title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The legislation created five schedules (classifications), with varying qualifications for a substance to be included in each. Two federal agencies, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), determine which substances are added to or removed from the various schedules, although the statute passed by Congress created the initial listing. Congress has sometimes scheduled other substances through legislation such as the Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prevention Act of 2000, which placed gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in Schedule I and sodium oxybate (the isolated sodium salt in GHB) in Schedule III when used under an FDA NDA or IND. Classification decisions are required to be made on criteria including potential for abuse (an undefined term), currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and international treaties.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The nation first outlawed addictive drugs in the early 1900s and the International Opium Convention helped lead international agreements regulating trade. The Food and Drugs Act of 1906 was the beginning of over 200 laws concerning public health and consumer protections. Others were the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938), and the Kefauver Harris Amendment of 1962.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: In 1969, President Richard Nixon announced that the Attorney General, John N. Mitchell, was preparing a comprehensive new measure to more effectively meet the narcotic and dangerous drug problems at the federal level by combining all existing federal laws into a single new statute. With the help of White House Counsel head, John Dean; the Executive Director of the Shafer Commission, Michael Sonnenreich; and the Director of the BNDD, John Ingersoll creating and writing the legislation, Mitchell was able to present Nixon with the bill.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The CSA not only combined existing federal drug laws and expanded their scope, but it also changed the nature of federal drug law policies and expanded federal law enforcement pertaining to controlled substances.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: Title II, Part F of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 established the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse—known as the Shafer Commission after its chairman, Raymond P. Shafer—to study cannabis abuse in the United States. During his presentation of the commission's First Report to Congress, Sonnenreich and Shafer recommended the decriminalization of marijuana in small amounts, with Shafer stating,


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: Rufus King notes that this stratagem was similar to that used by Harry Anslinger when he consolidated the previous anti-drug treaties into the Single Convention and took the opportunity to add new provisions that otherwise might have been unpalatable to the international community. According to David T. Courtwright, "the Act was part of an omnibus reform package designed to rationalize, and in some respects to liberalize, American drug policy." (Courtwright noted that the Act became, not libertarian, but instead repressionistic to the point of tyrannical, in its intent.) It eliminated mandatory minimum sentences and provided support for drug treatment and research.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: King notes that the rehabilitation clauses were added as a compromise to Senator Jim Hughes, who favored a moderate approach. The bill, as introduced by Senator Everett Dirksen, ran to 91 pages. While it was being drafted, the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, to be passed by state legislatures, was also being drafted by the Department of Justice; its wording closely mirrored the Controlled Substances Act.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The Controlled Substances Act consists of two subchapters. Subchapter I defines Schedules I–V, lists chemicals used in the manufacture of controlled substances, and differentiates lawful and unlawful manufacturing, distribution, and possession of controlled substances, including possession of Schedule I drugs for personal use; this subchapter also specifies the dollar amounts of fines and durations of prison terms for violations. Subchapter II describes the laws for exportation and importation of controlled substances, again specifying fines and prison terms for violations.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The Drug Enforcement Administration was established in 1973, combining the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) and Customs' drug agents. Proceedings to add, delete, or change the schedule of a drug or other substance may be initiated by the DEA, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), or by petition from any interested party, including the manufacturer of a drug, a medical society or association, a pharmacy association, a public interest group concerned with drug abuse, a state or local government agency, or an individual citizen. When a petition is received by the DEA, the agency begins its own investigation of the drug.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The DEA may begin an investigation of a drug at any time based upon information received from laboratories, state and local law enforcement and regulatory agencies, or other sources of information. Once the DEA has collected the necessary data, the Deputy Administrator of DEA, requests from HHS a scientific and medical evaluation and recommendation as to whether the drug or other substance should be controlled or removed from control.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: This request is sent to the Assistant Secretary of Health of HHS. Then, HHS solicits information from the Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration and evaluations and recommendations from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and, on occasion, from the scientific and medical community at large. The Assistant Secretary, by authority of the Secretary, compiles the information and transmits back to the DEA a medical and scientific evaluation regarding the drug or other substance, a recommendation as to whether the drug should be controlled, and in what schedule it should be placed.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The HHS recommendation on scheduling is binding to the extent that if HHS recommends, based on its medical and scientific evaluation, that the substance not be controlled, then the DEA may not control the substance. Once the DEA has received the scientific and medical evaluation from HHS, the DEA Administrator evaluates all available data and makes a final decision whether to propose that a drug or other substance be controlled and into which schedule it should be placed. Under certain circumstances, the Government may temporarily schedule a drug without following the normal procedure.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: An example is when international treaties require control of a substance. allows the Attorney General to temporarily place a substance in Schedule I "to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety". Thirty days' notice is required before the order can be issued, and the scheduling expires after a year. The period may be extended six months if rulemaking proceedings to permanently schedule the drug are in progress. In any case, once these proceedings are complete, the temporary order is automatically vacated. Unlike ordinary scheduling proceedings, such temporary orders are not subject to judicial review.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The CSA creates a closed system of distribution for those authorized to handle controlled substances. The cornerstone of this system is the registration of all those authorized by the DEA to handle controlled substances. All individuals and firms that are registered are required to maintain complete and accurate inventories and records of all transactions involving controlled substances, as well as security for the storage of controlled substances.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The Congressional findings in 21 USC §§ , , and state that a major purpose of the CSA is to "enable the United States to meet all of its obligations" under international treaties. The CSA bears many resemblances to these Conventions. Both the CSA and the treaties set out a system for classifying controlled substances in several schedules in accordance with the binding scientific and medical findings of a public health authority. Under of the CSA, that authority is the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS). Under Article 3 of the Single Convention and Article 2 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the World Health Organization is that authority.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The domestic and international legal nature of these treaty obligations must be considered in light of the supremacy of the United States Constitution over treaties or acts and the equality of treaties and Congressional acts. In "Reid v. Covert" the Supreme Court of the United States addressed both these issues directly and clearly holding:


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: According to the Cato Institute, these treaties only bind (legally obligate) the United States to comply with them as long as that nation agrees to remain a state party to these treaties. The U.S. Congress and the President of the United States have the absolute sovereign right to withdraw from or abrogate at any time these two instruments, in accordance with said nation's Constitution, at which point these treaties will cease to bind that nation in any way, shape, or form.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: A provision for automatic compliance with treaty obligations is found at , which also establishes mechanisms for amending international drug control regulations to correspond with HHS findings on scientific and medical issues. If control of a substance is mandated by the Single Convention, the Attorney General is required to "issue an order controlling such drug under the schedule he deems most appropriate to carry out such obligations," without regard to the normal scheduling procedure or the findings of the HHS Secretary. However, the Secretary has great influence over any drug scheduling proposal under the Single Convention, because requires the Secretary the power to "evaluate the proposal and furnish a recommendation to the Secretary of State which shall be binding on the representative of the United States in discussions and negotiations relating to the proposal."


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: Similarly, if the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs adds or transfers a substance to a schedule established by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, so that current U.S. regulations on the drug do not meet the treaty's requirements, the Secretary is required to issue a recommendation on how the substance should be scheduled under the CSA. If the Secretary agrees with the Commission's scheduling decision, he can recommend that the Attorney General initiate proceedings to reschedule the drug accordingly.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: If the HHS Secretary disagrees with the UN controls, the Attorney General must temporarily place the drug in Schedule IV or V (whichever meets the minimum requirements of the treaty) and exclude the substance from any regulations not mandated by the treaty. The Secretary is required to request that the Secretary of State take action, through the Commission or the UN Economic and Social Council, to remove the drug from international control or transfer it to a different schedule under the Convention. The temporary scheduling expires as soon as control is no longer needed to meet international treaty obligations.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: This provision was invoked in 1984 to place Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) in Schedule IV. The drug did not then meet the Controlled Substances Act's criteria for scheduling; however, control was required by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In 1999, an FDA official explained to Congress:


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The Cato Institute's "Handbook for Congress" calls for repealing the CSA, an action that would likely bring the United States into conflict with international law, were the United States not to exercise its sovereign right to withdraw from and/or abrogate the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and/or the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances prior to repealing the Controlled Substances Act. The exception would be if the U.S. were to claim that the treaty obligations violate the United States Constitution. Many articles in these treaties—such as Article 35 and Article 36 of the Single Convention—are prefaced with phrases such as "Having due regard to their constitutional, legal and administrative systems, the Parties shall . . ." or "Subject to its constitutional limitations, each Party shall . . ." According to former United Nations Drug Control Programme Chief of Demand Reduction Cindy Fazey, "This has been used by the USA not to implement part of article 3 of the 1988 Convention, which prevents inciting others to use narcotic or psychotropic drugs, on the basis that this would be in contravention of their constitutional amendment guaranteeing freedom of speech".


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: There are five different schedules of controlled substances, numbered IV. The CSA describes the different schedules based on three factors:


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: Placing a drug or other substance in a certain schedule or removing it from a certain schedule is primarily based on 21 USC §§ , , , , , , and . Every schedule otherwise requires finding and specifying the "potential for abuse" before a substance can be placed in that schedule. The specific classification of any given drug or other substance is usually a source of controversy, as is the purpose and effectiveness of the entire regulatory scheme.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: Some have argued that this is an important exemption, since alcohol and tobacco are two of the most widely used drugs in the United States.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: No prescriptions may be written for Schedule I substances, and such substances are subject to production quotas which the DEA imposes.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: Under the DEA's interpretation of the CSA, a drug does not necessarily have to have the same "high potential for abuse" as heroin, for example, to merit placement in Schedule I:


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: Except when dispensed directly to an ultimate user by a practitioner other than a pharmacist, no controlled substance in Schedule II, which is a prescription drug as determined under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 USC 301 "et seq."), may be dispensed without the written or electronically transmitted (21 CFR 1306.08) prescription of a practitioner, except that in emergency situations, as prescribed by the Secretary by regulation after consultation with the Attorney General, such drug may be dispensed upon oral prescription in accordance with section 503(b) of that Act (21 USC 353 (b)). With exceptions, an original prescription is always required even though faxing in a prescription in advance to a pharmacy by a prescriber is allowed.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: Prescriptions shall be retained in conformity with the requirements of section 827 of this title. No prescription for a controlled substance in Schedule II may be refilled. Notably no emergency situation provisions exist outside the Controlled Substances Act's "closed system" although this closed system may be unavailable or nonfunctioning in the event of accidents in remote areas or disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Acts which would widely be considered morally imperative remain offenses subject to heavy penalties.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: These drugs vary in potency: for example fentanyl is about 80 times as potent as morphine (heroin is roughly two times as potent). More significantly, they vary in nature. Pharmacology and CSA scheduling have a weak relationship.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: Because refills of prescriptions for Schedule II substances are not allowed, it can be burdensome to both the practitioner and the patient if the substances are to be used on a long-term basis. To provide relief, in 2007, was amended (at ) to allow practitioners to write up to three prescriptions at once, to provide up to a 90-day supply, specifying on each the earliest date on which it may be filled.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: Except when dispensed directly by a practitioner, other than a pharmacist, to an ultimate user, no controlled substance in Schedule III or IV, which is a prescription drug as determined under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 USC 301 "et seq."), may be dispensed without a written, electronically transmitted, or oral prescription in conformity with section 503(b) of that Act (21 USC 353 (b)). Such prescriptions may not be filled or refilled more than six months after the date thereof or be refilled more than five times after the date of the prescription unless renewed by the practitioner.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, electronically transmitted or by facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in. Control of wholesale distribution is somewhat less stringent than Schedule II drugs. Provisions for emergency situations are less restrictive within the "closed system" of the Controlled Substances Act than for Schedule II though no schedule has provisions to address circumstances where the closed system is unavailable, nonfunctioning or otherwise inadequate.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: Control measures are similar to Schedule III. Prescriptions for Schedule IV drugs may be refilled up to five times within a six-month period. A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, electronically transmitted or by facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: No controlled substance in Schedule V which is a drug may be distributed or dispensed other than for a medical purpose. A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, electronically transmitted or by facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: These psychoactive drugs are not controlled by the act are also allowed for sale intended for recreational use at the federal level (others are allowed for sale as dietary supplements, but not specifically regulated or intended for recreational use):


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The Controlled Substances Act also provides for federal regulation of precursors used to manufacture some of the controlled substances. The DEA list of chemicals is actually modified when the United States Attorney General determines that illegal manufacturing processes have changed.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: In addition to the CSA, due to pseudoephedrine (PSE) and ephedrine being widely used in the manufacture of methamphetamine, the U.S. Congress passed the Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act which places restrictions on the sale of any medicine containing pseudoephedrine. That bill was then superseded by the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, which was passed as an amendment to the Patriot Act renewal and included wider and more comprehensive restrictions on the sale of PSE-containing products. This law requires customer signature of a "log-book" and presentation of valid photo ID in order to purchase PSE-containing products from all retailers.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: Additionally, the law restricts an individual to the retail purchase of no more than three packages or 3.6 grams of such product per day per purchase – and no more than 9 grams in a single month. A violation of this statute constitutes a misdemeanor. Retailers now commonly require PSE-containing products to be sold behind the pharmacy or service counter. This affects many preparations which were previously available over-the-counter without restriction, such as Actifed and its generic equivalents.


title: Controlled Substances Act

text: The CSA does not include a definition of "drug abuse". In addition, research shows certain substances on Schedule I, for drugs which have no accepted medical uses and high potential for abuse, actually have accepted medical uses, have low potential for abuse, or both. One of those substances is cannabis, which is either decriminalized or legalized in 33 states of the United States.


title: Cody Simpson

text: Cody Robert Simpson (born 11 January 1997) is an Australian swimmer and singer-songwriter. Since his debut, he has released four solo studio albums: "Paradise" (2012), "Surfers Paradise" (2013), "Free" (2015), and "Cody Simpson" (2022). He portrayed the lead role of Dmitry in the Broadway musical "Anastasia" from November 2018 through April 2019. The same year, he won the first season of "The Masked Singer Australia" as "Robot".


title: Cody Simpson

text: In 2022, Simpson joined the Australian Swim Team after qualifying for the Commonwealth Games during Australia's team trials.


title: Cody Simpson

text: Simpson was born at Logan Hospital in Meadowbrook, Queensland, to Brad and Angie Simpson. He attended All Saints Anglican School throughout his upbringing. He has two younger siblings, Tom and Alli. Simpson began to record songs in his bedroom during the summer of 2009 on YouTube, performing "I'm Yours" by Jason Mraz, "Cry Me a River" and "Señorita" by Justin Timberlake, "I Want You Back" by The Jackson 5, and his own songs, "One" and "Perfect".


title: Cody Simpson

text: Simpson's rise to recognition was featured on "The 7.30 Report" in December 2009. He released his debut single, "iYiYi" (which features American rapper Flo Rida), on 15 May 2010. The music video for Simpson's second single, "Summertime", was released on 20 September 2010. Simpson relocated to Los Angeles in June 2010 with his family to record his songs with Atlantic Records' Shawn Campbell. That same month, Simpson appeared on "Sunrise". On 22 June 2010, it was announced that Simpson would participate in the "Camplified 2010 Tour", along with other artists, touring across the United States. The tour began on 5 July 2010 and ended on 14 August 2010. Other tours that year included a middle school tour that took place from October–November 2010 and covered 9 U.S states. An EP, "4 U" was released on 21 December 2010. The EP included five tracks in total, four of them being previously unreleased. Simpson recorded a remake of the song "I Want Candy" by The Strangeloves as the main theme song for the Easter-themed live-action/CGI-animated film "Hop". In May 2011, Simpson was "egged" during a live performance at Westfield Miranda in Sydney. Simpson told Australian radio show "The Kyle & Jackie O Show" that he was not in fact hit by the eggs, and that he was upset on behalf of his fans as the remainder of his show was cancelled due to security concerns. He then started the Waiting 4U tour with American singer Greyson Chance on 9 April in Ivins, Utah. The tour ended on 18 May 2011, in Portland, Oregon.


title: Cody Simpson

text: "Coast to Coast" was released on 20 September 2011 by Atlantic Records. It reached number 12 on the "Billboard" 200 and sold 24,000 copies. On 23 April 2011, Simpson released the single "On My Mind". On 5 August 2011, he performed on "The Today Show". The following day, Simpson started his Coast to Coast Mall Tour in Lake Grove, New York to promote his second EP. He played nine dates around the United States and finished it in Orange, California on 18 September 2011. On 22 September, it was announced that Cody Simpson hired Justin Bieber's manager, Scooter Braun, as his own.


title: Cody Simpson

text: On 12 June 2012, Simpson released an EP titled "Preview to Paradise" containing four songs from his upcoming debut studio album, "Paradise", which was released on 2 October 2012. In February 2013, Simpson toured Europe, doing his own tour dates as well as supporting Justin Bieber on many of the European Believe tour dates. "Surfers Paradise", which was released on 16 July 2013, is Simpson's first album to debut in the top 10 of the "Billboard" 200.


title: Cody Simpson

text: During the summer of 2013, Simpson headlined the Paradise Tour, featuring opening acts Ryan Beatty and Before You Exit.


title: Cody Simpson

text: On 19 November 2013, Simpson released an acoustic album called "The Acoustic Sessions", featuring the songs "Pretty Brown Eyes", "All Day", "La Da Dee", "Wish U Were Here", and a cover of "Please Come Home for Christmas" recorded acoustically.


title: Cody Simpson

text: On 4 March 2014, Simpson was announced as one of the celebrities to participate on the 18th season of "Dancing with the Stars" during ABC's "Good Morning America". He was partnered with professional dancer Witney Carson. He was eliminated on Week 5 of the competition and finished in ninth place.


title: Cody Simpson

text: From 30 June 2014 to 14 July 2014 Simpson did an acoustic tour through Europe with singer Jackson Harris.


title: Cody Simpson

text: In August 2014 Simpson announced he had departed Warner/Atlantic. He cited creative differences as the reason for his departure and as a result, is currently unsigned.


title: Cody Simpson

text: Simpson's album "Free" was scheduled to be released on 23 June 2015 then was pushed back to 10 July. Simpson performed the first single, "Flower" on "Good Morning America" on 6 February 2015. It is his first album as an independent artist since leaving Atlantic Records to create his own label, Coast House. The album was produced by Cisco Adler and includes songwriting collaborations with G. Love and Donavon Frankenreiter. John Mayer served as a sounding board. Cody performed his single "New Problems" on NBC's "Today" show on 13 July 2015. On 1 November 2015 it has been reported that Cody took a break from his long term solo career to start up a new band with his close mates Adrian Cota and Khari Mateen.


title: Cody Simpson

text: In 2017, Simpson formed a new band billed as Cody Simpson and the Tide, making their debut with the single "Waiting for the Tide". Cody and the Tide is composed of Cody Simpson on vocals and guitar, Adrian Cota on drums and Shareef "Reef" Addo on bass.


title: Cody Simpson

text: Cody and the Tide released their debut EP, entitled "Wave One", in the fall of 2017. The music is a blend of pop, rock, blues, and surf-rock genres. The band used their varying influences and musical tastes to create "Wave One." In their four-track EP, Simpson sings of love, unity, environmentalism and ocean conservation. The EP's debut single, "Waiting for the Tide", was inspired by a poem Simpson wrote that tackled topics such as rising water levels and ocean conservation. In August 2018, the band released "Underwater" music video song. In October, Cody and the Tide went on a short tour of southern California to perform their EP. In early 2019, after almost three years together, the band split up.


title: Cody Simpson

text: After parting ways with his band and focusing on his solo career again, Simpson released the song "Golden Thing" he wrote for Miley Cyrus on 18 October 2019 which crossed over 49 million streams on Spotify. In the same year, he participated on "The Masked Singer Australia", as the "Robot" and went on to win the show. In April 2022, Simpson released a self-titled album, his first in six years, which he had recorded during a swimming training break in 2020. Simpson also released music videos for singles "Nice To Meet You", and "Let Go" on YouTube and Spotify. In November, Simpson performed the Australian National Anthem at the Lexus Melbourne Cup and the AFL Women's Grand Final.


title: Cody Simpson

text: In 2014, he made his television debut by making a cameo in a sitcom "Instant Mom". In 2015, Simpson guest starred on the American television sitcom "Cougar Town", portraying Pete, a high school student. In the same year he booked a role in Nickelodeon's film "One Crazy Cruise" where he played the love interest of Kira Kosarin's character Ellie Jensen-Bauer and starred as himself. In late 2017, Simpson was cast in the supporting role in Bret Easton Ellis' thriller film, "Smiley Face Killers," opposite actor Crispin Glover. In October 2018, he debuted on Theatre when he was cast in the Broadway musical "Anastasia" as the leading male character Dmitry, alongside John Bolton and Christy Altomare.


title: Cody Simpson

text: Simpson was a talented swimmer in his younger years. He trained at the Miami Swimming Club under coach Ken Nixon and won two gold medals at the 2009 Queensland Swimming Championships. His mother Angie also worked as a volunteer at the swimming club.


title: Cody Simpson

text: In 2019, Simpson turned his focus from his music career back onto competitive swimming, joining the University of Southern California (USC)'s Trojan Swim Elite team in Los Angeles under coach Dave Salo. In October 2019, Simpson, who was competing at his first meet in nearly a decade, finished the 100 yard butterfly in the 24th position out of 29 entrants with a time of 51.51. To improve his swimming skills, he trained under different coaches including two-time Olympian Brett Hawke. In December 2020, he shared on social media that he had qualified for the Australian Olympic trials in the 100 metre butterfly, after having raced a time of 54.90.


title: Cody Simpson

text: Simpson starred in the swimming documentary "Head Above Water," which highlighted his return to swimming and was released 4 June 2021 on Amazon Prime Video.


title: Cody Simpson

text: Simpson continued to show improvement in the lead up to the 2021 Australian Swimming Trials which took place in Adelaide, South Australia in June 2021. At the meet, Simpson swam a personal best time of 50.22 in the 100 metre freestyle, however failed to advance through to the finals. In the 100 metre butterfly, Simpson swam a time of 52.84 in the preliminary heats to qualify sixth and advance through to the final. In the final, Simpson failed to qualify for the Tokyo Olympics after finishing in eighth place with a time of 52.94.


title: Cody Simpson

text: Shortly after the trials, Simpson announced he had been training under coach Michael Bohl at Griffith University, having moved back to Australia in the lead up to the trials.


title: Cody Simpson

text: Simpson participated in the Australian Swimming Championships which took place in Adelaide, South Australia in May 2022. In the 100 metre butterfly, Simpson advanced through to the finals after qualifying second in the preliminary heats with a time of 51.79. In the final, he swam a 51.96 to place third, and initially it was thought Simpson had qualified for the 2022 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary, as Kyle Chalmers was not going to swim, however Chalmers later backflipped on his decision which ultimately pushed Simpson out of the team. In the 50 metre butterfly, Simpson swam a time of 23.79 in the preliminary heats to qualify fifth and advance through to the final, where he finished in fourth place with a time of 23.68. Simpson also swam in the 100 metre freestyle, swimming a time of 49.43, however he was disqualified after a false start. The disqualification was overturned on protest, and Simpson advanced into the final, finishing eighth with a time of 49.34.


title: Cody Simpson

text: Simpson was selected for the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, England on 22 May 2022. In the wake of Isaac Cooper being sent home from the Games, Simpson was selected to swim in the 50 metre butterfly on the first day of competition. He swam a 23.84 in the preliminary heats to qualify in tenth fastest for the semifinal, however failed to advance into the final after finishing in 14th place with a time of 23.87. Simpson was part of the 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay, swimming the second leg in the heats. His 48.86 split time helped Australia into the final, where they earned a gold medal. In the 100 metre butterfly, Simpson advanced through to the semifinals after qualifying fifth in the preliminary heats with a time of 52.47. In the semifinal, he swam a time of 52.16, placing fifth and making it through to the final, where he again placed fifth, swimming a time of 52.06. Simpson was also part of the 4 × 100 metre medley relay, swimming a 51.49 split for the butterfly leg. His efforts helped Australia advance to the finals, where they picked up a silver medal.


title: Cody Simpson

text: At the Australian Short Course Swimming Championships held in Sydney, New South Wales in August 2022, Simpson entered five events. In the 50 metre butterfly, he swam a 23.13 in the preliminary heats to qualify third and make it through to the final where he placed fourth with a time of 23.06. In the 100 metre freestyle, Simpson swam a time of 47.89 in the preliminary heats, but failed to advance into the final after placing 12th. Simpson qualified third in the 100 metre butterfly preliminary heats with a time of 51.15, making it through to the final where he finished fourth in a time of 50.46. In the 50 metre freestyle, Simpson qualified eighth in the preliminary heats with a time of 21.88 to advanced through to the finals where he swam a 21.67 to finish in seventh place. Simpson also competed in the 100 metre individual medley, qualifying third in the preliminary heats with a time of 53.56. In the finals, he swam a 52.67 to finish second behind American Grant House, however as the first Australian to finish, Simpson earned himself a gold medal.


title: Cody Simpson

text: In 2012, Simpson was a brand ambassador of Build-A-Bear Workshop. A year later, he became a brand ambassador for Teen Cancer America. In June 2017, he was named the first United Nations Development Programme advocate for oceans. In the month of August, he was named one of Bonds brand ambassador for Home Grown campaign. He also featured in "Stellar". He is signed with IMG Models. In February 2020, Simpson appeared in Australia's new Bonds "WeGotsYou" campaign. He released a book of poetry titled, "Prince Neptune" in April 2020. In August 2020, Simpson signed with talent agency ICM Partners. In 2021, he teamed up with Myer for their spring fashion ad campaign, and in May 2022, he was named the face of their High Winter campaign. In July, he signed a multi-year sponsorship deal with the Australian swimwear brand, Speedo. Simpson founded his own sustainable clothing line, "Prince Neptune: The Label", which launched online in August.


title: Cody Simpson

text: Simpson currently has 17 tattoos inked on his body, including: his record label, which represents the sun, water, and earth, on his left forearm; a large anchor on his right hand; a large sun below his right shoulder; 'Old man river' on his arm; skull and crossbones inked on his chest; and a thumb-sized drawing of Elvis Presley on his forearm.


title: Cody Simpson

text: Simpson's first relationship was with Kylie Jenner, who he dated in 2011. He later dated Gigi Hadid from 2013 to May 2015. In October 2019, Simpson started dating Miley Cyrus before the pair split in August 2020. He then dated Belgian-American model, Marloes Stevens from December 2020 to January 2022. In July 2022, Simpson confirmed he was dating fellow Australian swimmer, Emma McKeon.


title: Jack Cassidy

text: John Joseph Edward Cassidy (March 5, 1927 – December 12, 1976), was an American actor, singer and theatre director known for his work in the theatre, television and films. He received multiple Tony Award nominations and a win, as well as a Grammy Award, for his work on the Broadway production of the musical "She Loves Me". He also received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations. He was the father of teen idols David Cassidy and Shaun Cassidy.


title: Jack Cassidy

text: He was born in New York, New York, the son of Charlotte (née Koehler) and William Cassidy. He was the youngest of five children. His father, an engineer at the Long Island Rail Road, was of Irish descent and his mother was of German ancestry.


title: Jack Cassidy

text: Cassidy achieved success as a musical performer on Broadway. He appeared in "Alive and Kicking", "Wish You Were Here", "Shangri-La", "Maggie Flynn", "Fade Out – Fade In", "It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman", and "She Loves Me", for which he won a Tony Award. He also received Emmy Award nominations for his television performances in the 1967-68 CBS Television Network series "He & She" and "The Andersonville Trial".


title: Jack Cassidy

text: On television, he became a frequent guest star, appearing in such programs as "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour", "Gunsmoke", "Bewitched", "Get Smart", "That Girl", "Hawaii Five-O", "Cannon", "Match Game" and "McCloud" and three times as a murderer on "Columbo", in the episodes "Murder By the Book" (1971, directed by not yet famous Steven Spielberg, with teleplay by a young Steven Bochco), "Publish or Perish" (1974) and "Now You See Him..." (1976). Cassidy also appeared on "Barnaby Jones" in an episode titled "Murder in the Doll's House" (1973).


title: Jack Cassidy

text: He co-starred with Ronnie Schell in a television revival of "Hellzapoppin'". Cassidy also co-starred as an informer in the movie "The Eiger Sanction" with Clint Eastwood and provided the voice of Bob Cratchit for the pioneering animated television special "Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol".


title: Jack Cassidy

text: His frequent professional persona was an urbane, witty, confident egotist with a dramatic flair, much in the manner of Broadway actor Frank Fay. Cassidy perfected this character to the extent that he was cast as John Barrymore in the feature film "W.C. Fields and Me".


title: Jack Cassidy

text: The role of the vain, shallow, buffoon-like newsman Ted Baxter on TV's "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" (1970–1977) was reportedly written with Cassidy in mind. Cassidy had played a similar buffoonish character in the 1967–1968 sitcom "He & She", but he turned down the role, feeling that it was not right for him; the part went to Ted Knight. Cassidy later appeared as a guest star in a 1971 episode as Ted's highly competitive and equally egotistical brother Hal.


title: Jack Cassidy

text: Cassidy was married twice. His first marriage in 1948 was to actress Evelyn Ward. Together they had a son, David, who later became a teen idol. They divorced in 1956 and in the same year Cassidy married singer and actress Shirley Jones. Cassidy and Jones had three sons, Shaun, Patrick, and Ryan. Cassidy's eldest son David later starred with Jones in the musical sitcom "The Partridge Family". Son Shaun also became a teen idol in the late 1970s, starring in "The Hardy Boys" series, and producing four top-40 records. Jones and Cassidy divorced in 1975.


title: Jack Cassidy

text: In his 1994 autobiography, "C'Mon, Get Happy", Cassidy's eldest son David wrote that he became increasingly concerned about his father in the last years of his life. The elder Cassidy, who suffered from bipolar disorder and alcoholism, was displaying increasingly erratic behavior. In 1974, his neighbors were shocked to see him watering his front lawn naked in the middle of the afternoon. Cassidy's second wife, Shirley Jones, described a similar incident when she found him sitting naked in a corner of their house, reading a book. Jones said to him that they had to get ready to do a show, and he calmly looked up and said, "I know now that I'm Christ". In December 1974, Cassidy was hospitalized in a psychiatric facility for 48 hours. At that time, Jones found out that he had been previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder.


title: Jack Cassidy

text: David Cassidy said his father was bisexual, citing personal accounts and reports, both anecdotal and published, of his father's same-sex affairs, something neither he nor his siblings knew until after their father's death. In her 2013 memoir, Shirley Jones wrote that Cassidy had many same-sex affairs, including one with Cole Porter.


title: Jack Cassidy

text: On December 11, 1976, Cassidy invited his ex-wife, Shirley Jones, to his home, an apartment in West Hollywood, California, for drinks, but she declined.


title: Jack Cassidy

text: In the early morning of December 12, 1976, Cassidy lit a cigarette and fell asleep on his Naugahyde couch. Asleep, he dropped the cigarette, igniting the couch. The flames spread throughout the apartment and building. At 6:15 a.m., the blaze was discovered by Deputy Sheriff John DiMatteo, who evacuated the building, and entered Cassidy's apartment. A body was found near the front door of the apartment among the ashes, and was identified as Cassidy's by dental records and a signet ring that he wore, bearing the Cassidy family crest. His remains were cremated and scattered in the Pacific Ocean.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: The Unbreakable trilogy, also known as the Eastrail 177 Trilogy, is an American superhero thriller and psychological horror film series. The films were written, produced, and directed by M. Night Shyamalan. The trilogy consists of "Unbreakable" (2000), "Split" (2016), and "Glass" (2019).


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: The entire franchise features the character David Dunn. The series has been noted for its differences from more traditional superhero films, with Shyamalan's work referred to as "the first "auteur" shared superhero universe". It is the first superhero franchise that is written and directed by one person, in comparison to other popular films in the genre. Shyamalan has noted that while it is based on comic book superheroes, and refers to comic books, it is not actually derived from comic book material itself. In contrast to most superhero films, the series is also generally grounded in reality, and is seen as a deconstruction of the superhero genre. The series is thus considered to be a unique take on the superhero genre.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: The filmmaker has stated that the films are origin stories of people with unique gifts, with the intent being to acknowledge that every person has something special about them. "Unbreakable" has been labeled the first grounded superhero film, while "Split" has been called the first solo supervillain origin story, and Hollywood's first stealth sequel.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: The series originated with the film "Unbreakable", directed by Shyamalan and released in 2000. When M. Night Shyamalan conceived the idea for "Unbreakable", the outline had a comic book's traditional three-part structure (the superhero's "birth", his struggles against general evil-doers, and the hero's ultimate battle against the "archenemy"). Finding the birth section most interesting, he decided to write "Unbreakable" as an origin story. At the time, comic book themed superhero films were niche, so the film was marketed as a psychological thriller like Shyamalan's breakout film "The Sixth Sense", rather than as a superhero film. According to Shyamalan, "I was on a conference call with the studio, and they were saying we can't mention the word 'comic books' or 'superheroes' because it's too fringe".


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: Upon release in 2000, Bruce Willis revealed that "Unbreakable" was the first part of a planned trilogy. Both Willis and Samuel L. Jackson pushed for a sequel or trilogy, with Willis stating "It's really built as a trilogy," but Shyamalan expressed uncertainty and said, "I can't tell you anything about them." Whether the film had a sequel depended upon how it would perform at the box office. While "Unbreakable" was a moderate box office success, grossing worldwide on a budget, it performed below expectations, earning about a third of what "The Sixth Sense" grossed. "Unbreakable" gained more popularity over time and subsequently developed a cult following, as the audience for comic book superhero films grew over time. Out of Shyamalan's career, some have referred to "Unbreakable" as his best work. In terms of superhero films, it was listed in "Time"s list of "Top 10 Superhero Films" of all time, ranked at number four. Quentin Tarantino also included "Unbreakable" on his list of top 20 films released since 1992.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: The second film "Split" originated from the character of Kevin who had been in one of the early drafts of "Unbreakable", but Shyamalan had pulled the character out, stating there were balancing issues at that time. With "Split", he brought in some of the scenes he had written for "Unbreakable" around Kevin. "Split" became a box office success, with over 2,000% return on investment (ROI), making it the most profitable film of 2017, paving the way for a third film. While Shyamalan has stated that he is usually not a fan of making sequels, the stars of the first film, Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson, had asked him to consider making a sequel. Shyamalan has said he plans on a trilogy, with the third film, "Glass", released in 2019, being the last, but may continue making more if the inspiration for writing the material is there.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: David Dunn is the sole survivor of a devastating train wreck. Elijah Price is a mysterious stranger who offers a bizarre explanation as to why Dunn escaped without a single scratch, an explanation which threatens to change Dunn's family and his life forever.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: During filming for "The Sixth Sense", M. Night Shyamalan approached Bruce Willis for the role of David Dunn. Sometime after, Samuel L. Jackson and Willis were announced to be the two leads of the film. Prior to the film's production, Jackson met with Willis discussing the script. Principal photography began April 25, 2000, and finished in June the same year.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: Kevin Wendell Crumb has evidenced 23 personalities to his trusted psychiatrist, Dr. Karen Fletcher, although there remains one still submerged who is set to materialize and dominate all of the others. Compelled to abduct three teenage girls led by the wilful, observant Casey Cooke, Crumb reaches a war for survival among all of those contained within him, as well as everyone around him, as the walls between his compartments shatter.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: In October 2015, James McAvoy was cast as the film's primary antagonist, Kevin Wendell Crumb. Originally, Joaquin Phoenix was cast for the role. The same month, Anya Taylor-Joy, Betty Buckley, Jessica Sula, and Haley Lu Richardson were cast in the film. Following cast announcements, Universal Pictures revealed the film's title as "Split". Principal photography began in November 2015 and finished in June 2016.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: Following the events of "Split", security guard David Dunn uses his superstrength and supernatural abilities to track Kevin Wendell Crumb. As Dunn and Crumb engage in a series of escalating encounters, Elijah Price orchestrates everything from the background, all the while holding secrets critical to both men.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: Bruce Willis, Samuel L. Jackson, Spencer Treat Clark, Charlayne Woodard, James McAvoy, and Anya Taylor-Joy reprise their roles from "Unbreakable" and "Split". In July 2017, Sarah Paulson was cast as a new character revealed to be Dr. Ellie Staple. In November, Adam David Thompson was cast in an undisclosed role. Principal photography began in October and finished in December 2017.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: Although the series was conceived as a trilogy, Shyamalan mentioned that he was open to a continuation if the inspiration came to him. However, on January 8, 2019, he officially confirmed that no sequels are currently planned, saying he has no interest in building a cinematic universe.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: While the three movies are superhero films, in that unrealistic "super" powers are featured, Shyamalan notes that one of the main themes of the movies is that there are extraordinary powers in everyone. He also notes that rather than being a "comic book movie" each of them is a movie about comic books. While the movies are connected, each has a separate style. "Unbreakable" is a mystery film, regarding a man who is the sole survivor of a catastrophic train crash. "Split" is a horror movie, exploring the origin story of a supervillain, while Shyamalan has stated that "Glass" would have a different thematic feel as well. Producer Jason Blum has referred to them as "superhero movies", noting that they are very different from Marvel Studios' films.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: "Unbreakable" was a moderate box office success, grossing in ticket sales on a budget, but there was minimal profit and it performed below expectations, earning about a third of what "The Sixth Sense" grossed. "Unbreakable" underperformed at the box office due to several reasons, primarily because many people expected it to be a similar film to Shyamalan's smash success psychological horror film, "The Sixth Sense", which it was not.


title: Unbreakable (film series)

text: "Split" grossed $278 million against a $9 million budget, becoming a surprise box office success. "Split" became a box office success, with over 2,000% return on investment (ROI), making it the most profitable film of 2017 and one of the most profitable films of all time.


title: The Sting

text: The Sting is a 1973 American caper film set in September 1936, involving a complicated plot by two professional grifters (Paul Newman and Robert Redford) to con a mob boss (Robert Shaw). The film was directed by George Roy Hill, who had directed Newman and Redford in the western "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid". Created by screenwriter David S. Ward, the story was inspired by real-life cons perpetrated by brothers Fred and Charley Gondorff and documented by David Maurer in his 1940 book "The Big Con: The Story of the Confidence Man".


title: The Sting

text: The title phrase refers to the moment when a con artist finishes the "play" and takes the mark's money. If a con is successful, the mark does not realize he has been cheated until the con men are long gone, if at all. The film is played out in distinct sections with old-fashioned title cards drawn by artist Jaroslav "Jerry" Gebr, the lettering and illustrations rendered in a style reminiscent of the "Saturday Evening Post". The film is noted for its anachronistic use of ragtime, particularly the melody "The Entertainer" by Scott Joplin, which was adapted (along with others by Joplin) for the film by Marvin Hamlisch (and a top-ten chart single for Hamlisch when released as a single from the film's soundtrack). The film's success created a resurgence of interest in Joplin's work.


title: The Sting

text: Released on Christmas Day of 1973, "The Sting" was a massive critical and commercial success and was hugely successful at the 46th Academy Awards, being nominated for ten Oscars and winning seven, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Film Editing and Best Writing (Original Screenplay); Redford was also nominated for Best Actor. The film also rekindled Newman's career after a series of big screen flops. Regarded as having one of the best screenplays ever written, in 2005, "The Sting" was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry of the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: The Sting

text: In 1936, during the Great Depression, Johnny Hooker, a grifter in Joliet, Illinois, cons $11,000 in cash in a pigeon drop from an unsuspecting victim with the aid of his partners Luther Coleman and Joe Erie. Buoyed by the windfall, Luther announces his retirement and advises Hooker to seek out an old friend, Henry Gondorff, in Chicago to learn "the big con". Unfortunately, the reason their victim had so much cash was that he was a numbers racket courier for vicious crime boss Doyle Lonnegan. Corrupt Joliet police Lieutenant William Snyder confronts Hooker, revealing Lonnegan's involvement and demanding part of Hooker's cut. Having already blown his share on a single roulette spin, Hooker pays Snyder in counterfeit bills. Lonnegan's men murder both the courier and Luther, and Hooker flees for his life to Chicago.


title: The Sting

text: Hooker finds Henry Gondorff, a once-great con-man now hiding from the FBI, and asks for his help in taking on the dangerous Lonnegan. Gondorff is initially reluctant, but he relents and recruits a core team of experienced con men to dupe Lonnegan. They decide to resurrect an elaborate obsolete scam known as "the wire", using a larger crew of con artists to create a phony off-track betting parlor. Aboard the opulent "20th Century Limited", Gondorff, posing as boorish Chicago bookie Shaw, buys into Lonnegan's private, high-stakes poker game. He infuriates Lonnegan with obnoxious behavior, then out-cheats him to win $15,000. Hooker, posing as Shaw's disgruntled employee Kelly, is sent to collect the winnings and instead convinces Lonnegan that he wants to take over Shaw's operation. Kelly reveals that he has a partner named Les Harmon (actually con man Kid Twist) in the Chicago Western Union office, who will allow them to win bets on horse races by past-posting.


title: The Sting

text: Meanwhile, Snyder has tracked Hooker to Chicago, but his pursuit is thwarted when he is summoned by undercover FBI agents led by Agent Polk, who orders him to assist in their plan to arrest Gondorff using Hooker. At the same time, Lonnegan has grown frustrated with the inability of his men to find and kill Hooker for the Joliet con. Unaware that Kelly is Hooker, he demands that Salino, his best assassin, be given the job. A mysterious figure with black leather gloves is then seen following and observing Hooker.


title: The Sting

text: Kelly's connection appears effective, as Harmon provides Lonnegan with the winner of one horse race and the trifecta of another. Lonnegan agrees to finance a $500,000 bet at Shaw's parlor to break Shaw and gain revenge. Shortly thereafter, Snyder captures Hooker and brings him before FBI Agent Polk. Polk forces Hooker to betray Gondorff by threatening to incarcerate Luther Coleman's widow.


title: The Sting

text: The night before the sting, Hooker sleeps with a waitress named Loretta. The next morning, he sees Loretta walking toward him. The black-gloved man appears behind Hooker and shoots her dead. The man reveals that he was hired by Gondorff to protect Hooker; Loretta was Lonnegan's hired killer, Loretta Salino, and had not yet killed Hooker because they were seen together.


title: The Sting

text: Armed with Harmon's tip to "place it on Lucky Dan", Lonnegan makes the $500,000 bet at Shaw's parlor on Lucky Dan to win. As the race begins, Harmon arrives and expresses shock at Lonnegan's bet: when he said "place it" he meant, literally, that Lucky Dan would "place" (i.e., finish "second"). In a panic, Lonnegan rushes to the teller window and demands his money back. A moment later Polk, Lt. Snyder, and a half dozen FBI agents storm the parlor. Polk confronts Gondorff, then tells Hooker he is free to go. Gondorff, reacting to the betrayal, shoots Hooker in the back. Polk then shoots Gondorff and orders Snyder to get the ostensibly respectable Lonnegan away from the crime scene. With Lonnegan and Snyder safely away, Hooker and Gondorff rise amid cheers and laughter. The gunshots were faked; Agent Polk is actually Hickey, a con man, running a con atop Gondorff's con to divert Snyder and ensure Lonnegan abandons the money. As the con men strip the room of its contents, Hooker refuses his share of the money, saying "I'd only blow it", and walks away with Gondorff.


title: The Sting

text: Screenwriter David S. Ward has said in an interviews that he was inspired to write "The Sting" while doing research on pickpockets, saying "Since I had never seen a film about a confidence man before, I said I gotta do this." Daniel Eagan explained: "One key to plots about con men is that film goers want to feel they are in on the trick. They don't have to know how a scheme works, and they don't mind a twist or two, but it's important for the story to feature clearly recognizable 'good' and 'bad' characters." It took a year for Ward to correctly adjust this aspect of the script and to figure out how much information he could hold back from the audience while still making the leads sympathetic. He also imagined an underground brotherhood of thieves who assemble for a big operation and then melt away after the "mark".


title: The Sting

text: Rob Cohen (later director of action films such as "The Fast and the Furious") years later told of how he found the script in the slush pile when working as a reader for Mike Medavoy, a future studio head, but then an agent. He wrote in his coverage that it was "the great American screenplay and … will make an award-winning, major-cast, major-director film." Medavoy said that he would try to sell it on that recommendation, promising to fire Cohen if he could not. Universal bought it that afternoon, and Cohen keeps the coverage framed on the wall of his office.


title: The Sting

text: David Maurer sued for plagiarism, claiming the screenplay was based too heavily on his 1940 book "The Big Con", about real-life tricksters Fred and Charley Gondorff. Universal settled out of court for $600,000, irking David S. Ward, who resented the presumption of guilt implied by an out-of-court settlement done for business expediency.


title: The Sting

text: Writer/producer Roy Huggins maintained in his Archive of American Television interview that the first half of "The Sting" plagiarized the famous 1958 "Maverick" television series episode "Shady Deal at Sunny Acres" starring James Garner and Jack Kelly.


title: The Sting

text: Ward originally wrote Henry Gondorff as a minor character who was an overweight, past-his-prime slob, but once Paul Newman became associated with the movie, Gondorff was rewritten as a slimmer character and his part was expanded in order to maximize the second partnership of Newman and Redford. Newman had been advised to avoid doing comedies because he didn't have the light touch, but accepted the part to prove that he could handle comedy just as well as drama.


title: The Sting

text: Newman signed on the film after the producers agreed to give him top billing, $500,000 and a percentage of the profits. Newman needed a hit considering his last five films that he had made prior to "The Sting" had been box-office disappointments.


title: The Sting

text: In her 1991 autobiography "You'll Never Eat Lunch in This Town Again", Julia Phillips stated that Hill wanted Richard Boone to play Doyle Lonnegan. Much to her relief, Newman had sent the script to Robert Shaw while shooting "The Mackintosh Man" in Ireland to ensure his participation in the film. Phillips's book asserts that Shaw was not nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award because he demanded that his name follow those of Newman and Redford before the film's opening title.


title: The Sting

text: Shaw's character's limping in the film was authentic. Shaw had slipped on a wet handball court at the Beverly Hills Hotel a week before filming began and had injured the ligaments in his knee. He wore a leg brace during production which was hidden under the wide 1930s style trousers.


title: The Sting

text: Hill decided that the film would be reminiscent of movies from the 1930s and watched films from that decade for inspiration. While studying '30s gangster films, Hill noticed that most of them rarely had extras. "For instance," said Hill as quoted in Andrew Horton's 1984 book "The Films of George Roy Hill", "no extras would be used in street scenes in those films: Jimmy Cagney would be shot down and die in an empty street. So I deliberately avoided using extras."


title: The Sting

text: Along with art director Henry Bumstead and cinematographer Robert L. Surtees, Hill devised a colour scheme of muted browns and maroons for the film and a lighting design that combined old-fashioned 1930s-style lighting with some modern tricks of the trade to get the visual look he wanted. Edith Head designed a wardrobe of snappy period costumes for the cast, and artist Jaroslav Gebr created inter-title cards to be used between each section of the film that were reminiscent of the golden glow of old "Saturday Evening Post" illustrations, a popular publication of the 1930s.


title: The Sting

text: The movie was filmed on the Universal Studios backlot, with a few small scenes shot in Wheeling, West Virginia, some scenes filmed at the Santa Monica pier's carousel, in Santa Monica, California, and in Chicago at Union Station and the former LaSalle Street Station prior to its demolition. Co-producer Tony Bill was an antique car buff who helped round up several period cars to use in "The Sting". One of them was his own one-of-a-kind 1935 Pierce-Arrow, which served as Lonnegan's private car.


title: The Sting

text: The film was a box-office smash in 1973 and early 1974, taking in over $160 million ($ million today). As of August 2018, it is the 20th highest-grossing film in the United States adjusted for ticket price inflation.


title: The Sting

text: Roger Ebert gave the film a perfect four out of four stars and called it "one of the most stylish movies of the year." Gene Siskel awarded three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling it "a "movie" movie that has obviously been made with loving care each and every step of the way." Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote that the film was "so good-natured, so obviously aware of everything it's up to, even its own picturesque frauds, that I opt to go along with it. One forgives its unrelenting efforts to charm, if only because "The Sting" itself is a kind of con game, devoid of the poetic aspirations that weighed down "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid"." "Variety" wrote, "George Roy Hill's outstanding direction of David S. Ward's finely-crafted story of multiple deception and surprise ending will delight both mass and class audiences. Extremely handsome production values and a great supporting cast round out the virtues." Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" called it "an unalloyed delight, the kind of pure entertainment film that's all the more welcome for having become such a rarity." Pauline Kael of "The New Yorker" was less enthusiastic, writing that the film "is meant to be roguishly charming entertainment, and that's how most of the audience takes it, but I found it visually claustrophobic, and totally mechanical. It creeps cranking on, section after section, and it doesn't have a good spirit." She also noted that "the absence of women really is felt as a lack in this movie." John Simon wrote that "The Sting" as a comedy-thriller "works endearingly without a hitch".


title: The Sting

text: In 2005, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay #39 on its list of 101 Greatest Screenplays ever written. On Rotten Tomatoes, "The Sting" holds a rating of 92% from 101 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Paul Newman, Robert Redford, and director George Roy Hill prove that charm, humor, and a few slick twists can add up to a great film." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 83 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: The Sting

text: The soundtrack album, executive produced by Gil Rodin, included several of Scott Joplin's ragtime compositions, adapted by Marvin Hamlisch.


title: The Sting

text: According to Joplin scholar Edward A. Berlin, ragtime had experienced a revival in the 1970s due to several events: A best-selling recording of Joplin rags on the classical Nonesuch Records label, along with a collection of his music issued by the New York Public Library; the first full staging of Joplin's opera "Treemonisha"; and, a performance of period orchestrations of Joplin's music by a student ensemble of the New England Conservatory of Music, led by Gunther Schuller. "Inspired by Schuller's recording, [Hill] had Marvin Hamlisch score Joplin's music for the film, thereby bringing Joplin to a mass, popular public."


title: The Sting

text: Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis (music and lyrics), writer Bob Martin, and director John Rando created a stage musical version of the movie. The musical premiered at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey on March 29, 2018. The role of Henry Gondorff was played by Harry Connick Jr. with choreography by Warren Carlyle. The stage musical incorporates Scott Joplin's music, including "The Entertainer".


title: The Sting

text: The adaptation into a full length novel was written by Robert Weverka. "The Sting" (1974) Based on the screenplay by David S. Ward.


title: The Sting

text: The movie was issued on DVD by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment in 2000. "If Paul Newman really does retire, he can spend his rocking chair years feeling smug about this," enthused "OK!". "The story's not the important thing: what makes it are the quirky soundtrack, the card-sharp dialogue and two superduperstars at their superduperstarriest."


title: The Sting

text: A deluxe DVD – "The Sting: Special Edition" (part of the Universal Legacy Series) – was released in September 2005. Its "making of" featurette, "The Art of the Sting", included interviews with cast and crew.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: Oscar Piastri (born 6 April 2001) is an Australian racing driver who previously served as the reserve driver for Alpine F1 Team, having previously been in the team's driver academy. He won the 2019 Formula Renault Eurocup with R-ace GP, and won the 2020 FIA Formula 3 Championship and 2021 Formula 2 Championship with Prema Racing. He is only the sixth driver to win the GP2/Formula 2 Championship in their rookie season, and the fifth driver to win the GP3/Formula 3 Championship and the GP2/Formula 2 Championship in consecutive seasons. He will make his Formula One debut in 2023 driving for McLaren. Due to his success in lower formulae, Piastri is widely considered as one of the most promising young drivers in motorsport.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: Born in Melbourne, Australia, Piastri started racing remote controlled cars at a national level before beginning his karting career in 2011. Having gone professional and competed in various Australian races and championships in 2014, Piastri began competing in European and other CIK-FIA sanctioned karting championships with Ricky Flynn Motorsport the following year. He moved to the United Kingdom to further his racing career in 2016, finishing sixth in the 2016 World Championship in Bahrain.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: In early 2016, Piastri landed his first major sponsorship, HP Tuners (founded and owned by his father), which helped fund his racing career. This was displayed when on his racing suit and car during the GP3 Series, F3 and F2 season. Later in 2016, Piastri made his single-seater debut in selected rounds of the Formula 4 UAE Championship with Dragon F4, claiming two podiums to take sixth in the championship.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: In 2017, Piastri was named as part of the TRS Arden Junior Racing Team's line-up for the British F4 championship. There he claimed six wins and six pole positions to finish as runner-up to Jamie Caroline.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: In September 2022, Red Bull Racing principal Christian Horner revealed that he missed a chance to sign Piastri to their junior team during his Formula 4 years.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: In 2018, Piastri made his debut in the championship, reuniting with Arden. Claiming three podiums, with a highest placed finish of second at the second race at Hockenheim, he finished the season ninth in the championship.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: In December 2018, it was announced Piastri would switch to reigning team champions R-ace GP for the 2019 championship. He claimed his first victory in the series at Silverstone and repeated with a second win at the same venue a day later. He became the first driver to win three races in 2019 after taking victory at Spa-Francorchamps in July, and became the champion after taking a win and fourth place at the final round at Yas Marina.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: In October 2019, Piastri joined the post-season test with reigning FIA Formula 3 team champions Prema Racing. In January 2020, the Italian outfit signed Piastri to contest the upcoming season, alongside Logan Sargeant and 2019 Formula Regional European champion Frederik Vesti.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: Piastri started third on the grid for his debut race at the Red Bull Ring. He collided with pole-sitter Sebastián Fernández at the first corner but avoided damage and went on to take victory. He then stated that "[his] first Formula 3 had ended in the first 10 seconds." Piastri took three consecutive second-place finishes at both Hungaroring races and the first Silverstone feature race, before his first retirement of the season came at the following Silverstone sprint race when a stuck-open DRS forced him to withdraw. Teammate Sargeant took the lead of the championship from Piastri at the second Silverstone feature race after Piastri struggled with reliability issues in qualifying. Piastri started fifth for the sprint race in Barcelona, but overtook multiple cars to take the lead before the end of the first lap. He held his position to take his second victory. Piastri reclaimed the championship lead after finishing fifth at the following Spa-Francorchamps feature race, but dropped back again after being penalised for an illegal overtake in the sprint race, which Sargeant won.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: Piastri was penalised in qualifying at Monza for impeding Jake Hughes and started the feature race in 15th place. He charged to third place by the end of the race, benefiting from Sargeant being involved in a collision to retake the championship lead. Piastri retired from the sprint race after he was hit by Clément Novalak, but was also issued a five-place grid penalty for the next race for earlier forcing David Beckmann off the track. Despite his retirement, Piastri maintained the lead of the championship after his teammates collided with each other.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: Piastri lined up 16th on the grid for the final feature race at the Mugello Circuit and failed to score points after finishing 11th. Title rival Sargeant finished sixth, leaving both drivers tied on 160 points going into the final race. Sargeant started the sprint race six places ahead of Piastri, but was eliminated after a collision on the first lap. Piastri's only remaining title rival, Théo Pourchaire, was unable to bridge the points gap and Piastri finished seventh to claim the championship title, three points ahead of Pourchaire and four ahead of Sargeant.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: In December 2020, Piastri announced that he would continue with Prema Racing into Formula 2, replacing the departing Mick Schumacher and partnering Ferrari Driver Academy member Robert Shwartzman for the season. Piastri finished fifth in his debut race. In the second race, Piastri started from sixth and made up places before overtaking fellow Alpine junior Zhou Guanyu on the final lap to take the lead, claiming his first Formula 2 race win. Piastri started the feature race from eighth place but passed multiple cars to take the lead by lap 13 of 32. He was later forced into retirement after making contact with Dan Ticktum and spinning with two laps remaining. Piastri took consecutive second-place finishes at the Monaco round to take second place in the championship standings behind Zhou.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: Piastri retired from the first sprint race in Baku after a collision on the first lap, but finished second in the feature race. He claimed pole position at Silverstone, and took the lead of the championship after finishing sixth in the first sprint race. At the conclusion of the fourth round, he held the championship lead by five points over Zhou. At Monza, Piastri took his first feature win in the series which included a battle on lap 25 with Zhou, and increased his championship lead with another pole and win at Sochi. Piastri became the second driver that season after Jüri Vips to win two races on the same weekend, finishing first in Jeddah's second sprint race and being in the lead at the time the feature race was aborted. The Australian clinched the title with a podium in race one at Yas Marina, thus becoming the third driver to win the championship in their rookie season. He capped off his season with a win in the feature race, his fourth in a row, which meant that Piastri had won six races, more than any other driver that season.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: With his championship, Piastri joined an illustrious company of Nico Rosberg, Lewis Hamilton, Nico Hülkenberg, Charles Leclerc, and George Russell, as the only drivers to win the GP2/F2 title in their rookie seasons. He also became just the fifth driver after Hamilton, Hülkenberg, Leclerc and Russell to win the GP3/F3 title, and then the GP2/F2 title the following year, and the first driver to win three consecutive F1 feeder series' championships, with his 2019 Formula Renault Eurocup title.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: Piastri joined the Renault Sport Academy in January 2020. After winning the FIA Formula 3 Championship in 2020, he took part in his first Formula One test in October with the Renault F1 Team, driving the Renault R.S.18 at Bahrain International Circuit alongside fellow academy drivers Christian Lundgaard and Zhou Guanyu. He remained part of the now-rebranded Alpine Academy in 2021 and drove the Alpine A521 in the post-season young drivers' test at Yas Marina Circuit in December.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: After his Formula 2 title victory, Piastri was appointed as Alpine F1 Team's reserve driver for the season. He was also made available as a reserve driver for McLaren following an agreement between the two teams. He took part in Alpine's testing sessions in the A521 throughout the season, including at the Circuit of the Americas, Losail International Circuit and Silverstone Circuit. McLaren team principal Andreas Seidl confirmed that Piastri had a private two day testing session in a previous-spec McLaren car at Circuit Paul Ricard the week before the São Paulo Grand Prix.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: In June 2022, it was reported that Piastri was set to drive for Williams in on loan from Alpine, who were initially expected to retain Esteban Ocon and Fernando Alonso. However, in August, Alonso announced that he would leave the team to replace the retiring Sebastian Vettel at Aston Martin. Alpine announced Piastri would replace Alonso in 2023, although the press release contained no quotes from Piastri himself. Piastri rejected Alpine's announcement via a post on Twitter, stating that he had not signed a contract with the team and that he would not be driving for them in 2023. Alpine team principal Otmar Szafnauer followed up by criticising Piastri's actions and "integrity as a human being", saying that he expected loyalty from the former academy driver, and threatened to take the contract matters to court.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: A hearing of the FIA's Contract Recognition Board (CRB) commenced on 29 August 2022 with the intention of determining whether Piastri was contracted to Alpine, or if he was free to join a different team for 2023. Had Alpine won their case with the board, the team could have obligated Piastri to fulfil his contract and race for them in 2023, or it could have sought a compensation fee for Piastri's services from any other interested teams. Prior to Dutch Grand Prix, the CRB ruled against Alpine, with Piastri's move to McLaren confirmed shortly thereafter. In their final judgement the CRB also revealed the date on which Piastri had formally signed his McLaren contract which was the 4 July 2022 – one day after the British Grand Prix had taken place. This contract initially only guaranteed Piastri with a reserve role for 2023, with an upgrade to a race seat dependent on the Woking team being able to agree a contract termination with Daniel Ricciardo – which was agreed upon prior to the Belgian Grand Prix. Piastri said a "breakdown in trust" between him and Alpine was behind his decision to leave the Enstone-based team.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: Piastri will race for McLaren in 2023 alongside Lando Norris. Alpine agreed to end Piastri's contract early to allow Piastri to join McLaren in the post-season testing session immediately after the 2022 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.


title: Oscar Piastri

text: Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance. Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) or northern giant hornet, including the color form referred to as the Japanese giant hornet, is the world's largest hornet. It is native to temperate and tropical East Asia, South Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, and parts of the Russian Far East. It was also found in the Pacific Northwest of North America in late 2019 with a few more additional sightings in 2020, and nests found in 2021, prompting concern that it could become an invasive species. There were no confirmed sightings at all in 2022, however, by the end of the season in November, suggesting the wasps may have been eradicated.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: Asian giant hornets prefer to live in low mountains and forests, while almost completely avoiding plains and high-altitude climates. "V. mandarinia" creates nests by digging, co-opting pre-existing tunnels dug by rodents, or occupying spaces near rotten pine roots. It feeds primarily on larger insects, colonies of other eusocial insects, tree sap, and honey from honey bee colonies. The hornet has a body length of , a wingspan around , and a stinger long, which injects a large amount of potent venom.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: "V. mandarinia" is a species in the genus "Vespa", which comprises all true hornets. Along with seven other species, "V. mandarinia" is a part of the "V. tropica" species group, defined by the single notch located on the apical margin of the seventh gastral sternum of the male. The most closely related species within the species group is "V. soror". The triangular shape of the apical margin of the clypeus of the female is diagnostic, the vertex of both species is enlarged, and the shape of the apex of the aedeagus is distinct and similar. Division of the genus into subgenera has been attempted in the past, but has been abandoned, due to the anatomical similarity among species and because behavioral similarity is not associated with phylogeny. The species has been around since the Miocene as indicated by fossils found in Shanwang formation.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: As of 2012, three subspecies were recognized: "V. m. mandarinia", "V. m. magnifica", and "V. m. nobilis". The former subspecies referred to as "V. m. japonica" has not been considered valid since 1997. The most recent revision in 2020 eliminated all of the subspecies rankings entirely, with "japonica", "magnifica", and "nobilis" now relegated to informal non-taxonomic names for different color forms.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: Since its discovery in North America, the scientific literature and official government sources refer to this species by its established common name, Asian giant hornet, whilst the mainstream media have taken to using the nickname "murder hornet". In July 2022, the Entomological Society of America stated that they will adopt the common name northern giant hornet for the species.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: Regardless of sex, the hornet's head is a light shade of orange and its antennae are brown with a yellow-orange base. Its eyes and ocelli are dark brown to black. "V. mandarinia" is distinguished from other hornets by its pronounced clypeus and large genae. Its orange mandible contains a black tooth that it uses for digging. The thorax is dark brown, with two grey wings varying in span from . Its fore legs are brighter than the mid and hind legs. The base of the fore legs is darker than the rest. The abdomen alternates between bands of dark brown or black, and a yellow-orange hue (consistent with its head color). The sixth segment is yellow. Its stinger is typically long and delivers a potent venom that in cases of multiple hornets stinging simultaneously can kill a human.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: The queens are considerably larger than workers. Queens can exceed , while workers are between . The reproductive anatomy is consistent between the two, but workers do not reproduce.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: Drones (males) are similar to females, and can attain in length, but lack stingers. This is a consistent feature among the Hymenoptera.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: Larvae spin a silk cocoon when they complete development and are ready to pupate. Larval silk proteins have a wide variety of potential applications due to their wide variety of potential morphologies, including the native fiber form, but also sponge, film, and gel.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: The mitochondrial genome is provided by Chen "et al.", 2015. This data has also been important to confirm the place of the wider Vespidae family in the Vespoidea superfamily, and confirms that Vespoidea is monophyletic.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: Within two days of the initial 2020 news report on "V. mandarinia", insect identification centers in the eastern United States (where the wasp does not occur) began getting identification requests, and have been swamped ever since, even though not one of the thousands of submitted photos or samples has been of "V. mandarinia", but have instead primarily been wasps such as the European hornet ("V. crabro"), the eastern cicada killer ("Sphecius speciosus"), or the southern yellowjacket ("Vespula squamosa"). Submissions suspected by laymen to be "V. mandarinia" also include other wasps of various sizes, bees, sawflies, horntails, wasp-mimicking flies, beetles, Jerusalem crickets, cicadas, and even a plastic children’s toy that was wasp-like in appearance, all of which were routinely estimated to be 130-185% of their actual size.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: Reports of this species from other parts of the world appear to be erroneous identifications of other introduced hornet species, such as "V. orientalis" in several locations around the world, and "V. velutina" in Europe.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: "V. mandarinia" is primarily a forest dweller. When it does live in urban landscapes, however, "V. mandarinia" is highly associated with green space. It is the most dependent upon green space of the "Vespa" species (with "V. analis" the least). Extremely urbanized areas thus provide a refuge for "V. analis", whereas "V. mandarinia" – its predator – is entirely absent.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: The first confirmed sightings of the Asian giant hornet in North America were confirmed in 2019 and have mainly been concentrated in the Vancouver area, with nests also discovered in neighboring Whatcom County, Washington, in the United States.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: A mitochondrial DNA analysis was performed to determine the maternal population(s) ancestral to the British Columbia and Washington introduced populations. The high dissimilarity between these two was similar to the mutual distances between each of the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean native populations suggesting the specimens collected in 2019 were from two different maternal populations, Japanese in BC and South Korean in Washington. This suggests that two separate introductions of the Asian giant hornet occurred in North America within about of one another within a few months.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: In April 2020, authorities in Washington asked members of the public to be alert and report any sightings of these hornets, which are expected to become active in April if they are in the area. If they become established, the hornets "could decimate bee populations in the United States and establish such a deep presence that all hope for eradication could be lost." A "full-scale hunt" for the species by the WSDA was then underway. Two assessment models of their potential to spread from their present location on the US–Canada border suggested that they could spread northward into coastal British Columbia and Southeast Alaska, and southward as far as southern Oregon. The USDA's Agricultural Research Service is engaged in lure/attractant development and molecular genetics research, both as part of its normal research mission, but also to further the near-term eradication goal in Washington.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: In 2020, the United States Congress considered specific legislation to eradicate "V. mandarinia" including a proposal by the Interior Secretary, the Fish and Wildlife Director, and the other relevant agencies, which has been introduced as an amendment to the appropriations omnibus. British Columbia Agriculture is prepared for a "long fight" lasting years, if necessary. One advantage humans will have is the lack of diversity of such an invasive population – leaving the hornets less prepared for novel environments and challenges.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: On June 4, 2021 a dead, desiccated male was found near Marysville, Snohomish County, Washington and reported to WSDA. Its different, more reddish color form immediately suggested yet another parental population from the Japanese and Korean ones already known, but DNA testing was needed. USDA APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) did the analysis and a few days later together with WSDA confirmed it was of a third, unrelated population. The discovery of a male in June is "perplexing" given that the earliest male emergence in 2020 was July, which was already earlier than normal for the home range. This and its desiccated state indicate it did not emerge in 2021 at all, but is instead a dead specimen that had already emerged in a previous year.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: The WSDA announced in December 2022 that there were "no confirmed sightings" of the hornet in the state for that year.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: "V. mandarinia" nests in low mountain foothills and lowland forests. As a particularly dominant species, no efforts are directed toward conserving "V. mandarinia" or its habitats, as they are common in areas of low human disturbance. Unlike other species of "Vespa", "V. mandarinia" almost exclusively inhabits subterranean nests in 1978 it was still doubted that aerial nests were possible, as Matsuura and Sakagami reported this to be unknown in Japan in 1973 and aerial nesting is still described as extremely rare in Japan, and yet all nests in the invasive range have been aerial. In a study of 31 nests, 25 were found around rotten pine roots, and another study found only 9 of 56 nests above ground. Additionally, rodents, snakes, or other burrowing animals previously made some of the tunnels. The depth of these nests was between . The entrance at the ground surface varies in length from either horizontally, inclined, or vertically. The queens that found the nest prefer narrow cavities.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: Nests of "V. mandarinia" typically lack a developed envelope. During the initial stages of development, the envelope is in an inverted-bowl shape. As the nest develops, one to three rough sheets of combs are created. Often, single primordial combs are created simultaneously and then fused into a single comb.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: A system of one main pillar and secondary pillars connects the combs. Nests usually have four to seven combs. The top comb is abandoned after summer and left to rot. The largest comb is at the middle to bottom portion of the nest. The largest combs created by "V. mandarinia" measured with 1,192 cells (no obstacles, circular) and (elliptical; wrapped around a root system).


title: Asian giant hornet

text: The nesting cycle of "V. mandarinia" is fairly consistent with that of other eusocial insects. Six phases occur in each cycle.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: Inseminated and uninseminated queens enter hibernation following a cycle. They first appear in early to mid-April and begin feeding on the sap of "Quercus" (oak) trees. Although this timing is consistent among hornets, "V. mandarinia" dominates the order, receiving preference for premium sap sources. Among the "V. mandarinia" queens is a dominance hierarchy. The top-ranked queen begins feeding, while the other queens form a circle around her. Once the top queen finishes, the second-highest-ranking queen feeds. This process repeats until the last queen feeds at a poor hour.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: Inseminated queens start to search for nesting sites in late April. The uninseminated queens do not search for nests, since their ovaries never fully develop. They continue to feed, but then disappear in early July.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: An inseminated queen begins to create relatively small cells in which she raises around 40 small workers. Workers do not begin to work outside of the hive until July. Queens participate in activities outside the hive until mid-July, when they stay inside the nest and allow workers to do extranidal activities. Early August marks a fully developed nest, containing three combs holding 500 cells and 100 workers. After mid-September, no more eggs are laid and the focus shifts to caring for larvae. The queens die in late October.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: Males and new queens take on their responsibilities in mid-September and mid-October, respectively. During this time, their body color becomes intense and the weights of the queens increase about 20%. Once the males and queens leave the nest, they do not return. In "V. mandarinia", males wait outside the nest entrance until the queens emerge, when males intercept them in midair, bring them to the ground, and copulate from 8 to 45 seconds. After this episode, the males return to the entrance for a second chance, while the now-mated queens leave to hibernate. Many queens (up to 65%) attempt to fight off the males and leave unfertilized, at least temporarily. After this episode, pre-hibernating queens are found in moist, subterranean habitats.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: When sexed individuals emerge, workers shift their focus from protein and animal foods to carbohydrates. The last sexed individuals to emerge may die of starvation.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: That stinger injects an especially potent venom that contains . Mastoparans are found in many bee and wasp venoms. They are cytolytic peptides that can damage tissue by stimulating phospholipase action, in addition to its own phospholipase. Masato Ono, an entomologist at Tamagawa University, described the sensation of being stung as feeling "like a hot nail being driven into my leg". Besides using their stingers to inject venom, Asian giant hornets are apparently able to spray venom into a person's eyes under certain circumstances, with one report in 2020 from Japan of long-term damage, though the exact extent of actual visual impairment still remains unassessed.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: The venom contains a neurotoxin called , a single-chain polypeptide with a molecular weight around 20 kDa. While a single wasp cannot inject a lethal dose, multiple stings can be lethal even to people who are not allergic if the dose is sufficient, and allergy to the venom greatly increases the risk of death. Tests involving mice found that the venom falls short of being the most lethal of all wasp venoms, having an of 4.0mg/kg. (In comparison, the deadliest wasp venom (at least to laboratory mice) by weight belongs to "V. luctuosa" at 1.6mg/kg.) The potency of the "V. mandarinia" sting is due, rather, to the relatively large amount of venom injected.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: Evidence is insufficient to believe that prophylactic immunotherapy for the venom of other Vespidae will prevent allergic reaction to "V. mandarinia" venom, because of wide differences in venom chemistry.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: In 1957, van der Vecht was under the impression humans in the native range lived in constant fear of "V. mandarinia" and Iwata reported in 1976 that research and removal were hampered by its attacks. However they are now widely agreed to present little danger to humans.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: The strepsipteran "Xenos moutoni" is a common parasite among "Vespa" species. In a study of parasites among species of "Vespa", 4.3% of "V. mandarinia" females were parasitized. Males were not stylopized (parasitization by stylopid strepsipterans, such as "X. moutoni") at all. The major consequence of being parasitized is the inability to reproduce, and stylopized queens follow the same fate as uninseminated queens. They do not search for an area to create a new colony and feed on sap until early July, when they disappear. In other species of "Vespa", males also have a chance of being stylopized. The consequences between the two sexes are similar, as neither sex is able to reproduce.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: "V. mandarinia" uses both visual and chemical cues as a means of navigating itself and others to the desired location. Scent marking was discussed as a way for hornets to direct other members of the colony to a food source. Even with antennae damage, "V. mandarinia" was able to navigate itself. It was unable to find its destination only when vision impairment was induced. This implies that while chemical signaling is important, visual cues play an equally important role in guiding individuals. Other behaviors include the formation of a "royal court" consisting of workers that lick and bite the queen, thereby ingesting her pheromones.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: These pheromones could directly communicate between the queen and her court or indirectly between her court and other workers due to the ingested pheromones. This is merely speculation, as no direct evidence has been collected to suggest the latter. "V. mandarinia" communicates acoustically, as well. When larvae are hungry, they scrape their mandibles against the walls of the cell. Furthermore, adult hornets click their mandibles as a warning to other creatures that encroach upon their territories.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: "V. mandarinia" is the only species of social wasp known to apply a scent to direct its colony to a food source. The hornet secretes the chemical from the sixth sternal gland, also known as van der Vecht's gland. This behavior is observed during autumnal raids after the hornets begin hunting in groups instead of individually. The ability to apply scents may have arisen because the Asian giant hornet relies heavily on honey bee colonies as its main food source. A single hornet is unable to take on an entire colony of honey bees because species such as "Apis cerana" have a well-organized defense mechanism; the honey bees swarm one wasp and flutter their wings to heat up the hornet and raise carbon dioxide to a lethal level. So, organized attacks are much more effective and easily devastate a colony of tens of thousands of honey bees.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: In an experiment observing four different species of "Vespa" ("V. ducalis", "V. crabro", "V. analis", and "V. mandarinia"), "V. mandarinia" was the dominant species. Multiple parameters were set to determine this. The first set parameter observed interaction-mediated departures, which are defined as scenarios wherein one species leaves its position due to the arrival of a more dominant individual. The proportion of interaction-mediated departures was the lowest for "V. mandarinia". Another measured parameter was attempted patch entry. Over the observed time, conspecifics (interactions with the same species) resulted in refused entry far more than heterospecifics (interactions with different species). Lastly, when feeding at sap flows, fights between these hornets, "Pseudotorynorrhina japonica", "Neope goschkevitschii", and "Lethe sicelis" were observed, and once more "V. mandarinia" was the most dominant species. In 57 separate fights, one loss was observed to "Neope goschkevitschii", giving "V. mandarinia" a win rate of 98.3%. Based on interaction-mediated departures, attempted patch entry, and interspecific fights, "V. mandarinia" is the most dominant "Vespa" species.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: The Asian giant hornet is intensely predatory; it hunts medium- to large-sized insects, such as bees, other hornet and wasp species, beetles, hornworms, and mantises. The latter are favored targets in late summer and fall. Large insects such as mantises are key protein sources to feed queen and drone larvae. Workers forage to feed their larvae, and since their prey can include crop pests, the hornets are sometimes regarded as beneficial.


title: Asian giant hornet

text: This hornet often attacks colonies of other "Vespa" species ("V. simillima" being the usual prey species), "Vespula" species, and honey bee (such as "Apis cerana" and "A. mellifera") hives to obtain the adults, pupae, and larvae as food for their own larvae; sometimes, they also cannibalize each other's colonies. A single scout, sometimes two or three, cautiously approaches the hive, producing pheromones to lead its nest-mates to the hive. The hornets can devastate a colony of honey bees, especially if it is the introduced western honey bee; a single hornet can kill as many as 40 bees per minute due to its large mandibles, which can quickly strike and decapitate prey. The honey bees' stings are ineffective because the hornets are five times their size and heavily armored. Only a few hornets (under 50) can exterminate a colony of tens of thousands of bees in a few hours. The hornets can fly up to in a single day, at speeds up to . The smaller Asian hornet similarly preys on honey bees, and has been spreading throughout Europe.