title: Hippocampus

text: Since at least the time of Ramon y Cajal (1852–1934), psychologists have speculated that the brain stores memory by altering the strength of connections between neurons that are simultaneously active. This idea was formalized by Donald Hebb in 1949, but for many years remained unexplained. In 1973, Tim Bliss and Terje Lømo described a phenomenon in the rabbit hippocampus that appeared to meet Hebb's specifications: a change in synaptic responsiveness induced by brief strong activation and lasting for hours or days or longer. This phenomenon was soon referred to as long-term potentiation (LTP). As a candidate mechanism for long-term memory, LTP has since been studied intensively, and a great deal has been learned about it. However, the complexity and variety of the intracellular signalling cascades that can trigger LTP is acknowledged as preventing a more complete understanding.


title: Hippocampus

text: The hippocampus is a particularly favorable site for studying LTP because of its densely packed and sharply defined layers of neurons, but similar types of activity-dependent synaptic change have also been observed in many other brain areas. The best-studied form of LTP has been seen in CA1 of the hippocampus and occurs at synapses that terminate on dendritic spines and use the neurotransmitter glutamate. The synaptic changes depend on a special type of glutamate receptor, the "N"-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a cell surface receptor which has the special property of allowing calcium to enter the postsynaptic spine only when presynaptic activation and postsynaptic depolarization occur at the same time. Drugs that interfere with NMDA receptors block LTP and have major effects on some types of memory, especially spatial memory. Genetically modified mice that are modified to disable the LTP mechanism, also generally show severe memory deficits.


title: Hippocampus

text: Age-related conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia (for which hippocampal disruption is one of the earliest signs) have a severe impact on many types of cognition including memory. Even normal aging is associated with a gradual decline in some types of memory, including episodic memory and working memory (or short-term memory). Because the hippocampus is thought to play a central role in memory, there has been considerable interest in the possibility that age-related declines could be caused by hippocampal deterioration. Some early studies reported substantial loss of neurons in the hippocampus of elderly people, but later studies using more precise techniques found only minimal differences. Similarly, some MRI studies have reported shrinkage of the hippocampus in elderly people, but other studies have failed to reproduce this finding. There is, however, a reliable relationship between the size of the hippocampus and memory performance; so that where there is age-related shrinkage, memory performance will be impaired. There are also reports that memory tasks tend to produce less hippocampal activation in the elderly than in the young. Furthermore, a randomized control trial published in 2011 found that aerobic exercise could increase the size of the hippocampus in adults aged 55 to 80 and also improve spatial memory.


title: Hippocampus

text: The hippocampus contains high levels of glucocorticoid receptors, which make it more vulnerable to long-term stress than most other brain areas. There is evidence that humans having experienced severe, long-lasting traumatic stress show atrophy of the hippocampus more than of other parts of the brain. These effects show up in post-traumatic stress disorder, and they may contribute to the hippocampal atrophy reported in schizophrenia and severe depression. Anterior hippocampal volume in children is positively correlated with parental family income and this correlation is thought to be mediated by income related stress. A recent study has also revealed atrophy as a result of depression, but this can be stopped with anti-depressants even if they are not effective in relieving other symptoms.


title: Hippocampus

text: Chronic stress resulting in elevated levels of glucocorticoids, notably of cortisol, is seen to be a cause of neuronal atrophy in the hippocampus. This atrophy results in a smaller hippocampal volume which is also seen in Cushing's syndrome. The higher levels of cortisol in Cushing's syndrome is usually the result of medications taken for other conditions. Neuronal loss also occurs as a result of impaired neurogenesis. Another factor that contributes to a smaller hippocampal volume is that of dendritic retraction where dendrites are shortened in length and reduced in number, in response to increased glucocorticoids. This dendritic retraction is reversible. After treatment with medication to reduce cortisol in Cushing's syndrome, the hippocampal volume is seen to be restored by as much as 10%. This change is seen to be due to the reforming of the dendrites. This dendritic restoration can also happen when stress is removed. There is, however, evidence derived mainly from studies using rats that stress occurring shortly after birth can affect hippocampal function in ways that persist throughout life.


title: Hippocampus

text: Sex-specific responses to stress have also been demonstrated in the rat to have an effect on the hippocampus. Chronic stress in the male rat showed dendritic retraction and cell loss in the CA3 region but this was not shown in the female. This was thought to be due to neuroprotective ovarian hormones. In rats, DNA damage increases in the hippocampus under conditions of stress.


title: Hippocampus

text: The hippocampus is one of the few brain regions where new neurons are generated. This process of neurogenesis is confined to the dentate gyrus. The production of new neurons can be positively affected by exercise or negatively affected by epileptic seizures.


title: Hippocampus

text: Seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy can affect the normal development of new neurons and can cause tissue damage. Hippocampal sclerosis including Ammon's horn sclerosis that is specific to the mesial temporal lobe, is the most common type of such tissue damage. It is not yet clear, however, whether the epilepsy is usually caused by hippocampal abnormalities or whether the hippocampus is damaged by cumulative effects of seizures. However, in experimental settings where repetitive seizures are artificially induced in animals, hippocampal damage is a frequent result. This may be a consequence of the concentration of excitable glutamate receptors in the hippocampus. Hyperexcitability can lead to cytotoxicity and cell death. It may also have something to do with the hippocampus being a site where new neurons continue to be created throughout life, and to abnormalities in this process.


title: Hippocampus

text: The causes of schizophrenia are not well understood, but numerous abnormalities of brain structure have been reported. The most thoroughly investigated alterations involve the cerebral cortex, but effects on the hippocampus have also been described. Many reports have found reductions in the size of the hippocampus in people with schizophrenia. The left hippocampus seems to be affected more than the right. The changes noted have largely been accepted to be the result of abnormal development. It is unclear whether hippocampal alterations play any role in causing the psychotic symptoms that are the most important feature of schizophrenia. It has been suggested that on the basis of experimental work using animals, hippocampal dysfunction might produce an alteration of dopamine release in the basal ganglia, thereby indirectly affecting the integration of information in the prefrontal cortex. It has also been suggested that hippocampal dysfunction might account for the disturbances in long-term memory frequently observed.


title: Hippocampus

text: MRI studies have found a smaller brain volume and larger ventricles in people with schizophreniahowever researchers do not know if the shrinkage is from the schizophrenia or from the medication. The hippocampus and thalamus have been shown to be reduced in volume; and the volume of the globus pallidus is increased. Cortical patterns are altered, and a reduction in the volume and thickness of the cortex particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes has been noted. It has further been proposed that many of the changes seen are present at the start of the disorder which gives weight to the theory that there is abnormal neurodevelopment.


title: Hippocampus

text: The hippocampus has been seen as central to the pathology of schizophrenia, both in the neural and physiological effects. It has been generally accepted that there is an abnormal synaptic connectivity underlying schizophrenia. Several lines of evidence implicate changes in the synaptic organization and connectivity, in and from the hippocampus Many studies have found dysfunction in the synaptic circuitry within the hippocampus and its activity on the prefrontal cortex. The glutamatergic pathways have been seen to be largely affected. The subfield CA1 is seen to be the least involved of the other subfields, and CA4 and the subiculum have been reported elsewhere as being the most implicated areas. The review concluded that the pathology could be due to genetics, faulty neurodevelopment or abnormal neural plasticity. It was further concluded that schizophrenia is not due to any known neurodegenerative disorder. Oxidative DNA damage is substantially increased in the hippocampus of elderly patients with chronic schizophrenia.


title: Hippocampus

text: Transient global amnesia is a dramatic, sudden, temporary, near-total loss of short-term memory. Various causes have been hypothesized including ischemia, epilepsy, migraine and disturbance of cerebral venous blood flow, leading to ischemia of structures such as the hippocampus that are involved in memory.


title: Hippocampus

text: There has been no scientific proof of any cause. However, diffusion weighted MRI studies taken from 12 to 24 hours following an episode has shown there to be small dot-like lesions in the hippocampus. These findings have suggested a possible implication of CA1 neurons made vulnerable by metabolic stress.


title: Hippocampus

text: Some studies shows correlation of reduced hippocampus volume and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A study of Vietnam War combat veterans with PTSD showed a 20% reduction in the volume of their hippocampus compared with veterans having suffered no such symptoms. This finding was not replicated in chronic PTSD patients traumatized at an air show plane crash in 1988 (Ramstein, Germany). It is also the case that non-combat twin brothers of Vietnam veterans with PTSD also had smaller hippocampi than other controls, raising questions about the nature of the correlation. A 2016 study strengthened theory that a smaller hippocampus increases the risk for post-traumatic stress disorder, and a larger hippocampus increases the likelihood of efficacious treatment.


title: Hippocampus

text: Hippocampus atrophy has been characterized in microcephaly patients and mouse models with WDR62 mutations which recapitulate human point mutations shown a deficiency in hippocampal development and neurogenesis.


title: Hippocampus

text: The hippocampus has a generally similar appearance across the range of mammals, from monotremes such as the echidna to primates such as humans. The hippocampal-size-to-body-size ratio broadly increases, being about twice as large for primates as for the echidna. It does not, however, increase at anywhere close to the rate of the neocortex-to-body-size ratio. Therefore, the hippocampus takes up a much larger fraction of the cortical mantle in rodents than in primates. In adult humans the volume of the hippocampus on each side of the brain is about 3.0 to 3.5 cm as compared to 320 to 420 cm for the volume of the neocortex.


title: Hippocampus

text: There is also a general relationship between the size of the hippocampus and spatial memory. When comparisons are made between similar species, those that have a greater capacity for spatial memory tend to have larger hippocampal volumes. This relationship also extends to sex differences; in species where males and females show strong differences in spatial memory ability they also tend to show corresponding differences in hippocampal volume.


title: Hippocampus

text: Non-mammalian species do not have a brain structure that looks like the mammalian hippocampus, but they have one that is considered homologous to it. The hippocampus, as pointed out above, is in essence part of the allocortex. Only mammals have a fully developed cortex, but the structure it evolved from, called the pallium, is present in all vertebrates, even the most primitive ones such as the lamprey or hagfish. The pallium is usually divided into three zones: medial, lateral and dorsal. The medial pallium forms the precursor of the hippocampus. It does not resemble the hippocampus visually because the layers are not warped into an S shape or enfolded by the dentate gyrus, but the homology is indicated by strong chemical and functional affinities. There is now evidence that these hippocampal-like structures are involved in spatial cognition in birds, reptiles, and fish.


title: Hippocampus

text: In birds, the correspondence is sufficiently well established that most anatomists refer to the medial pallial zone as the "avian hippocampus". Numerous species of birds have strong spatial skills, in particular those that cache food. There is evidence that food-caching birds have a larger hippocampus than other types of birds and that damage to the hippocampus causes impairments in spatial memory.


title: Hippocampus

text: The story for fish is more complex. In teleost fish (which make up the great majority of existing species), the forebrain is distorted in comparison to other types of vertebrates: most neuroanatomists believe that the teleost forebrain is in essence everted, like a sock turned inside-out, so that structures that lie in the interior, next to the ventricles, for most vertebrates, are found on the outside in teleost fish, and vice versa. One of the consequences of this is that the medial pallium ("hippocampal" zone) of a typical vertebrate is thought to correspond to the lateral pallium of a typical fish. Several types of fish (particularly goldfish) have been shown experimentally to have strong spatial memory abilities, even forming "cognitive maps" of the areas they inhabit. There is evidence that damage to the lateral pallium impairs spatial memory. It is not yet known whether the medial pallium plays a similar role in even more primitive vertebrates, such as sharks and rays, or even lampreys and hagfish.


title: Hippocampus

text: Some types of insects, and molluscs such as the octopus, also have strong spatial learning and navigation abilities, but these appear to work differently from the mammalian spatial system, so there is as yet no good reason to think that they have a common evolutionary origin; nor is there sufficient similarity in brain structure to enable anything resembling a "hippocampus" to be identified in these species. Some have proposed, however, that the insect's mushroom bodies may have a function similar to that of the hippocampus.


title: Scott Rudin

text: Scott Rudin (born July 14, 1958) is an American film, television, and theatre producer. His films include the Academy Award-winning Best Picture "No Country for Old Men," as well as "Uncut Gems", "Lady Bird, Fences, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Social Network, , School of Rock, Zoolander, The Truman Show, Clueless, The Addams Family," and eight Wes Anderson films"." On Broadway, he has won 17 Tony Awards for shows such as "The Book of Mormon, Hello, Dolly!", "The Humans, A View from the Bridge, Fences," and "Passion".


title: Scott Rudin

text: Rudin announced that he would be "stepping back" from his Broadway, film, and streaming projects following "The Hollywood Reporter" allegations of abusive behavior towards his employees," "Variety" reported that Rudin's name would be removed from a number of upcoming films, and that Rudin's business relationship with the studio A24, had been terminated.


title: Scott Rudin

text: Rudin was born and raised in Baldwin, New York, on Long Island in a Jewish family. He attributes much of his interests and behavior to his upbringing.


title: Scott Rudin

text: At the age of 16, he started working as an assistant to theatre producer Kermit Bloomgarden. Later, he worked for producers Robert Whitehead and Emanuel Azenberg. In lieu of attending college, Rudin took a job as a casting director and ended up starting his own company. His newly minted firm cast numerous Broadway shows, including "Annie" (1977) for Mike Nichols. He also cast PBS's "" (1978), starring Sissy Spacek and William Hurt; and the mini-series "The Scarlet Letter" (1979) starring Meg Foster, Kevin Conway and John Heard; also, the films "King of the Gypsies" (1978), "The Wanderers" (1979), "Simon" (1980) with Alan Arkin and "Resurrection" (1980).


title: Scott Rudin

text: In 1980, Rudin moved to Los Angeles, taking up employment at Edgar J. Scherick Associates, where he served as producer on a variety of films including "I'm Dancing as Fast as I Can" (1981), the NBC miniseries "Little Gloria... Happy at Last" (1982) and the Oscar-winning documentary "He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'" (1983).


title: Scott Rudin

text: Rudin then formed his own company, Scott Rudin Productions. His first film under that banner was Gillian Armstrong's "Mrs. Soffel" (1984). Not long after, Rudin placed his production shingle in dormancy and joined 20th Century-Fox as an executive producer. At Fox, he met , a higher-level executive, with whom he would be working once again at Paramount Pictures years later. Rudin rose through the ranks at Fox and became president of production in 1986 at 28 years old.


title: Scott Rudin

text: His stint at the top of Fox was short-lived, and he soon left and entered into a producing deal with Paramount. On August 1, 1992, Rudin signed a deal with TriStar Pictures but soon moved back to Paramount. Rudin's first-look deal with Paramount Pictures lasted nearly 15 years, producing pictures including "The First Wives Club, The Addams Family, Clueless, Sabrina," and "Sleepy Hollow".


title: Scott Rudin

text: After the resignation of Paramount's chairwoman Sherry Lansing in 2004 and nearly simultaneous departure of Jonathan Dolgen (then president of the company), Rudin left the studio and set a five-year first-look pact with Disney that allowed him to make movies under their labels Touchstone Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, Hollywood Pictures, and Miramax Films, whose founders Harvey and Bob Weinstein had departed. Previously, Harvey Weinstein and Rudin had public confrontations during the production of "The Hours" (2002), which Rudin produced for Miramax Films after it became a studio subsidiary under Disney. Rudin later said he and Weinstein "are both control freaks. We both want to run our own shows. When I'm doing a Miramax movie, I work for him. And I don't like that feeling. I chafe under that. I especially chafe under it when I feel that I'm on a leash." His projects in the 2010s have included lower-budget, independent films. In 2017 and 2018, Rudin and studio A24 released three films about adolescence by first-time writer/directors: Greta Gerwig's "Lady Bird," Bo Burnham's "Eighth Grade," and Jonah Hill's "Mid90s." In 2015, he signed a television production deal with Fox.


title: Scott Rudin

text: Typically producing between two and five productions per year, Rudin is one of Broadway's most prolific commercial producers.


title: Scott Rudin

text: His first Broadway play, David Henry Hwang's "Face Value" in 1993, was produced alongside Stuart Ostrow and Jujamcyn Theaters, and it closed after eight preview performances. He started a deal with Jujamcyn to develop and produce new plays for the theater chain. In 1994, Rudin won the Best Musical Tony Award for his production of Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine's "Passion". The following year, he co-produced Kathleen Turner's Broadway comeback, "Indiscretions", and Ralph Fiennes' New York stage debut in "Hamlet". In 1996, Rudin produced the revival of the Stephen Sondheim and Larry Gelbart musical "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum", for which Nathan Lane won his first Tony Award. His subsequent productions and co-productions have included "Skylight," "The Goat or Who Is Sylvia?," "Seven Guitars", "The Ride Down Mt. Morgan", "Copenhagen", "Deuce", "The History Boys", "Beckett/Albee", "Closer", "The Blue Room", "Doubt," "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, The Year of Magical Thinking, A Behanding in Spokane, God of Carnage, The House of Blue Leaves", and "Exit the King."


title: Scott Rudin

text: In 2010, Rudin and Carole Shorenstein Hays produced the first Broadway revival of August Wilson's Pulitzer Prize-winning play "Fences", directed by Kenny Leon and starring Denzel Washington and Viola Davis. "Fences" garnered ten Tony Award nominations and three wins, including Best Revival of a Play, Best Actor for Washington, and Best Actress for Davis. He would later produce the 2016 film adaptation of "Fences".


title: Scott Rudin

text: The following year, Rudin was a producer for the Broadway musical "The Book of Mormon", which opened in March 2011 at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre. The show won nine Tony Awards including Best Musical and the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theatre Album. The production has played more than 3,740 Broadway performances as of March 15, 2020. The show has also played in London, Australia, Europe, Asia, and on tour across the United States.


title: Scott Rudin

text: Since 2011, Rudin has won Tony Awards for producing Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" (directed by Mike Nichols and starring Philip Seymour Hoffman and Andrew Garfield), Lorraine Hansberry's "A Raisin in the Sun" (starring Denzel Washington), David Hare's "Skylight" (directed by Stephen Daldry and starring Carey Mulligan and Bill Nighy), Stephen Karam's "The Humans", Ivo van Hove's staging of Arthur Miller's "A View From The Bridge," and the record-breaking revival of "Hello, Dolly!" starring Bette Midler. Other notable productions include Larry David's "Fish in the Dark", a hit comedy with over $13.5 million in advance sales at the box office, a record at the time.


title: Scott Rudin

text: Rudin produced the first Broadway production of Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird," newly adapted for the stage by Aaron Sorkin, directed by Bartlett Sher, and starring Jeff Daniels. The production opened to critical acclaim at the Shubert Theatre on December 13, 2018. During the week ending on December 23, 2018, the production grossed over $1.5 million, breaking the record for box office grosses for a non-musical play in a theater owned by The Shubert Organization.


title: Scott Rudin

text: In March 2018, prior to the play's opening, the Harper Lee estate filed a lawsuit against the play's production company based on allegations that the play deviates too much from the novel. Sorkin had previously admitted that, "As far as Atticus and his virtue goes, this is a different take on "Mockingbird" than Harper Lee's or Horton Foote's. He becomes Atticus Finch by the end of the play, and while he's going along, he has a kind of running argument with Calpurnia, the housekeeper, which is a much bigger role in the play I just wrote. He is in denial about his neighbors and his friends and the world around him, that it is as racist as it is, that a Maycomb County jury could possibly put Tom Robinson in jail when it's so obvious what happened here. He becomes an apologist for these people." The following month, producer Rudin countersued for breach of contract. The legal dispute was settled by May 2018.


title: Scott Rudin

text: Prior to the run of Sorkin's adaptation, another version of the play by Christopher Sergel had been available for license for over 50 years. Since the opening of Sorkin's adaptation, lawyers acting for Atticus Limited Liability Company (the company formed by Rudin for the Broadway production of "To Kill a Mockingbird") claimed worldwide exclusivity for professional stage rights to "any" adaptation of Lee's book. The company has moved aggressively to shut down all other productions of "To Kill a Mockingbird" staged within 25 miles of any city ALLC determines to be a major metropolitan center that might eventually host the Sorkin adaptation – even though the companies had been legally granted rights by Dramatic Publishing Co. to produce the Sergel adaptation. One of the amateur companies, The Grand Theatre, estimated that the cancellation of "Mockingbird" would cost the theatre some $20,000. In the week that the "New York Times" story ran, it was revealed that Rudin had recently purchased a $15 million New York City home from former "Vanity Fair" editor Graydon Carter.


title: Scott Rudin

text: Rudin has drawn attention for his choice to withdraw from at least two major Broadway productions. He left the Pulitzer Prize-winning play "Clybourne Park" in February 2012 ahead of an April opening, due to a feud with writer Bruce Norris that was unrelated to the play. At the time, the "New York Post"'s Michael Riedel said, "And like Merrick, he does not suffer fools, especially ones who go back on their word." Jujamcyn Theaters president Jordan Roth ultimately produced "Clybourne Park", and it won the 2012 Tony Award for Best Play. In 2015, it was announced that Rudin would produce "Groundhog Day", a musical adaptation of the film "Groundhog Day", originally starring Bill Murray. Tim Minchin, who penned the award-winning adaptation of Roald Dahl's "Matilda The Musical", wrote the music and lyrics, and screenwriter Danny Rubin wrote the book. Rudin withdrew from the production in June 2016, citing creative differences with the production team. "Groundhog Day" opened on Broadway in 2017 and was a financial failure, closing after just five months.


title: Scott Rudin

text: In 2013, after "New York Times" theatre reporter Patrick Healy published an interview with Colm Toibin, the author of Rudin's financially unsuccessful "The Testament of Mary," Rudin ran an advertisement in the "Times," saying: "Let's give a big cuddly shout-out to Pat Healy, infant provocateur and amateur journalist at "The New York Times". Keep it up, Pat -- one day perhaps you'll learn something about how Broadway works, and maybe even understand it."


title: Scott Rudin

text: In 2016, in a throwback to an earlier practice on Broadway, Rudin demanded that all critics attend the opening night performance of his production of "The Front Page," which starred Nathan Lane, John Slattery, John Goodman, Holland Taylor, and Robert Morse. (Typically, critics are invited to several performances prior to opening night, giving them ample time to file reviews.) In a public dispute, "The Hollywood Reporter" critic David Rooney, who had a conflict on the date of the opening, balked at the change, adding, "You know nobody works at that pace anymore, right?" Rudin shot back, "Critics reviewed shows on Broadway this way for 100 years. You can do it for one night. Get over it." Rooney's rave review eventually ran two days later than other New York critics, on October 23.


title: Scott Rudin

text: On December 9, 2014, a major illegal breach of Sony's computer systems by "Guardians of Peace" hackers using Shamoon malware led to disclosure of many gigabytes of stolen information, including internal company documents. In subsequent news coverage SPE Co-Chair Amy Pascal and Scott Rudin were noted to have had an email exchange about Pascal's upcoming encounter with President Barack Obama that included characterizations described as racist. Both he and Pascal later apologized.


title: Scott Rudin

text: The two had suggested they should mention films about African-Americans upon meeting the president, such as "Django Unchained", "12 Years a Slave", "The Butler", and "Amistad" which all discuss slavery in the United States or the pre-civil rights era. In the email thread, Rudin added, "I bet he likes Kevin Hart." Rudin later said that the e-mails were "private emails between friends and colleagues written in haste and without much thought or sensitivity." He added that he was "profoundly and deeply sorry".


title: Scott Rudin

text: Rudin is widely considered to be one of the most abusive bosses in the entertainment industry. He has been called "Hollywood's biggest a-hole" (the "New York Post"s "Page Six"), "the most feared man in town" ("The Hollywood Reporter"), and notoriously hot-tempered. Rudin acknowledged having "a temper" in a 2008 interview, but said he has "grown up". Hugh Wilson admitted in a 2015 interview that he had negative experiences working with Rudin during the making of "The First Wives Club".


title: Scott Rudin

text: On April 7, 2021, Rudin was accused, by numerous employees speaking to "The Hollywood Reporter", of demonstrating a long-standing pattern of abusive behavior towards his employees, including physical abuse, such as throwing objects at his assistants, and in one instance breaking an assistant's hand with a computer monitor. In that article, he was also accused of having victims sign non-disparagement agreements and having the victims' film credits increased or retroactively decreased after quitting.


title: Scott Rudin

text: On April 14, 2021, Karen Olivo announced that they would not return to "Moulin Rouge!" once it reopens in protest of the industry's silence on the allegations against Rudin. In an Instagram video, Olivo stated, "I want a theatre industry that matches my integrity." As a result of the allegations, Sutton Foster, who was slated to star alongside Hugh Jackman in Rudin's upcoming Broadway production of "The Music Man", reportedly vowed to leave the show if Rudin did not "take a seat". On April 17, 2021, the Actors' Equity Association called on Rudin to release employees from any ongoing nondisclosure agreements and for actions from employers, in order to create "truly safe and harassment-free theatrical workplaces on Broadway and beyond." Members of the union have pushed for Rudin to be added to a Do Not Work list.


title: Scott Rudin

text: On April 17, Rudin released a statement apologizing for "the pain my behavior caused to individuals, directly and indirectly" and said he would "step back" from active work on his Broadway productions. On April 20, he announced he would do the same for his "film and streaming" projects.


title: Scott Rudin

text: On August 13, it was reported that Rudin was no longer an executive producer for the upcoming third season of the "What We Do in the Shadows". This was confirmed when the first episode premiered and his name was not listed in the credits.


title: Scott Rudin

text: In a September 2021 interview with "Vanity Fair", Aaron Sorkin was asked about Rudin being fired from "To Kill a Mockingbird", after an 18-month hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and said, "I think Scott got what he deserves."


title: Scott Rudin

text: In 2008, two of Rudin's productions—the Coen brothers' "No Country for Old Men", which were adapted from the Cormac McCarthy book of the same name, and Paul Thomas Anderson's "There Will Be Blood", which was adapted from the Upton Sinclair novel, "Oil!"—were nominated for eight Oscars apiece at the 2008 Academy Awards, including a Best Picture nod for each. The two films shared the distinction of being the most nominated movies at that year's Oscar ceremony. Ultimately, "No Country for Old Men" won the Best Picture prize, with Rudin accepting the award on stage.


title: Scott Rudin

text: Rudin earned Primetime Emmy award nominations for "Little Gloria... Happy at Last" and "School of Rock", and won both Primetime and Daytime Emmys for "He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'". He won a Grammy award for "".


title: Scott Rudin

text: At the 2011 Producers Guild of America (PGA) Awards, Rudin became the only person ever to be nominated twice in one year. He was nominated (along with Dana Brunetti, Ceán Chaffin and Michael De Luca) for producing the Facebook biographical film "The Social Network" and was also nominated (along with Joel and Ethan Coen) for their remake of the classic western "True Grit" (2010). That same year, the PGA also awarded Rudin the David O. Selznick Achievement Award in Motion Pictures which recognizes an individual's outstanding body of work in the field of motion picture production.


title: Scott Rudin

text: Rudin is married to John Barlow, who previously owned the Broadway communications firm Barlow-Hartman Public Relations. In 2019, Rudin and Barlow purchased a three-story Greek Revival-style home in New York's West Village neighborhood.


title: Peter Mullan

text: Peter Mullan (; born 2 November 1959) is a Scottish actor and filmmaker. He is best known for his role in Ken Loach's "My Name Is Joe" (1998), for which he won Best Actor Award at 1998 Cannes Film Festival, 2000's "The Claim" and all three series of the BBC comedy series "Mum", in which he starred as Michael. He is also winner of the World Dramatic Special Jury Prize for Breakout Performances at 2011 Sundance Film Festival for his work on Paddy Considine's "Tyrannosaur" (2011). Mullan has appeared as supporting or guest actor in numerous cult movies, including "Riff-Raff" (1991), "Braveheart" (1995), "Trainspotting" (1996), "Session 9" (2002), "Young Adam" (2003), "Children of Men" (2006), the final two "Harry Potter" films (2010–11), and "War Horse" (2011).


title: Peter Mullan

text: Mullan is an art house movie director. He won a Golden Lion at 59th Venice International Film Festival for "The Magdalene Sisters" (2002), listed by many critics among the best films of 2003 and nominated for BAFTA Award for Best British Film and European Film Award for best film, and a Golden Shell at San Sebastián International Film Festival for "Neds" (2010). He is the only person to win top prizes both for acting (Cannes Best Actor award for "My Name Is Joe") and for the best film (Golden Lion for "The Magdalene Sisters") at major European film festivals.


title: Peter Mullan

text: In television, he played a lead role in the 2008 ITV series "The Fixer". Mullan appeared in Gerard Lee's and Jane Campion's 2013 miniseries "Top of the Lake" as Matt Mitcham, head of the Mitcham family and father of Tui Mitcham, whose disappearance is the main topic of the series. He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for his work in the series. From 2016 to 2019, he starred in the BBC Two sitcom "Mum", and from 2017 to 2018, Mullan appeared in the first two seasons of the Netflix series "Ozark". In 2018 and 2020, he starred in the second and third season of HBO's "Westworld" in a recurring and guest capacity respectively. Also in 2020, he starred in the first season of the Netflix series "Cursed".


title: Peter Mullan

text: Mullan was born on 2 November 1959 in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son of Patricia (a nurse) and Charles Mullan (a lab technician at Glasgow University). The seventh of eight children, Mullan was brought up in a working class Roman Catholic family. They later moved to Mosspark, a district in Glasgow. An alcoholic, Mullan's father became increasingly tyrannical and abusive; he died from lung cancer when Mullan was 17. For a brief period, Mullan was a member of a street gang while at secondary school, and worked as a bouncer in a number of south-side pubs. He was homeless for short periods at the ages of 15 and 18.


title: Peter Mullan

text: Mullan went on to the University of Glasgow to study economic history and drama. There, he began acting and continued stage acting after graduation. He had roles in films such as "Shallow Grave", "Trainspotting", "Braveheart" and "Riff-Raff". Mullan's role as a recovering alcoholic in "My Name Is Joe" won him the Best Actor Award at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Peter Mullan

text: His first full-length film, "Orphans", won an award at the Venice Film Festival. In 2002, he returned to directing and screenwriting with the controversial film "The Magdalene Sisters", based on life in an Irish Magdalene asylum. Mullan won a Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival.


title: Peter Mullan

text: Mullan appeared in the 2021 miniseries "The North Water" and "The Underground Railroad". He also starred in the Amazon Prime Video series "", which premiered in 2022.


title: Peter Mullan

text: Mullan married Ann Swan, an actress and scriptwriter, in 1989; they divorced in 2006. He has four children – three with Swan and one with former girlfriend, activist Robina Qureshi.


title: Peter Mullan

text: A self-described Marxist, Mullan continues to support socialist causes and was a leading figure in the left-wing theatre movement that blossomed in Scotland during the Conservative Thatcher government. These included stints with the and Wildcat Theatre companies. An outspoken critic of Tony Blair's New Labour government, he told "The Guardian" "the TUC and the Labour Party sold us [the working class] out big style, unashamedly so". Ahead of the 1999 Scottish Parliament election, Mullan pledged support for the newly-formed Scottish Socialist Party and their leader Tommy Sheridan. Mullan took part in a 2006 occupation of the Glasgow offices of the UK Immigration Service, protesting against the UKIS's "dawn raid" tactics when deporting failed asylum seekers.


title: Peter Mullan

text: In January 2009, Mullan joined other actors in protesting against the BBC's refusal to screen a Disasters Emergency Committee appeal for Gaza. They told BBC director general Mark Thompson: "Like millions of others, we are absolutely appalled at the decision to refuse to broadcast the appeal. We will never work for the BBC again unless this disgraceful decision is reversed. We will urge others from our profession and beyond to do likewise." Mullan has agreed to appear in an adaptation of Iain Banks' novel "Stonemouth" after the BBC aired a DEC appeal for Gaza in late 2014.


title: Peter Mullan

text: Mullan was a supporter of the Yes Scotland campaign in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. In 2015, he criticised the BBC for "horrendous bias" against the Yes campaign and told the Radio Times that "to see the BBC used as a political cudgel against a legitimate democratic movement ... really broke my heart."


title: OfflineTV

text: OfflineTV is an online social entertainment group of content creators based in Los Angeles, California. They produce a wide range of content, from prank videos to vlogs to the housemates playing games together. The group maintains a large following on their social media platforms.


title: OfflineTV

text: OfflineTV was founded in 2017 by William "Scarra" Li, his manager at the time, Chris Chan, and Imane "Pokimane" Anys. After previously attempting and failing at creating a successful content house, Li then went on to found OfflineTV. Its first four members were Scarra, Chris Chan, Based Yoona, and Pokimane.


title: OfflineTV

text: After living together for four years, the group left their content house and began living separately following the expiration of their lease in December 2021, citing that they wanted to try new things while remaining as part of Offline TV.


title: OfflineTV

text: William Li (born November 25, 1989), better known by his alias Scarra, is an American Twitch streamer and former pro "League of Legends" player. He is most well known for being the mid laner for Team Dignitas. Scarra is a co-founder of OfflineTV, along with his then-manager Chris Chan.


title: OfflineTV

text: Imane Anys (born May 14, 1996), better known by her alias Pokimane, is a Moroccan Canadian Twitch streamer, YouTube personality, and gamer. Anys is best known for her live streams on Twitch, where she showcases her gaming experiences—most notably with "League of Legends" and "Fortnite". In addition to streaming on Twitch, Anys has four YouTube channels: Pokimane, Pokimane Too, Imane, and the now-defunct Poki ASMR. In an interview with The Rift Herald regarding OfflineTV, Anys said, "…it's not fun being a streamer and living alone, so we decided to come together in a way so we not only keep each other company but we can also collab and actually do good work and content for everyone else." Anys was one of the first four members of OfflineTV.


title: OfflineTV

text: Anys lived in the OfflineTV house until June 2020 and subsequently moved out to go live with fellow female streamers, including Valkyrae. While she initially announced that the move was a result of having trouble balancing work and life, Anys later revealed that growing issues with former OfflineTV member Federico "Fedmyster" Gaytan were a major contribution. Anys stated that she had lost trust in Gaytan after finding out he had lied to others about her.


title: OfflineTV

text: Lily Ki (born November 20, 1991), also known as LilyPichu, is a Korean-American Twitch streamer, musician, and YouTube personality. Lily gained popularity in 2011 when she released her song "I'll Quit LoL," amassing over 8 million views on YouTube. Her YouTube channel consists of animations, vlogs, songs, art, and piano covers while her Twitch stream consists of "League of Legends", IRL content, art, and music.


title: OfflineTV

text: In September 2018, Riot Games launched a new series of ads on YouTube for "League of Legends" including one featuring Lily and former OfflineTV member sleightlymusical. It was titled "LilyPichu & sleightlymusical: Duo".


title: OfflineTV

text: On February 20, 2020, she confirmed that she was in a relationship with fellow OfflineTV member Michael Reeves.


title: OfflineTV

text: Jeremy Wang (born November 25, 1991), better known by his alias Disguised Toast, is a Taiwanese-Canadian Twitch and Facebook streamer who rose to fame playing "Hearthstone". He got his alias from a Hearthstone card named SI:7 Agent, one of whose voice lines is "This guy's toast," which is commonly misheard in the community as "disguised toast". Wang began his activity in the Hearthstone community by making infographics and YouTube videos of unusual card interactions that he shared on Reddit. Wang covered his face with a toast-shaped cardboard mask with sunglasses when he began streaming until he revealed his face by mistake in October 2016. In October 2017, Wang joined OfflineTV.


title: OfflineTV

text: In November 2019, Wang announced his departure from Twitch and had moved to streaming on Facebook Gaming. In November 2021, Wang announced his return to Twitch.


title: OfflineTV

text: Yvonne Ng (born October 8, 1990), also known as Yvonnie, is a Chinese-Canadian Twitch streamer. Ng joined the group in 2018, having been acquainted with Pokimane for several years.


title: OfflineTV

text: Michael Reeves (born November 20, 1997) is a Filipino-American Twitch streamer and YouTube personality known for his comedic engineering videos and eccentric on-camera persona. Michael previously worked as a software developer in Hawaii. His first video, "The Robot That Shines a Laser in Your Eye" posted in April 2017, went viral. He made his debut into Twitch streaming in June 2020, where he streams both video games and technology work.


title: OfflineTV

text: After much speculation, he was officially announced as a member of OfflineTV in December 2019. In February 2020, fellow OfflineTV member LilyPichu confirmed that she and Reeves were in a relationship.


title: OfflineTV

text: Sydney Parker (born June 11, 1997), also known as Sydeon, and previously as Neytiri before rebranding in November 2020, is an American Twitch streamer and cosplayer. She started streaming in January 2019 and acquired a degree in nursing before pursuing streaming full-time. She joined OfflineTV in November 2021.


title: OfflineTV

text: John Cable (born June 18, 1997), also known as Masayoshi, is an American Twitch streamer. He acquired his Twitch partnership in late 2019 and is well-known for his "League of Legends" and "Valorant" streams. He joined OfflineTV in November 2021 with his partner and fellow OfflineTV member QuarterJade.


title: OfflineTV

text: Jodi (born August 25, 1997), also known as QuarterJade, is an American streamer, streaming on Twitch since October 2017. She joined OfflineTV in November 2021. She is in a relationship with fellow OfflineTV member Masayoshi.


title: OfflineTV

text: Brodin Plett (born March 18, 1994), also known as Brofain, is an American director, producer, who has been streaming on Twitch since November 2016. Plett previously worked as a cinematographer and editor for Yahoo! Esports. He joined OfflineTV in 2020.


title: OfflineTV

text: Federico Michael Gaytan, more often known as Fedmyster, is an American Twitch streamer and YouTube personality, who is known for his IRL streams. Prior to becoming a streamer, Gaytan was a video editor and was invited to join the group as an editor in June 2017. On July 8, 2017, Gaytan published his first YouTube video with OfflineTV, where he was formally introduced as the group's editor. Afterward, Gaytan went on to make many videos with OfflineTV, garnering millions of views for the channel. Gaytan grew popular among the OfflineTV fanbase and In January 2018 started streaming and was soon officially named as part of OfflineTV talent.


title: OfflineTV

text: On June 27, 2020, fellow OfflineTV members Yvonne "Yvonnie" Ng and Lily "LilyPichu" Ki came forward with sexual misconduct allegations involving Gaytan. Ng stated that on two separate instances, Gaytan would enter her room intoxicated and uninvited, lay down on her bed, and begin inappropriately touching her. Ki also stated that he would enter her room uninvited and make inappropriate advances on her. Gaytan was removed from the group following the allegations, and in the week following his removal, over six members of the OfflineTV friend circle came out with their own stories of his inappropriate or manipulative behavior.


title: OfflineTV

text: On November 24, 2020, a 25-page statement by Gaytan titled "my truth" was leaked, which alleged that much of the situation was exaggerated to form a false narrative against him. Anys addressed the leaked document on stream the next day, conveying the situation from her point of view, but stressing that neither had ill will for the other. Gaytan later responded to the leak by stating that the statement was made months ago and that although they disagreed on some aspects, they eventually decided to keep it hidden and move on. He also noted that the statement being leaked was unintentional and undesired for both of them.


title: OfflineTV

text: In June 2021, Gaytan uploaded a video to his YouTube channel announcing his return to content creation. Since his announcement and return, Gaytan has periodically streamed on his Twitch channel and uploaded three additional YouTube videos.


title: OfflineTV

text: Albert Chang (born November 15, 1991), known as sleightlymusical, is a Twitch streamer, YouTuber, musician, and magician Chang's streams included instrumental music covers, magic tricks, IRL streams, and where he played "League of Legends"


title: OfflineTV

text: On November 3, 2017, Chang performed violin live at the opening ceremony of the 2017 League of Legends World Championship finals.


title: OfflineTV

text: During his time with OfflineTV, Chang worked both in production and as an active personality. Chang also became romantically connected to fellow OfflineTV member LilyPichu while they were both in Offline TV.


title: OfflineTV

text: In November 2019, while on a trip to Japan multiple OfflineTV members began tweeting cryptic messages that went viral on the subreddit LiveStreamFails. It was later revealed that Chang had been unfaithful to LilyPichu with another streamer Sarah Lee (avocadopeeled), keeping their communications secret using GoogleDocs.


title: OfflineTV

text: Following the incident, multiple OfflineTV members apologized for their social media statements, and Chang made a statement on his Twitter saying: "I’ll be taking an indefinite hiatus from content creation to reflect and spend some time alone. I'm sorry for the people I've hurt in all of our communities, I'm sorry for the friends I let down at Offline.TV, and most of all I'm sorry for hurting you, Lily."


title: OfflineTV

text: On October 5, 2020, Chang uploaded a video to his social media accounts announcing his return to content creation. On May 17, 2022, Chang announced an indefinite break from streaming on Twitch citing finances and mental health. In October, 2022, Chang joined E-Learning Provider Tonic, as a Brand Strategy Consultant.


title: OfflineTV

text: Mark Zimmerman (born June 29, 1991), better known by his alias MarkZ, is an American "League of Legends" e-sports commentator, best known as an analyst for the North American "League of Legends" Championship Series, and former head analyst and assistant coach for Team Liquid. He was announced as a member of the OfflineTV production team in July 2017. In early 2018, Zimmerman temporarily left the group, citing differences with management. He later returned in July 2018, working in both production and management until late 2019.


title: OfflineTV

text: Edison Park (born November 22, 1988), also known as edisonparklive, is an American Twitch streamer and former manager of OfflineTV. He took over the managerial position in July 2018 after the departure of Chris Chan. Prior to joining OfflineTV, Park previously worked at Microsoft. From March 8th 2019, till April 7th 2019, Park completed the world record for the most hours streamed on Twitch in a 30-day period, streaming an average of 17 hours a day which would accumulate up to a total of 541 hours. The previous record holder, Zizaran, streamed 506.5 hours in a 30-day period. At the end of his attempt, Park proposed to his then girlfriend, Fuslie, live on stream.


title: OfflineTV

text: On April 23, 2019, Park announced via Twitter that he would be stepping down from the OfflineTV managerial position to focus on his streaming career.


title: OfflineTV

text: In April 2020, Park announced that he was joining the Y Combinator-backed startup Zelos as the Head of Product. In November 2020, Park joined start-up PlayVS as a Product Manager. In September 2021, Park joined talent management agency RTS, a company co-founded by OfflineTV member Pokimane. On April 1, 2022, Park announced that he would be returning to full-time streaming and on April 11, 2022 Park officially returned to live-streaming on Twitch.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: The Yeah Yeah Yeahs are an American indie rock band formed in New York City in 2000. The group is composed of vocalist and pianist Karen O (born Karen Lee Orzolek), guitarist and keyboardist Nick Zinner, and drummer Brian Chase. They are complemented in live performances by second guitarist David Pajo (formerly of Slint and Tortoise), who joined as a touring member in 2009 and replaced Imaad Wasif, who had previously held the role. According to an interview that aired during ABC's "Live from Central Park SummerStage" series, the band's name was taken from modern New York City vernacular.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: The band has recorded five studio albums; the first, "Fever to Tell", was released in 2003. The second, "Show Your Bones", was released in 2006 and was named the second best album of the year by "NME". Their third studio album, "It's Blitz!", was released in March 2009. All three albums earned the band Grammy nominations for Best Alternative Music Album. Their fourth album, "Mosquito", came out in April 2013, and "Cool It Down" followed in September 2022.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: Karen O and Brian Chase first met as students at Oberlin College in Ohio in the late 1990s, where Chase was a jazz student at the conservatory. Karen then transferred to New York University and met Zinner in a local bar, where they formed an "instant connection." During this time, they also shared a loft with future members of the band Metric. Orzolek and Zinner formed an acoustic duo called Unitard but soon decided to "shake things up a bit" by forming a "trashy, punky, grimy" band modeled after the art student, avant-punk bands Karen O was exposed to at Oberlin. After the drummer they initially recruited bowed out, Chase joined the line-up.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: The band wrote a slew of songs at their first rehearsal and soon wound up supporting The Strokes and The White Stripes, earning a significant buzz for their arty and garage punk scene. In late 2001, the Yeah Yeah Yeahs released their self-titled debut EP, which they recorded with Boss Hog's Jerry Teel, on their own Shifty label. Early the next year, they stepped into the international spotlight, appearing at South by Southwest, touring the U.S. with Girls Against Boys, and Europe with Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, and headlining their own U.K. tour. Wichita Recordings distributed the group's EP in the U.K. and Touch and Go reissued it in the States.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: In 2003, the band released their debut album, "Fever to Tell", which received several strong critical reviews and sold more than 750,000 copies worldwide. The album's third single, "Maps", received significant airplay on alternative radio. In 2010, "Rolling Stone" ranked "Maps" as 386th in their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The video for their 2004 single "Y Control" was directed by Spike Jonze. In October 2004, the band released their first DVD, "Tell Me What Rockers to Swallow". The DVD included a concert filmed at The Fillmore in San Francisco, all of the band's music videos to date, and various interviews. Later the same year, they were featured in Scott Crary's documentary "Kill Your Idols".


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: The Yeah Yeah Yeahs' second album, "Show Your Bones", was released on March 28, 2006. Karen O told online zine Drowned in Sound, ""Show Your Bones" is what happens when you put your finger in a light socket", crediting "9-year old antigenius wonder-kid Drake Barrett for the insight." The first single from the album, "Gold Lion", was released on March 20, 2006, reaching number 18 in the Official UK Singles Chart. It has been noted by Leah Greenblatt that "Gold Lion" sounds startlingly similar to "No New Tale To Tell" from 1980s alternative band Love and Rockets.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: The band toured throughout Europe and the United States during much of 2006, and also helped to curate an edition of the British All Tomorrow's Parties festival.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: In December 2006, the album was named second best album of the year by "NME" magazine, and "Cheated Hearts" was voted 10th best song. "Rolling Stone" magazine named "Show Your Bones" the 44th best album of 2006, while "Spin" magazine ranked it number 31 on their 40 best albums of 2006.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: Yeah Yeah Yeahs' third EP, titled "Is Is", was released on July 24, 2007. It includes 5 previously unreleased songs and a short film, which was recorded and filmed at the Glasslands Gallery in Brooklyn, NY. The songs were written in 2004, during the Fever To Tell tour, and performed live often. Three of the five tracks were featured on the "Tell Me What Rockers to Swallow" DVD.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: The Yeah Yeah Yeah's next album was released in March 2009 and titled "It's Blitz!". The band says the album sounds different from their previous ones but "still [sounds] like Yeah Yeah Yeahs". It was originally set to be released on April 13, but following an internet leak on February 22, the band's label, Interscope, pulled the release date closer to reduce the leak's impact. The album spawned three singles: "Zero", "Heads Will Roll," and "Skeletons."


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: "It's Blitz!" was named second best album of 2009 by "Spin Magazine" and third best by "NME", along with "Zero" from the album listed as the best track of the year by both.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: On December 9, 2011, Karen O reported to "NME" that she had been working on new music with the band, hinting a new album was possibly in the making. On January 14, 2013, it was announced via their official Facebook page that the new album would be titled "Mosquito". It was released on April 16, of the same year. The album features production by TV on the Radio's Dave Sitek, Nick Launay, and LCD Soundsystem's James Murphy. The first single, "Sacrilege", was released on February 15, 2013. "Despair" was released as the second single on July 23, 2013.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: In December 2014, the Yeah Yeah Yeahs went on hiatus. In 2016, the band received writing credits on the Beyoncé single "Hold Up".


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: On June 20, 2017, the Yeah Yeah Yeahs announced that they would be headlining the Austin "Sound on Sound" festival on November 10, adding: "Watch for more news coming soon" The Sound on Sound festival was subsequently cancelled.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: The Yeah Yeah Yeahs released a deluxe remastering of their debut album "Fever to Tell" on October 20, 2017, through Interscope / UMe. It features previously unreleased demos, B-sides, and other rarities from the era.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: In a press release, the band announced, "A friend of a friend kept asking if we were ever gonna put "Fever to Tell" out on vinyl as it hasn't been on vinyl in 10 years. That's not right. So here it is on vinyl for the first time in 10 years plus a time capsule of photos, demos (1st ever recorded,) a mini film documenting our near downfall and other fun memorabilia, from the turn of the century NYC, made with love + the usual blood, sweat + tears of Yeah Yeah Yeahs."


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: To celebrate the reissue, the band performed a small series of shows in October and November at The Fonda Theatre in Los Angeles, California, the Fox Oakland Theatre in Oakland, California, and Kings Theatre in Brooklyn, New York.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: In June 2022, the band announced that they would be releasing the album "Cool It Down" on September 30, making it their first record in nine years. They released the first single, "Spitting Off the Edge of the World", featuring Perfume Genius, on June 1. On September 29, 2022, the band performed their second single, "Burning", on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" as part of the show's weeklong residency at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

text: The Yeah Yeah Yeahs' style has been described as "an art-rock trio who made an edgy post-punk, dancefloor-friendly racket that mixed up Blondie, Pretenders, and Siouxsie and the Banshees".


title: Clara Bow

text: Clara Gordon Bow (; July 29, 1905 – September 27, 1965) was an American actress who rose to stardom during the silent film era of the 1920s and successfully made the transition to "talkies" in 1929. Her appearance as a plucky shopgirl in the film "It" brought her global fame and the nickname "The It Girl". Bow came to personify the Roaring Twenties and is described as its leading sex symbol.


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow appeared in 46 silent films and 11 talkies, including hits such as "Mantrap" (1926), "It" (1927), and "Wings" (1927). She was named first box-office draw in 1928 and 1929 and second box-office draw in 1927 and 1930. Her presence in a motion picture was said to have ensured investors, by odds of almost two-to-one, a "safe return". At the apex of her stardom, she received more than 45,000 fan letters in a single month (January 1929).


title: Clara Bow

text: Two years after marrying actor Rex Bell in 1931, Bow retired from acting and became a rancher in Nevada. Her final film, "Hoop-La", was released in 1933. In September 1965, Bow died of a heart attack at the age of 60.


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow was born in Prospect Heights, Brooklyn at 697 Bergen Street, in a "bleak, sparsely furnished room above [a] dilapidated Baptist Church". Her birth year, according to the US Censuses of 1910 and 1920, was 1905. In US census records, enumerated April 15, 1910, and January 7, 1920, Bow's age is stated 4 and 14 years, respectively. The 1930 census indicates 1906, and on her gravestone of 1965, the inscription says 1907, but 1905 is the year accepted by a majority of sources.


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow was her parents' third child, but her two older sisters, born in 1903 and 1904, had died in infancy. Her mother, Sarah Frances Bow (née Gordon, 1880–1923), was told by a doctor not to become pregnant again, for fear the next baby might die as well. Despite the warning, Sarah became pregnant with Clara in late 1904. In addition to the risky pregnancy, a heat wave besieged New York in July 1905, and temperatures peaked around . Years later, Clara wrote: "I don't suppose two people ever looked death in the face more clearly than my mother and I the morning I was born. We were both given up, but somehow we struggled back to life."


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow's parents were descended from English and Scots-Irish immigrants who had come to America the generation before. Bow said that her father, Robert Walter Bow (1874–1959), "had a quick, keen mind ... all the natural qualifications to make something of himself, but didn't ... everything seemed to go wrong for him, poor darling". By the time Clara was four and a half, her father was out of work, and between 1905 and 1923, the family lived at 14 different addresses, but seldom outside Prospect Heights, with Clara's father often absent. "I do not think my mother ever loved my father", she said. "He knew it. And it made him very unhappy, for he worshipped her always."


title: Clara Bow

text: When Bow's mother was 16, she fell from a second-story window and suffered a severe head injury. She was later diagnosed with "psychosis due to epilepsy". From her earliest years, Bow had learned how to care for her mother during the seizures, as well as how to deal with her psychotic and hostile episodes. She said her mother could be "mean to me—and she often was", but "she didn't mean to be and that it was because she couldn't help it". Still, Bow felt deprived of her childhood; "As a kid I took care of my mother, she didn't take care of me". Sarah worsened gradually, and when she realized her daughter was set for a movie career, Bow's mother told her she "would be much better off dead". One night in February 1922, Bow awoke to a butcher knife held against her throat by her mother. Clara was able to fend off the attack, and locked her mother in her room. In the morning, Bow's mother had no recollection of the episode, and later she was committed to a "sanatarium" by Robert Bow.


title: Clara Bow

text: According to Bow's biographer, David Stenn, Bow was raped by her father at age sixteen while her mother was institutionalized. On January 5, 1923, Sarah died at the age of 43 from her epilepsy. When relatives gathered for the funeral, Bow was so upset that she "went crazy" and tried to jump into the grave to be with her, shouting that they were "hypocrites" and that they hadn't loved or cared for her mother while she was alive.


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow attended P.S. 111, P.S. 9, and P.S. 98. As she grew up, she felt shy among other girls, who teased her for her worn-out clothes and "carrot-top" hair. She said about her childhood, "I never had any clothes. ... And lots of time didn't have anything to eat. We just lived, that's about all. Girls shunned me because I was so poorly dressed."


title: Clara Bow

text: From first grade, Bow preferred the company of boys, stating, "I could lick any boy my size. My right arm was quite famous. My right arm was developed from pitching so much ... Once I hopped a ride on behind a big fire engine. I got a lot of credit from the gang for that." A close friend, a younger boy who lived in her building burned to death, something which haunted her. She heard his screams and ran to his aid, rolling him up in carpet to stop the fire, he died in her arms. In 1919, Bow enrolled in Bay Ridge High School for Girls. "I wore sweaters and old skirts ... didn't want to be treated like a girl". Her mother had a long spell of good health, and changed Bow's appearance, cutting her hair more femininely. Bow said that "there was one boy who had always been my pal ... he kissed me ... I wasn't sore. I didn't get indignant. I was horrified and hurt ... I knew I could never go back to being a tomboy."


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow's interest in sports and her physical abilities led her to plan for a career as an athletics instructor. She won five medals "at the cinder tracks" and credited her cousin Homer Baker—the national half-mile ( 800 m) champion (1913 and 1914) and 660-yard ( m) world-record holder—for being her trainer. The Bows and Bakers shared a house—still standing—at 33 Prospect Place in 1920.


title: Clara Bow

text: In the early 1920s roughly 50 million Americans—half the population at that time—attended the movies every week. As Bow grew into womanhood, her stature as a "boy" in her old gang became "impossible". She did not have any girlfriends, and school was a "heartache" and her home was "miserable". On the silver screen, however, she found consolation; "For the first time in my life I knew there was beauty in the world. For the first time I saw distant lands, serene, lovely homes, romance, nobility, glamor". And further; "I always had a queer feeling about actors and actresses on the screen ... I knew I would have done it differently. I couldn't analyze it, but I could always feel it". "I'd go home and be a one girl circus, taking the parts of everyone I'd seen, living them before the glass." At 16, Bow says she "knew" she wanted to be a motion pictures actress, even if she was a "square, awkward, funny-faced kid."


title: Clara Bow

text: Against her mother's wishes but with her father's support, Bow competed in Brewster publications' magazine's annual nationwide acting contest, "Fame and Fortune", in fall 1921. In previous years, other contest winners had found work in the movies. In the contest's final screen test, Bow was up against an already scene-experienced woman who did "a beautiful piece of acting". A set member later stated that when Bow did the scene, she actually became her character and "lived it". In the January issues 1922 of "Motion Picture Classics", the contest jury, Howard Chandler Christy, Neysa McMein, and Harrison Fisher, concluded:


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow won an evening gown and a silver trophy, and the publisher committed to help her "gain a role in films", but nothing happened. Bow's father told her to "haunt" Brewster's office (located in Brooklyn) until they came up with something. "To get rid of me, or maybe they really meant to (give me) all the time and were just busy", Bow was introduced to director Christy Cabanne, who cast her in "Beyond the Rainbow", produced late 1921 in New York City and released February 19, 1922. Bow did five scenes and impressed Cabanne with her ability to produce tears on call, but was cut from the final print. "I was sick to my stomach", she recalled and thought her mother was right about the movie business.


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow, who had dropped out of school (senior year) after she was notified about winning the "Fame and Fortune Contest", possibly in October 1921, got an ordinary office job; however, movie ads and newspaper editorial comments from 1922 to 1923 suggest that Bow was not cut from "Beyond the Rainbow". .


title: Clara Bow

text: Encouraged by her father, Bow continued to visit studio agencies asking for parts. "But there was always something. I was too young, or too little, or too fat. Usually I was too fat." Eventually, director Elmer Clifton needed a tomboy for his movie "Down to the Sea in Ships", saw Bow in "Motion Picture Classic" magazine, and sent for her. In an attempt to overcome her youthful looks, Bow put her hair up and arrived in a dress she "sneaked" from her mother. Clifton said she was too old, but broke into laughter as the stammering Bow made him believe she was the girl in the magazine. Clifton decided to take Bow with him and offered her $35 a week. Bow held out for $50 and Clifton agreed, but he could not say whether she would "fit the part". Bow later learned that one of Brewsters' subeditors had urged Clifton to give her a chance.


title: Clara Bow

text: "Down to the Sea in Ships", shot on location in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and produced by independent "The Whaling Film Corporation", documented life, love, and work in the whale-hunter community. The production relied on a few less-known actors and local talents. It premiered at the Olympia Theater in New Bedford, on September 25, 1922, and went on general distribution on March 4, 1923. Bow was billed 10th in the film, but shone through:


title: Clara Bow

text: By mid-December 1923, primarily due to her merits in "Down to the Sea in Ships", Bow was chosen the most successful of the 1924 WAMPAS Baby Stars. Three months before "Down to the Sea in Ships" was released, Bow danced on a table, uncredited in "Enemies of Women" (1923). In spring she got a part in "The Daring Years (1923)", where she befriended actress Mary Carr, who taught her how to use make-up. In the summer, she got a "tomboy" part in "Grit", a story that dealt with juvenile crime and was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Bow met her first boyfriend, cameraman Arthur Jacobson, and she got to know director Frank Tuttle, with whom she worked in five later productions. Tuttle remembered:


title: Clara Bow

text: "Grit" was released on January 7, 1924. The "Variety" review said ". Clara Bow lingers in the eye, long after the picture has gone." While shooting "Grit" at Pyramid Studios, in Astoria, New York, Bow was approached by Jack Bachman of independent Hollywood studio Preferred Pictures. He wanted to contract her for a three-month trial, fare paid, and $50 a week. "It can't do any harm" he said. "Why can't I stay in New York and make movies?" Bow asked her father, but he told her not to worry. On July 21, 1923, she befriended Louella Parsons, who interviewed her for "The New York Morning Telegraph". In 1931, when Bow came under tabloid scrutiny, Parsons defended her and stuck to her first opinion on Bow:


title: Clara Bow

text: The interview also revealed that Bow already was cast in "Maytime" and in great favor of Chinese cuisine.


title: Clara Bow

text: On July 22, 1923, Bow left New York, her father, and her boyfriend behind for Hollywood. As chaperone for the journey and her subsequent southern California stay, the studio appointed writer/agent Maxine Alton, whom Bow later branded a liar. In late July, Bow entered studio chief B. P. Schulberg's office wearing a simple high-school uniform in which she "had won several gold medals on the cinder track". She was tested and a press release from early August says Bow had become a member of Preferred Pictures' "permanent stock". Bow signed with Preferred Pictures, also working with other studios. Alton and Bow rented an apartment at The Hillview near Hollywood Boulevard. Preferred Pictures was run by Schulberg, who had started as a publicity manager at Famous Players-Lasky, but in the aftermath of the power struggle around the formation of United Artists, ended up on the losing side and lost his job. He founded Preferred in 1919 as a result, at the age of 27.


title: Clara Bow

text: "Maytime" was Bow's first Hollywood picture, an adaptation of the popular operetta "Maytime", in which she essayed "Alice Tremaine". Before the film was finished, Schulberg announced that Bow was given the lead in the studio's biggest , "Poisoned Paradise". But first she was lent to First National Pictures to co-star in the adaptation of Gertrude Atherton's 1923 best seller "Black Oxen", shot in October, and to co-star with Colleen Moore in "Painted People", shot in November. Director Frank Lloyd was casting for the part of high-society flapper Janet Oglethorpe, and more than 50 women auditioned, most with previous screen experience. Bow reminisced: "but he had not found exactly what he wanted and finally somebody suggested me to him ... When I came into his office a big smile came over his face and he looked just tickled to death." Lloyd told the press, "Bow is the personification of the ideal aristocratic flapper, mischievous, pretty, aggressive, quick-tempered and deeply sentimental." It was released on January 4, 1924.


title: Clara Bow

text: "The New York Times" said, "The flapper, impersonated by a young actress, Clara Bow, had five speaking titles, and every one of them was so entirely in accord with the character and the mood of the scene that it drew a laugh from what, in film circles, is termed a "hard-boiled" audience", while the "Los Angeles Times" commented that "Clara Bow, the prize vulgarian of the lot ... was amusing and spirited ... but didn't belong in the picture", and "Variety" said that "the horrid little flapper is adorably played".


title: Clara Bow

text: Colleen Moore made her flapper debut in a successful adaptation of the daring novel "Flaming Youth", released November 12, 1923, six weeks before "Black Oxen". Both films were produced by First National Pictures, and while "Black Oxen" was still being edited and "Flaming Youth" not yet released, Bow was requested to co-star with Moore as her kid sister in "Painted People" ("The Swamp Angel"). Moore essayed the baseball-playing tomboy and Bow, according to Moore, said "I don't like my part, I wanna play yours." Moore, a well-established star earning $1200 a week—Bow got $200—took offense and blocked the director from shooting close-ups of Bow. Moore was married to the film's producer and Bow's protests were futile. "I'll get that bitch", she told her boyfriend Jacobson, who had arrived from New York. Bow had sinus problems and decided to have them attended to that very evening. With Bow's face now in bandages, the studio had no choice but to recast her part.


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow's "horrid" flapper raced against Moore's "whimsical" during 1924. In May, Moore renewed her efforts in "The Perfect Flapper", produced by her husband; however, despite good reviews she suddenly withdrew. "No more flappers ... they have served their purpose ... people are tired of soda-pop love affairs", she told the "Los Angeles Times", which had commented a month earlier, "Clara Bow is the one outstanding type. She has almost immediately been elected for all the recent flapper parts". In November 1933, looking back to this period of her career, Bow described the atmosphere in Hollywood as like a scene from a movie about the French Revolution, where "women are hollering and waving pitchforks twice as violently as any of the guys ... the only ladies in sight are the ones getting their heads cut off."


title: Clara Bow

text: By New Year 1924 Bow had defied the possessive and brought her father to Hollywood. Bow remembered their reunion: "I didn't care a rap, for (her), nor B. P. Schulberg, nor my motion picture career, nor Clara Bow, I just threw myself into his arms and kissed and kissed him, and we both cried like a couple of fool kids. Oh, it was wonderful." Bow felt "Mrs Smith" (the pseudonym she used) had misused her trust: "She wanted to keep a hold on me so she made me think I wasn't getting over and that nothing but her clever management kept me going." Bow and her father moved in at 1714 North Kingsley Drive in Hollywood, together with Jacobson, who by then also worked for Preferred. When Schulberg learned of this arrangement, he fired Jacobson for potentially getting "his big star" into a scandal. When Bow found out, "She tore up her contract and threw it in his face and told him he couldn't run her private life." Jacobson concluded, "[Clara] was the sweetest girl in the world, but you didn't cross her and you didn't do her wrong." On September 7, 1924, "The Los Angeles Times", in a significant article "A dangerous little devil is Clara, impish, appealing, but oh, how she can act!", her father is titled "business manager" and Jacobson referred to as her brother.


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow appeared in eight releases in 1924, two were released the same day. In "Poisoned Paradise", released on February 29, 1924, Bow got her first lead; "the clever little newcomer whose work wins fresh recommendations with every new picture in which she appears". In a scene described as "original", Bow adds "devices" to "the modern flapper": she fights a villain using her fists, and significantly, does not "shrink back in fear". In "Daughters of Pleasure", also released on February 29, 1924, Bow and Marie Prevost "flapped unhampered as flappers De luxe ... I wish somebody could star Clara Bow. I'm sure her 'infinite variety' would keep her from wearying us no matter how many scenes she was in." Loaned out to Universal, Bow top-starred, for the first time, in the prohibition, bootleg drama/comedy "Wine", released on August 20, 1924. The picture exposes the widespread liquor traffic in the upper classes, and Bow portrays an innocent girl who develops into a wild "red-hot mama" ("a naughty, inebriated flapper"). Carl Sandburg reviewed it on September 29 saying; "If not taken as information, it is cracking good entertainment,". While Grace Kingsley of the "Los Angeles Times" said; "Don't miss "Wine". It's a thoroughly refreshing draught ... there are only about five actresses who give me a real thrill on the screen—and Clara is nearly five of them". Alma Whitaker of the "Los Angeles Times" observed on September 7, 1924:


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow remembered: "All this time I was 'running wild', I guess, in the sense of trying to have a good time ... maybe this was a good thing, because I suppose a lot of that excitement, that joy of life, got onto the screen." In 1925, Bow appeared in 14 productions: six for her contract owner, Preferred Pictures, and eight as an "out-loan". "Motion Picture Classic" magazine wrote in June that "Clara Bow ... shows alarming symptoms of becoming the sensation of the year", and featured her on the cover.


title: Clara Bow

text: Preferred Pictures loaned Bow to producers "for sums ranging from $1500 to $2000 a week" while paying Bow a salary of $200 to $750 a week. The studio, like any other independent studio or theater at that time, was under attack from "The Big Three", MPAA, which had formed a trust to block out Independents and enforce the monopolistic studio system. On October 21, 1925, Schulberg filed Preferred Pictures for bankruptcy, with debts at $820,774 and assets $1,420. Three days later it was announced that Schulberg would join with Adolph Zukor to become associate producer of Paramount Pictures, "catapulted into this position because he had Clara Bow under personal contract".


title: Clara Bow

text: Adolph Zukor, Paramount Picture CEO, wrote in his memoirs: "All the skill of directors and all the booming of press-agent drums will not make a star. Only the audiences can do it. We study audience reactions with great care." Adela Rogers St. Johns had a different take; in 1950, she wrote, "If ever a star was made by public demand, it was Clara Bow." And Louise Brooks (from 1980): "(Bow) became a star without nobody's help".


title: Clara Bow

text: "The Plastic Age" was Bow's final effort for Preferred Pictures and her biggest hit up to that time. Bow starred as the good-bad college girl, Cynthia Day, against Donald Keith. It was shot on location at Pomona College in the summer of 1925, and released on December 15, but due to block booking, it was not shown in New York until July 21, 1926. "Photoplay" was displeased: "The college atmosphere is implausible and Clara Bow is not our idea of a college girl." Theater owners, however, were happy, the manager of The Liberty Theater saying that "The picture is the biggest sensation we ever had in our theater ... It is 100 per cent at the box-office." Some critics felt Bow had conquered new territory, "(Bow) presents a whimsical touch to her work that adds greater laurels to her fast ascending star of screen popularity." "Time" singled out Bow, complimenting her on saving the picture as, "Only the amusing and facile acting of Clara Bow rescues the picture from the limbo of the impossible."


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow began to date her co-star Gilbert Roland, who became her first fiancé. In June 1925, Bow was credited for being the first to wear hand-painted legs in public, and was reported to have many followers at the Californian beaches. Throughout the 1920s, Bow played with gender conventions and sexuality in her public image. Along with her tomboy and flapper roles, she starred in boxing films and posed for promotional photographs as a boxer. By appropriating traditionally androgynous or masculine traits, Bow presented herself as a confident, modern woman.


title: Clara Bow

text: "Rehearsals sap my pep", Bow explained in November 1929, and from the beginning of her career she relied on immediate direction: "Tell me what I have to do and I'll do it." Bow was keen on poetry and music, but according to Rogers St. Johns, her attention span did not allow her to appreciate novels. Bow's focal point was the scene, and her creativity made directors call in extra cameras to cover her spontaneous actions, rather than holding her down.


title: Clara Bow

text: Years after Bow left Hollywood, director Victor Fleming compared Bow to a Stradivarius violin: "Touch her, and she responded with genius." Director William Wellman was less poetic: "Movie stardom isn't acting ability—its personality and temperament ... I once directed Clara Bow ("Wings"). She was mad and crazy, but WHAT a personality!". And in 1981, Budd Schulberg described Bow as "an easy winner of the dumbbell award" who "couldn't act," and compared her to a puppy that his father B. P. Schulberg "trained to become Lassie."


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow appeared in eight releases in 1926: five for Paramount, including the film version of the musical "Kid Boots" with Eddie Cantor, and three loan-outs that had been filmed in 1925. In late 1925, Bow returned to New York to co-star in the Ibsenesque drama "Dancing Mothers", as the good/bad "flapperish" upper-class daughter Kittens. Alice Joyce starred as her dancing mother, with Conway Tearle as "bad-boy" Naughton. The picture was released on March 1, 1926. Local reviews were very positive; "Clara Bow, known as the screen's perfect flapper, does her stuff as the child, and does it well", and "her remarkable performance in Dancing Mothers ... ". Louise Brooks remembered her in Brownlow's book; "She was absolutely sensational in the United States ... in "Dancing Mothers" ... she just swept the country ... I know I saw her ... and I thought ... wonderful."


title: Clara Bow

text: On April 12, 1926, Bow signed her first contract with Paramount: "to retain your services as an actress for the period of six months from June 6, 1926 to December 6, 1926, at a salary of $750.00 per week". Bow negotiated her Paramount contract to not have a morals clause. In Victor Fleming's comedy-triangle "Mantrap" Bow, as Alverna the manicurist, cures lonely hearts Joe Easter (Ernest Torrence) of the great northern, as well as pill-popping New York divorce attorney runaway Ralph Prescott (Percy Marmont). Bow commented: "(Alverna] ... was bad in the book, but—darn it!—of course, they couldn't make her that way in the picture. So I played her as a flirt." The film was released on July 24, 1926, to rave reviews. "Variety" said that "Clara Bow just walks away with the picture from the moment she walks into camera range", while "Photoplay" told readers that "When she is on the screen nothing else matters. When she is off, the same is true." Carl Sandburg wrote that it was "The smartest and swiftest work as yet seen from Miss Clara Bow." and Sam Carver of the Newman Theater was quoted in "The Reel Journal" as saying that "Clara Bow is taking the place of Gloria Swanson...(and)...filling a long need for a popular taste movie actress."


title: Clara Bow

text: On August 16, 1926, Bow's agreement with Paramount was renewed into a five-year deal: "Her salary will start at $1700 a week and advance yearly to $4000 a week for the last year." Bow added that she intended to leave the motion picture business at the expiration of the contract, i.e., in 1931. In 1927 Bow appeared in six Paramount releases: "It", "Children of Divorce", "Rough House Rosie", "Wings", "Hula" and "Get Your Man". In the Cinderella based story "It", the poor shop-girl Betty Lou Spence (Bow) conquers the heart of her employer Cyrus Waltham (Antonio Moreno). The personal quality—"It"— provides the magic to make it happen. The film gave Bow her nickname, "The 'It' Girl." Reviews were nothing less than outstanding: "The New York Times" said that "(Bow)...is vivacious and, as Betty Lou, saucy, which perhaps is one of the ingredients of "It"." "The Film Daily" wrote that "Clara Bow gets a real chance and carries it off with honors...(and)...she is really the whole show", and "Variety" said "You can't get away from this Clara Bow girl. She certainly has that certain 'It'...and she just runs away with the film." Carl Sandburg wrote that "'It' is smart, funny and real. It makes a full-sized star of Clara Bow." Dorothy Parker is often said to have referred to Bow when she wrote, "It, hell; she had Those." Parker in actuality was not referring to Bow or to Bow's character in the film "It", but to a different character, Ava Cleveland, in the novel of the same name.


title: Clara Bow

text: In 1927, Bow starred in "Wings", a war picture rewritten to accommodate her, as she was Paramount's biggest star, but was not happy about her part: "["Wings" is]...a man's picture and I'm just the whipped cream on top of the pie." The film went on to win the first Academy Award for Best Picture. In 1928, Bow appeared in four Paramount releases: "Red Hair", "Ladies of the Mob", "The Fleet's In", and "Three Week-Ends", all of which are lost. Adela Rogers St. Johns, a noted screenwriter who had done a number of pictures with Bow, wrote about her:


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow's bohemian lifestyle and "dreadful" manners were considered reminders of the Hollywood elite's uneasy position in high society. Bow fumed: "They yell at me to be dignified. But what are the dignified people like? The people who are held up as examples for me? They are snobs. Frightful snobs ... I'm a curiosity in Hollywood. I'm a big freak, because I'm myself!" MGM executive Paul Bern said Bow was "the greatest emotional actress on the screen", "sentimental, simple, childish and sweet," and considered her "hard-boiled attitude" a "defense mechanism".


title: Clara Bow

text: With "talkies" "The Wild Party", "Dangerous Curves", and "The Saturday Night Kid", all released in 1929, Bow kept her position as the top box-office draw and queen of Hollywood. Neither the quality of Bow's voice nor her Brooklyn accent was an issue to Bow, her fans, or Paramount. However, Bow, like Charlie Chaplin, Louise Brooks, and most other silent film stars, did not embrace the novelty: "I hate talkies ... they're stiff and limiting. You lose a lot of your cuteness, because there's no chance for action, and action is the most important thing to me." A visibly nervous Bow had to do a number of retakes in "The Wild Party" because her eyes kept wandering up to the microphone overhead. "I can't buck progress ... I have to do the best I can," she said. In October 1929 Bow described her nerves as "all shot", saying that she had reached "the breaking point", and "Photoplay" cited reports of "rows of bottles of sedatives" by her bed. "Now they're having me sing. I sort of half-sing, half-talk, with hips-and-eye stuff. You know what I mean—like Maurice Chevalier. I used to sing at home and people would say, 'Pipe down! You're terrible!' But the studio thinks my voice is great."


title: Clara Bow

text: With "Paramount on Parade", "True to the Navy", "Love Among the Millionaires", and "Her Wedding Night", Bow was second at the box-office only to Joan Crawford in 1930. With "No Limit" and "Kick In", Bow held the position as fifth at box-office in 1931, but the pressures of fame, public scandals, and overwork, took their toll on Bow's fragile emotional health.


title: Clara Bow

text: A damaging court trial charging her secretary Daisy DeVoe with financial mismanagement, by Paramount-friendly officials: Los Angeles District Attorney Buron Fitts, Assistant District Attorney David Clark, and Los Angeles Superior Court Judge William C. Doran.


title: Clara Bow

text: According to the 1930 census, Bow lived at 512 Bedford Drive, together with her secretary and hairdresser, Daisy DeBoe (later DeVoe), in a house valued $25,000 with neighbors titled "Horse-keeper", "Physician", "Builder". Bow stated she was 23 years old, i.e., born 1906, contradicting the censuses of 1910 and 1920.


title: Clara Bow

text: As she slipped closer to a major breakdown her manager, B.P. Schulberg, began referring to her as "Crisis-a-day-Clara". In April, Bow was taken to a sanatorium and, at her request, Paramount released her from her final undertaking: "City Streets" (1931). At 25 her career was essentially over. B. P. Schulberg tried to replace Bow with his girlfriend Sylvia Sidney, but Paramount went into receivership, lost its position as the biggest studio (to MGM), and fired Schulberg. David Selznick explained:


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow left Hollywood for Rex Bell's ranch in Nevada, her "desert paradise", in June and married him in then small-town Las Vegas in December. In an interview on December 17, Bow detailed her way back to health: sleep, exercise, and food, and the day after it she returned to Hollywood "for the sole purpose of making enough money to be able to stay out of it." Soon every studio in Hollywood (except Paramount) and even overseas wanted her services. Mary Pickford stated that Bow "was a very great actress" and wanted her to play her sister in "Secrets" (1933), Howard Hughes offered her a three-picture deal, and MGM wanted her to star in "Red-Headed Woman" (1932). Bow agreed to the script, but eventually rejected the offer since Irving Thalberg required her to sign a long-term contract. On April 28, 1932, Bow signed a two-picture deal with Fox Film Corporation, for "Call Her Savage" (1932) and "Hoop-La" (1933). Both were successful; "Variety" favored the latter. The October 1934, "Family Circle" Film Guide rated the film as "pretty good entertainment", and of Miss Bow said: "This is the most acceptable bit of talkie acting Miss Bow has done." However, they noted, "Miss Bow is presented in her dancing duds as often as possible, and her dancing duds wouldn't weigh two pounds soaking wet." Bow commented on her revealing costume in "Hoop-La": "Rex accused me of enjoying showing myself off. Then I got a little sore. He knew darn well I was doing it because we could use a little money these days. Who can't?"


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow and actor Rex Bell (later a lieutenant governor of Nevada) had two sons, Tony Beldam (born 1934, changed name to Rex Anthony Bell, Jr., died 2011) and George Beldam, Jr. (born 1938). Bow retired from acting in 1933. In September 1937, she and Bell opened The 'It' Cafe in the Hollywood Plaza Hotel at 1637 N Vine Street near Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles. It closed in 1943. Her last public performance, albeit fleeting, came in 1947 on the radio show "Truth or Consequences". Bow was the mystery voice in the show's "Mrs. Hush" contest.


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow eventually began showing symptoms of psychiatric illness. She became socially withdrawn, and although she refused to socialize with her husband, she also refused to let him leave the house alone. In 1944, while Bell was running for the U.S. House of Representatives, Bow tried to commit suicide. A note was found in which Bow stated she preferred death to a public life.


title: Clara Bow

text: In 1949, she checked into The Institute of Living to be treated for her chronic insomnia and diffuse abdominal pains. Shock treatment was tried and numerous psychological tests performed. Bow's IQ was measured "bright normal", while others claimed she was unable to reason, had poor judgment and displayed inappropriate or even bizarre behavior. Her pains were considered delusional and she was diagnosed with schizophrenia; however, she experienced neither auditory nor visual hallucinations. Analysts tied the onset of the illness, as well as her insomnia, to the "butcher knife episode" back in 1922, but Bow rejected psychological explanations and left the institute. She did not return to her family. After leaving the institution, Bow lived alone in a bungalow, which she rarely left, until her death.


title: Clara Bow

text: Bow spent her last years in Culver City, under the constant care of a nurse, Estalla Smith, living off an estate worth about $500,000 at the time of her death. In 1965, at age 60, she died of a heart attack, which her autopsy attributed to atherosclerosis. She was interred in the Freedom Mausoleum, Sanctuary of Heritage at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Her pallbearers were Harry Richman, Richard Arlen, Jack Oakie, Maxie Rosenbloom, Jack Dempsey, and Buddy Rogers.


title: Clara Bow

text: Film historian Leonard Maltin said in 1999; "You think of Greta Garbo, Lillian Gish, all these great names, great actresses, Clara Bow was more popular in terms of box-office dollars, in terms of consistently bringing audiences into the theaters, she was right on top." In 1999 the American Film Institute excluded Bow from its finalized "100 Years...100 Stars" list, although she was on the list of nominees.


title: Clara Bow

text: Film historian Kevin Brownlow did not mention Bow in his 1968 book on silent films, "The Parade's Gone By". Louise Brooks, who received an entire chapter in the book, wrote to Brownlow, "You brush off Clara Bow for some old nothing like Brooks. Clara made three pictures that will never be surpassed: "Dancing Mothers", "Mantrap", and "It"." In a conversation with filmmaker Thomas Hamilton, Brownlow explained that he had planned to include a chapter on Bow but was unable to secure an interview with the reclusive star before her death, and since all chapters were based on first-hand accounts, it would have been inconsistent to include a chapter based on second-hand anecdotes. Brownlow made up for this omission by including an entire segment about Bow in his television documentary "Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film" (1980), for which he interviewed Brooks.


title: Asiatic lion

text: The Asiatic lion is a population of "Panthera leo leo" that today survives in the wild only in India. Since the turn of the 20th century, its range has been restricted to Gir National Park and the surrounding areas in the Indian state of Gujarat. Historically, it inhabited much of southwest Asia to northern India.


title: Asiatic lion

text: The first scientific description of the Asiatic lion was published in 1826 by the Austrian zoologist Johann N. Meyer, who named it "Felis leo persicus". On the IUCN Red List, it is listed under its former scientific name "Panthera leo persica" as Endangered because of its small population size and area of occupancy. Until the 19th century, it occurred in Saudi Arabia, eastern Turkey, Iran, Mesopotamia, Pakistan, and from east of the Indus River to Bengal and the Narmada River in Central India.


title: Asiatic lion

text: The population has steadily increased since 2010. In May 2015, the 14th Asiatic Lion Census was conducted over an area of about ; the lion population was estimated at 523 individuals, comprising 109 adult males, 201 adult females and 213 cubs. In August 2017, surveyors counted 650 wild lions. In June 2020, an estimation exercise counted 674 Asiatic lions in the Gir forest region, an increase of 29% over the 2015 census figure.


title: Asiatic lion

text: The lion is one of five pantherine cats native to India, along with the Bengal tiger ("P. tigris tigris"), Indian leopard ("P. pardus fusca"), snow leopard ("P. uncia") and clouded leopard ("Neofelis nebulosa"). It was also known as the Indian lion and the Persian lion.


title: Asiatic lion

text: "Felis leo persicus" was the scientific name proposed by Johann N. Meyer in 1826 who described an Asiatic lion skin from Persia.


title: Asiatic lion

text: In the 19th century, several zoologists described lion zoological specimen from other parts of Asia that used to be considered synonyms of "P. l. persica":


title: Asiatic lion

text: In 2017, the Asiatic lion was subsumed to "P. l. leo" due to close morphological and molecular genetic similarities with Barbary lion specimens.


title: Asiatic lion

text: Fossil remains of "Panthera spelaea" excavated in the Cromer Stage indicate that it represented a genetically isolated and highly distinct lineage, not closely related to Asiatic lions. Fossil lion remains were found in Pleistocene deposits in West Bengal. A fossil carnassial excavated in the Batadomba Cave indicates that the Sri Lanka lion ("P. l. sinhaleyus") inhabited Sri Lanka during the late Pleistocene, and is thought to have become extinct around 39,000 years ago. Deraniyagala described this lion in 1939.


title: Asiatic lion

text: Results of a phylogeographic analysis based on mtDNA sequences of lions from across the global range, including now extinct populations like Barbary lions, indicates that sub-Saharan African lions are phylogenetically basal to all modern lions. These findings support an African origin of modern lion evolution with a probable centre in East and Southern Africa. It is likely that lions migrated from there to West Africa, eastern North Africa and via the periphery of the Arabian Peninsula into Turkey, southern Europe and northern India during the last 20,000 years. The Sahara, Congolian rainforests and the Great Rift Valley are natural barriers to lion dispersal.


title: Asiatic lion

text: Genetic markers of 357 samples from captive and wild lions from Africa and India were examined. Results indicate four lineages of lion populations: one in Central and North Africa to Asia, one in Kenya, one in Southern Africa, and one in Southern and East Africa; the first wave of lion expansion probably occurred about 118,000 years ago from East Africa into West Asia, and the second wave in the late Pleistocene or early Holocene periods from Southern Africa towards East Africa.


title: Asiatic lion

text: The Asiatic lion is genetically closer to North and West African lions than to the group comprising East and Southern African lions. The two groups probably diverged about 186,000–128,000 years ago. It is thought that the Asiatic lion remained connected to North and Central African lions until gene flow was interrupted due to extinction of lions in Western Eurasia and the Middle East during the Holocene.


title: Asiatic lion

text: Asiatic lions are less genetically diverse than African lions, which may be the result of a founder effect in the recent history of the remnant population in the Gir Forest.