title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: The decision to convert "Prince of Wales" to CATOBAR was reviewed after the projected costs rose to around double the original estimate. On 10 May 2012, the Defence Secretary, Philip Hammond, announced in Parliament that the government had decided to revert to its predecessor's plans to purchase the F-35B rather than the F-35C, and to complete both aircraft carriers with ski-jumps in the STOVL configuration. MoD sources indicated that the cost of installing EMALS and AAG on "Prince of Wales" would have risen to £2 billion, of which about £450 million of which was the cost of the equipment and the remainder the cost of installation. The total cost of the work that had been done on the conversion to a CATOBAR configuration, and of reverting the design to the original STOVL configuration, was estimated by Philip Hammond to be "something in the order of £100 million". In later testimony before a parliamentary committee, Bernard Gray, Chief of Defence Materiel, revealed that even though the carriers had been sold as adaptable and easy to convert for CATOBAR, no serious effort had been made in this direction since 2002.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: On 23 November 2015, the government published its 2015 SDSR which confirmed its plans to bring into service both "Queen Elizabeth"-class aircraft carriers, with one to be available at all times. The review also confirmed that one of the carriers would have enhanced amphibious capabilities. The government also reaffirmed its commitment to ordering 138 F-35 Lightning IIs, although the specific variant(s) was not mentioned. The review stated that 24 of these aircraft would be available to the aircraft carriers by 2023.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: The ships' company is 679, rising to 1,600 when the air crew is added. In April 2015 a parliamentary reply stated that the average crew size would be 672. The ships have a displacement of 65,000 tonnes on delivery, but the design allows for this to reach over 70,000 tonnes as the ships are upgraded through their lifetime. They have an overall length of , a width at deck level of , a height of , a draught of , and a range of . Nuclear propulsion was rejected due to its high cost and manpower required in favour of Integrated Electric Propulsion consisting of two Rolls-Royce Marine Trent MT30 gas turbine generator units and four Wärtsilä diesel generator sets (two and two ). The Trents and diesels are the largest ever supplied to the Royal Navy, and together they feed the low-voltage electrical systems as well as four GE Power Conversion's 20 MW electric propulsion motors that drive the twin fixed-pitch propellers.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: Instead of a single island superstructure containing both the ships' navigation bridges and flying control (flyco) centres, the ships have these operations divided between two structures, with the forward island for navigation and the aft island for controlling flying operations. The primary reason for having twin islands was to space out the funnels, as the ships were designed with redundancy with "duplicated main and secondary machinery in two complexes with independent uptakes and downtakes in each of the two islands", while the alternative of consolidating all the exhaust trunkings would have reduced hangar space as well as increasing the vulnerability to flooding. Additional benefits include easier construction, reduced wind turbulence, and freed up deck space. Using two structures provides separate mountings for the air surveillance radar (forward), which does not interfere with the medium-range radar (aft); furthermore, visibility is improved for both navigation and landing operations.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: Under the flight deck are a further nine decks. The hangar deck measures with a height of , large enough to accommodate up to twenty fixed and rotary wing aircraft. To transfer aircraft from the hangar to the flight deck, the ships have two large lifts, each of which is capable of lifting two F-35-sized aircraft, or one CH-47 Chinook from the hangar to the flight deck in sixty seconds. The ships' only announced self-defence weapons are currently the Phalanx CIWS for airborne threats, with miniguns and 30 mm cannon to counter seaborne threats, which are fitted for but not with, and not carried as of 2021.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: The ship's radars will be the BAE Systems/Thales S1850M for long-range wide-area search, the BAE Systems Artisan 3D Type 997 maritime medium-range active electronically scanned array radar, and a navigation radar. BAE claims the S1850M has a fully automatic detection and track initiation that can track up to 1,000 air targets at a range of around . Artisan can "track a target the size of a snooker ball over away", with a maximum range of 200 km. They will also be fitted with the Ultra Electronics Series 2500 Electro Optical System (EOS) and Glide Path Camera (GPC).


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: Munitions and ammunition handling is accomplished using a Babcock designed highly mechanised weapons handling system (HMWHS). This is the first naval application of a common land-based warehouse system. The HMWHS moves palletised munitions from the magazines and weapon preparation areas, along trackways and via several lifts, forward and aft or port and starboard. The tracks can carry a pallet to magazines, the hangar, weapons preparation areas, and the flight deck. In a change from normal procedures the magazines are unmanned, the movement of pallets is controlled from a central location, and manpower is only required when munitions are being initially stored or prepared for use. This system speeds up delivery and reduces the size of the crew by automation.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: Crew facilities include a cinema, five physical fitness areas (gyms), a chapel (with embarked naval chaplain), and four galleys manned by sixty-seven catering staff. There are four large dining areas, the largest with the capacity to serve 960 meals in one hour. There are eleven medical staff for the eight-bed medical facility, which includes an operating theatre and a dental surgery. There are 1,600 bunks in 470 cabins, including accommodation for a company of 250 Royal Marines with wide access routes up to the flight deck.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: A maximum of 24 F-35Bs will operate from each carrier under normal circumstances, with the ability to operate 36 in extreme circumstances. The ships have a sortie generation rate of up to 110 per day. Fourteen Merlin HM2 will be available with typically nine in anti-submarine configuration and four or five with Crowsnest for airborne early warning; alternatively a "littoral manoeuvre" package could include a mix of Royal Navy Commando Helicopter Force Merlin HC4, Wildcat AH1, RAF Chinook transports, and Army Air Corps Apache attack helicopters. six landing spots are planned, but the deck could be marked out for the operation of ten medium helicopters at once, allowing the lift of a company of 250 troops. The hangars are designed for operating Chinooks without blade folding and the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey tiltrotor; the two aircraft lifts can each accommodate a Chinook with unfolded blades.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: As the Royal Navy plans to operate the aircraft carriers in rotation, it will only form a single carrier air group to equip whichever aircraft carrier is deployed. However, drones may allow the opportunity for the Royal Navy to form a second carrier air group.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: Although the size of the "Queen Elizabeth" class would enable it to accommodate most current and projected carrier-based fixed-wing aircraft, the lack of arresting gear means that, as initially completed, it is only capable of operating either STOVL aircraft, such as F-35B Lightning, tiltrotors such as the Osprey, or aircraft that do not require either catapult-assisted take-off or arrested recovery.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: With the retirement of the Harrier GR7 and GR9 in 2010, there remained no carrier-capable fixed-wing aircraft available to the Royal Navy or Royal Air Force. Their replacement is the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: As originally intended, the ships carry the STOVL version, the F-35B. The aircraft are flown by pilots from the Fleet Air Arm and the Royal Air Force.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: For a period following the 2010 SDSR Review, the government had intended to purchase the F-35C carrier variant and modify one carrier to use the CATOBAR system to launch and recover these aircraft. This was because the cheaper F-35C variant has a greater range and can carry a larger and more diverse payload than the F-35B. On 10 May 2012 the Defence Secretary Philip Hammond announced in Parliament that the government had decided to revert to its predecessor's plans to purchase the F-35B rather than the F-35C, and to abandon the completion of "Prince of Wales" in a CATOBAR configuration. The reason given was that "conversion to 'cats and traps' will cost about double what was originally estimated – and would not be delivered until 2023 at the earliest".


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: On 19 July 2012, Hammond indicated in a speech in the United States that the UK would order an initial 48 F-35B aircraft to be operated jointly by the Royal Air Force and Fleet Air Arm. In November 2015, the government announced its commitment to an order of 138 F-35 aircraft, with 24 available for carrier duties by 2023. The 2021 defence white paper sharply reduced the envisaged total number of aircraft to be purchased to "beyond 48". Subsequently, the First Sea Lord indicated that the new envisaged number was to be 60 aircraft initially and "then maybe more", up to a maximum of around 80 to hopefully equip four "deployable squadrons". In April 2022, the Deputy Chief of Defence Staff, Air Marshal Richard Knighton, told the House of Commons Defence Select Committee that the MoD was in discussions to purchase a second tranche of 26 F-35B fighters. Plans for frontline F-35B squadrons had been modified and now envisaged a total of three squadrons (rather than four) each deploying 12-16 aircraft. In surge conditions 24 F-35s might be deployed on a carrier but a routine deployment would likely involve 12 aircraft.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: Although the F-35B is fully capable of performing vertical landing, in a similar fashion to the way that the Harrier and Sea Harrier operated, this method of operation places limitations on the loads that the aircraft is capable of returning to the ship with. As a consequence, to avoid the costly disposal at sea of both fuel and munitions, the Royal Navy is developing the Shipborne rolling vertical landing (SRVL) technique for its operation of the Lightning II. SRVL is a hybrid landing technique that uses the Lightning's vectored thrust capability to slow its forward speed to around 70 knots to allow it to make a rolling landing, using its disc brakes, without the need of an arrestor wire. A special type of metallic 'thermal paint' is being developed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,500 °C in the vicinity of jet nozzles.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: In December 2016, the British Government announced that it reached an agreement with the United States to allow the deployment of USMC F-35s from "Queen Elizabeth" upon the ship's entry into service, with a reciprocal arrangement seeing RAF and FAA aircraft operating from ships of the US Navy.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: The AgustaWestland AW101 is a medium-sized, three-engined, multi-role helicopter. Two versions are in service with the UK armed forces, where it is known as Merlin. The utility version can carry up to twenty-four troops seated or sixteen stretcher patients and the HM2 anti-submarine warfare variant has a dipping sonar and sonar-buoys, and a complete electronic warfare suite.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: Both versions use a common airframe. Their range and endurance using only a two engine cruise option is , or six hours. However, range can be extended further when the five underfloor fuel tanks are supplemented with auxiliary fuel tanks fitted in the cabin. Armament depends on the mission but includes anti-ship missiles, torpedoes, door-mounted machine guns, multi-purpose rocket, cannon pods, air-to-air missiles and air-to-surface missiles. It was initially anticipated that at least 14 Merlin HM2s would be assigned to the carrier. However, in practice with just 30 Merlin HM2s in service, it may be impossible to deploy 14 aircraft on a single operational carrier on a full-time basis. During the 2021 carrier strike group deployment to the Pacific, for instance, considerably fewer than 14 Merlins were embarked with the task group.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: On 23 March 2015, the Royal Navy's first Wildcat HMA2 entered service. The Wildcat can be equipped with several mission sensors, which can include: radar, active dipping sonar, electro-optical imaging, electronic surveillance measures and an integrated self-defence suite. The HM2 maritime version can be armed with air-to-surface missiles, torpedoes, depth charges, cannons and heavy machine guns. The aircraft has a maximum range of and an endurance of four and a half hours.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: The 1982 Falklands War made clear the importance of airborne early warning and control and led to the development of the Sea King AEW2, which was succeeded by the Sea King ASaC7. This was scheduled to be retired in the second half of 2018 and planning for its replacement was identified at an early stage as an integral part of the next-generation aircraft carrier. The programme became known as the "Future Organic Airborne Early Warning" (FOAEW), and contracts were placed with BAE / Northrop Grumman and Thales in April 2001. In April 2002, BAE and Northrop Grumman received a follow-on study contract for Phase II of the project, by then renamed Maritime Airborne Surveillance and Control (MASC). The MASC assessment phase began in September 2005 and by May 2006 three study contracts were awarded for MASC platform and mission systems options: one to Lockheed Martin UK for a Merlin helicopter fitted with AEW mission systems, another to AgustaWestland to maintain the present Sea King ASaC7 and finally to Thales UK to upgrade the Sea King's mission systems.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: The 2010 SDSR delayed the project which became a competition between Thales and Lockheed to supply Crowsnest, a bolt-on sensor package that can be carried by any Merlin HM2. The Thales pod is based on the Sea King's Searchwater 2000; Lockheed had intended to use a derivative of the F-35's APG-81 radar but is now believed to be using an Elta system. Both systems were scheduled to begin flight trials in the summer of 2014 ahead of Main Gate in 2016. Ten pods were planned with IOC in 2019, but that was later changed to late-2021, and then (subsequently) to the second quarter of 2023. A small force of Sea King ASaC.7 helicopters had been kept in service with 849 Naval Air Squadron after the final withdrawal of the remainder of the Royal Navy's Sea Kings, but these aircraft were withdrawn from service in September 2018. As part of the process of the system reaching initial operating capability, Crowsnest was deployed on the first Merlin helicopters in March 2021. However, the system experienced operating challenges. Initial operating capability of the system is now expected in the second quarter of 2023 and full operating capability in 2024/25. It has been reported that initially five Merlins will be equipped with Crowsnest, three of these being normally assigned to the "high readiness" aircraft carrier.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: In March 2021, it emerged that the Royal Navy was considering fitting its "Queen Elizabeth"-class aircraft carriers with electromagnetic catapults and arrestor cables to launch and recover non-STOVL aircraft. An MOD-issued Request for Information (RFI) specified a need for a system capable of launching a maximum weight of and recovering a maximum weight of for installation within threefive years. Whilst these weight limits mean it is unable to launch and recover large conventional aircraft, like the F-35C, the system will be able to launch and recover unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs). During the same month, it emerged that the Royal Navy was undertaking conceptual work on a carrier-borne UAV under Project Vixen. The Royal Navy plans to operate these UAVs in strike, electronic warfare, air-to-air refueling and airborne early warning roles, replacing some helicopter-based platforms, including Merlin Crowsnest.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: During a speech on 21 July 2004, Geoff Hoon announced a one-year delay to allow contractual and cost issues to be resolved. The building of the carriers was confirmed in December 2005. The building was undertaken by four companies across seven shipyards, with final block integration and assembly at Rosyth:


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: In December 2007, eight diesel engines and electricity generators, four for each ship, were ordered from Wärtsilä. On 4 March 2008, contracts for the supply of 80,000 tonnes of steel were awarded to Corus Group, with an estimated value of £65 million. Other contracts included £3 million for fibre optic cable, over £1 million for reverse osmosis equipment to provide over 500 tonnes of fresh water daily, and £4 million for aviation fuel systems. On 3 April 2008, a contract for the manufacture of aircraft lifts (worth £13m) was awarded to MacTaggart Scott of Loanhead, Scotland.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: In mid May 2008, the Treasury announced that it would be making available further funds on top of the regular defence budget, reportedly allowing the construction of the carriers to begin. This was followed, on 20 May 2008, by the government giving the "green light" for construction of the "Queen Elizabeth" class, stating that it was ready to sign the contracts for full production once the creation of the planned shipbuilding joint venture between BAE Systems and the VT Group had taken place. This joint venture, BVT Surface Fleet, became operational on 1 July 2008. VT Group later sold its share to BAE Systems which renamed the unit BAE Systems Surface Ships. It undertook approximately forty per cent of the project workload.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: On 1 September 2008, the MoD announced a £51 million package of important equipment contracts; £34 million for the highly mechanised weapons handling system for the two ships, £8 million for supply of uptake and down-take systems for both ships, £5 million for air traffic control software, £3 million for supply of pumps and associated systems engineering, and £1 million for emergency diesel generators. On 6 October 2008, it was announced that contracts had been placed for "the carriers' Rolls-Royce gas turbines, generators, motors, power distribution equipment, platform management systems, propellers, shafts, steering gear, rudders and stabilisers".


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: The construction of the two carriers involves more than 10,000 people from 90 companies, 7,000 of them in the six shipyards building the sections of the ships.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: The first steel cut for the project, in July 2009, signalled the start of construction of Lower Block 3 at BAE Systems Clyde, where production of Lower Block 4 started in January 2010. Meanwhile, construction of the bow Lower Block 1 was carried out at Appledore, North Devon, and was completed in March 2010.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: On 25 January 2010, it was announced that the Cammell Laird shipyard has secured a £44 million contract to build the flight decks of the carriers. That same day, construction began in Portsmouth of the 6,000-tonne Lower Block 2 for "Queen Elizabeth". On 16 August 2011, the 8,000-tonne Lower Block 03 of "Queen Elizabeth" left BAE Systems Surface Ships' Govan shipyard in Glasgow on a large ocean-going barge. Travelling around the northern coast of Scotland, the block arrived at Rosyth on the evening of 20 August 2011. Her forward island was built at BAE Portsmouth and attached on 14 March 2013; the aft island was attached in June 2013 and the ski jump in November 2013.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: "Queen Elizabeth" was christened on 4 July 2014, and floated-out on 17 July 2014. On 26 June 2017, the new carrier left Rosyth for the first time to commence sea trials. Flight trials with helicopters began in July 2017 and F-35B flight trials are expected towards the end of 2018. Initial operational capability was declared on 4 January 2021.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: The 2010 SDSR declared that the UK needed only one aircraft carrier; however, penalty clauses in the contract meant that cancelling the second vessel would be more expensive than actually building it. The SDSR, therefore, directed that the second aircraft carrier, "Prince of Wales", should be built but upon completion be either mothballed or sold. The SDSR also directed that the ship be converted to a CATOBAR configuration; however, the costs associated with the conversion escalated to £2bn, leading the government to reverse its decision and build the ship to the original STOVL configuration. On 26 May 2011, Defence Secretary Liam Fox cut the first steel for "Prince of Wales". The Royal Navy's 2012/13 yearbook stated "both carriers are likely to be commissioned and may even be capable of operating together". In 2014, the prime minister, David Cameron, announced that "Prince of Wales" would be brought into service.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: As of 20 April 2016, construction of "Prince of Wales" was announced to be 80% complete. The ship was handed over to the Royal Navy on 10 December 2019 and is set for a full operational capability from 2023.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: "Prince of Wales" was scheduled to assume responsibility for the continuing carrier trials of the F-35B in 2019 when "Queen Elizabeth" enters dry-dock for her scheduled maintenance period.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: "Prince of Wales" made her first visit to her affiliated city, Liverpool, from 28 February-3 March 2020. During her stay in the city, the ship welcomed thousands of civilians aboard. This was the first time either of the "Queen Elizabeth"-class carriers were made open to the general public.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: When the Secretary of State for Defence announced the contract for the vessels, the cost was initially estimated at £3.9 billion. At the time of approval the first carrier was expected to enter service in July 2015 and the budget was £4.1bn for two ships. The financial crisis led to a decision in December 2008 to slow production, delaying the first ship until May 2016 and the second by two years. This decision alone added £1.6bn to the cost. By March 2010 the budget was estimated at £5.9bn. If the carriers had been abandoned in the 2010 SDSR then the MoD could have cancelled £1.5bn of planned spending on "Queen Elizabeth" and £1.3bn of planned spending on "Prince of Wales", but the loss of VAT exemption meant that cancelling one or two carriers would have overall saved £989m and £2,098m respectively. These long term savings were less important than the short term costs, there would have been nearly an extra £1bn of expenditure on cancellation costs. In November 2013 the contract was renegotiated with a budget of £6.2bn and BAE agreeing to pay 50% of any cost overruns rather than 10% as previously.


title: Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier

text: In 2018 the Committee of Public Accounts determined that build cost of the two carriers was £6.212 billion, and operational costs up to March 2021 were estimated at £0.6 billion. Costs for the aircraft were estimated up to March 2021 to be £5.8 billion on initial F-35s and £0.3 billion on the Crowsnest radar system for Merlin helicopters (based on an exchange rate of $1.55 to the pound in October 2017, but the rate has since fallen considerably). Important additional equipment such as communication equipment and related software for the F-35 was not yet funded. The whole life cost of the first 48 F-35s was roughly estimated as £13 billion, or over £270 million per F-35.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: The chief justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and the highest-ranking officer of the U.S. federal judiciary. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint "Judges of the supreme Court", who serve until they resign, retire, are impeached and convicted, or die. The existence of a chief justice is explicit in which states that the chief justice shall preside on the impeachment trial of the president.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: The chief justice has significant influence in the selection of cases for review, presides when oral arguments are held, and leads the discussion of cases among the justices. Additionally, when the court renders an opinion, the chief justice, if in the majority, chooses who writes the court's opinion; however, when deciding a case, the chief justice's vote counts no more than that of any other justice.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 designates the chief justice to preside during presidential impeachment trials in the Senate; this has occurred three times. While nowhere mandated, the presidential oath of office is by tradition typically administered by the chief justice. The chief justice serves as a spokesperson for the federal government's judicial branch and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts. The chief justice presides over the Judicial Conference and, in that capacity, appoints the director and deputy director of the Administrative Office. The chief justice is an "ex officio" member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution and, by custom, is elected chancellor of the board.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 people have served as Chief Justice, beginning with John Jay (1789–1795). The current chief justice is John Roberts (since 2005). Five of the 17 chief justices—John Rutledge, Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, and William Rehnquist—served as associate justices prior to becoming Chief Justice.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I, Section 3, Clause 6: "When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside." Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office. Article III, Section 1, which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court, refers to all members of the court simply as "judges". The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of "Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States" and "Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States".


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: In 1866, Salmon P. Chase assumed the title of "Chief Justice of the United States," and Congress began using the new title in subsequent legislation. The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888. The associate justice title was not altered in 1866 and remains as originally created.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: The chief justice, like all federal judges, is nominated by the president and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior." This language means that the appointments are effectively for life and that once in office, a justice's tenure ends only when the justice dies, retires, resigns, or is removed from office through the impeachment process. Since 1789, 15 presidents have made a total of 22 official nominations to the position.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress; as of 2022, the annual salary is $286,700, which is slightly higher than that of associate justices, which is $274,300. The practice of appointing an individual to serve as Chief Justice is grounded in tradition; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice, it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom. There is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as Chief Justice: Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, and William Rehnquist in 1986. A fourth, Abe Fortas, was nominated to the position in 1968 but was not confirmed. As an associate justice does not have to resign their seat on the court in order to be nominated as Chief Justice, Fortas remained an associate justice. Similarly, when Associate Justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as Chief Justice in January 1796 but declined the office, he too remained on the court. Two former associate justices subsequently returned to service on the court as Chief Justice. John Rutledge was the first. President Washington gave him a recess appointment in 1795. However, his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate, and he left office and the court. In 1930, former Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes was confirmed as Chief Justice. Additionally, in December 1800, former Chief Justice John Jay was nominated and confirmed to the position a second time but ultimately declined it, opening the way for the appointment of John Marshall.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Along with their general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court, the chief justice has several unique duties to fulfill.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the chief justice shall preside over the Senate trial of an impeached president of the United States. Three chief justices have presided over presidential impeachment trials: Salmon P. Chase (1868 trial of Andrew Johnson), William Rehnquist (1999 trial of Bill Clinton), and John Roberts (2020 trial of Donald Trump; Roberts declined to preside over Trump's second trial in 2021, which took place after the end of Trump's presidency. Senate president pro-tempore Patrick Leahy presided). All three presidents were acquitted in the Senate. Although the Constitution is silent on the matter, the chief justice would, under Senate rules adopted in 1999 prior to the Clinton trial, preside over the trial of an impeached vice president. This rule was established to preclude the possibility of a vice president presiding over their own trial.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Many of the court's procedures and inner workings are governed by the rules of protocol based on the seniority of the justices. The chief justice always ranks first in the order of precedence—regardless of the length of the officeholder's service (even if shorter than that of one or more associate justices). This elevated status has enabled successive chief justices to define and refine both the court's culture and its judicial priorities.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari, to decide whether to hear or deny each case. The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it. While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda, in practice this initial agenda-setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court. Nonetheless, a chief justice's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices' understanding of legal principles; it is definitely limited by the fact that they have only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Despite the chief justice's elevated stature, their vote carries the same legal weight as the vote of each associate justice. Additionally, they have no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them. The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority. Thus, when the chief justice is in the majority, they always assign the opinion. Early in his tenure, Chief Justice John Marshall insisted upon holdings which the justices could unanimously back as a means to establish and build the court's national prestige. In doing so, Marshall would often write the opinions himself and actively discouraged dissenting opinions. Associate Justice William Johnson eventually persuaded Marshall and the rest of the court to adopt its present practice: one justice writes an opinion for the majority, and the rest are free to write their own separate opinions or not, whether concurring or dissenting.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: The chief justice's formal prerogative—when in the majority—to assign which justice will write the court's opinion is perhaps their most influential power, as this enables them to influence the historical record. They may assign this task to the individual justice best able to hold together a fragile coalition, to an ideologically amenable colleague, or to themselves. Opinion authors can have a large influence on the content of an opinion; two justices in the same majority, given the opportunity, might write very different majority opinions. A chief justice who knows the associate justices well can therefore do much—by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the court—to affect the general character or tone of an opinion, which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: The chief justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and tentatively voted on by the justices. They normally speak first and so have influence in framing the discussion. Although the chief justice votes first—the court votes in order of seniority—they may strategically pass in order to ensure membership in the majority if desired. It is reported that:


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: The chief justice has traditionally administered the presidential oath of office to new U.S. presidents. This is merely custom, and is not a constitutional responsibility of the chief justice. The Constitution does not require that the presidential oath be administered by anyone in particular, simply that it be taken by the president. Law empowers any federal or state judge, as well as notaries public, to administer oaths and affirmations. The chief justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices, whereas the seniormost associate justice will normally swear in a new chief justice.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: If the chief justice is ill or incapacitated, the oath is usually administered by the seniormost member of the Supreme Court. Eight times, someone other than the chief justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the president.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Since the tenure of William Howard Taft, the office of chief justice has moved beyond just first among equals. The chief justice also:


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Unlike Senators and Representatives, who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other "office of trust or profit" of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats, the chief justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions. John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the Jay Treaty, Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis, and Earl Warren chaired the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy.


title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Under , when the chief justice is unable to discharge their functions, or when that office is vacant, the chief justice's duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice until the disability or vacancy ends. Currently, Clarence Thomas is the most senior associate justice.


title: John Barrowman

text: John Scot Barrowman (born 11 March 1967) is a Scottish-American actor, author, presenter, singer and comic book writer. He is known for his role as Captain Jack Harkness in "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood", and as Malcolm Merlyn in the Arrowverse.


title: John Barrowman

text: Born in Glasgow, Barrowman moved to the US state of Illinois with his family at the age of eight. Encouraged by his high school teachers there, he studied performing arts at the United States International University in San Diego before landing the role of Billy Crocker in Cole Porter's "Anything Goes" in London's West End. Since his debut, he has played lead roles in various musicals both in the West End and on Broadway, including "Miss Saigon", "The Phantom of the Opera", "Sunset Boulevard", and "Matador". After appearing in Sam Mendes' production of "The Fix", he was nominated for the 1998 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical and, in the early 2000s, returned to the role of Billy Crocker in the revival of "Anything Goes". His most recent West End credit was in the 2009 production of "La Cage aux Folles".


title: John Barrowman

text: Alongside his theatrical career, Barrowman has appeared in films such as the musical biopic "De-Lovely" (2004) and musical comedy "The Producers" (2005). Before venturing into British television, he featured in the American television dramas "Titans" and "Central Park West", but is better known for his acting and presenting work for the BBC; this includes his work for CBBC in its earlier years, his self-produced entertainment programme "Tonight's the Night", and his BAFTA Cymru-nominated role of Captain Jack Harkness in the 2005 revival of the sci-fi series "Doctor Who" and its spin-off "Torchwood". Barrowman has also had a number of guest roles in television programmes both in the US and the UK. He appeared as a contestant on the first series of celebrity ice skating show "Dancing on Ice" while his theatrical background allowed him to become a judge on Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical talent shows "How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?", "Any Dream Will Do" and "I'd Do Anything". With this experience, he joined the judging panel of "Dancing on Ice" for the 2020 to 2021 series. In 2006, he was voted Stonewall's Entertainer of the Year. He hosted the BBC One quiz show "Pressure Pad" in 2013 and 2014. Barrowman starred in The CW's "Arrow" and "Legends of Tomorrow" as Malcolm Merlyn.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman is also featured on more than 12 musical theatre recordings, including cover tunes found on his 2007 album "Another Side" and 2008's "Music Music Music". Both albums accrued places on the UK Albums Chart, as did his self-titled "John Barrowman" (2010), which reached No. 11, his highest chart placing to date. He has published two memoirs and autobiographies, "Anything Goes" (2008) and "I Am What I Am" (2009), with his older sister Carole as co-author. The siblings also teamed up to write a series of young-adult fantasy novels, "Hollow Earth". The second book in the series, "Bone Quill", was released 2013, with the third, "Book of Beasts" published in 2014. A second trilogy, "The Orion Chronicles", followed with "Conjuror" published in 2016, "Nephilim" in 2017, and "Inquisitor" in 2018.


title: John Barrowman

text: John Scot Barrowman was born in Mount Vernon, Glasgow, on 11 March 1967, the youngest of three children. His older sister, Carole, later became a university professor. He lived in Glasgow for the first eight years of his life. His mother was a singer who also worked in a record shop, while his father was employed by the Caterpillar heavy machinery company in nearby Uddingston. In 1975, his father's company relocated the family to the United States, where his father managed the Caterpillar tractor factory in Aurora, Illinois. The family settled in Joliet, Illinois, where Barrowman attended Joliet West High School in the heart of a "quintessentially middle-class conservative town". His high school music and English teachers changed the future course of his life, with his music tutor instilling in him a love for performing, and his English teacher encouraging him to rise to his true artistic potential. His English teacher moved him into a programme for gifted children and coached him for the school's speech team. With the support of his teacher, he competed with other schools in statewide speech competitions, where he sharpened his skills reading scenes from plays.


title: John Barrowman

text: After his classmates mocked his native Scottish accent, Barrowman learned to speak with a General American accent which also hinted at a Mid-Atlantic accent. As a freshman, he won parts in several musical productions; from 1983 to 1986, he performed in such musical productions as "Oliver!", "Camelot", "Hello, Dolly!", "Li'l Abner", and "Anything Goes". Among his classmates in high school, who also participated in theater with him, were Anthony Rapp and Andy Dick. Rapp is reportedly a close friend of Barrowman. Barrowman has acknowledged that, without the support he received in high school, he would most likely "not now be appearing in royal command performances in the West End in front of the Royal Family or having Stephen Sondheim ask [him] to play opposite Carol Burnett". Barrowman spent his senior year shovelling coal for an Illinois power company. His father had arranged the job (and similar jobs for his brother and sister) to give him the experience of manual labour. His father told him, "If you want to do manual labour for the rest of your life, you'll know that when you do it; it's a choice. But if you don't like it, you'll understand the importance of educating yourself and–if you decide what you want to do–being good at your craft or your skill." Barrowman worked for the power company for the entire summer, but did not like the job. Eventually, he convinced the company to move him to work in the storeroom.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman graduated from high school in 1985, and he later became a naturalised U.S. citizen while retaining his British citizenship. After he graduated from high school, he attended the University of Iowa for a semester to study drama and music. He then attended DePaul University, studying voice for a semester, before performing at the Opryland theme park in Nashville, Tennessee for two summer seasons. He then transferred to the United States International University in January 1988, where he studied performing arts. As part of an student exchange programme, he returned to his native Britain in the summer of 1989 to study Shakespeare for six months, where he remained.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman's professional acting career began in London's West End in October 1989, playing the role of Billy Crocker in Cole Porter's "Anything Goes" at the Prince Edward Theatre, alongside Elaine Paige as Reno Sweeney and Bernard Cribbins as Moonface Martin. He continued to appear in West End productions for the next decade, taking the title role of Domingo Hernandez in "Matador" at the Queen's Theatre in 1991; as Raoul in "The Phantom of the Opera" at Her Majesty's Theatre in 1992; as Claude in "Hair" at the Old Vic Theatre in 1993; as Chris in "Miss Saigon" at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1993; as Joe Gillis in "Sunset Boulevard" at the Adelphi Theatre from 1994 to 1995; and as Beast in "Beauty and the Beast" at the Dominion Theatre in 1999.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman was part of the musical "Godspell" in 1994, and was a soloist in two songs, "We Beseech Thee" and "On The Willows". He was lead vocalist on a rendition of Strike Up the Band in "Who Could Ask for Anything More? A Celebration of Ira Gershwin" at the Royal Albert Hall in 1996, and he was nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 1998 for originating the role of Cal Chandler in "The Fix", a performance he repeated in Cameron Mackintosh's 1998 gala concert "Hey, Mr Producer!". Barrowman played Joe Gillis in "Sunset Boulevard" in the West End and, briefly, on Broadway. His only other Broadway credit is in the role of Barry in the Stephen Sondheim revue "Putting It Together" (1999–2000) at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre opposite Carol Burnett and George Hearn. In a review of "Putting It Together", theatre critic Tom Samiljan noted Barrowman's "fine baritone voice and suave looks". In 2002, Barrowman appeared as Bobby in Sondheim's "Company" in the Kennedy Center's Stephen Sondheim Celebration.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman returned to the role of Billy Crocker in Trevor Nunn's 2003 West End revival of "Anything Goes", and appeared in West End non-musical dramas, such as his role as Wyndham Brandon in "Rope" at the Minerva Theatre, Chichester in 1993, and he starred as Lieutenant Jack Ross opposite Rob Lowe in the 2005 production of "A Few Good Men".


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman starred in pantomime productions of "Cinderella" at the New Wimbledon Theatre (Christmas, 2005–06) and in "Jack and the Beanstalk" at Cardiff's New Theatre (Christmas, 2006–07). He played the title role in "Aladdin" at the Birmingham Hippodrome over Christmas 2007–8 and as a guest act for the Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium in 2008. Barrowman played the lead in the "Robin Hood" pantomime at the Birmingham Hippodrome for the 2008–09 season. He presented Andrew Lloyd Webber's 60th birthday party in London's Hyde Park on 14 September 2008. Exactly one year later, Barrowman succeeded Roger Allam as Zaza/Albin in the West End revival of "La Cage aux Folles", at the Playhouse Theatre.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman was one of the original hosts of "Live & Kicking", a children's Saturday morning variety show on the BBC. During this time, he became known for his catchphrase, "it's a dirty rat!", which he used during a phone-in game set in a haunted house. From 1993 to 1994, Barrowman reported on technology news as the host of the "Electric Circus" segment of the show. He appeared on the children's television game show, "The Movie Game" from 1994 to 1996, taking over from Jonathon Morris.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman was one of the regular presenters on Channel 5's afternoon show "5's Company" from 1997 to 1999. Barrowman read bedtime stories on the CBeebies channel between 1 and 5 May 2006. That summer, Barrowman was on a Judges panel with Andrew Lloyd Webber, David Ian, and Zoe Tyler on BBC One's music talent show "How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?".


title: John Barrowman

text: In the same year, Barrowman made two television appearances on New Year's Eve: He talked about spirituality and civil partnerships on BBC Television's "Heaven & Earth", hosted by Gloria Hunniford, and he appeared as a guest on Graham Norton's one-off BBC Television programme, "The Big Finish", teaming up with Craig Revel Horwood and Louis Walsh to take a lighthearted look at news stories in 2006. On 11 February 2007, Barrowman co-presented coverage of the BAFTA Film Awards, along with Ruby Wax for E!: Entertainment Television. On 11 and 18 February 2007, Barrowman guest-presented two editions of "Elaine Paige on Sunday", a pre-recorded BBC Radio 2 weekly musical theatre and film music showcase.


title: John Barrowman

text: In 2007, Barrowman was a judge on the BBC One TV series "Any Dream Will Do", hosted by Graham Norton. The show searched for a new, unknown actor to play the role of Joseph in a West End revival of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat", eventually choosing Lee Mead. He guested on the BBC Two comedy panel quiz show "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" (Series 19, Episode 5), challenging host Simon Amstell to a "gay-off". He also guested on "Al Murray's Happy Hour", "The Charlotte Church Show", and "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross".


title: John Barrowman

text: On 27 July 2007, Barrowman guest hosted "The Friday Night Project", on Channel 4. In 2008 Barrowman presented a primetime BBC game show called "The Kids Are All Right". On the show, four adults compete against seven "smart and sassy" children for cash in four rounds "testing their brainpower, knowledge and speed of response". On 16 and 23 February 2008, he presented the National Lottery Draw.


title: John Barrowman

text: On 1 March 2008, Barrowman appeared as a panellist of the Eurovision Song Contest selection show, "Eurovision: Your Decision" on BBC 1 with Carrie Grant and Terry Wogan. From 29 April to 1 May, he presented "This Morning". Barrowman began featuring as a judge on the Canadian version of "How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?" in June 2008. In 2008, Barrowman became the presenter for "Animals at Work", a children's television show on CBBC that showcases "animals with extraordinary skills that make people's lives easier and safer"; Animals at Work began in 2009 with 26 episodes. In February 2010, Barrowman appeared as a guest host on UK shopping channel QVC


title: John Barrowman

text: In 2011, Barrowman guest hosted the Christmas special of "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" (Series 25, Episode 12). In 2012, Barrowman guest presented three episodes of "This Morning" with Kate Thornton. In July 2012, Barrowman co-hosted the G4's 2012 Live Comic Con in San Diego with Candace Bailey. In 2013, Barrowman began hosting the BBC One game show "Pressure Pad" and in 2014, he hosted Channel 4 show "", which began airing on 17 February 2014. In 2014, Barrowman hosted the Channel 4 programme "Small Animal Hospital" and in October 2016, he was a guest team captain for an episode of "Celebrity Juice" and he guest presented an episode of "The One Show".


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman's television career began with several appearances in short-lived prime-time soap operas. Barrowman first starred as Peter Fairchild in "Central Park West" (1995) a show American film critic Ken Tucker calls "a tale of ritzy, ditsy New York City careerists—some struggling to make it, others plotting to retain their status and power." Television critic David Hiltbrand called Barrowman's character a "Prince Charming ... a virtuous, hardworking assistant DA who keeps getting distracted by women who swoon in his path." Tucker noted Barrowman's character of Peter Fairchild to be "physically an eye-widening cross between John Kennedy Jr. and Hugh Grant". The show lasted for two seasons on CBS, from September 1995 to June 1996. Barrowman then appeared as Peter Williams in "Titans" (2000). According to writer Joanna Bober, in "Titans", Barrowman plays a "ruthless mogul" who gains "control of the family's private aviation company (a fleet of 'Titans') from his semi-retired father" while increasing the profitability of the company amidst a series of soap opera intrigues. "Titans" was cancelled after airing eleven episodes. Barrowman was also considered for the role of Will in "Will and Grace", but the producers reportedly felt he was "too straight" and the role eventually went to straight actor Eric McCormack instead. Commenting on the decision, Barrowman remarked, "The sad thing is it's run by gay men and women."


title: John Barrowman

text: On 25 March 2008, Barrowman made a guest appearance in episode 22 of the BBC's "Hotel Babylon". Entertainment Weekly reported that Barrowman would appear in the 2010 season of "Desperate Housewives", "for a minimum of five episodes, portraying Patrick Logan, the ex-boyfriend at the center of the Angie Bolen (Drea de Matteo) mystery." On 23 February 2010 Barrowman announced on "The One Show" that his contract had been extended to a total of six episodes.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman starred in the ABC drama series pilot "Gilded Lillys" created and produced by Shonda Rhimes.


title: John Barrowman

text: Since 2012, Barrowman has portrayed Malcolm Merlyn, one of the main antagonists in The CW series "Arrow". Barrowman was a recurring cast member for the first two seasons and was promoted to a main cast member beginning with the third season. By July 2016, he signed a deal that allows him to continue being a series regular on "Arrow" as well as the other superhero shows produced by Greg Berlanti, including "The Flash" and "Legends of Tomorrow". In the "Flash" third-season episode "Duet", he plays gangster Cutter Moran in the dreamworld the Music Meister sets up. Despite announcing in May 2017 that he is leaving the Arrowverse television franchise, Barrowman returned as Malcolm Merlyn in the second part of the Elseworlds crossover, hallucinated by Barry Allen, situated in a universe rewritten by the Book of Destiny where Allen is perceived to be Oliver Queen. When reality is rewritten again, Merlyn is situated as a Central City Police officer who arrests Barry and Oliver, rewritten as the Trigger Twins.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman appeared as Ben Carpenter in the low-budget film "" (2002). His musical abilities are featured in several film roles: as Jack in the Cole Porter biopic "De-Lovely" (2004), singing a duet with Kevin Kline on the song "Night and Day"; and as the lead tenor Stormtrooper in "The Producers" (2005), singing "Springtime for Hitler". Barrowman co-presented and performed in the BBC One series "The Sound of Musicals" (2006).


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman took part in the reality television series "Dancing on Ice" on ITV1 in January and February 2006. Resembling a real ice skating competition, ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean trained celebrities to compete on the show. His skating partner was World Junior Gold Medalist and three-time Russian champion Olga Sharutenko. On 4 February, despite being one of the favourites to win, Barrowman and Sharutenko faced Stefan Booth and his partner Kristina Lenko in the skate off and were eliminated by the judges' by a vote of 3 to 2. He was one of five celebrity guests on the "Strictly Come Dancing Christmas Special" (2010), and achieved both the top score and also first place when the audience vote had been counted. His professional partner was Kristina Rihanoff and they danced the Quickstep. In September 2012 Barrowman was a guest host on "Attack of the Show!".


title: John Barrowman

text: On 12 November 2018, Barrowman was confirmed to be participating in that year's series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!". He eventually finished third behind Emily Atack and Harry Redknapp.


title: John Barrowman

text: Also in 2018, Barrowman provided the voice of the villainous Hollywood star Flex Dexter in "Fireman Sam: Set for Action!" a special of the Welsh long running children's animated series. He got the role when he was introduced to his friend's partner who was a Mattel employee at a restaurant in Palm Springs, California.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman played recurring guest character Captain Jack Harkness, a pansexual time traveller from the 51st century in the BBC science fiction drama "Doctor Who" when the series was revived in 2005. His first appearance as Harkness was in the two-part story "The Empty Child"/"The Doctor Dances". He went on to appear in the next three episodes, "Boom Town", "Bad Wolf" and "The Parting of the Ways". Jack became so popular, he was given his own show – "Torchwood", a "Doctor Who" spin-off series featuring a team of alien hunters based in modern-day Cardiff, which premiered in 2006. American film and television critic Ken Tucker describes Barrowman's role on "Torchwood" as "dashing", "utterly fabulous", "celestially promiscuous", and "like Tom Cruise with suspenders, but minus the Scientology". In the show, Jack "tracks down—and occasionally beds—ETs with the help of his quartet of bedazzled groupies—slash—Experts in Their Fields: One's a doctor, one's a cop, one's a scientist, and one... makes coffee and late nights piping hot. It's like the Justice League of Extended-Pinkie Nerds."


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman continued to guest star in "Doctor Who" in 2007, appearing in "Utopia", "The Sound of Drums", and "Last of the Time Lords". He also participated in a "Doctor Who" special on the BBC's "The Weakest Link". In 2008, Barrowman appeared in the two-part 2008 series finale, "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End" and reprised the role of Captain Jack Harkness in the "Doctor Who: Tonight's the Night" special. In 2010, Barrowman returned to "Doctor Who" with a cameo in "The End of Time" along with other previous stars.


title: John Barrowman

text: Series 3 of "Torchwood" was broadcast in July 2009 as a miniseries of five episodes called "Children of Earth". Filming of Series 4 called "" began on 11 January 2011 primarily in Los Angeles, and in and around Cardiff, Wales. The first episode of "Miracle Day" aired on Starz Network in the United States on 8 July 2011 and was broadcast on BBC One in the UK on 14 July 2011. Both "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood" became popular in the United States on the BBC America network. In November 2013 he appeared in the one-off 50th anniversary comedy homage "The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot". Since 2015 he has continued to appear in an ongoing series of "Torchwood" audio plays for Big Finish Productions. In January 2020, Barrowman made a surprise appearance in "Fugitive of the Judoon", the fifth episode of the show's twelfth series. He appeared again in the 2021 New Year's Day special "Revolution of the Daleks".


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman's memoir and autobiography, "Anything Goes", was published in 2008 by Michael O'Mara Books. His sister, English professor and journalist Carole Barrowman, helped write the book using her brother's dictations. In 2009, Barrowman published "I Am What I Am", his second memoir detailing his recent television work and musings on fame.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman's first published work of original fiction was a "Torchwood" comic strip, titled "Captain Jack and the Selkie", co-written with sister Carole. Commenting on the characterisation of Jack Harkness in the comic strip Barrowman states: "We'd already agreed to tell a story that showed a side of Jack and a part of his history that hadn't been explored too much in other media. I wanted to give fans something original about Jack." This was followed by a series of "Torchwood comics", published by Titan Comics between 2010 and 2017. Barrowman's début fantasy novel titled "Hollow Earth", co-written with his sister Carole, was published in the United Kingdom on 2 February 2012 by Buster Books. The novel is about twins Matt and Emily ("Em") Calder who share an ability that allows them to make artwork come to life, due to their powerful imaginations. Their ability is sought after by antagonists who wish to use it to breach Hollow Earth—a realm in which all demons and monsters are trapped. Two sequels from the same team concerning Hollow Earth followed – "The Bone Quill" (2013) and "The Book of Beasts" (2014). This was followed by a second trilogy (the "Orion" "Chronicles") continuing the adventures of Matt and Em, in "Conjuror" (2016), "Nephilim" (2017) and "Inquisitor" (2018). They also published a novel featuring Captain Jack, "Torchwood: Exodus Code" in 2012. In 2018, John and Carole Barrowman teamed up with Legendary Comics and graphic novelist Erika Lewis to create "Acursian," featuring a modern-day anti-hero dealing with Celtic mythology.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman worked with Stonewall, a gay rights organisation in the UK, on the "Education for All" campaign against homophobia in schools. In April 2008, the group placed posters on 600 billboards that read, "Some people are gay. Get over it!" Barrowman contributed his support to the project asking people to join him: "Help exterminate homophobia. Be bold. Be brave. Be a buddy, not a bully." That same month, Barrowman spoke at the Oxford Union about his career, the entertainment industry, and gay rights issues. The event was filmed for the BBC programme "The Making of Me", in an episode exploring the science of homosexuality. He was voted Entertainer of the Year in 2006 by Stonewall, and placed on the "Out 100" list for 2008, an annual list of notable LGBT people compiled by "Out" magazine. In June 2010, Barrowman met with then-Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister David Cameron as a representative of the LGBT community.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman was one of 48 British celebrities who signed a public notice warning voters against Conservative Party policy towards the BBC prior to the 2010 general election. In the 2012 presidential election, Barrowman endorsed Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama, who was running for re-election. Barrowman publicly supported Scotland remaining in the United Kingdom in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, and was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" opposing Scottish independence.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman is known for speaking in his American accent while in public but switching back to his original Scottish accent when with his family. This was first publicly revealed when he visited his parents during the making of his 2008 documentary "The Making of Me". He also uses it when in Scotland (including during the Glasgow Commonwealth Games opening ceremony) and when speaking to another Scottish person.


title: John Barrowman

text: Barrowman met his husband, Scott Gill, after Gill came to see Barrowman in a production of "Rope" at the Chichester Festival Theatre in 1993. They split their time between homes in London, Cardiff, and Palm Springs, California. They entered into a civil partnership on 27 December 2006. A small ceremony was held in Cardiff with friends and family, with the cast of "Torchwood" and executive producer Russell T Davies as guests. The pair were legally married in California on 2 July 2013, following the Supreme Court's decision to deny an appeal against the reversal of California Proposition 8.


title: John Barrowman

text: In mid-March 2017, Barrowman and Gill held a "big bad garage sale" in their Palm Springs home, in which they sold "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood" memorabilia. Neighbours and fans showed up for the occasion, with Barrowman documenting most of the day on his social media accounts.


title: John Barrowman

text: In February 2008, talking about Barrowman's on-set behaviour, "Doctor Who" co-star Freema Agyeman said in an interview to "The London Paper" newspaper, "John will walk about with his chap [penis] hanging out, having conversations with people."


title: John Barrowman

text: On 30 November 2008, Barrowman allegedly exposed himself during an episode of Radio 1's "Switch" programme. Although the act was not seen, as a show staff member had the webcam, the BBC and Barrowman subsequently apologised for any offence caused.


title: John Barrowman

text: In a 2018 "Playbill" article, Barrowman publicly revealed that during a performance of "Sunset Boulevard", he had exposed himself while standing behind a piano. Though hidden from the audience, it was in clear view of the actors on stage. This prompted a letter from the show's composer, Andrew Lloyd Webber, warning him to not "upstage the score with his appendage."


title: John Barrowman

text: Following accusations of sexual harassment from 20 women against fellow "Doctor Who" star Noel Clarke in April 2021, a video from a 2015 science-fiction convention surfaced wherein Clarke and co-stars Camille Coduri and Annette Badland discuss the episode "Boom Town", which was filmed in February 2005, and reference Barrowman exposing himself. Julie Gardner, an executive producer on "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood," confirmed that she received a complaint about Barrowman's on-set behaviour "around 2008", for which he was reprimanded at the time.


title: John Barrowman

text: As a result of the allegations, a video featuring Barrowman was removed from the "Doctor Who: Time Fracture" theatre show, Big Finish removed the "Torchwood" release "Absent Friends" from pre-order and their release schedule, and Titan Comics shelved a graphic novel that was set to feature Captain Jack Harkness.


title: John Barrowman

text: On 23 November 2021, Barrowman appeared on the daytime TV show "Lorraine". With regards to the above, Barrowman stated "I think if it was now it would be crossing the line. Fifteen years ago was bawdy behaviour [...] the fact it was stories I've already told, haven't hidden anything [...] they've tried to turn them into sexual harassment which it absolutely is not. All the people that are making a fuss about it: they weren't there, they don't know the context of things that were done. Like I've said, I would never do it now."


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: Karan Singh Grover (born 23 February 1982) is an Indian model and actor known for his work in Indian television series such as "Dill Mill Gayye" and "Qubool Hai". He has also starred in Bollywood films like "Alone" and "Hate Story 3". In 2019, Grover made a comeback to television with "Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2" as Mr. Rishabh Bajaj. In 2019, Grover also made his digital debut with "". In 2020, he appeared in the action-thriller web series "Dangerous". In 2021, he appeared in the web series "Qubool Hai 2.0", the reboot of "Qubool Hai".


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: Grover was born on 23 February 1982 in New Delhi, India to a Punjabi Sikh family. He has a younger brother. When Grover was young, his family moved to Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia. He did his schooling in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, and pursued a degree in Hotel Management from IHM Mumbai. He then worked as a Marketing Executive in the Sheraton Hotel in Oman.


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: In 2004, Grover participated in the Gladrags Manhunt Contest and won the award for the "Most Popular Model." Also in 2004, he began his television career with Balaji Telefilms' youth show "Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi" on MTV India, for which he was chosen after a nationwide talent hunt conducted by the production house.


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: In 2007, Grover starred in the show "Dill Mill Gayye", a medical youth drama. The "Times of India" reported that Grover became an "instant hit" and a "teenage icon" due to the show, and that the show became the no.1 show on STAR One. Whilst shooting for "Dill Mill Gayye", Grover also participated in a few reality shows and was also seen in several advertisements.


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: Two years later, Cinevistaas Limited stated that they had lodged a complaint against Grover for routinely reporting hours late for work, which made them incur a loss. Grover left the show for a while, but returned after 6 months due to fan demands. The show ended on 29 October 2010. After Dill Mill Gayye, Grover did two shows with Cinevistaas Limited. He featured in their telefilm "Teri Meri Love Stories", and made a cameo appearance in "Dil Dosti Dance".


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: On 29 October 2012, Grover returned to daily fiction with 4 Lions Films' "Qubool Hai". The show gained popularity quite early, becoming the number 2 show of Indian Television. The "Times of India" gave Grover the credit for the high television ratings of the show. Grover won two Best Actor Popular Awards for his portrayal of Asad Ahmed Khan in the show. In 2013, Grover was described as one of the highest paid Indian Television Actors.


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: Grover's work at "Qubool Hai" ended at the end of 2013. The channel, Zee TV, said that it had fired him because of his unprofessional behaviour. He denied the allegations, saying that the channel was trying to defame him, and stated that he left because his contract ended and due to ill health. Grover's exit caused a sizeable drop in the ratings of the show.


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: In 2015, Grover featured in the films "Alone" and "Hate Story 3". "Hate Story 3" became a box office success. The "International Business Times" reviewed "Hate Story 3" and wrote "Audiences say Karan Singh Grover steals the show."


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: In August 2019, Grover made his digital debut in Alt Balaji's web series "". In June 2019, Grover made a comeback to television after six years with Kasautii Zindagii Kay as Mr. Rishabh Bajaj. This made Grover the highest paid TV actor, as he charged 3 lakhs per day. In October, Grover quit the show, and fans requested him to make a comeback. He returned to the show four months later. Later, he quit the show again.


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: In 2020, due to COVID-19 pandemic Grover's show Qubool Hai repeated on prime time TV. Also in 2020, Grover starred opposite his wife Bipasha Basu for the second time in crime drama web series Dangerous.


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: In 2021, Grover starred in the web series "Qubool Hai 2.0", which is a reboot of the 2012 Zee TV soap opera "Qubool Hai".


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: Grover has also signed the projects "3 Dev". Grover will star in Siddharth Anand's action film Fighter which is set to release in 2024.


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: Grover married actress Shraddha Nigam on 2 December 2008. They divorced after 10 months. He married Jennifer Winget on 9 April 2012. The couple separated in 2014. Grover married actress Bipasha Basu on 30 April 2016. In August 2022, Basu confirmed she was expecting her first child with Grover. On 12 November 2022, Grover and Basu's daughter, Devi Basu Singh Grover was born.


title: Karan Singh Grover

text: Grover is the brand ambassador of designer Rocky S's signature Brand RS along with Bipasha Basu. He is also the brand ambassador for UM Motorcycles. In 2018, he modeled clothing during the Lakme Fashion Week.


title: Honda Integra

text: The , marketed in North America as the Acura Integra, is an automobile produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda from 1985 until 2006, and then since 2021. It succeeded the Quint as a more luxurious and sport-oriented derivative of the Civic. The Integra was one of the launch models for Acura in the US in 1986 alongside Acura Legend. Throughout its production run, the Integra was highly regarded for its handling and performance. The 1995–2001 Integra Type R is widely regarded as one of the best front-wheel-drive cars of all time.


title: Honda Integra

text: "Car and Driver" magazine named the Integra to its annual Ten Best list six times: in 1987, 1988, and 1994 through 1997. The GS-R model was called out specifically in 1994 and 1995. It made a return on the Ten Best list as the Acura RSX, in 2002 and 2003.


title: Honda Integra

text: The Integra nameplate was revived in 2021 after a 16-year hiatus. The Honda Integra nameplate is used for a restyled Honda Civic sedan for the Chinese market, while the Acura Integra nameplate is used for a Civic-based liftback for North America, replacing the Acura ILX.


title: Honda Integra

text: This vehicle debuted in Japan in February 1985 as the Honda Quint Integra, available only at Honda's Japanese dealership sales channel "Honda Verno" before going on sale a year later in North America as part of the then-new luxury Acura lineup. The three-door liftback was the only model available originally, with a five-door arriving in October 1985. The four-door saloon bodystyle became available in Japan in the autumn of 1986. Only the liftback versions were sold in the U.S. A 1.6 L DOHC 16-valve four-cylinder engine powered most versions. The engine was the vehicle's most publicized feature, as DOHC, multi-valve engines were not commonplace in entry-level models at the time. In most European countries, only the five-door liftback was offered, as a replacement for the Honda Quint. Typically for European Integras, only the 1.5-liter 4 Weber carburetors engine was available. The five-door liftback model was also sold in Australia rebadged as the Rover 416i. Except for in Britain, Honda did not offer the more powerful 1.6 DOHC fuel injection engine (in the UK known as the Integra EX16) in Europe. The ZC engine was also shared with the Honda Concerto, which was sold at newly established Japanese dealership sales channel called "Honda Clio", which sold luxury oriented products like the Honda Legend.


title: Honda Integra

text: In Japan, while the VX- and RX-trimmed four-door (DA2) used the 1.5 L EW5 engine, all other model and trim combinations offered only the DOHC ZC engine, with a carburetor on GS, ZS, and LS trim packages, and PGM-FI on the top level GSi three- and five-door, and the RSi three-door trim package. Vehicles installed with a carburetor earned in Japanese Government emissions tests and , and at consistent speeds above . Vehicles with PGM-FI earned in Japanese Government emissions tests with , and above . In Japan, the Integra took the entry level marketing position at "Honda Verno", below the sporty Prelude and larger, luxury focused Vigor.


title: Honda Integra

text: Compared to the US, the European Integra was aimed downmarket and generally lacked equipment, with neither trim level (LX or EX) offering painted bumpers, central locking, power windows, nor air conditioning, even though a small number of fully equipped, left-hand drive fuel-injected Integras were sold in the Netherlands. The Integra EX16 did offer a sunroof, painted bumpers, a rear spoiler and Hi-Fi stereo equipment, but neither electric windows, central locking nor air conditioning were available. This was considered as a drawback to its European competitors such as the Peugeot 309 1.6 injection and the Renault 11 Turbo, that all could be equipped with comprehensive, albeit expensive, equipment. The first Integra never became as popular in Europe as it did in the US, but was praised by most motor magazines for its styling and overall road performance. The styling reflected the popularity of Honda's performance coupe, the "Honda Verno" sports coupe companion Honda Prelude, with the Integra offering a coupe for added cargo accommodation, and a slightly smaller appearance to the larger Honda Vigor. Largely unencumbered by emissions regulations, British market cars produce in the 1.5 and in the 1.6-liter EX16.


title: Honda Integra

text: Being designed as the successor of the Honda Quint, the Integra is closely related to the Civic, although it featured a small list of key upgrades over its smaller stablemate to help merit a price increase over the CRX Si, which was otherwise the sportiest subcompact vehicle being offered by "Honda Verno"; enlarged 4-wheel disc brakes replaced the small front-disc/rear-drum setup used by the Civic and CRX, suspension calibration was re-worked, better tires were used and a 113-hp DOHC fuel-injected 16-valve engine was used in place of the SOHC unit from the CRX Si. Just like the Prelude and the Vigor of that period, the Integra featured sleek, sporty pop-up headlights, like its Japanese dealership "Honda Verno" stablemates, with the CRX adopting semi-concealed doors over the headlights. Nearly 228,000 units were sold during the four-year run of the first-generation model, most of them in the United States.


title: Honda Integra

text: The first-generation Acura Integra came with 1.6-liter DOHC 16-valve 4-cylinder (D16A1) engine which received an update mid-cycle. The 86–87 engine is commonly called the "Browntop" while the 88–89 engines are referred to as the "Blacktop" due to the color of their valve covers. The improvements in the "blacktop" engine included lighter rods, domed pistons for slightly higher compression, and an electric advance distributor (the "browntop" came with a vacuum advance distributor). The overall gain in performance was about for .


title: Honda Integra

text: The Integra received a minor facelift for the 1988 model year which featured slightly reshaped indicator lights, an improved climate control system and an update of the instrument clocks. In Europe, the Integra five-door Liftback was discontinued in October 1989 following the launch of the Rover-based Honda Concerto.


title: Honda Integra

text: This was the only generation to offer 3-, 4-, and 5-door models. Production of the 5-door liftback ceased in 1988.


title: Honda Integra

text: The second generation Integra was introduced in April 1989, featuring the first VTEC engine ever manufactured by Honda (the B16A). For North America's GS-R only, the B17A1 engine is a 1.7-liter DOHC VTEC naturally aspirated 4-cylinder engine with a specific power output of . VTEC engagement is at 5,500 rpm on the B16A engine, redline for the XSi is 8,200 rpm. All Japanese models remained exclusive to Honda Japanese dealership network called "Honda Verno".


title: Honda Integra

text: There were two variants of the top DOHC VTEC model, the RSi, and the XSi. The RSi was the base model with a lighter weight thanks to wind-up windows, no rear spoiler and few options. Early RSi models also featured the S1 gearbox with slightly closer gear ratios than the Y1 fitted to the XSi. The XSi was the fully optioned variant with climate control and optional sunroof and anti-lock brakes. The XSi had a 0–100 km/h (62 mph) time of 7.2 seconds and can complete a standing quarter mile in 15.1 seconds. This top spec DOHC VTEC model was complemented by more docile models that used dual-carburetor or PGM-Fi versions of the versatile ZC engine but in the more compact SOHC configuration. Similarly there were base and full options variants of these SOHC engine Integras coded RX/RXi and ZX/ZXi respectively. All vehicles sold in Japan had their width dimensions slightly reduced so as to be in compliance with Japanese government regulations concerning exterior dimensions so that the car would be officially recognized as a "compact" and not incur yearly taxes for being wider. In October 1991, the range received a mild facelift. At the same time, a 1.8-liter version of the 4-door hardtop was made available in Japan. Called the ESi, it offered at 6,300 rpm and was only available in conjunction with a 4-speed automatic transmission. At the same time, the VTEC was upgraded and now had .


title: Honda Integra

text: This generation saw the discontinuation of the 5-door liftback, and the first availability of a 4-door sedan outside Japan. The new hardtop bodystyle reflected a popular trend in Japan of offering an entry level sedan, such as the Civic-based platform the Integra used, in a reduced height 4-door hardtop. The Integra sedan saw competition from the similarly sized Toyota Corolla Ceres, the Toyota Sprinter Marino, the Nissan Presea, and the Mazda Lantis. The sedan was only "styled" to look like a hardtop. The vehicle retained the B-pillar, while the doors were constructed without window frames. This styling carried over to the third generation sedan, and shared visual similarities to the "Honda Verno" larger companion, the Honda Vigor.


title: Honda Integra

text: The then-Emperor of Japan, Akihito, until he discontinued driving shortly after his 85th birthday, maintained a gray 1991 Integra sedan with the 1.6 L engine, and regularly drove within the boundaries of the Imperial Palace.


title: Honda Integra

text: In North America, the Integra was sold under the Acura nameplate. Acura offered three trim levels (RS, LS and GS) for 1990 and 1991 model years and added a fourth trim level (GS-R) beginning in May 1992. Model choices consisted of a 3-door liftback and a new 4-door sedan. All trim levels were available with a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission except for the GS-R which was only offered in a 5-speed manual with shorter gearing than other trim levels.


title: Honda Integra

text: The second generation Integra coupe is longer overall and wider than the previous generation. A new 1.8-liter DOHC 4-cylinder engine producing 130 HP was standard. ABS was standard on the GS model and motorized front shoulder belts were standard on all US-market models, while the Canadian market models had the manual front shoulder belts.


title: Honda Integra

text: For the 1992 and 1993 model years, Acura offered a GS-R model. The GS-R liftback came only with a 5-speed manual transmission and 1.7-liter B17A1 DOHC VTEC 4-cylinder engine with . The GS-R model came with a rear spoiler and 195/60/VR14 tires and alloy wheels.


title: Honda Integra

text: The GS-R model is rare with less than 5,000 of the 1992–1993 model years Acura Integra GS-R were produced for North America, this is confirmed by the vehicle identification number sequence of these cars. Using this information, the production numbers of the GS-R via vehicle history reports are determined. The North American production breakdown was reported as follows:


title: Honda Integra

text: Honda debuted the third generation model in 1993 in Japan at "Honda Verno" locations. It had a new four headlight front end design which was dubbed "spider eyes" by some enthusiasts. Standard horsepower (in Japan) from the B18B engine increased to . In the U.S., the B18B1 produced slightly higher power due to higher compression pistons being used. The top model was known in Japan as "Si", and it was powered by a B18C engine with a power of VTEC. The four headlight front end design, or "spider eye" headlights, proved controversial in Japan, so all JDM Integras were given a minor facelift in 1995 with more conventional elongated flat headlights and a revised front bumper. The top model was rebadged as the Integra SiR.


title: Honda Integra

text: This generation Integra was generally not available in Europe, although some markets such as Greece did receive this model. Those cars were fitted with a version of the 1590 cc "ZC" engine. From 1998 onward, non-JDM Integras (including Type R models) received a facelift to the front bumper which moved the embossed "INTEGRA" label to below the left headlights, eliminated the horizontal strut across the radiator grille and reshaped the headlight housing, turn signal housing and lower bumper.


title: Honda Integra

text: Dealer-installed options for the third generation Integra included: security system, 15-inch alloy wheels, trunk mat, splash guards, fog lights, rear-wing spoiler, moonroof (liftback only), CD changer, leather seats, leather-wrapped shift knob and steering wheel.


title: Honda Integra

text: RS: Rally Sport was available in both liftback and sedan. There was no sedan available in 1998. Model dropped in 1999. In 1994, equipped with the 1.8-liter DOHC (B18B1) 4-cylinder engine producing and of torque. RS models were the predecessor to the Type R model that was released in 1997. In 1995, power ratings dropped to and of torque due to U.S. emissions regulations. Standard features were a cassette player, rear-window defroster, and tilt steering wheel. The cassette player was replaced with a CD player in 1997. The RS models as well as Type Rs did not come with moonroofs as an option, while the LS, SE, GS, and GS-R sub-models did.


title: Honda Integra

text: LS: Luxury Sport, was available in both liftback and sedan a leather wrapped steering wheel and shift knob.


title: Honda Integra

text: SE: Special Edition, was available in both liftback and sedan starting from 1995. This trim package was only available in 1995 and 1996 model years until they were changed to be named the GS in 1997. From the LS, it added leather seats, alloy wheels on all years, and a rear-wing spoiler (optional).


title: Honda Integra

text: GS: Grand Sport, was available in both liftback and sedan starting from 1997. Same standard features as the SE. Including a rear spoiler.


title: Honda Integra

text: GS-R: Grand Sport Racing, was available in both liftback and sedan. Equipped with the 1.8-liter DOHC VTEC (B18C1) 4-cylinder engine producing and of torque. It came equipped with a rear spoiler, 6-speaker stereo, power moonroof, 195/55/VR15 tires and alloy wheels. An automatic transmission is an option in certain markets for this model.


title: Honda Integra

text: In 1995, Honda introduced the Integra Type R to the Japanese domestic market. The Type R came standard with a (figure may vary in different countries, USDM, UKDM) factory-tuned variant of the B18C engine. Equipped with a close ratio 5-speed manual transmission and a helical-type limited-slip differential, the Integra Type R had significantly improved performance and handling relative to the GS-R/Si/SiR-G Integra.


title: Honda Integra

text: These were the result of extensive changes, including a strengthened chassis with extra spot welds and thicker metal around the rear shock towers and lower subframe, weight reduction (reduced sound insulation, 10% thinner windscreen, lighter wheels), more power, rev limiter set at 8,600 rpm JDM (8,500 rpm USDM, 8,700 rpm UKDM), hand built engine featuring hand-polished and ported intake ports, high compression pistons, undercut valves and revised intake and exhaust systems, and suspension upgrades. The result was a capable sports liftback which was acclaimed by motoring journalists worldwide. The JDM version was significantly lighter than the SiR Integra (The 96–97 spec model could delete the air bags, A/C, rear wiper, radio, center console, clock, P/S and ABS), However, there is only a 33 lb (15 kg) net weight difference between the USDM Integra Type R and the Integra GS-R because the extra metal and cross bracing in the Type R negate much of the 98 lb of weight reductions. The Type R was the only Type R ever sold in North America with the Acura badge. For the European, Australian and New Zealand market the Integra was sold as a Honda with the four headlight front end design.


title: Honda Integra

text: The JDM Type R received significant upgrades in 1998 and is known as the '98 Spec R. Some of the main changes were a redesigned rear bumper, 16-inch wheel with 215/45R16 tires, 5-lug nut wheel hubs and bigger brakes. Gear ratios for the final drive were higher, making 1st to 3rd gears closer, while 4th and 5th were longer to maintain the '96 Spec cruising comfort. The engine power remained the same, but use of a new 4–1 long tube header brought torque lower down to 6,200 rpm.


title: Honda Integra

text: A final revision of the JDM Type R known as the '00 Spec R included a revised intake camshaft, and more finely balanced drive shafts. A final trim version offered in mid-2000 onwards for the JDM market (known as the "Type Rx") came factory fitted with motorized folding mirrors, dashboard clock, blue-hue carbon trim interiors, and an audio system as part of the standard package. it also included a hash pocket in the center console.


title: Honda Integra

text: In Japan, the Integra is revered as one of the best sports cars of the '90s. On Japanese car review show “Best Motoring” the Integra Type R punched well above its weight competing with fastest 4WD Turbo cars of the time, the Nissan Skyline GTR and the Subaru WRX STI.


title: Honda Integra

text: It has been acclaimed by motoring journalists worldwide, including Evo magazine, which named the Type R 'the greatest front-wheel-drive performance car ever', and TheAutoChannel.com, which similarly called it 'the best handling front-wheel drive car ever'.


title: Honda Integra

text: The third generation also saw the production of a four-wheel drive option. Available only in the four-door sedan, the ZXi4WD (93–95) and Xi4WD (95-00) had 1.6L SOHC ZC engines coupled to a version of Honda's Real Time 4WD.


title: Honda Integra

text: The "Integra SJ" (standing for "Sedan Joyful") was a rebadged Civic Ferio, (a "Honda Primo" product) with modified headlamps and grille similar to the Orthia's and slightly larger rear lights that were also utilized on the Japanese market Civic LEV sedan. The Integra SJ was sold in Japan at "Honda Verno" dealerships. It originated from the Honda Domani, another derivative of this vehicle sold at "Honda Clio" locations. It was made from 1996 to 2001, and used the 1493 cc D15B engine. Honda's press material of the time indicated that the SJ was intended to provide a "formal sedan" for the Integra range; another reason may have been to sell Ferios using a more sporting model name at "Honda Verno" dealerships in Japan, as was the case with the Nissan Laurel Spirit.


title: Honda Integra

text: In Thailand, the Integra SJ was sold as the Isuzu Vertex, the last Isuzu passenger car ever for that market. It followed Isuzu's practice of selling Honda models as Isuzus which started with the Gemini; with Honda also selling Isuzu's sport utility vehicles in Japan and North America (some as Acuras in the latter market), and pickup trucks in Thailand.


title: Honda Integra

text: In 2004, CCC Information Services named the 1999 Integra as the most stolen car in the United States, with the 1998 model year of the car listed as the third-most stolen model for that year. In 2014, LoJack named the Integra as the sixth most stolen car among vehicles equipped with their car tracking service.


title: Honda Integra

text: The fourth-generation Integra was introduced in Japan on April 13, 2001 and produced from July 2001 until August 2006. For North America (United States and Canada), it was introduced as the Acura RSX in accordance with Acura's new alphabetical naming scheme. It also had an entirely new engine, the K-series. The Integra came in two models in the United States, the RSX and the RSX Type-S boasting the K20A2 engine from 2002 to 2004, while the 2005 and 2006 RSX-S came with a K20Z1. The RSX was sold as a Honda Integra in Japan and Australia, markets where Acura did not exist.


title: Honda Integra

text: In March 2006, Honda announced that the Integra would be discontinued in June after its final 300 cars were sold, due to the shrinkage of the coupe market. The reaction of the consumers towards the discontinuation, however, forced Honda to extend production until July 2006 and produce 150 more Integras. The Acura RSX was discontinued as well, as the RSX did not fit within the confines of Acura's re-structured market strategy. This left the Acura TSX as Acura's entry-level vehicle. Also, the introduction of the similarly powerful and less expensive 2006 model-year Honda Civic Si was there to fill in the gap left by the RSX.


title: Honda Integra

text: The Type R (Japanese market only) came standard with a K20A 2.0 L DOHC i-VTEC four-cylinder engine. The "i" in i-VTEC stands for intelligent VTEC, which employs VTC (Variable Timing Control) to advance or retard the intake cam timing within a 50 degree range. The Integra Type R came equipped with Recaro seats, four-piston Brembo front brakes, a close-ratio 6-speed manual transmission, a limited-slip differential, variable back-pressure exhaust system, and a stiffer suspension.


title: Honda Integra

text: The China-exclusive fifth-generation sedan () was introduced in September 2021 as the twin model of the eleventh-generation Civic sedan, produced by Guangqi Honda. Changes compared to the Civic include a redesigned front and rear fascia.


title: Honda Integra

text: The was reintroduced in North America on June 2, 2022 for the 2023 model year as a 5-door liftback that replaced the ILX sedan. It is also built on the same platform as the eleventh-generation Civic. The standard powertrain is a 1.5-liter turbocharged 4-cylinder engine from the Honda Civic Si producing and of torque mated to a standard CVT, or an available 6-speed manual transmission with a limited-slip differential. Unlike the previous Japanese built models, it is produced in the United States at the Marysville Auto Plant in Marysville, Ohio instead.


title: Honda Integra

text: On March 10, 2022, Acura unveiled the production version of the 2023 Integra. The design of the production Integra is nearly identical to the pre-production version, however, the yellow exterior color and exterior decals shown on the pre-production model would not be available on the production model. The interior of the production Integra shares several parts from the eleventh-generation Civic.


title: Honda Integra

text: The Integra is available in three trim levels: an unnamed base model, the mid-level A-Spec, and the top-tier A-Spec Technology Package. While all models offer a CVT, only the A-Spec Technology Package model offers a six-speed manual transmission with a limited-slip differential.


title: Honda Integra

text: Pre-orders for the 2023 Integra opened on March 10, 2022, with the first 500 pre-orders also receiving a complimentary exclusive NFT of the vehicle.


title: Honda Integra

text: On December 5th, 2022, Acura revealed new photos of an Integra Type S prototype being tested at Honda's research and development located in Tochigi, Japan. It will share internal key components with the FL5 Civic Type R, including the 2.0L turbocharged inline-4 engine and 6-speed manual transmission. The engine will produce over 300 horsepower and the drivetrain will remain front-wheel drive only, the same as the FL5 Honda Civic Type R.


title: Honda Integra

text: In 1987 and 1988, the Integra won two consecutive IMSA International Sedan series manufacturers' championships, while Parker Johnstone won drivers' championship in the same years driving the Integra.


title: Honda Integra

text: Realtime Racing used the Integra Type R and later the RSX Type S to compete in the SCCA World Challenge Touring Car class, winning six consecutive titles from 1997 to 2002. The BTC-T version of the Integra was very successful in the British Touring Car Championship, winning 27 races and becoming the champion in 2005 and 2006, despite being only entered by privateer teams. The Integra also won the Asian Touring Car Series in 2003, 2004, 2009 and 2010.


title: Super Bowl XXIV

text: Super Bowl XXIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1989 season. The game was played on January 28, 1990, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The 49ers defeated the Broncos by the score of 55–10, winning their second consecutive Super Bowl, and then-tying the Pittsburgh Steelers with four Super Bowl victories. San Francisco also became the first team to win back-to-back Super Bowls with two different head coaches; rookie head coach George Seifert took over after Bill Walsh retired following the previous season's Super Bowl.


title: Super Bowl XXIV

text: The 49ers finished the 1989 regular season with a league best 14–2 record. The Broncos, who posted an 11–5 regular season record, entered the Super Bowl looking to avoid tying the Minnesota Vikings with four Super Bowl losses as well as the Vikings record of losing three Super Bowls in four years.


title: Super Bowl XXIV

text: This game remains the most lopsided in Super Bowl history. San Francisco's 55 points were the most ever scored by one team, and their 45-point margin of victory was the largest ever. Also this set the record and is still the game with the largest difference in total offense yardage with 294 (San Francisco with 461 and Denver 167). The 49ers are also the only team to score at least eight touchdowns in a Super Bowl and at least two touchdowns in each quarter (the only mistake was a missed extra point attempt that occurred at the end of the first quarter).


title: Super Bowl XXIV

text: San Francisco quarterback Joe Montana was named the Super Bowl MVP, his third award in his fourth Super Bowl victory. He completed 22 of 29 passes for a total of 297 yards and a Super Bowl record 5 touchdowns, while also rushing for 15 yards. Montana's 75.9 completion percentage was the second highest in Super Bowl history, and he also set a record by completing 13 consecutive passes during the game and broke two Super Bowl records set by Terry Bradshaw; most touchdown passes in a single game: 5 (breaking Bradshaw's record of 4) and most touchdown passes in Super Bowl play: 11 (breaking Bradshaw's record of 9). Montana became the third player in league history to win both the Super Bowl MVP and the AP Most Valuable Player Award during the same season, after Bart Starr and Terry Bradshaw who did so in the 1966 and 1978 seasons, respectively.


title: Super Bowl XXIV

text: NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXIV to New Orleans, Louisiana on March 14, 1985, during their March 10–15, 1985 meetings held in Phoenix. This would be a record seventh time that New Orleans hosted the Super Bowl. Tulane Stadium was the site of Super Bowls IV, VI, and IX; while the Louisiana Superdome previously hosted XII, XV, and XX.


title: Super Bowl XXIV

text: Originally, the selection was to be voted on during the May 23–25, 1984 meetings. However, after balloting for XXI took more than two hours, voting for XXIV was rescheduled to the following year. Twelve cities were part of the bidding process, which was scheduled to award two Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV). The bidding cities included: Anaheim, Detroit, Houston, Jacksonville, Miami, Minneapolis, New Orleans, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Seattle, Tampa, and Tempe. New Orleans entered as the favorite.


title: Super Bowl XXIV

text: The 49ers entered the game seeking to win their second straight Super Bowl. Bill Walsh retired as head coach after San Francisco's 20–16 win over the Cincinnati Bengals in the previous year's Super Bowl, but rookie head coach George Seifert did not miss a beat, as he guided the 49ers to a league-best 14–2 regular season record. Their two losses were only by a combined margin of 5 points.