title: Granada

text: Granada's metropolitan area consists of about fifty municipalities and the capital. Although it is not formally constituted as a political and administrative body, there are several public services that are combined. The arrival of many inhabitants of the capital and other towns in the province, influences a large population growth. Despite the fact that the capital loses inhabitants, who move to neighboring towns. The main causes of the exodus towards the towns of the metropolitan area are, mainly, the difficulty of accessing a home in the capital because of the high prices it has and labor reasons, because in the towns of the periphery the majority are being located of industrial estates.


title: Granada

text: The city of Granada is the capital of the province of the same name, thus all administrative entities of provincial scope dependent on the regional government and the state are located there. There is a provincial delegation from each of the governmental departments to the Junta de Andalucía, coordinated by a government delegate under the Ministry of the Interior. The national government of Spain has a sub-delegation in Granada, subordinate to the government delegate in the autonomous community.


title: Granada

text: The headquarters of the Superior Court of Justice of Andalusia, Ceuta and Melilla is in Granada, located in Plaza Nueva, in the building of the historic Royal Chancery, as well as the Superior Prosecutor's Office of Andalusia, located in the building of the Bank of Spain. It has a Provincial Court, located in Corteza del Carmen Street, and is also head of the Judicial Party No. 3 of the province, whose demarcation includes the city and 49 towns, some of them very populated, in the metropolitan area region.


title: Granada

text: Most of the courts are located in two administrative buildings, in Plaza Nueva and Avenida del Sur. The set of judicial bodies is as follows:


title: Granada

text: Its political administration is carried out through a City Council, of democratic management, whose components are chosen every four years by universal suffrage. The electoral roll is composed of all residents registered in Granada over 18 years of age, of Spanish nationality and of the other member countries of the European Union. According to the provisions of the General Electoral Regime Law, which establishes the number of eligible councilors according to the population of the municipality, the Municipal Corporation of Granada is made up of 27 councilors.


title: Granada

text: In the municipal elections held in 2019 the constitution of the City Council was eleven councilors belonging to the Popular Party, eight to the Socialist Party, four belonging to Citizens Party, three to Vamos, Granada and one to the United Left-Socialist Alternative-For the People. Luis Salvador, leader of Citizens, became mayor with support from the PP and Vox.


title: Granada

text: The municipality of Granada consists of eight districts whose population is distributed in the attached chart according to the 2009 census of the City of Granada. These districts formed a set of 36 neighborhoods. All boundaries of districts and neighborhoods were modified in February 2013.


title: Granada

text: The municipal government team has organized the distribution of management responsibilities, structuring itself in the following service areas: "Weddings and Palaces, Equal opportunities, Economy, Education, Communication office, Unified license management, Youth, Environment, Municipal Office of Consumer Information, Citizen Participation, Group of Civil Protection Volunteers, Local Police".


title: Granada

text: Realejo was the Jewish district in the time of the Nasrid Granada. (The centuries since the Jewish population were so important that Granada was known in Al-Andalus under the name of "Granada of the Jews", "Gharnāṭah al-Yahūd".) It is today a district made up of many Granadinian villas, with gardens opening onto the streets, called "Los Cármenes".


title: Granada

text: This district contains the Carthusian monastery of the same name: Cartuja. This is an old monastery started in a late Gothic style with Baroque exuberant interior decorations. In this district also, many buildings were created with the extension of the University of Granada.


title: Granada

text: The toponym derives from a gate (Bab al-Ramla, or the Gate of the Ears) that was built when Granada was controlled by the Nasrid dynasty. Nowadays, Bib-Rambla is a high point for gastronomy, especially in its terraces of restaurants, open on beautiful days. The Arab bazaar, the "Alcaicería", is made up of several narrow streets, which start from this place and continue as far as the cathedral.


title: Granada

text: The Sacromonte neighborhood is located on the extension of the hill of Albaicín, along the Darro River. This area, which became famous by the nineteenth century for its predominantly Gitano inhabitants, is characterized by cave houses, which are dug into the hillside. The area has a reputation as a major center of flamenco song and dance, including the "Zambra Gitana", an Andalusian dance originating in the Middle East. The zone is a protected cultural environment under the auspices of the "Centro de Interpretación del Sacromonte", a cultural center dedicated to the preservation of Gitano cultural forms.


title: Granada

text: This formerly blue collar but now upmarket neighborhood houses 100,000 residents of Granada, making it the largest neighborhood or 'barrio'. Traditionally populated by Romani people, now many residents are from North and West Africa, China, and many South American countries. Every Saturday morning it hosts a large outdoor market or "mercadillo", where many people come and sell their wares of fruits and vegetables, clothes and shoes, and other bits and bobs.


title: Granada

text: The gastronomy of Granada is part of the Arabic-Andalusian cuisine tradition, with a strong Arab and Jewish heritage, which is reflected in its condiments and spices, such as cumin, coriander, nutmeg, cinnamon, raisins, almonds or honey. The writer Miguel Alcobendas, author of the "traditional cuisine of Granada", says that it has its origin in living together, from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century (when Granada surrendered to the Catholic Monarchs), of Muslims, Jews and Christians in the Nasrid Kingdom from Granada. Subsequently, there was a miscegenation with the kitchen of the Christians, in which the pork acquired an importance in the kitchen of Granada more than in the rest of Spain, since its consumption allowed its eaters to demonstrate a certain distance from the persecuted religions, since both Muslims and Jews have it banned.


title: Granada

text: The climatic differences of the different regions of the province, from the coast to the peaks of the Sierra Nevada propitiates a great variety of raw materials: vegetables, meats and sausages, and fish that are combined in a multitude of dishes and recipes for soups and stews.


title: Granada

text: The famous and reputed Trevélez ham comes from the Sierra of Granada, to which other pork derivatives are added, sausages such as chorizo, black pudding and pork tenderloin.


title: Granada

text: Ham and beans, two products of the land, are combined in one of its most typical dishes, beans with ham; Other known dishes are the Sacromonte tortilla, which among other ingredients must have cooked brains and veal crustaillas, chopped and sauteed before mixing with the egg. It is also worth mentioning "papas a lo pobre", potatoes which are usually served with egg and fried peppers, as well as with pieces of pork or ham.


title: Granada

text: Among the stews and potajes, the pot of San Antón stands out, which is eaten mainly towards the second half of January; cabbage stew, which combines vegetables and legumes; the stew of green beans and fennel; The thistle and pumpkin casserole, with noodles and aromatic herbs, or gypsy pottery are other dishes of the land.


title: Granada

text: Confectionery is well represented in the gastronomy of Granada, for sweets prepared by the nuns can be purchased in the numerous convents of the city: the "pestiños" of Vélez or those of the "Encarnación", the puff pastries of San Jerónimo, the ovos moles of San Antón, the Zafra biscuit, sweet potato rolls, "cocas", "roscos" from Santo Tomas and "mantecados". Aljojábanas, honey and cheese dumplings and some of the fritters called , as well as fig bread, Moorish "roscos" and an almond cake called "soyá" are all of Arabic heritage.


title: Granada

text: Unlike in other provinces of Andalusia, in Granada "tapas" (appetizers or snacks) are usually free in bars and restaurants. "Bar hopping" ("Ir de tapas") and eating tapas in the time between finishing work and having dinner is a deeply rooted traditional activity among the people of Granada. There are different tapas routes around the city.


title: Granada

text: Granada produces agricultural products such as barley, wheat, sugarcane and tobacco. Besides these crops, olive trees as well as oranges, lemons, figs, almonds, and pomegranates are also commonly grown. For manufacturing, sugar refining is also made in the city. Vineyards and wines are also a significant contributor to the city and region. In 2020, Granada exported a total of $1.3 billion products.


title: Granada

text: In Granada there is a wide program of leisure and entertainment, which covers a large number of fields, available to both visitors and citizens themselves. Of the leisure activities carried out, the following can be highlighted:


title: Granada

text: The University of Granada (UGR), founded in 1531 by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, meant the continuation of higher studies in La Madraza, when the city was the capital of the last Nasrid Kingdom. The university has become internationally recognised in many university fields: teaching, research, cultural and services to its members and its surroundings. It is therefore one of the destinations that receives more exchange students from the Erasmus Program13 and the fourth Spanish university in number of students, after the Complutense University of Madrid, and the University of Seville. The university has around 47,000 undergraduate students.


title: Granada

text: In the city there are a total of 69 compulsory secondary education centers. Infant and primary education is taught in 104 centers, distributed among private, concerted and public centers. There are also five adult education centers.


title: Granada

text: Its public health system is the exclusive competence of the autonomous community, which provides two types of attention: primary, which constitutes the first level of access to the system; and the specialized one. Health centers and offices constitute the offer of primary care, differing from each other in the level of care they provide.


title: Granada

text: Its hospital network is basically composed of public hospitals managed by the Andalusian Health Service and other smaller private management centers. This network covers the needs of the city and its Metropolitan Area. In total there are 2047 beds.


title: Granada

text: The local primary care network currently consists of eight health centers distributed by the different districts of the city and are the following: Zaidín Sur, Zaidín Centro-Este, Realejo, Las Flores, La Caleta, Góngora, Doctores, Cartuja and Albaycín.


title: Granada

text: Article 42 of the General Health Law provides that municipalities, without prejudice to the powers of other public administrations, will have the following minimum responsibilities in matters related to health.


title: Granada

text: The coordination between the State security forces (National Police, Civil Guard, Local Police and Autonomous Police) and the City of Granada is carried out by the local Citizen Security Board. This body allows the correct communication of the security forces in matters of security, within its competence the prevention of crime, road safety and the correct development of events.


title: Granada

text: The daily citizen security is in charge of the State and local Security Forces and Bodies (Spain) according to the powers that each estate has, trying to act in a coordinated and collaborative way in the prosecution and resolution of all types of crimes that produce the citizens.


title: Granada

text: The City of Granada has the Social Services Area to provide the necessary help and advice that the most disadvantaged and needy groups and people may need. For this reason, the Social Welfare Delegation of the City of Granada has several municipal community social services centers, one for each local district, coordinated by Los Mondragones Municipal Administration located on the Fuerzas Armadas Avenue. In its internal organization the services provided are organized around each municipal center and therefore of each municipal district but also around groups.


title: Granada

text: Construction of a light rail network, the Granada metro, began in 2007, but was greatly delayed by the Spanish economic crisis. Service finally started on 21 September 2017. The single line crosses Granada and covers the towns of Albolote, Maracena and Armilla.


title: Granada

text: The main company operating bus transport in Granada is Transportes Rober. There is also bus transportation to and from the airport with the company Alsa.


title: Granada

text: Granada railway station has rail connections with many cities in Spain. There are several types of train service to and from Granada


title: Granada

text: Granada has a wide network of taxis to help travellers reach their destinations. Official Granada taxis are white with a green stripe.


title: Granada

text: The nearest civil airport is Federico García Lorca Airport, about west of Granada. The was the first civil airport serving the city and its surroundings but it was replaced by the former airport in the 1970s and repurposed for military uses.


title: Granada

text: The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Granada, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 42 min. 9% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 min, while 8% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 2.7 km, while 0% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.


title: Docker (software)

text: Docker is a set of platform as a service (PaaS) products that use OS-level virtualization to deliver software in packages called "containers".


title: Docker (software)

text: The service has both free and premium tiers. The software that hosts the containers is called Docker Engine. It was first started in 2013 and is developed by Docker, Inc.


title: Docker (software)

text: Containers are isolated from one another and bundle their own software, libraries and configuration files; they can communicate with each other through well-defined channels. Because all of the containers share the services of a single operating system kernel, they use fewer resources than virtual machines.


title: Docker (software)

text: Docker can package an application and its dependencies in a virtual container that can run on any Linux, Windows, or macOS computer. This enables the application to run in a variety of locations, such as on-premises, in public (see decentralized computing, distributed computing, and cloud computing) or private cloud. When running on Linux, Docker uses the resource isolation features of the Linux kernel (such as cgroups and kernel namespaces) and a union-capable file system (such as OverlayFS) to allow containers to run within a single Linux instance, avoiding the overhead of starting and maintaining virtual machines. Docker on macOS uses a Linux virtual machine to run the containers.


title: Docker (software)

text: Because Docker containers are lightweight, a single server or virtual machine can run several containers simultaneously. A 2018 analysis found that a typical Docker use case involves running eight containers per host, and that a quarter of analyzed organizations run 18 or more per host. It can also be installed on a single board computer like the Raspberry Pi.


title: Docker (software)

text: The Linux kernel's support for namespaces mostly isolates an application's view of the operating environment, including process trees, network, user IDs and mounted file systems, while the kernel's cgroups provide resource limiting for memory and CPU. Since version 0.9, Docker includes its own component (called "") to use virtualization facilities provided directly by the Linux kernel, in addition to using abstracted virtualization interfaces via libvirt, LXC and systemd-nspawn.


title: Docker (software)

text: Docker implements a high-level API to provide lightweight containers that run processes in isolation. Docker containers are standard processes, so it is possible to use kernel features to monitor their execution—including for example the use of tools like strace to observe and intercede with system calls.


title: Docker (software)

text: Docker Inc. was founded by Kamel Founadi, Solomon Hykes, and Sebastien Pahl during the Y Combinator Summer 2010 startup incubator group and launched in 2011. The startup was also one of the 12 startups in "Founder's Den" first cohort. Hykes started the Docker project in France as an internal project within dotCloud, a platform-as-a-service company.


title: Docker (software)

text: Docker debuted to the public in Santa Clara at PyCon in 2013. It was released as open-source in March 2013. At the time, it used LXC as its default execution environment. One year later, with the release of version 0.9, Docker replaced LXC with its own component, "libcontainer", which was written in the Go programming language.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Singanalluru Puttaswamaiah Muthuraj (24 April 1929 – 12 April 2006), better known by his stage name Dr. Rajkumar, was an Indian actor and singer who worked in Kannada cinema. Regarded as one of the greatest actors in the history of Indian cinema and a versatile actor, he is considered a cultural icon and holds a matinée idol status in the Kannada diaspora, among whom he is popularly called as "Nata Saarvabhouma" (emperor of actors), "Bangarada Manushya" (man of gold), "Vara Nata" (gifted actor), "Gaana Gandharva" (God of singing), "Rasikara Raja" (king of connoisseurs), "Kannada Kanteerava" and "Rajanna"/"Annavru" (elder brother, Raj). He was honoured with Padma Bhushan in 1983 and Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1995. He is the only lead actor to win National Award for singing. His 35 movies have been remade 58 times in 9 languages by 34 actors making him the first actor whose movies were remade more than fifty times and the first actor whose movies were remade in nine languages. He was the first actor in India to enact a role which was based on James Bond in a full-fledged manner. The success of his movie "Jedara Bale" is credited to have widely inspired a Desi bond genre in other Indian film industries. On the occasion of the "Centenary of Indian Cinema" in April 2013, Forbes included his performance in "Bangaarada Manushya" on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Rajkumar entered the film industry after his long stint as a dramatist with Gubbi Veeranna's Gubbi Drama Company, which he joined at the age of eight before he got his first break as a lead in the 1954 film "Bedara Kannappa". He went on to work in over 205 films essaying a variety of roles and excelling in portraying mythological and historical characters in films such as "Bhakta Kanakadasa" (1960), "Ranadheera Kanteerava" (1960), "Satya Harishchandra" (1965), "Immadi Pulikeshi" (1967), "Sri Krishnadevaraya" (1970), "Bhakta Kumbara" (1974), "Mayura" (1975), "Babruvahana" (1977) and "Bhakta Prahlada" (1983). 13 of his films have received National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada (Rajat Kamal) within a span of 15 years from 1954 to 1968. 17 of his films have received Karnataka State Film Awards in five different categories.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Trained in classical music during his theatre days, Rajkumar also became an accomplished playback singer. He mostly sang for his films since 1974. The songs "Yaare Koogadali", "Huttidare Kannada", "Hey Dinakara", "Hrudaya Samudra", "Manikyaveena" and "Naadamaya" became widely popular. For his rendition of the latter song, he was awarded the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: He is the only Indian actor to be awarded the Kentucky Colonel, the highest honour bestowed by the Commonwealth of Kentucky in the United States. Well known for his highly disciplined and simple lifestyle in both personal and professional fronts, Rajkumar was also an avid Yoga, Pranayama, and Carnatic music performer. In 2000, he was kidnapped from his farmhouse at Gajanur by Veerappan and was released after 108 days. He died of cardiac arrest at his residence in Bangalore on 12 April 2006 at the age of 76. His eyes were donated as per his last wish.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: In his film career, Rajkumar received eleven Karnataka State Film Awards, including nine Best Actor and two Best Singer awards, eight Filmfare Awards South, and one National Film Award. He holds the record of receiving Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada and Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor the highest number of times. He received the NTR National Award in 2002. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Mysore, and is a recipient of the Padma Bhushan (1983) and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1995) for lifetime contribution to Indian cinema. A mega icon and a socio-cultural symbol of Kannada, he has been credited with redefining Kannada cinema and also putting the Kannada cinema on the national map. He was the first actor to play the lead role in 100 as well as 200 Kannada movies. His 1986 movie "Anuraga Aralithu" was the first Indian movie to be remade in seven other languages.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Singanalluru Puttaswamaiah Muthuraj was born in a Kannada speaking family on 24 April 1929 in Dodda Gajanur, a hamlet in the Talavady taluk. His father Puttaswamayya and mother Lakshmamma were impoverished theatre artists from Singanalluru. His mother tongue was Kannada. Puttaswamayya was good at playing mythological roles such as Kamsa, Ravana, and Hiranyakashipu. Muthuraj left school at eight and was later discovered by film producers, who cast him in small roles that he played till he was 25.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: He was named Muthuraj, after Muthaththi Raya (a name for the Hindu deity Hanuman), which is a temple deity located in Muthathi, a settlement on the banks of river Kaveri in present-day Karnataka.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Muthuraj started his acting career with his father in a drama troupe led by Gubbi Veeranna and later joined the drama company of Subbaiah Naidu. In 1953, he was spotted by film director H. L. N. Simha, who was on the lookout for well-built, pleasant-faced man for the starring role in film, "Bedara Kannappa". Simha eventually signed Muthuraj for the film and named him Rajkumar.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Prior to "Bedara Kannappa", Rajkumar had appeared as a child artist in the 1942 film "Bhakta Prahlada" in a small role and also in the 1952 film, "Sri Srinivasa Kalyana", as Sage Agasthya, one of the Saptarishis (seven sages). It was an insignificant role in which his scene was over even before he recognized himself.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: He acted only in Kannada movies throughout his career apart from one Telugu movie, "Kalahasti Mahatyam", which was a remake of his debut Kannada movie "Bedara Kannappa".


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: He acted in 205 movies in lead roles. He owned a production company called "Sri Vajreshwari Combines" under the banner "Dakshayani Combines". "Bhagyada Bagilu" was his 100th film, "Devatha Manushya" was his 200th film and "Shabdavedhi" was his last film.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: His character depictions ranged from mythological, historical, devotional, James Bond styled spies to romantic, rural, action roles and portrayals of contemporary social causes in the span of over five decades. Rajkumar along with his contemporaries Udaya Kumar and Kalyan Kumar were referred as the "Kumara Thrayaru" of Kannada cinema. He acted in 36 films with Udaya Kumar and in 5 films with Kalyan Kumar.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: His historical movies such as "Ranadheera Kanteerava", "Immadi Pulikeshi", "Sri Krishnadevaraya" and "Mayura" presented a populist version of Karnataka's history, focusing on the Karnataka kingdoms such as Mysore royalty, The Chalukyas, The Vijayanagara Empire and The Kadambas respectively - thereby making him the only Indian actor to have portrayed the role of four prominent kings of Indian history - Kanthirava Narasaraja I, Pulakeshin II, Krishnadevaraya and Mayurasharma. He also appeared as Bijjala II in "Jagajyothi Basveshwara" and as Raja Mallasarja in "Kittur Chennamma".


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: The other prominent historical characters portrayed by him include Purandara Dasa in "Navakoti Narayana", Kanaka Dasa in "Bhakta Kanakadasa", Tukaram in "Santha Thukaram", Kabir Das in "Mahathma Kabir", Kālidāsa in "Kaviratna Kalidasa", Gora Kumbhar in "Bhakta Kumbara", Sri Raghavendra Swamy in "Mantralaya Mahatme", Sarvajna in "Sarvagna Murthy", Chetha in "Bhakta Chetha", Kaivara Narayanappa in "Kaiwara Mahathme", Pundarika in "Hari Bhakta", Appanna in "Sanaadi Appanna" and Santhoba Pavar in "Bhakta Vijaya".


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: He also has the rare distinction of having portrayed the mythological roles of both "Devas" and "Asuras" in an almost equal number on the Indian on-screen. While he has played Lord Ram in "Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha", Lord Vishnu in "Sri Srinivasa Kalyana", "Lord Krishna" in "Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama", Lord Shiva in "Gange Gowri", Narada in "Mooroovare Vajragalu", he has also played the role of Ravana in "Bhookailasa", Hiranyakashipu in "Bhakta Prahlada", Shishupala in "Dashavathara", Bhasmasura in "Mohini Bhasmasura" and Mahishasura in "Mahishasura Mardini". His other prominent mythological characters include Kannappa in "Bedara Kannappa", Chandrahasa in "Chandrahasa", Harishchandra in "Satya Harishchandra", Satyavan in "Sathi Savithri", Valmiki in "Valmiki", Chyavana Maharshi in "Sathi Sukanya" and Dushyanta in "Kaviratna Kalidasa". Further, he also holds the distinction of being the only actor to play the role of Arjuna and his two sons. While he appeared as Arjuna in "Shree Krishna Gaarudi", he appeared in the role of Nagarjuna in "Nagarjuna" and as Babruvahana in "Babruvahana".


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: His movies were also noted to include drama sequences where he performs various mythological, historical or literary characters such as Romeo and Babruvahana in "Amma" (1968), Gautama Buddha in "Uyyale" (1969), Echchamanayaka in "Bhale Jodi" (1970) and as Bhima in "Havina Hede"(1981).


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: He has acted in around 50 movies based on novels, plays and short stories, which is the highest for any actor in India. He made movies from Kannada novels and made movies against perceived social evils in movies like "Jeevana Chaitra" (on evils of drinking) and "Shabdavedhi" (on drug abuse).


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Between 1954 to 1969, Kannada film industry produced 207 movies within a span of 15 years and Rajkumar starred in 100 of those. While the early 60s saw him appearing in fantasy genre movies such as "Rani Honnamma" (1960), "Aasha Sundari" (1960), "Devasundari" (1962), "Bala Nagamma"(1966) and "Devara Gedda Manava"(1967), he was also noted for doing swashbuckler films such as "Vidhivilasa" (1962), "Veera Kesari" (1963), "Katari Veera" (1966), "Madhu Malathi" (1966), "Simha Swapna" (1968), "Jaga Mecchida Maga" (1972), "Bahaddur Gandu" (1976) and "Huliya Haalina Mevu" (1979) at regular intervals in the 1960s and the 1970s.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: When Rajkumar appeared as CID 999 in "Jedara Bale", he became the first Indian actor to enact a spy role modelled on James Bond in a full-fledged manner and was called the "James Bond of India". The success of this movie led to three sequels: "Goa Dalli CID 999", "Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999" and "Operation Diamond Racket". The "CID 999 Franchise" was the first Indian movie franchise to have four installments and CID 999 was the first character based trilogy in India.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: He acted with heroines of southern cinema such as Jayanti (36 films), Pandaribai (18 films), Leelavathi (28 films), Bharati (28 films), Kalpana (19 films), Aarathi (13 films), B. Saroja Devi (12 films), Rajasree (10 films), Harini (11 films), Krishna Kumari (8 films), Madhavi (7 films), Manjula (7 films), Jayamala (6 films), Lakshmi (5 films), Geetha (5 films), Saritha (5 films) and Jaya Prada (4 films). Actress Rekha made her debut in a lead role with his movie "Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999". Sri Lankan based actress Sabeetha Perera also made her Indian movie debut with his film "Goa Dalli CID 999". Chi. Udaya Shankar has written dialogues and songs for 85 of his movies. G. K. Venkatesh has scored music for over 50 of his movies. He also has the distinction of having worked with more than 75 directors.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: His movie "Operation Diamond Racket" was shot in Nepal and became the first Kannada movie to be shot outside India. His movie "Ondu Muttina Kathe" was reported to be the first ever Indian film to have an underwater action sequence shot in an ocean outside India without the help of oxygen mask.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Rajkumar's 1971 movie "Kasturi Nivasa" was colorized and released in 2014. Even close to a decade after his death, the movie garnered a grand opening with the actor's life-size cutout being immersed in milk. The colorized release also performed well at the box office over taking other Kannada movies released at the time. His 35 movies have been remade 58 times in nine languages by 34 actors.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Rajkumar trained in classical music when he was with Gubbi Veeranna's theatre troupe. The track "Om Namaha Shivaya" from the 1956 film "Ohileshwara", which he also starred in, was his first song for a film. He subsequently sang "Thumbithu Manava", a duet with S. Janaki, for the movie "Mahishasura Mardini" (1959). However, he became a full-fledged singer only in 1974 when he sang in place of P. B. Sreenivas for "Sampathige Savaal", who had till then sung for most songs picturised on Rajkumar, fell ill. Rajkumar sang the energetic "Yaare Koogadali" for the film which became widely popular during the time and is considered one of his best songs.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Rajkumar has been credited for having sung across various genres and each rendition according to the mood of the scene in the film. In "Yaaru Tiliyaru Ninna" for "Babruvahana" (1977), a prosodic form of Kannada poetry that required the tone to be a combination of sarcasm and anger, he blended the twin skills of theatrics and music. For "Nee Nanna Gellalare" (1981), he sang two songs—"Jeeva Hoovagide" and "Anuraga Enaytu"—beginning both with the refrain "I love you", that is full of Carnatic gamakas. After the same tone in the refrain, they take on a life of their own with the form according to love and happiness in the former and love but a discord in the latter. He is known widely for his rendition of "Nadamaya" for "Jeevana Chaitra" (1992), a song based on the raga of Todi and with complex graces and strings other ragas as it progresses. He switches ragas with ease, and sings complex swara patterns like a professional classical artiste. For the rendition, he was awarded the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer. His frequent collaboration with the composer duo of Rajan–Nagendra gave musical hits such as "Bangarada Hoovu" (1967), "Nyayave Devaru" (1971), "Swayamvara" (1973), "Sri Srinivasa Kalyana" (1974), "Nanobba Kalla" (1979) and "Chalisuva Modagalu" (1982).


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Rajkumar's duets are mostly recorded with S. Janaki and Vani Jairam. Other female singers who sang with him are P. Susheela, Bangalore Latha, H. P. Geetha, K. S. Chitra, Swarnalatha, Manjula Gururaj, B. R. Chaya, Kasturi Shankar, Rathnamala Prakash, Sulochana and others.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: During his career, Rajkumar sang and performed for songs about Kannadigas, the Kannada language and culture, such as "Jenina Holeyo" from "Chalisuva Modagalu", "Maanavanagi Huttidmele" from "Jeevana Chaitra" and "Huttidare Kannada" from the film "Aakasmika". He sang a complete English song called "If You Come Today" ("Tick Tick Tick") in the movie "Operation Diamond Racket" in 1978. This song became an internet meme in India following Rajkumar's demise in 2006.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: In later years, he lent his voice to a few actors and sang background solos. For the song "Deepavali Deepavali " from "Muddina Maava", he provided playback to S. P. Balasubrahmanyam. This was a rare occasion. "Hrudaya Samudra Kalaki" from "Ashwamedha" and "Hey Dinakara" from "Om" are the two other popular songs sung by Rajkumar for other actors. He also sang Kalidasa shlokas such as "Maanikya Veena" and ghazal-based songs such as "Sadaa Kannale", "Kanneera Dhaare" and "Yaava Kaviyu".


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Rajkumar recorded many devotional songs beginning in the 1970s for Columbia Recording Company starting with "Mantralayakke Hogona" in 1972. His widely popular LP record "Guruvara Bantamma" was also recorded during the time. In 1979, Sangeetha Cassettes became India's first licensed pre-recorded cassettes. Rajkumar sang the devotional songs glorifying the saint Raghavendra and the Hindu deity Hanuman.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Apart from performing in about 75 musical nights, he has sung 300 movie songs and about 200 folk and devotional songs, the proceeds of which were given away to charity.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: It was also noted that his versatility and diction contributed immensely to his popularity as a singer since he was able to sing songs of any style - be it qawwali, ghazal, bhajan or English songs - apart from handling a range of emotions - vivacious, romance, devotion or sarcasm.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: At the age of 24, Rajkumar married his 14-year-old cousin, Parvathamma, on 25 June 1953 in Nanjangud. This was in accordance with the betrothal that their fathers made following the latter's birth. Together, they had five children: sons Shiva, Raghavendra and Puneeth, and daughters Lakshmi and Poornima. Having lived a "hand to mouth existence" after marriage in a joint family that included 24 children in Madras, the family moved to Bangalore in 1972, after Rajkumar began getting multiple film offers.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: On 30 July 2000, Rajkumar, his son-in-law Govindaraju and two others were abducted by Veerappan from the actor's palatial house at Gajanur. Veerappan demanded the release of his gang members who were being held in jail under a defunct anti-terrorism law. The event prompted a massive manhunt and threw the Karnataka government into crisis. The Supreme Court of India opined that it was "unpardonable" on the part of the government of Tamil Nadu for not providing security to Rajkumar, although they had information a year earlier that he faced a threat of being kidnapped by Veerappan. A Special Task Force (STF) set up to capture Veerapan had earlier warned Rajkumar against visiting the farmhouse, and his son Raghavendra later acknowledged that his father had not taken the threat seriously.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: After a total of 108 days in captivity, Rajkumar was released unharmed on 15 November 2000. His abduction and the manner in which his release was secured remains a mystery.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: On 12 April 2006, Rajkumar returned to his Sadashivanagar residence after his regular 20-minute walk and had a general medical check-up by 11:30 a.m. (IST). At 1:50 pm (IST), as he sat on a sofa, he asked a member of his family to slow the fan down and immediately collapsed. His personal physician Ramana Rao was called for, who rushed within three minutes, and performed external cardiac massage and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Rajkumar was then taken to MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital and was administered intracardiac injections. Efforts to revive him failed and he was pronounced dead at 2:05 pm (IST). His death occurred 12 days before his 77th birthday. His eyes were donated to two visually impaired persons the same day.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Rajkumar's death triggered an outpouring of grief. There was major shutdown in the city of Bengaluru. An unofficial "bandh" (closure of all shops and other establishments) was observed. Several people attempted suicide after hearing the news; most of them were rescued. The funeral cortège the next day started from Sree Kanteerava Stadium to Kanteerava Studios a few minutes before 12:30 pm (IST), a distance of . Around two million people followed his remains. However, the entire procession was marked with violence with mourners attacking public property, and police, who resorted to lathi-charge and tear gas. Passing through Krishna Raja Circle, Palace Road, T. Chowdiah Road, Sadashivanagar, Yeswanthpur and Goraguntepalya localities, the cortège reached the Studios at 4:45 pm (IST). His body was buried with State honors at 5:45 p.m (IST) at the premises of the studios. The last rites were performed by his eldest son Shiva, guided by priests from the city's ISKCON and the Gayathri Temples.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: The then President of India, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam had condoled his death. In the condolence message, he had praised his versatility and everlasting contributions to the Indian cinema.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: On 19 April, the government of Karnataka announced that a memorial would be made in Rajkumar's honor at Kanteerava Studios in association with the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce at the cost 100 million. The blueprint of the memorial was cleared by a panel comprising members of Rajkumar's family, representatives of the Kannada film industry and the state government. After a delay over allocation of funds and land, it was finally opened in November 2014, after a sum of 70 million was used in developing it over an area of . It included "an open-air auditorium, mini-water body, landscaping and a bust" of Rajkumar. 40 photographs of selected films of Rajkumar were kept on display at the inauguration. A permanent exhibition on the history of Rajkumar's films that included his photographs, trophies and souvenirs, alongside a stock of dialogue, scripts, songs and other memorabilia associated with him were put on display. An annual calendar for 2012 was released containing photographs of Rajkumar and stills from his films. His fan clubs conduct blood donation and eye donation camps on the occasion of his birth and death anniversaries every year.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: After his death, two audio companies - Saregama India Limited and Mars Recording Private Limited - were pitted against each other over the copyright of his songs as per Section 52(j) of The Copyright Act, 1957.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: It was observed that after 15 years into his career, in the mid sixties, when new young filmmakers were searching for actors who were less theatrical, Rajkumar had to undergo a transformation in his acting style and succeeded in proving that he could handle roles which were subtle, mellow and soft without the need for theatrical histrionics. He went on to be known for portraying versatile roles with elan.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: He was also praised for his ability to integrate the virtues of an actor with the power of a superstar without letting one erase the other by acting as a gulf between the mainstream popular movies and the artistic cinemas. It was also noted that it was his subtle acting prowess, spontaneous style and his flair to give the reel characters a real credibility which singled him out to the top and helped him to never be out of the running by withstanding the onslaught of time, age and the ever changing demands of celluloid world.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Jnanapith awardee U. R. Ananthamurthy had noted that movies of Rajkumar were less melodramatic in comparison to the movies of his counterparts at that time in other languages—MGR, Sivaji Ganesan and NTR.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Amitabh Bachchan had praised Rajkumar's simplicity and his ability to perform any role to perfection. Anil Kapoor called him the "emperor of all the actors" and a pride of Indian film industry.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Girish Kasaravalli had called him a great actor by any standards. Jayanth Kaikini had said that the variety and intensity which Rajkumar had managed as an actor was unmatched world over.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: When Rajkumar completed 200 movies in lead roles in Kannada films, P. Lankesh edited a special issue of "Lankesh Patrike" in 1988 titled "Innooru Chitragala Raja" dedicating to him.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Rajkumar made movies against perceived social evils throughout his career. His debut movie "Bedara Kannappa" (1954) spoke about social discrimination. The 1957 movie "Rayara Sose" speaks against the evil practice of dowry. The 1958 movie "Shree Krishna Gaarudi", which narrates the bickering and squabbling among the Pandavas for portfolios, allegorizes the politics in the then newly formed Mysore state.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: The 1962 movie "Bhoodana" was based Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan movement and speaks about the religious conversion of the marginalized. The 1964 movie "Naandi" was acclaimed for capturing the real-time plights of those with hearing impairments. The 1967 movie "Bangarada Hoovu" spoke about misconceptions about leprosy - especially the notion that leprosy is a consequence of one's past sins. The 1968 movie "Hannele Chiguridaga" deals with the empowerment of women in education and widow marriage. The 1968 movie "Mannina Maga" depicted the difficulty of sustaining community life in a city resulting in turn away from it in favour of a village. The 1969 movie "Uyyale" presents a delicate tale of the extra-marital love of a woman neglected by her husband reflecting the social and moral laws of married life. The 1969 movie "Mayor Muthanna" had a sub-plot of salvaging of the sub-standard grain and black marketing.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: The 1971 movie "Kasturi Nivasa" charts the rise of modern manufacturing techniques and the ill effects of orthodox approach towards upgradation of technology. The 1971 movie "Sakshatkara" speaks about superstitions and manipulation of beliefs. The central theme of 1972 movie "Bangaarada Manushya" - returning to one's ancestral village - inspired youth to take up agriculture. The film also touched on very important topics like rural development, modern agricultural practices and co-operative movement. The 1973 movie "Bidugade" speaks about capital punishment based on circumstantial evidence be done away with. The 1973 movie "Gandhada Gudi" was reported to be the first Indian movie made on the concept of protection of forest and wildlife conservation with a focus on the need to preserve the flora and fauna at a time when the CITES treaty was signed with an aim to reduce the economic incentive to poach endangered species. The 1974 movie "Sampathige Savaal" speaks subtely about the abolishment of Zamindar system by portraying the rich versus poor in a rural backdrop.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: The 1985 movie "Jwaalamukhi" speaks about marks card forgery. The 1985 movie "Dhruva Thare" speaks about the oppression by the higher class and the need for the minimum wages. The 1986 movie "Anuraga Aralithu" speaks about the implementation of labour reforms in factory. The 1987 movie "Shruthi Seridaaga" made a strong statement against believing horoscope blindly. The 1987 movie "Ondu Muttina Kathe" was a narration on how the value of objects differ across the social strata, especially among the literate and the illiterate.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: The 1992 movie "Jeevana Chaitra" instigated many villages to ban arrack shops. The 1993 movie "Aakasmika" was about woman trafficking and prostitution racquet.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Veteran journalist and writer Patil Puttappa had described Rajkumar as a natural strength of Kannada whose mass appeal was much more than any leader in Indian politics. He was also praised for confining himself to the Kannada cinema through a conscious decision. His movies were praised for showing consistent interest in building a Kannada society and not a Kannada nation as such. His presence was reported to have filled the void between the state and the nation which neither the littérateurs nor the politicians could accomplish.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Some observers are of the opinion that his star appeal helped bring together the diverse regions of Karnataka. The state was carved out in 1956, bringing together different regions like Hyderabad Karnataka, which were areas ruled by the erstwhile Nizam of Hyderabad; Mumbai Karnataka, which has a strong Marathi influence; Old Mysore region ruled by the Mysore royal family and the hilly regions and coastal belt. Each region has a distinct identity within the state and Rajkumar was accepted as a Kannada icon across all regions. He spoke Kannada in a distinct way which had a universal appeal across the state. This was an important aspect since his career played out when the state's identity was still evolving. Rajkumar's movies were largely credited for creating a unified Kannada cultural space after the formation of the state. It was reported that before linguistic reorganization of the states, the default state border for the Kannada speaking population was the last point where Rajkumar films were distributed.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Bollywood actor Prithviraj Kapoor had requested Rajkumar to act with him in a Hindi movie but Rajkumar had refused the offer in spite of Hindi movies having wider market than Kannada. Later, Prithviraj Kapoor went on to share the screen with him in the Kannada movie "Sakshatkara" directed by Puttanna Kanagal. He had also refused to appear in a cameo for Amitabh Bachchan's 1983 Hindi movie "Coolie" as he did not want to appear in a non-Kannada movie. Further, he thought that it would not be good for an actor to look down on another actor as the scene involved Amitabh touching the feet of Rajkumar's character - a sequence which appeared before the introduction song of Amitabh's character. In spite of having appeared only in Kannada movies, he was reasonably popular amongst the non- Kannadigas too. His films have inspired many non-Kannadigas to learn the language. In spite of strong Kannada conservatism in his movies, they were noted to have transcended the barriers of language to connect with the ethos of the nation.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Kuvempu considered him to be the most suitable ambassador to propagate his idea of "Universal Human (Vishwamanava)". His 1972 movie "Bangaarada Manushya" was credited for inspiring the urban youth to take up farming by popularizing modern farming technology.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Bollywood actor Anil Kapoor had called him "The emperor of all actors". Rana Daggubati had revealed that he had referred Rajkumar's performance in the 1983 movie "Bhakta Prahlada" for his preparation for the role of Hiranyakashipu.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: During the interview for promotions of "2.0", Rajinikanth had said that 10 MGRs were equal to 1 Rajkumar. He has also remarked that the only autograph he has ever taken in his life is of Rajkumar. Rajinikanth had also said that Rajkumar was a combination of MGR and Sivaji Ganesan.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: The Pampa Award for writers was instituted by the Government of Karnataka on his behest. The cash prize of ₹1,00,000 which he received with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award was given as donation to Kannada Sahitya Parishat. He gave away the proceeds of 57 musical night programmes as donations to build stadiums in 21 districts of Karnataka.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: After Rajkumar's eyes were donated as per his last wish, the eye donation in Karnataka was reported to have increased by 400%. The director of the 2021 Kannada movie "Akshi" which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada at the 67th National Film Awards had revealed that the act of eye donation by Rajkumar was the inspiration for the plot of his movie.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: The initial move to shift the operations of the Kannada cinema gradually from Madras to Bangalore has been credited to Rajkumar's home productions.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: As of April 2016, 71 books and 9 souvenirs have been published on Rajkumar. In 2015, after 15 years of research, Doddahulluru Rukkoji released a two-volume, 2,148 page book chronicling Rajkumar's life and achievements.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: On the occasion of Rajkumar's 90th birthday, an audio-visual musical extravaganza fund raiser programme titled "Raj Vaibhava" was conducted in Greater Boston for the benefit of a retirement home in Mumbai. In 2012, an entertainment programme called "Dr.Raj Vaibhava" based on his movies and songs was conducted in Kuwait in his honour.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: In 2018, in the run up to the relaunch of Jawa motorbikes, the marketing team of Mahindra & Mahindra used the climax bike stunt sequence of his 1976 movie "Naa Ninna Mareyalare" as a part of their promotion strategy.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: The tableau of Krishnadevaraya at the 2021 Delhi Republic Day parade was reported to be modelled on Rajkumar. The team of the Kannada movie Dardevil Musthafa released an animation song as a tribute to Rajkumar based on the popular theatre song "Ninnanthor Yaaru Ilvallo" composed by B. V. Karanth in the honor of Mysore King Kanthirava Narasaraja I whose role was portrayed by Rajkumar in the 1960 movie "Ranadheera Kanteerava". Flower show conducted at Lal Bagh as a tribute to him on the occasion of 75th Independence Day in August 2022 was attended by 8.34 lakh people generating a revenue of ₹3.33 crore.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Political analyst MK Bhaskar Rao had revealed that the Janata Party's J. H. Patel and George Fernandes had approached Rajkumar to contest against Indira Gandhi in the 1978 Chikkamagaluru Lok Sabha byelection but he refused saying he wanted to remain apolitical.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: "The Hindu" had reported that Rajkumar could have swept any poll effortlessly but had decided that the affection and love of the people should not be used to attain power. It was also reported that Rajkumar declined to enter politics despite immense pressure as he did not want to be used only as a weapon to defeat anyone and not for any positive contribution. He shunned publicity and politics all his life. He was also credited for protecting and promoting the Kannada language without opting for a political career.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Rajkumar was known for being a highly disciplined man in both his personal and professional lives. He practised Carnatic music for an hour each day in the morning and in the evening. He was referred to as "Gaanagandharva" (translation: a heavenly singer). His punctuality is another noted aspect. Waking up every morning at 4 am, he performed Yoga and Pranayama, which is said to be the reason behind his physical and mental fitness. His Yoga performances can be seen in the first clips of his film "Kaamana Billu". His waist size was 32 at the time of his death. This fitness is attributed to his practice of Yoga. Actor John Kokken had revealed that Rajkumar was the inspiration behind him performing Yoga every day.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: He shunned smoking and drinking both on screen and off. To avoid setting a precedent among his fans, he made sure that the roles he accepted did not require him to smoke or drink or utter swear words, and extended this decision to real life. His dress code always consisted of a simple white dhoti and shirt. He spent most of his vacations in his hometown, Gajanur, near the forest area where he was later abducted.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: He would always refer to his movie-producers as "Anna Daataru" (food providers) and adored fans as "Abhimaani Devarugalu" (Fan Gods). He was a devotee of Raghavendra Swami. In 1961, he led a movement to collect funds for drought relief.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Girish Kasaravalli had praised his simplicity, humility, innocence and straight-forwardness. Singeetam Srinivasa Rao called him as one of the two funniest people he has come across in his life. S. P. Balasubrahmanyam had praised his courteous and down to earth nature.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Reminiscing his old days, Kannada director J.G.Krishna had revealed that Rajkumar was responsible for light boys being served food by the film production team after he came to know that they were not being served food on the sets and took initiative to make it mandatory for all Kannada film producers to bear the food cost of the light boys treating them on par with the employees of the production house.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: In 2001, he started "Shaktidhaama" - a rehabilitation home for 800 destitute women who were rescued from the clutches of prostitution racquet. He endorsed Karnataka Milk Federation's "Nandini" brand of milk for free.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: A touching testimonial to his commitment to lead by example was that he had pledged his eyes in 1994 at the time of inauguration of " Dr. Rajkumar Eye Bank" and he rightly did so after his death in 2006. His act of eye donation was likened to the role in his debut movie "Bedara Kannappa" where he plucks his eyes in the climax to replace the bleeding eyes of the "Shivalinga".


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Although Rajkumar rejected numerous offers to don the political mantle, he was able to influence the State's political fortunes without ever being officially involved in politics. Despite his apolitical outlook, he was able to protect and espouse the cause of Kannada and Karnataka. He continually advocated the cause of seeking primacy for Kannada, was asked to lead a movement to make Kannada a compulsory language for primary education based on the "Gokak report", popularly known as "Gokak Varadhi." He became actively involved in the movement and soon became the force behind the Gokak movement. He led rallies from Belagavi to Bengaluru and gave speeches about the importance of Kannada Gokak agitation. Millions of people gathered for the opportunity to have a glimpse of Rajkumar and listen to his speeches. The power of this movement caused the government to relent and make Kannada a compulsory language of education in Karnataka.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Rajkumar was awarded numerous State, National and International awards. He was a recipient of the Padma Bhushan, a doctorate from Mysore University and the Karnataka Ratna, the highest civilian honour of the State of Karnataka, recognising him as a "Jewel of Karnataka State".


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: In 1985, he was honoured with the Kentucky Colonel award. In 1995, he received the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for his outstanding contributions to the Kannada film industry.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: In 2011, during the 83rd birth anniversary of Rajkumar, the Chief Minister of Karnataka announced that the state government recommended that he be awarded a Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of the country, for his outstanding contributions to the film industry. He was reported to be the first actor whose first movie won the National Award for Best Picture ( Certificate of Merit). He was also the first actor to complete 100 movies in the lead role in Kannada.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: Rajkumar holds the record of winning eight South Filmfare Awards in the Best Actor category in Kannada cinema.


title: Dr. Rajkumar

text: In July 2005, the government of Karnataka captioned by N. Dharam Singh, the Chief Minister of Karnataka conducted a felicitation ceremony for honoring Rajkumar for his (50 years of) service to Karnataka at Bangalore Palace named "Sarthaka Suvarna" (Significant Gold). This ceremony was attended by the entire Kannada film industry marking respect and tribute to the legend, and could be called an official celebration of Golden Jubilee of Rajkumar's works and services to the Kannada film industry. A Biography on Rajkumar, written by A.N.Prahlada Rao, was released on the occasion.


title: James Purefoy

text: James Brian Mark Purefoy (born 3 June 1964) is an English actor. He played Mark Antony in the HBO series "Rome", Nick Jenkins in "A Dance to the Music of Time", college professor turned serial killer Joe Carroll in the series "The Following", Solomon Kane in the film of the same name, and Hap Collins in the Sundance series "Hap and Leonard". In 2018, he starred as Laurens Bancroft in "Altered Carbon", a Netflix original series. Following an uncredited role as V in the 2006 film "V for Vendetta" (replaced and dubbed over by Hugo Weaving), he was cast as Captain Gulliver "Gully" Troy / Captain Blighty in the 2020–2021 second and 2022 third season of the "Gotham" prequel television series, "Pennyworth", in a main role.


title: James Purefoy

text: He was born in Somerset and attended Sherborne School before training at the Central School of Speech and Drama.


title: James Purefoy

text: Purefoy was born in Taunton, Somerset, the eldest son of Anthony Chetwynd Purefoy and Shirley, "née" Taylor. The Purefoy family were landed gentry, of Shalstone, Buckinghamshire; the family name passed in the female line through Anthony Chetwynd Purefoy's mother, Mary Lilias Geraldine, daughter of Admiral Richard Purefoy (who had changed his surname from Fitzgerald as his mother was the heir and niece of the politician George Purefoy-Jervoise, head of the family); she married Rev. Brian Mews, vicar of Tewkesbury, who changed his name to Purefoy.


title: James Purefoy

text: Purefoy boarded at Sherborne School, which he left with only one O-level. He later went to night school and received 11 more O-levels, before taking his A-levels at Brooklands College in Weybridge. He worked as a porter at Yeovil District Hospital before studying acting at the Central School of Speech and Drama.


title: James Purefoy

text: Purefoy's early professional roles included Romeo in "Romeo and Juliet" in Leatherhead, Walter in "Mary Morgan" at the Riverside Studios and Alan Strang in "Equus" on tour. He subsequently joined the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) in 1988 and appeared in "The Constant Couple", "Macbeth", "The Tempest", "The Man Who Came to Dinner" (Gene Saks, Barbican) and "King Lear" as Edgar.


title: James Purefoy

text: Elsewhere, he has also appeared as Laertes in "Hamlet" at the Bristol Old Vic (1991), Brian in William Gaminara's "Back Up the Hearse and Let them Sniff the Flowers" at the Hampstead Theatre (1992), Roland Maule in Noël Coward's "Present Laughter" at the Globe Theatre (1993), Biff in "Death of a Salesman", alongside Ken Stott and Jude Law, at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds (1994), Tony in "The Servant" at the Birmingham Rep (1995). He returned to the RSC for Simon Callow's stage adaptation of the film classic, "Les enfants du paradis" at the Barbican. He also played Hugh de Morville in Paul Corcoran's "Four Nights in Knaresborough" at the Tricycle Theatre, (1999) and Loveless in Trevor Nunn's production of "The Relapse" at the National Theatre in 2001.


title: James Purefoy

text: Between March and June 2011 he starred as Peter in Trevor Nunn's production of "Flare Path" at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, alongside Sheridan Smith and Sienna Miller, as part of the playwright Terence Rattigan's centenary year celebrations.


title: James Purefoy

text: He appeared as part of the ensemble cast of the 2019 West and Middle Chinnock Christmas Show, as well as singing several sea shanties from Fisherman's Friends.


title: James Purefoy

text: In 1991, Purefoy played James McCarthy, a young man accused of murdering his father, in "The Boscombe Valley Mystery," in Granada's "The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes". One of his notable roles was as Nicholas Jenkins in the four-part miniseries "A Dance to the Music of Time" for Channel 4 in 1997. He played Edward, the Black Prince in the film "A Knight's Tale", Rawdon Crawley in "Vanity Fair" with Reese Witherspoon and Tom Bertram in the 1999 production of "Mansfield Park". He has played major roles in several television costume dramas, including "Sharpe's Sword", "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall", "The Prince and the Pauper", "The Mayor of Casterbridge", "Blackbeard: Terror at Sea", "", "The Tide of Life", "Camelot" and "Rome".


title: James Purefoy

text: Purefoy was screen tested for the role of James Bond in 1995 for "GoldenEye", but ultimately lost the role to Pierce Brosnan. Throughout 2004 and 2005 Purefoy's name was rumoured as a possible candidate to replace Brosnan as Bond in future films. Speculation suggested that his departure was due to an opportunity to play James Bond in the 2006 film "Casino Royale". He was originally the actor for V in the 2006 film "V for Vendetta" but had creative differences with the production team and left the film six weeks into filming. Parts of the film contain (dubbed) scenes of Purefoy.


title: James Purefoy

text: Purefoy played Mark Antony in the HBO/BBC original television series, "Rome". At the time there were rumours that at least one nude body in the show had been digitally enhanced. When his Wikipedia entry, which at that time referred to the rumours, was brought up in an interview with Alastair McKay, published in the January 2007 issue of "Out" magazine, Purefoy said, "I won't say whose it was, but there was a penis in the series that may have been slightly enhanced. But it wasn't mine. Mine's all mine."


title: James Purefoy

text: Producer William J. MacDonald announced that James Purefoy would play Simon Templar in a new TV series of "The Saint". The new series was scheduled to start shooting in Berlin and Australia in April 2008. However, production ultimately did not occur and in August Purefoy was reported as negotiating with NBC to star in another series, "The Philanthropist". He starred as Teddy Rist in the summer television series, which aired on NBC beginning in June 2009. His character is a billionaire playboy who decides to use his wealth and power to help others in need.


title: James Purefoy

text: In 2009 Purefoy played the titular character in an adaptation of Robert E. Howard's Solomon Kane. In 2013, "The Following" debuted, starring Purefoy as the lead antagonist of the series. He portrays Joe Carroll, a former professor who becomes a serial killer and leads a cult of followers, all of whom help create Carroll's "story".


title: James Purefoy

text: It was announced in June 2014 that Purefoy would join the cast of the film "High-Rise" with Tom Hiddleston and Jeremy Irons. Later in 2014, Purefoy co-starred in the Formula 1-themed music video for David Guetta's song "Dangerous".


title: James Purefoy

text: From 2016 to 2018 Purefoy starred as Hap Collins in Sundance's adaptation of Hap and Leonard, alongside Michael Kenneth Williams. In 2018 he starred as Laurens Bancroft in "Altered Carbon", a Netflix original series. In February 2019, Hybrid (who provided the score to Interlude in Prague) released a short film to accompany their single "Hold Your Breath" from the album "Light of the Fearless". The film starred Purefoy as the brooding "Mr Black".


title: James Purefoy

text: In 2020, Purefoy joined the cast of the second season of the "Gotham" prequel television series "Pennyworth" in a main role, portraying Captain Gulliver "Gully" Troy, a former SAS captain and the leader of a crew of criminals consisting of former soldiers, who later becomes the enhanced super-soldier Captain Blighty in the 2022 third season.


title: James Purefoy

text: Purefoy has a son, Joseph (born 1997), with the actress Holly Aird. He also has a daughter, Rose (born 2012) and another two sons, Ned and Kit, (born 2017) with documentary director and producer Jessica Adams. He married Adams in Somerset in July 2014.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that can be considered "discrete" (in a way analogous to discrete variables, having a bijection with the set of natural numbers) rather than "continuous" (analogously to continuous functions). Objects studied in discrete mathematics include integers, graphs, and statements in logic. By contrast, discrete mathematics excludes topics in "continuous mathematics" such as real numbers, calculus or Euclidean geometry. Discrete objects can often be enumerated by integers; more formally, discrete mathematics has been characterized as the branch of mathematics dealing with countable sets (finite sets or sets with the same cardinality as the natural numbers). However, there is no exact definition of the term "discrete mathematics".


title: Discrete mathematics

text: The set of objects studied in discrete mathematics can be finite or infinite. The term finite mathematics is sometimes applied to parts of the field of discrete mathematics that deals with finite sets, particularly those areas relevant to business.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Research in discrete mathematics increased in the latter half of the twentieth century partly due to the development of digital computers which operate in "discrete" steps and store data in "discrete" bits. Concepts and notations from discrete mathematics are useful in studying and describing objects and problems in branches of computer science, such as computer algorithms, programming languages, cryptography, automated theorem proving, and software development. Conversely, computer implementations are significant in applying ideas from discrete mathematics to real-world problems.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Although the main objects of study in discrete mathematics are discrete objects, analytic methods from "continuous" mathematics are often employed as well.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: In university curricula, "Discrete Mathematics" appeared in the 1980s, initially as a computer science support course; its contents were somewhat haphazard at the time. The curriculum has thereafter developed in conjunction with efforts by ACM and MAA into a course that is basically intended to develop mathematical maturity in first-year students; therefore, it is nowadays a prerequisite for mathematics majors in some universities as well. Some high-school-level discrete mathematics textbooks have appeared as well. At this level, discrete mathematics is sometimes seen as a preparatory course, not unlike precalculus in this respect.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: The history of discrete mathematics has involved a number of challenging problems which have focused attention within areas of the field. In graph theory, much research was motivated by attempts to prove the four color theorem, first stated in 1852, but not proved until 1976 (by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken, using substantial computer assistance).


title: Discrete mathematics

text: In logic, the second problem on David Hilbert's list of open problems presented in 1900 was to prove that the axioms of arithmetic are consistent. Gödel's second incompleteness theorem, proved in 1931, showed that this was not possible – at least not within arithmetic itself. Hilbert's tenth problem was to determine whether a given polynomial Diophantine equation with integer coefficients has an integer solution. In 1970, Yuri Matiyasevich proved that this could not be done.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: The need to break German codes in World War II led to advances in cryptography and theoretical computer science, with the first programmable digital electronic computer being developed at England's Bletchley Park with the guidance of Alan Turing and his seminal work, On Computable Numbers. The Cold War meant that cryptography remained important, with fundamental advances such as public-key cryptography being developed in the following decades. The telecommunication industry has also motivated advances in discrete mathematics, particularly in graph theory and information theory. Formal verification of statements in logic has been necessary for software development of safety-critical systems, and advances in automated theorem proving have been driven by this need.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Computational geometry has been an important part of the computer graphics incorporated into modern video games and computer-aided design tools.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Several fields of discrete mathematics, particularly theoretical computer science, graph theory, and combinatorics, are important in addressing the challenging bioinformatics problems associated with understanding the tree of life.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Currently, one of the most famous open problems in theoretical computer science is the P = NP problem, which involves the relationship between the complexity classes P and NP. The Clay Mathematics Institute has offered a $1 million USD prize for the first correct proof, along with prizes for six other mathematical problems.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Theoretical computer science includes areas of discrete mathematics relevant to computing. It draws heavily on graph theory and mathematical logic. Included within theoretical computer science is the study of algorithms and data structures. Computability studies what can be computed in principle, and has close ties to logic, while complexity studies the time, space, and other resources taken by computations. Automata theory and formal language theory are closely related to computability. Petri nets and process algebras are used to model computer systems, and methods from discrete mathematics are used in analyzing VLSI electronic circuits. Computational geometry applies algorithms to geometrical problems and representations of geometrical objects, while computer image analysis applies them to representations of images. Theoretical computer science also includes the study of various continuous computational topics.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Information theory involves the quantification of information. Closely related is coding theory which is used to design efficient and reliable data transmission and storage methods. Information theory also includes continuous topics such as: analog signals, analog coding, analog encryption.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Logic is the study of the principles of valid reasoning and inference, as well as of consistency, soundness, and completeness. For example, in most systems of logic (but not in intuitionistic logic) Peirce's law ((("P"→"Q")→"P")→"P") is a theorem. For classical logic, it can be easily verified with a truth table. The study of mathematical proof is particularly important in logic, and has accumulated to automated theorem proving and formal verification of software.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Logical formulas are discrete structures, as are proofs, which form finite trees or, more generally, directed acyclic graph structures (with each inference step combining one or more premise branches to give a single conclusion). The truth values of logical formulas usually form a finite set, generally restricted to two values: "true" and "false", but logic can also be continuous-valued, e.g., fuzzy logic. Concepts such as infinite proof trees or infinite derivation trees have also been studied, e.g. infinitary logic.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies sets, which are collections of objects, such as {blue, white, red} or the (infinite) set of all prime numbers. Partially ordered sets and sets with other relations have applications in several areas.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: In discrete mathematics, countable sets (including finite sets) are the main focus. The beginning of set theory as a branch of mathematics is usually marked by Georg Cantor's work distinguishing between different kinds of infinite set, motivated by the study of trigonometric series, and further development of the theory of infinite sets is outside the scope of discrete mathematics. Indeed, contemporary work in descriptive set theory makes extensive use of traditional continuous mathematics.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Enumerative combinatorics concentrates on counting the number of certain combinatorial objects - e.g. the twelvefold way provides a unified framework for counting permutations, combinations and partitions.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Analytic combinatorics concerns the enumeration (i.e., determining the number) of combinatorial structures using tools from complex analysis and probability theory. In contrast with enumerative combinatorics which uses explicit combinatorial formulae and generating functions to describe the results, analytic combinatorics aims at obtaining asymptotic formulae.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Topological combinatorics concerns the use of techniques from topology and algebraic topology/combinatorial topology in combinatorics.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Design theory is a study of combinatorial designs, which are collections of subsets with certain intersection properties.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Partition theory studies various enumeration and asymptotic problems related to integer partitions, and is closely related to q-series, special functions and orthogonal polynomials. Originally a part of number theory and analysis, partition theory is now considered a part of combinatorics or an independent field.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Graph theory, the study of graphs and networks, is often considered part of combinatorics, but has grown large enough and distinct enough, with its own kind of problems, to be regarded as a subject in its own right. Graphs are one of the prime objects of study in discrete mathematics. They are among the most ubiquitous models of both natural and human-made structures. They can model many types of relations and process dynamics in physical, biological and social systems. In computer science, they can represent networks of communication, data organization, computational devices, the flow of computation, etc. In mathematics, they are useful in geometry and certain parts of topology, e.g. knot theory. Algebraic graph theory has close links with group theory and topological graph theory has close links to topology. There are also continuous graphs; however, for the most part, research in graph theory falls within the domain of discrete mathematics.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Number theory is concerned with the properties of numbers in general, particularly integers. It has applications to cryptography and cryptanalysis, particularly with regard to modular arithmetic, diophantine equations, linear and quadratic congruences, prime numbers and primality testing. Other discrete aspects of number theory include geometry of numbers. In analytic number theory, techniques from continuous mathematics are also used. Topics that go beyond discrete objects include transcendental numbers, diophantine approximation, p-adic analysis and function fields.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Algebraic structures occur as both discrete examples and continuous examples. Discrete algebras include: boolean algebra used in logic gates and programming; relational algebra used in databases; discrete and finite versions of groups, rings and fields are important in algebraic coding theory; discrete semigroups and monoids appear in the theory of formal languages.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: There are many concepts and theories in continuous mathematics which have discrete versions, such as discrete calculus, discrete Fourier transforms, discrete geometry, discrete logarithms, discrete differential geometry, discrete exterior calculus, discrete Morse theory, discrete optimization, discrete probability theory, discrete probability distribution, difference equations, discrete dynamical systems, and discrete vector measures.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: In discrete calculus and the calculus of finite differences, a function defined on an interval of the integers is usually called a sequence. A sequence could be a finite sequence from a data source or an infinite sequence from a discrete dynamical system. Such a discrete function could be defined explicitly by a list (if its domain is finite), or by a formula for its general term, or it could be given implicitly by a recurrence relation or difference equation. Difference equations are similar to differential equations, but replace differentiation by taking the difference between adjacent terms; they can be used to approximate differential equations or (more often) studied in their own right. Many questions and methods concerning differential equations have counterparts for difference equations. For instance, where there are integral transforms in harmonic analysis for studying continuous functions or analogue signals, there are discrete transforms for discrete functions or digital signals. As well as discrete metric spaces, there are more general discrete topological spaces, finite metric spaces, finite topological spaces.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: The time scale calculus is a unification of the theory of difference equations with that of differential equations, which has applications to fields requiring simultaneous modelling of discrete and continuous data. Another way of modeling such a situation is the notion of hybrid dynamical systems.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: Discrete geometry and combinatorial geometry are about combinatorial properties of "discrete collections" of geometrical objects. A long-standing topic in discrete geometry is tiling of the plane.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: In algebraic geometry, the concept of a curve can be extended to discrete geometries by taking the spectra of polynomial rings over finite fields to be models of the affine spaces over that field, and letting subvarieties or spectra of other rings provide the curves that lie in that space. Although the space in which the curves appear has a finite number of points, the curves are not so much sets of points as analogues of curves in continuous settings. For example, every point of the form formula_1 for formula_2 a field can be studied either as formula_3, a point, or as the spectrum formula_4 of the local ring at (x-c), a point together with a neighborhood around it. Algebraic varieties also have a well-defined notion of tangent space called the Zariski tangent space, making many features of calculus applicable even in finite settings.


title: Discrete mathematics

text: In applied mathematics, discrete modelling is the discrete analogue of continuous modelling. In discrete modelling, discrete formulae are fit to data. A common method in this form of modelling is to use recurrence relation. Discretization concerns the process of transferring continuous models and equations into discrete counterparts, often for the purposes of making calculations easier by using approximations. Numerical analysis provides an important example.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is an 1876 novel by Mark Twain about a boy growing up along the Mississippi River. It is set in the 1840s in the town of St. Petersburg, which is based on Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived as a boy. In the novel, Tom Sawyer has several adventures, often with his friend Huckleberry Finn. Originally a commercial failure, the book ended up being the best selling of Twain's works during his lifetime.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Though overshadowed by its sequel, "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", the book is considered by many to be a masterpiece of American literature. It was one of the first novels to be written on a typewriter.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Tom Sawyer is an orphan who lives with his Aunt Polly and his half-brother Sid in the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri, sometime in the 1840s. A fun-loving boy, he frequently skips school to play or go swimming. When Aunt Polly catches him sneaking home late on a Friday evening and discovers that he has been in a fight, she makes him whitewash her fence the next day as punishment.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Tom cleverly persuades several neighborhood children to trade him small trinkets and treasures for the "privilege" of doing his tedious work, using reverse psychology to convince them of its enjoyable nature. Later, Tom trades the trinkets with students in his Sunday school class for tickets, given out for memorizing verses of Scripture. He collects enough tickets to earn a prized Bible from the teacher, despite being one of the worst students in the class and knowing almost nothing of Scripture, eliciting envy from the students and a mixture of pride and shock from the adults.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Tom falls in love with a girl named Becky Thatcher, who is new in town and the daughter of a prominent judge. Tom wins the admiration of Judge Thatcher in the church by obtaining the Bible as a prize, but reveals his ignorance when he is unable to answer basic questions about Scripture. Tom pursues Becky, eventually persuading her to get engaged by kissing her. Their romance soon collapses when she discovers that Tom was engaged to another schoolgirl, Amy Lawrence.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Shortly after Becky spurns Tom, he accompanies Huckleberry Finn, a vagrant boy whom all the other boys admire, to a graveyard at midnight to perform a superstitious ritual intended to heal warts. At the graveyard, they witness a trio of body snatchers, Dr. Robinson, Muff Potter and Injun Joe, robbing a grave. A fight breaks out, during which Robinson knocks Potter unconscious and is then murdered by Injun Joe. When Potter wakes up, Injun Joe puts the weapon in his hand and tells him that he killed Robinson while drunk. Tom and Huck swear a blood oath not to tell anyone about the murder, fearing that Injun Joe will find out and kill them for revenge. Potter is arrested and jailed to await trial, not disputing Injun Joe's claim.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Tom grows bored with school, and he, his friend/classmate Joe Harper, and Huck run away to Jackson's Island in the Mississippi River to begin life as "pirates". While enjoying their freedom, they become aware that the community is scouring the river for their bodies, as the boys are missing and presumed dead. Tom sneaks back home one night to observe the commotion and after a brief moment of remorse at his loved ones' suffering, he is struck by the grand idea of appearing at his funeral. The trio later carries out this scheme, making a sensational and sudden appearance at church in the middle of their joint funeral service, winning the immense respect of their classmates for the stunt. Back in school, Becky rips a page in the school master's anatomy book after Tom startles her, but Tom regains her admiration by nobly accepting the blame and punishment for her action.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: During Potter's murder trial, Tom breaks his oath with Huck and testifies for the defense, identifying Injun Joe as the actual culprit. Injun Joe flees the courtroom before he can be apprehended; Potter is acquitted, but Tom and Huck now live in constant fear for their lives.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Once school lets out for the summer, Tom and Huck decide to hunt for buried treasure in the area. While investigating an abandoned house, they are interrupted by the arrival of two men; one of them is a Spaniard, supposedly deaf-mute, whom the boys recognize as Injun Joe in disguise. He and his partner plan to bury some stolen treasure of their own in the house, but inadvertently discover a large hoard of gold coins while doing so. They decide to move it to a new hiding place, which Tom and Huck are determined to find. One night, Huck follows the men and overhears them planning to break into the home of the wealthy Widow Douglas so Joe can mutilate her face in revenge for being publicly whipped for vagrancy − a punishment handed down by her late husband, a justice of the peace. Huck summons help and thus prevents the break-in, but asks that his name not be made public for fear of retaliation by Injun Joe.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Shortly before Huck stops the crime, Tom goes on a picnic to McDougal's cave with Becky and their classmates. Tom and Becky become lost and wander in the cave for several days, facing starvation and dehydration. Becky becomes extremely dehydrated and weak, and Tom's search for a way out grows more desperate. He encounters Injun Joe by chance, but is not seen. He eventually finds an exit, and he and Becky are joyfully welcomed back to town, learning that they have been missing for three days and traveled five miles from the entrance. Judge Thatcher has the cave's entrance door reinforced and locked. When Tom hears of this action two weeks later, he is horror-stricken, knowing that Injun Joe is still inside. He directs a posse to the cave, where they find Injun Joe dead of starvation just inside the entrance.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: A week later, having deduced from Injun Joe's presence that the stolen gold must be hidden in the cave, Tom takes Huck there in search of it. They find the gold, which totals over $12,000 and is invested on their behalf. The Widow Douglas adopts Huck, but he finds the restrictions of a civilized home life painful, attempting to escape back to his vagrant life. He reluctantly returns to the widow, persuaded by Tom's offer to form a high-class robber gang.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: The novel has elements of humor, satire and social criticism – features that later made Mark Twain one of the most important authors of American literature. Mark Twain describes some autobiographical events in the book. The novel's setting of St. Petersburg is based on Twain's actual boyhood home of Hannibal, near St. Louis, and many of the places in it are real and today support a tourist industry as a result.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: The concept of boyhood is developed through Tom's actions, including his runaway adventure with Joe and Huckleberry. To help show how mischievous and messy boyhood was, The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs shows a picture of a young boy smoking a pipe, sawing furniture, climbing all over the place, and sleeping. In Twain's novel, Tom and his friend are young when they decide they want to learn how to smoke a pipe. Tom and Joe do this to show just how cool they are to the other boys.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: "Tom Sawyer" is Twain's first attempt to write a novel on his own. He had previously written contemporary autobiographical narratives ("The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress", "Roughing It") and two short texts called sketches which parody the youth literature of the time. These are "The Story of the Good Boy" and "The Story of the Wicked Little Boy" which are satirical texts of a few pages. In the first, a model child is never rewarded and ends up dying before he can declaim his last words which he has carefully prepared. In the second story, an evil little boy steals and lies, like Tom Sawyer, but finishes rich and successful. Tom appears as a mixture of these little boys since he is at the same time a scamp and a boy endowed with a certain generosity.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: By the time he wrote "Tom Sawyer", Twain was already a successful author based on the popularity of "The Innocents Abroad." He owned a large house in Hartford, Connecticut but needed another success to support himself, with a wife and two daughters. He had collaborated on a novel with Charles Dudley Warner, "" published in 1874.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: He had earlier written an unpublished memoir of his own life on the Mississippi and had corresponded with a boyhood friend, Will Bowen, both of which had evoked many memories and were used as source material.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Twain named his fictional character after a San Francisco fireman whom he met in June 1863. The real Tom Sawyer was a local hero, famous for rescuing 90 passengers after a shipwreck. The two remained friendly during Twain's three-year stay in San Francisco, often drinking and gambling together.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: In November 1875 Twain gave the manuscript to Elisha Bliss of the American Publishing Company, who sent it to True Williams for the illustrations. A little later, Twain had the text also quickly published at Chatto and Windus of London, in June 1876, but without illustration. Pirate editions appeared very quickly in Canada and Germany. The American Publishing Company finally published its edition in December 1876, which was the first illustrated edition of Tom Sawyer.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: These two editions differ slightly. After completing his manuscript, Twain had a copy made of it. It is this copy which was read and annotated by his friend William Dean Howells. Howells and Twain corresponded through fairly informal, handwritten letters discussing many aspects of his works and manuscripts; language choices, character development, as well as racial development and depiction. Twain then made his own corrections based on Howells' comments which he later incorporated in the original manuscript, but some corrections escaped him. The English edition was based on this corrected copy, while the illustrated American edition was based on the original manuscript. To further complicate matters, Twain was personally concerned with the revision of the proofs of the American edition, which he did not do for the English edition. The American edition is therefore considered the authoritative edition.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: A third person narrator describes the experiences of the boys, interspersed with occasional social commentary. In its sequel, "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", Mark Twain changes to a first person narrative which takes moral conflicts more personally and thus makes greater social criticism possible. The two other subsequent books, "Tom Sawyer Abroad" and "Tom Sawyer, Detective", are similarly in the first person narrative from the perspective of Huckleberry Finn.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: The book has raised controversy for its use of the racial epithet "nigger"; a bowdlerized version aroused indignation among some literary critics, although it's absent in most adaptations.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: The book has been criticized for its caricature-like portrayal of Native Americans through the character Injun Joe. He is depicted as malevolent for the sake of malevolence, is not allowed to redeem himself in any way by Twain, dies a pitiful and despairing death in a cave and upon his death is treated as a tourist attraction. Revard suggests that the adults in the novel blame the character's Indian blood as the cause of his evil.


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Tom Sawyer, the story's title character, also appears in two other uncompleted sequels: "Huck and Tom Among the Indians" and "Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy". He is also a character in Twain's unfinished "Schoolhouse Hill".


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: "" premiered on October 14, 2011, at the Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts in Kansas City, Missouri. The score was by composer Maury Yeston, with choreography by William Whitener, artistic director of the Kansas City Ballet. A review in "The New York Times" observed: "It’s quite likely that this is the first all-new, entirely American three-act ballet: it is based on an American literary classic, has an original score by an American composer and was given its premiere by an American choreographer and company. ... Both the score and the choreography are energetic, robust, warm, deliberately naïve (both ornery and innocent), in ways right for Twain."


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: On November 30, 2011, to celebrate Twain's 176th birthday, the Google Doodle was a scene from "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer".


title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: An opening day attraction at Six Flags Over Mid America (Now Six Flags St Louis) was Injun Joe's Cave which told the story of Tom Sawyer and Becky Thatcher as they escaped from Injun Joe after his murdering of Dr. Robinson. They attraction was open until 1978 when it was replaced with "The Time Tunnel". To this day, the building that housed this former attraction is home to "Justice League Battle for Metropolis.


title: Ink Master

text: Ink Master is an American reality competition television series that originally aired on Paramount Network (formerly called Spike), premiering on January 17, 2012. The show features tattoo artists who compete in various challenges assessing their tattooing and related artistic skills. They are judged by renowned tattoo artists and enthusiasts, with one or more contestants eliminated each episode. The last contestant standing each season receives a $100,000 prize, the title of Ink Master, and a feature in "Inked" Magazine. The series is produced by Original Media, which also produced the reality show "Miami Ink".


title: Ink Master

text: Three spin-off shows, titled "Ink Master: Redemption", "" and "Ink Master: Grudge Match", have also been released. The series has also released a number of special standalone episodes themed around upcoming events or holidays, such as Halloween.


title: Ink Master

text: The tenth season (titled as "Ink Master: Return of the Masters") premiered on January 9, 2018, and aired its first two episodes on Spike before the network rebranded as the Paramount Network. On April 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for an eleventh season. The twelfth season, titled "Ink Master: Battle of the Sexes", premiered on June 11, 2019. On November 12, 2019, it was announced that the thirteenth season titled "Ink Master: Turf War" would premiere on January 7, 2020.


title: Ink Master

text: On September 22, 2020, Paramount Network cancelled the series, as part of the network's then-planned shift to movies. On December 1, 2020, the first two seasons were made available to stream on Netflix in the United States. They were later removed on December 1, 2021, and replaced with seasons three and four. On February 24, 2021, it was announced that the series would be revived by Paramount+. On August 5, 2022, it was announced that the revival would premiere on September 7, 2022.


title: Ink Master

text: All episodes aside from the finales have the following format, with some minor variations to the application of the format:


title: Ink Master

text: First, a Flash Challenge will be evaluated based on how well an artist met the week's skill. Some Flash Challenges involve tattooing, but typically, flash challenges do not incorporate the act of tattooing; but instead will require a non-related artistic skill (i.e., painting, haircutting, etching, burning, etc.) The winner of the flash challenge wins the right to select their human canvas in the elimination challenge and, as of season two, pair up the other contestants with their human canvases.


title: Ink Master

text: After the Flash Challenge comes the Elimination Challenge, a further test of the week's skill on a human canvas, typically incorporating a prominent style of tattooing. Once the contestants are paired up with their canvases, they are given the day to consult with their assignment. Each contestant is given four to six hours to tattoo their design the next day. Once completed, the contestants meet as a group with the judges and are critiqued one by one. The contestants then are dismissed, with four later being called back. The four typically represent a week's top two and bottom two, though this breakdown can change. At the end of each episode, a winner generally is declared, and one contestant is eliminated.


title: Ink Master

text: The final challenge was a marathon tattooing of up to 18 hours for the finale of season one. The season two finale did not share this format. Instead, it consisted of the three finalists meeting with their respective canvases for four six-hour sessions to create a final piece. This final piece did not require a specific tattoo genre or location for the artist to tattoo. Instead, the artists could choose those aspects for themselves, and the only restriction they faced was a time limit. The season three finale followed a similar format to the season two finale. However, the artists were allowed five seven-hour sessions for a cumulative 35-hour master canvas tattoo.


title: Ink Master

text: Musician Dave Navarro and tattoo artists Chris Núñez and Oliver Peck served as the show's primary judges, with Navarro also serving as a host for the show. Navarro and Núñez appeared in every episode, while Peck was absent on two episodes of season nine when he was recovering from a heart attack. Some episodes incorporate a fourth guest judge, usually a well-known tattoo artist who has knowledge or reputation in the style of tattoo (such as New School, Traditional (old school), Japanese, Portrait, Black and Gray, etc.) chosen for the week's elimination challenge.


title: Ink Master

text: Season two judging was taken to a new level with audience voting participation through the series' official website and via Facebook voting, with the audience vote affecting the final ruling by the judges. Sebastian Murphy was eliminated from consideration by the judges in the season finale because he was the contestant whose work in the elimination challenges received the fewest votes by the audience. Season three introduced the human canvas jury. The human canvases review each other's tattoos and nominate the artist who did the worst piece for elimination. Season four introduced the elimination challenge winner's selection, where the challenge winner picks an artist for elimination.


title: Ink Master

text: In January 2020, Oliver Peck was forced out of his spot as "Ink Master" Judge following a controversy involving his reemerged blackface photo from his MySpace page. There was no word of a replacement before the series was initially canceled.