title: Tufts University

text: Under President Larry Bacow, Tufts started a capital campaign in 2006 with the goal of raising $1.2 billion to implement full need-blind admission by 2011. the campaign raised $1.14 billion. Tufts received the largest donations in its history since 2005, including a $136 million bequest to its endowment upon the dissolution of a charitable trust set up by 1911 alumnus Frank C. Doble, a $100 million gift from eBay founder Pierre Omidyar to establish the Omidyar-Tufts Microfinance Fund, and a number of $40 million-plus gifts to specific schools.


title: Tufts University

text: In 2008, Hines Interests and TUDC, a subsidiary of the university, planned to break ground on the South Station Tower. Tufts had acquired the air rights from South Station in 1990, with former President Jean Meyer envisioning a tower that would be the center of medical research. Preliminary design was done by Cesar Pelli, with construction scheduled to start in 2017. However, Tufts withdrew from the project in 2009.


title: Tufts University

text: On November 30, 2010, the university announced that Anthony P. Monaco, formerly of Oxford University, would become its thirteenth president. Monaco's inauguration took place on October 21, 2011.


title: Tufts University

text: As of October 15, 2015, Computer Science surpassed International Relations as the largest major at the university, with 466 declared majors.


title: Tufts University

text: On December 22, 2015, the university announced that it would acquire the School of the Museum of Fine Arts. The merger was completed on June 30, 2016. One of the key figures in the merger, Nancy Bauer, became the dean of the museum school.


title: Tufts University

text: In December 2015, the university completed a reconstruction of the Memorial Stairs. A new Central Energy Plant was under construction and set to finish in the summer of 2016. It will replace an aging 60-year-old plant and provide new efficiency boilers which in addition to providing the university directly with electricity, heated and chilled water, will help the university cut emissions. The university also completed construction of the Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in 2017. The SEC features laboratories and fosters interdisciplinary research between the neuroscience and environmental science departments. The SEC joins the newly rehabilitated 574 Boston Avenue in the expansion of classroom and laboratory facilities for the engineering school. In the spring of 2022, the university plans to open the newly constructed Joyce Cummings Center, an interdisciplinary academic building which will house the computer science and economics departments, among others.


title: Tufts University

text: In 2016, Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen pledged a $10 million donation over four years for the creation of the Allen Discovery Centers at Tufts and Stanford. The centers would fund research that would read and write the morphogenetic code. Tufts biologist Michael Levin will lead the center with research focusing on communications between cells and the causation of birth defects, cancer, traumatic injuries and degenerative diseases.


title: Tufts University

text: On January 2, 2020, Tufts announced that it would pay the MBTA $2 million over 10 years to rename the adjacent Green Line Extension station from "College Avenue" to "." The Medford Branch opened to Medford/Tufts on December 12, 2022.


title: Tufts University

text: After a service of twelve years as president, Anthony Monaco announced his retirement effective in 2023. On November 17, 2022, the university announced that Sunil Kumar, currently the provost of Johns Hopkins University, will become the university's 14th president on July 1, 2023.


title: Tufts University

text: Tufts' main campus is located on Walnut Hill in Medford and Somerville, about from Boston on the site of the original farm of Charles Tufts, the university's namesake. This campus houses all undergraduates in Arts & Sciences and Engineering, the graduate programs at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and all of the graduate programs in Arts & Sciences and Engineering. While the majority of the campus is in Medford, the Somerville line intersects it, placing parts of the lower campus in Somerville and leading to the common terms "Uphill" and "Downhill".


title: Tufts University

text: The "Uphill" portion of the campus comprises the academic and the residential "Rez" quad and is enclosed by a wrought-iron fence. Classes that contributed to the building of the fence are commemorated along its length. The academic quad contains the earliest buildings and was primarily built from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. One of Tufts' first buildings, Ballou Hall was constructed from 1852 to 1854 and was designed in the Italianate style by the well-known Boston architect Gridley James Fox Bryant. Ballou Hall was later restored by McKim, Mead, and White in 1955–56, and houses the offices of the president, the provost, and several vice presidents and deans. Other notable buildings include: Packard Hall (1856), East Hall (1860), West Hall (1871), Goddard Chapel (1882), Goddard Hall (1883), Barnum Hall (1884), and Eaton Hall (1908). The New York firm Whitfield & King was responsible for the design of Eaton Hall.


title: Tufts University

text: The "Uphill" residential quad contains more modern buildings. The most notable building is Carmichael Hall (1954), designed by Arland A. Dirlam. Dirlam also designed Bendetson Hall (1947) on the academic quad. Adjacent to both quads is the Cabot Intercultural Center designed by ARC/Architectural Resources Cambridge, Inc. one of the Fletcher School's buildings. Many points on the hill have noted views of the Boston skyline, particularly the patio on the Tisch Library roof. It has been ranked one of the prettiest college campuses in the United States.


title: Tufts University

text: The "Uphill" portion can be accessed with the memorial stairs. Designed by the Olmsted Brothers in the 1920s, the memorial stairs form one of the main entrances to the university and allows direct access to the engineering school from the academic quad. The engineering school is part of the Tufts's "Downhill" portion of campus. Notable buildings around the engineering school include Bromfield-Pearson Hall (1893), Robinson Hall (1899), and Curtis Hall (1894). Boston architect George Albert Clough is responsible for the design of Curtis Hall and Goddard Hall. Additionally, Arland Dirlam is responsible for the designs of many buildings downhill. These include Cohen Auditorium (1950), Hodgdon Hall (1954), and Jackson Gymnasium (1947). Other notable buildings downhill include the Mayer Campus Center and the Dewick Macphie Dining Hall. Administrative offices also occupy the surrounding neighborhoods and nearby Davis Square, where Tufts makes payments in lieu of taxes on some of its tax-exempt (educational) properties.


title: Tufts University

text: The School of Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy are located on the Tufts Boston Health Science campus in the Chinatown neighborhood of Boston, adjacent to Tufts Medical Center, a 451-bed academic medical institution. All full-time Tufts Medical Center physicians hold clinical faculty appointments at Tufts School of Medicine.


title: Tufts University

text: The School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts University is located on Tufts Boston Fine Arts campus in the Fenway neighborhood of Boston, next door to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.


title: Tufts University

text: The Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine is located in Grafton, Massachusetts, west of Boston, on a campus. The school also maintains the Ambulatory Farm Clinic in Woodstock, Connecticut and the Tufts Laboratory at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole on Cape Cod.


title: Tufts University

text: Tufts has a satellite campus in Talloires, France at the Tufts European Center, a former Benedictine priory built in the 11th century. The priory was purchased in 1958 by Donald MacJannet and his wife Charlotte and used as a summer camp site for several years before the MacJannets gave the campus to Tufts in 1978. Each year the center hosts a number of summer study programs, and enrolled students live with local families. The Tufts Summit Program is for American high school students during the month of July. Tufts in Talloires is a 6-week program for Tufts undergraduates that extends from the middle of May until the end of June. Additionally, Tufts in Annecy is a 4-week program which provides French language learners a chance to practice and learn the language. The site is frequently the host of international conferences and summits, most notably the Talloires Declaration which united 22 universities toward a goal of sustainability. The Talloires campus has been ranked as one of the best branch campuses by the National Association of Branch Campus Administrators.


title: Tufts University

text: Tufts University is an independent, privately supported, nonsectarian institution of higher education. Its official corporate name is "The Trustees of Tufts College". The university is governed by up to forty-one trustees and no fewer than twenty-eight. The board is self-perpetuating with trustees responsible for choosing their successors. In addition to the president, the university appoints Charter Trustees (up to 30 members) who are elected by the board and Alumni Trustees (up to 10 members) who serve for up to five years. Generally, Charter Trustees are elected by majority vote of the members and Alumni Trustees are elected by alumni. The officers of the corporation include the Chair of the Board, three Vice Chairs, the Treasurer, the Secretary, the Provost, the President, who serves ex officio, and the Executive Vice President.


title: Tufts University

text: The President of Tufts University, who is elected by the trustees is the chief executive officer of the university. Assisting the president in administering the university are the Provost, the Executive Vice President, the Treasurer, and the Secretary, all of whom are appointed by the trustees on the nomination of the president and serve at their pleasure. The 13th president, Anthony Monaco, was sworn on August 1, 2011.


title: Tufts University

text: Tufts is organized into ten schools. Each school has its own faculty and is led by a dean appointed by the president and the provost with the consent of the Board of Trustees. The School of Arts and Sciences and the School of Engineering are the only schools that award both undergraduate and graduate degrees. The schools offering undergraduate education are the School of Arts and Sciences (the liberal arts college offering both the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degree as well as the Bachelor of Fine Arts degree at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts), the School of Engineering (which offers the Bachelor of Science degree), and the School of Special Studies. The Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service and the Experimental College are non-degree granting.


title: Tufts University

text: The Tisch College was founded in 2000 "to educate for active citizenship" with the help of a $10 million gift from eBay founder Pierre Omidyar and his wife Pam. The school was renamed in 2006 after a $40 million gift from Jonathan Tisch. It has been called the "most ambitious attempt by any research university to make public service part of its core academic mission". The college facilitates and supports a wide range of community service, civic engagement programs, research, and teaching initiatives across the university. The university runs on a semester-based calendar with most undergraduate students finishing within four years, however, Tisch College provides an innovative 1+4 Bridge year program where students have the opportunity to take a community service-based gap year before starting in Tufts. Current projects undertaken by Bridge Year Fellows involve serving as mentors and teachers to children, caring for rescued wild animals, contributing to renewable energy and sustainability projects. Current projects are based in Brazil, Nicaragua, and Spain.


title: Tufts University

text: Under the purview of the School of Arts and Sciences is the Experimental College (or ExCollege), created in 1964 as a proving ground for innovative, experimental, and interdisciplinary curricula and courses. It offers the opportunity for students to take for-credit courses with non-academic practitioners in a variety of fields, and also from upper-level undergraduates who have a chance to design and teach their own courses. Another successful component of the Ex College is EPIIC, a year-long program begun in 1985 to immerse students in a global issue, which culminates in an annual symposium of scholars and experts from the field.


title: Tufts University

text: Graduate education is offered in eight of the schools. In addition to Arts and Sciences and Engineering, Tufts offers graduate degrees in the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, the oldest U.S. school for international relations and foreign affairs, the School of Dental Medicine, the School of Medicine, the School of Biomedical Sciences, the Friedman School of Nutrition, and the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine. Additionally, the university previously provided master's degrees in religion through the Crane Theological School. The school was dissolved in 1968.


title: Tufts University

text: Tufts is one of the most selective colleges in the United States, with the Princeton Review giving it a selectivity rating of 98/99. In addition, U.S. News & World Report names Tufts' undergraduate admission as "most selective". For the class of 2026, Tufts admitted 9% of 34,880 applicants. The number of places in the freshmen class is set at approximately 1,600 students. For the class of 2024, the interquartile range of SAT scores was 1420–1550 while for the ACT it was 33–35.


title: Tufts University

text: Since 2006 Tufts has incorporated experimental criteria into the application process for undergraduates to test "creativity and other non-academic factors", including inviting applicants to submit YouTube videos to supplement their application. Calling it the "first major university to try such a departure from the norm", "Inside Higher Ed" also notes that Tufts continues to consider the SAT and other traditional criteria. Tufts accepts illegal immigrant students with and without Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). Undocumented students are not considered international students, but rather domestic students.


title: Tufts University

text: In 1856, shortly after Tufts opened, its admissions application asked for statements of good character and for students to complete examinations in Greek, history, Latin, and mathematics. As part of these examinations, they were asked to study a list of relevant textbooks. By 1905 the admissions requirements became lengthier, and the examinations became more complex; the latter required students to write essays and translations. Julia Ryan of "The Atlantic" wrote that because students certified by the New England College Entrance Certificate Board, ones who attended private preparatory schools in New England, were exempt from the examinations, "perhaps only a few students were even taking [the entrance examinations]." By 1925 Tufts set an admission quota of 650 males; the examinations were of a similar length of the 1905 ones but the entry requirements decreased in size to a level comparable of that of the 1856 ones. Standardized testing, admissions interviews, and other features of current university admissions processes were in place by 1946.


title: Tufts University

text: The graduate schools each hold their own admission process. Students apply directly to the graduate program to which they are seeking acceptance, and so acceptance rates vary between programs.


title: Tufts University

text: In 2019, "Forbes" ranked Tufts 25th among research universities, 34th overall, and ranked the undergraduate school 29th among private colleges in its America's Top Colleges ranking, which includes 650 military academies, national universities, and liberal arts colleges. Additionally, Vault.com's 2017 rankings placed Tufts' undergraduate school 25th in the nation. The 2014 Parchment student choice college rankings, which tracks enrollment decisions of 253,440 students who have been accepted to multiple schools in order to reveal their preference for their chosen school compared to the other schools that admitted the student, ranks Tufts as #17 nationally and #13 for national universities for student preference. According to "U.S. News & World Report"s 2022 college rankings, Tufts ranks 28th in the nation. In 2017 high school guidance counselors ranked it tied for 23rd, and 173rd globally. In 2018, the "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" placed Tufts tied for 169th in the world. The university ranks in the No. 101-150 range in the 2015 "Academic Ranking of World Universities" and 238th in the 2018 "QS World University Rankings". Additionally, for the class enrolling fall 2013, Forbes placed Tufts among the top 20 in "The Top 100 Colleges Ranked By SAT Scores". Tufts' peer schools according to U.S. News & World Report in 2015 include Columbia, University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth, and Brown. Tufts University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.


title: Tufts University

text: "Foreign Policy" ranked Tufts' Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 4th in the world for International Relations in 2009. "U.S. News & World Report" for 2017 ranks Tufts tied for 58th for engineering among schools that grant PhD degrees, and also ranks Tufts' Medical School and Research Institute tied for 52nd in primary care and tied for 49th in research, while the School of Biomedical Sciences ranks 68th in their rankings of Best Graduate Schools, Biological Sciences. The "Boston School of Occupational Therapy", an entry-level master's program within the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences at Tufts, ranks sixth in "U.S. News & World Report" Best Occupational Therapy Programs. Tufts' MA program in philosophy ranks 1st in the United States in terms of faculty quality.


title: Tufts University

text: Tufts was named by "Newsweek" as one of the "25 New Ivies" in 2006. In "The Princeton Review" 2010–2011 "Best 363 Colleges", Tufts was ranked 14th for the happiest students and its study abroad program was ranked third in the country. According to the October 2010 rankings compiled by "The Chronicle of Higher Education", Tufts ranked 12th in the country (tied with both Harvard and Johns Hopkins) with 17 Fulbright scholars. Tufts also ranks fourth among medium-sized schools for the number of Teach for America volunteers it produces. Because of its continual growth as an institution, Tufts was ranked as the fifth "hottest school" of the decade from 2000 to 2010. Tufts was ranked the 450th top college in the United States by Payscale and CollegeNet's Social Mobility Index college rankings.


title: Tufts University

text: Students can pursue a five-year program with the New England Conservatory. The Cosmology department also offers joint seminars with MIT. Organized by Alan Guth and Alexander Vilenkin, the seminars are open to all students. The Fletcher School also operates dual degree programs with Harvard Law School, Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth, UC Berkeley School of Law, among others. Several academic consortiums allow for research collaboration between local schools. Examples exist with the Program on Negotiation, the ROTC, the Tufts-New England Medical Center, the Center for European Studies, and the School of Engineering. Several exchange programs allow students to study at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva and the Sciences Po in Paris. Cross registration exists for undergraduate students with schools in the Boston Consortium. Fletcher and other graduate students may cross register with the graduate schools at Harvard and MIT.


title: Tufts University

text: Tufts has offered study abroad programs with various universities for the past 40 years. Tufts has semester and year long programs with Pembroke College of the University of Oxford, University College London, Royal Holloway University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of Paris, Sciences Po Paris, École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, University of Tübingen, Zhejiang University, and University of Hong Kong. Every year more than 500 undergraduate students study abroad, with most doing it during their junior and senior years.


title: Tufts University

text: Completed in 1908, Tufts' first library building, Eaton Memorial Library (now Eaton Hall), was made possible with a donation from Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie's wife requested that the building be named after a Tufts graduate, Reverend Charles Eaton, who had presided over her wedding. The building received an extension in 1950 with the construction of the War Memorial Library in honor of the Tufts alumni who served in World War II. By 1965 the collection outgrew the building and was moved to a new library named Wessell Library. Additionally, the demand for more square footage prompted the expansion of Wessell. In 1995, with the addition of 80,000 more square feet, the library was renamed Tisch Library.


title: Tufts University

text: Today the Tufts University Library System contains over three million volumes. The main library, Tisch Library, holds about 2.7 million volumes, with other holdings dispersed at subject libraries including the Hirsh Health Sciences Library on the Boston campus, the Edwin Ginn Library at the Fletcher School, and Webster Family Library at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine on the Grafton campus.<ref name="Tufts University Fact Book 2015/2016"></ref> Students have access to the academic libraries of institutions in the Boston Consortium. Tufts is also a member of SHARES, which allows students to have library access in participating members such as Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Caltech, Dartmouth, Johns Hopkins, Northwestern, Princeton, Stanford, UPenn and Yale. Furthermore, students may apply for privileges to Harvard's Library System. Tufts also runs the Perseus Project, a digital library project that assembles digital collections of humanities resources.


title: Tufts University

text: Digital Collections and Archives (DCA) is the archives and manuscript repository of Tufts University and is open to the public.


title: Tufts University

text: In addition to the Barnum Museum of Natural History, Tufts had established a permanent art collection which includes a wide range of art from antiquity to the present. The Collection comprises 2,000 works from ancient Mediterranean and pre-Hispanic cultures to modern and contemporary painting, sculpture, and photography. Notable highlights in the permanent collection include works by John Singer Sargent, Albrecht Dürer, Isamu Noguchi, Auguste Rodin, Andy Warhol, Milton Resnick, Salvador Dalí, and Pablo Picasso among others. Exhibitions of the collection rotate annually in the Aidekman Arts Center.


title: Tufts University

text: According to the Princeton Review the undergraduate student body is ethnically and socioeconomically diverse. "The Advocate" ranks Tufts as one of the top 20 gay-friendly campuses. Of those accepted for admission to the undergraduate Class of 2019, 27 percent are Asian, Hispanic, African American, or two or more races. There were 145 international students and 6 DACA students Of domestic students admitted, some 31 percent self-identified as one or more races other than Caucasian, including Asian Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans and Native Americans. International students make up 15 percent of the undergraduate student population. Students come from all 50 states and represent 71 countries. The top 10 countries represented are China, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Turkey, Singapore, Canada, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam.


title: Tufts University

text: There are three forms of student government at Tufts University: The Tufts Community Union (TCU) Senate, the TCU Judiciary and the CSL (Committee on Student Life). The Senate is chaired by the student body president and led by a six-person executive board consisting of Vice President, Treasurer, Historian, Parliamentarian, and Diversity and Community Affairs Officer.


title: Tufts University

text: The "Tufts Daily" is the daily student newspaper, and the "Tufts Observer", established in 1895, is the school's biweekly magazine and the oldest publication on campus. The Zamboni is Tufts' monthly humor and satire magazine. "The Princeton Review" has named Tufts' college newspaper as one of the best in the country, currently ranking it No. 10. Tufts has a television station (TUTV) which has produced and broadcast films, news, soap operas, and comedy sketch pieces. TUTV has also gone to release web series such as "Jules and Monty". The station went operational in April 1977, from Curtis Hall and consists of 40 student volunteers. Curtis Hall is also home to Tufts' own radio station WMFO, which streams locally on 91.5 FM. The station first aired in 1970 and is funded by the university.


title: Tufts University

text: In 1969, Tufts was the center for Civil Rights activism due to the controversy surrounding the construction of Lewis Hall. Students staged a work strike to protest racist hiring policies practiced by the construction company Tufts had commissioned to build the residence hall. In addition to writing letters, students sat in Ballou and East Halls, and collaborated with black workers. These demonstrations eventually attracted support from major metropolitan areas in the Northeast. In 1970, Tufts adopted new hiring policies which were subsequently adopted by other universities. It led to the creation of training programs for minority employees on campus, in addition to the foundation of the Africana Center.


title: Tufts University

text: About 25% of the student body is involved in Greek life. The four national fraternities with active chapters at Tufts are Delta Tau Delta, Theta Chi, Zeta Beta Tau, and Zeta Psi. In addition, there are three sororities: Alpha Phi, Chi Omega, and Kappa Alpha Theta. There is one co-ed fraternity, ATO of Massachusetts, as well. The university has also been home to historically Black and cultural interest Greek-lettered organizations as well, such as Alpha Phi Alpha and Lambda Upsilon Lambda.


title: Tufts University

text: Tufts competes in the New England Small College Athletic Conference—the NESCAC—in NCAA Division III. Their mascot is Jumbo, which is one of two college mascots to appear in Webster's Dictionary with the other being the Billiken of St. Louis University. The mascot comes from P. T. Barnum's circus, as Barnum was one of the original trustees of Tufts College. According to legend, Jumbo the Elephant heroically jumped in front of a train, sacrificing himself to save a younger elephant from dying. Jumbo's stuffed skin was donated to the school and was displayed until a 1975 fire destroyed the body, except for the tail, which had been removed for conservation work. Now, a statue of the elephant is a prominent landmark on the quad, near Barnum Hall, the Biology building. Some of Jumbo's ashes were recovered in a peanut butter jar that has remained in the athletics director's office where students continue to rub it for good luck.


title: Tufts University

text: Recently, Tufts has become one of the top athletic schools in Division III. The school has consistently ranked in the top ten of the Learfield Director's Cup, which ranks the top Division I, II, and III athletic programs in the country by awarding points in a pre-determined number of sports for men and women. In 2015–16, Tufts ranked 4th in the country, and in 2014–15 Tufts ranked 9th. Tufts men's lacrosse team won the school's first ever NCAA team championship in 2010, beating Salisbury State University in the championship game. They lost in 2011 to Salisbury in the championship. In 2012, the women's field hockey team won their first national championship, beating Montclair State University 2–1 in the finals. Coach Tina McDavitt won DIII National Coach of the Year in 2012, as well. The field hockey team had previously been national runners-up in 2008. The women's softball team won three consecutive NCAA Division III National Championships in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The men's lacrosse team won their second NCAA Division III National Championship in 2014 and their third Championship in 2015, beating Lynchburg. On December 6, 2014, the men's soccer team won its first-ever DIII National Championship, defeating Wheaton College 4–2. The Jumbos repeated this feat two years later, winning the DIII National Championship in 2016 by defeating Calvin College 1–0. The men's and women's squash teams have been historically successful, ranking within the top 30 teams in the nation. The Men's Varsity Swim and Dive team won the first NESCAC Championship in school history in 2018 and the team placed 7th in the nation at the National Championship meet that same year.


title: Tufts University

text: Tufts also fields a team of runners each year for the Boston Marathon, raising money for the Friedman School's research initiatives. Originally an initiative started by then President Larry Bacow as the Presidential Marathon Challenge, it has been continued by President Monaco. At one time Tufts was granted 200 race bibs a year and students, alumni, and other affiliates would be trained by Coach Donald Megerle from the Fall until the day itself, the current number of bibs per year is 50. Many of the runners are first-time marathoners, and it is tradition for participants to wear their Boston Marathon medals at graduation.


title: Tufts University

text: Performed at most football games, "Tuftonia's Day", the Tufts fight song, was written in 1912 by Elliot W. Hayes. It can also be heard at Tufts' numerous a capella concerts and at homecoming.


title: Tufts University

text: Seven out of ten undergraduates live on campus. Students can choose from 40 residences from small special interest houses to traditional dorms, to shared apartments. There are 25 residence halls. Similar to residential colleges, students would frequently organize discussions and bring in guest speakers and plan several activities together. Upperclassmen have the option of living in special interest housing which are 15 houses reflecting a specific cultural or academic interest. Each house offers organizes several activities and events not limited to residents. Shared apartments are usually the most popular in the university with apartments like Sophia Gordon Hall (SoGo) a primary gathering place for juniors and seniors. The high-density residential neighborhood around the university provides additional housing for students who opt to live off campus.


title: Tufts University

text: The university has two main dining centers, Dewick-MacPhie serving downhill students, and Carmichael serving uphill students. Each dining hall has a different menu and atmosphere. Both offer a European style server with multiple stations. "The Princeton Review" has listed Tufts in its "Best Campus Food" category since 2005, ranking it as high as second. In addition to the two main dining centers, there are a variety of smaller cafes, including a Kosher Deli and Hodgdon Food-To-Go which offers students a place to grab a quick bite to go.


title: Tufts University

text: Tufts also has a thriving a cappella scene, including the Beelzebubs, known for their performances on NBC's "The Sing-Off" and "Glee", where the group arranged several of the songs performed by the fictional a cappella group The Warblers. Other notable groups include the Amalgamates, known also for their performances all over the United States, and the Jackson Jills, Tufts' oldest female group.


title: Tufts University

text: Every winter just prior to final exams, students would run naked laps on the Academic Quad as a way to relieve the stress of finals, much akin to similar traditions such as the Primal Scream at Harvard. Due to increasing scrutiny from the administration and injuries incurred by slipping on the icy roads, the tradition was banned in 2011 by then-President Lawrence Bacow, much to students' dismay. A protest run took place the following year, with some students donning nude colored leotards and others taking the opposite tack calling their event the "Excessively Overdressed Quad Stroll". Starting in 2016, the tradition was revitalized for spring finals week and briefly became an annual tradition once more.


title: Tufts University

text: JumboSmash is an application built from scratch every year by students in the computer science department. The idea has its origins in a 2012 submission to a Tufts hackathon. Several students involved in its creation described it as "a localized, college-seniors-only Tinder app" available during the week before graduation. The 2017 iteration registered 1 million swipes in the first 24 hours. Per tradition, the developers delete the app at the end of senior week, and the next year's group starts from scratch.


title: Tufts University

text: Tufts alumni in the government sector include Admiral James Stavridis, former dean of The Fletcher School at Tufts University and former Commander of Southern Command and Supreme Allied Commander of NATO (MALD. 1983, PhD 1984); Mulatu Teshome Wirtu (MALD 1990), President of Ethiopia from 2013 to 2018; Kostas Karamanlis (MA 1982, PhD 1984), former Prime Minister of Greece; Shashi Tharoor (MA 1976, MALD. 1977, PhD 1979), former United Nations Under-Secretary General and Indian Member of Parliament; Arjun Narasingha KC (Post-graduate Fellowship in International Diplomacy), former Health, Education and Urban Development Minister of Nepal; Daniel Patrick Moynihan (BA 1948, MA 1949, PhD 1961), former-US Senator from New York and US Ambassador to the United Nations; Scott Brown (BA 1981), former-US Senator from Massachusetts; Bill Richardson (BA 1970), former-Governor of New Mexico, US Secretary of Energy and US Ambassador to the United Nations; Thomas R. Pickering (MA 1954), diplomat; Joseph Dunford (MA 1992), Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; and Peter DeFazio (BA 1969), Democratic United States Representative from Oregon. Dan Crenshaw former Navy SEAL, recipient of two Bronze Stars, and now a Representative for the state of Texas.


title: Tufts University

text: Graduates who have found success in business include Pierre Omidyar (BS 1988), eBay founder; Laura Lang (BA 1977), CEO of Time Inc; Jamie Dimon (BA 1978), CEO of JPMorgan Chase; John Bello (BA 1968), SoBe Beverages founder; Jeff Kindler (BA 1977), former CEO of Pfizer; Jonathan Tisch (BA 1976), CEO of Loews Hotels; Ellen J. Kullman (BA 1978), CEO of DuPont; and Anthony Scaramucci (BA 1986), Cofounder of SkyBridge Capital and Former Director of Communications for the Trump Administration, Seth Godin (BS 1982), bestselling author and founder of Squidoo.


title: Tufts University

text: In media, alumni include David Faber (BA 1985), anchor at CNBC; Meredith Vieira (BA 1975), journalist and TV personality; Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. (BA 1974), publisher of "The New York Times"; Peter Roth (BA 1972), CEO of Warner Bros. Television; and Josh Gates, TV host and producer. In the arts, alumni include William Hurt (BA 1972), Academy Award-winning actor; Hank Azaria (BA 1988), actor and voice actor; Peter Gallagher (BA 1977), actor; Tracy Chapman (BA 1987), singer-songwriter; Deke Sharon (BA 1991), a cappella musician; Darin Strauss (BA 1992), National Book Critics Circle Award-winning author; Ruben Bolling (real name Ken Fisher) (BA 1984), cartoonist and writer; and Gregory Maguire (PhD 1990), novelist.


title: Tufts University

text: Other alumni include Michelle Kwan (MA 2011), Olympic medalist and World Champion figure skater from the United States; Frederick Hauck (BA 1962), spacecraft commander of the Space Shuttle Discovery; Rear Admiral Leo Otis Colbert (BS 1907), the third Director of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; and Thelma C. Swain (BA 1931), Maine philanthropist, Edwin Ginn, a Tufts alumnus (1862) and founder of the World Peace Foundation.


title: Tufts University

text: Notable people who matriculated but did not complete their degrees include actress Jessica Biel, actor Rainn Wilson, American Apparel founder Dov Charney, and country music singer songwriter Darrell Scott. The fictional character Elaine Benes from Seinfeld claims that she attended Tufts, calling it her "safety school," a common Tufts stereotype in the 1960s.


title: Tufts University

text: Current and former Tufts faculty include former American Psychological Association president Robert Sternberg; Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Martin J. Sherwin; philosopher Daniel Dennett; Nobel Laureate Allan M. Cormack; Nobel Laureate Paul Samuelson; Nobel Laureate Wassily Leontief; Nobel Laureate Mohamed ElBaradei; Nobel Laureate Rainer Weiss; Daniel W. Drezner, regular featured columnist in Foreign Policy Magazine; radio host Lonnie Carton; Japanese author Haruki Murakami; and author Lee Edelman.


title: Pirates of the Caribbean

text: Pirates of the Caribbean is a Disney media franchise encompassing numerous theme park rides, a series of films, and spin-off novels, as well as a number of related video games and other media publications. The franchise originated with the theme park ride of the same name, which opened at Disneyland in 1967 and was one of the last Disneyland rides overseen by Walt Disney. Disney based the ride on pirate legends, folklore and novels, such as those by Italian writer Emilio Salgari.


title: Pirates of the Caribbean

text: "Pirates of the Caribbean" became a media franchise in the 2000s with the release of "" in 2003; it was followed by four sequels. Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and originally written by screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, the films have grossed over worldwide by 2019, putting the film franchise 14th in the list of all-time highest-grossing franchises and film series. The rides can be found at five Disney theme park resorts.


title: Pirates of the Caribbean

text: Pirates of the Caribbean is a dark ride at Disneyland, Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Park at Disneyland Paris. Opening on March 18, 1967, the Disneyland version of Pirates of the Caribbean was the last ride that Walt Disney himself participated in designing, debuting three months after his death. The ride gave rise to the song "Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)" written by George Bruns and Xavier Atencio, and performed on the ride's recording by The Mellomen.


title: Pirates of the Caribbean

text: Pirate's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island is a rebranding of Tom Sawyer Island, an artificial island surrounded by the Rivers of America at Disneyland, Magic Kingdom and Tokyo Disneyland. It contains structures and caves with references to Mark Twain characters from the novel "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer", and provides interactive, climbing, and scenic opportunities. At Disneyland in 2007, Disney added references to the "Pirates of the Caribbean" film series.


title: Pirates of the Caribbean

text: Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure is a magnetic powered dark ride at Shanghai Disneyland. It uses a storyline based on the "Pirates of the Caribbean" film series. It blends digital large-screen projection technology with traditional set pieces and audio animatronics. Walt Disney Imagineering designed the ride and Industrial Light & Magic created the computer-generated visual effects.


title: Arnold Vosloo

text: Arnold Vosloo (born 16 June 1962) is a South African-American actor. He is famous for roles such as Imhotep in "The Mummy" and "The Mummy Returns", Colonel Coetzee in "Blood Diamond", Pik van Cleef in "Hard Target", Dr. Peyton Westlake in "" and "", Zartan in "" and its , sniper Jacob Broadsky in the TV series "Bones" and Islamic terrorist Habib Marwan during the fourth season of "24".


title: Arnold Vosloo

text: An Afrikaner of Dutch and German ancestry, Vosloo was born into a Pretoria acting family, his parents having been stage-actors. His father ran a drive-in theater in Alberton, Gauteng. He has one sister. After high school and military service (from which he received a medical discharge), he took drama courses at the "Technikon Pretoria".


title: Arnold Vosloo

text: Vosloo began his acting career in the South African theatre where he won several Dalro Awards for his performances in such plays as "Don Juan", "Hamlet", and "Môre is 'n Lang Dag" ("Tomorrow is a Long Day") and he quickly became a regular at Pretoria's State Theatre. He also starred in "Torch Song Trilogy" and won another award for the TV show, "Meisie van Suid-Wes" ("Girl from South West").


title: Arnold Vosloo

text: In 1984, he moved on to film where he continued Dalro Award-winning performances in films such as "Boetie gaan Border toe" ("Boetie goes to the border", a comedy about the Border War) acting alongside fellow South African actor Frank Opperman, and "Circles in a Forest" (based on the book "Kringe in 'n Bos" by author Dalene Matthee) in 1990. Vosloo also starred in the "Boetie" sequel, "Boetie op maneuvers" ("Boetie on maneuvers") in 1986. Next was the German three-parter "Morenga" (1985), "Saturday Night at the Palace" (based on the play by Paul Slabolepszy about racism in South Africa), "Skeleton Coast" (1987) and "The Rutanga Tapes" (1990). Upon arriving in the U.S., Vosloo returned to the theatre where he appeared in "Born in the R.S.A." at Chicago's Northlight Theatre and in the NY's Circle in the Square Uptown's short-lived production of "Salomé" (1992) together with Al Pacino.


title: Arnold Vosloo

text: His American film debut was in "" (1992). He later appeared in the two less successful sequels to the 1990 film "Darkman", "" (1994) and "" (1996), filling the shoes of Liam Neeson as the titular character Darkman. He's also known for portraying villains such as in the John Woo film "Hard Target" (1993), starring Jean-Claude Van Damme. He played the title role of the 1999 film "The Mummy" (starring Brendan Fraser), as well as its 2001 sequel, "The Mummy Returns". In both films he played Imhotep, an ancient Egyptian high priest. Vosloo also played François Molay, the main villain's henchman, in the 2003 film "Agent Cody Banks".


title: Arnold Vosloo

text: In 2004, "The Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride" opened in both Universal Studios theme parks in Orlando and Hollywood. Vosloo and Fraser were there at both openings to promote the new rides, in which both of them star, as well as featuring a life size image of Vosloo as The Mummy.


title: Arnold Vosloo

text: Alongside his film career, he guest-starred in several TV series, including "The Red Shoe Diaries", "American Gothic" (1995), "Nash Bridges" (1995), "Charmed" (2000), "Alias" (2004) and "NCIS" (2009). He was one of the main characters in "" (2003). He also had a major role in the fourth season of "24" (2005), as terrorist leader Habib Marwan. Vosloo appeared in three episodes of "Chuck" in 2009 as Fulcrum agent Vincent.


title: Arnold Vosloo

text: In 2004, Vosloo returned to South Africa to make "Forgiveness", about an ex-policeman who seeks out the family of the anti-Apartheid activist that he killed. He played mercenary Colonel Coetzee in the 2006 film "Blood Diamond", which was partially filmed in South Africa. Vosloo has been involved in video games: His likeness, as well as his voice, was chosen for main hero (Saul Myers) of video game "", published in summer of 2005 by ATARI. Vosloo portrayed the Cobra mercenary and master of disguise, Zartan, in the summer 2009 release "", reprising this villainous role in the 2013 release "".


title: Arnold Vosloo

text: In 1988, Vosloo became a naturalized United States citizen after marrying his "Act of Piracy" and "Skeleton Coast" co-star Nancy Mulford; they divorced three years later. On 16 October 1998, he married Southern California native Silvia Ahí, a Mexican-American marketing director. Vosloo and Ahí are spokespersons for the International Fund for Animal Welfare, IFAW.


title: Arnold Vosloo

text: In an interview with Charlie Rose, Vosloo noted he looked similar to American actor Billy Zane. According to Vosloo, when people came asking him if he was "the guy in "Titanic"", he replied "of course, of course!" as a joke.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard communication protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a computer network. FTP is built on a client–server model architecture using separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves with a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. For secure transmission that protects the username and password, and encrypts the content, FTP is often secured with SSL/TLS (FTPS) or replaced with SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP).


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: The first FTP client applications were command-line programs developed before operating systems had graphical user interfaces, and are still shipped with most Windows, Unix, and Linux operating systems. Many dedicated FTP clients and automation utilities have since been developed for desktops, servers, mobile devices, and hardware, and FTP has been incorporated into productivity applications such as HTML editors and file managers.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: An FTP client used to be commonly integrated in web browsers, where file servers are browsed with the URI prefix "codice_1". Throughout 2021, the two major web browser vendors removed this ability. Support for the FTP protocol was first disabled in Google Chrome 88 in January 2021, followed by Firefox 88.0 in April 2021. In July 2021, Firefox 90 dropped FTP entirely, and Google followed suit in October 2021, removing FTP entirely in Google Chrome 95.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: The original specification for the File Transfer Protocol was written by Abhay Bhushan and published as on 16 April 1971. Until 1980, FTP ran on NCP, the predecessor of TCP/IP. The protocol was later replaced by a TCP/IP version, (June 1980) and (October 1985), the current specification. Several proposed standards amend , for example (February 1994) enables Firewall-Friendly FTP (passive mode), (June 1997) proposes security extensions, (September 1998) adds support for IPv6 and defines a new type of passive mode.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: FTP may run in "active" or "passive" mode, which determines how the data connection is established. (This sense of "mode" is different from that of the MODE command in the FTP protocol.)


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Both modes were updated in September 1998 to support IPv6. Further changes were introduced to the passive mode at that time, updating it to "extended passive mode".


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: The server responds over the control connection with three-digit status codes in ASCII with an optional text message. For example, "200" (or "200 OK") means that the last command was successful. The numbers represent the code for the response and the optional text represents a human-readable explanation or request (e.g. <Need account for storing file>). An ongoing transfer of file data over the data connection can be aborted using an interrupt message sent over the control connection.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: FTP needs two ports (one for sending and one for receiving) because it was originally designed to operate on top of Network Control Protocol (NCP), which was a simplex protocol that utilized two port addresses, establishing two connections, for two-way communications. An odd and an even port were reserved for each application layer application or protocol. The standardization of TCP and UDP reduced the need for the use of two simplex ports for each application down to one duplex port, but the FTP protocol was never altered to only use one port, and continued using two for backwards compatibility.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: FTP normally transfers data by having the server connect back to the client, after the PORT command is sent by the client. This is problematic for both NATs and firewalls, which do not allow connections from the Internet towards internal hosts. For NATs, an additional complication is that the representation of the IP addresses and port number in the PORT command refer to the internal host's IP address and port, rather than the public IP address and port of the NAT.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: There are two approaches to solve this problem. One is that the FTP client and FTP server use the PASV command, which causes the data connection to be established from the FTP client to the server. This is widely used by modern FTP clients. Another approach is for the NAT to alter the values of the PORT command, using an application-level gateway for this purpose.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Note these data types are commonly called "modes", although ambiguously that word is also used to refer to active-vs-passive communication mode (see above), and the modes set by the FTP protocol MODE command (see below).


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: For text files (TYPE A and TYPE E), three different format control options are provided, to control how the file would be printed:


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: These formats were mainly relevant to line printers; most contemporary FTP clients/servers only support the default format control of N.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: File organization is specified using the STRU command. The following file structures are defined in section 3.1.1 of RFC959:


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Most contemporary FTP clients and servers only support STRU F. STRU R is still in use in mainframe and minicomputer file transfer applications.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Most contemporary FTP clients and servers do not implement MODE B or MODE C; FTP clients and servers for mainframe and minicomputer operating systems are the exception to that.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Some FTP software also implements a DEFLATE-based compressed mode, sometimes called "Mode Z" after the command that enables it. This mode was described in an Internet Draft, but not standardized.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: More recent implementations of FTP support the "Modify Fact: Modification Time" (MFMT) command, which allows a client to adjust that file attribute remotely, enabling the preservation of that attribute when uploading files.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: To retrieve a remote file timestamp, there's "MDTM" command. Some servers (and clients) support nonstandard syntax of the "MDTM" command with two arguments, that works the same way as "MFMT"


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: FTP login uses normal username and password scheme for granting access. The username is sent to the server using the USER command, and the password is sent using the PASS command. This sequence is unencrypted "on the wire", so may be vulnerable to a network sniffing attack. If the information provided by the client is accepted by the server, the server will send a greeting to the client and the session will commence. If the server supports it, users may log in without providing login credentials, but the same server may authorize only limited access for such sessions.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: A host that provides an FTP service may provide anonymous FTP access. Users typically log into the service with an 'anonymous' (lower-case and case-sensitive in some FTP servers) account when prompted for user name. Although users are commonly asked to send their email address instead of a password, no verification is actually performed on the supplied data. Many FTP hosts whose purpose is to provide software updates will allow anonymous logins.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: HTTP essentially fixes the bugs in FTP that made it inconvenient to use for many small ephemeral transfers as are typical in web pages.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: FTP has a stateful control connection which maintains a current working directory and other flags, and each transfer requires a secondary connection through which the data are transferred. In "passive" mode this secondary connection is from client to server, whereas in the default "active" mode this connection is from server to client. This apparent role reversal when in active mode, and random port numbers for all transfers, is why firewalls and NAT gateways have such a hard time with FTP. HTTP is stateless and multiplexes control and data over a single connection from client to server on well-known port numbers, which trivially passes through NAT gateways and is simple for firewalls to manage.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Setting up an FTP control connection is quite slow due to the round-trip delays of sending all of the required commands and awaiting responses, so it is customary to bring up a control connection and hold it open for multiple file transfers rather than drop and re-establish the session afresh each time. In contrast, HTTP originally dropped the connection after each transfer because doing so was so cheap. While HTTP has subsequently gained the ability to reuse the TCP connection for multiple transfers, the conceptual model is still of independent requests rather than a session.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: When FTP is transferring over the data connection, the control connection is idle. If the transfer takes too long, the firewall or NAT may decide that the control connection is dead and stop tracking it, effectively breaking the connection and confusing the download. The single HTTP connection is only idle between requests and it is normal and expected for such connections to be dropped after a time-out.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Most common web browsers can retrieve files hosted on FTP servers, although they may not support protocol extensions such as FTPS. When an FTP—rather than an HTTP—URL is supplied, the accessible contents on the remote server are presented in a manner that is similar to that used for other web content. FireFTP is a browser extension designed as a full-featured FTP client, it could be run within Firefox in the past, but it's now recommend working with Waterfox.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Google Chrome removed FTP support entirely in Chrome 88. As of 2019, Mozilla was discussing proposals, including only removing support for old FTP implementations that are no longer in use to simplify their code. In April, 2021, Mozilla released Firefox 88.0 which disabled FTP support by default. In July 2021, Firefox 90 dropped FTP support entirely.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: For example, the URL <nowiki>ftp://public.ftp-servers.example.com/mydirectory/myfile.txt</nowiki> represents the file "myfile.txt" from the directory "mydirectory" on the server "public.ftp-servers.example.com" as an FTP resource. The URL <nowiki>ftp://user001:secretpassword@private.ftp-servers.example.com/mydirectory/myfile.txt</nowiki> adds a specification of the username and password that must be used to access this resource.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: More details on specifying a username and password may be found in the browsers' documentation (e.g., Firefox and Internet Explorer). By default, most web browsers use passive (PASV) mode, which more easily traverses end-user firewalls.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Some variation has existed in how different browsers treat path resolution in cases where there is a non-root home directory for a user.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Most common download managers can receive files hosted on FTP servers, while some of them also give the interface to retrieve the files hosted on FTP servers. DownloadStudio allows not only download a file from FTP server but also view the list of files on a FTP server.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: LibreOffice supports opening file from FTP servers, but from 7.4 release, this feature is labeled deprecated, and developers intend to remove it in a future version.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: FTP was not designed to be a secure protocol, and has many security weaknesses. In May 1999, the authors of listed a vulnerability to the following problems:


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: FTP does not encrypt its traffic; all transmissions are in clear text, and usernames, passwords, commands and data can be read by anyone able to perform packet capture (sniffing) on the network. This problem is common to many of the Internet Protocol specifications (such as SMTP, Telnet, POP and IMAP) that were designed prior to the creation of encryption mechanisms such as TLS or SSL.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: FTP over SSH is the practice of tunneling a normal FTP session over a Secure Shell connection. Because FTP uses multiple TCP connections (unusual for a TCP/IP protocol that is still in use), it is particularly difficult to tunnel over SSH. With many SSH clients, attempting to set up a tunnel for the control channel (the initial client-to-server connection on port 21) will protect only that channel; when data is transferred, the FTP software at either end sets up new TCP connections (data channels) and thus have no confidentiality or integrity protection.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Otherwise, it is necessary for the SSH client software to have specific knowledge of the FTP protocol, to monitor and rewrite FTP control channel messages and autonomously open new packet forwardings for FTP data channels. Software packages that support this mode include:


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Explicit FTPS is an extension to the FTP standard that allows clients to request FTP sessions to be encrypted. This is done by sending the "AUTH TLS" command. The server has the option of allowing or denying connections that do not request TLS. This protocol extension is defined in . Implicit FTPS is an outdated standard for FTP that required the use of a SSL or TLS connection. It was specified to use different ports than plain FTP.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: The SSH file transfer protocol (chronologically the second of the two protocols abbreviated SFTP) transfers files and has a similar command set for users, but uses the Secure Shell protocol (SSH) to transfer files. Unlike FTP, it encrypts both commands and data, preventing passwords and sensitive information from being transmitted openly over the network. It cannot interoperate with FTP software, though some FTP client software offers support for the SSH file transfer protocol as well.


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple, lock-step FTP that allows a client to get a file from or put a file onto a remote host. One of its primary uses is in the early stages of booting from a local area network, because TFTP is very simple to implement. TFTP lacks security and most of the advanced features offered by more robust file transfer protocols such as File Transfer Protocol. TFTP was first standardized in 1981 and the current specification for the protocol can be found in .


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Simple File Transfer Protocol (the first protocol abbreviated SFTP), as defined by , was proposed as an (unsecured) file transfer protocol with a level of complexity intermediate between TFTP and FTP. It was never widely accepted on the Internet, and is now assigned Historic status by the IETF. It runs through port 115, and often receives the initialism of "SFTP". It has a command set of 11 commands and support three types of data transmission: ASCII, binary and continuous. For systems with a word size that is a multiple of 8 bits, the implementation of binary and continuous is the same. The protocol also supports login with user ID and password, hierarchical folders and file management (including "rename", "delete", "upload", "download", "download with overwrite", and "download with append").


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: Below is a summary of FTP reply codes that may be returned by an FTP server. These codes have been standardized in by the IETF. The reply code is a three-digit value. The first digit is used to indicate one of three possible outcomes — success, failure, or to indicate an error or incomplete reply:


title: File Transfer Protocol

text: The third digit of the reply code is used to provide additional detail for each of the categories defined by the second digit.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: Wayne's World is a 1992 American comedy film directed by Penelope Spheeris. It was also produced by Lorne Michaels and written by Mike Myers and Bonnie & Terry Turner. Based on the "Saturday Night Live" sketch "Wayne's World", it stars Myers in his feature film debut as Wayne Campbell and Dana Carvey as Garth Algar, a pair of rock and heavy metal fans who broadcast a public-access television show. It also features Tia Carrere, Rob Lowe, Lara Flynn Boyle, Brian Doyle-Murray, Chris Farley, Ed O'Neill, Ione Skye, Meat Loaf, and Alice Cooper in supporting roles.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: "Wayne's World" was released in the United States on February 14, 1992, by Paramount Pictures. A critical and commercial success, it was the tenth-highest-grossing film of 1992 and remains the highest-grossing film based on a "Saturday Night Live" sketch. "Wayne's World 2" was released the following year.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: In Aurora, Illinois, rock music fans Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar host a public-access television show, "Wayne's World", from Wayne's parents' basement; a broadcast of "Wayne's World" catches the attention of television producer Benjamin Kane. While out cruising with friends in Garth's car, the Mirthmobile, Wayne stops to admire a 1964 Fender Stratocaster in a shop window. They later go to a nightclub, where they avoid Wayne's troubled ex-girlfriend Stacy while Wayne falls for Cassandra Wong, vocalist and bassist of the band Crucial Taunt, and impresses her with his Cantonese.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: Benjamin meets with Wayne and Garth to convince them to sell him the rights to the show for $5,000 each, which Wayne uses to purchase the Stratocaster. Benjamin attempts to steal Cassandra from Wayne using his wealth and good looks by distracting Wayne and Garth with all-access tickets to an Alice Cooper concert in Milwaukee while offering to produce a music video for Crucial Taunt. At the show, Wayne and Garth make the acquaintance of a bodyguard to music producer Frankie Sharp, head of Sharp Records.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: While filming the revamped "Wayne's World" under Benjamin's oversight, Wayne and Garth find adjusting to the professional studio environment challenging. Their contract obliges them to give a promotional interview to their sponsor, Noah Vanderhoff, who owns a franchise of amusement arcades. After Wayne ridicules Vanderhoff on the show, he is fired, leaving Garth to host the show on his own. This infuriates Garth and jeopardizes their friendship. Jealous of the attention Benjamin is giving Cassandra, Wayne attempts to prevent her from participating in the Crucial Taunt music video shoot, and she breaks up with him for his distrust.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: Wayne and Garth reconcile and hatch a scheme to win Cassandra back by getting her a record deal. They plan to ensure that Frankie Sharp hears Crucial Taunt play. While Garth and their friends infiltrate a satellite station with the aid of Benjamin's assistant, Wayne goes to Cassandra's video shoot but embarrasses himself in an attempt to expose Benjamin's ulterior motive. Cassandra initially tells him to go home, but realizing Benjamin is up to no good, she changes her mind and leaves for Aurora with Wayne while he apologizes.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: The "Wayne's World" crew hacks into Sharp's satellite television and broadcasts the Crucial Taunt performance from Wayne's basement, where Sharp and Benjamin converge. Unfortunately, Sharp declines to offer Crucial Taunt a record contract. As a result, Cassandra breaks up with Wayne permanently. She and Benjamin depart to a tropical resort. Stacy reveals she is pregnant with Wayne's child. An electrical fire destroys Wayne's house and kills Garth.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: Dissatisfied with this ending, Wayne and Garth turn to the film's audience and halt proceedings; they restart the scene in which Benjamin is unmasked as "Old Man Withers" in a "Scooby-Doo" parody ending. Still unsatisfied, they restart again with a "mega happy ending," in which Cassandra successfully signs a record contract and rekindles her relationship with Wayne. Garth begins a relationship with a waitress he had fantasized over earlier in the movie, while a reformed Benjamin learns that money and good looks do not necessarily bring happiness.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: During the credits, Wayne and Garth say they hope the audience didn't think the movie sucked. The duo later predicts the credits will fade to black, which they do.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: "Wayne's World" was green-lit by Paramount Pictures in 1991. It was the second film based on a "Saturday Night Live" sketch, following "The Blues Brothers" in 1980. Producer Lorne Michaels hired Penelope Spheeris to direct, who had directed several music documentaries. Spheeris said, "I had been just struggling as a female director in this business for many years. I was 45 years old when I got that job. I just kept hanging in there. And "Wayne's World" happened, and it sort of flipped my life around."


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: Spheeris clashed with Myers during filming. She told "Entertainment Weekly" that Myers was "emotionally needy and got more difficult as the shoot went along. You should have heard him bitching when I was trying to do that 'Bohemian Rhapsody' scene: 'I can't move my neck like that! Why do we have to do this so many times? No one is going to laugh at that!'" She said she attempted to assuage Myers by having her daughter provide him snacks, and on one occasion he stormed off the set, upset that there was no margarine for his bagel. Myers and Spheeris argued over the final cut, causing Myers to prevent Spheeris from directing "Wayne's World 2".


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: The soundtrack album reached number one on the "Billboard" 200. The album was certified double-Platinum by the RIAA on July 16, 1997.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: The studio and Lorne Michaels originally wanted to use a Guns N' Roses song for the head banging scene, but Myers demanded "Bohemian Rhapsody", even threatening to quit the production unless it was used. Freddie Mercury, the lead singer of Queen, died of bronchial pneumonia resulting from AIDS a few months before the film's release. However, Mercury saw the head banging scene before his death, found it hilarious and approved the song for the film's use.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: Gary Wright re-recorded "Dream Weaver" for the film, which is heard whenever Wayne looks at Cassandra.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: Tia Carrere sang her own vocals on the songs she performed in the film, as well as cover songs such as Sweet's "The Ballroom Blitz", which were included on the film's soundtrack album.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: Myers originally wanted Alice Cooper's "I'm Eighteen" and "School's Out" in the film, but Cooper's manager Shep Gordon convinced him to use "Feed My Frankenstein" instead. It was Myers' first meeting with Gordon and it made such a strong, positive impression on him that they formed a friendship. Myers directed a 2014 documentary about Gordon, titled "".


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: The film was a box office success, debuting at number one. The film's final domestic gross was $121,697,323, making it the eighth-highest-grossing film of 1992 and the highest-grossing of the 11 films based on "Saturday Night Live" skits.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 79% based on 96 reviews, with an average rating of 6.60/10, with the critical consensus stating, "An oddball comedy that revels in its silliness and memorable catch phrases, "Wayne's World" is also fondly regarded because of its endearing characters." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100 based on reviews from 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four and said in his review: "I walked into "Wayne's World" expecting a lot of dumb, vulgar comedy, and I got plenty, but I also found what I didn't expect: a genuinely amusing, sometimes even intelligent, undercurrent." Gene Siskel called the film a "very funny and most original comedy" with "inspired bits of whimsy," and ranked it number eight on his list of the ten best movies of 1992. Desson Howe wrote in "The Washington Post" that making a movie out of such a "teeny sketch" is "better than you'd expect", but criticized the finale as "an attempt to lampoon movie endings" "and a despair-driven inability to end the movie". Filipino columnist Jullie Y. Daza of the "Manila Standard" stated that "I didn't know what the generation gap meant until I saw this silly, nonsensical movie called 'Wayne's World' and I saw how my son went stark raving mad over it."


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: Filled with pop culture references, the sketches and the film started catchphrases such as ""Schwing!"" and "Schyea", as well as popularizing "That's what she said", "Party on!", and the use of "... Not!" after apparently affirmative sentences to state the contrary, and "We’re not worthy! We're not worthy!"


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: The scene in which Wayne, Garth and friends lip-sync to Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" in an AMC Pacer is one of the most well-known scenes in the film. Due to its prominent appearance in "Wayne's World", "Bohemian Rhapsody" single reached #2 in the United States and reignited Queen's popularity in the United States.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: The Pacer was produced by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from 1975 to 1980. The car was purposely a second-hand Pacer painted baby blue with flames on the sides and non-matching wheels, which Wayne and Garth dubbed "The Mirthmobile". The original car from the film was sold and appeared in a 2015 episode of "Pawn Stars". The car was restored to running condition with the original movie props inside the car, but with a functional stereo system added. The Pacer was sold in 2016 for $37,400. Because of "The Mirthmobile" role, the Pacer is arguably one of the two most famous AMC cars featured in film or TV, the other being "Dixie", the Jeep CJ-7 driven by Daisy Duke in "The Dukes of Hazzard".


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: "Between The Lions", a puppet-based children's television series from 2000-2010, produced a short repeating segment called "Gawain's Word," featuring two jousting knights charging at each other, each touting a speech balloon with half of a word which then became their respective names, then demonstrating the word. Though the title of the segment clearly is a parody of the SNL skit, the two knights in the segment speak more characteristically like Bill and Ted from "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure" than Wayne and Garth from Wayne's World.


title: Wayne's World (film)

text: The cast, crew, and other related musical guests were part of Josh Gad's "Reunited Apart" web series' second season, first available in December 2020.


title: Dylan Penn

text: Dylan Frances Penn (born April 13, 1991) is an American actress and model. She is the daughter of Sean Penn and Robin Wright. Her early public roles included modeling campaigns for Gap Inc., a magazine cover for "treats!", a music video appearance in Nick Jonas's "Chains" and an acting role in "Elvis & Nixon".


title: Dylan Penn

text: Penn was born on April 13, 1991, in Los Angeles, California to actor-director Sean Penn and actress Robin Wright. Wright had surrendered the role of Maid Marian in "" due to her pregnancy with Dylan. Penn was raised in Ross, a town in Marin County, California. She has a younger brother named Hopper Jack. Her paternal grandfather Leo Penn is of Russian-Jewish and Lithuanian-Jewish descent, whereas her paternal grandmother Eileen Ryan is Catholic and of Irish and Italian descent.


title: Dylan Penn

text: She attended Marin Academy, and dropped out of the University of Southern California after one semester. She spent time living in New York City. Her parents' divorce was finalized in 2010. Before modeling, Penn had worked delivering pizzas, as a waitress, and as a freelance screenplay editor. She also worked in New York City as a restaurant hostess and an intern at an advertising agency.


title: Dylan Penn

text: Penn's first modeling billboards were for Gap in 2013. Then she appeared in "GQ" in December 2013, in "W" in January 2014, and "Elle" in March 2014.


title: Dylan Penn

text: Penn posed for photographer Tony Duran for a partially nude cover and an interior layout in the seventh, 2014 Spring/Summer, issue of the erotica and fine arts magazine "treats!", released in April 2014. Penn said, "I have always loved his black and white nudes, they were always so tastefully done and, more specifically, showed that certain elegant yet strong beauty that I think all women embody". Within weeks of the issue's release, Penn signed a new modeling contract with Premier Model Management to represent her in the United Kingdom.


title: Dylan Penn

text: Penn appeared at No. 68 on the "Maxim" annual Hot 100 list in 2014, and at No. 93 in the AskMen.com 99 Most Desirable Women list that same year. In June 2014, she filmed a role in the music video for the Nick Jonas song "Chains" at the Hotel Alexandria. Three months later, Penn and Poppy Delevingne played biker women in "Rock Roll Ride", a short film for shoe designer Stuart Weitzman, directed by Julia Restoin Roitfeld, for Paris Fashion Week. She appeared on the cover of "L'Officiel" that December and the cover of "Asos" in August 2015. The following January, Penn and her younger brother, Hopper, did their first joint fashion modeling campaign together, eventually making media appearances at Milan Fashion Week.


title: Dylan Penn

text: Penn's first film was the horror movie "Condemned", directed by Eli Morgan Gesner, in which she played the girlfriend of a band member living in a rundown building. The film opened on Friday the 13th in November 2015. Another early role was in "Elvis & Nixon", which stars Kevin Spacey. The movie was presented in at least one spring film festival and was released in April 2016. In November 2015, it was announced that she had booked roles in a pair of independent films: "GenRX" and "Unfiltered". In 2021, she co-starred with her father in the film "Flag Day", which he also directed.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy is a 2004 American satirical comedy film directed by Adam McKay in his directorial debut, produced by Judd Apatow, starring Will Ferrell and Christina Applegate and written by McKay and Ferrell. The first installment in the "Anchorman" series, the film is a tongue-in-cheek take on the culture of the 1970s, particularly the new "Action News" format. It portrays a San Diego television station where Ferrell's title character clashes with his new female counterpart.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: The film made $28.4 million in its opening weekend, and $90.6 million worldwide in its total theatrical run. It was met with generally positive reviews from critics upon release and is now widely regarded as one of the best comedy films of the 2000s. It was ranked at number 100 on Bravo's 100 funniest movies, number 6 on "Time Out"'s top 100 comedy films of all time and 113 on "Empire"'s 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. A companion film assembled from outtakes and abandoned subplots, titled "", was released straight-to-DVD in late 2004. A sequel, "", was released on December 18, 2013, with Paramount Pictures replacing DreamWorks Pictures as the distributor.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: In 1974, Ron Burgundy is the famous anchorman for a local San Diego television station, fictional KVWN channel 4. He works alongside his friends, whom he had known since childhood, on the news team: lead field reporter Brian Fantana, sportscaster Champ Kind, and meteorologist Brick Tamland.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Station director Ed Harken informs the team that they have retained their long-held status as the highest-rated news program in San Diego, leading them to throw a wild party, where Burgundy unsuccessfully attempts to pick up a beautiful blonde woman, Veronica Corningstone. Harken later informs the team that they have been forced to hire Corningstone. After a series of unsuccessful attempts by the team to seduce her, she finally relents and agrees to a "professional tour" of the city with Ron, culminating in a sexual relationship. Despite agreeing to keep the relationship discreet, Burgundy announces it on air.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: After a dispute with a motorcyclist ends in Burgundy's dog Baxter being punted off the San Diego–Coronado Bridge, Burgundy is late to work. Corningstone fills in for him on-air, receiving higher ratings than Burgundy usually receives, and the couple breaks up when Burgundy bemoans her success. Corningstone is promoted to co-anchor, to the disgust of the team. The co-anchors become fierce rivals off-air while maintaining a phony cordiality on-air.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Depressed, the team (barring Corningstone) decide to buy new suits, but Tamland, who was leading the way, gets them lost in a shady part of town. Confronted by main competitor Wes Mantooth and his news team, Burgundy challenges them to a fight. When several other news teams converge onsite, a full-on melee battle ensues, only to be broken up by police sirens that cause them to flee. Realizing that having a female co-anchor is straining their reputation, Burgundy gets in another heated argument with Veronica, and they get in a physical fight after she insults his hair.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: After one of Corningstone's co-workers informs her that Burgundy will read anything written on the teleprompter, she sneaks into the station and changes the text in revenge. The next day, Burgundy (unaware of what he is saying) concludes the broadcast with "Go fuck yourself, San Diego!", instead of his signature closing line, "You stay classy, San Diego!", triggering an angry mob outside the studio and forcing Harken to fire Burgundy.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Realizing she went too far, Corningstone attempts to apologize but Burgundy angrily dismisses her apology. He soon becomes unemployed, friendless, and heavily antagonized by the public. Burgundy grows depressed, and begins to neglect his duties while Veronica enjoys fame, although her male co-workers work with her grudgingly.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Three months later, when a panda is about to give birth, every news team in San Diego rushes to the zoo to cover the story. In an attempt to sabotage her, a rival news anchor pushes Corningstone into a Kodiak bear enclosure. When Ed is unable to locate Veronica, he recruits and rehires Burgundy.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Once at the zoo, Burgundy, his personal morale restored, jumps in the bear pen to save Veronica, as the public watches helplessly. The news team then jump in to save them both. Just as a bear is about to attack, Baxter, who miraculously survived, intervenes and encourages the bear to spare them. As the group climbs out of the pit, Wes appears and holds the ladder over the bear pit, threatening to drop Ron back in. He says that deep down he has always hated him, but then admits to Ron that he also respects him and pulls him out to safety.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: After Burgundy and Corningstone reconcile, it is shown that in the years to come, Fantana becomes the host of a Fox reality show named "Intercourse Island", Tamland is married with 11 children and is a top political adviser to George W. Bush, Kind is a commentator for the NFL before getting fired after being accused by Terry Bradshaw of sexual harassment, and Burgundy and Corningstone are co-anchors for the CNN-esque "World News Center".


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Will Ferrell and Adam McKay wanted Ed Harris to play Ed Harken, which was eventually given to Fred Willard. Dan Aykroyd was considered for the role of Garth Holiday. Alec Baldwin was considered for the role of Frank Vitchard. James Spader was considered for the role of Brick Tamland. Bob Odenkirk, Ben Stiller and Ron Livingston were all considered for the role of Brian Fantana. John C. Reilly was originally considered for the role of Champ Kind. Amy Adams, Leslie Mann, and Maggie Gyllenhaal auditioned for the role of Veronica Corningstone.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: While still at "Saturday Night Live", Will Ferrell and Adam McKay began working on a script titled "August Blowout", which Ferrell would later describe as ""Glengarry Glen Ross" meets a car dealership". Although the script was popular around Hollywood, the resulting movie never got made. One of the readers was Paul Thomas Anderson who offered to "shepherd" a script written by the pair. McKay has stated that the idea for the film that would become "Anchorman" came about after "Will saw an interview with a 70s anchorman, talking about how sexist they were. And it was that tone of voice he loved."


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: An early version of the script was a parody of the disaster film "Alive" with a group of news people, after Ron Burgundy crashes their plane, stranded in the wilderness trying to make their way back to civilization. A subplot would involve the characters trying to escape from a group of ninjastar wielding orangutans. Adam McKay stated that a version of the script originally included "a musical number with sharks". Anderson, who at the time was scheduled to produce the film was taken aback by the script's bizarre nature, so much so that afterwards he left production, although in retrospect he mentioned lightheartedly, "I blew "that" [opportunity]."


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Even though "Anchorman" is set in San Diego, the real San Diego is only seen in brief aerial shots—modern shots which include numerous buildings in downtown San Diego which had not yet been built or opened during the 1970s. According to the official production notes and "making of" documentary (both included on the DVD), "Anchorman" was actually filmed in Los Angeles, Glendale, and Long Beach on sets which were made to look like San Diego during the 1970s.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: The film initially centered around the reporters tracking down a clumsy yet elusive group of hippie bank robbers known as "The Alarm Clock". This version of the film was met with poor test audience results, and a significant portion of the film was re-written and re-shot to replace the Alarm Clock with the panda story that appeared in the final version. The original Alarm Clock version was re-edited, along with alternate takes of existing scenes and new narration, to form a separate direct-to-video film entitled "". It was released straight to DVD on December 28, 2004.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: The physical appearance of the Ron Burgundy character may have been modeled after real-life news anchorman Harold Greene, who worked at KCST-TV and KGTV in San Diego during the mid-1970s and early 1980s. Prior to the release of retired news anchor Mort Crim, best known for his work at KYW-TV in Philadelphia and WDIV in Detroit, claimed that he was chosen by Ferrell as the inspiration for Ron Burgundy.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Among Crim's colleagues during his time in Philadelphia was Jessica Savitch, who would later go on to a prominent role at NBC News. Savitch served as a model for the character of Veronica Corningstone, played by Christina Applegate.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Although he does not appear in the final film, John C. Reilly attended an early read through and impressed Ferrell so much that a part in "" was developed for him; he would later appear in the 2013 sequel.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Ferrell and McKay recorded an audio commentary for the film's home release which consists of random, mostly facetious discussions of no relevance to the film or its production.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: The film's musical score was composed by Alex Wurman. A soundtrack album compiling the songs used in the film was released on July 9, 2004. The "jazz flute" solo heard in the film is played by Katisse Buckingham, a Los Angeles-based studio musician.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: "Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy" grossed $85,288,303 in North America, and $5,285,885 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $90,574,188. In North America, the film opened at number two in its first weekend, with $28,416,365, behind "Spider-Man 2". In its second weekend, the film dropped to number three in the United States, grossing an additional $13,849,313. In its third weekend, the film dropped to number six in the United States, grossing $6,974,614. In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number nine in the United States, grossing $3,132,946. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: "Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy" received generally positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 66% based on 202 reviews, with an average rating of 6.30/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Filled with inspired silliness and quotable lines, "Anchorman" isn't the most consistent comedy in the world, but Will Ferrell's buffoonish central performance helps keep this portrait of a clueless newsman from going off the rails." Another review aggregation website, Metacritic, assigned a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 38 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: The film is now considered by many to be one of the best comedy films of the 2000s. "Empire" magazine ranked Ron Burgundy #26 in their "The 100 Greatest Movie Characters" poll. "Empire" also ranked "Anchorman" at number 113 in their poll of the 500 Greatest Films Ever. "Entertainment Weekly" ranked Burgundy #40 in their "The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years" poll and Ferrell said, "He is my favorite character I've played, if I have to choose one ... Looking back, that makes it the most satisfying thing I've ever done". He also stated later on that he had no idea that the film would take off like it did, saying "We had no idea that certain lines would be quoted the way they are and that the film would just take on this life after it left theatres, but thank God it did."


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Kirk Honeycutt of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, saying "Proving that even infantile humor can be funny, "Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy" does make you laugh even if you hate yourself for doing so." Brian Lowry of "Variety" gave the film a positive review, saying "Ferrell has seized on a clever concept rife with possibilities – namely, women breaking the glass ceiling in male-dominated TV news during the '70s – and smartly surrounded himself with a topnotch cast." Manohla Dargis of the "Los Angeles Times" gave the film a positive review, saying "Tightly directed by newcomer Adam McKay, a former head writer on "Saturday Night Live" who cooked up the screenplay with Ferrell, "Anchorman" never reaches the sublime heights of that modern comedy classic "There's Something About Mary". Big deal—it's a hoot nonetheless and the scaled-down aspirations seem smart". Claudia Puig of "USA Today" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "That he can make his anchorman chauvinistic, deluded and ridiculous but still manage to give him some humanity is testimony to Ferrell's comic talents". Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a C+, saying "Yet for a comedy set during the formative era of happy-talk news, "Anchorman" doesn't do enough to tweak the on-camera phoniness of dum-dum local journalism". Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "If you sense the presence of recycled jokes from "Animal House" onward, you'd be right. But you'd be wrong to discount the comic rapport Ferrell has with his cohorts, notably the priceless Fred Willard as the harried station manager". Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Most of the time... "Anchorman" works, and a lot of the time it's very funny".


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: James Berardinelli of "ReelViews" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Ferrell carries the movie on his broad shoulders, nailing the character perfectly." Michael Wilmington of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "It's a cute, silly, likable movie without much weight or intensity, but it's also pretty funny." Ella Taylor of "L.A. Weekly" gave the film a negative review, saying "It's a long string of heavy-footed sight and sound gags that must have seemed a stitch at the drawing board, but made me squirm in my seat." Bill Muller of "The Arizona Republic" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "For every gag that works, there's one that doesn't, and the story is too thin to keep us engaged otherwise." Terry Lawson of the "Detroit Free Press" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Little more than an extended "Saturday Night Live" skit with better wigs, real locations and a script that sputters as soon as its one-joke premise is exhausted." Rene Rodriguez of the "Miami Herald" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "It's a flat, dull picture marked by sporadic flashes of ridiculous brilliance." A.O. Scott of "The New York Times" gave the film three out of five stars, saying "It is not as maniacally uninhibited as "Old School" or as dementedly lovable as "Elf", but its cheerful dumbness is hard to resist." Stephen Cole of "The Globe and Mail" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Knights of Columbus! Wouldn't it be great if TV-based comedians weren't afraid of making movies that were funnier than they are?" Geoff Pevere of the "Toronto Star" gave the film two out of five stars, saying "Like most of these sofa-spud comedies, "Anchorman" bears its attention-deficit disorder proudly, as it shifts tone and abruptly sidetracks."


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Sloppy, crude, pursuing the most far-flung tangents in hopes of a laugh, "Anchorman" still gave me more stupid giggles than I'd care to admit if I weren't paid to." Michael Booth of "The Denver Post" gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "Always affectionate toward its people, especially when they are at their most ridiculous, "Anchorman" meticulously builds America's dimmest news team. And we root for them." Jack Mathews of the "New York Daily News" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "As much credit as Ferrell deserves for keeping this nonsense from slipping off the screen, Applegate deserves as well." Megan Lehmann of the "New York Post" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Ferrell is funny spouting his weird stream-of-consciousness rants, but too often the plot leaves him hanging and he resorts to just Yelling Really Loud." Jay Boyar of the "Orlando Sentinel" gave the film two out of five stars, saying "Most of it isn't even as funny as those supposedly humorous features that local news broadcasts sometimes end with." Joe Baltake of "The Sacramento Bee" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "There isn't a second that goes by without Ferrell filling it with some form of comic shtick – a well-turned punch line, a goofy facial expression, a pratfall or some other kind of physical comedy business." Moira MacDonald of "The Seattle Times" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "While the film is sporadically funny, it was done much better on the small screen, decades ago." Anna Smith of "Time Out" gave the film a positive review, saying "Takes a joke and runs with it – sometimes too far, but usually long enough to wear you down and force you to submit to its craziness."


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: "Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy" was released on VHS and DVD on December 28, 2004. It was released on Blu-ray on March 15, 2011.


title: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

text: A sequel, titled "", was released on December 18, 2013. Adam McKay, the director of the first film, returned as director. The main cast, including Will Ferrell, Steve Carell, Paul Rudd, David Koechner, and Christina Applegate reprised their roles. New cast included Meagan Good, James Marsden and Kristen Wiig.


title: Tobey Maguire filmography

text: Tobey Maguire is an American actor and producer. He gained international prominence for his role as Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the "Spider-Man" trilogy, which was directed by Sam Raimi, as well as the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "". In 2003, he was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor for his role in "Spider-Man", but had lost to Robin Williams for "One Hour Photo", and in 2005, he won the award for his role in "Spider-Man 2". He is also known for acting in "Brothers", "The Great Gatsby", "Seabiscuit", and "The Cider House Rules". He has also done voice overs in "Cats & Dogs" and "The Boss Baby".


title: Stefon Diggs

text: Stefon Marsean Diggs (born November 29, 1993) is an American football wide receiver for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Maryland, and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the fifth round of the 2015 NFL Draft.


title: Stefon Diggs

text: Diggs became a full-time starter for the Vikings midway through his rookie year despite his late-round draft status. He became part of an effective receiving tandem alongside Adam Thielen, with his highlights including catching the "Minneapolis Miracle" pass during the 2017–18 NFL playoffs. The following offseason, Diggs received a 5-year extension, playing two more seasons in Minnesota before being traded to Buffalo in 2020. With the Bills, he became the fastest receiver to surpass 100 catches with his new team and broke Eric Moulds' franchise record for receiving yards in a season. Diggs led all NFL receivers in 2020 with 127 receptions and 1,535 receiving yards.


title: Stefon Diggs

text: Diggs attended Our Lady of Good Counsel High School in Montgomery County, Maryland, where he played football and ran track. He recorded 810 yards receiving with 23 touchdowns as a junior in 2010, and was runner-up for the Gatorade Maryland Player of the Year. As a senior, he recorded 770 yards receiving and 8 touchdowns, and racked up 277 rushing yards and three more touchdowns on the ground; he also saw time on defense, recording 31.5 tackles, 5.5 tackles for loss, and 1 sack. In recognition of his efforts, he was a first team All-metro selection at wide receiver by "The Washington Post" and All-county selection by the "Montgomery Gazette". Following his senior season, he was named MVP of the U.S. Army All-American Junior Combine in 2011 and was invited to play in the 2012 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.


title: Stefon Diggs

text: In track and field, Diggs competed as a sprinter. In 2011, he placed 7th in the 100-meter dash in the prelims of the Bill Carver T&F Classic with a time of 12.00 seconds and helped lead his 4 × 200 m team to a third-place finish with a time of 1:32.10 minutes. The members of that relay consisted of fellow NFL players Kendall Fuller, Blake Countess, and a National Champion 400m sprinter Sean Sutton. As a senior, he recorded a personal-best time of 22.30 seconds in the 200-meter dash at the Darius Ray Invitational and ran a third leg on the 4 × 100 m squad, helping the Falcons earn a second-place finish with a time of 43.50 seconds. He was also timed at 4.43 seconds in the 40-yard dash.


title: Stefon Diggs

text: A consensus five-star recruit, Diggs was viewed as one of the best players in the nation. He was considered the second-best wide receiver recruit in the nation and was rated as the No.1 recruit in the state of Maryland by Rivals.com. He was ranked as the No. 13 prospect in the nation and the No. 3 athlete in the class of 2012 by ESPN.com. Scout.com rated him as the No. 2 wide receiver prospect in the nation. Diggs chose to stay close to home and committed to the University of Maryland on February 10, 2012. He also had scholarship offers from Florida, USC, Cal, Ohio State, and Auburn, among others.


title: Stefon Diggs

text: Diggs accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Maryland in College Park, where he played on coach Randy Edsall's Maryland Terrapins football team from 2012 to 2014.