title: Proposition

text: Philosophical debates surrounding propositions as they relate to propositional attitudes have also recently centered on whether they are internal or external to the agent, or whether they are mind-dependent or mind-independent entities. For more, see the entry on internalism and externalism in philosophy of mind.


title: Proposition

text: As noted above, in Aristotelian logic a proposition is a particular kind of sentence (a declarative sentence) that affirms or denies a predicate of a subject, optionally with the help of a copula. Aristotelian propositions take forms like "All men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man."


title: Proposition

text: Propositions show up in modern formal logic as sentences of a formal language. A formal language begins with different types of symbols. These types can include variables, operators, function symbols, predicate (or relation) symbols, quantifiers, and propositional constants.(Grouping symbols such as delimiters are often added for convenience in using the language, but do not play a logical role.) Symbols are concatenated together according to recursive rules, in order to construct strings to which truth-values will be assigned. The rules specify how the operators, function and predicate symbols, and quantifiers are to be concatenated with other strings. A proposition is then a string with a specific form. The form that a proposition takes depends on the type of logic.


title: Proposition

text: The type of logic called propositional, sentential, or statement logic includes only operators and propositional constants as symbols in its language. The propositions in this language are propositional constants, which are considered atomic propositions, and composite (or compound) propositions, which are composed by recursively applying operators to propositions. "Application" here is simply a short way of saying that the corresponding concatenation rule has been applied.


title: Proposition

text: The types of logics called predicate, quantificational, or "n"-order logic include variables, operators, predicate and function symbols, and quantifiers as symbols in their languages. The propositions in these logics are more complex. First, one typically starts by defining a term as follows:


title: Proposition

text: For example, if "+" is a binary function symbol and "x", "y", and "z" are variables, then "x"+("y"+"z") is a term, which might be written with the symbols in various orders. Once a term is defined, a proposition can then be defined as follows:


title: Proposition

text: For example, if "=" is a binary predicate symbol and "∀" is a quantifier, then ∀"x","y","z" [("x" = "y") → ("x"+"z" = "y"+"z")] is a proposition. This more complex structure of propositions allows these logics to make finer distinctions between inferences, i.e., to have greater expressive power.


title: Proposition

text: In this context, propositions are also called sentences, statements, statement forms, formulas, and well-formed formulas, though these terms are usually not synonymous within a single text. This definition treats propositions as syntactic objects, as opposed to semantic or mental objects. That is, propositions in this sense are meaningless, formal, abstract objects. They are assigned meaning and truth-values by mappings called interpretations and valuations, respectively.


title: Proposition

text: In mathematics, propositions are often constructed and interpreted in a way similar to that in predicate logic—albeit in a more informal way. For example, an axiom can be conceived as a proposition in the loose sense of the word, though the term is usually used to refer to a proven mathematical statement whose importance is generally neutral by nature. Other similar terms in this category include:


title: Proposition

text: Assuming a structured view of propositions, one can distinguish between singular propositions (also Russellian propositions, named after Bertrand Russell) which are about a particular individual, general propositions, which are not about any particular individual, and particularized propositions, which are about a particular individual but do not contain that individual as a constituent.


title: Proposition

text: Two meaningful declarative sentences express the same proposition, if and only if they mean the same thing.


title: Proposition

text: which defines "proposition" in terms of synonymity. For example, "Snow is white" (in English) and "Schnee ist weiß" (in German) are different sentences, but they say the same thing, so they express the same proposition. Another definition of proposition is:


title: Proposition

text: Two meaningful declarative sentence-tokens express the same proposition, if and only if they mean the same thing.


title: Proposition

text: Unfortunately, the above definitions can result in two identical sentences/sentence-tokens appearing to have the same meaning, and thus expressing the same proposition and yet having different truth-values, as in "I am Spartacus" said by Spartacus and said by John Smith, and "It is Wednesday" said on a Wednesday and on a Thursday. These examples reflect the problem of ambiguity in common language, resulting in a mistaken equivalence of the statements. “I am Spartacus” spoken by Spartacus is the declaration that the individual speaking is called Spartacus and it is true. When spoken by John Smith, it is a declaration about a different speaker and it is false. The term “I” means different things, so “I am Spartacus” means different things.


title: Proposition

text: A related problem is when identical sentences have the same truth-value, yet express different propositions. The sentence “I am a philosopher” could have been spoken by both Socrates and Plato. In both instances, the statement is true, but means something different.


title: Proposition

text: These problems are addressed in predicate logic by using a variable for the problematic term, so that “X is a philosopher” can have Socrates or Plato substituted for X, illustrating that “Socrates is a philosopher” and “Plato is a philosopher” are different propositions. Similarly, “I am Spartacus” becomes “X is Spartacus”, where X is replaced with terms representing the individuals Spartacus and John Smith.


title: Proposition

text: In other words, the example problems can be averted if sentences are formulated with precision such that their terms have unambiguous meanings.


title: Proposition

text: A number of philosophers and linguists claim that all definitions of a proposition are too vague to be useful. For them, it is just a misleading concept that should be removed from philosophy and semantics. W. V. Quine, who granted the existence of sets in mathematics, maintained that the indeterminacy of translation prevented any meaningful discussion of propositions, and that they should be discarded in favor of sentences. P. F. Strawson, on the other hand, advocated for the use of the term "statement".


title: Sugababes

text: Sugababes are a British girl group composed of Mutya Buena, Keisha Buchanan and Siobhán Donaghy. The lineup changed three times before returning to the original lineup in 2011.


title: Sugababes

text: Formed in 1998 by All Saints manager Ron Tom, Sugababes released their debut album "One Touch" through London Records in November 2000, which achieved moderate success and produced the top-ten single "Overload". In 2001, Donaghy departed the group and was replaced by Heidi Range. With Range's introduction, the group experienced a higher level of commercial success and went on to release three multi-platinum albums: "Angels with Dirty Faces" (2002), "Three" (2003) and "Taller in More Ways" (2005). In December 2005, Buena left the group and was replaced by Amelle Berrabah. Following the release of their , the new line-up released two further studio albums: "Change" (2007) and "Catfights and Spotlights" (2008).


title: Sugababes

text: In September 2009, after 11 years in Sugababes, Buchanan, the final original member, was replaced by Jade Ewen. Range, Berrabah and Ewen released the group's seventh studio album, "Sweet 7" (2010), after which they signed to RCA Records, before taking an indefinite hiatus in 2011. That year, the original lineup reformed as Mutya Keisha Siobhan and released the single "Flatline". The trio regained the name Sugababes in 2019, and recorded a rendition of the song "Flowers" with DJ Spoony. In 2021, the Sugababes re-released their debut album "One Touch" in honor of the album's 20th anniversary, with plans for new music.


title: Sugababes

text: Sugababes have achieved six number-one singles: "Freak like Me", "Round Round", "Hole in the Head", "Push the Button", "Walk This Way" and "About You Now"; the Spice Girls are the only British girl group to have had more. They have also released five UK top ten albums, four of which were certified Platinum in the UK, and have been nominated for six Brit Awards, winning for Best British Dance Act in 2003. They have been a long-term fixture in the British tabloids due to their several line-up changes and alleged group infighting.


title: Sugababes

text: Sugababes were formed in 1998 by All Saints manager Ron Tom and Sarah Stennett, and First Access Entertainment. Siobhán Donaghy and Mutya Buena, both aged just 13, had been signed as solo artists, but decided to work together after performing at the same showcase. While working in the studio, Buena invited her best friend Keisha Buchanan to watch them. Manager Ron Tom decided the three girls were to be a trio, likening their different appearances to the United Colors of Benetton campaign. Originally dubbed "the Sugababies", the group's name was tweaked to "Sugababes" when they were signed by London Records to give the group a more mature image.


title: Sugababes

text: The group's debut single, "Overload", peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart in 2000 and was nominated for a BRIT Award for Best Single. The group co-wrote most of the tracks on debut album "One Touch" with the help of All Saints producer Cameron McVey. "One Touch" peaked at number 26 on the UK Albums Chart. The album produced three more top 40 hits—"New Year", "Run for Cover" and "Soul Sound". The sales of "One Touch" did not meet London Records' expectations, and they dropped the group in 2001. It was later certified Gold by the BPI and had sold 220,000 copies in the UK by 2008 according to "Music Week".


title: Sugababes

text: During a Japanese promotional tour in August 2001, Donaghy left the group. She stated initially that she wanted to pursue a fashion career, but was eventually diagnosed with clinical depression amid reports of in-fighting amongst the group's members. Donaghy later stated that she was forced out of the group by Buchanan and called Buchanan the "first bully" in her life. Former Atomic Kitten member Heidi Range replaced Donaghy.


title: Sugababes

text: Having already started work on a second album with new member Range, the trio looked for a new record label, eventually signing to Island Records. Their first single on the new label, "Freak like Me" scored the group their first UK number 1 single. Follow-up single "Round Round" also debuted on top of the UK Singles Chart and peaked at number 2 in Ireland, the Netherlands and New Zealand. Both singles were certified silver by the BPI. On the back of the success of the singles, the group's second album, "Angels with Dirty Faces", debuted at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart and was later certified triple Platinum, selling almost a million copies in the UK alone. It is to date their highest-selling album. In the UK, the third single from the album, a ballad titled "Stronger", gained the girls their third consecutive top ten hit in their native country. The track was released as a double-A side with "Angels with Dirty Faces" in the UK, the latter song chosen as the theme tune to "The Powerpuff Girls Movie". A fourth single, the Sting-sampling "Shape", made the top ten in the Netherlands and Ireland in early 2003.


title: Sugababes

text: The group's third album, "Three", was released in late 2003 and reached number 3 on the UK Albums Chart, earning the group a BRIT Award nomination for Best Album. Certified double Platinum, it has sold 855,000 copies to date. The album was preceded by lead single "Hole in the Head", which became the group's third UK number 1 single. It also reached number 2 in Ireland, the Netherlands and Norway, and became the Sugababes' first (and to date only) single to chart in the United States, reaching number 96 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Follow-up single "Too Lost in You" appeared on the soundtrack to the film "Love Actually" and went top ten in Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the UK. The album's third single, "In the Middle", was released in 2004 and garnered the group another BRIT Award nomination for Best Single; like its successor, the ballad "Caught in a Moment", it went to number 8 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2004, the trio sang on the Band Aid 20 remake of "Do They Know It's Christmas?", which went to number 1 in the UK in December.


title: Sugababes

text: Around this time, the group's perceived "moodiness", alleged backstage catfights, and press junket tantrums were tabloid fodder in Britain. They were surrounded by continuous rumours of in-fighting within the group and constant split reports. Rumours suggested that Buchanan and Buena had bullied Range, although Range herself repeatedly denied such allegations; Buena later admitted that she did not speak to Range when she first joined. According to Buchanan, there was only one serious fallout between herself and Range during a 2004 gig in Dublin, a disagreement around Britney Spears's song "Toxic".


title: Sugababes

text: After a hiatus, during which Buena gave birth to her daughter Thalia, the Sugababes released their thirteenth single, "Push the Button" in October 2005. The song debuted at number 1 in the UK and remained in the position for three consecutive weeks. It also peaked at number one in Ireland, Austria and New Zealand, and reached the top three across Europe and in Australia. Certified silver in the UK, it was later nominated at the BRIT Awards for Best Single. Parent album "Taller in More Ways" became the group's first UK number 1 album. The group was number 1 on the singles, album, airplay and download charts simultaneously, making them the first girl group to achieve such a feat. "Taller in More Ways" was certified double Platinum in the UK.


title: Sugababes

text: Following an apparent illness that prevented her from promoting follow-up single "Ugly", Buena left the Sugababes on 21 December 2005. Buena later stated in an interview that she was suffering from postnatal depression after the birth of her daughter combined with the group's increasingly hectic schedules, and chose to leave to spend more time with her daughter. Amelle Berrabah joined the Sugababes in late December 2005, having been chosen by the group's management to replace Buena.


title: Sugababes

text: The third single from "Taller in More Ways" was a re-recorded version of "Red Dress", which was released in early 2006, and gave the Sugababes their third consecutive top five hit from the album, entering the UK Singles Chart at number 4. Berrabah re-recorded three of the album's twelve tracks and co-wrote a new song with Buchanan and Range named "Now You're Gone". The tracks appeared on a re-release of "Taller in More Ways" that reached number 18 on the UK Albums Chart. The fourth and final single from "Taller in More Ways" was "Follow Me Home", released only in the UK in June, where it charted at number 32.


title: Sugababes

text: In mid-2006, the group returned to the studio to record two new tracks for their first greatest hits collection, titled "". The lead single from the compilation, "Easy" peaked at number 8 on the UK Singles Chart, whilst the compilation album, released in November 2006, peaked at number 3. The album, certified Platinum by the BPI, has sold 598,000 copies. During this time, the group had also announced that they had begun work on their then-untitled fifth studio album.


title: Sugababes

text: In March 2007, the Sugababes collaborated with fellow British girl group Girls Aloud for their eighteenth single, a cover of the song "Walk This Way" by Aerosmith. The track was released as the official single for "Comic Relief". "Walk This Way" became the group's fifth UK number one single.


title: Sugababes

text: Following their Greatest Hits Tour, the Sugababes returned to the recording studio in mid-2007 to continue working on "Change", their fifth studio album, and the first to feature Berrabah on all tracks. "About You Now" was released as the album's lead single in September 2007. Upon release, the song became the group's sixth UK number one hit and first Hungarian chart-topper. It remained atop the UK Singles Chart for four weeks. "About You Now" was nominated for a 2008 BRIT Award for Best British Single and is to date their highest-selling single, with sales standing at almost 500,000 copies. In the 2009 edition of the "Guinness Book of World Records", "About You Now" was listed as the "first track by a British pop act to top the singles chart solely on downloads". The song was also named as the "biggest chart mover to the number one position in the UK".


title: Sugababes

text: In October 2007, "Change" became the group's second UK number 1 album. For the second time, the group topped the singles, album and download charts simultaneously. The album's title track "Change", was released as the second single in December 2007 and peaked at number 13 in the UK. The album sold 494,000 copies in the UK, and was certified Platinum. The third and final single from "Change" was "Denial", which reached number 15. From March to May 2008, the Sugababes travelled the UK on the thirty-date Change Tour, their biggest tour to date.


title: Sugababes

text: Following the Change Tour, Sugababes returned to the studio to write and record tracks for their sixth studio album, "Catfights and Spotlights". It was reported that producer Timbaland had approached the Sugababes to work on their sixth album, but due to time restrictions, a collaboration did not occur. "Girls", the lead single from "Catfights and Spotlights" was released in October 2008. The single peaked at number 3 in the UK, making it their first lead single since "One Touch" not to reach number 1. The album peaked at number 8 in the UK Albums Chart. Its second and final single, "No Can Do", was released in December and peaked at number 23 in the UK. The Performing Right Society named Sugababes the fourth hardest-working band of 2008 due to the number of concerts they had performed during that year.


title: Sugababes

text: After the release of "No Can Do", the group decided not to go on tour in 2009 and instead focus on writing and recording material for their seventh studio album. The Sugababes travelled to the United States to work on their seventh studio album, "Sweet 7". In April 2009, the Sugababes signed a contract with Jay-Z's label Roc Nation, resulting in working with high profile producers. Berrabah also collaborated with Tinchy Stryder for the track "Never Leave You", the third single from his second album, "Catch 22" in August 2009. The single debuted on top of the UK charts, making Berrabah the only member of the Sugababes, past and present, to achieve a number one single outside of the group. The lead single from "Sweet 7", "Get Sexy", debuted at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart in September 2009.


title: Sugababes

text: In September 2009, Berrabah was reported to have left the Sugababes. She had missed two engagements promoting "Sweet 7". On 21 September, it was revealed that Buchanan, the sole original member of the group, had left the Sugababes. Buchanan's place was filled by Jade Ewen, the UK's 2009 Eurovision Song Contest entrant. Buchanan revealed on Twitter that it was not her decision to leave, resulting in some journalists describing her as having been "sacked".


title: Sugababes

text: Critics and fans reacted very negatively to the news, and British broadsheet "The Guardian" ran an article named "Why the Sugababes' show can't go on without Keisha". Digital Spy ran an article called "Keisha Buchanan, We Salute You" in which they thanked her for her contribution to "incredible pop songs". According to Berrabah and Range, both women had wanted to quit the Sugababes themselves only to find that their group's management decided that they would follow them, rather than find two new members for Buchanan. In September 2020, Buchanan stated that she did not know that she was ousted from the group until after the public announcement of her departure had already been made.


title: Sugababes

text: The new member, Ewen, was flown to the United States to film the music video for single "About a Girl" mere days after Buchanan had left the group. "About a Girl" reached number 8 in the UK, during a truncated promotion schedule due to Berrabah flying to Austria for treatment for nervous exhaustion resulting from the line-up change. In late 2009, "Wear My Kiss" was confirmed for release in February 2010 as the third single, with the album, originally set for a late November 2009 release, delayed until March 2010. "Wear My Kiss" debuted and peaked at number 7 in the UK, making "Sweet 7" the Sugababes' first album since "Taller in More Ways" to contain at least three top ten hits. The album debuted and peaked at number 14 in the UK but was critically panned due to the loss of an identifiable sound, soul and originality stemming from Buchanan's departure.


title: Sugababes

text: In March 2010, former group member Mutya Buena applied to the European Trademarks Authority for ownership of the group's name. The application was submitted amid the controversy of Buchanan's departure, in which Buena insisted that "the Sugababes have ended" without a founding member still in the group. It was confirmed that Buena had obtained rights to use the name on paper, cardboard and goods; namely stationery, paper gift wrap and paper gift wrapping ribbons. In the same month the group was dropped by Roc Nation, due to poor sales of "Sweet 7".


title: Sugababes

text: The Sugababes initially began recording an eighth studio album in April 2010. In June 2011, the group and their managers Sarah Stennett and Mark Hargreaves Crown Music Management Services left their record label of ten years, Island Records, for a new three-album distribution deal with Sony Music's RCA Records, with Crown Music Management Services as the acting record label. In July, the Sugababes commented on their new album, saying: "It's a bit darker, tougher and quite edgy." In another interview, the group stated the new album showcased their personalities. At the Wireless Festival in London, Buchanan, who was kicked out of the group in 2009, approached the current line-up and the girls were reported to have a "teary" reunion and put the past behind them. It was the first time in two years that she had seen former comrades Range and Berrabah, as well as the first time she had officially met her "replacement" Jade Ewen. In a later interview, Buchanan revealed that she was disappointed by the treatment she received back in 2009, but went on to wish the current line-up "the best of luck".


title: Sugababes

text: Their first and only single under the new label, "Freedom", was released for free on 25 September 2011. Afterward, the group began a hiatus to work on solo projects: Range participated in the seventh series of "Dancing on Ice", Berrabah worked on solo material and Ewen competed as a contestant on the first series of "Splash!"


title: Sugababes

text: In March 2013, Ewen stated that the Sugababes would likely reform to record new music by the end of the year; though with no set release date, and in May, Berrabah said the group had been writing songs for their new album and hoped to release new music in 2014. However, later the same year, Ewen expressed her feelings towards the Sugababes' future being uncertain, stating they were "pretty much done", which led to reports suggesting the group had split. This was initially denied by Berrabah, who stated she believed the band would get back together in late 2014, but in September 2013, an interview was published quoting Ewen confirming that the group had split two years prior. She was quoted saying "This is a tricky one because I don't feel comfortable lying, saying we're in the studio recording and we're going to bring music out next year, which seems to be the favoured line. I think it's unfair to fans and we should be honest. [...] We kind of fizzled out about two years ago. I do think the lineup changes have obviously got to be a factor, you can't get away from it." In January 2014, Range contradicted Ewen's statement, saying that the group was merely on hiatus to pursue solo projects. However, she later admitted in a June 2020 interview that the group had conceded in 2011 that it would not be fair for them to continue further due to the controversy and their declining popularity after Buchanan's departure.


title: Sugababes

text: In March 2019, Berrabah revealed that the Sugababes had been approached several times about reforming for a farewell tour for the fans. In July, in an interview with Irish broadcaster RTÉ, she said that there were discussions about a reunion tour featuring all six members of the group.


title: Sugababes

text: In October 2011, several news outlets reported that the original line-up of the Sugababes would reform. In January 2012, further speculations circulated that the group would reunite were sparked, after both Buena and Buchanan tweeted that they were in the studio with "two other females" and British rapper Professor Green. However, Buena later denied this on Twitter, saying: "No track [with] keisha or professor G he was around tha studio. im jus workin on my stuff @ tha moment. [sic]" Despite this, Scottish singer-songwriter Emeli Sandé confirmed to MTV UK that she had written new songs for Buena, Buchanan and Donaghy, saying: "Yes, that is true. I've written for the original line-up of the Sugababes, which I’m very happy about because I just loved them when they first came out. I loved their sound, it was so cool. It was very different, so I'm happy to kind of be involved in what started the whole Sugababes journey. It sounds amazing."


title: Sugababes

text: In April 2012, it was reported that the line-up had signed a £1 million record deal with Polydor Records. In July 2012, it was officially confirmed that the group had reformed under the name Mutya Keisha Siobhan and were writing songs for a new album under Polydor. The name was officially registered through the European Union on 27 June 2012. The group attended the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony on 27 July 2012 and posted pictures on their official Instagram page, marking the trio's first public appearance together in eleven years. On 6 August the group confirmed they had written two songs with Shaznay Lewis, former member of the All Saints. The next day, Donaghy tweeted "With the girls in the studio. I think the album is finished!!!"


title: Sugababes

text: In November 2012, the group were nominated at the Yahoo! Gossip Best Girl Band of 2012 Poll alongside Little Mix, Stooshe, Girls Aloud, The Saturdays and Spice Girls. Their return was named the eleventh biggest moment of 2012 in NME's '75 Moments That Defined 2012' countdown. The group also appeared on the cover of fashion magazine "Ponystep" in December 2012.


title: Sugababes

text: That same month, they performed an intimate gig at "Ponystep"'s New Year's Eve party, performing three Sugababes singles, "Overload", "New Year" and "Freak Like Me". They also did a cover of Rihanna's "Diamonds". The performance marked the first time Buena, Buchanan and Donaghy had performed together in over a decade. A fan-filmed video went viral online, receiving over 70,000 views in just two days. In an interview with BBC News, MKS said that they decided to reform as they felt they still had "something to give".


title: Sugababes

text: The first glimpse of new material came to light on 7 January 2013 when the group uploaded a short a cappella clip of their rumoured debut single "Boys" on Buchanan's YouTube account. The clip has been viewed over 140,000 times. The same day, Popjustice released a three-second clip of the studio version of the single, calling it "simply amazing". The group have also signed with Storm Model Management. On 14 March, the group's producer Dev Hynes uploaded a track on his official SoundCloud page, stating the track would not feature on the group's forthcoming album. "Lay Down in Swimming Pools" is a reinterpretation of Kendrick Lamar's "Swimming Pools (Drank)" that features hazy R&B production and three-part harmonies. Hynes later commented saying "Just finished recording new music with Mutya, Keisha and Siobhan, And the girls felt like having a bit of fun at the end of the last session – enjoy!!" On 26 March, the group featured on a remix of Phoenix's single "Entertainment".


title: Sugababes

text: MKS performed their first official headline gig at Scala on 1 August. Among Sugababes classics "Overload", "Run for Cover", "Stronger" and "Freak like Me", the trio also performed several new songs from their forthcoming album, including "I'm Alright", "Love Me Hard", "Boys", "Today" and "No Regrets". "Lay Down in Swimming Pools" and a mash-up of "Flatline" and "Push the Button" served as the encore to the evening. In early October, Mutya Keisha Siobhan appeared on the Google+ Sessions series, performing three live acoustic tracks: new song "No Regrets", the Sugababes classic "Caught in a Moment" and "Royals", a cover of the international number one track by Lorde. The performances are available to view in HD on YouTube. On 6 November 2013, Buena said that she was open to reclaiming the Sugababes name, as Ewen revealed that the fourth line-up split two years earlier. During 8–16 November 2013, the group embarked on The Sacred Three Tour, playing six dates across the UK.


title: Sugababes

text: In June 2016, at London Pride's WandsworthRadio special, Donaghy said the album was due the following year. "The Sugababes got a record coming out next year. We've been back and then there was a bit of a break but we're working on it again, so it's exciting. I can't tell you the exact release date of the album. I know but I can't tell you. It's next year."


title: Sugababes

text: In August 2017, Buchanan said in an interview that the group were working on new material after their previous work was leaked online.


title: Sugababes

text: In June 2018, Donaghy was a guest on Tom Aspaul's podcast "Battle Pop" and revealed "We're still working together. That's really easy to [say] and reassure fans. We're kind of stronger than ever. Things were really difficult when we were teenagers. The vultures were out, it was new to us and relations were strained or whatever. Then we got back together and you've got to go through that full circle of almost like therapy of working out who you are now and what happened back then. We've done all that now." She added that she had no idea when, or even if, an album would be released.


title: Sugababes

text: On 13 January 2015, Buchanan filed for the Sugababes name to be trademarked in the United States. The trademark process was completed on 26 September 2015, and in January 2016 Buchanan achieved ownership of the United States Sugababes trademark.


title: Sugababes

text: Buchanan, Buena and Donaghy won back the rights to the group name Sugababes in 2019. Later that year, the group appeared with DJ Spoony on his album "Garage Classical", covering the 2000 song "Flowers" by Sweet Female Attitude. This marks the group's first release under the name Sugababes after years of working as Mutya Keisha Siobhan. Their comeback performance took place on "The Graham Norton Show" on 18 October 2019. Following their performance on Graham Norton's show, the group revealed that they were working on new music and a special project for the 20th anniversary of "One Touch"; however, plans were put on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Sugababes

text: On 11 May 2021, Sugababes released a reworking of 2001 single "Run for Cover" featuring MNEK. The same day they announced an expanded "20 Year Anniversary" edition of "One Touch" that would feature unheard demos and remixes from Dev Hynes, Metronomy and others. On 22 June 2021, the Sugababes released a Blood Orange remix to "One Touch" track "Same Old Story". The album peaked at number 18, outperforming the original peak of 26.


title: Sugababes

text: Sugababes headlined the second day of June 2022's “Mighty Hoopla” festival in Herne Hill, London. On 20 May 2022 it was announced the band would be supporting Westlife on their Dublin leg. They will make a number of further appearances at music festivals over the summer, including Glastonbury, Portsmouth's Victorious Festival and the Margate Pride Festival.


title: Sugababes

text: On 3 June 2022, the 2013 Mutya Keisha Siobhan single, "Flatline", was re-released under the Sugababes name. Sugababes announced their 17-date headlining tour, their first in 9 years, on 23 June 2022, starting on 16 October 2022 in Bristol and concluding on 7 November 2022 in Glasgow.


title: Sugababes

text: In October 2022, it was announced that the band would support Take That at BST Hyde Park on 1 July 2023 alongside The Script.


title: Sugababes

text: On 29 November 2022, Sugababes announced they would be playing a one off show at the O2 Arena in London in September 2023, which would be their biggest headlining show ever. On 15 December 2022, Sugababes announced that they would be touring Australia in February 2023 - their first headlining tour of the country.


title: Sugababes

text: In April 2007, Mattel teamed with the Sugababes to create a new themed Barbie collection, which was released only in the United Kingdom in May 2007. The Sugababes had also told reporters that they hope to branch out into other areas such as a makeup line. In September 2010, the Sugababes released their own fragrances, named Tempt, Tease and Touch.


title: Sugababes

text: Their cover of Aerosmith and Run-DMC's "Walk This Way", a collaboration with Girls Aloud, was the official charity single for Comic Relief in 2007, recorded at Comic Relief co-founder and trustee Richard Curtis's request. On 27 January 2010, the Sugababes performed at the "Fight Cervical Cancer Event", an event which aims to educate women about cervical cancer. In March 2010, Berrabah jumped 13,000 feet from an aircraft to raise money for a cancer charity. In September 2011, the Sugababes performed "Dancing Queen" by ABBA at the Prince of Wales Theatre for charitable purposes.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Larry Claxton Flynt Jr. (; November 1, 1942 – February 10, 2021) was an American publisher and the president of Larry Flynt Publications (LFP). LFP mainly produces pornographic magazines, such as "Hustler", pornographic videos, and three pornographic television channels named Hustler TV. Flynt fought several high-profile legal battles involving the First Amendment, and unsuccessfully ran for public office. He was paralyzed from the waist down due to injuries sustained in a 1978 assassination attempt by serial killer Joseph Paul Franklin. In 2003, "Arena" magazine listed him at No. 1 on the "50 Powerful People in Porn" list.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Flynt was born in Lakeville, Magoffin County, Kentucky, the first of three children of Larry Claxton Flynt Sr. (1919–2005), a sharecropper, and Edith (née Arnett; 1925–1982), a homemaker. He had two younger siblings: sister Judy (1947–1951) and brother Jimmy Ray Flynt (born 1948). His father served in the United States Army in the European theatre of World War II. Due to his father's absence, Flynt was raised solely by his mother and maternal grandmother for the first three years of his life. Flynt was raised in poverty, and said Magoffin County was the poorest county in the nation during the Great Depression. In 1951, Flynt's sister, Judy, died of leukemia at age four. The death provoked his parents' divorce one year later; Flynt was then raised by his mother in Hamlet, Indiana, and his brother, Jimmy, was raised by his maternal grandmother in Magoffin County. Two years later, Flynt returned to live in Magoffin County with his father because he disliked his mother's new boyfriend.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Flynt attended Salyersville High School (now Magoffin County High School) in the ninth grade. However, he ran away from home and, despite being only 15 years old, joined the United States Army using a counterfeit birth certificate. It was around that time that he developed a passion for the game of poker. After being honorably discharged, Flynt returned to his mother in Indiana and found employment at the Inland Manufacturing Company, an affiliate of General Motors. However, there was a union-led slowdown and he was laid off after only three months. He then returned to his father in Kentucky. For a brief period, he became a bootlegger but stopped when he learned that county deputies were searching for him. After living on his savings for two months, he enlisted in the United States Navy in July 1960. He became a radar operator on . He was the operator on duty when the ship was assigned to recover John Glenn's space capsule. He was honorably discharged in July 1964.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In early 1965, Flynt took $1,800 (approx. $17,000 in 2022 when adjusted for inflation) from his savings and bought his mother's bar in Dayton, Ohio, called the Keewee. He refitted it and was soon making $1,000 a week (approx. $9300 in 2022 when adjusted for inflation); he used the profits to buy two other bars. He worked as many as 20 hours a day and took amphetamines to stay awake.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Flynt decided to open a new, higher-class bar, which would also be the first in the area to feature nude hostess dancers; he named it the Hustler Club. From 1968 onward, with the help of his brother Jimmy and later his girlfriend Althea Leasure, he opened Hustler Clubs in Akron, Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, and Toledo, Ohio. Soon each club grossed between $260,000 and $520,000 a year. He also acquired the Dayton franchise of a small newspaper called "Bachelor's Beat", which he published for two years before selling it. At the same time, he closed a money-losing vending-machine business.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In January 1972, Flynt created the "Hustler Newsletter", a two-page, black-and-white publication about his clubs. This item became so popular with his customers that by May 1972, he expanded the "Hustler Newsletter" to 16 pages, then to 32 pages in August 1973. As a result of the 1973 oil crisis, the American economy entered recession and the revenues of Hustler Clubs declined. Flynt had to refinance his debts or declare bankruptcy. He decided to turn the "Hustler Newsletter" into a sexually explicit magazine with national distribution. He paid the start-up costs of the new magazine by deferring payment of sales taxes his clubs owed on their activities.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In July 1974, the first issue of "Hustler" was published. Although the first few issues went largely unnoticed, within a year the magazine became highly lucrative, and Flynt was able to pay his tax debts. Flynt's friend Al Goldstein said that "Hustler" took its inspiration from his own tabloid "Screw", but credited his comrade in arms with accomplishing what he had not: creating a national publication. In November 1974, "Hustler" showed the first "pink-shots", or photos of open vulvas. Flynt had to fight to publish each issue, as many people, including some at his distribution company, found the magazine too explicit and threatened to remove it from the market. Shortly thereafter, Flynt was approached by a paparazzo who had taken pictures of former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis while she was sunbathing nude on vacation in 1971. He purchased them for $18,000 (approx. $98,000 in 2022 when adjusted for inflation) and published them in the August 1975 issue. That issue attracted widespread attention, and one million copies were sold within a few days. Now a millionaire, Flynt bought a $375,000 (approx. $2 million in 2022 when adjusted for inflation) mansion.


title: Larry Flynt

text: On March 6, 1978, during a legal battle related to obscenity in Gwinnett County, Georgia, Flynt and his lawyer were shot on the sidewalk in Lawrenceville by Joseph Paul Franklin. The shooting left Flynt partially paralyzed with permanent spinal cord damage, and in need of a wheelchair. Flynt's attorney was seriously wounded. Flynt's injuries caused him constant, excruciating pain, and he was addicted to painkillers until multiple surgeries deadened the affected nerves. He also had a stroke caused by one of several drug overdoses on his analgesic medication. He recovered, but had pronunciation difficulties thereafter.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Franklin, a militant white supremacist and serial killer, also shot Vernon Jordan; he targeted other black and Jewish people in a killing spree from 1977 to 1980. Violently opposed to 'miscegenation,' he confessed to the shootings many years later, claiming he was outraged by an interracial photo shoot in "Hustler". About Flynt and a "Hustler" pictorial, he stated, "I saw that interracial couple ... having sex ... It just made me sick ... I threw the magazine down and thought, I'm gonna kill that guy." Flynt himself suspected the attack was part of a larger conspiracy involving ultra-right elements surrounding U.S. Representative Larry McDonald also behind the Karen Silkwood case with ties to the Intelligence Community and that Franklin may have been subject to MKULTRA-style Mind Control.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Franklin was never brought to trial for the attack on Flynt. Franklin was eventually charged in Missouri with eight unrelated counts of murder and sentenced to death. Flynt expressed his opposition to the death penalty and stated he did not want Franklin to be executed. Franklin was executed by lethal injection on November 20, 2013.


title: Larry Flynt

text: He married his fourth wife, Althea, in 1976, and they remained married for ten years until her death at age 33. Larry reported she had ARC (AIDS-related complex), but drowned in a bathtub in 1987. Toxicology reports were inconclusive. He married his fifth wife, Elizabeth Berrios, in 1998. Flynt had four daughters and a son, as well as many grandchildren. His daughter Lisa Flynt-Fugate died in a car crash in Ohio in October 2014 at age 47.


title: Larry Flynt

text: He said he was an evangelical Christian for one year, "converted" in 1977 by evangelist Ruth Carter Stapleton, the sister of President Jimmy Carter. He said he became "born again" and that he had a vision from God while flying with Stapleton in his jet. He continued to publish his magazine, however, vowing to "hustle for God". He later declared himself an atheist.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In 1994, Flynt bought a Gulfstream II private jet, which was used in the movie "The People vs. Larry Flynt". In 2005, he replaced it with a Gulfstream IV. At the time of his death, he resided in the Hollywood Hills.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In July 1974, Flynt first published "Hustler" as a step forward from the "Hustler Newsletter", which was advertising for his businesses. The magazine struggled for the first year, partly because many distributors and wholesalers refused to handle it as its nude photos became increasingly graphic. It targeted working-class men and grew from a shaky start to a peak circulation of around three million. The publication of nude paparazzi pictures of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in August 1975 was a major coup. "Hustler" has often featured more explicit photographs than comparable magazines and has contained depictions of women that some find demeaning, such as a naked woman in a meat grinder or presented as a dog on a leash – though Flynt later said that the meat grinder image was a criticism of the pornography industry itself.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Flynt created his privately held company Larry Flynt Publications (LFP) in 1976. LFP published several other magazines and also controlled distribution of the various titles. LFP launched "Ohio Magazine" in 1977, and later its output included other mainstream work. LFP sold the distribution business, as well as several mainstream magazines, beginning in 1996. LFP started to produce pornographic movies in 1998, through the Hustler Video film studio, which purchased VCA Pictures in 2003. In 2014, Flynt said his print portfolio made up only 10% of his company's revenue, and predicted the demise of "Hustler" due to competition from the Internet.


title: Larry Flynt

text: On June 22, 2000, Flynt opened the Hustler Casino, a card room located in the Los Angeles suburb of Gardena. Other ventures which were wholly owned or licensed by Flynn or are wholly owned or licensed by LFP, Inc. include the Hustler Clubs and the Hustler Hollywood Store. LFP also publishes "Barely Legal", a pornographic magazine featuring young women who reportedly have recently turned 18, the minimum age for a person to appear in pornography in the US.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Flynt was embroiled in many legal battles regarding the regulation of pornography and free speech within the United States, especially attacking the "Miller v. California" (1973) obscenity exception to the First Amendment. He was first prosecuted on obscenity and organized crime charges in Cincinnati in 1976 by Simon Leis, who headed a local anti-pornography committee. He was given a sentence of 7–25 years in prison, but served only six days in jail; the sentence was overturned on appeal following allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, as well as judicial and jury bias. One argument resulting from this case was reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1981. Flynt made an appearance in a feature film based on the trial, "The People vs. Larry Flynt" (1996), playing the judge who sentenced him in the case.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Outraged by a derogatory cartoon published in "Hustler" in 1976, Kathy Keeton, then girlfriend of "Penthouse" publisher Bob Guccione, filed a libel suit against Flynt in Ohio. Her lawsuit was dismissed because she had missed the deadline under the statute of limitations. She then filed a new lawsuit in New Hampshire, where "Hustler"s sales were very small. The question of whether she could sue there reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 1983, with Flynt losing the case. This case is occasionally reviewed today in first-year law school Civil Procedure courses, due to its implications regarding personal jurisdiction over a defendant.


title: Larry Flynt

text: During the proceedings in "Keeton v. Hustler Magazine", Flynt reportedly shouted "Fuck this court!" and called the justices "nothing but eight assholes and a token cunt" (referring to Justice Sandra Day O'Connor). Chief Justice Warren E. Burger had him arrested for contempt of court, but the charge was later dismissed.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Also in 1983, he leaked an FBI surveillance tape to the media regarding John DeLorean. In the videos, when arresting DeLorean, the FBI is shown asking him whether he would rather defend himself or have "his daughter's head smashed in". During the subsequent trial, Flynt wore a U.S. flag as a diaper and was jailed for six months for desecration of the flag.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In 1988, Flynt won a Supreme Court decision, "Hustler Magazine v. Falwell", after being sued by Reverend Jerry Falwell in 1983, over an offensive ad parody in "Hustler" that suggested that Falwell's first sexual encounter was with his mother in an outhouse. Falwell sued Flynt, citing "emotional distress" caused by the ad. The decision clarified that public figures cannot recover damages for "intentional infliction of emotional distress" based on parodies. After Falwell's death, Flynt said despite their differences, he and Falwell had become friends over the years, adding, "I always appreciated his sincerity even though I knew what he was selling and he knew what I was selling."


title: Larry Flynt

text: As a result of a sting operation in April 1998, Flynt was charged with a number of obscenity-related offenses concerning the sale of sex videos to a youth in a Cincinnati adult store he owned. In a plea agreement in 1999, LFP, Inc. (Flynt's corporate holdings group) pleaded guilty to two counts of pandering obscenity and agreed to stop selling adult videos in Cincinnati.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In June 2003, prosecutors in Hamilton County, Ohio, attempted to revive criminal charges of pandering obscene material against Flynt and his brother Jimmy Flynt, charging that they had violated the 1999 agreement. Flynt said that he no longer had an interest in the Hustler Shops and that prosecutors had no basis for the lawsuit.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In January 2009, Flynt filed suit against two nephews, Jimmy Flynt II and Dustin Flynt, for the use of his family name in producing pornography. He regarded their pornography to be inferior. He prevailed on the main trademark infringement issue, but lost on invasion of privacy claims.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In May 2021, VICE News published and reported on a copy of Flynt's 322-page FBI file, which the outlet obtained through a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request. It contained details of his 1983 arrest for disrupting the U.S. Supreme Court during the "Keeton" hearing and the unconfirmed claim of a confidential informant that Flynt had asked a mercenary to rig his wheelchair with C-4 explosives so he could blow himself up during that same hearing, taking all of the justices with him.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Flynt was a Democrat when Bill Clinton was president. In 2013, he said he was "a civil libertarian to the core", though he once attempted a presidential run as a Republican in 1984. He was a staunch critic of the Warren Commission and offered $1 million for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the assassin of John F. Kennedy. In 2003, Flynt was a candidate in the recall election of California governor Gray Davis, calling himself a "smut peddler who cares". He finished seventh in a field of 135 candidates with 17,458 votes (0.2%).


title: Larry Flynt

text: Flynt repeatedly weighed in on public debates by trying to expose conservative or Republican politicians with sexual scandals. He did so during the impeachment proceedings against President Clinton in 1998, offering $1 million for evidence and publishing the results in "The Flynt Report". These publications led to the resignation of incoming House Speaker Bob Livingston. In 2007, Flynt repeated his $1 million offer and also wrote the foreword to Joseph Minton Amann and Tom Breuer's "The Brotherhood of Disappearing Pants: A field guide to conservative sex scandals", which contained some cases published by Flynt.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In 2003, Flynt purchased nude photographs of former PFC Jessica Lynch, who was captured by Iraqi forces, rescued from an Iraqi hospital by U.S. troops and celebrated as a hero by the media. He said he would never show any of the photographs, calling Lynch a "good kid" who became "a pawn for the government". Flynt supported activist groups opposed to the war in Iraq in 2004 and 2005. He was a strong supporter of LGBT rights and same-sex marriage.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In 2012, Flynt offered a $1 million reward for information on Mitt Romney's unreleased tax returns and ran two full-page ads in "USA Today" and "The Washington Post" to promote the offer.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Flynt endorsed Mark Sanford in the 2013 special election for South Carolina's 1st congressional district, saying "His open embrace of his mistress in the name of love, breaking his sacred marriage vows, was an act of bravery that has drawn my support."


title: Larry Flynt

text: In January 2015, following the attack on Charlie Hebdo, Larry Flynt criticized the American media for refusing to broadcast the caricatures of Mohammed from the satirical weekly.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In May 2015, Flynt endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election. In an interview with "Marfa Journal" later that year, he described his political views as "progressively liberal".


title: Larry Flynt

text: In October 2017, Flynt offered a $10 million reward for any evidence that would lead to the impeachment of President Donald Trump. A 2019 Christmas card from Larry Flynt Publications, sent to several Republican congressmen, depicted Trump's assassination.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Flynt's daughter, Tonya Flynt-Vega, accused him of sexually abusing her as a child. In the 1998 book, "Hustled: My Journey from Fear to Faith", Flynt-Vega writes about her father showing her images from "Hustler" and while he did so, he began touching her, had her remove her bathing suit, assaulted her orally, then showed her his erection and tried to penetrate her. She writes, "The pain was intense. I know I was hurt. Dad had not penetrated [me]." She described an exchange with her father after he knew she planned to publish a book describing his abuses of her: "He called me at work one day and said "<nowiki>‘</nowiki>If you don't back-off that book, I'll send somebody to wring your [expletive] neck.<nowiki>’</nowiki>" ... He's 'Mr. Free Speech', but he's threatening to kill somebody for writing a book." Flynt denied his daughter's accusation of sexual abuse on several occasions. But he did acknowledge he had not been a good parent to Flynt-Vega. "She's looking for attention, and she's looking to get back at me, as her father, for not being there when she really needed me," he said in one response. In another interview, he stated, "Anyone who knows me knows my sexual preference. It's not children, especially my own."


title: Larry Flynt

text: "Hustler" cartoonist and humor editor, Dwaine B. Tinsley, created the comic feature called "Chester the Molester". It was a monthly part of the magazine for 13 years. In the comic, the main character endeavors through various means to molest and otherwise sexually assault girls and women. In 1989, Tinsley was arrested, charged with molesting his daughter from age 13–18. Tinsley was convicted of that charge on January 5, 1990. His conviction was overturned in 1992 when an appeals court ruled that the jury should not have seen cartoons drawn by Tinsley. The prosecutor in the case ultimately decided not to retry Tinsley, who served 23 months of a six-year sentence. Flynt claims he didn't ask Tinsley about the conviction and "Chester the Molester" cartoons drawn while in prison continued to appear in "Hustler". He also defended Tinsley, calling him "a genius" and "at one time in America in the Seventies and Eighties the most brilliant and recognized cartoonist in America."


title: Larry Flynt

text: In addition to child molestation, the rape of adult women is a common theme in many of his magazines, including "Hustler". A photo pictorial titled "The naked and the dead", depicted an imprisoned woman being forcibly shaved, sexually assaulted, raped, and electrocuted. In the January 1983 issue of "Hustler", there was a photographic pictorial called "Dirty pool". It depicted a woman on a pool table being sexually assaulted and gang raped by four men. In early March 1983, 21 year-old Cheryl Araujo was gang raped on a pool table by four men in New Bedford. At the time, some coverage took on xenophobic overtones, blaming the crime not only on the victim but on the Portuguese community as a whole. Flynt created a fake postcard featuring a naked woman on a pool table with the caption, "Greetings from New Bedford, Massachusetts, the Portuguese gang-rape capital of America."


title: Larry Flynt

text: Criticizing the sanitizing scope of the 1996 film, "The People vs. Larry Flynt", feminist Gloria Steinem detailed his depictions of misogyny: "What's left out [of the film] are the magazine's images of women being beaten, tortured, and raped; women subject to degradations from bestiality to sexual slavery." Steinem also addressed what she saw as the hypocrisy of him being regarded as a protector of everyone's free speech, noting "other feminists and I have been attacked in "Hustler" for using our First Amendment rights to protest pornography." The film's director, Miloš Forman, a native of the former Czechoslovakia, rebutted these and similar feminist critiques, explaining that if he had used such extreme pornographic content, he would not have been able to make the film, which was rated "R". Forman, whose parents were victims of the Nazis, said he made the movie "out of admiration for the beauty and wisdom of the American Constitution, which allows this country to rise to its best when provoked by the worst". Others also viewed the film as historical revisionism, portraying a heroic Flynt. "Entertainment Weekly" noted the "magazine's racist and anti-Semitic overtones – one "Hustler" cartoon showed a black man reaching for a watermelon on a giant mousetrap – is also nowhere to be found." His daughter Tonya also spoke out against the film.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In real life, Flynt did not shy away from rationalizing his publication of taboo content and humor, claiming that his goal was to "offend every single person in this world at some point", and pointing out that "If the First Amendment will protect a scumbag like me then it will protect all of you, because I'm the worst." He defended himself against allegations of misogyny, stating that he supported abortion rights, same-sex marriage and equality, while at the same time offering harsh assessments of his feminist critics and embracing the magazine's crude, sometimes bigoted depictions.


title: Larry Flynt

text: Feminist author Laura Kipnis compared Flynt to the ribald, French Renaissance satirist Rabelais, saying that she saw "Hustler" "as really dedicated to violating the proprieties that uphold class distinctions", and calling it "one of the most class-antagonistic publications in the country".


title: Larry Flynt

text: Flynt appears in the music video "Afraid" by the American rock band Mötley Crüe which first aired on June 9, 1997.


title: Larry Flynt

text: In January 2019, Flynt discussed the importance of freedom and voting in America when he was interviewed by "Weekly Alibi"'s August March.


title: Radio wave

text: Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, typically with frequencies of 300 gigahertz (GHz) and below. At 300 GHz, the corresponding wavelength is 1 mm (shorter than a grain of rice); at 30 Hz the corresponding wavelength is (longer than the radius of the Earth). Like all electromagnetic waves, radio waves in a vacuum travel at the speed of light, and in the Earth's atmosphere at a close, but slightly lower speed. Radio waves are generated by charged particles undergoing acceleration, such as time-varying electric currents. Naturally occurring radio waves are emitted by lightning and astronomical objects, and are part of the blackbody radiation emitted by all warm objects.


title: Radio wave

text: Radio waves are generated artificially by an electronic device called a transmitter, which is connected to an antenna which radiates the waves. They are received by another antenna connected to a radio receiver, which processes the received signal. Radio waves are very widely used in modern technology for fixed and mobile radio communication, broadcasting, radar and radio navigation systems, communications satellites, wireless computer networks and many other applications. Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere; long waves can diffract around obstacles like mountains and follow the contour of the earth (ground waves), shorter waves can reflect off the ionosphere and return to earth beyond the horizon (skywaves), while much shorter wavelengths bend or diffract very little and travel on a line of sight, so their propagation distances are limited to the visual horizon.


title: Radio wave

text: To prevent interference between different users, the artificial generation and use of radio waves is strictly regulated by law, coordinated by an international body called the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which defines radio waves as "electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3,000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide". The radio spectrum is divided into a number of radio bands on the basis of frequency, allocated to different uses.


title: Radio wave

text: Radio waves were first predicted by the theory of electromagnetism proposed in 1867 by Scottish mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell. His mathematical theory, now called Maxwell's equations, predicted that a coupled electric and magnetic field could travel through space as an "electromagnetic wave". Maxwell proposed that light consisted of electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength. In 1887, German physicist Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the reality of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves by experimentally generating radio waves in his laboratory, showing that they exhibited the same wave properties as light: standing waves, refraction, diffraction, and polarization. Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi developed the first practical radio transmitters and receivers around 1894–1895. He received the 1909 Nobel Prize in physics for his radio work. Radio communication began to be used commercially around 1900. The modern term ""radio wave"" replaced the original name ""Hertzian wave"" around 1912.


title: Radio wave

text: Radio waves are radiated by charged particles when they are accelerated. Natural sources of radio waves include radio noise produced by lightning and other natural processes in the Earth's atmosphere, and astronomical radio sources in space such as the Sun, galaxies and nebulas. All warm objects radiate high frequency radio waves (microwaves) as part of their black body radiation.


title: Radio wave

text: Radio waves are produced artificially by time-varying electric currents, consisting of electrons flowing back and forth in a specially-shaped metal conductor called an antenna. An electronic device called a radio transmitter applies oscillating electric current to the antenna, and the antenna radiates the power as radio waves. Radio waves are received by another antenna attached to a radio receiver. When radio waves strike the receiving antenna they push the electrons in the metal back and forth, creating tiny oscillating currents which are detected by the receiver.


title: Radio wave

text: From quantum mechanics, like other electromagnetic radiation such as light, radio waves can alternatively be regarded as streams of uncharged elementary particles called "photons". In an antenna transmitting radio waves, the electrons in the antenna emit the energy in discrete packets called radio photons, while in a receiving antenna the electrons absorb the energy as radio photons. An antenna is a coherent emitter of photons, like a laser, so the radio photons are all in phase. However, from Planck's relation formula_1 the energy of individual radio photons is extremely small, from 10 to 10 joules. It is so small that, except for certain molecular electron transition processes such as atoms in a maser emitting microwave photons, radio wave emission and absorption is usually regarded as a continuous classical process, governed by Maxwell's equations.


title: Radio wave

text: Radio waves in a vacuum travel at the speed of light formula_2 . When passing through a material medium, they are slowed depending on the medium's permeability and permittivity. Air is thin enough that in the Earth's atmosphere radio waves travel very close to the speed of light.


title: Radio wave

text: The wavelength formula_3 is the distance from one peak (crest) of the wave's electric field to the next, and is inversely proportional to the frequency formula_4 of the wave. The relation of frequency and wavelength in a radio wave traveling in vacuum or air is


title: Radio wave

text: Equivalently, formula_7 the distance a radio wave travels in a vacuum, in one second, is , which is the wavelength of a 1 hertz radio signal. A 1 megahertz radio wave (mid-AM band) has a wavelength of .


title: Radio wave

text: Like other electromagnetic waves, a radio wave has a property called polarization, which is defined as the direction of the wave's oscillating electric field perpendicular to the direction of motion. A plane polarized radio wave has an electric field which oscillates in a plane along the direction of motion. In a horizontally polarized radio wave the electric field oscillates in a horizontal direction. In a vertically polarized wave the electric field oscillates in a vertical direction. In a circularly polarized wave the electric field at any point rotates about the direction of travel, once per cycle. A right circularly polarized wave rotates in a right hand sense about the direction of travel, while a left circularly polarized wave rotates in the opposite sense. The wave's magnetic field is perpendicular to the electric field, and the electric and magnetic field are oriented in a right hand sense with respect to the direction of radiation.


title: Radio wave

text: An antenna emits polarized radio waves, with the polarization determined by the direction of the metal antenna elements. For example a dipole antenna consists of two collinear metal rods. If the rods are horizontal it radiates horizontally polarized radio waves, while if the rods are vertical it radiates vertically polarized waves. An antenna receiving the radio waves must have the same polarization as the transmitting antenna, or it will suffer a severe loss of reception. Many natural sources of radio waves, such as the sun, stars and blackbody radiation from warm objects, emit unpolarized waves, consisting of incoherent short wave trains in an equal mixture of polarization states.


title: Radio wave

text: The polarization of radio waves is determined by a quantum mechanical property of the photons called their spin. A photon can have one of two possible values of spin; it can spin in a right hand sense about its direction of motion, or in a left hand sense. Right circularly polarized radio waves consist of photons spinning in a right hand sense. Left circularly polarized radio waves consist of photons spinning in a left hand sense. Plane polarized radio waves consist of photons in a quantum superposition of right and left hand spin states. The electric field consists of a superposition of right and left rotating fields, resulting in a plane oscillation.


title: Radio wave

text: Radio waves are more widely used for communication than other electromagnetic waves mainly because of their desirable propagation properties, stemming from their large wavelength. Radio waves have the ability to pass through the atmosphere in any weather, foliage, and most building materials, and by diffraction can bend around obstructions, and unlike other electromagnetic waves they tend to be scattered rather than absorbed by objects larger than their wavelength.


title: Radio wave

text: The study of radio propagation, how radio waves move in free space and over the surface of the Earth, is vitally important in the design of practical radio systems. Radio waves passing through different environments experience reflection, refraction, polarization, diffraction, and absorption. Different frequencies experience different combinations of these phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere, making certain radio bands more useful for specific purposes than others. Practical radio systems mainly use three different techniques of radio propagation to communicate:


title: Radio wave

text: At microwave frequencies, atmospheric gases begin absorbing radio waves, so the range of practical radio communication systems decreases with increasing frequency. Below about 20 GHz atmospheric attenuation is mainly due to water vapor. Above 20 GHz, in the millimeter wave band, other atmospheric gases begin to absorb the waves, limiting practical transmission distances to a kilometer or less. Above 300 GHz, in the terahertz band, virtually all the power is absorbed within a few meters, so the atmosphere is effectively opaque.


title: Radio wave

text: In radio communication systems, information is transported across space using radio waves. At the sending end, the information to be sent, in the form of a time-varying electrical signal, is applied to a radio transmitter. The information, called the modulation signal, can be an audio signal representing sound from a microphone, a video signal representing moving images from a video camera, or a digital signal representing data from a computer. In the transmitter, an electronic oscillator generates an alternating current oscillating at a radio frequency, called the "carrier wave" because it creates the radio waves that "carry" the information through the air. The information signal is used to modulate the carrier, altering some aspect of it, "piggybacking" the information on the carrier. The modulated carrier is amplified and applied to an antenna. The oscillating current pushes the electrons in the antenna back and forth, creating oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which radiate the energy away from the antenna as radio waves. The radio waves carry the information to the receiver location.


title: Radio wave

text: At the receiver, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of the incoming radio wave push the electrons in the receiving antenna back and forth, creating a tiny oscillating voltage which is a weaker replica of the current in the transmitting antenna. This voltage is applied to the radio receiver, which extracts the information signal. The receiver first uses a bandpass filter to separate the desired radio station's radio signal from all the other radio signals picked up by the antenna, then amplifies the signal so it is stronger, then finally extracts the information-bearing modulation signal in a demodulator. The recovered signal is sent to a loudspeaker or earphone to produce sound, or a television display screen to produce a visible image, or other devices. A digital data signal is applied to a computer or microprocessor, which interacts with a human user.


title: Radio wave

text: The radio waves from many transmitters pass through the air simultaneously without interfering with each other. They can be separated in the receiver because each transmitter's radio waves oscillate at a different rate, in other words each transmitter has a different frequency, measured in kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). The bandpass filter in the receiver consists of a tuned circuit which acts like a resonator, similarly to a tuning fork. It has a natural resonant frequency at which it oscillates. The resonant frequency is set equal to the frequency of the desired radio station. The oscillating radio signal from the desired station causes the tuned circuit to oscillate in sympathy, and it passes the signal on to the rest of the receiver. Radio signals at other frequencies are blocked by the tuned circuit and not passed on.


title: Radio wave

text: Radio waves are "non-ionizing radiation", which means they do not have enough energy to separate electrons from atoms or molecules, ionizing them, or break chemical bonds, causing chemical reactions or DNA damage. The main effect of absorption of radio waves by materials is to heat them, similarly to the infrared waves radiated by sources of heat such as a space heater or wood fire. The oscillating electric field of the wave causes polar molecules to vibrate back and forth, increasing the temperature; this is how a microwave oven cooks food. However, unlike infrared waves, which are mainly absorbed at the surface of objects and cause surface heating, radio waves are able to penetrate the surface and deposit their energy inside materials and biological tissues. The depth to which radio waves penetrate decreases with their frequency, and also depends on the material's resistivity and permittivity; it is given by a parameter called the "skin depth" of the material, which is the depth within which 63% of the energy is deposited. For example, the 2.45 GHz radio waves (microwaves) in a microwave oven penetrate most foods approximately 2.5 to 3.8 cm (1 to 1.5 inches). Radio waves have been applied to the body for 100 years in the medical therapy of diathermy for deep heating of body tissue, to promote increased blood flow and healing. More recently they have been used to create higher temperatures in hyperthermia treatment and to kill cancer cells. Looking into a source of radio waves at close range, such as the waveguide of a working radio transmitter, can cause damage to the lens of the eye by heating. A strong enough beam of radio waves can penetrate the eye and heat the lens enough to cause cataracts.


title: Radio wave

text: Since the heating effect is in principle no different from other sources of heat, most research into possible health hazards of exposure to radio waves has focused on "nonthermal" effects; whether radio waves have any effect on tissues besides that caused by heating. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as having "limited evidence" for its effects on humans and animals. There is weak mechanistic evidence of cancer risk via personal exposure to RF-EMF from mobile telephones.


title: Radio wave

text: Radio waves can be shielded against by a conductive metal sheet or screen, an enclosure of sheet or screen is called a Faraday cage. A metal screen shields against radio waves as well as a solid sheet as long as the holes in the screen are smaller than about of wavelength of the waves.


title: Radio wave

text: Since radio frequency radiation has both an electric and a magnetic component, it is often convenient to express intensity of radiation field in terms of units specific to each component. The unit "volts per meter" (V/m) is used for the electric component, and the unit "amperes per meter" (A/m) is used for the magnetic component. One can speak of an electromagnetic field, and these units are used to provide information about the levels of electric and magnetic field strength at a measurement location.


title: Radio wave

text: Another commonly used unit for characterizing an RF electromagnetic field is "power density". Power density is most accurately used when the point of measurement is far enough away from the RF emitter to be located in what is referred to as the far field zone of the radiation pattern. In closer proximity to the transmitter, i.e., in the "near field" zone, the physical relationships between the electric and magnetic components of the field can be complex, and it is best to use the field strength units discussed above. Power density is measured in terms of power per unit area, for example, milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm). When speaking of frequencies in the microwave range and higher, power density is usually used to express intensity since exposures that might occur would likely be in the far field zone.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: Cheaper by the Dozen is a 2003 American family comedy film directed by Shawn Levy. It is a remake of the 1950 film of the same name. Both films were inspired by the semi-autobiographical book "Cheaper by the Dozen" by Frank Bunker Gilbreth Jr. and his sister Ernestine Gilbreth Carey. The 2003 version stars Steve Martin, Bonnie Hunt, Hilary Duff, Tom Welling, and Piper Perabo.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: The film was released on December 25, 2003, by 20th Century Fox and grossed $190 million worldwide against a $40 million budget. The Rotten Tomatoes critical consensus criticized the film for its lack of humor.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: A sequel, "Cheaper by the Dozen 2", was released in 2005. Another remake was released in 2022 on Disney+.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: Tom and Kate Baker have raised their twelve children: Nora, Charlie, Lorraine, Henry, Sarah, Jake, Mark, Jessica, Kim, Mike, Kyle, and Nigel, in Midland, Illinois. Kate narrates throughout the film and hopes to publish the book she has written telling about the family's story. Tom receives a job offer from Shake McGuire to coach football at his alma mater in Evanston. Tom accepts the offer, but the children oppose his decision to move and are unwilling to leave their friends. The atmosphere at the Bakers' new house becomes tense, and Charlie and Mark are bullied at their respective schools.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: Kate embarks on a national book tour to promote her newly published book. Tom has Nora and her self-absorbed boyfriend, Hank, help look after the other children while Kate is away. The younger children dislike Hank as he hates children. When Hank arrives, the children trip him into a kiddie pool filled with dirty water then soak his underwear in raw meat while he is showering. At lunch, the children unleash their dog on him. Nora and Hank storm off, and Tom angrily cuts off the children's allowances for their actions.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: After a chaotic night, Tom realizes he cannot handle the children on his own. No babysitter is willing to work with a family this large, so Tom brings the football players to practice in the living room for Saturday night's game as the children do their chores. The younger children crash the birthday party of their neighbor, Dylan Shenk, which Tom had forbidden them to attend for fighting in school and not doing their chores. When a frustrated and homesick Charlie is taken off his school's football team, he accuses Tom of moving for selfish reasons. Tom discovers Hank sneaked in and slept over, violating the rules. Hank upsets Nora by saying he does not want children and expects her to feel the same.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: Kate gets a call from the children about the chaos and cancels her book tour. Her publisher instead invites Oprah Winfrey to film the Bakers in their home. Despite Kate's coaching, the Bakers cannot recreate the loving, strongly bonded family she describes in her book. Before the filming starts, Mark is upset when his pet frog dies, but Sarah coldly says nobody cares, causing a fight to erupt and the producers tell Winfrey to cancel the filming.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: Later that night, Kate discovers that Mark has ran away from home. Tom believes Mark is trying to return to the Bakers' old home and finds him on a train bound for Midland. The Bakers reunite the next day and begin to address their issues. Tom retires from his job to spend more time with his family. At the end of the film, the Bakers celebrate Christmas together as the chandelier in their living room breaks off the ceiling and crashes to the floor.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: The film's director Shawn Levy makes a cameo as a reporter. Jared Padalecki has an uncredited cameo as an unnamed bully that causes problems for Charlie. Wayne Knight has an uncredited cameo as Pete, the electrician whose repairs on the family's chandelier cause him to fall off of his ladder through two different incidents.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: Other compositions used in the movie are "Classical Gas" by Mason Williams and Carl Orff's "O Fortuna", among others.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a 24% rating based on reviews from 119 critics and an average score of 4.58/10. The site's consensus reads: "In this family of twelve children, much chaos ensues, but little hilarity." On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 46 out of 100 based on 30 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an A− grade.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: Despite this, the film was given "Two Thumbs Up" from Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper on their television show. Ebert in his review for the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and called it "lighthearted fun".


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: Robert Koehler of "Variety" was critical of the uneven tone of the film, varying between "schmaltzy/gooey and slapstick/gross-out" and wrote that it was "as far from the original pic and its autobiographical memoir source as it can be while retaining the same title" but predicted a wide ranging audience for the film.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: The film ranked at #2 for the weekend, grossing $27,557,647 in its opening weekend ($35,397,241 including its Thursday Christmas Day gross of $7,839,594) from 3,298 theaters for an average of $8,356 per theater ($10,733 average per theater over four days), being kept from the top spot by "". The film went on to gross $138,614,544 in North America, and an additional $51,597,569 internationally, for a total gross of $190,212,113 worldwide, nearly five times its $40 million budget.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)

text: Ashton Kutcher was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor for his performance in this, "Just Married" and "My Boss's Daughter" but lost to Ben Affleck with "Daredevil", "Gigli" and "Paycheck".


title: Cold Heart (Pnau remix)

text: "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" is a song by English singer Elton John and English-Albanian singer Dua Lipa, produced by Australian trio Pnau, and released through EMI and Mercury Records on 13 August 2021 as the lead single from John's collaborative album, "The Lockdown Sessions". The song became John's first United Kingdom No. 1 single in 16 years. It was nominated for Song of the Year at the 42nd Brit Awards, but lost to "Easy on Me" by Adele. It won Top Dance/Electronic Song at the 2022 "Billboard" Music Awards. The song was also nominated at the 2022 Ivor Novello Awards for ‘PRS Most Performed Work’ but lost to "Bad Habits" by Ed Sheeran.


title: Cold Heart (Pnau remix)

text: Rumours of a possible collaboration between Elton John and Dua Lipa began in August 2021 following news from insiders. John also commented on Lipa's Instagram that he was not that excited for something happening between them the following week, in which Lipa responded that she was not that excited too. On 10 August 2021, the two singers began teasing the collaboration by posting cartoon versions of themselves dancing to a disco melody (I ain ever beeennn), to their social medias. Both tagged Pnau and Lipa using the hashtags "#coldheart", "#justpassingthrough" and "#newmusic". At the same day, Pnau confirmed they wrote a song with "the biggest pop star of yesterday" and "the biggest pop star of today" and that it would premiere the following Friday via their Essentials Playlist. Pnau and John had previously collaborated in 2012. The following day, John and Lipa formally announced the single and its release date. It showed a snippet of the song, including Lipa singing John's 1972 single "Rocket Man". The song was released through Virgin EMI and Mercury Records on 13 August 2021, alongside an animated music video that's been called "wildly trippy".


title: Cold Heart (Pnau remix)

text: Following remixes by Claptone and the Blessed Madonna, an acoustic version of the single was released digitally worldwide on 12 October 2021.


title: Cold Heart (Pnau remix)

text: In "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)", Pnau mashes up John's singles "Rocket Man" from 1972, "Sacrifice" from 1989, "Kiss the Bride" from 1983 and the album track "Where's the Shoorah?" taken from 1976's "Blue Moves". The "Where's the Shoorah?" sample comes 3 minutes into "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)", with a slowed-down tempo and a key shifted from an E-flat major. The song is in the key of B-flat minor.


title: Cold Heart (Pnau remix)

text: "Evening Standard" reviewer David Smyth described "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" as "a particularly slick updating of classic Elton". Similarly, Annie Zaleski of "Variety" regarded it as "chic" and "a seamless (and savvy) mashup of eras". In "The Independent", Helen Brown wrote that it "does a terrific job of mashing up old songs 'Sacrifice' and 'Rocket Man', giving both a tendon-twanging freshness." "Billboard" Stephen Daw thought that "Dua Lipa’s voice sounds like butter as she croons the iconic chorus 'And I think it’s gonna be a long, long time,' while the production from PNAU never goes over-the-top, only complementing John's original visions." Barry Divola of "The Sydney Morning Herald" deemed the song a "hand-waver" which suited the objective of "The Lockdown Sessions", while "The Arts Desk"s Liz Thomson cited "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" as among the album's two most memorable tracks. Terry Staunton of "Record Collector" was less impressed, deriding it as "awkward" and "a little out of step". "Billboard" included "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" in its list of the best songs of 2021 at number 44.


title: Cold Heart (Pnau remix)

text: In August 2021, "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" debuted at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart, selling in 11,557 units in its first week. In its ninth week on the chart, the song climbed to number one with sales of 63,298 units, including 5,057 CD single copies which accounted for a 25.5% increase in its weekly sales. It marked Lipa's third UK chart-topper, and John's eighth and first in 16 years; he last reached number one in 2005 as a featured artist on 2Pac's "Ghetto Gospel". John became the first solo artist to score a top 10 single in six different decades (1970s–2020s), and at age 74, became the second-oldest person to top the chart after Captain Tom Moore. In April 2022, the song was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for track-equivalent sales of 1.2 million units.


title: Cold Heart (Pnau remix)

text: In Australia, "Cold Heart" debuted at number seven before reaching number one in its twelfth week. "Cold Heart" stayed at number one for ten non-consecutive weeks. It became Elton John's first number-one single in Australia since "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997" in September 1997. At age 74 years, 8 months, 4 weeks, and 1 day, John became the oldest artist to hit the top of the ARIA Singles Chart. "Cold Heart" also became Dua Lipa's first number-one single on the chart, after eight previous top ten entries and surpassing "Don't Start Now" which peaked at number two for ten non-consecutive weeks in 2019–2020.


title: Cold Heart (Pnau remix)

text: In Canada, "Cold Heart" debuted at number 55 before reaching number one in its nineteenth week on the chart dated 8 January 2022. It has stayed at number one for twelve consecutive weeks, the fifth-longest stay at number one in the chart's history. It became Elton John's first number-one single in Canada since "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997" in October 1997, as well as Dua Lipa's second number-one single on the chart after "Levitating" featuring DaBaby topped the chart for three weeks in 2021.


title: Cold Heart (Pnau remix)

text: In the United States, "Cold Heart" debuted at number 81. The song then rose to number 32 in its fifth week, giving Elton John the longest span of top 40 Hot 100 appearances, excluding holiday fare, with 50 years and 10 months. The following week, "Cold Heart" climbed to number 25, his highest placement on the chart since March 1998. On the chart dated 15 January 2022, the song rose to number 7, becoming John's 28th top ten hit (and first since "Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" in 1997/98) and Lipa's fourth. With this new peak, John became one of only ten artists to reach the top 10 in four different decades and tied with Mariah Carey and Stevie Wonder for the sixth-most top ten hits in Hot 100 history.


title: Cold Heart (Pnau remix)

text: The music video was directed by Raman Djafari. It is an animated video featuring anime style versions of Lipa and John alongside four stop-motion puppets.


title: The Color of Money

text: The Color of Money is a 1986 American sports drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and released by Touchstone Pictures. The film was created from a screenplay by Richard Price, based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Walter Tevis. The film stars Paul Newman and Tom Cruise, with Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Helen Shaver, and John Turturro in supporting roles. It features an original score by Robbie Robertson, and was released on October 17, 1986, after a premier a week earlier at the Ziegfeld Theater in New York City in New York. The film grossed $52.3 million at the box office.


title: The Color of Money

text: The film continues the story of pool hustler and Edward "Fast Eddie" Felson from Tevis's first novel, "The Hustler" (1959), with Newman reprising his role from the 1961 film adaptation. It begins more than 25 years after the events of the previous film, with Eddie retired from the pool circuit. Newman won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, his first Oscar win after seven nominations. The film centered around the game of nine-ball, a pool variant played for high stakes. A challenge nine-ball match was named after it in 1997 at which Efren Reyes defeated Earl Strickland to win the largest single match purse in pool history of $100,000.


title: The Color of Money

text: The film continues the story of pool hustler and stakehorse Edward "Fast Eddie" Felson from the novel "The Hustler". Felson is a former pool hustler turned successful liquor salesman in Chicago. He still stakes bets for players, including fellow hustler Julian, who is outmatched at nine-ball by the young and charismatic Vincent Lauria. Recognizing Vincent's skill, and his girlfriend Carmen's inexperience at luring players to lose money, Eddie tells the couple of their excellent potential for hustling.


title: The Color of Money

text: Carmen visits Eddie alone to inquire about his interest in Vincent. Finding him working at Child World, Eddie invites Vincent to leave the next day for six weeks of hustling on the road, culminating in a nine-ball tournament in Atlantic City. Manipulating Vincent's insecurities about Carmen and giving him a valuable Balabushka cue stick, Eddie persuades him to accept his offer. Eddie's abrupt departure upsets Julian, as well as Eddie's girlfriend Janelle.


title: The Color of Money

text: Vincent and Carmen hit the road with Eddie in his Cadillac, visiting a series of pool halls. Serving as Vincent's , Eddie attempts to teach him the art of hustling, but Vincent chafes at having to play below his ability. At a pool hall run by his old acquaintance Orvis, Eddie becomes fed up with Vincent's arrogance and leaves him. In Vince's absence, Eddie reminds Carmen they are partners with a mutual business interest in Vincent. Eddie returns to find Vincent grandstanding to "Werewolves of London," beating the pool hall's best player but scaring off a wealthier . Eddie and Vincent talk frankly, agreeing Vincent must curb his ego if they are to succeed.


title: The Color of Money

text: Eddie and Carmen struggle to rein in Vincent's showboating, and his jealousy when they pose as lovers during a scam. After a string of successful games, Vincent plays the famed Grady Seasons, but is directed by Eddie to the game, to inflate the odds against Vincent in Atlantic City. Goaded by Grady, Vincent almost fails to throw the game, and Eddie is inspired to play again. After some success, Eddie is taken by a named Amos. Humiliated, Eddie leaves Vincent and Carmen with enough money to make it to Atlantic City, taking the Balabushka.


title: The Color of Money

text: Eddie refines his skills at Orvis's pool hall, gets into shape by swimming laps, and gets a pair of corrective lens sunglasses. On a winning streak, he enters the Atlantic City tournament and runs into Vincent and Carmen, overhearing them arrange a bet with another player. Eddie, winning against Julian, and Vincent, beating Grady, are set to face each other. Janelle arrives to support Eddie, who triumphs against Vincent. As Eddie and Janelle celebrate, Vincent and Carmen surprise Eddie with $8,000 – his “cut” of Vincent's winnings from intentionally losing their match.


title: The Color of Money

text: In his semifinal match, Eddie sees his reflection in the two-ball; disgruntled, he forfeits the game and returns Vincent's money. With plans to live with Janelle, and determined to win legitimately, Eddie faces Vincent in a private match, declaring "I'm back!"


title: The Color of Money

text: "The Color of Money" was released by Touchstone Pictures, after both 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures declined. The film was shot over 49 days, with cinematographer Michael Ballhaus and a budget of $14.5 million. It is an adaptation of the 1984 novel of the same name by Walter Tevis and was written by Richard Price. While featuring some characters from the novel, it was not written to be a sequel. A screenplay written by Tevis was written but the filmmakers decided not to use it. Jean-Pierre Léaud was briefly considered for the role of Vincent. It was shot in and around Chicago, with much of the filming taking place in pool and billiard halls, and not in built sets. The film was edited by Thelma Schoonmaker, who used close-up shots of pool balls being played, as well as wider visuals of the players to get across the visual of a pool hall.


title: The Color of Money

text: Scorsese has cited the influence of techniques and lighting in the 1947 Powell–Pressburger "Black Narcissus" in making the film. In particular, he states that the extreme close ups of Tom Cruise around the pool table were inspired by those of the nuns in that film. Lead star Paul Newman said that the best advice he was given by Scorsese was to "try not to be funny." Cruise performed most of his own pool shots. An exception was a over two balls to another. Scorsese believed Cruise could learn the shot, but that it would take too long, so the shot was performed for him by professional player Mike Sigel. Cruise mentioned that to prepare for the role, he bought a pool table for his apartment and practiced for hours on end. Standing in for the extremely valuable "Balabushka" in the movie was actually a Joss J-18 (which later became the Joss 10-N7), made to resemble a classic Balabushka.


title: The Color of Money

text: Sigel was a technical director, and he and fellow player Ewa Mataya Laurance served as technical consultants and shot performers on the film. Absent from the film is the character Minnesota Fats, played by Jackie Gleason in "The Hustler". Newman later said that he had wanted the character to appear, but that none of the attempts to include him fit well into the story that was being written. According to Scorsese, Gleason apparently agreed with Newman's opinion that Minnesota Fats was not essential to the film's story. Scorsese said that Gleason was presented a draft of the script that had Fats worked into the narrative, but that upon reading it, Gleason declined to reprise the role because he felt that the character seemed to have been added as "an afterthought."


title: The Color of Money

text: The soundtrack to the motion picture was released by MCA Records in 1986. Robbie Robertson produced the score for the film.


title: The Color of Money

text: "The Color of Money" held its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theater in New York City in New York, on October 8, 1986. The film was commercially released in the United States on October 17, 1986. The American release was limited to only select theatres throughout the country, with the film opening in more theatres during the next four weeks of its initial release. After its run, the film grossed $52,293,982 domestically. The film was released on DVD on January 3, 2000, and on Blu-ray on June 5, 2012.


title: The Color of Money

text: "The Color of Money" received a positive critical response upon its release, though some critics thought that the film was an inferior followup to "The Hustler". Based on 48 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an 88% approval rating from critics, with an average score of 7.10/10. It comments that "it's inferior to the original goes without saying, but Paul Newman and Tom Cruise are a joy to watch, and Martin Scorsese's direction is typically superb." Media review aggregator website Metacritic reported an weighted average score of 77/100 based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Color of Money

text: The film was praised for the major cast. Vincent Canby writing for "The New York Times" commented on the "three fully realized" main characters, and the journey throughout the film with them is "most satisfying." Canby, however, also commented that it "lacks in narrative shapeliness", before giving the film 9/10. Sheila Benson for the "Los Angeles Times" called these characters an "electrifying unholy trio", and praising the metaphors between hustling and pool. "Miami Herald" writer Bill Cosford, however, commented that "whatever Scorsese and Price have to say about these marvelous characters, it is not anything interesting." Tom Hutchingson of "Radio Times" said that Newman "deserved" to win an Oscar for his performance.


title: The Color of Money

text: Reviewers compared "The Color of Money" with other Scorsese films. Jason Bailey, writing for Flavorwire, described that the film was only "mid-level" for the director, but that it was so "overpowering ... jazzy and boisterous" that he couldn't help but enjoy. The "Chicago Tribune" Gene Siskel commented that the "grit is gone", as Scorsese wasn't backed up by a veteran contributor as in his other works. "People Magazine" commented that the film benefited from the cast of characters, and Scorsese's choice of actors.


title: The Color of Money

text: For "The Color of Money" Newman received the Academy Award for Best Actor, his first Academy Award and his seventh nomination.


title: The Color of Money

text: A line in the film spoken by Tom Cruise's character—"In here? Doom"—inspired the title of the popular 1993 video game, "Doom". The 1996 nine-ball challenge match between Efren Reyes and Earl Strickland was named "The Color of Money" in honor of the film. This is equally true for the second challenge, which took place in 2001 and was titled "The Color of Money II."