title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: On March 8 and March 9, 2022, the Maryland League of Conservation Voters collaborated with Maryland Matters, the Baltimore County NAACP, the Maryland Sierra Club, and the Chesapeake Climate Action Network to host two gubernatorial forums that focused on the topic of climate change. Candidates Jon Baron, Doug Gansler, Ashwani Jain, John King, Laura Neuman and Jerome Segal attended both forums, while Wes Moore and Tom Perez only attended the first event. Peter Franchot initially intended on attending the second forum, but withdrew due to an "unexpected personal matter". Rushern Baker initially confirmed he would attend both events, but later withdrew from both. The first forum took place at the Riggs Alumni Center at the University of Maryland at College Park and was moderated by Josh Kurtz, Tonya Harrison-Edwards, and Rona Kobell, and the second forum took place at the Ungar Athenaeum at Goucher College and was moderated by Kurtz, Sheilah Kast, and Stella Krajick.


title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: On March 15, 2022, the Maryland Democratic Party hosted its second Burgers & Brews Gubernatorial Candidate Forum in Frederick, Maryland. Candidates Jon Baron, Doug Gansler, Ashwani Jain, John King Jr., Laura Neuman, and Jerome Segal attended the event, which was moderated by Maryland Matters editor Danielle Gaines.


title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: On March 30, 2022, Bowie State University and the Maryland Black Chamber of Commerce hosted a gubernatorial forum for candidates to share their vision and agenda on economic development in Maryland. Candidates Jon Baron, Rushern Baker, Peter Franchot, Doug Gansler, Ashwani Jain, John King Jr., Wes Moore, and Tom Perez attended the forum, which was moderated by Micheal McGee.


title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: On April 3, 2022, the Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt Democratic Club hosted a gubernatorial forum in Greenbelt, Maryland, which was moderated by Dave Zahren and attended by candidates Jon Baron, Doug Gansler, Ashwani Jain, Tom Perez, and Jerome Segal.


title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: On April 20, 2022, Bikemore and The Real News Network hosted a gubernatorial forum focused on the topic of transportation. Candidates who received more than 10 percent in recent polling and completed a written questionnaire prior to the event were invited to attend. Candidates Rushern Baker, John King Jr., Peter Franchot, and Tom Perez participated in the forum, while Wes Moore opted out of the debate.


title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: On April 26, 2022, Coppin State University hosted a gubernatorial forum focused on the topics of economic development, crime, and education. Candidates Rushern Baker, Jon Baron, Peter Franchot, Doug Gansler, Wes Moore, Tom Perez, and Jerome Segal attended the forum, which was moderated by WMAR-TV news anchor Kelly Swoope.


title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: On April 30, 2022, Frostburg State University, the Allegany College of Maryland, and Garrett College hosted a gubernatorial forum at Frostburg, which was attended by candidates Rushern Baker, Ashwani Jain, and John King Jr. The forum was moderated by Amanda Mangan, and questions were asked by a group of students from the three hosting universities, Allegany High School, and Bishop Walsh School.


title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: David Lashar attended the gubernatorial candidate forum hosted by the Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland on October 14, 2021. At the end of the forum, Darryl Barnes challenged all of the attending candidates to post a Black agenda on their campaign websites by November 1; in response, Lashar posted a "Libertarian Black Agenda" plan on his campaign website.


title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: The Maryland State Bar Association hosted individual, hour-long conversations with all running candidates from December 6 to December 10, 2021. Lashar attended the forum on December 8, 2021.


title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: Lashar attended the Committee for Montgomery Legislative Breakfast gubernatorial forum on December 10, 2021.


title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: Moore's campaign framed Cox as someone who would be "dangerous" in the governor's office, highlighting his role in spreading falsehoods about the 2020 presidential election and the January 6 United States Capitol attack. After the primary, Cox removed references to his role in challenging the 2020 presidential election results from his campaign website and deactivated his account on Gab, a website that has been described as a social media haven for white supremacists and neo-Nazis and was used by the perpetrator of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. He later described himself as a candidate with a "middle temperament approach" that was willing to work across the aisle.


title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: Cox's campaign sought to tie Moore to the national Democratic party and President Joe Biden. He also sought to paint Moore as a communist, citing Moore's requirement that people attending fundraisers and campaign rallies be vaccinated against COVID-19. Moore countered that his service in the military and work on Wall Street and in finance would make calling him a communist a "bad stretch."


title: 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election

text: Cox was critical of Moore's refusal to debate him. In response to these criticisms, Moore said that he was "excited" to debate Cox. However, Moore's team initially declined to participate in debates with Cox, saying that they would "not otherwise share the stage with him and participate in anything that amplifies his dangerous and decisive rhetoric". On August 31, 2022, Moore agreed to a televised debate by Maryland Public Television with Cox on October 12. Moore, when asked if he wished to share the stage with Cox again following the debate, said, "I think I'm good."


title: Oliver North

text: Oliver Laurence North (born October 7, 1943) is an American political commentator, television host, military historian, author, and retired United States Marine Corps lieutenant colonel.


title: Oliver North

text: A veteran of the Vietnam War, North was a National Security Council staff member during the Iran–Contra affair, a political scandal of the late 1980s. It involved the illegal sale of weapons to the Khomeini regime of the Islamic Republic of Iran to encourage the release of American hostages then held in Lebanon. North formulated the second part of the plan, which was to divert proceeds from the arms sales to support the Contra rebel groups in Nicaragua, sales which had been specifically prohibited under the Boland Amendment. North was granted limited immunity from prosecution in exchange for testifying before Congress about the scheme. He was initially convicted on three felony charges, but the convictions were vacated and reversed and all charges against him dismissed in 1991.


title: Oliver North

text: North unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate seat held by Chuck Robb from Virginia in 1994, receiving 43% of the vote. He then hosted a talk show on Radio America from 1995 to 2003, and hosted "War Stories with Oliver North" on Fox News from 2001 to 2016. In May 2018, North was elected as president of the National Rifle Association. On April 27, 2019, he resigned amidst a dispute with the organization's chief executive Wayne LaPierre, and was succeeded by Carolyn D. Meadows.


title: Oliver North

text: North was born in San Antonio, Texas, on October 7, 1943, the son of Ann Theresa (née Clancy) and Oliver Clay North, a U.S. Army major. He grew up in Philmont, New York, and graduated from Ockawamick Central High School in 1961. He attended the State University of New York at Brockport for two years.


title: Oliver North

text: While at Brockport, North spent a summer at the United States Marine Corps Platoon Leaders Class at Marine Corps Base Quantico in Virginia, and gained an appointment to the United States Naval Academy in 1963. He received his commission as second lieutenant in 1968, having missed a year due to serious back and leg injuries from an auto accident in which a classmate was killed. One of North's classmates at the academy was future secretary of the Navy and U.S. senator Jim Webb, whom he beat in a middleweight championship boxing match at Annapolis. (North had shown films of this match to Marine Medical Corps officials to prove that he had fully recovered from his serious accident and could endure the rigors of midshipman training.) Their graduating class included Dennis C. Blair, Michael Mullen, Jay L. Johnson, Charles Bolden and Michael Hagee.


title: Oliver North

text: North served as a platoon commander during the Vietnam War, where during his combat service, he was awarded the Silver Star, Bronze Star Medal with Combat V, and two Purple Heart medals. At the time of his being awarded the Silver Star, North was a platoon commander leading his Marines in Operation Virginia Ridge. North led a counter-assault against the People's Army of Vietnam, as his platoon took on heavy machine gun fire and rocket propelled grenades. Throughout the battle, North displayed "courage, dynamic leadership and unwavering devotion to duty in the face of grave personal danger".


title: Oliver North

text: In 1970, North returned to South Vietnam to testify as a character witness at the trial of Lance Corporal Randall Herrod, a U.S. Marine formerly under his command who, along with four others, had been charged with the murder of sixteen Vietnamese civilians in the village of Son Thang. North claims Herrod had previously saved his life. Herrod and one other Marine were acquitted.


title: Oliver North

text: North's post-Vietnam career included: instructor at the Marine Basic School from 1969 to 1974; director of the Northern Training Area in Okinawa, Japan (1973–1974); plans and policy analyst with the manpower division at Headquarters Marine Corps from 1975 to 1978; and operations officer (S3) for 3rd Battalion, 8th Regiment, 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune (1978–80). He graduated from the College of Naval Command and Staff at the Navy War College in 1981.


title: Oliver North

text: In 1981, North began his assignment to the National Security Council staff in Washington, D.C., where he served as a lobbyist from 1981 to 1983; and deputy director for political–military affairs from 1983 until his reassignment in 1986. In 1983, North was promoted to lieutenant colonel.


title: Oliver North

text: During his tenure at the National Security Council, North managed a number of missions. This included leading the hunt for those responsible for the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing that killed 299 American and French military personnel, an effort that saw North arrange a mid-air interception of an EgyptAir jet carrying those responsible for the Achille Lauro hijacking. While at the National Security Council, he also helped plan the U.S. invasion of Grenada and the 1986 bombing of Libya.


title: Oliver North

text: During his Iran-Contra trial, North spent his last two years on active duty assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps in Arlington County, Virginia. He submitted his request to retire from the Marine Corps effective May 1, 1988, following his indictment for conspiring to defraud the United States by channeling the profits from US arms sales to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. After his trial and felony convictions, all convictions were reversed on appeal.


title: Oliver North

text: North came into the public spotlight as a result of his participation in the Iran–Contra affair, a political scandal during the Reagan administration, in which he claimed partial responsibility for the sale of weapons through intermediaries to Iran, with the profits being channeled to the Contras in Nicaragua. It was alleged that he was responsible for the establishment of a covert network which subsequently funneled those funds to the Contras. Congress passed the Boland Amendment (to the House Appropriations Bill of 1982 and following years), which prohibited the appropriation of U.S. funds by intelligence agencies for the support of the Contras.


title: Oliver North

text: North solicited $10 million from the Sultan of Brunei to skirt U.S. prohibitions on funding the Contras. However, he gave the wrong number of the Swiss bank account intended to launder the money, and it went instead to a Swiss businessman. A Senate committee investigating the transaction tracked it down so it could be returned to Brunei.


title: Oliver North

text: In an August 23, 1986, e-mail to National Security Advisor John Poindexter, North described a meeting with a representative of Panamanian General Manuel Noriega: "You will recall that over the years Manuel Noriega in Panama and I have developed a fairly good relationship," North writes before explaining Noriega's proposal. If U.S. officials can "help clean up his image" and lift the ban on arms sales to the Panamanian Defense Force, Noriega will "'take care of' the Sandinista leadership for us."


title: Oliver North

text: North told Poindexter that General Noriega could assist with sabotage against the ruling party of Nicaragua, the Sandinista National Liberation Front. North supposedly suggested that Noriega be paid $1 million in cash from Project Democracy funds raised from the sale of U.S. arms to Iran for the Panamanian leader's help in destroying Nicaraguan economic installations.


title: Oliver North

text: In November 1986, as the sale of weapons was made public, North was dismissed by President Ronald Reagan. In an interview with "Cigar Aficionado" magazine, North said that on February 11, 1987, the Federal Bureau of Investigation detected an attack on North's family from the Peoples Committee for Libyan Students, with an order to kill North. Although government officials later expressed skepticism of this claim, and no charges for this alleged plot were brought, his family was moved to Camp Lejeune in North Carolina and lived with federal agents until North retired from the Marine Corps the following year.


title: Oliver North

text: In July 1987, North was summoned to testify before televised hearings of a joint congressional committee that was formed to investigate the Iran–Contra scandal. During the hearings, North admitted that he had misled Congress, for which, along with other actions, he was later charged. He defended his actions by stating that he believed in the goal of aiding the Contras, whom he saw as freedom fighters against the Sandinistas and said that he viewed the Iran–Contra scheme as a "neat idea." North admitted shredding government documents related to these activities at William Casey's suggestion when the Iran–Contra scandal became public. He also testified that Robert McFarlane had asked him to alter official records to delete references to direct assistance to the Contras and that he had helped.


title: Oliver North

text: North was indicted in March 1988 on 16 felony counts. His trial opened in February 1989, and on May 4, 1989, he was initially convicted of three: accepting an illegal gratuity, aiding and abetting in the obstruction of a congressional inquiry, and ordering the destruction of documents through his secretary, Fawn Hall. He was sentenced by U.S. District Judge Gerhard Gesell on July 5, 1989, to a three-year suspended prison term, two years probation, $150,000 in fines, and 1,200 hours of community service. North performed some of his community service within Potomac Gardens, a public housing project in southeast Washington, DC. However, on July 20, 1990, with the help of the American Civil Liberties Union, North's convictions were vacated, after the appeals court found that witnesses in his trial might have been impermissibly affected by his immunized congressional testimony.


title: Oliver North

text: The individual members of the prosecution team had isolated themselves from news reports and discussion of North's testimony, and while the defense could show no specific instance in which North's congressional testimony was used in his trial, the Court of Appeals ruled that the trial judge had made an insufficient examination of the issue. Consequently, North's convictions were reversed. After further hearings on the immunity issue, Judge Gesell dismissed all charges against North on September 16, 1991.


title: Oliver North

text: In the 1994 election, North unsuccessfully ran for the United States Senate as the Republican Party candidate in Virginia. Republican senator John Warner of Virginia endorsed Marshall Coleman, a Republican who ran as an independent, instead of North. North lost, garnering 43 percent of votes, while incumbent Democrat Charles Robb, a son-in-law of President Lyndon B. Johnson, won reelection with 46 percent. Coleman received 11 percent. North's candidacy was documented in the 1996 film "A Perfect Candidate".


title: Oliver North

text: In his failed bid to unseat Robb, North raised $20.3 million in a single year through nationwide direct-mail solicitations, telemarketing, fundraising events, and contributions from major donors. About $16 million of that amount was from direct mail alone. This was the biggest accumulation of direct-mail funds for a statewide campaign to that date, and it made North the top direct-mail political fundraiser in the country in 1994.


title: Oliver North

text: In 1990, North founded the Freedom Alliance, a 501(c)(3) foundation "to advance the American heritage of freedom by honoring and encouraging military service, defending the sovereignty of the United States, and promoting a strong national defense." The foundation's primary activities include providing support for wounded combat soldiers and providing scholarships for the children of service members killed in action.


title: Oliver North

text: Beginning in 2003, Sean Hannity has raised over $10 million for the Freedom Alliance Scholarship Fund through Freedom Concerts and donations from "The Sean Hannity Show" and its listeners. The charity has been criticized by conservative blogger Debbie Schlussel for distributing too little of its funds for charitable purposes. Hannity, North, and other charity spokespersons say that all of the "net" proceeds from the Freedom Concerts are donated to the fund.


title: Oliver North

text: On May 7, 2018, the National Rifle Association (NRA) announced that North would become the organization's next president within the following weeks. He succeeded Pete Brownell, the incumbent. North is a board member in the NRA and appeared at NRA national conventions in 2007 and 2008.


title: Oliver North

text: In April 2019, in the midst of a wide-ranging dispute involving the NRA's chief executive Wayne LaPierre, the NRA's advertising agency Ackerman McQueen, and the NRA's law firm Brewer Attorneys & Counselors, North announced that he would not serve a second term as president, ostensibly against his wishes. On April 24, 2019, North asked LaPierre to resign. On April 16, 2019, North and NRA first vice president Richard Childress wrote to the chairman of the NRA audit committee and the NRA's secretary and general counsel calling for an independent audit of the billing from the NRA's law firm, Brewer Attorneys & Counselors. In an April 24, 2019 letter to the executive committee of the NRA board, North said that he was forming a committee to investigate alleged financial improprieties, allegations which he said threatened the NRA's non-profit status. In an April 25, 2019 letter to the NRA board, LaPierre said that North was threatening to release damaging information about him. On April 27, 2019, in a letter read on his behalf at the NRA's annual convention in Indianapolis, Indiana, North announced he would not serve a second term. North's term ended on April 29, 2019, when he was replaced by Carolyn D. Meadows. On May 3, 2019, Senators Ron Wyden of Oregon, Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island, and Bob Menendez of New Jersey, members of the Senate Finance Committee, wrote to North, LaPierre, and the NRA's advertising agency Ackerman McQueen requesting copies of the letters to the NRA board by North and LaPierre, seeking documents related to the allegations, and directing records preservation.


title: Oliver North

text: North became increasingly known for his media career and appearances. In 1991, he appeared on the first season of "The Jerry Springer Show". From 1995 to 2003, North was host of his own nationally syndicated talk radio show on Radio America, which was known as the "Oliver North Radio Show" or "Common Sense Radio With Oliver North". He also served as co-host of "Equal Time" on MSNBC from 1999 to 2000. North was the host of the television show "War Stories with Oliver North" from 2001 to 2016 and is a regular commentator on "Hannity", both on the Fox News Channel.


title: Oliver North

text: North appeared as himself on many television shows, including the sitcom "Wings" in 1991, and three episodes of the TV military drama "JAG" in 1995, 1996, and 2002 as "Ollie", a close friend of the deceased father of Tracey Needham's character Meg Austin. He has also appeared as himself in several film documentaries.


title: Oliver North

text: In addition, he regularly speaks at both public and private events. North appears in an episode of "Auction Kings" to have his Marine Corps sword returned after it was lost and presumably stolen in 1980. North was credited as a military consultant in the 2012 video game "" and voiced himself in one level of the game. In Season 4, Episode 15 "Stanny Slickers II: The Legend of Ollie's Gold" of the TV series "American Dad!" Stan Smith searches under his house for Oliver North's hidden gold. In 2014, he received story credit for an episode of the TV series "The Americans" where the protagonist Soviet spies infiltrate a Contra training base in the United States.


title: Oliver North

text: In 1967, North married Betsy Stuart; they have four children. Although raised in the Roman Catholic faith of his mother, North has long attended Protestant or evangelical services with his wife and children. The Norths live in McLean, Virginia.


title: Kevin Peter Hall

text: Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 – April 10, 1991) was an American actor. Hall stood tall, and frequently played monster characters during his career. He was the original title character in the science fiction "Predator" franchise, appearing in the first 1987 film and its 1990 sequel. Hall also portrayed the eponymous Harry in the fantasy comedy film "Harry and the Hendersons" (1987), a role he reprised for the first season of NBC's television adaptation (1990–1991). His human roles included Dr. Elvin "El" Lincoln on the NBC science fiction series "Misfits of Science" (1985–1986) and Warren Merriwether on the sitcom "227" (1989–1990).


title: Kevin Peter Hall

text: Hall was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Hall came from a tall family. His father, Charles Hall, stood , and his mother, Sylvia, stood . At , Hall was the tallest of his brothers, all of whom were at least tall.


title: Kevin Peter Hall

text: During his high school years at Penn Hills High School, he was a star basketball player. He subsequently attended George Washington University in Washington, D.C., where he played for its basketball team and majored in Theatrical Arts.


title: Kevin Peter Hall

text: Due to Hall's height, he was often cast in monster roles. He made his acting debut in the 1979 horror film "Prophecy". He appeared as the alien in the 1980 horror film "Without Warning" and as Gorvil in the 1982 television movie "Mazes and Monsters". In 1985, he co-starred in the short-lived series "Misfits of Science". He guest-starred on the sitcom "Night Court" as a huge but gentle mental patient who humorously towered over bailiff Bull Shannon, played by Richard Moll, who is , and a fellow mental patient, played by James Cromwell, who is . The next year, Hall portrayed yet another monster in the horror film "Monster in the Closet", followed by the role of Harry, the Bigfoot, in "Harry and the Hendersons".


title: Kevin Peter Hall

text: In 1986, Hall was cast as the main antagonist in "Predator", opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger. During its developmental stages, the Predator was going to be played by Jean-Claude Van Damme, who played the Predator for the first few scenes, but was uncredited in the end credits. The producers decided to recast the role with Hall so that the Predator could more convincingly dominate the film's human characters with its greater size. Hall also appeared unmasked as a helicopter pilot at the end of the film. Hall would go on to reprise the role in the 1990 sequel, this time opposite Danny Glover and Gary Busey.


title: Kevin Peter Hall

text: Following his role in "Predator", Hall appeared in the feature film "Big Top Pee-wee" (1988) and had a guest spot on ""; Hall had been one of the actors considered for the role of Geordi La Forge on the latter, before the role went to LeVar Burton. From 1989 to 1990, he had a recurring role on the NBC sitcom "227". In 1990, Hall reprised his role as Harry in the television series "Harry and the Hendersons", based on the 1987 film of the same name. He died during the series' first season.


title: Kevin Peter Hall

text: Hall met actress Alaina Reed while taping a guest role on the television show "227". The couple would marry both on the show and in real life.


title: Kevin Peter Hall

text: While working on the TV series "Harry and the Hendersons", Hall announced that he had contracted HIV from a blood transfusion during surgery for injuries he sustained in a car accident. He died from AIDS-related pneumonia on April 10, 1991, a month short of his 36th birthday.


title: Kevin Peter Hall

text: Hall was posthumously inducted into the Penn Hills Hall of Fame as part of the inaugural class on May 8, 2009.


title: Jennie Garth

text: Jennifer Eve Garth (born April 3, 1972) is an American actress. She is known for starring as Kelly Taylor throughout the "Beverly Hills, 90210" franchise and Val Tyler on the sitcom "What I Like About You" (2002–06). In 2012, she starred in her own reality show, "Jennie Garth: A Little Bit Country" on CMT. Her memoir titled "Deep Thoughts From a Hollywood Blonde" was published by New American Library on April 1, 2014.


title: Jennie Garth

text: Garth was born in Urbana, Illinois, to John and Carolyn Garth. The youngest of seven children (though their only child together), Garth spent much of her youth on a 25-acre horse ranch between Sadorus and Arcola, Illinois. For a time the family stayed in Tuscola, Illinois; but eventually they settled in Glendale, Arizona, when Garth was around 13 years old. She studied dance and modeled, and was soon discovered at a local talent competition by Randy James, Hollywood scout and manager. She attended Greenway High School as a freshman and transferred to Apollo High School in her sophomore year. Determined to become an actress, Garth would receive audition materials from Los Angeles that she would work on with Jean Fowler, a local acting coach. She left school during her junior year to work in Los Angeles with James and later obtained her high school diploma in California.


title: Jennie Garth

text: In 1990, she landed the role of Kelly Taylor in the series "Beverly Hills, 90210". Over the course of the series, Garth's character went through occasional rough times, and dealt with difficult issues in her personal life and with her family. Garth appears in all ten seasons of the show. She directed two episodes which was the second most of any cast member. She won a Young Artist Award and was nominated for a Teen Choice Award for the role. She was also instrumental in launching the spin-offs "Melrose Place" and "90210", with the character of Kelly becoming a continuity icon by appearing in the most franchise episodes.


title: Jennie Garth

text: Her successful role on "Beverly Hills, 90210" opened the door to several lead roles in made-for-TV films in the 1990s, including "Danielle Steel's Star" (1993), "Without Consent" (1994), "Lies of the Heart: The Story of Laurie Kellogg" (1994), "Falling for You" (1995), and "An Unfinished Affair" (1996). She also had minor and supporting roles in the theatrical films "Telling You" (1998), "My Brother's War" (1997), and "Power 98" (1996).


title: Jennie Garth

text: Garth ranked No. 59 on the "FHM" 100 Sexiest Women of 2000, and #93 on the magazine's 100 Sexiest Women of 2001.


title: Jennie Garth

text: In 2002, Garth co-starred with Amanda Bynes in the WB sitcom "What I Like About You" as Valerie Tyler. She and Bynes appeared on the show for all four seasons. The show centered around the relationship of the Tyler sisters, along with their friendships and romances. In 2003, she starred in the television movies "The Last Cowboy" and the Christmas family drama "Secret Santa", playing a journalist. She and the cast of "Secret Santa" won the "2004 CAMIE Award".


title: Jennie Garth

text: In 2005, she voiced her "Beverly Hills, 90210" character Kelly Taylor, as well as an additional role in the "", in the episode segment “Bango Was His Name-Oh!”. Garth also starred in the TV teen drama film "Girl, Positive" (2007), playing a teacher who was HIV positive. She and co-star Andrea Bowen (known for the series "Desperate Housewives") each won a Prism Award for their performances. In 2007, Garth appeared on "Dancing with the Stars": season five and was paired with Derek Hough. They reached the semi-finals in the competition.


title: Jennie Garth

text: In September 2008, Garth returned to the role of Kelly Taylor on the series premiere of The CW's spin-off series "90210". In the series, Garth's character, Kelly Taylor, is a Guidance Counselor at the fictional West Beverly High, where her half-sister Erin Silver attends. Kelly was reintroduced with a four-year-old son, whose father is ex-boyfriend Dylan McKay. The writers were eager to have her share scenes with former "Beverly Hills, 90210" co-star Shannen Doherty, who reprised her role of Brenda Walsh.


title: Jennie Garth

text: On November 21, 2008, Garth appeared on the game show "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?". She won $100,000 for her charity, the American Heart Association, for which she is spokeswoman for its "Go Red for Women" campaign. This TV show also noted that Garth owns a horse ranch in Santa Barbara, California. In 2009, she played the role of Natasha in Candace Bushnell's Web series of "The Boardroom". She also appeared in a cameo role on the December 7 episode of the children's television show "Sesame Street", entitled "Mary Mary Quite Contrary". In January 2010, Garth starred in an iVillage web series created by NBC Universal, "Garden Party", about farm life, fresh produce and healthy eating. On February 18, 2014, it was announced that production had started on "The Jennie Garth Project", a ten-episode reality television series that aired on HGTV. It chronicled Garth as she renovated a home in Hollywood Hills, California for herself and her three children.


title: Jennie Garth

text: Garth released a memoir entitled "Deep Thoughts from a Hollywood Blonde" with Emily Heckman on April 1, 2014. On May 3, 2017, Garth launched MomGiftBox.com, "an online subscription box of products to indulge, inspire and pamper moms with every purchase benefiting a charity." Garth collaborated with Dune Jewelry and launched Travelling Heart Collection in February 2018.


title: Jennie Garth

text: In 1993, she released a workout video titled "Body In Progress". She has appeared in infomercials for Keurig Vue beverage brewer and Wen healthy hair care system, and commercials for migraine headaches and RAINN Crisis hotline. In 2004, she appeared in a print ad for Wish-Bone salad dressings as part of their $25,000 Kitchen Makeover contest. In 2012, she appeared in a television commercial for clothing retailer Old Navy with "Beverly Hills, 90210" co-stars Luke Perry and Jason Priestley. She has graced the cover of numerous magazines, including "Veronica", "TV Guide", "Woman's World", "Health", "Entertainment Weekly", "Cookie", "Sassy", "Soap Opera Digest" and "People".


title: Jennie Garth

text: In November 2020, Garth began a podcast titled "9021OMG" with "Beverly Hills 90210" co-star Tori Spelling, where the two, along with TV and radio personality Sisanie Villaclara, share memories from their time on the show.


title: Jennie Garth

text: In February 2021, Garth won $168,000 on ABC's "Celebrity Wheel of Fortune". Garth donated the money to Central Illinois Foodbank in Springfield, Illinois.


title: Jennie Garth

text: In 1995, Garth met her second husband, actor Peter Facinelli, while filming the movie "An Unfinished Affair". Garth and Facinelli married on January 20, 2001, in a traditional Roman Catholic wedding mass. They have three daughters; born in 1997, 2002, and 2006. In March 2012, Facinelli filed for divorce. The divorce was finalized in June 2013. Although there was no requirement to do so, Garth had converted to Catholicism when she married Facinelli.


title: Jennie Garth

text: Garth subsequently began dating actor David Abrams in the fall of 2014 after they met on a blind date, and they became engaged in April 2015. They married on July 11, 2015. Garth and Abrams separated in 2017. In April 2018, the couple filed for divorce. In February 2019, Garth appeared to have reconciled with Abrams filing a petition to dismiss the divorce proceedings.


title: Jennie Garth

text: In 2002 at age 30, Garth was diagnosed with a mitral valve prolapse and leaky heart valve, a condition she stated would require monitoring for the rest of her life. She revealed the diagnosis in 2009. "Down the road it’s something that could get more complicated or it could not," she commented. "People have had valve replacements and that kind of thing … but I’m prepared, that’s the key." She revealed in her memoir that she started suffering from anxiety at age 19, saying "I wouldn't say that I ever stepped over the line into full-blown agoraphobia, but I would say I definitely came close."


title: Jennie Garth

text: In 2007, Garth appeared on season five of "Dancing with the Stars" and was paired with Derek Hough. They reached the semi-finals in the competition.


title: Suzy Amis Cameron

text: Suzy Amis Cameron (born Susan Elizabeth Amis; January 5, 1962) is an American environmental advocate, and a former actress and model.


title: Suzy Amis Cameron

text: Born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Amis Cameron worked as a Ford model before she began acting in the 1980s. She made her feature-film debut in the 1985 comedy film "Fandango". Amis Cameron next had roles in "Rocket Gibraltar" (1988), "Where the Heart Is" (1990), and "Rich in Love" (1993). In 1993, she appeared as Josephine "Jo" Monaghan in "The Ballad of Little Jo". She later appeared in "Blown Away" (1994), "The Usual Suspects" (1995), and the blockbuster "Titanic" (1997), in which she played Lizzy Calvert, the granddaughter of Rose Dawson Calvert (Gloria Stuart). That same year, she starred in the Western "Last Stand at Saber River" and acted in the cult-classic "Nadja". Amis Cameron retired from acting after her last screen appearance in the 1998 film "Judgment Day".


title: Suzy Amis Cameron

text: In 2005, Amis Cameron co-founded MUSE School CA, a Reggio-inspired, independent, nonprofit school in the Calabasas, California, area north of Los Angeles, with her sister, Rebecca Amis, reported as the country's first vegan K-12 school with a 100% plant-based lunch program. Additionally, the school is zero waste and 100% solar powered, with Solar Sun Flowers designed by her husband, James Cameron.


title: Suzy Amis Cameron

text: In 2009, Amis Cameron founded Red Carpet Green Dress, a global initiative showcasing sustainable fashion on the red carpet at the Oscars. Collaborating with fashion brands such as Armani, Vivienne Westwood, and Reformation, the gowns and tuxedos have included vintage, recycled, repurposed and eco design. Previous campaign ambassadors include Emma Roberts, Priyanka Bose, Naomie Harris, Olga Kurylenko, Kellan Lutz, Sophie Turner, and Missi Pyle.


title: Suzy Amis Cameron

text: In 2014, Amis Cameron co-founded, with her husband, director James Cameron, and Craig McCaw, Plant Power Task Force, an organization focused on showing the impact of animal agriculture on climate change and the environment. Plant Power Task Force supported the first multi-country studies on global diets and climate change by the independent U.K.-based think tank, Chatham House: Livestock—Climate Change's Forgotten Sector and Changing Diets, Changing Climate. They also spearheaded the MyPlate MyPlanet initiative in spring 2015, a platform for hundreds of environmental and health organizations in support of linking health and the environment in the U.S. Dietary Guidelines.


title: Suzy Amis Cameron

text: In fall 2018, Amis Cameron published "OMD: Swap One Meal a Day to Get Healthy, Live Longer, and Save the Planet", with Simon & Schuster's Atria Publishing Group; in 2019, the paperback edition, "The OMD Plan: Swap One Meal a Day to Save Your Health and Save the Planet", was published. The OMD Plan was featured on Oprah Winfrey's Super Soul Sunday in Fall 2019. The book inspired Oprah Winfrey to eat one plant-based meal a day.


title: Suzy Amis Cameron

text: Amis Cameron also launched the OMD campaign to promote plant-based food solutions to climate change, a multi-pronged effort to transform eating habits and the food system.


title: Suzy Amis Cameron

text: She also is a founder of Cameron Family Farms and Food Forest Organics, a plant-based café and market in New Zealand. Her farm in New Zealand supports regenerative agriculture using 500-600 cattle livestock to improve the soil and help carbon sequestration. In an interview with NZ media the Cameron couple assured the audience that his was merely a pathway for other NZ farmers in their eventual transition, for the planet, to plant based agriculture, without livestock. A vegan diet is, she explained, a healthier choice, despite their use of cattle on their land. A shortage of foreign labour during lockdown was another reason for keeping on the cattle, instead of making the transition to plant based agriculture as she and James Cameron had planned. Amis Cameron later decried that anyone who didn't believe in her views was a 'disposable deplorable' and should not complain when they suffer inevitable pain.


title: Suzy Amis Cameron

text: In 1986, she married actor Sam Robards, her co-star in "Fandango", and son of Lauren Bacall and Jason Robards. Their marriage produced a son, Jasper, before their divorce in 1994.


title: Suzy Amis Cameron

text: Amis and James Cameron met while filming "Titanic", but the latter returned to his partner Linda Hamilton and married her in 1997, divorcing two years later with Hamilton receiving a settlement of $50 million. Amis and Cameron married on June 4, 2000. They have two daughters, Claire and Elizabeth, and a son, James Quinn (who is known by his middle name). In 2020, they became permanent guardians of one of their daughter's teenage friends.


title: Suzy Amis Cameron

text: In 2012, Amis and Cameron adopted a plant-based diet after watching the film "Forks Over Knives". They live on an organic farm in Hollister Ranch. They are featured in "Eating You Alive", a 2016 American documentary.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in British imperial and United States customary systems of measurement. Various definitions have been used; the most common today is the international avoirdupois pound, which is legally defined as exactly , and which is divided into 16 avoirdupois ounces. The international standard symbol for the avoirdupois pound is lb; an alternative symbol is lb (for most pound definitions), # (chiefly in the U.S.), and or ″̶ (specifically for the apothecaries' pound).


title: Pound (mass)

text: The unit is descended from the Roman (hence the abbreviation "lb"). The English word "pound" is cognate with, among others, German , Dutch , and Swedish . These units are historic and are no longer used (replaced by the metric system).


title: Pound (mass)

text: Usage of the unqualified term "pound" reflects the historical conflation of mass and weight. This accounts for the modern distinguishing terms "pound-mass" and "pound-force".


title: Pound (mass)

text: The word 'pound' and its cognates ultimately derive from a borrowing into Proto-Germanic of the Latin expression ('the weight measured in '), in which the word is the ablative singular of the Latin noun ('weight').


title: Pound (mass)

text: The United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations agreed upon common definitions for the pound and the yard. Since 1 July 1959, the international avoirdupois pound (symbol lb) has been defined as exactly .


title: Pound (mass)

text: In the United Kingdom, the use of the international pound was implemented in the Weights and Measures Act 1963.


title: Pound (mass)

text: An avoirdupois pound is equal to 16 avoirdupois ounces and to exactly 7,000 grains. The conversion factor between the kilogram and the international pound was therefore chosen to be divisible by 7 with a terminating decimal representation, and an (international) grain is thus equal to exactly .


title: Pound (mass)

text: In the UK, the process of metrication and European units of measurement directives were expected to eliminate the use of the pound and ounce, but in 2007 the European Commission abandoned the requirement for metric-only labelling on packaged goods there, and allowed for dual metric–imperial marking to continue indefinitely. When used as a measurement of body weight, common UK practice outside medical settings remains to use the stone of 14 pounds as the primary measure e.g. "11 stone 4 pounds", rather than "158 pounds" (as done in the US), or "72 kilograms" as used elsewhere.


title: Pound (mass)

text: In the United States, the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 declared the metric system to be the “preferred system of weights and measures” but did not suspend use of United States customary units, and the United States is the only industrialised country where commercial activities do not predominantly use the metric system, despite many efforts to do so, and the pound remains widely used as one of the key customary units.


title: Pound (mass)

text: Historically, in different parts of the world, at different points in time, and for different applications, the pound (or its translation) has referred to broadly similar but not identical standards of mass or force.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The (Latin for 'scale'/'balance') is an ancient Roman unit of mass that is now equivalent to 328.9 grams. It was divided into 12 (singular: ), or ounces. The is the origin of the abbreviation for pound, "lb".


title: Pound (mass)

text: A number of different definitions of the pound have historically been used in Britain. Among these were the avoirdupois pound and the obsolete Tower, merchant's and London pounds. Troy pounds and ounces remain in use only for the weight of certain precious metals, especially in the trade; these are normally quoted just in ounces (e.g. "500 ounces") and, when the type of ounce is not explicitly stated, the troy system is assumed.


title: Pound (mass)

text: Historically, the pound sterling was a Tower pound of silver. In 1528, the standard was changed to the Troy pound.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The avoirdupois pound, also known as the wool pound, first came into general use c. 1300. It was initially equal to 6992 troy grains. The pound avoirdupois was divided into 16 ounces. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the avoirdupois pound was redefined as 7,000 troy grains. Since then, the grain has often been an integral part of the avoirdupois system. By 1758, two Elizabethan Exchequer standard weights for the avoirdupois pound existed, and when measured in troy grains they were found to be of 7,002 grains and 6,999 grains.


title: Pound (mass)

text: In the United Kingdom, weights and measures have been defined by a long series of Acts of Parliament, the intention of which has been to regulate the sale of commodities. Materials traded in the marketplace are quantified according to accepted units and standards in order to avoid fraud. The standards themselves are legally defined so as to facilitate the resolution of disputes brought to the courts; only legally defined measures will be recognised by the courts. Quantifying devices used by traders (weights, weighing machines, containers of volumes, measures of length) are subject to official inspection, and penalties apply if they are fraudulent.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The Weights and Measures Act 1878 marked a major overhaul of the British system of weights and measures, and the definition of the pound given there remained in force until the 1960s. The pound was defined thus (Section 4) "The ... platinum weight ... deposited in the Standards department of the Board of Trade ... shall continue to be the imperial standard of ... weight ... and the said platinum weight shall continue to be the Imperial Standard for determining the Imperial Standard Pound for the United Kingdom". Paragraph 13 states that the weight of this standard shall be called the Imperial Standard Pound, and that all other weights mentioned in the act and permissible for commerce shall be ascertained from it alone. The First Schedule of the Act gave more details of the standard pound: it is a platinum cylinder nearly high, and diameter, and the edges are carefully rounded off. It has a groove about from the top, to allow the cylinder to be lifted using an ivory fork. It was constructed following the destruction of the Houses of Parliament by fire in 1834, and is stamped "P.S. 1844, 1 lb" (P.S. stands for "Parliamentary Standard").


title: Pound (mass)

text: The British 1878 Act said that contracts worded in terms of metric units would be deemed by the courts to be made according to the Imperial units defined in the Act, and a table of metric equivalents was supplied so that the Imperial equivalents could be legally calculated. This defined, in UK law, metric units in terms of Imperial ones. The equivalence for the pound was given as 1 lb = or 0.45359 kg, which made the kilogram equivalent to about .


title: Pound (mass)

text: In 1883, it was determined jointly by the standards department of the British Board of Trade and the Bureau International that was a better approximation, and this figure, rounded to was given legal status by an Order in Council in May 1898.


title: Pound (mass)

text: In 1959, based on further measurements and international coordination, the International Yard and Pound Agreement defined an "international pound" as being equivalent to exactly . This meant that the existing legal definition of the UK pound differed from the international standard pound by . To remedy this, the pound was again redefined in the United Kingdom by the Weights and Measures Act 1963 to match the international pound, stating: "the pound shall be 0.453 592 37 kilogramme exactly", a definition which remains valid to the present day.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The 2019 redefinition of the SI base units means that the pound is now defined precisely in terms of fundamental constants, ending the era of its definition in terms of physical prototypes.


title: Pound (mass)

text: A troy pound (abbreviated lb t) is equal to 12 troy ounces and to 5,760 grains, that is exactly grams. Troy weights were used in England by jewellers. Apothecaries also used the troy pound and ounce, but added the drachms and scruples unit in the Apothecaries' system of weights.


title: Pound (mass)

text: Troy weight may take its name from the French market town of Troyes in France where English merchants traded at least as early as the early 9th century.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The troy pound is no longer in general use or a legal unit for trade (it was abolished in the United Kingdom on 6 January 1879 by the Weights and Measures Act of 1878), but the troy ounce, of a troy pound, is still used for measurements of gems such as opals, and precious metals such as silver, platinum and particularly gold.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The system called Tower weight was the more general name for King Offa's pound. This dates to AD 757 and was based on the silver penny.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The Tower pound was also called the Moneyers' Pound (referring to the Saxon moneyers before the Conquest), the easterling pound, which may refer to traders of eastern Germany, or to traders on the shore of the eastern Baltic sea, or dealers of Asiatic goods who settled at the Steelyard wharf; and the Rochelle Pound by French writers, because it was also in use at Rochelle. An almost identical weight was employed by the Germans for weighing gold and silver.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The mercantile pound (1304) of 6750 troy grains, or 9600 Tower grains, derives from this pound, as 25 shilling-weights or 15 Tower ounces, for general commercial use. Multiple pounds based on the same ounce were quite common. In much of Europe, the apothecaries' and commercial pounds were different numbers of the same ounce.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The Tower system was referenced to a standard prototype found in the Tower of London and ran concurrently with the avoirdupois and troy systems until the reign of Henry VIII, when a royal proclamation dated 1526 required that the troy pound to be used for mint purposes instead of the Tower pound. No standards of the Tower pound are known to have survived.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The merchants' pound ("mercantile pound", , or "commercial pound") was considered to be composed of 25 rather than 20 Tower shillings of 12 pence. It was equal to 9,600 wheat grains (15 tower ounces or 6,750 grains) and was used in England until the 14th century for goods other than money and medicine ("electuaries").


title: Pound (mass)

text: The London pound is that of the Hansa, as used in their various trading places. The London pound is based on 16 ounces, each ounce divided as the tower ounce. It never became a legal standard in England; the use of this pound waxed and waned with the influence of the Hansa itself.


title: Pound (mass)

text: A London pound was equal to 7,200 troy grains (16 troy ounces) or, equivalently, 10,240 tower grains (16 tower ounces).


title: Pound (mass)

text: In the United States, the avoirdupois pound as a unit of mass has been officially defined in terms of the kilogram since the Mendenhall Order of 1893. That order defined the pound to be pounds to a kilogram. The following year, this relationship was refined as pounds to a kilogram, following a determination of the British pound.


title: Pound (mass)

text: In 1959, the United States National Bureau of Standards redefined the pound (avoirdupois) to be exactly equal to 0.453 592 37 kilograms, as had been declared by the International Yard and Pound Agreement of that year. According to a 1959 NIST publication, the United States 1894 pound differed from the international pound by approximately one part in 10 million. The difference is so insignificant that it can be ignored for almost all practical purposes.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The Byzantines used a series of measurements known as pounds (, ). The most common was the (, "pound of account"), established by Constantine the Great in 309/310. It formed the basis of the Byzantine monetary system, with one of gold equivalent to 72 . A hundred were known as a (, "hundredweight"). Its weight seems to have decreased gradually from the original 324 grams to 319. Due to its association with gold, it was also known as the (, "gold pound") or (, "maritime pound"), but it could also be used as a measure of land, equalling a fortieth of the .


title: Pound (mass)

text: The was specifically used for weighing olive oil or wood, and corresponded to 4/5 of the , i.e. 256 g. Some outlying regions, especially in later times, adopted various local measures, based on Italian, Arab or Turkish measures. The most important of these was the (, "silver pound") of 333 g, found in Trebizond and Cyprus, and probably of Arab origin.


title: Pound (mass)

text: Since the Middle Ages, various pounds () have been used in France. Since the 19th century, a has referred to the "metric pound", 500g.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The or was equivalent to about and was used between the 1350s and the late 18th century. It was introduced by the government of John II.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The was set equal to the kilogram by the decree of between 1800 and 1812. This was a form of official metric pound.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The (customary unit) was defined as 500 grams by the decree of 28 March 1812. It was abolished as a unit of mass effective 1 January 1840 by a decree of 4 July 1837, but is still used informally.


title: Pound (mass)

text: Originally derived from the Roman libra, the definition varied throughout the Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages and onward. For example, the measures and weights of the Habsburg monarchy were reformed in 1761 by Empress Maria Theresia of Austria. The unusually heavy Habsburg (civil) pound of 16 ounces was later defined in terms of 560.012 grams. Bavarian reforms in 1809 and 1811 adopted essentially the same standard as the Austrian pound. In Prussia, a reform in 1816 defined a uniform civil pound in terms of the Prussian foot and distilled water, resulting in a Prussian pound of 467.711 grams.


title: Pound (mass)

text: Between 1803 and 1815, all German regions west of the River Rhine were under French control, organised in the departements: Roer, Sarre, Rhin-et-Moselle, and Mont-Tonnerre. As a result of the Congress of Vienna, these regions again became part of various German states. However, many of these regions retained the metric system and adopted a metric pound of precisely 500 grams. In 1854, the pound of 500 grams also became the official mass standard of the German Customs Union and was renamed the , but local pounds continued to co-exist with the pound for some time in some German states. Nowadays, the term is sometimes still in use and universally refers to a pound of 500 grams.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The Russian pound (, ) is an obsolete Russian unit of measurement of mass. It is equal to 409.51718 grams. In 1899, the was the basic unit of weight, and all other units of weight were formed from it; in particular, a was of a funt, and a was 40 .


title: Pound (mass)

text: The was a Scandinavian measurement that varied in weight between regions. From the 17th century onward, it was equal to 425.076 grams in Sweden but was abandoned in 1889 when Sweden switched to the metric system.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The Portuguese unit that corresponds to the pounds of different nations is the , equivalent to 16 ounces of , a variant of the Cologne standard. This was introduced in 1499 by Manuel I, king of Portugal. Based on an evaluation of bronze nesting weight piles distributed by Manuel I to different towns, the of Manuel I has been estimated to be of 457.8 g. In the early 19th century, the was evaluated at 459 g.


title: Pound (mass)

text: In the 15th century, the was of 14 ounces of or 400.6 g. The Portuguese was the same as 2 . There were also of 12.5 and 13 ounces and of 15 and 16 ounces. The or standard was also used.


title: Pound (mass)

text: A Jersey pound is an obsolete unit of mass used on the island of Jersey from the 14th century to the 19th century. It was equivalent to about 7,561 grains (490 grams). It may have been derived from the French livre poids de marc.


title: Pound (mass)

text: The trone pound is one of a number of obsolete Scottish units of measurement. It was equivalent to between 21 and 28 avoirdupois ounces (about 600-800 grams).


title: Pound (mass)

text: In many countries, upon the introduction of a metric system, the pound (or its translation) became an historic and obsolete term, although some have kept it as an informal term without a specific value. In German, the term is , in French , in Dutch , in Spanish and Portuguese , in Italian , and in Danish and Swedish .


title: Pound (mass)

text: Though not from the same linguistic origin, the Chinese (, also known as "catty") in mainland China has a modern definition of exactly 500 grams, divided into 10 (). Traditionally around 600 grams, the has been in use for more than two thousand years varying in exact value from one period to another, serving the same purpose as "pound" for the common-use measure of weight. In Hong Kong, for the purposes of commerce and trade between Britain and Imperial China in the preceeding centuries, that 3 Chinese catties was equivalent to 4 British imperial pounds, defining one catty as 604.78982 grams in weight precisely.


title: Pound (mass)

text: Hundreds of older pounds were replaced in this way. Examples of the older pounds are one of around 459 to 460 grams in Spain, Portugal, and Latin America; one of 498.1 grams in Norway; and several different ones in what is now Germany.


title: Pound (mass)

text: From the introduction of the kilogram scales and measuring devices are denominated only in grams and kilograms. A pound of product must be determined by weighing the product in grams as the use of the "pound" is not sanctioned for trade within the European Union.


title: Pound (mass)

text: Smoothbore cannon and carronades are designated by the weight in imperial pounds of round solid iron shot of diameter to fit the barrel. A cannon that fires a six-pound ball, for example, is called a "six-pounder". Standard sizes are 6, 12, 18, 24, 32 and 42 pounds; 68-pounders also exist, and other nonstandard weapons use the same scheme. See carronade.


title: Redneck

text: Redneck is a derogatory term chiefly, but not exclusively, applied to white Americans perceived to be crass and unsophisticated, closely associated with rural whites of the Southern United States.


title: Redneck

text: Its meaning possibly stems from the sunburn found on farmers' necks dating back to the late 19th century. Its modern usage is similar in meaning to "cracker" (especially regarding Texas, Georgia, and Florida), "hillbilly" (especially regarding Appalachia and the Ozarks), and "white trash" (but without the last term's suggestions of immorality). In Britain, the "Cambridge Dictionary" definition states: "A poor, white person without education, esp. one living in the countryside in the southern US, who is believed to have prejudiced ideas and beliefs. This word is usually considered offensive." People from the white South sometimes jocularly call themselves "rednecks" as insider humor.


title: Redneck

text: By the 1970s, the term had become offensive slang, its meaning expanded to include racism, loutishness, and opposition to modern ways.


title: Redneck

text: Patrick Huber, in his monograph "A Short History of Redneck: The Fashioning of a Southern White Masculine Identity", emphasized the theme of masculinity in the 20th-century expansion of the term, noting, "The redneck has been stereotyped in the media and popular culture as a poor, dirty, uneducated, and racist Southern white man."


title: Redneck

text: The term originally characterized farmers that had a "red neck", caused by sunburn from long hours working in the fields. A citation from <time>1893</time> provides a definition as "poorer inhabitants of the rural districts ... men who work in the field, as a matter of course, generally have their skin stained red and burnt by the sun, and especially is this true of the back of their necks". Hats were usually worn and they protected that wearer's head from the sun, but also provided psychological protection by shading the face from close scrutiny. The back of the neck however was more exposed to the sun and allowed closer scrutiny about the person's background in the same way callused working hands could not be easily covered.


title: Redneck

text: By 1900, "rednecks" was in common use to designate the political factions inside the Democratic Party comprising poor white farmers in the South. The same group was also often called the "wool hat boys" (for they opposed the rich men, who wore expensive silk hats). A newspaper notice in Mississippi in August 1891 called on rednecks to rally at the polls at the upcoming primary election:


title: Redneck

text: By <time>1910</time>, the political supporters of the Mississippi Democratic Party politician James K. Vardaman—chiefly poor white farmers—began to describe themselves proudly as "rednecks", even to the point of wearing red neckerchiefs to political rallies and picnics.


title: Redneck

text: Linguist Sterling Eisiminger, based on the testimony of informants from the Southern United States, speculated that the prevalence of pellagra in the region during the Great Depression may have contributed to the rise in popularity of the term; red, inflamed skin is one of the first symptoms of that disorder to appear.


title: Redneck

text: The term "redneck" in the early 20th century was occasionally used in reference to American coal miner union members who wore red bandanas for solidarity. The sense of "a union man" dates at least to the 1910s and was especially popular during the 1920s and 1930s in the coal-producing regions of West Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. It was also used by union strikers to describe poor white strikebreakers.


title: Redneck

text: Writers Edward Abbey and Dave Foreman also use "redneck" as a political call to mobilize poor rural white Southerners. "In Defense of the Redneck" was a popular essay by Ed Abbey. One popular early Earth First! bumper sticker was "Rednecks for Wilderness". Murray Bookchin, an urban leftist and social ecologist, objected strongly to Earth First!'s use of the term as "at the very least, insensitive". However, many Southerners have proudly embraced the term as a self-identifier. Similarly to Earth First!'s use, the self-described "anti-racist, pro-gun, pro-labor" group Redneck Revolt have used the term to signal its roots in the rural white working-class and celebration of what member Max Neely described as "redneck culture".


title: Redneck

text: According to Chapman and Kipfer in their "Dictionary of American Slang", by 1975 the term had expanded in meaning beyond the poor Southerner to refer to "a bigoted and conventional person, a loutish ultra-conservative". For example, in 1960 John Bartlow Martin expressed Senator John F. Kennedy should not enter the Indiana Democratic presidential primary because the state was "redneck conservative country". Indiana, he told Kennedy, was a state "suspicious of foreign entanglements, conservative in fiscal policy, and with a strong overlay of Southern segregationist sentiment". Writer William Safire observes it is often used to attack white Southern conservatives, and more broadly to degrade working class and rural whites that are perceived by urban progressives to be insufficiently progressive. At the same time, some white Southerners have reclaimed the word, using it with pride and defiance as a self-identifier.


title: Redneck

text: In Scotland in the 1640s, the Covenanters rejected rule by bishops, often signing manifestos using their own blood. Some wore red cloth around their neck to signify their position, and were called rednecks by the Scottish ruling class to denote that they were the rebels in what came to be known as The Bishop's War that preceded the rise of Cromwell. Eventually, the term began to mean simply "Presbyterian", especially in communities along the Scottish border. Because of the large number of Scottish immigrants in the pre-revolutionary American South, some historians have suggested that this may be the origin of the term in the United States.


title: Redneck

text: Dictionaries document the earliest American citation of the term's use for Presbyterians in <time>1830</time>, as "a name bestowed upon the Presbyterians of Fayetteville (North Carolina)".


title: Redneck

text: The exact Afrikaans equivalent, , is used as a disparaging term for English people and South Africans of English descent, in reference to their supposed naïveté as later arrivals in the region in failing to protect themselves from the sun.


title: FIDE titles

text: FIDE titles are awarded by the international chess governing body FIDE ("Fédération Internationale des Échecs") for outstanding performance. The highest such title is Grandmaster (GM). Titles generally require a combination of Elo rating and norms (performance benchmarks in competitions including other titled players). Once awarded, titles are held for life except in cases of fraud or cheating. Open titles may be earned by all players, while women's titles are restricted to female players. Many strong female players hold both open and women's titles. FIDE also awards titles for arbiters, organizers and trainers. Titles for correspondence chess, chess problem composition and chess problem solving are no longer administered by FIDE.


title: FIDE titles

text: A chess title, usually in an abbreviated form, may be used as an honorific. For example, Magnus Carlsen may be styled as "GM Magnus Carlsen".


title: FIDE titles

text: The term "master" for a strong chess player was initially used informally. From the late 19th century various national chess federations began to draw up formal requirements for the use of such a title. The term "Grandmaster", in the form of the German loan word "Großmeister", was a formal title in the Soviet Union, and had also been in informal use for the world's elite players for several decades before its institution by FIDE in 1950. FIDE's first titles were awarded in 1950 and consisted of 27 Grandmasters (GMs), 94 International Masters (IMs), and 17 Woman International Masters (WIMs).


title: FIDE titles

text: The titles were awarded by a vote of the FIDE Congress before the requirements became more formalized. In 1957, FIDE introduced norms (qualifying standards) for FIDE titles. Two further subordinate titles, FIDE Master and Candidate Master, were created in 1978 and 2002 respectively.


title: FIDE titles

text: Similar titles are awarded by the International Correspondence Chess Federation, and by the World Federation for Chess Composition for both composing and solving chess problems. These bodies work in cooperation with FIDE but are now independent of it.


title: FIDE titles

text: The titles of Grandmaster, International Master, FIDE Master and Candidate Master are available to all over-the-board chess players. The requirements for each title have varied over time, but generally require having demonstrated a prescribed level of achievement in tournaments at classical time controls under FIDE-approved conditions.


title: FIDE titles

text: The title Grandmaster is awarded to outstanding chess players by FIDE. Apart from World Champion, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain. Once achieved, the title is generally held for life but on rare occasions it has been revoked in cases of cheating. In chess literature it is usually abbreviated to GM. The abbreviation IGM for "International Grandmaster" is occasionally seen, usually in older literature.


title: FIDE titles

text: The usual way to obtain the title is to achieve three required title norms over 27 or more games and a FIDE rating of 2500 or more. Broadly, a norm is a title-level performance in a FIDE-approved tournament. The precise definition of a norm is complex and has frequently been amended, but in general a grandmaster norm is defined as a performance rating of at least 2600 over 9 or more games. In addition, the field must have an average rating of at least 2380, must include at least three grandmasters, and must include players from a mix of national federations.


title: FIDE titles

text: The title may also be awarded directly without going through the usual norm requirements in a few high level tournaments, provided the player has a FIDE rating of over 2300. These include:


title: FIDE titles

text: Beginning with Nona Gaprindashvili in 1978, a number of women have earned the GM title. Since about 2000, most of the top 10 women have held the GM title. This should not be confused with the Woman Grandmaster (WGM) title.


title: FIDE titles

text: At 12 years, 4 months and 25 days, Abhimanyu Mishra became the youngest person ever to qualify for the Grandmaster title in July 2021. The record was previously held by Sergey Karjakin at 12 years, 7 months for 19 years and Bobby Fischer at 15 years, 6 months and 1 day for 33 years.


title: FIDE titles

text: The title International Master is awarded to strong chess players who are below the level of grandmaster. Instituted along with the Grandmaster title in 1950, it is a lifetime title, usually abbreviated as IM in chess literature.


title: FIDE titles

text: Like the grandmaster title, the usual way to obtain the title is to achieve three required title norms over 27 or more games and a FIDE rating of 2400 or more. In general, an IM norm is defined as a performance rating of at least 2450 over 9 or more games. In addition, the field must have an average rating of at least 2230, must include at least three International Masters or Grandmasters, and must include players from a mix of national federations.


title: FIDE titles

text: There are also several ways the IM title can be awarded directly without going through the usual norm process, provided the player has a rating of at least 2200. From July 2017, these are as follows:


title: FIDE titles

text: After becoming an IM, most professional players set their next goal to becoming a Grandmaster. It is also possible to become a Grandmaster without ever having been an International Master. Larry Christiansen of the United States (1977), Wang Hao of China, Anish Giri of The Netherlands, Olga Girya of Russia (2021) and former world champions Mikhail Tal of


title: FIDE titles

text: The Soviet Union and Vladimir Kramnik of Russia all became Grandmasters without ever having been an IM. Bobby Fischer of the United States attained both titles solely by virtue of qualifying for the 1958 Interzonal (IM title) and 1959 Candidates Tournament (GM title), only incidentally becoming IM before GM. The more usual path is first to become an IM, then move on to the GM level.


title: FIDE titles

text: At 10 years, 9 months, and 20 days, Abhimanyu Mishra became the youngest-ever person to qualify for the IM title in 2019.


title: FIDE titles

text: Introduced in 1978 along with WFM, FM ranks below the title of International Master but ahead of Candidate Master. Unlike the Grandmaster and International Master titles, there is no requirement for a player to achieve norms.


title: FIDE titles

text: The usual way for a player to qualify for the FIDE Master title is by achieving an Elo rating of 2300 or more. There are also many ways the title can be gained by players with a rating of at least 2100 but less than 2300; they include:


title: FIDE titles

text: The youngest FM ever in chess history is Alekhine Nouri of the Philippines who was awarded the title after winning the 14th ASEAN Age Group Chess Championships 2013 in Thailand at age seven.


title: FIDE titles

text: Introduced in 2002 along with WCM, the usual way for a player to qualify for the Candidate Master title is by achieving an Elo rating of 2200 or more. For players rated over 2000 but under 2200, there are many other ways to gain the title; They include:


title: FIDE titles

text: Though the open FIDE titles are not gender-segregated, the following four titles given by FIDE are exclusive to women and may be held simultaneously with an open title. The requirements for these titles are about 200 Elo rating points lower than the requirements for the similarly named open titles. These titles are sometimes criticized by both male and female players, and some female players elect not to take them. For example, Grandmaster Judit Polgár, in keeping with her policy of playing only open competitions, never took a women's title.


title: FIDE titles

text: Woman Grandmaster is the highest-ranking chess title restricted to women. FIDE introduced the WGM title in 1976, joining the previously introduced lower-ranking title, Woman International Master.


title: FIDE titles

text: The usual way to obtain the WGM title is similar to the open titles, where a FIDE rating of 2300 and three norms of 2400 performance rating is required against opponents who are higher rated than 2130 on average.


title: FIDE titles

text: The winner of the World Girls Junior Championship and some other tournaments like Women's Continental Championship is automatically awarded the WGM title. From 2017, the direct titles are only awarded as long as she can reach the minimum FIDE rating of 2100. The current regulations can be found in the FIDE handbook.


title: FIDE titles

text: Woman International Master is next to the highest-ranking title given by FIDE exclusively to women. FIDE first awarded the WIM title (formerly called International Woman Master, or IWM) in 1950.


title: FIDE titles

text: The usual way to obtain the WIM title is similar to the open titles, where a FIDE rating of 2200 and three norms of 2250 performance rating is required against opponents who are higher rated than 2030 on average. The runners-up in the World Girls Junior Championship, the U18 and U16 World Youth Champions as well Continental Championship medalists and U18 Continental and Regional Champions of the women's section are directly awarded the title. From 2017, direct titles are only awarded as long as she can cross the minimum rating of 2000. The current regulations can be found in the FIDE handbook.


title: FIDE titles

text: Introduced with FM in 1978, the WFM title is just above Woman Candidate Master in the women-only titles given by FIDE. This title may be achieved by gaining a FIDE rating of 2100 or more. The U14 and U12 World Youth Champions as well as U16 and U18 medalists of the women's section are directly awarded the title. Meanwhile the U12, U14, U16 Continental and Regional Champions of the women's section are directly awarded the title. The title can also be acquired by scoring more than 65% points in more than 9 games in the Olympiad. From 2017, direct titles are only awarded as long as she can cross the minimum rating of 1900.


title: FIDE titles

text: Introduced with CM in 2002, Woman Candidate Master is the lowest-ranking title awarded by FIDE. This title may be achieved by gaining a FIDE rating of 2000 or more. The title can be acquired by getting a medal in U8, U10, U12, U14, U16 World Youth Championships or Continental and Regional Youth Championships of the women's section as well as by scoring more than 50% points in more than 7 games in the Olympiad. From 2017, direct titles are only awarded as long as she can cross the minimum rating of 1800.


title: FIDE titles

text: Arena titles can be earned online using FIDE's server, and are intended for players in the lower rating band. Should a player with an arena title gain an over the board FIDE title, this title replaces their arena title.


title: FIDE titles

text: Arena Grandmaster (AGM) is the highest online title. It is achieved by a series of 150 bullet games, 100 blitz games or 50 rapid games with a performance rating of over 2000.


title: FIDE titles

text: Arena International Master (AIM) is achieved by a series of 150 bullet games, 100 blitz games or 50 rapid games with a performance rating of over 1700.


title: FIDE titles

text: Arena FIDE Master (AFM) is achieved by a series of 150 bullet games, 100 blitz games or 50 rapid games with a performance rating of over 1400.


title: FIDE titles

text: Arena Candidate Master (ACM) is achieved by a series of 150 bullet games, 100 blitz games or 50 rapid games with a performance rating of over 1100.


title: FIDE titles

text: The trainer titles (in descending order of expertise) are FIDE Senior Trainer (FST), FIDE Trainer (FT), FIDE Instructor (FI), National Instructor (NI), and Developmental Instructor (DI).


title: Dave Coulier

text: David Alan Coulier ( ; born September 21, 1959) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, impressionist, and television host. He played Joey Gladstone on the ABC sitcom "Full House", voiced Peter Venkman on "The Real Ghostbusters", and voiced Animal and Bunsen on "Muppet Babies".


title: Dave Coulier

text: David Alan Coulier was born on September 21, 1959 to David L. Couwlier (1930-2022) and Arlen Couwlier in Detroit, Michigan and was raised in nearby St. Clair Shores, Michigan. He has 3 siblings. His mother's side of the family is from Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada, and his paternal grandmother was a Jewish immigrant from Germany. Coulier got his start in stand-up comedy in high school by impersonating his principal and other staff over his high school's PA system. He graduated in 1977 from Notre Dame High School in Harper Woods, Michigan, where he was a member of the varsity ice hockey team, playing defense alongside future NHL player John Blum. Coulier also attended high school with Mark Cendrowski, who became friends with him in the third grade and they often made 8mm films together during high school. Coulier also attended The University of Michigan but dropped out after his freshman year to pursue comedy full time.


title: Dave Coulier

text: Coulier met future "Full House" co-star Bob Saget for the first time at a comedy club in Detroit. The two became good friends and Coulier briefly lived with Saget and his then-wife Sherri on their couch in the early 1980s as he struggled to get his career started.


title: Dave Coulier

text: He was initially cast as a player for "Saturday Night Live" for the 1986 season. However, right before the season started, casting changes were made and he was left off the show.


title: Dave Coulier

text: Coulier has done extensive voice work for shows including "Scooby and Scrappy-Doo", "The Real Ghostbusters," "Slimer! and the Real Ghostbusters" (taking over the character of Peter Venkman after Lorenzo Music's departure from the role), "Extreme Ghostbusters", "Muppet Babies "after Howie Mandel left (Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen, Bean Bunny, and Uncle Statler and Waldorf, and a preteen Janice for one episode), "The Jetsons", "Rude Dog and the Dweebs", and "Detention". From 1984 to 1985, he was also the host of a comedy series on Nickelodeon known as "Out of Control".


title: Dave Coulier

text: Coulier is best known for playing Joey Gladstone on the ABC sitcom "Full House". He stayed on the show from 1987 until its cancellation in 1995. He was famous for doing voices and impersonations. In addition to "Full House", Coulier appeared on "George and Leo" and "". He has also hosted "America's Funniest People" (first with Arleen Sorkin and later with Tawny Kitaen) and "Opportunity Knocks". Additionally, he was also a voice actor in "Yogi Bear and the Magical Flight of the Spruce Goose" and has voiced Felix the Cat on a few occasions. He also put out a solo album called "Cut It Out", a self-proclaimed tribute to "tank tops and short shorts."


title: Dave Coulier

text: In addition to his voice work, Coulier has also taken a few acting parts, appearing in the Disney Channel Original Movie's "The Thirteenth Year" and "The Even Stevens Movie" (where he had a cameo as a reality show host), as well as the Nickelodeon original movie "Shredderman Rules." He wrote and starred in an unaired pilot for FX called "Whispers and Balls".


title: Dave Coulier

text: He also founded his own children's entertainment company, F3 Entertainment, in 2000. In 2003, Coulier appeared on season three of "The Surreal Life". In 2006, he appeared on the TV reality show "Skating with Celebrities" on FOX, where he was paired with Olympic medalist Nancy Kerrigan. They were eliminated in episode four.


title: Dave Coulier

text: He is a member of Duck's Breath Mystery Theater touring comedy troupe (which he claims is clean comedy but "not quite as creepy" as "Full House") as well as the host of the series "Animal Kidding".


title: Dave Coulier

text: On June 2, 2008, Chikara, a professional wrestling promotion based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, announced that Coulier was elected by the Chikara Board of Directors as the new commissioner of the company, a position that he held for two years until the next election (which took place on May 25, 2010). Coulier is the successor to former Commissioner and fellow "Full House" cast member Bob Saget.


title: Dave Coulier

text: In 2009, Coulier provided the voice for Bob McKenzie on the Canadian animated series "Bob & Doug", based on the "SCTV" characters Bob and Doug McKenzie. Coulier became the first person other than Rick Moranis to portray the character, as Moranis (who serves as executive producer) was not interested in resuming the part. Coulier says he understands that longtime fans might be skeptical of his take on the role, but he could not help jumping at the chance to portray one of his favorite comic characters. "It's huge shoes to fill, stepping into Rick Moranis' shoes. It's such an established, great character and I guess the only thing I have going for me is that it kind of sounds alike and that half of my family is from Canada." His mother's family is from Bathurst, New Brunswick.


title: Dave Coulier

text: Coulier continued to make regular television appearances as the host of shows such as "America's Funniest People" and "America's Most Talented Kid". He continues to tour the U.S. and Canada as a stand-up comedian.


title: Dave Coulier

text: In the early 1990s, Coulier was married for two years to Jayne Modean. They have a son, born in 1990. Having divorced, he started dating Alanis Morissette, but they broke up shortly before she recorded her album "Jagged Little Pill". He was rumored to be the subject of Morissette's song "You Oughta Know" and in a 2008 interview with the "Calgary Herald", Coulier indicated he thinks the rumor is true. However, in the 2021 documentary "Jagged", Morissette denied the song is about Coulier. In 2005, Coulier began dating photographer and producer Melissa Bring. They married on July 2, 2014, in Montana.


title: Dave Coulier

text: Coulier is a private pilot who owns and flies a B35 Bonanza. His first general aviation flight was at the age of five in Michigan. He earned his pilot's license at the same airport later in 1979 and is now instrument rated. In 2012, he did more flight training in a Cirrus SR20 to "keep current." He is part of the Hat in the Ring Society to support the AOPA foundation, an organization that promotes safe flying.


title: Dave Coulier

text: Coulier is an ice hockey fan and participates in charity events with the Detroit Red Wings. He is also a fan of the Detroit Tigers and has played in celebrity softball games alongside Detroit Tigers fan Tom Selleck.


title: Dave Coulier

text: "The Same Picture of Dave Coulier Every Day" is an image blog which publishes the same photograph of Coulier every day. Begun in 2011 by comedian Aaron Littleton, it is the progenitor of a trend of similarly themed blogs which feature the same content in every daily update. The trend of such "content homogeneity" has been studied in academic literature. The trend has also been called "single-topic", and Forbes has called The Same Picture of Dave Coulier Every Day the apotheosis of the movement.


title: Dave Coulier

text: Media coverage has attributed the blog's unchanging nature as reason for its popularity. BBC Trending featured the blog and said "It could be that in the constant chaos of social media, perhaps what sometimes people really need is just the same thing over and over again." The AV Club commented on the blog saying: "A port in a storm, The Same Picture Of Dave Coulier Every Day tumblr is perhaps the only consistent thing left in this tumultuous world." The Toronto Standard said, "In a world pervaded with financial uncertainty and intractable conflict, a little consistency is surely warranted, and an anonymous philanthropist has given us just that in blog form."


title: Dave Coulier

text: Other outlets have noted the inherent humor of the blog. In reference to blog, the Mary Sue commented, "Either Tumblr must be crowned King of the Comedy-Based Internet, or it must be stopped. It is difficult to tell which is the better option." The book Geek Lust says, "how long can this madness continue?"


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: Robert Joseph "Bobby Joe" Long (October 14, 1953 – May 23, 2019) was an American serial killer and rapist who was executed by the state of Florida for the murder of Michelle Denise Simms. Long abducted, sexually assaulted, and murdered at least ten women in the Tampa Bay area in Florida during an eight-month period in 1984. He released 17-year-old Lisa McVey after 26 hours. McVey provided critical information to the police that enabled them to arrest Long. Long was also a serial rapist.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: Long was sentenced to death for two of the ten murders he was suspected of committing. He was executed by lethal injection on May 23, 2019.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: Robert Joseph Long was born on October 14, 1953 in Kenova, West Virginia, to Joe and Louetta Long. Long was born with an extra X chromosome, also known as 47,XXY, a specific variant of Klinefelter syndrome. This condition results in excessive estrogen production yielding some female traits such as breast development. Long was teased as a child for his large breasts and underwent breast reduction surgery in adolescence. He had also suffered multiple head injuries as a child resulting from diverse accidents.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: Long had a dysfunctional relationship with his mother; he slept in her bed until he was a teenager and reportedly resented her multiple short-term boyfriends she brought with her when returning home late at night from her job. Long married his high school girlfriend in 1974, with whom he had two children before she filed for divorce in 1980.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: Long committed at least 50 rapes as the "Classified Ad Rapist" in Fort Lauderdale, Ocala, Miami, and Dade County. Starting around 1981, Long began contacting women through the "Penny Saver" and other classified ads. When Long found a woman alone, he asked to use the bathroom, took out his "rape kit" and raped and robbed the woman. Long was tried and convicted for rape in 1981 but requested a new trial, which was granted. The charges were later dropped.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: Long moved to the Tampa Bay area in 1983. In 1984, while on probation for assault, Long raped and strangled 20-year-old Artiss "Ann" Wick in March; her body was discovered in a rural area on November 22, 1984. She had reportedly hitch-hiked from Gas City, Indiana to Tampa, and was engaged to be married.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: Over the next eight months, Long abducted, raped, and murdered at least 10 women in three counties in the Tampa Bay area (Hillsborough, Pasco, and Pinellas). The investigation involved personnel from the Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office (HCSO), the FBI, the Tampa Police Department (TPD), the Pasco County Sheriff's Office (PCSO), and the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE).


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: The bodies of the victims were typically found in a state of decomposition long after the murders, having been dumped near a rural roadside or dragged into the woods. Long appears to have targeted vulnerable women, including abducting women walking alone and those working as sex workers, persuading women to enter his car where he would rape and torture them. Of Long's 10 known victims, five of the women were identified as known sex workers, two as exotic dancers. The remaining three victims were a factory worker, a student, and one with an unknown occupation.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: During this period, Long also continued his classified-ad rapes, attacking 33-year-old Linda Nuttall in her home.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: In the early hours of November 3, 1984, Long abducted 17-year-old Lisa McVey as she rode her bike home from work. She was blindfolded and taken to Long's home, where he repeatedly raped her. Aware of the danger she was in, the blindfolded McVey reported leaving as many fingerprints in Long's home as she could to aid any future police investigation. After 26 hours, Long released McVey and she provided investigators with information on his home, car and a time period in which she heard him use an ATM. This led to police identifying Long and he was arrested on November 16, 1984. He was linked to the murders through red carpet fibers found on the bodies of several victims.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: At the time of his capture, Long was wanted in three Tampa Bay area jurisdictions where investigators had collected multiple forms of forensic evidence, including clothing, carpet fibers, semen, ligature marks, and rope knots.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: Long was arrested outside a movie theater on November 16, 1984, and charged with the sexual battery and kidnapping of Lisa McVey. Long signed a formal Miranda waiver, and consented to questioning. After the detectives procured a confession for the McVey case, their questioning focused on a series of unsolved sexual battery homicides in the Tampa Bay area. As the detectives questioned Long about the murders, he replied, "I'd rather not answer that."


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: The detectives continued the interrogation, and handed Long photographs of the various murder victims. At this point, Long stated, "The complexion of things sure have [sic] changed since you came back into the room. I think I might need an attorney." No attorney was provided, and Long eventually confessed to eight murders in Hillsborough County, and one murder in Pasco County.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: The Hillsborough County State Attorney's Office and the Public Defender's Office of Hillsborough County reached a plea bargain deal. Long pled guilty on September 24, 1985, to eight of the homicides and the abduction and rape of Lisa McVey, receiving 26 life sentences without the possibility of parole (24 concurrent and two to run consecutively to the first 24) and seven life sentences with the possibility of parole after 25 years.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: The State retained the option to seek the death penalty for the murder of Michelle Simms. In July 1986, Long was found guilty and was sentenced to die in Florida's electric chair.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: Although Long confessed to raping and killing women, his confession was thrown out. His trial proceeded straight to the penalty phase, which was possible in the 1980s. In early 1985, he received the death penalty.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: Long was convicted and appealed his first degree murder conviction and death sentence for crimes committed in Hillsborough County.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: Long appealed his first degree murder conviction and sentence of death in the death of Virginia Johnson.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: On appeal, Long's death sentence was vacated, his conviction reversed, and his case remanded back to the trial court with directions to enter an order of acquittal for the murder of Virginia Johnson.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: On February 24, 1999, Long accused the Capital Collateral Regional Council (the state office defending death row inmates in their appeals) of revealing his private letters to a book author, thus violating attorney–client privilege. He also accused the agency of running a "death pool," betting on the dates on which inmates would be executed, and asked that the agency be removed from his case. An investigation concluded that these allegations were unfounded. Long's petition for a writ of mandamus to require Bob Dillinger, the public defender for the Sixth Judicial Circuit, to relinquish possession and control of his file in "State v. Long," was denied.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: According to the Florida Department of Corrections, Long was ultimately serving one five-year sentence, four 99-year sentences, 28 life sentences, and one death sentence.


title: Bobby Joe Long

text: On April 23, 2019, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis signed Long's death warrant; the first death warrant signed by DeSantis since he took office in January 2019. Long's subsequent appeals were denied and he was executed by lethal injection on May 23, 2019, more than 30 years after his conviction. He ate his final meal at 9:30a.m. local time; he requested roast beef, bacon, french fries and soda. He was pronounced dead at 7:00p.m. and had made no last statement.


title: Regency Enterprises

text: Regency Enterprises (commonly referred to as Regency onscreen and copyrighting as Regency Entertainment (USA), Inc. in the U.S. and Monarchy Enterprises S.á.r.l. overseas) is an American entertainment company formed by Arnon Milchan. It was founded in 1982 as the successor to Regency International Pictures (formerly known as Embassy International Pictures N.V.).


title: Regency Enterprises

text: Arnon Milchan founded his company as Embassy International Pictures N.V. which held the name for 7 years until the named changed to Regency International Pictures. This company originally had no distribution deal producing films with various studios such as The Ladd Company, Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures, Warner Bros., Touchstone Pictures, Vestron Pictures, Universal Pictures and 20th Century Fox. This company produced films such as "Once Upon a Time in America" and "Q&A". This company was shut down in 1991.


title: Regency Enterprises

text: On January 15, 1991, Milchan and Regency, as well as Scriba & Deyle of Germany and Canal+ of France, formed a $600 million joint venture to finance 20 films in five years, all of which were to be distributed by Warner Bros. Arnon Milchan rebranded Regency International Pictures to Regency Enterprises. A subsidiary company, New Regency Productions, was also created. Formerly with offices on the Warner Bros. lot, New Regency is currently located on the 20th Century Studios lot. New Regency primarily produces movies, and has at least 100 movies to its credit. New Regency produced 2013's "12 Years a Slave", 2014's "Birdman", and 2015's "The Revenant", which earned the company two Academy Awards for Best Picture in a row, and three nominations.


title: Regency Enterprises

text: Founder Arnon Milchan's daughter Alexandra Milchan headed their offshoot "Regency Vision," originally intended as a competitor to companies like New Line Cinema's Fine Line Features, a "specialty features" division.


title: Regency Enterprises

text: On March 24, 1999, New Regency executive David Matalon joined the supervisory board of Puma AG, an international sports company. At the time, Regency was the largest single shareholder in Puma, with more than a 25% stake. Arnon Milchan also owned Puma stock, which he later sold for $676 million in May 2003.


title: Regency Enterprises

text: On September 9, 1997, Milchan signed a 15-year distribution pact with 20th Century Fox worldwide in all media with the exception of foreign television rights, ending a previous association with Warner Bros. (1991–1999). Fox's then-parent company News Corporation funneled $200 million in New Regency, in exchange for a 20% stake in the company. On January 17, 2011, Fox and New Regency extended the pact, to expire in 2022.


title: Regency Enterprises

text: On May 21, 2008, they hired Hutch Parker as co-chairman of the studio. He left the post on January 11, 2012. In January 2019, New Regency re-formed its international sales team to take back control of its international television licensing activities.


title: Regency Enterprises

text: The Walt Disney Company inherited Fox's stake in Regency Enterprises and New Regency Productions after Disney acquired 21st Century Fox's assets on March 20, 2019. Following the acquisition, 20th Century Fox and Fox Searchlight Pictures became divisions of Walt Disney Studios and were renamed 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures, respectively, on January 17, 2020, with distribution of films by Regency Enterprises transferred to Disney, in exchange for a 20% stake in the parent company. On December 13, 2021, New Regency renewed their global distribution deal with Disney. This includes Disney's handling of global theatrical distribution, home entertainment, and first pay rights for New Regency. New Regency's sales team, led by Charlotte Thorp and primarily based out of London, UK will handle all other television and SVOD rights after the first pay window as well as other business development.


title: Regency Enterprises

text: New Regency Television International (formerly known as Regency Television) is a joint venture between Regency Enterprises and Fox Television Studios founded in 1998. Regency's best-known television shows include The WB/UPN sci-fi drama "Roswell" and the Fox sitcoms "Malcolm in the Middle" and "The Bernie Mac Show".


title: Regency Enterprises

text: On July 17, 2007, Regency Television shut down all production and closed its business after nine years in operation. On January 17, 2011, New Regency announced a return to the television business after 20th Century Fox extended its distribution business with Regency until 2022. When New Regency re-formed its international sales team to take back control of its international television licensing activities in January 2019, Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution now handles domestic television rights to 1984's "Once Upon a Time in America" and the 1991–1999 Regency Enterprises library (except 1993's "Six Degrees of Separation").


title: Regency Enterprises

text: New Regency Television International launched at the start of 2019. Based out of London and drawing from New Regency's long-established relationships with the best writing, directing and producing talent, the division is focused on developing and producing high-end, authored and distinctive scripted content for the international marketplace.


title: Jason Aldean

text: Jason Aldean (born Jason Aldine Williams; February 28, 1977) is an American country music singer. Since 2005, he has been signed to Broken Bow Records, a record label for which he has released ten albums and 40 singles. His 2010 album, "My Kinda Party", is certified quadruple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). His 2012 album "Night Train" is certified double-platinum, while his 2005 self-titled debut, 2007 album "Relentless", 2009 album "Wide Open", 2014 album "Old Boots, New Dirt" are all certified platinum. Aldean has received five Grammy Award nominations throughout his career, twice for Best Country Album.