title: Parkour

text: A practitioner of parkour is called a "traceur", with the feminine form being "traceuse". They are nouns derived from the French verb "", which normally means "to trace", as in "tracing a path", in reference to drawing. The verb used familiarly means: "to hurry up". The term "traceur" was originally the name of a parkour group headed by David Belle which included Sébastien Foucan and Stéphane Vigroux.


title: Parkour

text: A "jam" refers to a meeting of traceurs, involving training lasting anywhere from hours to several days, often with people from different cities. The first parkour jam was organised in July 2002 by Romain Drouet, with a dozen people including Sébastien Foucan and Stéphane Vigroux.


title: Parkour

text: The practice of similar movements have existed in various communities around the world for centuries prior to the foundation of a parkour movement, which was influenced by these earlier traditions. Such athletic traditions had existed among various indigenous tribes in Africa for centuries. A similar discipline in Chinese culture is "qinggong", a Chinese martial arts training technique that also dates back centuries. It was notably taught at the Peking Opera School in the 20th century; the school's most notable students are the Seven Little Fortunes, including Sammo Hung and most famously Jackie Chan, providing a basis for their acrobatic stunt work in Hong Kong action cinema from the 1970s onwards.


title: Parkour

text: In Western Europe, a forerunner of parkour was developed by French naval officer Georges Hébert, who before World War I promoted athletic skill based on the models of indigenous tribes he had met in Africa. He noted, "their bodies were splendid, flexible, nimble, skillful, enduring, and resistant but yet they had no other tutor in gymnastics but their lives in nature." His rescue efforts during the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée on Saint-Pierre, Martinique reinforced his belief that athletic skill must be combined with courage and altruism. Hébert became a physical education tutor at the college of Reims in France. Hébert set up a "méthode naturelle" ("natural method") session consisting of ten fundamental groups: walking, running, jumping, quadrupedal movement, climbing, balancing, throwing, lifting, self-defence, and swimming. These were intended to develop "the three main forces": energetic (willpower, courage, coolness, and firmness), moral (benevolence, assistance, honour, and honesty), and physical (muscles and breath). During World War I and World War II, teaching continued to expand, becoming the standard system of French military education and training. Inspired by Hébert, a Swiss architect developed a ""parcours du combattant""—military obstacle course—the first of the courses that are now standard in military training and which led to the development of civilian fitness trails and confidence courses.


title: Parkour

text: Born in 1939 in Vietnam, Raymond Belle was the son of a French physician and Vietnamese mother. During the First Indochina War, his father died and he was separated from his mother, after which he was sent to a military orphanage in Da Lat at the age of seven. He took it upon himself to train harder and longer than everyone else in order never to be a victim. At night, when everyone else was asleep, he would be outside running or climbing trees. He would use the military obstacle courses in secret, and also created courses of his own that tested his endurance, strength, and flexibility. Doing this enabled him not only to survive the hardships he experienced during his childhood, but also eventually to thrive. After the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, he returned to France and remained in military education until the age of 19, when he joined the Paris Fire Brigade, a French Army unit.


title: Parkour

text: Raymond's son, David Belle, was born in 1973. He experimented with gymnastics and athletics but became increasingly disaffected with both school and the sports clubs. As he got older, he learned of his father's exploits and was increasingly curious about what had enabled his father to accomplish these feats. Through conversations with his father, he realised that what he really wanted was a means to develop skills that would be useful to him in life, rather than just training to kick a ball or perform moves in a padded, indoor environment.


title: Parkour

text: Through conversations with his father, David learned about this way of training that his father called ""parcours"". He heard his father talk of the many repetitions he had done in order to find the best way of doing things. He learned that for his father, training was not a game but something vital which enabled him to survive and to protect the people he cared about. David realised that this was what he had been searching for, and so he began training in the same way. After a time, he found it far more important to him than schooling and he gave up his other commitments to focus all his time on his training.


title: Parkour

text: David initially trained on his own, and after moving to Lisses, found other young men (including his cousins) who had similar desires, and they began to train together. The group eventually included David Belle, Sébastien Foucan, Châu Belle Dinh, Williams Belle, Yann Hnautra, Laurent Piemontesi, Guylain N'Guba Boyeke, Malik Diouf, and Charles Perrière. The group began calling themselves the "Yamakasi", from the Lingala "ya makási", meaning strong in one's person, or "strong man, strong spirit" (see § Name and split below).


title: Parkour

text: The group drew inspiration from Asian culture and Asian martial arts, notably the acrobatics of Jackie Chan such as "qinggong" displays in his Hong Kong action films, and the training philosophy of Bruce Lee, considering the latter to be the "unofficial president" of their group. The group also was influenced by the Japanese shōnen manga and anime series "Dragon Ball," in which the heroes attained extraordinary abilities through hard work, as well as the martial arts films of Belgian actor Jean-Claude Van Damme.


title: Parkour

text: The group put themselves through challenges that forced them to find the physical and mental strength to succeed. Examples included training without food or water, or sleeping on the floor without a blanket to learn to endure the cold. For example, no one in the group was permitted to be late for training, as it would hold back the whole group. If any member completed a challenge, everyone else had to do the same thing. During their training, no one was allowed to complain or be negative. Few excuses were allowed. For instance, if someone claimed that his shoes were too worn out in to make a jump, he had to do it anyway, even if it meant doing the jump barefoot. At the same time, everyone was required to have knowledge of their own limits.


title: Parkour

text: Respecting one's health and physical well-being was one of the foundations of the group. If any member hurt himself during or after the execution of a movement, the movement was deemed a failure. A movement executed only once was not considered an achievement; only with repetition was the challenge complete. Every movement had to be repeated at least ten times in a row without the traceur having to push his limits or sustaining any injury. If any mistake was made by any traceur in the group everyone had to start all over again.


title: Parkour

text: Humility was an important principle. No traceur was allowed to feel superior to someone else, for example, by executing a movement only to show off in front of someone who could not perform the movement. If any traceur in the group claimed that he had completed a difficult and dangerous challenge that should not be attempted unaided, he had to prove his claims by doing the challenge again. Anyone who lied violated the principle of humility.


title: Parkour

text: To join the group, new members had to be recommended by an existing member and then pass tests to evaluate their motivation for joining. Despite the huge emphasis on the collective, each traceur had to progress and develop independently—"to create the means to be yourself"—and there was a complete trust within the group. Every traceur was to encourage the others and show confidence through their behaviour. If a member violated the principles, the group could meet without the offending person to discuss various punishments. Anyone deemed unsuitable could be temporarily or even permanently banned from the group in order to uphold its disciplines and values.


title: Parkour

text: In 1997, David Belle's brother Jean-François invited the group to perform for the public in a firefighter show in Paris. For the performance, the group named themselves "Yamakasi", from the Congolese Lingala "ya makási", meaning strong in one's person, or "strong man, strong spirit". Sébastien Foucan also invented a name for what they were doing: ""l'art du déplacement" (French for "the art of movement"). The firefighter performance caused both positive and negative attention. Some members of the group were concerned how the public would view their discipline since the performance did not demonstrate all aspects of it, such as their hard training and their values and ethics. Jean-François also sent pictures and video of the group to a French TV programme, and the popularity of parkour began to increase. A series of television programmes in various countries subsequently featured video footage of the group, and they began to get more requests for performances. During this time, conflicting interests arose within the group. Sébastien Foucan wanted to teach more rather than to train more, and David Belle had the ambition to become an actor. David and Sébastien chose to leave the group, and used the name "parkour" to describe their activity (see § Etymology above). The seven remaining Yamakasi members continued to use the term "l'art du déplacement" (see § Derivative terminologies and disciplines below).


title: Parkour

text: International parkour organizations include the World Freerunning and Parkour Federation, established in 2007, who have worked with MTV to produce parkour-related shows.


title: Parkour

text: International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) added parkour as one of their disciplines in 2017, despite much opposition, including the establishment of Parkour Earth to represent various national organizations in opposition to the gymnastics organization. The FIG program includes Speed-Run (Sprint) and Freestyle events. The first event in the FIG Parkour World Cup was held on 6–8 April 2018. The first Parkour World Championships were scheduled to take place at Hiroshima on 3–5 April 2020, but were postponed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Parkour debuted at the 2022 World Games.


title: Parkour

text: According to Williams Belle, the philosophies and theories behind parkour are an integral aspect of the art, one that many non-practitioners have never been exposed to. Belle says he trains people because he wants it "to be alive" and "for people to use it". Châu Belle explains it is a "type of freedom" or "kind of expression"; that parkour is "only a state of mind" rather than a set of actions, and that it is about overcoming and adapting to mental and emotional obstacles as well as physical barriers. Traceur Dylan Baker says, "Parkour also influences one's thought processes by enhancing self-confidence and critical thinking skills that allow one to overcome everyday physical and mental obstacles". A study by "Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence" (Neuropsychiatry of Childhood and Adolescence) in France found traceurs seek more excitement and leadership situations than gymnasts do.


title: Parkour

text: Academic research on parkour has tended to describe how parkour provides a novel way of interacting with the urban environment that challenges the use and meaning of urban space, metropolitan life, and embodiment.


title: Parkour

text: A newer convention of parkour philosophy has been the idea of "human reclamation". Andy Tran of Urban Evolution clarifies it as "a means of reclaiming what it means to be a human being. It teaches us to move using the natural methods that we should have learned from infancy. It teaches us to touch the world and interact with it, instead of being sheltered by it." Another traceur writes, "It is as much as a part of truly learning the physical art as well as being able to master the movements; it gives you the ability to overcome your fears and pains and reapply this to life, as you must be able to control your mind in order to master the art of parkour."


title: Parkour

text: A campaign was started on 1 May 2007 by the Parkour.NET portal to preserve parkour's philosophy against sports competition and rivalry. In the words of Erwan Le Corre, "Competition pushes people to fight against others for the satisfaction of a crowd and/or the benefits of a few business people by changing its mindset. Parkour is unique and cannot be a competitive sport unless it ignores its altruistic core of self-development. If parkour becomes a sport, it will be hard to seriously teach and spread parkour as a non-competitive activity. And a new sport will be spread that may be called parkour, but that won't hold its philosophical essence anymore." Red Bull's sponsored athlete for parkour, Ryan Doyle, has said, "Sometimes people ask, 'Who is the best at parkour?' and it is because they don't understand what Parkour is; 'Who is the best?' is what you would say about a sport, and parkour is not a sport—it is an art, it's a discipline. That's like saying, 'What's the best song in the world?'" This seems to be the consensus among many professional traceurs who view parkour as a lifestyle more than as a set of tricks, as has been popularised by YouTube and most media exposure.


title: Parkour

text: There are competitions that use parkour as the main influence for formatting and judging criteria. Sport Parkour League's "North America Parkour Championships" hosts a series of local and regional qualifier events which culminate in a final event in Vancouver, B.C. Red Bull's Art of Motion event is the longest running and highest profile professional freerunning competition.


title: Parkour

text: In his 2009 book "Parkour", David Belle stressed that the most important aspect of parkour is not the physical movements, but rather the practitioner's mentality and understanding of its principles. "When young trainees come to see me and give me videos telling me to check out what they are doing, I just take the tape and throw it away. What I'm interested in is what the guy's got in his head, if he has self-confidence, if he masters the technique, if he has understood the principles of parkour. I just can't deal with guys who do Parkour because they saw videos on the Internet and thought it was kinda cool and want to do even better." Further, he states the importance of traceurs being aware of their abilities and limitations, and developing in their own way. "When a young person asks me, 'Can you show me how to do this?' I simply answer, ‘No, I am going to show you how "I" do it. Then, you'll have to learn with your own technique, your own way of moving, your style, your abilities and your limitations. You are going to learn to be yourself, not someone else along the way.’"


title: Parkour

text: The philosophy of parkour has been compared to that of martial arts. In an interview with "The New Yorker", David Belle acknowledges the influence, "There's a quote by Bruce Lee that's my motto: 'There are no limits. There are plateaus, but you must not stay there, you must go beyond them. A man must constantly exceed his level.' If you're not better than you were the day before, then what are you doing—what's the point?" In an interview with the press, Belle explained that parkour is a training method for warriors. "So many people try to train easy—'Come do parkour! It's really cool!' But if tomorrow I made you do real training, you would end up crying. That's what you need to know: you are going to cry, you are going to bleed and you are going to sweat like never before." In his book, Belle also quotes his father Raymond, "If two roads open up before you, always take the most difficult one. Because you know you can travel the easy one."


title: Parkour

text: Belle is an influential proponent of discipline and control in parkour, saying, "Precision is all about being measured," and going on to describe parkour as an art that requires huge amounts of repetition and practice to master. "With parkour, I often say, 'Once is never'. In other words, someone can manage a jump one time but it does not mean anything. It can be luck or chance. When you make a jump, you have to do it at least three times to be sure you can actually do it. It's an unavoidable rule. Do it the hard way and stop lying to yourself. When you come for training, you have to train. Even if it means doing the same jump fifty or a hundred times." To its founder, parkour is a method of self-refinement, used for learning to control and focus oneself.