title: Colonia Dignidad

text: The Central Intelligence Agency and Simon Wiesenthal claim that Josef Mengele, the infamous Nazi concentration camp doctor, known as the "Angel of Death" for his lethal experiments on human subjects was present at the colony. The colony itself rejected the accusation when Wiesenthal published it 1997 in the Chilean press. The German government states that to this date, there is "no evidence to support or invalidate Wiesenthal's claim or the more general allegation that the Colonia Dignidad or its legal successors was a place of refuge for Nazi criminals.


title: Colonia Dignidad

text: The Nazi underground in South America was established some time before World War II. Juan Perón provided shelter to some escaped Nazi criminals. Nazi sympathy in South America decreased until Pinochet took power. It was suggested that part of the intense racism, anti-Semitism, and classism in Chile can be attributed to Nazi presence.


title: Colonia Dignidad

text: The high concentration of Germans in Chile shaped the country's overall attitude towards subjects like education and military. A few of the Germans who immigrated to Chile in the 1960s were former Nazis led by Paul Schäfer. Colonia Dignidad was a “Nazi stronghold protected by the Chilean government[...].” Former members of the SS and Gestapo had the job of demonstrating Nazi torture methods to the secret police of Chile. Many of Schäfer's followers who had Nazi pasts joined him to escape post-World War II war crime investigations. The presence of Colonia Dignidad had an effect on the general political opinion of the surrounding areas, and the government as well because of this, considering the political ties between Colonia Dignidad and the Chilean government.


title: Colonia Dignidad

text: In 2004, a Chilean court convicted Schäfer and 26 other cult members of child abuse. In 2006, Schäfer was sentenced to 20 years in prison.


title: Colonia Dignidad

text: In early 2011, Hartmut Hopp, considered to be Schäfer's "right-hand-man" at Colonia Dignidad, was placed under house arrest in Chile while awaiting trial for human rights crimes. In May 2011, Hopp fled Chile on board a helicopter, later making his way to Germany. In June 2016, prosecutors in Germany petitioned a court to enforce a 5-year prison sentence that Hopp was sentenced to in absentia in Chile. In May 2019, German prosecutors announced that they had dropped their investigation into Hopp and Reinhard Döring. In January 2020, a lawyer for the victims, Petra Schlagenhauf, lodged a complaint seeking to have the investigation reopened.


title: Colonia Dignidad

text: Hopp and other alleged accomplices in Schäfer's crimes who were charged and awaiting trial took refuge in Ewald Frank's church in Germany, where they were protected from extradition. Frank is a leader of William Branham's followers in Germany. German protestors picketed in front of Frank's church to protest his actions. The government of Chile banned Ewald Frank from entering the country after finding he had been visiting and holding revival meetings with Schäfer's followers at Colonia. Schäfer's followers speculated to news reporters that Frank and Schäfer had known each other since the 1950s when they were both at Branham's European campaign meetings together.


title: Colonia Dignidad

text: At the time that Hopp fled Chile, 10 other cult members were out on bail awaiting trial on various charges. Fearing that they would also flee the country, their bail was immediately revoked and they were taken into custody.


title: Colonia Dignidad

text: In 2010, Chilean authorities opened an investigation into the events occurring in the colony during the 1990s, resulting 19 months later in the Supreme Court issuing a unanimous ruling to prosecute 16 Chilean and German members of the colony. On 28 January 2013, six former leaders of the colony were sentenced to prison, while the remaining 10 were found guilty of lesser crimes and given probationary sentences.


title: Colonia Dignidad

text: In March 2017, the German Bundestag officially acknowledged the responsibility of Germany and the failure of the German foreign policy regarding the Colonia Dignidad and members of all the parties in the German parliament passed a resolution giving the government a year to come up with plans to investigate the history of the colony, establish a memorial, and offer assistance to victims and family members.


title: Colonia Dignidad

text: In 1991, the name of the settlement was changed to "Villa Baviera". Residents of the colony are now allowed free ingress and egress, and some study at university. As of 2019 Villa Baviera is operated as a tourist resort, something that has been the subject of controversy from human rights activists.


title: Colonia Dignidad

text: When the transition of the colony first started, many of the former victims protested in front of the "Villa Baviera", attached photos of the murdered and disappeared on the fence and compared the use of the former torture site to “installing a McDonald’s in Auschwitz”.


title: Colonia Dignidad

text: In October 2005, the Chilean government sent a team of coordinators to the colony whose task it was to make sure the inhabitants would be fully integrated into Chilean society. Their main advice was to modernize the estate, so the inhabitants could gain their livelihood within the premises. One of the ideas was to turn the facilities into a “wellness-farm with hot springs and organic yoghurt production”.


title: Colonia Dignidad

text: The following citations are presented in inverse date order, newest published to oldest. They are offered for improvement of the article, and to allow readers further information on the subject.


title: Library

text: A library is a collection of materials, books or media that are accessible for use and not just for display purposes. A library provides physical (hard copies) or digital access (soft copies) materials, and may be a physical location or a virtual space, or both. A library's collection can include printed materials and other physical resources in many formats such as DVD, CD and cassette as well as access to information, music or other content held on bibliographic databases.


title: Library

text: A library, which may vary widely in size, may be organized for use and maintained by a public body such as a government; an institution such as a school or museum; a corporation; or a private individual. In addition to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of librarians who are trained and experts at finding, selecting, circulating and organizing information and at interpreting information needs, navigating and analyzing very large amounts of information with a variety of resources.


title: Library

text: Library buildings often provide quiet areas for studying, as well as common areas for group study and collaboration, and may provide public facilities for access to their electronic resources; for instance: computers and access to the Internet. The library's clientele and services offered vary depending on its type: users of a public library have different needs from those of a special library or academic library, for example. Libraries may also be community hubs, where programs are delivered and people engage in lifelong learning. Modern libraries extend their services beyond the physical walls of a building by providing material accessible by electronic means, including from home via the Internet.


title: Library

text: The services that libraries offer are variously described as library services, information services, or the combination "library and information services", although different institutions and sources define such terminology differently.


title: Library

text: The term "library" is based on the Latin word for 'book' or 'document', contained in Latin 'collection of books' and 'container for books'. Other modern languages use derivations from Ancient Greek (), originally meaning 'book container', via Latin (cf. French or German ).


title: Library

text: The history of libraries began with the first efforts to organize collections of documents. The first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of writing—the clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in Sumer, some dating back to 2600 BC. Private or personal libraries made up of written books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC. In the 6th century, at the very close of the Classical period, the great libraries of the Mediterranean world remained those of Constantinople and Alexandria.


title: Library

text: The Fatimids (r. 909–1171) also possessed many great libraries within their domains. The historian Ibn Abi Tayyi’ describes their palace library, which probably contained the largest collection of literature on earth at the time, as a "wonder of the world". Throughout history, along with bloody massacres, the destruction of libraries has been critical for conquerors who wish to destroy every trace of the vanquished community's recorded memory. A prominent example of this can be found in the Mongol massacre of the Nizaris at Alamut in 1256 and the torching of their library, "the fame of which", boasts the conqueror Juwayni, "had spread throughout the world".


title: Library

text: The libraries of Timbuktu were established in the fourteenth century and attracted scholars from all over the world.


title: Library

text: Libraries may provide physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical location or a virtual space, or both. A library's collection can include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents, microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, e-books, audiobooks, databases, table games, video games and other formats. Libraries range widely in size, up to millions of items.


title: Library

text: Libraries often provide quiet areas for studying, and they also often offer common areas to facilitate group study and collaboration. Libraries often provide public facilities for access to their electronic resources and the Internet. Public and institutional collections and services may be intended for use by people who choose not to—or cannot afford to—purchase an extensive collection themselves, who need material no individual can reasonably be expected to have, or who require professional assistance with their research.


title: Library

text: Services offered by a library are variously described as library services, information services, or the combination "library and information services", although different institutions and sources define such terminology differently. Organizations or departments are often called by one of these names.


title: Library

text: Most libraries have materials arranged in a specified order according to a library classification system, so that items may be located quickly and collections may be browsed efficiently. Some libraries have additional galleries beyond the public ones, where reference materials are stored. These reference stacks may be open to selected members of the public. Others require patrons to submit a "stack request", which is a request for an assistant to retrieve the material from the closed stacks: see List of closed stack libraries.


title: Library

text: Larger libraries are often divided into departments staffed by both paraprofessionals and professional librarians.


title: Library

text: Basic tasks in library management include the planning of acquisitions (which materials the library should acquire, by purchase or otherwise), library classification of acquired materials, preservation of materials (especially rare and fragile archival materials such as manuscripts), the deaccessioning of materials, patron borrowing of materials, and developing and administering library computer systems. More long-term issues include the planning of the construction of new libraries or extensions to existing ones, and the development and implementation of outreach services and reading-enhancement services (such as adult literacy and children's programming). Library materials like books, magazines, periodicals, CDs, etc. are managed by Dewey Decimal Classification Theory and modified Dewey Decimal Classification Theory is more practical reliable system for library materials management.


title: Library

text: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published several standards regarding the management of libraries through its Technical Committee 46 (TC 46), which is focused on "libraries, documentation and information centers, publishing, archives, records management, museum documentation, indexing and abstracting services, and information science". The following is a partial list of some of them:


title: Library

text: Some patrons may not know how to fully use the library's resources. This can be due to individuals' unease in approaching a staff member. Ways in which a library's content is displayed or accessed may have the most impact on use. An antiquated or clumsy search system, or staff unwilling or untrained to engage their patrons, will limit a library's usefulness. In the public libraries of the United States, beginning in the 19th century, these problems drove the emergence of the library instruction movement, which advocated library user education. One of the early leaders was John Cotton Dana. The basic form of library instruction is sometimes known as information literacy.


title: Library

text: Libraries should inform their users of what materials are available in their collections and how to access that information. Before the computer age, this was accomplished by the card catalogue—a cabinet (or multiple cabinets) containing many drawers filled with index cards that identified books and other materials. In a large library, the card catalogue often filled a large room.


title: Library

text: The emergence of the Internet, however, has led to the adoption of electronic catalogue databases (often referred to as "webcats" or as online public access catalogues, OPACs), which allow users to search the library's holdings from any location with Internet access. This style of catalogue maintenance is compatible with new types of libraries, such as digital libraries and distributed libraries, as well as older libraries that have been retrofitted. Large libraries may be scattered within multiple buildings across a town, each having multiple floors, with multiple rooms housing their resources across a series of shelves called bays. Once a user has located a resource within the catalogue, they must then use navigational guidance to retrieve the resource physically, a process that may be assisted through signage, maps, GPS systems, or RFID tagging.


title: Library

text: Finland has the highest number of registered book borrowers per capita in the world. Over half of Finland's population are registered borrowers. In the US, public library users have borrowed on average roughly 15 books per user per year from 1856 to 1978. From 1978 to 2004, book circulation per user declined approximately 50%. The growth of audiovisuals circulation, estimated at 25% of total circulation in 2004, accounts for about half of this decline.


title: Library

text: A library may make use of the Internet in a number of ways, from creating their own library website to making the contents of its catalogues searchable online. Some specialised search engines such as Google Scholar offer a way to facilitate searching for academic resources such as journal articles and research papers. The Online Computer Library Center allows anyone to search the world's largest repository of library records through its WorldCat online database. Websites such as LibraryThing and Amazon provide abstracts, reviews, and recommendations of books. Libraries provide computers and Internet access to allow people to search for information online. Online information access is particularly attractive to younger library users.


title: Library

text: Digitization of books, particularly those that are out-of-print, in projects such as Google Books provides resources for library and other online users. Due to their holdings of valuable material, some libraries are important partners for search engines such as Google in realizing the potential of such projects and have received reciprocal benefits in cases where they have negotiated effectively. As the prominence of and reliance on the Internet has grown, library services have moved the emphasis from mainly providing print resources to providing more computers and more Internet access. Libraries face a number of challenges in adapting to new ways of information seeking that may stress convenience over quality, reducing the priority of information literacy skills. The potential decline in library usage, particularly reference services, puts the necessity for these services in doubt.


title: Library

text: Library scholars have acknowledged that libraries need to address the ways that they market their services if they are to compete with the Internet and mitigate the risk of losing users. This includes promoting the information literacy skills training considered vital across the library profession. Many US based research librarians rely on the ACRL Framework for Information Literacy in order to guide students and faculty in research. However, marketing of services has to be adequately supported financially in order to be successful. This can be problematic for library services that are publicly funded and find it difficult to justify diverting tight funds to apparently peripheral areas such as branding and marketing.


title: Library

text: The privacy aspect of library usage in the Internet age is a matter of growing concern and advocacy; privacy workshops are run by the Library Freedom Project which teach librarians about digital tools (such as the Tor network) to thwart mass surveillance.


title: Library

text: Libraries are usually staffed by a combination of professionally-trained librarians, paraprofessional staff sometimes called library technicians, and support staff. Some topics related to the education of librarians and allied staff include accessibility of the collection, acquisition of materials, arrangement and finding tools, the book trade, the influence of the physical properties of the different writing materials, language distribution, role in education, rates of literacy, budgets, staffing, libraries for specially targeted audiences, architectural merit, patterns of usage, the role of libraries in a nation's cultural heritage, and the role of government, church or private sponsorship. Since the 1960s, issues of computerization and digitization have arisen.


title: Library

text: Many institutions make a distinction between a circulating or lending library, where materials are expected and intended to be loaned to patrons, institutions, or other libraries, and a reference library where material is not lent out. Travelling libraries, such as the early horseback libraries of eastern Kentucky and bookmobiles, are generally of the lending type. Modern libraries are often a mixture of both, containing a general collection for circulation, and a reference collection which is restricted to the library premises. Also, increasingly, digital collections enable broader access to material that may not circulate in print, and enables libraries to expand their collections even without building a larger facility. Lamba (2019) reinforced this idea by observing that "today's libraries have become increasingly multi-disciplinary, collaborative and networked" and that applying Web 2.0 tools to libraries would "not only connect the users with their community and enhance communication but will also help the librarians to promote their library's activities, services, and products to target both their actual and potential users".


title: Library

text: Academic libraries are generally located on college and university campuses and primarily serve the students and faculty of that and other academic institutions. Some academic libraries, especially those at public institutions, are accessible to members of the general public in whole or in part. Library services are sometimes extended to the general public at a fee, some academic libraries create such services in order to enhance literacy levels in their communities.


title: Library

text: Academic libraries are libraries that are hosted in post-secondary educational institutions, such as colleges and universities. Their main functions are to provide support in research, consultancy and resource linkage for students and faculty of the educational institution. Academic libraries house current, reliable and relevant information resources spread through all the disciplines which serve to assuage the information requirements of students and faculty. In cases where not all books are housed some libraries have E-resources, where they subscribe for a given institution they are serving, in order to provide backups and additional information that is not practical to have available as hard copies. Furthermore, most libraries collaborate with other libraries in exchange of books.


title: Library

text: Specific course-related resources are usually provided by the library, such as copies of textbooks and article readings held on 'reserve' (meaning that they are loaned out only on a short-term basis, usually a matter of hours). Some academic libraries provide resources not usually associated with libraries, such as the ability to check out laptop computers, web cameras, or scientific calculators.


title: Library

text: Academic libraries offer workshops and courses outside of formal, graded coursework, which are meant to provide students with the tools necessary to succeed in their programs. These workshops may include help with citations, effective search techniques, journal databases, and electronic citation software. These workshops provide students with skills that can help them achieve success in their academic careers (and often, in their future occupations), which they may not learn inside the classroom.


title: Library

text: The academic library provides a quiet study space for students on campus; it may also provide group study space, such as meeting rooms. In North America, Europe, and other parts of the world, academic libraries are becoming increasingly digitally oriented. The library provides a "gateway" for students and researchers to access various resources, both print/physical and digital. Academic institutions are subscribing to electronic journals databases, providing research and scholarly writing software, and usually provide computer workstations or computer labs for students to access journals, library search databases and portals, institutional electronic resources, Internet access, and course- or task-related software (i.e. word processing and spreadsheet software). Some academic libraries take on new roles, for instance, acting as an electronic repository for institutional scholarly research and academic knowledge, such as the collection and curation of digital copies of students' theses and dissertations. Moreover, academic libraries are increasingly acting as publishers on their own on a not-for-profit basis, especially in the form of fully Open Access institutional publishers.


title: Library

text: Children's libraries are special collections of books intended for juvenile readers and usually kept in separate rooms of general public libraries. Some children's libraries have entire floors or wings dedicated to them in bigger libraries while smaller ones may have a separate room or area for children. They are an educational agency seeking to acquaint the young with the world's literature and to cultivate a love for reading. Their work supplements that of the public schools.


title: Library

text: Services commonly provided by public libraries may include storytelling sessions for infants, toddlers, preschool children, or after-school programs, all with an intention of developing early literacy skills and a love of books. One of the most popular programs offered in public libraries are summer reading programs for children, families, and adults.


title: Library

text: Another popular reading program for children is PAWS TO READ or similar programs where children can read to certified therapy dogs. Since animals are a calming influence and there is no judgment, children learn confidence and a love of reading. Many states have these types of programs: parents need simply ask their librarian to see if it is available at their local library.


title: Library

text: A national or state library serves as a national repository of information, and has the right of legal deposit, which is a legal requirement that publishers in the country need to deposit a copy of each publication with the library. Unlike a public library, a national library rarely allows citizens to borrow books. Often, their collections include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works. There are wider definitions of a national library, putting less emphasis on the repository character. The first national libraries had their origins in the royal collections of the sovereign or some other supreme body of the state.


title: Library

text: Many national libraries cooperate within the National Libraries Section of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to discuss their common tasks, define and promote common standards, and carry out projects helping them to fulfill their duties. The national libraries of Europe participate in The European Library which is a service of the Conference of European National Librarians (CENL).


title: Library

text: A public library provides services to the general public. If the library is part of a countywide library system, citizens with an active library card from around that county can use the library branches associated with the library system. A library can serve only their city, however, if they are not a member of the county public library system. Much of the materials located within a public library are available for borrowing. The library staff decides upon the number of items patrons are allowed to borrow, as well as the details of borrowing time allotted. Typically, libraries issue library cards to community members wishing to borrow books. Often visitors to a city are able to obtain a public library card.


title: Library

text: Many public libraries also serve as community organizations that provide free services and events to the public, such as reading groups and toddler story time. For many communities, the library is a source of connection to a vast world, obtainable knowledge and understanding, and entertainment. According to a study by the Pennsylvania Library Association, public library services play a major role in fighting rising illiteracy rates among youths. Public libraries are protected and funded by the public they serve.


title: Library

text: As the number of books in libraries have steadily increased since their inception, the need for compact storage and access with adequate lighting has grown. The "stack system" involves keeping a library's collection of books in a space separate from the reading room. This arrangement arose in the 19th century. Book stacks quickly evolved into a fairly standard form in which the cast iron and steel frameworks supporting the bookshelves also supported the floors, which often were built of translucent blocks to permit the passage of light (but were not transparent, for reasons of modesty). The introduction of electric lights had a huge impact on lighting in libraries. The use of glass floors was largely discontinued, though floors were still often composed of metal grating to allow air to circulate in multi-story stacks. As more space was needed, a method of moving shelves on tracks (compact shelving) was introduced to cut down on otherwise wasted aisle space.


title: Library

text: Library 2.0, a term coined in 2005, is the library's response to the challenge of Google and an attempt to meet the changing needs of users by using Web 2.0 technology. Some of the aspects of Library 2.0 include, commenting, tagging, bookmarking, discussions, use of online social networks by libraries, plug-ins, and widgets. Inspired by Web 2.0, it is an attempt to make the library a more user-driven institution.


title: Library

text: Despite the importance ascribed to public libraries, their budgets are often cut by legislatures. In some cases, funding has dwindled so much that libraries have been forced to cut their hours and release employees.


title: Library

text: A reference library does not lend books and other items; instead, they can only be read at the library itself. Typically, such libraries are used for research purposes, for example at a university. Some items at reference libraries may be historical and even unique. Many lending libraries contain a "reference section", which holds books, such as dictionaries, which are common reference books, and are therefore not lent out. Such reference sections may be referred to as "reading rooms", which may also include newspapers and periodicals. An example of a reading room is the Hazel H. Ransom Reading Room at the Harry Ransom Center of the University of Texas at Austin, which maintains the papers of literary agent Audrey Wood.


title: Library

text: A research library is a collection of materials on one or more subjects. A research library supports scholarly or scientific research and will generally include primary as well as secondary sources; it will maintain permanent collections and attempt to provide access to all necessary materials. A research library is most often an academic or national library, but a large special library may have a research library within its special field, and a very few of the largest public libraries also serve as research libraries. A large university library may be considered a research library; and in North America, such libraries may belong to the Association of Research Libraries. In the United Kingdom, they may be members of Research Libraries UK (RLUK).


title: Library

text: A research library can be either a reference library, which does not lend its holdings, or a lending library, which does lend all or some of its holdings. Some extremely large or traditional research libraries are entirely reference in this sense, lending none of their materials; most academic research libraries, at least in the US and the UK, now lend books, but not periodicals or other materials. Many research libraries are attached to a parental organization and serve only members of that organization. Examples of research libraries include the British Library, the Bodleian Library at Oxford University and the New York Public Library Main Branch on 42nd Street in Manhattan, State Public Scientific Technological Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science.


title: Library

text: Digital libraries are libraries that house digital resources. They are defined as an organization and not a service that provide access to digital works, have a preservation responsibility to provide future access to materials, and provides these items easily and affordably. The definition of a digital library implies that "a digital library uses a variety of software, networking technologies and standards to facilitate access to digital content and data to a designated user community." Access to digital libraries can be influenced by several factors, either individually or together. The most common factors that influence access are: The library's content, the characteristics and information needs of the target users, the library's digital interface, the goals and objectives of the library's organizational structure, and the standards and regulations that govern library use. Access will depend on the users ability to discover and retrieve documents that interest them and that they require, which in turn is a preservation question. Digital objects cannot be preserved passively, they must be curated by digital librarians to ensure the trust and integrity of the digital objects.


title: Library

text: One of the biggest considerations for digital librarians is the need to provide long-term access to their resources; to do this, there are two issues requiring watchfulness: Media failure and format obsolescence. With media failure, a particular digital item is unusable because of some sort of error or problem. A scratched CD-ROM, for example, will not display its contents correctly, but another, unscratched disk will not have that problem. Format obsolescence is when a digital format has been superseded by newer technology, and so items in the old format are unreadable and unusable. Dealing with media failure is a reactive process, because something is done only when a problem presents itself. In contrast, format obsolescence is preparatory, because changes are anticipated and solutions are sought before there is a problem.


title: Library

text: Future trends in digital preservation include: Transparent enterprise models for digital preservation, launch of self-preserving objects, increased flexibility in digital preservation architectures, clearly defined metrics for comparing preservation tools, and terminology and standards interoperability in real time.


title: Library

text: Many private businesses and public organizations, including hospitals, churches, museums, research laboratories, law firms, and many government departments and agencies, maintain their own libraries for the use of their employees in doing specialized research related to their work. Depending on the particular institution, special libraries may or may not be accessible to the general public or elements thereof. In more specialized institutions such as law firms and research laboratories, librarians employed in special libraries are commonly specialists in the institution's field rather than generally trained librarians, and often are not required to have advanced degrees in a specifically library-related field due to the specialized content and clientele of the library.


title: Library

text: Special libraries can also include women's libraries or LGBTQ libraries, which serve the needs of women and the LGBTQ community. Libraries and the LGBTQ community have an extensive history, and there are currently many libraries, archives, and special collections devoted to preserving and helping the LGBTQ community. Women's libraries, such as the Vancouver Women's Library or the Women's Library @LSE are examples of women's libraries that offer services to women and girls and focus on women's history.


title: Library

text: Some special libraries, such as governmental law libraries, hospital libraries, and military base libraries commonly are open to public visitors to the institution in question. Depending on the particular library and the clientele it serves, special libraries may offer services similar to research, reference, public, academic, or children's libraries, often with restrictions such as only lending books to patients at a hospital or restricting the public from parts of a military collection. Given the highly individual nature of special libraries, visitors to a special library are often advised to check what services and restrictions apply at that particular library.


title: Library

text: Special libraries are distinguished from special collections, which are branches or parts of a library intended for rare books, manuscripts, and other special materials, though some special libraries have special collections of their own, typically related to the library's specialized subject area.


title: Library

text: For more information on specific types of special libraries, see law libraries, medical libraries, music libraries, or transportation libraries.


title: Library

text: In the 21st century, there has been increasing use of the Internet to gather and retrieve data. The shift to digital libraries has greatly impacted the way people use physical libraries. Between 2002 and 2004, the average American academic library saw the overall number of transactions decline approximately 2.2%. Libraries are trying to keep up with the digital world and the new generation of students that are used to having information just one click away. For example, the University of California Library System saw a 54% decline in circulation between 1991 and 2001 of 8,377,000 books to 3,832,000.


title: Library

text: These facts might be a consequence of the increased availability of e-resources. In 1999–2000, 105 ARL university libraries spent almost $100 million on electronic resources, which is an increase of nearly $23 million from the previous year. A 2003 report by the Open E-book Forum found that close to a million e-books had been sold in 2002, generating nearly $8 million in revenue. Another example of the shift to digital libraries can be seen in Cushing Academy's decision to dispense with its library of printed books—more than 20,000 volumes in all—and switch over entirely to digital media resources.


title: Library

text: A 2001 discussion paper exploring changing use of libraries reported decreased library usage by undergraduate students, who had become more used to retrieving information from the Internet than a traditional library. Finding information by simply searching the Internet is seen as easier and faster than reading an entire book. In a survey conducted by NetLibrary, 93% of undergraduate students said that finding information online made more sense to them than going to the library. Three-quarters said they did not have enough time to go to the library. While the retrieving information from the Internet may be efficient and time-saving than visiting a traditional library, research showed that undergraduates are most likely searching only .03% of the entire web.


title: Library

text: In the mid-2000s, Swedish company Distec invented a library book vending machine known as the GoLibrary, that offers library books to people where there is no branch, limited hours, or high traffic locations such as El Cerrito del Norte BART station in California.


title: Library

text: The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) is the leading international association of library organizations. It is the global voice of the library and information profession, and its annual conference provides a venue for librarians to learn from one another.


title: Library

text: Library associations in Asia include the Indian Library Association (ILA), Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers (IASLIC), Bengal Library Association (BLA), Kolkata, Pakistan Library Association, the Pakistan Librarians Welfare Organization, the Bangladesh Association of Librarians, Information Scientists and Documentalists, the Library Association of Bangladesh, and the Sri Lanka Library Association (founded 1960).


title: Library

text: National associations of the English-speaking world include the American Library Association, the Australian Library and Information Association, the Canadian Library Association, the Library and Information Association of New Zealand Aotearoa, and the Research Libraries UK (a consortium of 30 university and other research libraries in the United Kingdom). Library bodies such as CILIP (formerly the Library Association, founded 1877) may advocate the role that libraries and librarians can play in a modern Internet environment, and in the teaching of information literacy skills. The Nigerian Library Association is the recognized group for librarians working in Nigeria. It was established in 1962 in Ibadan.


title: Library

text: Public library advocacy is support given to a public library for its financial and philosophical goals or needs. Most often this takes the form of monetary or material donations or campaigning to the institutions which oversee the library, sometimes by advocacy groups such as Friends of Libraries and community members. Originally, library advocacy was centered on the library itself, but current trends show libraries positioning themselves to demonstrate they provide "economic value to the community" in means that are not directly related to the checking out of books and other media.


title: Library

text: Libraries are considered part of the cultural heritage and are one of the primary objectives in many state and domestic conflicts and are at risk of destruction and looting. Financing is often carried out by robbing valuable library items. National and international coordination regarding military and civil structures for the protection of libraries is operated by Blue Shield International and UNESCO. From an international perspective, despite the partial dissolution of state structures and very unclear security situations as a result of the wars and unrest, robust undertakings to protect libraries are being carried out. The topic is also the creation of "no-strike lists", in which the coordinates of important cultural monuments such as libraries have been preserved.


title: Ralph Ineson

text: Ralph Michael Ineson (; born 15 December 1969) is an English actor and narrator. Known for his deep, rumbling, Yorkshire-accented voice, his most notable roles include William in "The Witch", Dagmer Cleftjaw in "Game of Thrones", Amycus Carrow in the last three "Harry Potter" films, Donald Bamford in the BBC drama series "Goodnight Sweetheart", Chris Finch in the BBC sitcom "The Office", and Nikolai Tarakanov in the HBO historical drama miniseries "Chernobyl".


title: Ralph Ineson

text: Ralph Michael Ineson was born in Leeds on 15 December 1969, and educated at Woodleigh School and Pocklington School. In the early 1990s, after studying theatre at Lancaster University's Furness College, he worked as a teacher and cricket coach at York Sixth Form College.


title: Ralph Ineson

text: He played the recurring character Chris Finch in the BBC comedy "The Office". He starred as Donald Bamford in the sitcom "Goodnight Sweetheart", as Zack in the soap opera "Coronation Street", and played ex-soldier Sam Walker in the first series of "Spooks". He played Luke Mullen in the BBC drama "Playing the Field". He had a minor part in episode four of the first series of BBC drama "This Life". He starred in "Suburban Shootout", which aired on Paramount Comedy and Five. He played Frank Monk in series 7 of "Waking The Dead" in the episode "Wounds". He played Dagmer Cleftjaw in the second season of HBO's "Game of Thrones". He also appeared in an Imperial Leather advert as a fireman.


title: Ralph Ineson

text: Ineson had a minor role in the fifth and sixth series of BBC drama "Waterloo Road" in 2009 playing the role of Jon Fry. He had a small role in an episode of Channel 4 comedy "The IT Crowd", as Paul, a buttock-kissing masseur, in the series four episode "Something Happened". In the 2012 ITV "Titanic" mini-series he played Steward Hart. In 2016, he appeared in the third season of the BBC Two series "Peaky Blinders", playing the part of Connor Nutley.


title: Ralph Ineson

text: Ineson's Hollywood film credits include "First Knight", "From Hell", "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll" and a brief role in "The Damned United". He played Amycus Carrow, a Death Eater, in "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1" and "Part 2". He also appeared in the 2008 film "Cass", as Sergeant Mullins.


title: Ralph Ineson

text: In 2014, he appeared in the Marvel Studios film "Guardians of the Galaxy". Also in 2014, he had a small role in the spy film "", playing a policeman who interviews Eggsy.


title: Ralph Ineson

text: He played William alongside Anya Taylor-Joy and Kate Dickie in Robert Eggers's critically acclaimed debut film "The Witch", which saw Eggers win Best Director at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Ralph Ineson

text: Ineson appeared in a minor role as a First Order officer in the 2017 film "". His role was originally bigger, but most of his performance ended up on the cutting room floor. The cut material is available in a deleted scene on the 2018 Blu-ray release of the film.


title: Ralph Ineson

text: Ineson has used his distinctive Yorkshire accent in a variety of voice-over work. He has narrated TV programmes "Licence to Drill", "Salvage Hunters" on the Discovery Channel, the 2010 Sky TV series "Inside Gatwick", and the BBC1 series "Claimed and Shamed".


title: Ralph Ineson

text: In the 2012–2013 BBC Radio 4 dramatisations of the ten Martin Beck police novels by Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö, Ineson played policeman Gunvald Larsson.


title: Ralph Ineson

text: In 2013, he voiced the Channel 4 series "Skint" which followed the lives of British families from underprivileged backgrounds. In 2015, he narrated "Countryside 999" on BBC One. In 2009 he narrated the BBC One documentary Series "Gears and Tears" which follows the characters of British BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars.


title: Ralph Ineson

text: TV adverts that have used his voice include: lastminute.com, Dacia cars, Gaviscon and Wickes. He also did the Sky Bet adverts during Sky Sports football coverage.


title: Ralph Ineson

text: In video games, Ineson returned to voice Amycus Carrow in the video game adaptation of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2", and gave his voice and likeness for the infamous pirate Charles Vane in "".


title: Ralph Ineson

text: Ineson has also voiced a number of trails and station idents for national commercial radio station talkSPORT in the early 2000s.


title: Ralph Ineson

text: Ineson married Ali Milner, the editor of make-up artist magazine "Warpaint", at Cliveden in December 2003. They have a son named Luc (born 1999) and a daughter named Rebecca (born 2003).


title: Samuel West

text: Samuel Alexander Joseph West (born 19 June 1966) is an English actor, narrator and theatre director. He has directed on stage and radio, and worked as an actor across theatre, film, television and radio. He often appears as reciter with orchestras and performed at the Last Night of the Proms in 2002. He has narrated several documentary series, including five for the BBC about the Second World War.


title: Samuel West

text: He plays Siegfried Farnon in the Channel 5 remake of the veterinary drama series "All Creatures Great and Small".


title: Samuel West

text: West was born on 19 June 1966 in Hammersmith, London, the elder son of the actress Prunella Scales and the actor Timothy West, and the grandson of the actor Lockwood West. He has one brother, Joe. He was educated at Alleyn's School and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, where he studied English literature and was president of the Experimental Theatre Club. West originally intended to attend Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art, but decided to focus on his career after he was cast as King Caspian in the BBC's 1989 series "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader".


title: Samuel West

text: West made his London stage debut in February 1989 at the Orange Tree Theatre, playing Michael in Cocteau's "Les Parents Terribles", of which critic John Thaxter wrote: "He invests the role with a warmth and validity that silences sniggers that could so easily greet a lesser performance of this difficult role, and he lets us share the tumbling emotions of a juvenile torn between romantic first love and filial duty." Since then, West has appeared frequently on stage; he played Valentine in the first ever production of Tom Stoppard's "Arcadia" at the National Theatre in 1993 and later spent two seasons with the Royal Shakespeare Company playing the title roles in "Richard II" and "Hamlet", both directed by Steven Pimlott.


title: Samuel West

text: In 2002, West made his stage directorial debut with "The Lady's Not for Burning" at the Minerva Theatre, Chichester. He succeeded Michael Grandage as artistic director of Sheffield Theatres from 2005–2007. During his time, as artistic director West revived the controversial "The Romans in Britain" and also directed "As You Like It" as part of the RSC's Complete Works Festival. West left Sheffield when the theatre closed for refurbishment in 2007 and made his West End directorial debut with the first major revival of "Dealer's Choice" following its transferral to the Trafalgar Studios. He also continued his acting career: in 2007 he appeared alongside Toby Stephens and Dervla Kirwan in "Betrayal" at the Donmar Warehouse,


title: Samuel West

text: In 2008, he played Harry in the Donmar revival of T. S. Eliot's "Family Reunion" and in 2009 he starred as Jeffrey Skilling in "Enron" by Lucy Prebble. His 2008 production of "Waste" at the Almeida Theatre was chosen by "The Times" as one of its "Productions of the Decade". From November 2012 to January 2013 he appeared as Astrov in a production of "Uncle Vanya" at the Vaudeville Theatre. He played Ivanov and Trigorin in the Chichester Festival Theatre's Young Chekhov Season from September 2015, alongside Nina Sosanya, Anna Chancellor, and James McArdle.


title: Samuel West

text: West appeared in the film "Reunion" (1989) with Jason Robards and Christien Anholt as an aristocratic boy who befriends the son of a Jewish doctor in 1930’s Germany. West played the lower-middle-class clerk Leonard Bast in the Merchant Ivory film adaptation of E. M. Forster's novel "Howards End" (1992), featuring with Emma Thompson, Helena Bonham Carter and Anthony Hopkins. For this role, he was nominated for best supporting actor at the 1993 BAFTA Film Awards. West appeared with Thompson again in the film "Carrington" (1995).


title: Samuel West

text: His film career has continued with roles in films such as Franco Zeffirelli's "Jane Eyre", "Notting Hill", "Iris", "Van Helsing" and "Darkest Hour". In 2004, he appeared in the year's highest rated mini-series on German television, "Die Nibelungen", which was released in the United States in 2006 as "". In 2012, he played King George VI in "Hyde Park on Hudson".


title: Samuel West

text: West has appeared in many long-running series: "Midsomer Murders", "Waking the Dead" and "Poirot" as well as one-off dramas. He played Anthony Blunt in "Cambridge Spies", a BBC production about the four British spies, starring alongside Toby Stephens (Philby), Tom Hollander (Burgess) and Rupert Penry-Jones (Maclean). He reprised his role as Blunt in "Olding", the premiere episode of the third season of "The Crown" released in 2019.


title: Samuel West

text: In 2006, he took the lead role in a BBC production of "Random Quest" adapted from the short story by John Wyndham and the next year played Edward Heath in "Margaret Thatcher – The Long Walk to Finchley", also for the BBC. In 2010 he played Peter Scabius in the televised adaptation of William Boyd's novel "Any Human Heart", while in 2011 he starred as Zak Gist in the ITV series "Eternal Law". In addition, he appeared in the BBC sitcom "As Time Goes By", as Terry in the episode "We'll Always Have Paris" (1994).


title: Samuel West

text: He played Frank Edwards in the ITV drama "Mr Selfridge" and Sir Walter Pole in the 2015 BBC adaptation of "Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell".


title: Samuel West

text: He stars in the Channel Five series (broadcast in September 2020) "All Creatures Great and Small" as Siegfried Farnon. A second six-episode series and Christmas special was broadcast in 2021, followed by a third season airing in late 2022.


title: Samuel West

text: West is regularly heard on radio as a reader or reciter and has performed in many radio dramas, including "Otherkin" by Laura Wade, "Present Laughter" by Noël Coward, Len Deighton's "Bomber", "Life and Fate" by Vasily Grossman, Michael Frayn's "Here" and "The Homecoming" as Lenny to Harold Pinter's Max.


title: Samuel West

text: In 2011, he made his radio directing debut with a production of "Money" by Edward Bulwer-Lytton on BBC Radio 3.


title: Samuel West

text: West has appeared alongside his actor parents on several occasions: with his mother Prunella Scales in "Howards End" and "Stiff Upper Lips", and with his father Timothy West on stage in "A Number", "Henry IV, Part 1" and "Part 2". In two films ("Iris" in 2001 and the 1996 television film "Over Here"), Sam and his father have played the same character at different ages.


title: Samuel West

text: In "Edward the Seventh" (1975), he and his brother Joseph played young sons of the title character, who was played by their father. In 2002, all three family members performed in Stravinsky's "The Soldiers Tale" at the St Magnus Festival on Orkney and in 2006 they gave a rehearsed reading of the Harold Pinter play "Family Voices" as part of the Sheffield Theatres Pinter season.


title: Samuel West

text: West became the patron of Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus in February 2008, having been the narrator for a concert of theirs in February 2002. He is also a patron of London children's charity Scene & Heard, Eastside Educational Trust and Mousetrap Theatre Projects.


title: Samuel West

text: While at university, West was a member of the Socialist Workers Party and later briefly the Socialist Alliance. West has been politically active for many years; he was a critic of the New Labour government of Tony Blair and their involvement in the Iraq War. On 26 March 2011, he spoke at the TUC March for the Alternative.


title: Samuel West

text: West has written essays on "Richard II" for the Cambridge University Press series "Players of Shakespeare", on "Hamlet" for Michael Dobson's CUP study "Performing Shakespeare's Tragedies Today" and on Shakespeare and Love and Voice and Radio for BBC Radio 3.


title: Samuel West

text: He has also published articles on Harold Pinter, on Caryl Churchill and on the Shipping Forecast. He frequently writes and speaks in public about arts funding. West has collected stamps since childhood and owns more than 200 Two Shilling Blues.


title: Samuel West

text: In 2013, he was one of the judges for the Forward Prizes for Poetry. In December 2014, he appeared on two programmes for "Christmas University Challenge", as part of a team of alumni from Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.


title: Samuel West

text: West is an Associate Artist of the Royal Shakespeare Company and a trustee and previous Chair of the Campaign for the Arts. He was a member of the council of the British Actors' Union Equity from 1996–2000 and 2008–2014. He is a keen birdwatcher.


title: Samuel West

text: In 2007, West moved in with playwright Laura Wade, but in 2011 the couple temporarily split up. In 2013, West was cast in a minor role in "The Riot Club", the film version of Wade's successful play, "Posh" and in 2014 the couple had a daughter. In August 2017, the couple had a second daughter.


title: Samuel West

text: He narrated the Yorkshire Television documentary "The SS in Britain" for director Julian Hendy in 1999, and considering his role in the ITV drama series "Mr Selfridge", he was the voiceover for "Secrets of Selfridges" (PBS) in 2014.


title: Samuel West

text: West has recorded over one hundred audiobooks, among which are the Shakespeare plays "All's Well That Ends Well", "Coriolanus", "Henry V", "The Merchant of Venice", "A Midsummer Night's Dream," "Much Ado About Nothing", "Richard II" and "Macbeth" (directed by Steven Berkoff), the complete "Inspector Morse" novels by Colin Dexter, the "Wind on Fire" trilogy by William Nicholson ("The Wind Singer", "Slaves of the Mastery" and "Firesong"), the Arthur trilogy by Kevin Crossley-Holland ("The Seeing Stone", "At the Crossing Places" and" King of the Middle March"), five books by Sebastian Faulks ("Charlotte Gray", "Birdsong", "The Girl at the Lion d'Or", "Human Traces" and "A Possible Life"), four by Michael Ridpath ("Trading Reality", "Final Venture", "Free to Trade", and "The Marketmaker"), two by George Orwell ("Nineteen Eighty-Four" and "Homage to Catalonia"), two by Mary Wesley ("An Imaginative Experience" and "Part of the Furniture"), two by Robert Goddard ("Closed Circle" and "In Pale Battalions") and several compilations of poetry "(Realms of Gold: Letters and Poems of John Keats", "Bright Star", "The Collected Works of Shelley", "Seven Ages", "Great Narrative Poems of the Romantic Age" and "A Shropshire Lad)". Also "Faust", "Bomber", "Doctor Who: The Vengeance of Morbius", "Empire of the Sun", "Brighton Rock", "Fair Stood the Wind for France", "Fluke", "Great Speeches in History", "How Proust Can Change Your Life", "Lady Windermere's Fan", "Peter Pan", "The Alchemist", "The Day of the Triffids", "The Hairy Hands", "The Lives of Christopher Chant", "The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous", "The Queen's Man", "The Solitaire Mystery", "The Swimming Pool Library", "The Two Destinies", "The Velveteen Rabbit", "The Way I Found Her", "The Way to Dusty Death", "The Woodlanders", "Under the Net", "Wuthering Heights" and Philip Pullman's "Grimm Tales for Young and Old".


title: Samuel West

text: In June 2012, West recorded an English narration of "The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My" by Tove Jansson for an interactive audiobook developed by Spinfy and published by Sort of Books.


title: Samuel West

text: In May 2015, West's reading of "Brighton Rock" was chosen as one of "The 20 best audiobooks of all time" by Carole Mansur of the "Daily Telegraph".


title: Samuel West

text: As a reciter West has worked with all the major British orchestras, as well as the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, Dallas Symphony Orchestra and the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, D.C. Works include Stravinsky's "Oedipus Rex" and "The Soldier's Tale", Prokofiev's "Eugene Onegin", Beethoven's "Egmont", Schoenburg's "Ode To Napoleon", Strauss' "Enoch Arden", Saint-Saëns' "Carnival of the Animals", Bernstein's "Kaddish", Walton's "Façade" and "Henry V", "Night Mail" and "The Way to the Sea" by Britten and Auden, the world premieres of "Concrete" by Judith Weir at the Barbican and Howard Goodall's "Jason and the Argonauts" at the Royal Albert Hall and the UK premiere of Jonathan Harvey's final piece "Weltethos" at the Symphony Hall, Birmingham. In 2007 West made his New York recital debut in the first performance of "Little Red Violin" by Anne Dudley and Steven Isserlis. In November 2010, West performed a new English translation of Grieg's complete incidental music to Ibsen's play "Peer Gynt" with the Southampton Philharmonic Choir at Southampton Guildhall. He has performed at the Proms six times, including the suite version of "Henry V" at the 2002 Last Night of the Proms.


title: Samuel West

text: He has also appeared with the Nash Ensemble, the Raphael Ensemble, The Hebrides Ensemble, Ensemble 360 and the Lindsay, Dante and Endellion Quartets at the Wigmore Hall, London. Recordings include Prokofief's "Eugene Onegin" with Sinfonia 21 and Edward Downes, "Salad Days" and Walton's "Henry V" with the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Leonard Slatkin.


title: Samuel West

text: As a choral singer, West has participated in three Choir of London tours to Palestine: in May 2006, when he also gave poetry readings as part of the concert programme; in April 2007 when he directed "The Magic Flute". and in September 2013 (see below).


title: Samuel West

text: In 2013, the centenary year of Benjamin Britten, West narrated the Britten/Auden film score "Night Mail" with the Nash Ensemble at the Wigmore Hall and later added "Coal Face, God’s Chillun, The Peace of Britain, The Way to the Sea" and "The King's Stamp" with the Aurora Orchestra at the Queen Elizabeth and Fairfield Halls. In June he played God in Britten's "Noye’s Fludde" in Harrogate. In July he appeared in a Proms Plus broadcast discussing Britten's setting of poetry. In September he toured Palestine with the Choir of London as staff director of a new opera based on Britten's "Hymn to St Cecilia" and sang in Britten's "St Nicolas". In October, he narrated the concert world premiere of "Britten in America" for the Hallé orchestra, which was released on CD together with West's recordings of speeches to Britten's incidental music for Auden and Isherwood's play "The Ascent of F6" (the disc, "Britten to America", was later nominated for a 2014 Grammy Award for Best Classical Compendium). He also toured a program of Britten cabaret songs and Auden poems across the UK with Ruthie Culver and the UtterJazz Quartet.


title: Samuel West

text: On 14 July 2017, one month after the Grenfell Tower fire, BBC's "Newshour" programme invited West to read out an excerpt from a letter written by an anonymous firefighter giving a personal account of the fire scene and his inner thoughts on duty that night.


title: Samuel West

text: In 2020, West appeared on the album "From The Ground Up": an ensemble led by Hugo Ticciati improvised over Henry Purcell chaconne bass lines while West read Shakespeare and rapper Baba Israel improvised. The album won the 2020 Gramophone Award for Best Concept Album.


title: Samuel West

text: Samuel West has received nine AudioFile Earphones Awards for his narration: "The Day of the Triffids" by John Wyndham (1996), "Peter Pan" by J.M.Barrie (1997), "Charlotte Gray" by Sebastian Faulks (1999), "The Way I Found Her" by Rose Tremain (2000), "The Swimming Pool Library" by Alan Hollinghurst (2007), "Faust" by Goethe (2011), "A Shropshire Lad" by A. E. Housman (2011), "A Possible Life" by Sebastian Faulks (2012) and Philip Pullman's "Grimm Tales for Young and Old" (2013)


title: Love and Death (miniseries)

text: Love and Death is an upcoming American crime drama streaming television miniseries directed by Lesli Linka Glatter and written by David E. Kelley. It is set to premiere in 2023 on HBO Max.


title: Love and Death (miniseries)

text: The series is based on the true story of Wylie, Texas housewife Candy Montgomery, who was accused of the brutal axe murder of her friend Betty Gore in 1980.


title: Love and Death (miniseries)

text: It was announced in May 2021 that HBO Max had greenlit the miniseries, with Elizabeth Olsen set to star. Jesse Plemons would join the cast later in the month. In June, Patrick Fugit was added to the cast, with Lily Rabe, Keir Gilchrist, Elizabeth Marvel, Tom Pelphrey and Krysten Ritter joining in the following months.


title: Love and Death (miniseries)

text: Filming was primarily done on a sound stage in Kyle, Texas, and began on September 27, 2021. Filming concluded on April 7, 2022. On location shooting was done in Austin, Texas and surrounding areas to include La Grange, Texas, Coupland, Texas, Georgetown, Texas, Hutto, Texas, Seguin, Texas, Kerrville, Texas, Lockhart, Texas, Killeen, Texas, Smithville, Texas, Buda, TX and San Marcos, Texas.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: The first season aired from August 29 to October 31, 2019, on every Thursday at 21:20 (KST). This season, Mamamoo finished in first place.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: The second season, dubbed as Queendom 2, premiered on March 31, 2022 airing in the same time slot. This season, WJSN finished in first place.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: The program is a comeback battle between 6 trending girl group acts, in order to "determine the real number one" when all 6 release their singles at the same time. The winning act will have a comeback show only for them, showing the new song and their other hit songs, arranged however they want it. The comeback show is broadcast on Mnet and M2.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: Each season lasted for 10 weeks, Both seasons featured 3 preliminary performances and 1 live comeback stage from each act. The Comeback Singles, which are newly produced songs, of the 6 acts are released a few days prior to the final episode. The digital points accumulated for the Comeback Singles and live votes for the comeback stages on the final episode, together with the accumulated points from the 3 preliminary performances, were the keys to determine the final winner.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: The first season's winner was Mamamoo; their comeback show happened on November 3, 2020 as the group made their comeback with their tenth mini album "Travel". The comeback show for the second season's winner WJSN will take place on July 5, 2022 as the group makes their comeback with their first special single album "Sequence".


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: For the first season, the overall rankings are calculated out of a maximum of 100,000 points for each act, and distributed based on:


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: For the preliminary performances, if one act gets a 6th place twice in a row, they will be eliminated from the show. This is also named the "Dishonored Step Down" ().


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: In the first preliminary performances, the six acts each perform one of their hit songs that is rearranged and different from their usual stages of the song. Before the performance, the six acts have ten minutes to arrange their cue sheet, which they must complete within the timing, otherwise they will be deducted 1,000 points. They are also allowed to forcefully rearrange the orders.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: For the first preliminary performances, the points breakdown are calculated out of maximum of 10,000 points for each act, and distributed based on:


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: with the Audience Judge Squad and the Special Judge Squad allowed to vote for two acts. The act that receives the most votes for the Special Judge Award will have all 2,000 points secured to themselves. For the assessment from the other Queendom acts, every act has to vote for an act that they believed to have performed better than them and also to have performed worse than them. A hidden rule is that an act also can choose not to vote (usually) for an act that is better than them.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: In the second preliminary performances, the six acts each performs a song from a fellow Queendom act, that is rearranged into a different style. Before the performance, the act that ranked first in the first preliminary performances get the priority to choose an act of their choice and cover of one of their songs in this round, the chosen act will also cover one of the songs from the chooser act. The same process is applied to the acts ranked second to sixth in the first preliminary performances, with the remaining two acts regardless of ranking that are not chosen becoming a pair to cover each other's songs. The act that ranked first in the first preliminary performances also get to arrange their cue sheet for this round. Each act must also perform a Queendom Quest, which are picked randomly, act that successfully completed the Queendom Quest, get one of the following benefits that are picked randomly:


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: For the second preliminary performances, the points breakdown are calculated out of maximum of 10,000 points for each act, and distributed based on:


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: In part one of the third preliminary performances, the six acts each send a main vocalist and main dancer, to form a Vocal Unit and a Performance Unit. The vocal units will compete to gain points as a unit, while the performance unit will perform together but will compete for their respective groups' points. Before the performance, besides each act sending a main vocalist and a main dancer to the Queendom Workshop to practise for this round, the rest of the contestants would join the Queendom Workshop as supporters. During the Queendom Workshop, each of the Vocal Units would undergo intermediate check, there after all of the contestants will each vote a Vocal Unit they think would be ranked first in the actual performance. In addition, during the Queendom Workshop, a Queendom Quest between the six acts will be played, with the winning act of the Queendom Quest getting to choose the Special Judge Squad for part two of the third preliminary performances.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: For part one of the third preliminary performances, the points breakdown are calculated out of maximum of 5,000 points for each act, and distributed based on:


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: The votes breakdown are calculated by the Audience Judge Squad who will each vote for their favorite Vocal Unit and favorite member of the Performance Unit.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: In part two of the third preliminary performances, the six acts will each perform a song suggested by the audience. For part two of the third preliminary performances, the points breakdown are calculated out of maximum of 10,000 points for each act, and distributed based on:


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: In the finale live comeback stages, the six acts each perform a newly produced song live. Before the performance, the act that ranked first in the third preliminary performances get to arrange their cue sheet for the finale.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: For the finale performances, the points breakdown are calculated out of maximum of 50,000 points for each act, and distributed based on votes from the general public through text message, there are not any live audience voting. The act with the most votes get 50,000 points, with the points for the remaining acts calculated in proportion of the number of votes received to the number of votes received by the 1st placed act.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: For the preliminary performances, if an act ranks 6th place twice, they will be eliminated from the show.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: In the first preliminary performances, the six acts each performs one of their songs. They may choose how many songs to perform, and are also allowed to perform songs from their previous acts.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: For the first preliminary performances, the points breakdown is calculated out of a maximum of 10,000 points for each act, and distributed based on:


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: For the assessment from the other Queendom acts, every act has to vote for an act that they believed to have performed better than them and also to have performed worse than them. A hidden rule is that an act also can choose not to vote (usually) for an act that is better than them. The 1st placed act gets the full 10,000 points, with each of the remaining acts getting points based on the proportions of the points obtained compared to the points obtained for the 1st placed act.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: In the second preliminary performances, the six acts each performs a song from a fellow Queendom act that is rearranged into a different style.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: For the second preliminary performances, the points breakdown is calculated out of a maximum of 10,000 points for each act, and distributed based on:


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: In part one of the third preliminary performances, the six acts are split into Vocal and Dance Units; each of the units work together to create a performance specific to the unit's type.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: The maximum points an act can obtain is 5,000 points; 2,500 points maximum vocal and dance units each which are distributed based on:


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: In part two of the third preliminary performances, the six acts will each perform a song suggested by the audience.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: For the assessment from the other Queendom acts, every act has to vote for an act that they believed to have performed better than them and also to have performed worse than them. A hidden rule is that an act also can choose not to vote (usually) for an act that is better than them. The 1st placed act gets the full 15,000 points, with each of the remaining acts getting points based on the proportions of the points obtained compared to the points obtained for the 1st placed act.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: In the finale live comeback stages, the six acts each perform a newly produced song live. The maximum points an act can obtain is 20,000 points.


title: Queendom (TV series)

text: On March 5, 2020, Mnet confirmed that "Road to Kingdom" () would begin filming in the middle of March, with the lineup to be confirmed. It was confirmed to be aired beginning at the end of April, with the show being hosted again by Lee Da-hee and Jang Sung-kyu. On March 20, Mnet confirmed the show's lineup would consist of Pentagon, ONF, Golden Child, The Boyz, Verivery, Oneus and TOO. The show began airing from April 30 and ended on June 18.


title: Hamstring

text: In human anatomy, a hamstring () is any one of the three posterior thigh muscles in between the hip and the knee (from medial to lateral: semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris). The hamstrings are susceptible to injury.


title: Hamstring

text: The three muscles of the posterior thigh (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris long & short head) flex (bend) the knee, while all but the short head of biceps femoris extend (straighten) the hip. The three 'true' hamstrings cross both the hip and the knee joint and are therefore involved in knee flexion and hip extension. The short head of the biceps femoris crosses only one joint (knee) and is therefore not involved in hip extension. With its divergent origin and innervation it is sometimes excluded from the 'hamstring' characterization.


title: Hamstring

text: The hamstrings cross and act upon two joints – the hip and the knee – and as such they are termed biarticular muscles.


title: Hamstring

text: Semitendinosus and semimembranosus extend the hip when the trunk is fixed; they also flex the knee and medially (inwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent.


title: Hamstring

text: The long head of the biceps femoris extends the hip, as when beginning to walk; both short and long heads flex the knee and laterally (outwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent.


title: Hamstring

text: The hamstrings play a crucial role in many daily activities such as walking, running, jumping, and controlling some movement in the gluteus. In walking, they are most important as an antagonist to the quadriceps in the deceleration of knee extension.


title: Hamstring

text: A common running injury in several sports, excessive stretch of a hamstring results from extensive hip flexion while the knee is extended. During sprinting, a hamstring injury may occur from excessive muscle strain during eccentric contraction late in the leg swing phase. The overall incidence of a hamstring injury in sports and professional dancers is about two per 1000 hours of performance. In some sports, a hamstring injury occurs at the incidence of 19% of all sports injuries, and results in an average time loss from competition of 24  days.


title: Hamstring

text: Imaging the hamstring muscles is usually performed with an ultrasound and/or MRI.  The biceps femoris is most commonly injured, followed by semitendinosus. Semimembranosus injury is rare. Imaging is useful in differentiating the grade of strain, especially if the muscle is completely torn. In this setting, the level and degree of retraction can be determined, serving as a useful roadmap prior to any surgery. Those with a hamstring strain of greater than 60mm in length have a greater risk of recurrence.


title: Hamstring

text: The distal semitendinosus tendon is one of the tendons that can be used in the surgical procedure ACL reconstruction. In this procedure, a piece of it is used to replace the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The ACL is one of the four major ligaments in the knee, which also include the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL).


title: Hamstring

text: The word "ham" is derived from the Old English ham or hom meaning the hollow or bend of the knee, from a Germanic base where it meant "crooked". It gained the meaning of the leg of an animal around the 15th century. "String" refers to tendons, and thus, the hamstrings are the string-like tendons felt on either side of the back of the knee.


title: Michael Eisner

text: Michael Dammann Eisner (born March 7, 1942) is an American businessman and former chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of The Walt Disney Company from September 1984 to September 2005. Prior to Disney, Eisner was president of rival film studio Paramount Pictures from 1976 to 1984, and had brief stints at the major television networks NBC, CBS, and ABC.


title: Michael Eisner

text: Eisner's 21-year stint at Disney saw the revitalization of the company's poorly performing animation studios with successful films such as "The Little Mermaid" (1989), "Beauty and the Beast " (1991), "Aladdin" (1992), and "The Lion King" (1994), a period known as the Disney Renaissance. Eisner additionally broadened the company's media portfolio by leading the acquisitions of ABC, most of ESPN and The Muppets franchise. Eisner also led major investments and expansion of the company's theme parks both domestically and globally, including the openings of Disney-MGM Studios (now Disney's Hollywood Studios) in 1989, Euro Disney (now Disneyland Paris) in 1992, Disney's Animal Kingdom in 1998, Disney's California Adventure Park and Tokyo DisneySea in 2001, Walt Disney Studios Park in 2002 and Hong Kong Disneyland in 2005.


title: Michael Eisner

text: Eisner's final years at Disney were tumultuous: a string of box-office bombs in the early 2000s, public feuds with former associates such as Jeffrey Katzenberg and Steve Jobs and dissatisfaction with Eisner's management style culminated in the "Save Disney" campaign organized by Roy E. Disney, during which Eisner rapidly lost the confidence of much of Disney's Board of Directors. As a result of the pressure from the campaign, Eisner announced in March 2005 that he would step down as CEO prematurely, handing day-to-day duties to Bob Iger before formally leaving the company in September 2005.


title: Michael Eisner

text: Eisner was born to an affluent, secular Jewish family in Mount Kisco, New York. His mother, Margaret (née Dammann), whose family founded the American Safety Razor Company, was the president of the Irvington Institute, a hospital that treated children with rheumatic fever. His father, Lester Eisner, Jr., was a lawyer and regional administrator of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. His great-grandfather, Sigmund Eisner, established a very successful clothing company that was one of the first uniform suppliers to the Boy Scouts of America and his great-grandmother, Bertha Weiss, belonged to an immigrant family that established the town of Red Bank, New Jersey. Eisner has one sister, Margot Freedman.


title: Michael Eisner

text: He was raised on Park Avenue in Manhattan. He attended the Allen-Stevenson School kindergarten through ninth grade followed by The Lawrenceville School in 10th through his senior year and graduated from Denison University in 1964 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English.


title: Michael Eisner

text: After two brief stints at NBC and CBS, Barry Diller at ABC hired Eisner as assistant to the national programming director. Eisner moved up the ranks, eventually becoming a senior vice president in charge of programming and development. In 1976, Diller, who had by then moved on to become chairman of Paramount Pictures, recruited Eisner from ABC and made him president and COO of the movie studio. During his tenure at Paramount, the studio produced films such as "Saturday Night Fever", "Grease", the "Star Trek" film franchise, "Ordinary People", "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "An Officer and a Gentleman", "Flashdance", "Terms of Endearment", "Beverly Hills Cop", and "Footloose", and TV shows such as "Happy Days", "Laverne & Shirley", "Cheers" and "Family Ties".


title: Michael Eisner

text: Diller left Paramount on September 30, 1984, and, as his protégé, Eisner expected to assume Diller's position as studio chief. When he was passed over for the job, though, he left to look for work elsewhere and lobbied for the position of CEO of The Walt Disney Company.


title: Michael Eisner

text: Following the death of founder Walt Disney in 1966, The Walt Disney Company narrowly survived several takeover attempts. Its shareholders Sid Bass and Roy E. Disney brought in Eisner (as CEO and chairman of the board) and former Warner Bros. chief Frank Wells (as president) to replace Ron W. Miller in 1984 and strengthen the company. Eisner brought in Jeffrey Katzenberg as Walt Disney Studios chairman.


title: Michael Eisner

text: A couple of years after becoming chairman and CEO, Eisner became the host of "The Wonderful World of Disney", making him the public face of the company as well as its top executive. Eisner was not a performer by profession, and studio management did not believe he could do the hosting job. After filming a test video with his wife Jane and a member of his executive team (which required multiple takes) Eisner "came across as stiff and awkward ... Disney executives ... were pretty much unanimous that the test was a failure...Eisner stubbornly persisted in the face of almost unanimous criticism." Eisner hired Michael Kay, a director of political commercials for then-U.S. Senator Bill Bradley, to help him improve his on-camera performance. As a result, Eisner was well-recognized by children at the company's theme parks who often asked him for autographs.


title: Michael Eisner

text: During the second half of the 1980s and early 1990s, Eisner revitalized Disney. Beginning with the films "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" (1988) which was brought to Disney by Jeffrey Katzenberg and "The Little Mermaid" (1989) a Ron Clements idea that Eisner originally panned, its flagship animation studio enjoyed a series of commercial and critical successes. Disney also broadened its adult offerings in film when it acquired Miramax Films in 1993. Under Eisner, Disney acquired many other media sources, including ABC, most of ESPN, Fox Family (now known as Freeform) and The Muppets franchise. The ABC purchase in particular reunited Eisner with his former employer.


title: Michael Eisner

text: In the early part of the 1990s, Eisner and his partners set out to plan "The Disney Decade" which was to feature new parks around the world, existing park expansions, new films, and new media investments. While some of the proposals were completed, most were not. Those completed included the "Euro Disney Resort" (now Disneyland Paris) which was vastly over budget, and had low attendance and was acknowledged by Eisner to be his "real financial disappointment", "Disney-MGM Studios" (now Disney's Hollywood Studios), "Disney's California Adventure Park" (now Disney California Adventure), "Disney-MGM Studios Paris" (eventually opened in 2002 as Walt Disney Studios Park), and various film projects including a "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" franchise. However, the lackluster success of Disney's Animal Kingdom in the years after its opening, general stagnation in Disney's revenues and various corporate issues and disputes would dampen Eisner's later career.


title: Michael Eisner

text: In 1993, Katzenberg had lobbied to become Eisner's second in command, which would have meant moving Frank Wells from president to vice chairman, to which Eisner 'replied that Wells would feel "hurt" in that scenario'. Wells died in a helicopter crash in 1994. When Eisner did not appoint Katzenberg to Wells' now available post, this caused tensions between the two that led to Katzenberg resigning from the company later that year. At the time, Eisner refused to pay Katzenberg his contractual bonus' despite Katzenberg's offer to accept $60 million as a settlement, much less than was actually owed. Katzenberg was forced to take the issue to court and the court ruled in his favour. The final settlement was $280 million. Katzenberg went on to found DreamWorks SKG, with partners Steven Spielberg and David Geffen. Eisner recalled that "Roy E. Disney, who did not like him at all — I forget the reason, but Jeffrey probably did not treat him the way that Roy would have wanted to be treated — said to me, 'If you make him the president, I will start a proxy fight.'"


title: Michael Eisner

text: Eisner then recruited his friend Michael Ovitz, one of the founders of the Creative Artists Agency, to be President, with minimal involvement from Disney's board of directors (which at the time included Oscar-winning actor Sidney Poitier, the CEO of Hilton Hotels Corporation Stephen Bollenbach, former U.S. Senator George Mitchell, Yale dean Robert A. M. Stern, and Eisner's predecessors Raymond Watson and Card Walker). Ovitz lasted only 14 months, partly due to outright hostility from Sandy Litvak and Steve Bollenbach and a lack of support by Eisner, and left Disney in December 1996, via a "no fault termination" with a severance package of $38 million in cash, and 3 million stock options worth roughly $100 million, at the time of Ovitz's departure. The Ovitz episode engendered a long running derivative suit, which finally concluded in June 2006, almost 10 years later. Chancellor William B. Chandler, III of the Delaware Court of Chancery, despite describing Eisner's behavior as falling "far short of what shareholders expect and demand from those entrusted with a fiduciary position..." found in favor of Eisner and the rest of the Disney board because they had not violated the duty of care owed by a corporation's officers and board to its shareholders.


title: Michael Eisner

text: Despite his record of success while serving as CEO and Chairman of The Walt Disney Company, Eisner was also known for his habit of integrating much his Paramount films with Disney content, which isolated him from other Disney executives by 1995. On November 30, 2003, Roy E. Disney, the son and nephew of co-founders Roy O. Disney and Walt Disney, respectively, resigned from his positions as Disney vice chairman and chairman of Walt Disney Feature Animation. His reasons for resigning was his feeling that there was too much micromanagement within the studio, flops with the ABC television network, the company's growing timidity in the theme park business, the Walt Disney Company turning into a "rapacious, soul-less" company, Eisner's refusal to establish a clear succession plan, as well as the studio releasing a string of box-office movie failures starting in the year 2000, such as "The Emperor's New Groove" and "Treasure Planet", and the company's well-publicized distribution disputes with long-time production partner Pixar Animation Studios and its CEO Steve Jobs, with whom Disney had produced such computer-animated feature film hits as "Toy Story", "A Bug's Life", "Monsters, Inc.", and "Finding Nemo", which were critically acclaimed and financially successful for both partners.


title: Michael Eisner

text: On March 3, 2004, at Disney's annual shareholders' meeting, a surprising and unprecedented 43% of Disney's shareholders, predominantly rallied by former board members Roy Disney and Stanley Gold, withheld their proxies to re-elect Eisner to the board. This vote followed a stunning rebuke of Eisner and his executive and chairman practices by both the Institutional Shareholder Services and Glass, Lewis, a shareholder advisory service. Disney's board then gave the chairmanship position to board member George Mitchell. However, the board did not immediately remove Eisner as chief executive.


title: Michael Eisner

text: On March 13, 2005, Eisner announced that he would step down as CEO one year before his contract expired, and handed off day-to-day duties to Bob Iger, who had been serving as Disney's President and Chief Operating Officer and had just been selected by the directors as the CEO-designate. Eisner did not initially promote Iger as a successor until after the board put pressure on Eisner to resign. Eisner remarked that "I would not have agreed to [leave] if it hadn't been Bob. Because of governance, they wanted a big search and everything. ... And by the end of the search, it was clear that I was able to convince the board—our newly constructed board—that Bob was great." On September 30, Eisner resigned both as an executive and as a member of the board of directors, and, severing all formal ties with the company, he waived his contractual rights to perks such as the use of a corporate jet and an office at the company's Burbank headquarters.


title: Michael Eisner

text: While Eisner did much to stabilize and promote Disney in his early years as CEO, his performance in later years garnered much criticism. "Beginning with the lavish, even reckless spending on Euro Disney, and continuing with the poorly planned and executed foray into the Internet, and perhaps worst of all, the acquisition of the Fox Family cable network - each of which is a more than $1 billion mistake - Eisner squandered Disney's assets. ... This is even before considering the exit of Jeffery Katzenberg, the failure to honour his contract, and the hiring and firing of Michael Ovitz, personnel and judgment errors, which, in the cost to Disney and the vitriol and publicity they generated, are without parallel in American business history. ... Eisner controlled and manipulated the board by keeping members isolated, preferring to communicate one-on-one; selectively doling out information, access and benefits ... and ruthlessly dispatching anyone who dared challenge him."


title: Michael Eisner

text: In his book "The Ride of Lifetime", Bob Iger quotes Eisner answering criticism for micro-managing as saying: "Micromanaging is underrated".


title: Michael Eisner

text: In January 2006, Disney's corporate headquarters in Burbank was renamed to Team Disney – The Michael D. Eisner Building in Eisner's honor.


title: Michael Eisner

text: Eisner has apologized to the Chinese Communist Party for Disney distributing the 1997 film "Kundun", a biopic about the early life of Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, which offended Communist Chinese sensitivities.


title: Michael Eisner

text: On October 7, 2005, Eisner was a guest host for the "Charlie Rose" talk show. His guests were John Travolta and his ex-boss, Barry Diller. Impressed with Eisner's performance, CNBC President Mark Hoffman hired Eisner in early 2006 to host his own talk show, "Conversations with Michael Eisner". The show mostly featured CEOs, political leaders, artists and actors, until its cancellation in 2009. Eisner was also an executive producer of the show.


title: Michael Eisner

text: In March 2007, Eisner's investment firm, The Tornante Company, launched a studio, Vuguru, that produces and distributes videos for the Internet, portable media devices and cell phones. In October 2007, Eisner, through his Tornante Company investment firm, partnered with Madison Dearborn Partners in the acquisition of Topps Company, the bubble-gum and collectibles firm. He produced a mockumentary style show about his takeover of the Topps Company, called "Back on Topps." In January 2022, he sold Topps to Fanatics following its loss of the Major League Baseball licensing rights. His investment firm has funded the critically acclaimed Netflix series "BoJack Horseman".


title: Michael Eisner

text: In March 2017, came the revelation that Eisner was interested in a takeover of Portsmouth F.C., a football club in the south of England that had fallen on hard times after years of poor ownership, before being taken over by its fans. The club released a statement on March 23, 2017 that Eisner and his Tornante Company were in an exclusivity agreement. On August 3, 2017 came confirmation that Eisner and his Tornante Company had completed their purchase for a reported fee of £5.67 million.


title: Michael Eisner

text: After college in 1964, he met his future wife, Jane Breckenridge, a Unitarian of Swedish and Scottish descent. They have three sons: Breck, Eric and Anders Eisner.


title: Cruel Summer (TV series)

text: Cruel Summer is an American teen drama thriller anthology series created by Bert V. Royal. The first season follows two teenage girls in the 1990s and the repercussions on everyone's lives after one disappears and the other seemingly takes her place.


title: Cruel Summer (TV series)

text: The series premiered on Freeform on April 20, 2021. In June 2021, the series was renewed for a second season.


title: Cruel Summer (TV series)

text: Set in the fictional town of Skylin, Texas, each episode focuses on the same day over the course of three years: 1993, 1994, and 1995. The series follows two teenage girls: Kate Wallis is a beloved popular girl who one day disappears without a trace at the hands of new vice-principal Martin Harris. Jeanette Turner is an awkward outcast who seemingly takes over Kate's life after she goes missing. Found alive a year later, Kate accuses Jeanette of witnessing her abduction but not reporting it, which results in Jeanette becoming the most despised person in the United States. Through multiple lawsuits and fractured families, friendships and relationships, everyone scrambles to pick sides as the true story unfolds. With all the rumors and no one knowing who to believe, Jeanette Turner looks like she is hiding something.


title: Cruel Summer (TV series)

text: Disclaimers appear before certain episodes, cautioning viewers about themes such as child grooming and domestic abuse.


title: Cruel Summer (TV series)

text: On September 25, 2019, Freeform gave "Last Summer" a pilot order. On January 17, 2020, "Last Summer" was picked to series. The series was created by Bert V. Royal who was also expected to executive produce alongside Jessica Biel, Michelle Purple, and Max Winkler who also directed the pilot. The production companies involved with the series are Entertainment One and Iron Ocean Productions. On May 18, 2020, "Last Summer" was retitled as "Cruel Summer". The series premiered on April 20, 2021. On June 15, 2021, Freeform renewed the series for a second season. On July 6, 2021, it was reported that Royal has exited the series after the pilot after disagreements with a network executive. On April 21, 2022, Elle Triedman was named as the new showrunner for the second season, replacing Tia Napolitano who boarded the series after Royal left. However, Napolitano is set to remain as an executive producer. It was also reported that the series is an anthology series.


title: Cruel Summer (TV series)

text: On November 13, 2019, Michael Landes, Brooklyn Sudano, Harley Quinn Smith, Chiara Aurelia, Mika Abdalla, Froy Gutierrez, Allius Barnes, Blake Lee, and Nathaniel Ashton were cast in series regular roles. By May 18, 2020, Olivia Holt had replaced Mika Abdalla. On October 30, 2020, Sarah Drew joined the cast in a recurring role. On March 11, 2021, Barrett Carnahan, Andrea Anders, Benjamin J. Cain, and Nicole Bilderback were cast in recurring roles. On April 21, 2022, Sadie Stanley, Eloise Payet, Griffin Gluck, KaDee Strickland, Lisa Yamada and Sean Blakemore joined the cast in starring roles while Paul Adelstein was cast in a recurring role for the second season. On April 27, 2022, Lexi Underwood joined the series, replacing Payet in a recasting. On May 6, 2022, Braeden De La Garza, Nile Bullock, and Jenna Lamb were cast in recurring capacities for the second season.


title: Cruel Summer (TV series)

text: Besides Wendy Melvoin and Lisa Coleman serving as the main composers, the series heavily relies on a 90's inspired soundtrack. The second episode notably makes use of the Cranberries song "Zombie".


title: Cruel Summer (TV series)

text: The first season of "Cruel Summer" was filmed over six months in Dallas, Texas. The second season began filming on April 21, 2022, and concluded on September 7, 2022, in Richmond, British Columbia.


title: Cruel Summer (TV series)

text: "Cruel Summer" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 94% based on 32 critic reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's critics consensus states, "Though it may have a bit too much going on, "Cruel Summer" delicious twists and delightful turns from its young stars are never less than entertaining." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100 based on 15 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Cruel Summer (TV series)

text: Saloni Gajjar of "The A.V. Club" gave the series a B and wrote, ""Cruel Summer" manages to overcome its convoluted storytelling because it finds interesting, grounded ways to explore the impact of society's expectations of these young girls, and how their town and own families contribute to the pressure they face."


title: Cruel Summer (TV series)

text: On April 30, 2021, "Cruel Summer" was the most-watched overall series debut ever on Freeform with an average 3.81million total viewers across multi-platforms for its first week.


title: Filibuster

text: A filibuster is a political procedure in which one or more members of a legislative body prolong debate on proposed legislation so as to delay or entirely prevent decision. It is sometimes referred to as "talking a bill to death" or "talking out a bill", and is characterized as a form of obstruction in a legislature or other decision-making body.


title: Filibuster

text: The term "filibuster" ultimately derives from the Dutch ("freebooter", a pillaging and plundering adventurer), but the precise history of the word's borrowing into English is obscure. The "Oxford English Dictionary" finds its only known use in early modern English in a 1587 book describing "flibutors" who robbed supply convoys. In the late 18th century, the term was re-borrowed into English from its French form , a form that was used until the mid-19th century.


title: Filibuster

text: The modern English form "filibuster" was borrowed in the early 1850s from the Spanish (lawless plunderer). The term was applied to private military adventurers like William Walker who were then attacking and pillaging Spanish colonies in Central America. Spain lost all its Central American territory in 1821. Over the course of the mid to late 19th century, the term "filibustering" became common in American English in the sense of "obstructing progress in a legislative assembly".


title: Filibuster

text: One of the first known practitioners of the filibuster was the Roman senator Cato the Younger. In debates over legislation he especially opposed, Cato would often obstruct the measure by speaking continuously until nightfall. As the Roman Senate had a rule requiring all business to conclude by dusk, Cato's purposefully long-winded speeches were an effective device to forestall a vote.