title: The World Is Not Enough

text: The World Is Not Enough is a 1999 spy film, the nineteenth in the "James Bond" series produced by Eon Productions and the third to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It was directed by Michael Apted, from an original story and screenplay by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Bruce Feirstein. It was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli. The title is the translation of the motto on the Bond family coat of arms, seen first in "On Her Majesty's Secret Service".


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: The film's plot revolves around the assassination of billionaire Sir Robert King by the terrorist Renard, and Bond's subsequent assignment to protect King's daughter Elektra, who was previously held for ransom by Renard. During his assignment, Bond unravels a scheme to increase petroleum prices by triggering a nuclear meltdown in the waters of Istanbul.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Filming locations included Spain, France, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and the UK, with interiors shot at Pinewood Studios. The film received mixed reviews, with the plot and Denise Richards' casting frequently targeted for criticism; it also received praise for the performances of Brosnan and Sophie Marceau, and for its emotional weight and focus on characters in comparison to previous entries. "The World Is Not Enough" earned $361.8 million worldwide. It was also the first Eon-produced "Bond" film officially released under the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer label instead of United Artists, the franchise's original owner and distributor.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: In Bilbao, MI6 agent James Bond meets a Swiss banker named Lachaise to retrieve money for Sir Robert King, a British oil tycoon and friend of M. Bond interrogates the banker to identify the assassin of an MI6 agent, but Lachaise is killed before revealing this information, and Bond is forced to escape with the money. At MI6 headquarters in London, the money is revealed to be laced with explosives that kill King. Bond chases the assassin by boat on the Thames to the Millennium Dome, where she attempts to escape via hot air balloon. Bond offers her protection; she refuses and blows up the balloon at the cost of her life.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Bond traces the recovered money to Renard, a KGB agent turned terrorist. Following an earlier attempt on his life by MI6, Renard was left with a bullet embedded in his brain, which makes him immune to pain but will eventually kill him. M assigns Bond to protect King's daughter Elektra, whom Renard had previously abducted and held for ransom. Bond flies to Azerbaijan, where Elektra is overseeing the construction of an oil pipeline. During a tour of the pipeline's proposed route in the mountains, Bond and Elektra are attacked by a hit squad in armed, paraglider-equipped snowmobiles.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Bond visits Valentin Zukovsky at a casino to acquire information about Elektra's attackers. There, Bond grows suspicious as Elektra immediately loses $1 million on a game of high card draw, and discovers that Elektra's head of security, Sasha Davidov, is secretly in league with Renard. Bond kills Davidov and boards a plane bound for a Russian ICBM base in Kazakhstan. Posing as a Russian nuclear scientist, Bond meets American nuclear physicist Dr. Christmas Jones. Renard removes the GPS locator card and weapons-grade plutonium from a nuclear bomb. Before Bond can kill him, Jones blows his cover. Renard steals the bomb and flees, leaving everyone to die. Bond and Jones escape the exploding silo with the locator card.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: In Azerbaijan, Bond warns M that Elektra may not be as innocent as she appears, and may have succumbed to Stockholm Syndrome under Renard's capture.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: He hands her the locator card as proof of the theft. An alarm sounds, revealing that the stolen bomb from Kazakhstan is attached to a pipeline inspection pig heading towards the oil terminal. Bond and Jones enter the pipeline to deactivate the bomb, and Jones discovers that half of the plutonium is missing. They jump clear of the rig and a large section of the pipe is destroyed. Bond and Jones are presumed killed. Back at the command centre, Elektra reveals that she killed her father as revenge for using her as bait for Renard. She abducts M, whom she resents for having advised her father not to pay the ransom money.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Bond accosts Zukovsky at his caviar factory in the Caspian Sea and they are attacked by Elektra's helicopters. Zukovsky reveals his arrangement with Elektra was to accept a payoff via bets in his casino in exchange for the use of a submarine captained by Zukovsky's nephew, Nikolai. The group goes to Istanbul, where Jones realizes that if Renard were to insert the stolen plutonium into the submarine's nuclear reactor, the resulting nuclear meltdown would destroy Istanbul, sabotaging the Russians' oil pipeline in the Bosphorus. Elektra's pipeline, planned to go around Istanbul, would dramatically increase in value. Bond gets a signal from the locator card at the Maiden's Tower before Zukovsky's henchman Bull blows up the command centre. Zukovsky is knocked unconscious, and Bond and Jones are captured by Elektra's henchmen. Jones is taken aboard the submarine, which was seized by Renard's men. Bond is taken to the tower, where Elektra tortures him with a garrote and reveals that she cut off a portion of her ear to make her kidnapping look more believable. Zukovsky and his men seize the tower, but Zukovsky is shot by Elektra. Before dying, Zukovsky uses his cane gun to free Bond, who frees M and kills Elektra.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Bond dives after the submarine, boards it and frees Jones. The submarine's hull ruptures as it sinks into the Bosphorus. Bond fights Renard and impales him by firing the plutonium rod into his stomach. Bond and Jones escape from the submarine, leaving the flooded reactor to detonate underwater. Later, they share a romantic evening in Istanbul and end up in bed together while being monitored by MI6 satellites.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: John Cleese portrays : Q's assistant and appointed successor. Bond humorously refers to him as "R": "If you're Q, does that make him R?"


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: In November 1997, a month prior to the release of "Tomorrow Never Dies", Barbara Broccoli watched a news report on "Nightline" detailing how the world's major oil companies were vying for control of the untapped oil reserves in the Caspian Sea in the wake of the Soviet Union's collapse, and suggested that controlling the only pipeline from the Caspian to the West would be an appropriate motivation for a potential Bond villain. She and Michael G. Wilson hired screenwriters Neal Purvis and Robert Wade to work on the film following their work on "Plunkett & Macleane"; Purvis and Wade would eventually write or co-write all of the following Bond films up to "No Time to Die". Broccoli was especially impressed by the writers' suggestion of a female main villain, stating that "With Elektra, Bond thinks he has found Tracy, but he's really found Blofeld".


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Joe Dante, and later Peter Jackson, were initially offered the opportunity to direct the film. Barbara Broccoli enjoyed Jackson's "Heavenly Creatures", and a screening of "The Frighteners" was arranged for her. She disliked the latter film, however, and showed no further interest in Jackson. Jackson, a lifelong Bond fan, remarked that as Eon tended to go for less famous directors, he would likely not get another chance to direct a Bond film after "The Lord of the Rings". Barbara Broccoli also was in talks with Alfonso Cuarón to direct, who nearly accepted. Hoping to find a director capable of eliciting strong performances from women, the producers eventually hired Michael Apted, as his work with Sissy Spacek in "Coal Miner's Daughter", Sigourney Weaver in "Gorillas in the Mist" and Jodie Foster in "Nell" has earned all three actresses Oscar nominations (with Spacek winning). Apted's then-wife Dana Stevens did an uncredited rewrite, primarily to strengthen the female characters' roles, before Bruce Feirstein, who had worked in the previous two films, was hired to work on Bond's role.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Initially the film was to be released in 2000, rumoured to be titled "Bond 2000". Other rumoured titles included "Death Waits for No Man", "Fire and Ice", "Pressure Point" and "Dangerously Yours". The eventual title "The World Is Not Enough" is an English translation of the Latin phrase "Orbis non sufficit", the motto of Bond's supposed real-world ancestor Sir Thomas Bond. In the novel "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" and its film adaptation, it is first claimed to be James Bond's family motto as well.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: The phrase "Orbis non sufficit" is thought to originate from the "Pharsalia" by Lucan. It appears twice, both with uncomplimentary associations: the first reference is to a group of villainous mutineers, and the second is to the ambitious Julius Caesar. It was then applied to Alexander the Great by Juvenal in his collection of satirical poems, the Satires: "The world was not big enough for Alexander the Great, but a coffin was". Phrased as "Non sufficit orbis", it became the motto of the Spanish king Philip II after ascending the Portuguese throne in 1580.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: The pre-title sequence begins in Bilbao, Spain, featuring the Guggenheim Museum. After the opening scene, the film moves to London, showcasing the SIS Building and the Millennium Dome on the Thames. The sequence lasts for about 14 minutes, making it the longest pre-title sequence in the series until "No Time to Die" in 2021. "The Daily Telegraph" claimed that the British Government prevented some filming in front of the actual MI6 Headquarters at Vauxhall Cross, citing a security risk. However, a Foreign Office spokesperson rejected the claims and expressed displeasure with the article. Following the title sequence, Eilean Donan Castle in Scotland is used by MI6 as a location headquarters. Other locations include Baku, Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijan Oil Rocks and Istanbul, Turkey, where Maiden's Tower and Küçüksu Palace are shown.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Principal photography began on 17 January 1999, and lasted until June of that year. The studio work for the film was shot as usual in Pinewood Studios, including Albert R. Broccoli's 007 Stage. Bilbao, Spain was used briefly for the exterior of the Swiss bank and flyover-bridge adjacent to the Guggenheim Museum. In London outdoor footage was shot of the SIS Building and Vauxhall Cross with several weeks filming the boat chase on the River Thames eastwards towards the Millennium Dome, Greenwich. The canal footage of the chase where Bond soaks the parking wardens was filmed at Wapping and the boat stunts in Millwall Dock and under Glengall Bridge were filmed at the Isle of Dogs. Chatham Dockyard was also used for part of the boat chase. Stowe School, Buckinghamshire, was used as the site of the King family estate on the banks of Loch Lomond. Filming continued in Scotland at Eilean Donan Castle which was used to depict the exterior of MI6 temporary operations centre "Castle Thane". The skiing chase sequence in the Caucasus was shot on the slopes of Chamonix, France. Filming of the scene was delayed by an avalanche; the crew helped in the rescue operation.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: The interior (and single exterior shot) of L'Or Noir casino in Baku, Azerbaijan, was shot at Halton House, the officers' mess of RAF Halton. RAF Northolt was used to depict the airfield runway in Azerbaijan.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Zukovsky's quayside caviar factory was shot entirely at the outdoor water tank at Pinewood. The exterior of Kazakhstan nuclear facility was shot at the Bardenas Reales, in Navarre, Spain, and the exterior of the oil refinery control centre at the Motorola building in Groundwell, Swindon. The exterior of the oil pipeline was filmed in Cwm Dyli, Snowdonia, Wales, while the production teams shot the oil pipeline explosion on Hankley Common, Elstead, Surrey. Istanbul, Turkey, was used in the film, also using the famous Maiden's Tower which was used as Renard's hideout in Turkey. Exteriors for Elektra King's Baku villa were shot at Küçüksu Pavilion in Istanbul, and interiors were shot at Luton Hoo in Bedfordshire, England. The underwater submarine scenes were filmed in the Bahamas.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: The BMW Z8 driven by Bond in the film was the final part of a three-film product placement deal with BMW (which began with the Z3 in "GoldenEye" and continued with the 750iL in "Tomorrow Never Dies") but, due to filming preceding release of the Z8 by a few months, several working mock-ups and models were manufactured for filming purposes.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: The soundtrack to "The World Is Not Enough" is the second "Bond" soundtrack to be composed by David Arnold. Arnold broke tradition by not ending the film with a reprise of the opening theme or, as with the previous three films, a new song. Originally, Arnold intended to use the song "Only Myself to Blame" at the end of the film; however, Apted discarded this and the song was replaced by a remix of the "James Bond Theme". "Only Myself to Blame", written by Arnold and Don Black and sung by Scott Walker, is the 19th and final track on the album and its melody is Elektra King's theme. The theme is heard in "Casino", "Elektra's Theme" and "I Never Miss". Arnold added two new themes to the final score, both of which are reused in the following film, "Die Another Day".


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: The title song, "The World Is Not Enough", was written by David Arnold with Don Black and performed by Garbage. It is the fifth "Bond" theme co-written by Black, preceded by "Thunderball", "Diamonds Are Forever", "The Man with the Golden Gun", and "Tomorrow Never Dies". IGN chose "The World Is Not Enough" as the ninth-best James Bond theme of all time. In 2012 Grantland ranked the song as the second-best Bond song of all-time, behind only "Goldfinger." The song also appeared in two "best of 1999" polls: #87 in 89X's "Top 89 Songs of 1999" and No. 100 in Q101's "Top 101 of 1999".


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Another theme song was made by English post-Britpop band Straw (band), which was also titled "The World Is Not Enough" but was rejected in favor of Garbage's song. The song is unique as the lyrics contains references to several of the Ian Fleming novels, including references to "Goldfinger", "You Only Live Twice", "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and "Live and Let Die".


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: "The World Is Not Enough" premiered on 19 November 1999 in the United States and on 26 November 1999 in the United Kingdom. Its world premiere was 8 November 1999 at the Fox Bruin Theater, Los Angeles, USA. At that time MGM signed a marketing partnership with MTV, primarily for American youths, who were assumed to have considered Bond as "an old-fashioned secret service agent". As a result, MTV broadcast more than 100 hours of Bond-related programmes immediately after the film was released, most being presented by Denise Richards.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: The film opened at the top of the North American box office with $35.5 million earned during its opening weekend. For five days, it remained in that spot until it was handed to "Toy Story 2". Its final worldwide gross was $361.8 million worldwide, with $126 million in the United States alone. It became the highest grossing James Bond film of all time until the release of "Die Another Day". The film was also selected for the first round of nominations for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and it was failing to get nominated. The film was nominated for a Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film Saturn Award, Pierce Brosnan won both the Empire Award and the Blockbuster Entertainment Award as Best Actor, and David Arnold won a BMI Film Music Award for his score. The film became the first in the Bond series to win a Golden Raspberry when Denise Richards was chosen as "Worst Supporting Actress" at the 1999 Razzie Awards. Richards and Brosnan were also nominated for "Worst Screen Couple" (lost to Will Smith and Kevin Kline for "Wild Wild West").


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: The initial release of the DVD includes the featurette "Secrets of 007", which cuts into "making of" material during the film; the documentary "The Making of The World Is Not Enough"; two commentary tracks—one by director Michael Apted, and the other by production designer Peter Lamont, second unit director Vic Armstrong, and composer David Arnold; a trailer for the PlayStation video game, and the Garbage music video. The Ultimate Edition released in 2006 had as additional extras a 2000 documentary named "Bond Cocktail", a featurette on shooting the Q Boat scenes, Pierce Brosnan in a press conference in Hong Kong, deleted scenes, and a tribute to Desmond Llewelyn.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Reception was mixed. "Chicago Sun-Times" critic Roger Ebert said the film was a "splendid comic thriller, exciting and graceful, endlessly inventive", and gave it three-and-a-half stars out of four. On the other hand, Eleanor Ringel Gillespie of "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" disliked the film, calling it "dated and confused". Rotten Tomatoes gave "The World Is Not Enough" rating, the lowest of the Brosnan Bond films. The site's consensus states: "Plagued by mediocre writing, uneven acting, and a fairly by-the-numbers plot, "The World Is Not Enough" is partially saved by some entertaining and truly Bond-worthy action sequences." Metacritic gives the film a score of 59 out of 100. Nathan Rabin from "The A.V. Club" opined that "enough fun moments are scattered throughout to make it a decent Bond entry. But the series still needs a massive shot of fresh ideas if it wishes to become anything more than a nostalgia-fueled commercial sure thing". Antonia Quirke from "The Independent" said that the film "is certainly less definitively feeble than other recent Bond offerings, with an at least two-dimensional female character in the bold and oval Marceau. But my reaction is much the same as to a new Rolling Stones album: I'm just grateful that it's not embarrassing". Negative criticism was focused on the execution of the plot, and the action scenes were considered excessive.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Richards was widely criticized for not being credible in the role of a nuclear scientist, with "Variety" calling her "the least plausible nuclear physicist in the history of movies, who makes even the electrochemist Elisabeth Shue played in 1997's "The Saint" sound like a Nobel laureate"; Nathan Rabin panned her performance and called it "so laughably awful that the film comes to a dead stop whenever she's on screen". She was ranked as one of the worst Bond girls of all time by "Entertainment Weekly" in 2008.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: In contrast, Sophie Marceau was praised for her role as Elektra, with most critics agreeing that she was a better Bond Girl than Denise Richards' Christmas Jones and a better Bond villain than Robert Carlyle's Renard. Peter Bradshaw from "The Guardian" called her "terrific: sexy, stylish, with a really beautiful face entirely innocent of the cosmetic surgeon's art". The film's plot twist received praise as well, making Elektra the first main female Bond Villain of the series.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Pete Debruge of "Variety" wrote in 2012 that "["The World Is Not Enough"] presents a conflicted persona torn between the corny antics of the Roger Moore era and the grim seriousness of where things would eventually go under Daniel Craig’s tenure. It also contains a dose of Timothy Dalton-esque toughness [...] Much of what made Brosnan such a great Bond is thrust into the backseat by lame jokes and a premature attempt to mix up the formula", concluding that it was "nothing but a reversion to the franchise's most adolescent tendencies". "Entertainment Weekly" picked it as the worst Bond film of all time in 2006, saying it had a plot "so convoluted even Pierce Brosnan has admitted to being mystified". Norman Wilner of MSN chose it as the third worst film, above "A View to a Kill" and "Licence to Kill", while IGN chose it as the fifth worst, both in 2007.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: Bond novelist Raymond Benson wrote his adaptation of "The World Is Not Enough" from the film's screenplay. It was Benson's fourth "Bond" novel and followed the story closely, but with some details changed. For instance, Elektra sings quietly before her death and Bond still carries his Walther PPK instead of the newer P99. The novel also gave the cigar girl/assassin the name Giulietta da Vinci and retained a scene between her and Renard that was cut from the film.


title: The World Is Not Enough

text: In 2000, the film was adapted by Electronic Arts to create two first-person shooters of the same name for the Nintendo 64 and PlayStation. The Nintendo 64 version was developed by Eurocom and the PlayStation version was developed by Black Ops. Versions of "The World Is Not Enough" for the PC and the PlayStation 2 were planned for release in 2000, but both were cancelled. These versions would have used the id Tech 3 game engine from "Quake III Arena". Although this game marks Pierce Brosnan's fifth appearance in a "Bond" video game, the game includes only his likeness; the character is voiced by Adam Blackwood.


title: I, Tonya

text: I, Tonya is a 2017 American biographical sports mockumentary black comedy film directed by Craig Gillespie from a screenplay by Steven Rogers. It follows the life and career of figure skater Tonya Harding and her connection with the 1994 attack on her rival Nancy Kerrigan. The film states it is based on "contradictory" and "true" interviews with Harding and her ex-husband Jeff Gillooly, suggesting they are unreliable narrators. This means the viewer must decide for themselves whether to see the film as the truth or as a version concocted by Harding herself. It features darkly comedic interviews with the characters in mockumentary style, set in the modern day, and breaks the fourth wall. Margot Robbie (who also produced) stars as Harding, Sebastian Stan as Gillooly, and Allison Janney as Harding's mother LaVona Golden. Julianne Nicholson, Caitlin Carver, Paul Walter Hauser, and Bobby Cannavale also star.


title: I, Tonya

text: Loosely based on actual events, the film depicts Harding as a victim, reframing the narrative around her implication in the aftermath of the crime and other criticism of her actions. "I, Tonya" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2017, and was theatrically released in the United States on December 8, 2017. It grossed $53 million worldwide on an $11 million budget, and received positive reviews from critics, who mostly lauded the performances of Robbie, Stan and Janney.


title: I, Tonya

text: At the 90th Academy Awards, Janney won for Best Supporting Actress, while the film also earned nominations for Best Actress for Robbie and Best Film Editing. It earned three nominations at the 75th Golden Globe Awards, winning Best Supporting Actress for Janney, who also won at the Screen Actors Guild and Critics' Choice Movie Awards. Robbie herself was nominated for Best Actress at both shows. At the 71st British Academy Film Awards, the film earned five nominations, winning Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Janney.


title: I, Tonya

text: In 1974 Portland, Oregon, four-year-old Tonya Harding is forced to ice skate by her abusive mother, LaVona Golden. As Tonya grows up, her parents take her out of school to focus on her skating career, as she trains under coach Diane Rawlinson. Tonya's father leaves Tonya with her abusive mother. Tonya rapidly becomes one of the best figure skaters in the United States, but is held back by her "white trash" reputation, homemade costumes and unconventional choice of performance music (e.g., ZZ Top). At fifteen, she begins dating eighteen-year-old Jeff Gillooly. They marry, but Jeff becomes abusive. When LaVona scorns Tonya for putting up with it, Tonya blames LaVona for raising her badly.


title: I, Tonya

text: After a dispute with Diane, Tonya fires her and hires Dody Teachman as her new coach. Tonya becomes the first American female figure skater to complete two triple Axel jumps in competition. At the 1992 Winter Olympics, Tonya fails to stick her landings and finishes fourth. Defeated, she takes a job as a waitress, but Diane convinces her to train for the 1994 Winter Olympics. She performs well but still gets poor scores. She confronts a judge about her scores and he tells her that they want to see a wholesome American family. Tonya first asks her mother to help who refuses and insults her so Tonya reluctantly asks Jeff to help support her. On the day of her November 1993 competition at the Northwest Pacific Regional Championships in Portland, Tonya receives a death threat and chooses not to compete. Realizing that he can sabotage Tonya's competition, Jeff instructs his friend Shawn Eckardt to send death threats to Tonya's rival Nancy Kerrigan. Tonya makes a phone call trying to locate Nancy's training arena and her practice times. Shawn hires two inept crooks to attack Nancy after a practice session in Detroit. On January 6, 1994, Shawn's henchmen strike Nancy's knee; she cannot compete at the next day's National competition. The hired henchmen are arrested.


title: I, Tonya

text: Shawn's bragging quickly leads the FBI to him. He blames Jeff, who is horrified to learn that Shawn instigated the entire affair in order to get attention. Tonya qualifies for the Olympic team but realizes she will be found guilty by association. She goes to the FBI and tells them what Jeff and Shawn did, but they show her interview transcript to Jeff after his arrest, and he races home to confront her. She briefly speaks to Jeff from behind a locked door, then climbs out the window, leaving him for good. Jeff later implicates Tonya, saying she knew about the attack.


title: I, Tonya

text: LaVona visits Tonya and offers her kind words; however, when LaVona asks if Tonya knew anything about the crime, Tonya realizes she is wearing a wire and throws her mother out. Jeff, Shawn, and the henchmen are charged, with Tonya's hearing postponed until after the Olympics. Tonya finishes eighth and Nancy wins the silver medal. When Oksana Baiul edges out Nancy for the gold and the first ever Olympic medal for independent Ukraine, Tonya accuses Nancy of being a poor sport. Tonya avoids jail but is banned from competitive figure skating for life. Heartbroken, she begs the judge to give her jail time but not to take away the one thing she knows how to do; the judge refuses.


title: I, Tonya

text: Jeff acknowledges that he ruined Tonya's career. He changes his name, remarries, opens a hair salon, divorces, and remarries. LaVona moves to Washington state and has no contact with Tonya. Tonya remarries, divorces, takes up professional boxing, and becomes a landscaper, house painter and deck builder. She now lives happily with her third husband and their seven-year-old son. Text at the end states that Tonya wants people to know she is a good mother.


title: I, Tonya

text: Screenwriter Steven Rogers was inspired to write the film after watching a documentary about ice skating which mentioned Tonya Harding. Rogers arranged separate interviews with Harding and her ex-husband Jeff Gillooly. They remembered the events of the 1994 scandal very differently. Rogers decided, "Well, that's my way in - to put everyone's point of view out there, and then let the audience decide." He later said that the film was really about "things we tell ourselves in order to…live with ourselves…how we change the narrative, and then want that to be the narrative."


title: I, Tonya

text: Regarding Gillooly, Rogers stated, "What's curious about Jeff is that he refused to take any money for life rights, for his interview, for anything." He remembered Jeff Gillooly saying that Harding was a great figure skater. According to Rogers, Gillooly also said that it was his own idea to threaten Nancy Kerrigan's ability to perform and took responsibility for his part in Harding's 1994 ruin: "he doesn't want to profit from it."


title: I, Tonya

text: Margot Robbie, who played Harding and co-produced the film, did not realize the screenplay was based on a real event until after she finished reading it. Immediately prior to filming, Robbie flew from Los Angeles to Portland, Oregon to meet Harding. To prepare for the skating scenes, Robbie trained for four months. Heidi Munger and Anna Malkova served as skating doubles and Sarah Kawahara provided coaching and choreography. The production was unable to find a skating double who could perform a triple Axel, which was accomplished by visual effects.


title: I, Tonya

text: Rogers wrote the role of Tonya's mother LaVona for Allison Janney; she is a longtime friend of Rogers, but the "stars had [not] aligned" for them to work together until he completed the script for "I, Tonya". Janney said the part was one of the most challenging of her career. Shortly after the film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival, she said, "I think LaVona was actually a very smart woman, very articulate[...] She was not messing around and didn't want [Tonya] distracted[...] She wanted [Tonya] to know that it was going to be hard work, and knowing her daughter needed to be told she couldn't do it in order to do it was LaVona's way of saying, 'I was there to inspire her'."


title: I, Tonya

text: Director Craig Gillespie was interested in the project because he "realized it was a great opportunity to revisit the story and make a commentary about how the media treats people." He did add that he didn't "feel great about having to drag Nancy's name back into this." Gillespie said that he tried, in the film, to present Harding "in a very honest way" without "trying to pull those heartstrings... just showing you why she is the way she is."


title: I, Tonya

text: Principal photography began in late January 2017 in Macon, Georgia, where Macon Coliseum was used as a set. Throughout the shoot, Robbie suffered from a herniated disc in her neck and had routine MRIs to ensure it was safe for her to continue filming skating scenes. Filming wrapped in late February of that year, with pickups in Atlanta on May 16.


title: I, Tonya

text: Some of the songs featured in "I, Tonya" had been used in Harding's real-life routines, such as ZZ Top's "Sleeping Bag". Others were selected by music supervisor Susan Jacobs: tracks from 1970s such as Fleetwood Mac's "The Chain" or Supertramp's "Goodbye Stranger" came from an era when music was "powerful and full" and "warm." Jacobs felt the "classic rock songs filled the picture without getting in the way of the story." Critic Emily Manning found that others, such as En Vogue's "Free Your Mind" and Heart's "Barracuda", created "an interesting parallel between Tonya's tenacity and ambition." The film ends with Siouxsie and the Banshees' cover of "The Passenger"; Manning wrote: "There was something really right about seeing Tonya skate to Siouxsie." Jacobs said that "The Passenger" was "something obviously female and the lyrics [resonated]". The lyrics of Dire Straits' "Romeo and Juliet" were also important as "they felt like the story".


title: I, Tonya

text: A soundtrack was released on December 8, 2017, by Milan Records, featuring songs used in the film by various artists and tracks from the original score.


title: I, Tonya

text: Shortly before production on the film began, Miramax acquired domestic distribution rights to "I, Tonya" and helped complete the film. However, prior to the film's premiere, its distribution rights Miramax once held were back on sale, with the company apparently still attached with the film. "I, Tonya" premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2017. A bidding war ensued for the domestic distribution rights to the film, with Netflix, Entertainment Studios, Annapurna Pictures, CBS Films and Aviron Pictures being some companies bidding for the film. Shortly after, Neon and 30West acquired domestic distribution rights to the film for $5 million. It was theatrically released on December 8, 2017.


title: I, Tonya

text: In January 2018, Dan Shaughnessy, columnist for "The Boston Globe", asked Nancy Kerrigan in a telephone interview if she had seen the film – she had not. When Shaughnessy posited that Kerrigan was once "a victim of Harding's dysfunctional life", she agreed but emphasized that she was occupied with living her own life. Shaughnessy also asked Kerrigan to comment on whether she was "bothered by Hollywood's portrayal of Tonya"; she replied that the issue was no longer her business. Nancy Kerrigan said that her only "role" in the 1994 scandal was recovering from an attack, "That's it", she finished. She went on, during the interview, to speak about how she remembered the scandal as "A bizarre thing. The whole thing was crazy, being that it's a story. I mean, come on."


title: I, Tonya

text: "I, Tonya" has grossed $30 million in the United States and Canada, and $23.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $53.9 million.


title: I, Tonya

text: After making $11.6 million over a month in limited release, the film made $2.9 million from 799 theaters in its wide weekend. After the film earned its three Oscar nominations, it was added to 161 theaters the following week and made $3 million.


title: I, Tonya

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "I, Tonya" holds an approval rating of 90% based on 385 reviews, with an average rating of 7.80/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Led by strong work from Margot Robbie and Allison Janney, "I, Tonya" finds the humor in its real-life story without losing sight of its more tragic – and emotionally resonant – elements." On Metacritic, which assigns a rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: I, Tonya

text: Christy Lemire of "RogerEbert.com" described it as "an irresistible, soapy mix of jealousy, competition and class warfare, fortified by powerful performances and unexpected emotional resonance." Lemire also complimented Gillespie for "what would seem to be an impossible high-wire act: He's made a movie that's affectionately mocking—of this theatrical sport, of the idiots who surrounded Harding, of this hideous moment in fashion and pop culture—without actually mocking Harding herself." In "Rolling Stone," Peter Travers wrote that the film holds "a mirror up to the class-conscious America most of us tend to ignore or dismiss – and makes us see ourselves reflected in it, too. "I, Tonya" is funny as hell, but the pain is just as real. You'll laugh till it hurts." "Vulture" praised Robbie's performance, feeling she had found a new "weight".


title: I, Tonya

text: Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" wrote that it was one of the most surprising films of the year - a "multi-layered saga of talent and class resentment". He praised Rogers' script as "sympathetic but clear-eyed, foul-mouthed but fair-minded". Burr wrote that the domestic abuse scenes are presented effectively because of the film's style of "ironic as-told-to comedy that intentionally curdles when the extent of [violence]...and Harding's grim acceptance...of it become obvious". However, when writing of the scene where Harding voices how she has internalized a victim-like identity, Burr believed the filmmakers failed to appreciate the scope of what that really means to her. He considered whether the filmmakers had an obligation not to be among "the many vultures picking at [Tonya's] pop-culture corpse". Burr did not think the filmmakers properly addressed the predicament of making a film about Harding's media over-exposure.


title: I, Tonya

text: Richard Brody of "The New Yorker" felt the film failed to find an original depiction of the working class, and "treats Tonya's background, her tastes, her habits, her way of talking, as a joke... The result is a film that's as derisive and dismissive toward Tonya Harding as it shows the world at large to have been". In "The Guardian", Jean Hannah Edelstein felt that the film was "played for laughs" at the expense of its subject.


title: I, Tonya

text: Allison Janney was widely lauded for her performance as LaVona Golden, singled out for praise by critics. Christy Lemire of "RogerEbert.com" said: "Janney absolutely tears it up as the profane, chain-smoking LaVona Harding, constantly insulting Tonya and messing with her mind in the name of making her a champion. It's a showy, scenery-chewing performance but it's not one-note; Janney brings an undercurrent of sorrow to the part in revealing LaVona's twisted methodology." Michael O'Sullivan of "The Washington Post" wrote that: 'Janney steals every scene she's in, playing LaVona, a harridan whose nodding goes beyond tough love.' Helen O'Hara from "Empire" called Janney's performance flawless and flamboyant, and an unforgettable one. "USA Today" said; "Janney is magnificent as Tonya Harding's villainous and abusive mommy dearest. No curse word goes unused and no scenery is left unchewed by the actress, who takes over whenever she's onscreen, whether dealing with a pesky parakeet or breaking the fourth wall."


title: I, Tonya

text: The film received some criticism for taking liberties with facts in order to make Harding sympathetic. Reviewing the film for "USA Today", Christine Brennan, who covered the real story in 1994, wrote that "the movie certainly doesn't worry about letting facts get in the way of a good story or bother to tell you that the only person Tonya has to blame...is herself." In the "Sonoma Index-Tribune" and "The Oregonian", J.E. Vader, who covered Harding's rise as a local up-and-coming hero, wrote a scathing review titled "I, Nauseated", in which she accuses Harding of being an "unrepentant felon" and "habitually 'truth challenged'", adding that "this fantasy film is Harding's dream come true".


title: I, Tonya

text: "I, Tonya" earned various awards and nominations following its release. At the 7th AACTA International Awards, Robbie won Best Actress, while Janney won Best Supporting Actress. "I, Tonya" received five nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards, including Best Actress in a Leading Role for Robbie, Best Original Screenplay for Rogers and winning Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Janney. The film also garnered five Critics' Choice Movie Awards, with Robbie winning Best Actress in a Comedy and Janney winning Best Supporting Actress.


title: I, Tonya

text: At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Janney received the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture, while the film was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Robbie was nominated for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy "I, Tonya" gathered three Independent Spirit Awards nominations, and a Producers Guild of America Award nomination. Robbie and Janney were nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role respectively at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards. Rogers earned a nomination for Best Original Screenplay from the Writers Guild of America. Tatiana S. Riegel won the American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Film (Comedy or Musical).


title: I, Tonya

text: At the 90th Academy Awards, Janney won Best Supporting Actress. Robbie earned a nomination for Best Actress and Tatiana S. Riegel earned a nomination for Best Film Editing.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: <onlyinclude>Royal Caribbean International (RCI), also formerly known as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line (RCCL), is a cruise line brand founded in 1968 in Norway and organised as a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Caribbean Group since 1997. Based in Miami, Florida, United States, it is the largest cruise line by revenue and second largest by passengers counts. In 2018, Royal Caribbean International controlled 19.2% of the worldwide cruise market by passengers and 14.0% by revenue. It operates the five largest passenger ships in the world. As of January 2022, the line operates twenty-six ships and has four additional ships on order.</onlyinclude>


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: Royal Caribbean Cruise Line was founded in 1968 by three Norwegian shipping companies: Anders Wilhelmsen & Company, I.M. Skaugen & Company, and Gotaas Larsen. The newly created line put its first ship, "Song of Norway", into service two years later. A year later, the line added "Nordic Prince" to the fleet and in 1972 it added "Sun Viking". In 1978, "Song of Norway" became Royal Caribbean's first passenger ship to be lengthened. This was accomplished via the insertion of an section to the vessel's severed center. Following the success of this work, "Nordic Prince" was also stretched in 1980. During the stretching of both ships, their sterns were modified to create more open space, however "Sun Viking" was neither stretched nor modified. In 1982, Royal Caribbean launched "Song of America", over twice the size of "Sun Viking" and at the time the third largest passenger vessel afloat (after "Norway" and "Queen Elizabeth 2").


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In 1986, Royal Caribbean leased a coastal property in Labadie, Haiti, to be used as a private destination for its guests, renamed as Labadee. After a corporate restructuring in 1988, the line launched "Sovereign of the Seas", the largest passenger vessel afloat at the time. That same year, Royal Caribbean also merged with Admiral Cruises. Two years later in 1990, "Nordic Empress" and "Viking Serenade" entered service and Royal Caribbean purchased a second private destination, Little Stirrup Cay, an island in the Bahamas, which they branded as CocoCay.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: The second and third s "Monarch of the Seas" and "Majesty of the Seas" were delivered in 1991 and 1992 respectively.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: Royal Caribbean went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 1993. Over the next two years, the company experienced rapid growth, and it built a new corporate headquarters in Miami, Florida, and replaced the "Nordic Prince" with a new vessel, the "Legend of the Seas".


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: Following these events, two new vessels entered service, "Splendour of the Seas" and "Grandeur of the Seas". In 1996, the company contracted with Finland's Aker Finnyards for the construction of 130,000-ton vessels and, in 1997, the line's oldest ship, "Song of Norway", was sold and two new Vision-class ships entered service, "Rhapsody of the Seas" and "Enchantment of the Seas".


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In 1997, it merged with the Greek cruise line Celebrity Cruises and changed its name from Royal Caribbean Cruise Line to Royal Caribbean International. At the same time, Royal Caribbean Group was formed as Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. to serve as a holding company that owned both Celebrity Cruises and Royal Caribbean International. The next year, the last of the company's older vessels, "Song of America" and "Sun Viking", were retired. In 1998, "Vision of the Seas" came into service, the last of the Vision-class ships.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In 1999, "Voyager of the Seas", the line's newest and world's largest cruise ship entered service with much attention from the news media. Two years later, the line took delivery of a second "Voyager"-class ship, "Explorer of the Seas", and the first of a new "Radiance" class of more environmentally friendly cruise liners, "Radiance of the Seas".


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In 2000, Royal Caribbean operated a series of land-and-sea-based "cruise tours" in Alaska, featuring glass-domed train cars to scenic destinations within the state and Canada. Over the next two years, they also introduced cruise tours to destinations throughout Europe.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: The "Voyager"-class "Navigator of the Seas" and the "Radiance"-class "Brilliance of the Seas" were put into service in 2002. "Mariner of the Seas" and "Serenade of the Seas", another pair of "Voyager" and "Radiance"-class ships, were introduced the next year, and rock-climbing walls were made a feature of every Royal Caribbean ship that year. A fourth "Radiance"-class ship, "Jewel of the Seas", followed in 2004, and the line's "Nordic Empress" was reconditioned and re-christened as "Empress of the Seas", which was later sold to "Pullmantur Cruises" in 2008. In 2005, "Enchantment of the Seas" underwent a massive renovation including enlarging the ship with a midsection.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: Construction commenced on , the line's newest ship, at Aker Finnyards in 2005, and the vessel launched the next year as the largest passenger vessel in the world. "Freedom of the Seas"s sister ship, "Liberty of the Seas", was launched in 2007, and "Independence of the Seas" was delivered in 2008.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: An even larger class, the ""Oasis" class", featuring "Oasis of the Seas" and "Allure of the Seas", was launched in 2009 and 2010, guaranteeing Royal Caribbean the ship size lead for years to come. In December 2012, Royal Caribbean announced that they had ordered a third "Oasis"-class cruise ship from STX France, which would be larger than the previous ships in the class. In March 2014, Royal Caribbean announced that they had ordered a fourth Oasis-Class ship from STX France.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In February 2013, Royal Caribbean announced the first two ships of their newest "Quantum" class, "Quantum of the Seas" and "Anthem of the Seas", which were being built at the Meyer Werft shipyard. In May of that year, Royal Caribbean announced that they had signed a contract for a third "Quantum"-class ship for delivery in mid-2016.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In September 2014, Royal Caribbean announced that the third "Quantum"-class ship would be named "Ovation of the Seas", and in February 2015 they announced that the third "Oasis"-class ship would be named "Harmony of the Seas".


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In March 2015, Royal Caribbean announced that they had agreed to sell "Splendour of the Seas" to TUI Cruises in the second quarter of 2016.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In June 2016, Royal Caribbean announced that they had agreed to sell "Legend of the Seas" to TUI Cruises in the second quarter of 2017.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: The company lobbies in various jurisdictions in which it operates. In the United States of America, lobbying expenditure records are held by the Senate Office of Public Records. In South Australia, the company is represented by lobbying company Richardson Coutts Pty Ltd.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In 2017, Royal Caribbean agreed to use Port Everglades as a preferred berth for its "Oasis" class ships. The new agreement extended the past contract with Port Everglades until 2026, contingent upon a $100 million remodeling of Cruise Terminal 25, and approved by the Broward County Board of County Commissioners.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: On 15 March 2018, Royal Caribbean announced that they will conduct a huge renovation for their private island, Coco Cay, which is halfway done with parts opening in December 2018 and early to late 2019 with its first opening in May 2019 and its official opening with everything completed by November or December 2019.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In December 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Royal Caribbean suspended sailings across its fleet. It also sold "Empress of the Seas" and "Majesty of the Seas", with the former going to Cordelia Cruises. , its first and only ship to resume sailing was "Quantum of the Seas", which began sailing from Singapore in December 2020 under health and safety regulations formulated by the Singapore government.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: On 29 June 2021, Royal Caribbean International's "Ovation of the Seas" became the first cruise ship to return to the Port of Seattle since the COVID-19 Pandemic began.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In August 2022, the company announced that it would partner with SpaceX to use its Starlink technology across all its ships, in an effort to improve historically weak internet connections. This comes on the heels of the Federal Communications Commission authorizing SpaceX to provide its services to boats, planes, and trucks.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: Since "Sovereign of the Seas" entered service in 1987, all subsequent Royal Caribbean ships have names ending with the phrase "of the Seas".


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: The Vision class consists of three pairs of sister ships. "Legend" and "Splendour", built at Chantiers de l'Atlantique, Saint-Nazaire, France have a gross tonnage of approximately 70,000. "Grandeur" and "Enchantment" were built at Kvaerner Masa-Yards, Helsinki, Finland and had an original tonnage of approximately . The final pair, "Rhapsody" and "Vision" were also built at Chantiers de l'Atlantique, and have a tonnage of . In 2005, a midsection was added to "Enchantment of the Seas", bringing its tonnage to over . All ships of this class feature over of glass. Royal Caribbean sold both "Splendour of the Seas" and "Legend of the Seas" to Marella Cruises. "Splendour of the Seas" last sailed for Royal Caribbean on 4 April 2016, and the final "Legend of the Seas" sailing for Royal Caribbean left port on 13 March 2017. In October 2019, Royal Caribbean announced a plan to transfer "Grandeur of the Seas" to Pullmantur Cruises after its last scheduled sailing on 21 March 2021. However, following Pullmantur's filing for bankruptcy, Royal Caribbean later announced in August 2020 that "Grandeur" would remain in Royal Caribbean's fleet.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: The "Voyager"-class ships were the largest class of cruise ships in the world when constructed and were the first ships to have an ice rink at sea and the first to have Royal Caribbean's "Royal Promenade" mall concept, a main thoroughfare extending most of the length of the ship, flanked by bars, cafes, and shopping venues. They were built at Kvaerner Masa-Yards' (now Meyer Turku) facility in Turku, Finland. They have a gross tonnage of around 137,000 tonnes. Activity options onboard all five ships include a basketball court, at least three pools, a mini-golf course, a rock wall, an ice skating rink and, originally, an inline skating track. "Navigator of the Seas" replaced the inline skating track with a Flowrider surf simulator in 2014, and similar changes are planned for "Voyager" and "Explorer".


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: "Navigator of the Seas" and "Mariner of the Seas" are second-generation "Voyager"-class vessels, and feature glass stateroom balconies that extend out from the superstructure of the ship and a larger Windjammer buffet area.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: All "Radiance"-class ships have a gross tonnage of 90,090 and environmentally friendlier gas turbine engines. The "Radiance"-class ships have over of glass, glass exterior viewing elevators, over 700 balcony staterooms, two-level glass windowed dining rooms, alternative restaurants, a retractable glass roof over a pool, an outdoor pool, as well as the first self-leveling billiard tables at sea. The "Radiance" class ships were constructed at Meyer Werft, Papenburg, Germany. Unlike the preceding "Voyager" class, these ships are built to the Panamax form factor, allowing them to pass through the Panama Canal.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: The "Freedom"-class ships are lengthened versions of the second-generation "Voyager"-class ship, and contain a Royal Promenade mall running much of the length of the ship, an ice skating rink, basketball court, several pools, a mini-golf course, and a rock wall. New features on the "Freedom" class include the FlowRider surfing simulator, the H2O Zone kids water play area, a boxing ring, and hot tubs cantilevered over the side of the ship. At 154,407 gross tons, the "Freedom"-class ships were the largest ships in the world from 2006, until the debut of the Oasis class in 2009.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: The "Oasis"-class ships are the largest passenger ships ever built, having surpassed the "Freedom"-class ships. They can accommodate up to 5,400 passengers at double occupancy and they have a maximum capacity of 6,296 passengers. Furthermore, the ships have a gross tonnage of at least 225,282 tons, and cost the line around US$1.4 billion each.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: The first two ships in the class, "Oasis of the Seas" and "Allure of the Seas", were delivered in 2009 and 2010 by STX Europe Turku Shipyard, Finland. The third and fourth ships in the class, "Harmony of the Seas" and "Symphony of the Seas" were built at Chantiers de l'Atlantique in Saint-Nazaire, France. They were the first to also come with the Ultimate Abyss. Royal Caribbean International, in conjunction with USA Today, sponsored a contest to name the first two vessels. On 18 February 2019 Royal Caribbean announced the order of a 6th Oasis class vessel from Chantiers de l'Atlantique for delivery in 2024 with a double occupancy of 5,714 and gross tonnage of 231,000.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: The "Quantum"-class of ships debuted as the second largest class of cruise ships in the world. The "Quantum"-class ships were the first ships built for Royal Caribbean by Meyer Werft since the "Radiance" class and share many features with those ships, including indoor pools with retractable roofs, vast expanses of glass, outdoor seating in the "Windjammer" buffet, and self-leveling pool tables. Other distinctive features of the "Quantum"-class include the "North Star" observation capsule mounted on the end of a crane arm, "RipCord by iFLY" a skydiving simulator, the three-deck-high Two70° lounge and performance venue at the aft of the ship featuring panoramic windows that convert into projection screens, and the multi-purpose SeaPlex facility which hosts activities such as basketball, roller skating, bumper cars, and a trapeze school. The "Quantum" class was the first class designed specifically for Dynamic Dining, and feature several separate complementary dining facilities instead of a single main dining room. Each venue will maintain the same menu and staff throughout the cruise. Unlike the earlier "Voyager", "Freedom", and "Oasis" class, "Quantum"-class ships do not feature a Viking Crown Lounge or ice skating rink, and the Royal Promenade mall down the center of the ship is not featured in its traditional form.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: Four ships, "Quantum of the Seas", "Anthem of the Seas", "Ovation of the Seas", and "Spectrum of the Seas" were built as of 2019. A fifth ship, "Odyssey of the Seas" was delivered in March 2021.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: Royal Caribbean operates two privately owned resorts that are used as stops on some Caribbean and Bahamas itineraries. They are Labadee, a resort on the northern coast of Haiti, and Coco Cay, a private island in the Berry Islands region of the Bahamas. Each resort features canopies for eating, lounge chairs, palm trees, white sand beaches, and a number of activities.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: United States ports for Royal Caribbean include Port Everglades in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Cape Liberty Cruise Port, Honolulu Harbor, PortMiami, the Port of Seattle, the Port of Galveston in Galveston, Texas, the Port of Los Angeles, the Port of New Orleans, the Port of San Diego, the Port of Seward in Seward, Alaska, the Port of Baltimore, the Port of Boston, Port Canaveral in Cape Canaveral, Florida, and Port Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida, Port of San Juan in San Juan, Puerto Rico.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: Among these are the Port of Amsterdam, the Port of Barcelona, the Port of Quebec, the Port of Shenzhen, the Port of Stockholm, the Port of Vancouver, the Port of Auckland, the Port of Beijing, the Port of Civitavecchia, the Port of Singapore, the Port of Sydney, the Port of Venice, the Port of Copenhagen, the Port of Hong Kong, the Port of Melbourne, the Port of Shanghai, and the Port of Southampton. Marmagao Port, Goa.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: The cruise line has been presented with more than 100 notable awards during the course of 2019 and 2020.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: As of 2008, Royal Caribbean had 22% of the market share in cruise line operation. Cruise line operators are criticized for using this large economic impact to cut deals with home ports, ports of call, and agencies.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In January 2014, an outbreak of norovirus aboard "Explorer of the Seas" sickened 689 of 4,237 passengers and crew (16.3%), causing the ship to return to port two days early. The outbreak reportedly marked the greatest number of cases of illness aboard a cruise ship in two decades, barely exceeding a 2006 outbreak aboard the Carnival Cruise Lines' "Carnival Liberty" that sickened 679 of 3,970 passengers and crew (17.1%). Royal Caribbean offered all passengers aboard that cruise a 50% refund of their cruise fare, an additional 50% (plus 10% for each day sick passengers were quarantined) of their cruise fare as a credit towards another cruise, and reimbursed extra travel expenses for guests returning home early.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Royal Caribbean continued docking cruise ships at the Labadee resort, located approximately 60 miles from the epicenter of the earthquake, during the ongoing humanitarian crisis. Royal Caribbean vice president John Weis defended the decision, citing relief supplies delivered through the ships and proceeds from the call going towards relief efforts. The decision to continue docking was criticized nonetheless and created concern among passengers.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: On 5 July 2005, passengers on board "Brilliance of the Seas" reported what appeared to be blood on a part of the ship below the passenger balconies. After a search, George Allen Smith was discovered to be missing and thought to have fallen overboard. A criminal investigation into possible foul play was conducted, and a brief press release on the company's investor relations website announced the settlement of the case, later revealed to be more than $1 million.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: In 1998 and 1999, the company was fined US$9 million because one of its ships, "Sovereign of the Seas", had repeatedly dumped oily waste into the ocean and tried to hide this using false records, including fake piping diagrams given to the US Coast Guard. Because the company was and is incorporated in Liberia, Royal Caribbean argued that this case was not in the jurisdiction of US courts. Despite their argument, they were unsuccessful.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: On 9 December 2019, a volcanic eruption occurred killing 21 people from . It occurred on New Zealand's Whakaari / White Island while "Ovation" was docked in the nearby Port of Tauranga. Despite an increase in seismic activity in preceding weeks 47 people, including 38 passengers and crew from the ship, were on the island when it erupted. , 44 of the 47 were injured, missing, or killed. A Royal Caribbean spokesperson said the line was "devastated by today’s events", and the ship remained in port until 10 December to assist with recovery efforts. In April 2020, legal action was commenced in Australia on behalf of relatives and "Ovation" passengers against Royal Caribbean.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: On 7 July 2019, 18-month-old Chloe Rae Margaret Wiegand was dropped to her death from an open window by her grandfather Salvatore Anello on while docked in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He was later arrested on counts of homicide by authorities in Puerto Rico. The family attempted to file a civil suit against Royal Caribbean claiming that Anello did not know the window was open. Royal Caribbean later released several videos from surveillance cameras showing the incident. As of 25 February 2020, Anello took a plea deal with authorities, however the civil lawsuit was still approved by a judge.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the "Miami Herald" reported that, after cruises were cancelled worldwide and they had disembarked all passengers, Royal Caribbean Cruises had refused to repatriate many of their crew members due to the associated costs, with many crew members turning to desperate measures, such as hunger strikes, as a result.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: As part of the Cruise Line International Association (CLIA), Royal Caribbean has volunteered to pause operations through 31 October 2020. Previously, the pause was to end on 15 September 2020.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: At the end of October 2020, Royal Caribbean extended its global sailing suspension through December 2020. That suspension was then extended through 30 April 2021.


title: Royal Caribbean International

text: On 16 June 2021, Royal Caribbean International announced that it was delaying the inaugural sailing of their newest cruise liner, "Odyssey of the Seas" after eight crew members tested positive for SARS-CoV-2–COVID-19. Six of the crew members were without showing signs of symptoms while the other two were experiencing mild symptoms of the disease. The delay was extended until 31 July 2021.


title: Thomas Mann

text: Paul Thomas Mann ( , ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Arthur Schopenhauer.


title: Thomas Mann

text: Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel, "Buddenbrooks". His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Mann's six children – Erika Mann, Klaus Mann and Golo Mann – also became significant German writers. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Mann fled to Switzerland. When World War II broke out in 1939, he moved to the United States, then returned to Switzerland in 1952. Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called "Exilliteratur", German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime.


title: Thomas Mann

text: Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck, the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann (a senator and a grain merchant) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns, a Brazilian woman of German and Portuguese ancestry, who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old. His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his father's Lutheran religion. Mann's father died in 1891, and after that his trading firm was liquidated. The family subsequently moved to Munich. Mann first studied science at a Lübeck "Gymnasium" (secondary school), then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich, where, in preparation for a journalism career, he studied history, economics, art history and literature.


title: Thomas Mann

text: Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933, with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina, Italy, with his elder brother, the novelist Heinrich. Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95. His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine "Simplicissimus". Mann's first short story, "Little Mr Friedemann" ("Der Kleine Herr Friedemann"), was published in 1898.


title: Thomas Mann

text: In 1905, Mann married Katia Pringsheim, who came from a wealthy, secular Jewish industrialist family. She later joined the Lutheran church. The couple had six children.


title: Thomas Mann

text: In 1912, he and his wife moved to a sanatorium in Davos, Switzerland, which was to inspire his 1924 novel "The Magic Mountain". He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France, following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco, and later by the outbreak of the First World War.


title: Thomas Mann

text: In 1929, Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden, Memel Territory (now Nida, Lithuania) on the Curonian Spit, where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on "Joseph and His Brothers". Today the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him, with a small memorial exhibition.


title: Thomas Mann

text: In 1933, while travelling in the South of France, Mann heard from his eldest children, Klaus and Erika in Munich, that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany. The family (except these two children) emigrated to Küsnacht, near Zürich, Switzerland, but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936. In 1939, following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, he emigrated to the United States. He moved to Princeton, New Jersey, where he lived on 65 Stockton Street and began to teach at Princeton University. In 1942, the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles, and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica, and at the Villa Aurora, the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger. On 23 June 1944 Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States. The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952.


title: Thomas Mann

text: The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches (in German) to the German people via the BBC. In October 1940 he began monthly broadcasts, recorded in the U.S. and flown to London, where the BBC broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band. In these eight-minute addresses, Mann condemned Hitler and his "paladins" as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture. In one noted speech he said, "The war is horrible, but it has the advantage of keeping Hitler from making speeches about culture."


title: Thomas Mann

text: Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S. In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945, Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt. But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about "revenge." And he expressed regret that such judgment cannot be based on the individual.


title: Thomas Mann

text: With the start of the Cold War he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism. As a 'suspected communist', he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee, where he was termed "one of the world's foremost apologists for Stalin and company." He was listed by HUAC as being "affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts." Being in his own words a non-communist rather than an anti-communist, Mann openly opposed the allegations: "As an American citizen of German birth I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends. Spiritual intolerance, political inquisitions, and declining legal security, and all this in the name of an alleged 'state of emergency.' ... That is how it started in Germany." As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists, he found "the media had been closed to him". Finally he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress and in 1952 he returned to Europe, to live in Kilchberg, near Zürich, Switzerland. He never again lived in Germany, though he regularly traveled there. His most important German visit was in 1949, at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main and Weimar, as a statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders.


title: Thomas Mann

text: Following his 80th birthday, Mann went on vacation to Noordwij in the Netherlands. On 18 July 1955, he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg. The condition of thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by Dr. Mulders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr. Wilhelm Löffler. Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital, but soon developed a state of shock. On 12 August 1955, he died. Postmortem, his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed. The pathologic diagnosis, made by Christoph Hedinger, showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma, compression and thrombosis of the iliac vein. (At that time, lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed.) On 16 August 1955, Thomas Mann was buried in Village Cemetery, Kilchberg, Zürich, Switzerland.


title: Thomas Mann

text: Mann's work influenced many later authors, such as Yukio Mishima. Joseph Campbell also stated in an interview with Bill Moyers that Mann was one of his mentors. Many institutions are named in his honour, for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest.


title: Thomas Mann

text: Blanche Knopf of Alfred A. Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H.L. Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe. Knopf became Mann's American publisher, and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Mann's books in 1924. Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Mann's complete works. Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann. After "Buddenbrooks" proved successful in its first year, they sent him an unexpected bonus. Later in the 1930s, Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America.


title: Thomas Mann

text: Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929, after he had been nominated by Anders Österling, member of the Swedish Academy, principally in recognition of his popular achievement with the epic "Buddenbrooks" (1901), "The Magic Mountain" ("Der Zauberberg", 1924) and his numerous short stories. (Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member, only " Buddenbrooks" was cited at any great length.) Based on Mann's own family, "Buddenbrooks" relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations. "The Magic Mountain" ("Der Zauberberg", 1924) follows an engineering student who, planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks, finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed. During that time, he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters, who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization. The tetralogy "Joseph and His Brothers" is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years, and is one of the largest and most significant works in Mann's oeuvre. Later, other novels included "" (1939), in which Mann returned to the world of Goethe's novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther" (1774); "Doctor Faustus" (1947), the story of the fictitious composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II; and "Confessions of Felix Krull" ("Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull", 1954), which was unfinished at Mann's death. These later works prompted two members of the Swedish Academy to nominate Mann for the Nobel Prize in Literature a second time, in 1948.


title: Thomas Mann

text: Throughout his Dostoevsky essay, he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche. Speaking of Nietzsche, he says: "his personal feelings initiate him into those of the criminal... in general all creative originality, all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word, does the same. It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime." Nietzsche's influence on Mann runs deep in his work, especially in Nietzsche's views on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity. Mann held that disease is not to be regarded as wholly negative. In his essay on Dostoevsky we find: "but after all and above all it depends on who is diseased, who mad, who epileptic or paralytic: an average dull-witted man, in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky. In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conductive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or sanity... in other words: certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease, madness, crime of the spirit."


title: Thomas Mann

text: Mann's diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality, which found reflection in his works, most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella "Death in Venice" ("Der Tod in Venedig", 1912).


title: Thomas Mann

text: Anthony Heilbut's biography "Thomas Mann: Eros and Literature" (1997) uncovered the centrality of Mann's sexuality to his oeuvre. Gilbert Adair's work "The Real Tadzio" (2001) describes how, in the summer of 1911, Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido of Venice with his wife and brother, when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław (Władzio) Moes, a 10-year-old Polish boy (the real Tadzio). Mann's diary records his attraction to his own 13-year-old son, "Eissi" – Klaus Mann: "Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn" (22 June). In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic, while the diary reveals: "In love with Klaus during these days" (5 June). "Eissi, who enchants me right now" (11 July). "Delight over Eissi, who in his bath is terribly handsome. Find it very natural that I am in love with my son ... Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked, which disconcerted me" (25 July). "I heard noise in the boys' room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golo's bed acting foolish. Strong impression of his premasculine, gleaming body. Disquiet" (17 October 1920).


title: Thomas Mann

text: Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg, for whom he had feelings as a young man (at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled). The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg, which is corroborated by notebook entries, caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman, Mary Smith, whom he met in 1901. In 1950, Mann met the 19-year-old waiter Franz Westermeier, confiding to his diary "Once again this, once again love". In 1975, when Mann's diaries were published, creating a national sensation in Germany, the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States: he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Mann's obsession, but also shocked at its depth.


title: Thomas Mann

text: Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components, the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work. Thomas's son Klaus Mann dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work and open lifestyle, referring critically to his father's "sublimation" in his diary. On the other hand, Thomas's daughter Erika Mann and his son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives.


title: Thomas Mann

text: During World War I, Mann supported Kaiser Wilhelm II's conservatism, attacked liberalism and supported the war effort, calling the Great War "a purification, a liberation, an enormous hope". Yet in "Von Deutscher Republik" (1923), as a semi-official spokesman for parliamentary democracy, Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic. He also gave a lecture at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922, which appeared in "Die neue Rundschau" in November 1922, in which he developed his eccentric defence of the Republic based on extensive close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman. Thereafter, his political views gradually shifted toward liberal left and democratic principles.


title: Thomas Mann

text: Mann initially gave his support to the left-liberal German Democratic Party before shifting further left and urging unity behind the Social Democrats. In 1930 he gave a public address in Berlin titled "An Appeal to Reason", in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by the working class. This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis. At the same time, he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland. Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies, his son Klaus advised him not to return. In contrast to those of his brother Heinrich and his son Klaus, Mann's books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitler's regime in May 1933, possibly since he had been the Nobel laureate in literature for 1929. In 1936, the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship.


title: Thomas Mann

text: During the war, Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches, published as "Listen, Germany!" in 1943. They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom, where the British Broadcasting Corporation transmitted them, hoping to reach German listeners.


title: Thomas Mann

text: Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile, "Listen, Germany!" ("Deutsche Hörer!"), that equating Russian communism with Nazi-fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for fascism. He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949, declaring that he was not a communist, but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of a better future. He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime was a tragedy while Nazism was only "devilish nihilism".


title: Thomas Mann

text: The metadatabase TMI-Research brings together archival materials and library holdings of the network "Thomas Mann International". The network was founded in 2017 by the five houses Buddenbrookhaus/Heinrich-und-Thomas-Mann-Zentrum (Lübeck), the Monacensia im Hildebrandhaus (Munich), the Thomas Mann Archive of the ETH Zurich (Zurich/Switzerland), the Thomas Mann House (Los Angeles/USA) and the Thomo Manno kultūros centras/Thomas Mann Culture Centre (Nida/Lithuania). The houses stand for the main stations of Thomas Mann's life. The platform, which is hosted by ETH Zurich, allows researches in the collections of the network partners across all houses. The database is freely accessible and contains over 165,000 records on letters, original editions, photographs, monographs and essays on Thomas Mann and the Mann family. Further links take you to the respective source databases with contact options and further information.


title: Mere Humsafar (TV series)

text: Mere Humsafar () is a Pakistani drama television series produced by Humayun Saeed and Shehzad Naseeb under banner Six Sigma Plus, directed by Qasim Ali Mureed and first aired on 30 December 2021 to 3 October 2022 on ARY Digital. It stars Farhan Saeed and Hania Aamir in leads along with Saba Hameed, Waseem Abbas, Samina Ahmad, Zoya Nasir, Hira Umer and Tara Mahmood in supporting roles.


title: Mere Humsafar (TV series)

text: "Mere Humsafar" revolves around a girl, Hala, who is left by her father at her paternal house where she is mistreated. Later, her cousin returns from abroad and marries her and gives her the respect she always needed. Hala was mistreated by her Tai Jan (paternal aunt/uncle's wife) her whole life. Her cousin (and now husband) Hamza gave her respect and love.


title: Mere Humsafar (TV series)

text: Hala a British-Pakistani girl is left alone in Pakistan at a young age by her father, Nafees, because his new European wife does not want to raise his daughter from his previous marriage. Loved by her father and then abandoned, Hala is mistreated by her father's elder brother, Raees, his wife, Shah Jahan and other brother's wife, Sofia. She grows up to be an innocent teenager who is always abused and the slightest ease she had in the family was her grandmother and younger uncle, Jalees. Raees narrates her father false stories about her and never lets her talk to her father. She is in love with her best friend, Shafaq's cousin, Khurram. Raees plans on getting Hala married to his employee Naveed, who is mentally unstable. Later, Hala's cousin Hamza breaks off her marriage saying how would she live with such a man. After the scene, for some mistake committed against Sameen by Hamza's younger sibling Rumi, Hamza's mother, in order to save her daughter, says everything has been done by Hala and throws her out of the house. When later Hamza finds Hala on roads, he brings her home to which Raees opposes and keeps a condition to Hala, to live at their home she needs to be a relative of the family and denies her entry as they say her own father has ended the relationship with her. While Hala is left with no choice Hamza does the unthinkable. Hamza takes Hala to the mosque and marries her! The others are upset from the marriage since it was decided at a young age that Hamza will be marrying Sameen when they grow up. Sameen is now heartbroken about Hamza marrying Hala. This is when Shahjahan (Taijaan's) hatred toward Hala grows even more. Accusing Hala that she brainwashed her son (Hamza) into falling in love.


title: Mere Humsafar (TV series)

text: Hala's life become significantly harder living there as no one accepts her as Hamza's wife except grandmother. While overcoming the hatred and hardships there, Hamza helps her find confidence in herself. They begin to fall for each other. While Khurram saves Sameen's life and both bump into each other multiple times, they grow a friendship with each other. One day Sameen takes Khurram to her house, where he realises that it is Hala's house as he had gone there before and sees her and Hamza together from behind the bushes and vows to take a revenge on her. It is soon revealed that Hala is pregnant and will not be able to travel to London. After knowing of Hala's pregnancy, grandmother and Hamza are over the moon and the others are less than happy. Shah Jahan, seeing Hala's importance grow because of her unborn child, decides to make Hala miscarry her child. In order to do that, she gives her a pain medicine and Hala, thinking Shah Jahan has changed, eats the medicine. Afterwards when the truth is revealed to Hala, she confronts Shah Jahan about it with Hamza and Shah Jahan denies it shows it as if Hala takes it herself to abort her pregnancy. After this, Hala and Hamza fight a lot and are upset with each other. Now Sameen's parents are thinking to marry Khurram and Sameen, and in that purpose call Khurram to their house to finalize the proposal. Shah Jahan sees Khurram and recognizes him blurting out about Khurram and Hala's past to which everyone is shocked. She calls Hala and drags her in front of everyone and then Khurram ironically refuses to recognise Hala, and even Hala under pressure lied that she also doesn't know him framing Shah Jahan as the liar and mental one. Everyone says that she has gone insane. Hala is deeply traumatized by this and as she always speaks the truth, and she told a lie she cries a lot. Hamza comforts her but still she doesn't get okay. For few days Khurram and Shahjahan traumatize Hala. Hala decides to tell Hamza about the past, but Shahjahan doesn't let that happen. A day before Khurram's engagement, he recalls his mother's words and decides to give up on revenge. The next day it's Khurram's engagement with Sameen. Shahjahan is disturbed by this and asks Khurram to back off from engagement, but he does not. And he also says Shahjahan that he does not want to take any revenge. On this Shahjahan gets angry and comes up with an evil plan. She manipulates Hala and takes her to Khurram's house and asks her to request him to go away from Sameen's life. While Hala is talking to Khurram, Shahjahan calls Hamza and asks him to come to Khurram's house and asks him to listen their conversation in a sneaky way. Hamza misunderstands the situation and Hala's words. He feels broken. Everyone in the family discovers that Hala knew Khurram much earlier. Meanwhile, Nafees (Hala's father) comes back with his other daughter Maryam. Grandmother dies while narrating Hala's painful experiences in life. The engagement of Sameen and Khurram is broken off after knowing the truth. Nafees and Maryam support Hala and make her regain her self confidence. Hamza despite Hala leaving the house comes treats her nicely her. One day Khurram goes to Sameen and apologises for his mistake and Sameen says he should first take forgiveness from Hala so Khurram came to Hala for apology and Hamza sees them together and feels suspicious meanwhile Rumi also married her boyfriend. Later Shah Jahan came to Hala and told her that Hamza will expel her after taking child from her which upsets her and makes her doubt Hamza. Hala and Hamza have a fight and feel betrayed by each other and do not want to live together and Hamza goes to Khurram's house to tell him about their split. Khurram makes Hamza realize his love for Hala. Meanwhile Rumi's engagement is being done with someone else and Hala has an appointment simultaneously so Hamza accompanies Hala to the hospital. Meanwhile Sameen plans to go to study abroad, and his father Jalees decides to sell his share of house to fund Sameen's education. Hamza decided to go to Australia with Hala and their daughter for a fresh start. Jalees was unhappy but accepted the decision while Hala wanted to stay in Pakistan. Shahjahan broke down after learning about it and she started to ask forgiveness to both of them, requesting them to stay. Rumi marries Waqas and Khurram says he will wait for Sameen after she comes back from abroad. The story ended with Hala forgiving Shajahan and Hala Hamza confessing their love to each other over a cup of tea. Whether they moved to Australia or not is still unclear. Hala convinces Hamza to remain in Pakistan to look after their child and the family.


title: Mere Humsafar (TV series)

text: The project was first announced in August 2021 with the working title of "Jhooti". Director Qasim Ali Mureed told to "Dawn Images" that it's a family story with a love story in the middle of it. The story touches upon contemporary issues and it's all quite relatable. The first look of the series was unveiled on 21 December 2021. The first episode aired on 30 December 2021 on ARY Digital.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: Zombieland: Double Tap is a 2019 American post-apocalyptic zombie comedy film directed by Ruben Fleischer and written by Rhett Reese, Paul Wernick, and David Callaham. A sequel to "Zombieland" (2009), it stars Woody Harrelson, Jesse Eisenberg, Abigail Breslin, and Emma Stone reprising their roles from the first film, alongside new cast members, Rosario Dawson, Zoey Deutch, Avan Jogia, Luke Wilson, and Thomas Middleditch.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: Talk of a "Zombieland" sequel began before the release of the first installment, with Reese and Wernick suggesting ideas and the cast voicing their desire to make a second film. By 2017, a script had been written, the cast was on board, and the film was confirmed in July 2018 by Sony Pictures. The four main stars and Fleischer all signed on that month, while additional cast members, including Dawson and Wilson, joined in early 2019. Filming took place from January to March 2019.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: "Zombieland: Double Tap" was theatrically released in the United States on October 18, 2019, by Sony Pictures Releasing through Columbia Pictures, received mostly positive reviews from critics and has grossed $122 million worldwide.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: Six years after the events of the first film, survivors Tallahassee, Columbus, Wichita, and Little Rock have become experts in identifying and disposing of various zombies. Since then, they have set up their new home in the abandoned White House. They have also come across new strains of zombies, including "Homers" (very slow with no actual drive to feed), "Hawkings" (smarter than your average flesh-eater), and "Ninjas" (hides in the shadows waiting for the right time to kill). Columbus decides to propose to Wichita using the Hope Diamond, while Tallahassee rebuffs Little Rock's hopes of finding people her own age. The next morning, Tallahassee finds a note from Wichita and Little Rock. The girls took off in The Beast, which was heavily modified by Tallahassee, after feeling too attached/repressed respectively to the men.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: A month later, while exploring a mall, Columbus is mourning his relationship with Wichita. Tallahassee, claiming Native American blood runs through his veins, is ready to head out on his own. Columbus is startled by a ditzy blonde named Madison, who has survived the apocalypse by hiding inside the freezer of a Pinkberry store. Columbus invites her back to the White House, much to Tallahassee's annoyance, where Madison pounces on Columbus and the two have sex. Returning and discovering Columbus has slept with Madison, Wichita explains that Little Rock has left for Graceland with a pacifist from Berkeley, with no weapons save for "The Beast". Fearing for Little Rock's safety, the group heads toward Graceland in a rundown minivan, including Madison.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: While trying to switch vehicles and secure an abandoned RV, they fight off another horde of zombies. Madison appears to be scratched on the foot by a "Ninja" and is saved by Columbus. The last zombie in the bunch is a new strain of super-zombie that takes multiple gunshots to kill, leading Columbus to nickname it the "T-800" after the "Terminator" franchise. They fail to secure the RV and retreat back to the minivan. Madison begins to show signs of "zombification," such as pale, flushed skin, deforming facial features, and uncontrollable vomiting. This forces them to pull to the side of the road so Columbus could lead her into the forest to shoot her.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: The trio finally arrives at Graceland days later, only to find it in ruins. Little Rock, Berkeley, and "The Beast" are nowhere in sight. Tallahassee, a great admirer of Elvis Presley, is broken-hearted and pushes them to drive away. Further down the road, they discover "The Beast" at a nearby Elvis-themed motel. The place is run by a gun-slinging survivor named Nevada, who reveals Little Rock and Berkeley took another vehicle toward Babylon, a hippie commune. Bonding over their love of Elvis, Nevada and Tallahassee spend the night together.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: In the morning, they are awakened to find "The Beast" being crushed by a monster truck driven by Nevada's friends Albuquerque and Flagstaff, who strongly resemble Tallahassee and Columbus respectively in physical appearance and personality. Albuquerque and Tallahassee argue over Nevada while Flagstaff and Columbus compare "commandments" and "rules" for surviving a zombie apocalypse. T-800s soon appear in the driveway. Albuquerque and Flagstaff, trying to one-up the others, fight them alone. Almost immediately, however, they both exhibit signs of "zombification" and reveal they were bitten. The group is forced to fight the T-800 version of their counterparts. While proving to be severely difficult, they successfully kill the zombies. They hit the road again, this time heading for Babylon.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: During an intimate conversation between Columbus and Wichita about their relationship, the group finds Madison, alive and well, driving an ice cream truck heading in the same direction. She rejoins the group and explains that her nut allergy caused symptoms similar to zombification. Instead of shooting her, Columbus spared her in the forest, shooting above her head to try and scare her off. They arrive at Babylon, begrudgingly giving up their weapons, and find Little Rock. A satisfied Tallahassee departs, only to find a horde of super zombies attracted by the commune's fireworks and drives back to warn everybody. Left without guns, Tallahassee devises a plan to kill the zombies with exploding biodiesel and then have commune members, armed with barricade shields, corral the stragglers off of a skyscraper with himself as the bait.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: The zombie horde is more massive than expected, the exploding biodiesel is ineffective and the group is surrounded and almost overwhelmed. Nevada arrives in Albuquerque's monster truck, rescuing the group. They are able to take out several of the T-800s before the vehicle soon rolls over and they can't get it back up. Escaping upstairs, the survivors corral the zombies off the roof. Tallahassee uses a construction crane hook to dangle just out of reach, but the last two zombies seize his leg as they fall. Little Rock shoots them with a pistol given to her earlier by Tallahassee, rescuing him. The two reconcile and Wichita accepts Columbus' proposal of marriage. Little Rock breaks up with Berkeley, who hooks up with Madison. The original quartet leaves Babylon, joined by Nevada. Columbus remarks that they have finally found their home in each other.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: In a mid-credits scene set during the start of the zombie outbreak in 2009, Bill Murray witnesses Al Roker turn into a Zombie during an interview promoting the fictional " 3: Flabby Tabby". Before making his escape, he kills multiple zombies, including zombie versions of Grace Randolph and Lili Estefan. In a post-credits scene, an outtake of Murray causing the cast to break character while he coughs up a hairball is shown.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: A mid-credits scene features Bill Murray being interviewed by Al Roker, Lili Estefan, Josh Alex Horowitz, and Grace Randolph in the final minutes before the Zombie apocalypse hits them.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: After "Zombieland" success, writers Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick soon planned a possible sequel, with many more ideas they wanted to explore. "We would love it, and everybody involved creatively wants to do another one," Wernick said in 2009. "Woody Harrelson came up to us after the final cut of the last scene and gave us a hug and said, '"I've never wanted to do a sequel in the previous movies I've done until this one."'" Wernick said he wanted to have Jesse Eisenberg, Harrelson, Emma Stone, and Abigail Breslin star again, with Ruben Fleischer returning as the director, and that the writers had "tons of new ideas swimming in their heads." Additionally, they wanted to make the comedy into an enduring franchise. "We would love to do several sequels," stated Wernick. "We would love to also see it on television. It would make a wonderful TV series." From this, they wrote a TV pilot, starring a different cast, released in April 2013 on Lovefilm and Amazon Video.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: At the time of the first film's release, Reese and Wernick said they were not planning on an immediate sequel, due to being heavily involved with other writing projects. By November 2009, the original cast and director were all set to return, with Fleischer enthusiastic about the idea of making the sequel in 3D. In 2010, Fleischer stated that he was working on the screenplay, and the creators had begun searching for another "superstar cameo."


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: In July 2011, Eisenberg said that he was "not sure what's happening" with the sequel, but that the writers were working on "Zombieland 2." He also expressed concern that a sequel would no longer be "relevant." Harrelson said that he was hesitant to return for a sequel as well, adding, "It's one thing to do it when it came out real good and it made a lot of people laugh, but then do a sequel? I don't know. I don't feel like a sequels guy."


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: In February 2016, the project was officially revived, with Reese and Wernick again set to write the script. In August 2016, Reese and Wernick confirmed that they were working on "Zombieland 2" and meeting with Woody Harrelson to discuss the film, while stating "all the cast is pretty excited."


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: In March 2017, it was revealed that the script for "Zombieland 2" had been completed, with Wernick and Reese stating:


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: In May 2018, Harrelson said that he hoped the film would be in production by early 2019, and that it would be released in time for the original's tenth anniversary.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: On July 13, 2018, "Zombieland: Double Tap" was officially greenlit by Sony Pictures. Ruben Fleischer returned to direct while Eisenberg, Harrelson, Stone and Breslin reprised their roles. Sanford Panitch, president of Columbia Pictures, declared in a press release:


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: In November 2018, Zoey Deutch and Avan Jogia joined the cast. In December 2018, it was confirmed that Bill Murray would return for the sequel, once again playing the fictionalized version of himself. In January 2019, Rosario Dawson joined the cast of the film. Thomas Middleditch and Luke Wilson joined in February.


title: Zombieland: Double Tap

text: Filming began on January 19, 2019, in Atlanta, Georgia. Primary production finished on March 15, 2019. The building used for the Babylon commune is located in Atlanta near the spaghetti junction. It was used for a hotel for many years, and is now abandoned. The film was also shot at Pinewood Atlanta Studios.