title: Padmé Amidala

text: "", a novel by E. K. Johnston released on March 5, 2019, features Padmé as the main character, as well as several of her handmaidens—especially Sabé. Set four years after the events of "The Phantom Menace", it reveals that as she ended her reign as queen and became a senator, Padmé helped liberate a number of slaves on Tatooine, but was unsuccessful in freeing Shmi. Padmé meets Clovis in a Senate orientation group, Captain Typho takes over for his uncle Captain Panaka as Padmé's bodyguard, and Amidala's relationship with Bail Organa and Palpatine is explored. In an epilogue set after "Revenge of the Sith", Sabé determines to investigate Padmé's death. A prequel to the novel, titled "Queen's Peril", was scheduled to be released on May 5, 2020, but was later delayed to June 2. It is set soon before and during "The Phantom Menace". A third novel to complete the "Amidala Trilogy", "Queen's Hope," published on April 5, 2022


title: Padmé Amidala

text: taking place after her secret marriage to Anakin. The final novel focuses on a secret mission that Padmé takes on early in the Clone Wars and parallels with Sabé's mission to impersonate her in the Senate.


title: Padmé Amidala

text: Padmé also appears in flashbacks in the novel "". In the limited Marvel comic series "", Leia briefly sees a vision of Queen Amidala while visiting Naboo.


title: Padmé Amidala

text: Padmé also appears in console games based on the "Star Wars" franchise and made prominent appearances in the ones based on the "Clone Wars" timeline and often appearing as a playable character.


title: Padmé Amidala

text: In April 2014, most of the licensed "Star Wars" novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film "Star Wars" were rebranded by Lucasfilm as "Star Wars Legends" and declared non-canon.


title: Padmé Amidala

text: Padmé Amidala appears in eight chapters of the "" micro-series that aired on Cartoon Network from 2003 to 2005. She is secluded on Coruscant and maintains a correspondence with Anakin while he is fighting in the Clone Wars. In one chapter, Padmé travels with Yoda (voiced by Tom Kane) aboard her ship when he senses a disturbance in the Force coming from the ice planet Ilum. Despite Captain Typho's (voiced by James C. Mathis) protest, she accompanies Yoda and helps rescue Jedi Master Luminara Unduli (voiced by Cree Summer) and Padawan Barriss Offee (voiced by Tatyana Yassukovich). In another chapter, she is thrilled by Anakin's graduation to Jedi Knight, and stores his Padawan braid with the necklace he gave her in "The Phantom Menace". In the final chapter, Padmé is briefly seen during General Grievous' assault on Coruscant.


title: Padmé Amidala

text: Padmé's background prior to her appearance in the prequel films is revealed in "Star Wars" novels and comics. In Terry Moore's comic "A Summer's Dream" printed in "Star Wars Tales 5" (2000) and set a year before the events of "The Phantom Menace", Padmé is the Princess of Theed, Naboo's capital city. A young man, Ian Lago, falls in love with Padmé, but she places her duty to the people over her personal happiness and rejects him. Lago is the son of an advisor to King Veruna, the reigning monarch of Naboo.


title: Padmé Amidala

text: In the novel, "Cloak of Deception" (2001) by James Luceno, King Veruna is forced to abdicate the throne following accusations of corruption. Padmé is elected Queen of Naboo and contacts Palpatine to inform him that Veruna has been mysteriously killed. She and Palpatine discuss the events that lead to the Trade Federation blockade of Naboo. She admits to him, "Naboo can scarcely afford to become embroiled in a dispute that pits the Republic against the Trade Federation."


title: Padmé Amidala

text: "Star Wars" literature focuses on Padmé's career as ruling monarch of Naboo. The young-adult novel "Star Wars Episode I Journal: Amidala" (1999) by Jude Watson focuses on Padmé Amidala's early career and narrow escape from the Trade Federation. "The Queen's Amulet" (1999) by Julianne Balmain narrates the close friendship between Padmé and her handmaiden Sabé immediately before the events of "The Phantom Menace". Erik Tiemens's short comic "" follows a young, unnamed artist on Naboo who becomes captivated by Padmé's beauty, features her in a series of paintings and later risks his life to save her.


title: Padmé Amidala

text: Padmé's role in the Delegation of 2000—the senatorial resistance movement to Palpatine's growing absolutism—is discussed in James Luceno's "Labyrinth of Evil" (2005). The Delegation of 2000 is primarily concerned with Palpatine's calls for public surveillance and restrictions on freedom of movement and action. Still, Padmé is confident Palpatine will relinquish his power when the crisis is over: "He's not stubborn," she tells Bail Organa. "You just don't know him as I do. He'll take our concerns to heart."


title: Padmé Amidala

text: Padmé appears in novels and comics set after the events of the original trilogy as holograms and flashbacks. In Troy Denning's "The Joiner King" (2005), the first book in the "Dark Nest" trilogy, set 35 years after the events of "A New Hope", Luke Skywalker discovers a hologram recorded by R2-D2 of Anakin Skywalker informing Padmé of his vision of her death in childbirth. This is the first time Luke sees his mother. Another hologram discovered in R2-D2 chronicles a conversation between Padmé and Obi-Wan. In this hologram, Luke and Leia hear their mother's name for the first time. In the final novel of the trilogy, "The Swarm War", Luke and Leia see their mother's death and their own births.


title: Padmé Amidala

text: Reactions by critics to Portman's performances were mixed. James Berardinelli called her acting in "The Phantom Menace" "lackluster," while Annlee Ellingson of "Box Office Magazine" said "Portman's delivery is stiff and flat, perhaps hindered by the gorgeous but cumbersome costumes." In his review of "Attack of the Clones", Mike Clark of "USA Today" complained about Portman and Hayden Christensen, who portrayed Anakin; he wrote, "Both speak in monotone for doubly deadly effect, though when not burdened by his co-star, Christensen often finds the emotion in his limited intonations." Ed Halter of "The Village Voice", reviewing "Revenge of the Sith", said that "computer-generated characters like wheezing cyborg baddie General Grievous and blippeting fireplug R2-D2" "emot[ed] more convincingly than either Natalie Portman or Hayden Christensen." Nonetheless, Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" described Portman's performance in "Revenge of the Sith" as "decorative and sympathetic".


title: Padmé Amidala

text: Critics have blamed Portman's performance on Lucas' direction and script. Roger Ebert, for example, charged that in "Attack of the Clones" "too much of ... the film is given over to a romance between Padmé and Anakin in which they're incapable of uttering anything other than the most basic and weary romantic clichés, while regarding each other as if love was something to be endured rather than cherished." He offered a similar critique for "Revenge of the Sith": "To say that George Lucas cannot write a love scene is an understatement; greeting cards have expressed more passion."


title: Padmé Amidala

text: Todd McCarthy of "Variety" likewise lamented that "Lucas's shortcomings as a writer and director of intimate, one-on-one scenes" hampered Portman's performance.


title: Padmé Amidala

text: In 2017, "Rolling Stone" magazine placed Padmé Amidala at the number 45 spot on their 50 Best "Star Wars" Characters of All Time list. Pop culture website IGN named her the 25th greatest Star Wars character in their Top 100 countdown. In 2019, "Esquire" magazine ranked her 28th on their 40 Greatest Star Wars Characters list.


title: Spina bifida

text: Spina bifida (Latin for 'split spine'; SB) is a birth defect in which there is incomplete closing of the spine and the membranes around the spinal cord during early development in pregnancy. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele and myelomeningocele. Meningocele and myelomeningocele may be grouped as spina bifida cystica. The most common location is the lower back, but in rare cases it may be in the middle back or neck.


title: Spina bifida

text: Occulta has no or only mild signs, which may include a hairy patch, dimple, dark spot or swelling on the back at the site of the gap in the spine. Meningocele typically causes mild problems, with a sac of fluid present at the gap in the spine. Myelomeningocele, also known as open spina bifida, is the most severe form. Problems associated with this form include poor ability to walk, impaired bladder or bowel control, accumulation of fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus), a tethered spinal cord and latex allergy. Learning problems are relatively uncommon.


title: Spina bifida

text: Spina bifida is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. After having one child with the condition, or if one of the parents has the condition, there is a 4% chance that the next child will also be affected. Not having enough folate (vitamin B) in the diet before and during pregnancy also plays a significant role. Other risk factors include certain antiseizure medications, obesity and poorly controlled diabetes. Diagnosis may occur either before or after a child is born. Before birth, if a blood test or amniocentesis finds a high level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), there is a higher risk of spina bifida. Ultrasound examination may also detect the problem. Medical imaging can confirm the diagnosis after birth. Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect related to but distinct from other types such as anencephaly and encephalocele.


title: Spina bifida

text: Most cases of spina bifida can be prevented if the mother gets enough folate before and during pregnancy. Adding folic acid to flour has been found to be effective for most women. Open spina bifida can be surgically closed before or after birth. A shunt may be needed in those with hydrocephalus, and a tethered spinal cord may be surgically repaired. Devices to help with movement such as crutches or wheelchairs may be useful. Urinary catheterization may also be needed.


title: Spina bifida

text: Rates of other types of spina bifida vary significantly by country, from 0.1 to 5 per 1,000 births. On average, in developed countries, including the United States, it occurs in about 0.4 per 1,000 births. In India, it affects about 1.9 per 1,000 births. Europeans are at higher risk compared to Africans.


title: Spina bifida

text: In occulta, the outer part of some of the vertebrae is not completely closed. The splits in the vertebrae are so small that the spinal cord does not protrude. The skin at the site of the lesion may be normal, or it may have some hair growing from it; there may be a dimple in the skin, or a birthmark. Unlike most other types of neural tube defects, spina bifida occulta is not associated with increased AFP, a common screening tool used to detect neural tube defects in utero. This is because, unlike in most of the other neural tube defects, the dural lining is maintained.


title: Spina bifida

text: Many people with this type of spina bifida do not even know they have it, as the condition is asymptomatic in most cases.


title: Spina bifida

text: A systematic review of radiographic research studies found no relationship between spina bifida occulta and back pain. More recent studies not included in the review support the negative findings.


title: Spina bifida

text: However other studies suggest spina bifida occulta is not always harmless. One study found that among patients with back pain severity is worse if spina bifida occulta is present.


title: Spina bifida

text: "Incomplete posterior fusion" is not a true spina bifida and is very rarely of neurological significance.


title: Spina bifida

text: A posterior meningocele () or meningeal cyst () is the least common form of spina bifida. In this form, a single developmental defect allows the meninges to herniate between the vertebrae. As the nervous system remains undamaged, individuals with meningocele are unlikely to have long-term health problems, although cases of tethered cord have been reported. Causes of meningocele include teratoma and other tumors of the sacrococcyx and of the presacral space, and Currarino syndrome.


title: Spina bifida

text: A meningocele may also form through dehiscences in the base of the skull. These may be classified by their localisation as occipital, frontoethmoidal or nasal. Endonasal meningoceles lie at the roof of the nasal cavity and may be mistaken for a nasal polyp. They are treated surgically. Encephalomeningoceles are classified in the same way and also contain brain tissue.


title: Spina bifida

text: Myelomeningocele (MMC), also known as meningomyelocele, is the type of spina bifida that often results in the most severe complications and affects the meninges and nerves. In individuals with myelomeningocele, the unfused portion of the spinal column allows the spinal cord to protrude through an opening. Myelomeningocele occurs in the third week of embryonic development, during neural tube pore closure. MMC is a failure of this to occur completely. The meningeal membranes that cover the spinal cord also protrude through the opening, forming a sac enclosing the spinal elements, such as meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and parts of the spinal cord and nerve roots. Myelomeningocele is also associated with Arnold–Chiari malformation, necessitating a VP shunt placement.


title: Spina bifida

text: Toxins and conditions associated with MMC formation include: calcium-channel blockers, carbamazepine, cytochalasins, hyperthermia, and valproic acid.


title: Spina bifida

text: Spina bifida with myelocele is the most severe form of myelomeningocele. In this type, the involved area is represented by a flattened, plate-like mass of nervous tissue with no overlying membrane. The exposure of these nerves and tissues make the baby more prone to life-threatening infections such as meningitis.


title: Spina bifida

text: The protruding portion of the spinal cord and the nerves that originate at that level of the cord are damaged or not properly developed. As a result, there is usually some degree of paralysis and loss of sensation below the level of the spinal cord defect. Thus, the more cranial the level of the defect, the more severe the associated nerve dysfunction and resultant paralysis may be. Symptoms may include ambulatory problems, loss of sensation, deformities of the hips, knees or feet, and loss of muscle tone.


title: Spina bifida

text: 68% of children with spina bifida have an allergy to latex, ranging from mild to life-threatening. The common use of latex in medical facilities makes this a particularly serious concern. The most common approach to avoid developing an allergy is to avoid contact with latex-containing products such as examination gloves and condoms and catheters that do not specify they are latex-free, and many other products, such as some commonly used by dentists.


title: Spina bifida

text: The spinal cord lesion or the scarring due to surgery may result in a tethered spinal cord. In some individuals, this causes significant traction and stress on the spinal cord and can lead to a worsening of associated paralysis, scoliosis, back pain, and worsening bowel and/or bladder function.


title: Spina bifida

text: Many individuals with spina bifida have an associated abnormality of the cerebellum, called the Arnold Chiari II malformation. In affected individuals, the back portion of the brain is displaced from the back of the skull down into the upper neck. In about 90% of the people with myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus also occurs because the displaced cerebellum interferes with the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid, causing an excess of the fluid to accumulate. In fact, the cerebellum also tends to be smaller in individuals with spina bifida, especially for those with higher lesion levels.


title: Spina bifida

text: The corpus callosum is abnormally developed in 70–90% of individuals with spina bifida myelomeningocele; this affects the communication processes between the left and right brain hemispheres. Further, white matter tracts connecting posterior brain regions with anterior regions appear less organized. White matter tracts between frontal regions have also been found to be impaired.


title: Spina bifida

text: Cortex abnormalities may also be present. For example, frontal regions of the brain tend to be thicker than expected, while posterior and parietal regions are thinner. Thinner sections of the brain are also associated with increased cortical folding. Neurons within the cortex may also be displaced.


title: Spina bifida

text: Several studies have demonstrated difficulties with executive functions in youth with spina bifida, with greater deficits observed in youth with shunted hydrocephalus. Unlike typically developing children, youths with spina bifida do not tend to improve in their executive functioning as they grow older. Specific areas of difficulty in some individuals include planning, organizing, initiating, and working memory. Problem-solving, abstraction, and visual planning may also be impaired. Further, children with spina bifida may have poor cognitive flexibility. Although executive functions are often attributed to the frontal lobes of the brain, individuals with spina bifida have intact frontal lobes; therefore, other areas of the brain may be implicated.


title: Spina bifida

text: Individuals with spina bifida, especially those with shunted hydrocephalus, often have attention problems. Children with spina bifida and shunted hydrocephalus have higher rates of ADHD than children without those conditions (31% vs. 17%). Deficits have been observed for selective attention and focused attention, although poor motor speed may contribute to poor scores on tests of attention. Attention deficits may be evident at a very early age, as infants with spina bifida lag behind their peers in orienting to faces.


title: Spina bifida

text: Individuals with spina bifida may struggle academically, especially in the subjects of mathematics and reading. In one study, 60% of children with spina bifida were diagnosed with a learning disability. In addition to brain abnormalities directly related to various academic skills, achievement is likely affected by impaired attentional control and executive functioning. Children with spina bifida may perform well in elementary school, but begin to struggle as academic demands increase.


title: Spina bifida

text: Children with spina bifida are more likely than their peers without spina bifida to be dyscalculic. Individuals with spina bifida have demonstrated stable difficulties with arithmetic accuracy and speed, mathematical problem-solving, and general use and understanding of numbers in everyday life. Mathematics difficulties may be directly related to the thinning of the parietal lobes (regions implicated in mathematical functioning) and indirectly associated with deformities of the cerebellum and midbrain that affect other functions involved in mathematical skills. Further, higher numbers of shunt revisions are associated with poorer mathematics abilities. Working memory and inhibitory control deficiencies have been implicated for math difficulties, although visual-spatial difficulties are not likely involved. Early intervention to address mathematics difficulties and associated executive functions is crucial.


title: Spina bifida

text: Individuals with spina bifida tend to have better reading skills than mathematics skills. Children and adults with spina bifida have stronger abilities in reading accuracy than in reading comprehension. Comprehension may be especially impaired for text that requires an abstract synthesis of information rather than a more literal understanding. Individuals with spina bifida may have difficulty with writing due to deficits in fine motor control and working memory.


title: Spina bifida

text: Spina bifida is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. After having one child with the condition, or if a parent has the condition, there is a 4% chance the next child will also be affected. A folic acid deficiency during pregnancy also plays a significant role. Other risk factors include certain antiseizure medications, obesity, and poorly managed diabetes. Alcohol misuse can trigger macrocytosis which discards folate. After stopping the drinking of alcohol, a time period of months is needed to rejuvenate bone marrow and recover from the macrocytosis.


title: Spina bifida

text: Those who are white or Hispanic have a higher risk. Girls are more prone to being born with spina bifida.


title: Spina bifida

text: Spina bifida occurs when local regions of the neural tube fail to fuse or there is failure in formation of the vertebral neural arches. Neural arch formation occurs in the first month of embryonic development (often before the mother knows she is pregnant). Some forms are known to occur with primary conditions that cause raised central nervous system pressure, raising the possibility of a dual pathogenesis.


title: Spina bifida

text: In normal circumstances, the closure of the neural tube occurs around the 23rd (rostral closure) and 27th (caudal closure) day after fertilization. However, if something interferes and the tube fails to close properly, a neural tube defect will occur. Medications such as some anticonvulsants, diabetes, obesity, and having a relative with spina bifida can all affect the probability of neural tube malformation.


title: Spina bifida

text: Extensive evidence from mouse strains with spina bifida indicates that there is sometimes a genetic basis for the condition. Human spina bifida, like other human diseases, such as cancer, hypertension and atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease), likely results from the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors.


title: Spina bifida

text: Research has shown the lack of folic acid (folate) is a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of neural tube defects, including spina bifida. Supplementation of the mother's diet with folate can reduce the incidence of neural tube defects by about 70%, and can also decrease the severity of these defects when they occur. It is unknown how or why folic acid has this effect.


title: Spina bifida

text: Spina bifida does not follow direct patterns of heredity as do muscular dystrophy or haemophilia. Studies show a woman having had one child with a neural tube defect such as spina bifida has about a 3% risk of having another affected child. This risk can be reduced with folic acid supplementation before pregnancy. For the general population, low-dose folic acid supplements are advised (0.4 mg/day).


title: Spina bifida

text: There is neither a single cause of spina bifida nor any known way to prevent it entirely. However, dietary supplementation with folic acid has been shown to be helpful in reducing the incidence of spina bifida. Sources of folic acid include whole grains, fortified breakfast cereals, dried beans, leaf vegetables and fruits. However it is difficult for women to get the recommended 400 micrograms of folic acid a day from unfortified foods. Globally, fortified wheat flour is credited with preventing 50 thousand neural tube birth defects like spina bifida a year, but 230,000 could be prevented every year through this strategy.


title: Spina bifida

text: Folate fortification of enriched grain products has been mandatory in the United States since 1998. This prevents an estimated 600 to 700 incidents of spina bifida a year in the U.S. and saves $400 - $600 million in healthcare expenses. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Public Health Agency of Canada and the UK Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) recommended amount of folic acid for women of childbearing age and women planning to become pregnant is at least 0.4 mg/day of folic acid from at least three months before conception, and continued for the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.


title: Spina bifida

text: Women who have already had a baby with spina bifida or other type of neural tube defect, or are taking anticonvulsant medication, should take a higher dose of 4–5 mg/day.


title: Spina bifida

text: Certain mutations in the gene "VANGL1" have been linked with spina bifida in some families with a history of the condition.


title: Spina bifida

text: Open spina bifida can usually be detected during pregnancy by fetal ultrasound. Increased levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) should be followed up by two tests – an ultrasound of the fetal spine and amniocentesis of the mother's amniotic fluid (to test for alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase). AFP tests are now mandated by some state laws (including California) and failure to provide them can have legal ramifications. In one case, a man born with spina bifida was awarded a $2-million settlement after court found his mother's OBGYN negligent for not performing these tests. Spina bifida may be associated with other malformations as in dysmorphic syndromes, often resulting in spontaneous miscarriage. In the majority of cases, though, spina bifida is an isolated malformation.


title: Spina bifida

text: Genetic counseling and further genetic testing, such as amniocentesis, may be offered during the pregnancy, as some neural tube defects are associated with genetic disorders such as trisomy 18. Ultrasound screening for spina bifida is partly responsible for the decline in new cases, because many pregnancies are terminated out of fear that a newborn might have a poor future quality of life. With modern medical care, the quality of life of patients has greatly improved.


title: Spina bifida

text: There is no known cure for the nerve damage caused by spina bifida. Standard treatment is surgery after delivery. This surgery aims to prevent further damage of the nervous tissue and to prevent infection; pediatric neurosurgeons operate to close the opening on the back. The spinal cord and its nerve roots are put back inside the spine and covered with meninges. In addition, a shunt may be surgically installed to provide a continuous drain for the excess cerebrospinal fluid produced in the brain, as happens with hydrocephalus. Shunts most commonly drain into the abdomen or chest wall.


title: Spina bifida

text: Standard treatment is after delivery. There is tentative evidence about treatment for severe disease before delivery while the baby is inside the womb. As of 2014, however, the evidence remains insufficient to determine benefits and harms.


title: Spina bifida

text: Treatment of spina bifida during pregnancy is not without risk. To the mother, this includes scarring of the uterus. To the baby, there is the risk of preterm birth.


title: Spina bifida

text: Broadly, there are two forms of prenatal treatment. The first is open fetal surgery, where the uterus is opened and the spina bifida repair performed. The second is via fetoscopy. These techniques may be an option to standard therapy.


title: Spina bifida

text: Although many children's hospitals feature integrated multidisciplinary teams to coordinate healthcare of youth with spina bifida, the transition to adult healthcare can be difficult because the above healthcare professionals operate independently of each other, requiring separate appointments, and communicate among each other much less frequently. Healthcare professionals working with adults may also be less knowledgeable about spina bifida because it is considered a childhood chronic health condition. Due to the potential difficulties of the transition, adolescents with spina bifida and their families are encouraged to begin to prepare for the transition around ages 14–16, although this may vary depending on the adolescent's cognitive and physical abilities and available family support. The transition itself should be gradual and flexible. The adolescent's multidisciplinary treatment team may aid in the process by preparing comprehensive, up-to-date documents detailing the adolescent's medical care, including information about medications, surgery, therapies, and recommendations. A transition plan and aid in identifying adult healthcare professionals are also helpful to include in the transition process.


title: Spina bifida

text: Further complicating the transition process is the tendency for youths with spina bifida to be delayed in the development of autonomy, with boys particularly at risk for slower development of independence. An increased dependence on others (in particular family members) may interfere with the adolescent's self-management of health-related tasks, such as catheterization, bowel management, and taking medications. As part of the transition process, it is beneficial to begin discussions at an early age about educational and vocational goals, independent living, and community involvement.


title: Spina bifida

text: Certain locations feature multidisciplinary clinics in order to offer coordinated care between specialists, such as Cincinnati Children's Center for Spina Bifida.


title: Spina bifida

text: Rates of other types of spina bifida vary significantly by country from 0.1 to 5 per 1000 births. On average in developed countries it occurs in about 0.4 per 1000 births. In the United States it affected about 0.7 per 1000 births, and in India about 1.9 per 1000 births. Part of this difference is believed to be due to race, with Caucasians at higher risk, and part due to environmental factors. It is most common in the Celtic people (12.5 per 10,000 live births), and it is rare in Asians and people of African descent.


title: Spina bifida

text: In the United States, rates are higher on the East Coast than on the West Coast, and higher in white people (one case per 1000 live births) than in black people (0.1–0.4 case per 1000 live births). Immigrants from Ireland have a higher incidence of spina bifida than do natives. Highest rates of the defect in the USA can be found in Hispanic youth.


title: Spina bifida

text: The highest incidence rates worldwide were found in Ireland and Wales, where three to four cases of myelomeningocele per 1000 population have been reported during the 1970s, along with more than six cases of anencephaly (both live births and stillbirths) per 1000 population. The reported overall incidence of myelomeningocele in the British Isles was 2.0–3.5 cases per 1000 births. Since then, the rate has fallen dramatically with 0.15 per 1000 live births reported in 1998, though this decline is partially accounted for because some fetuses are aborted when tests show signs of spina bifida (see Pregnancy screening above).


title: Spina bifida

text: Surgeons at Vanderbilt University, led by Joseph Bruner, attempted to close spina bifida in 4 human fetuses using a skin graft from the mother using a laparoscope. Four cases were performed before stopping the procedure - two of the four fetuses died.


title: Spina bifida

text: Management of myelomeningocele study (MOMS) was a phase III clinical trial designed to compare two approaches to the treatment of spina bifida: surgery before birth and surgery after birth.


title: Spina bifida

text: The trial concluded that the outcomes after prenatal spina bifida treatment are improved to the degree that the benefits of the surgery outweigh the maternal risks. This conclusion requires a value judgment on the relative value of fetal and maternal outcomes on which opinion is still divided.


title: Spina bifida

text: At one year of age, 40 percent of the children in the prenatal surgery group had received a shunt, compared to 83 percent of the children in the postnatal group. During pregnancy, all the fetuses in the trial had hindbrain herniation. However, at age 12 months, one-third (36 percent) of the infants in the prenatal surgery group no longer had any evidence of hindbrain herniation, compared to only 4 percent in the postnatal surgery group. Further surveillance is ongoing.


title: Spina bifida

text: In contrast to the open fetal operative approach performed in the MOMS trial, a minimally invasive fetoscopic approach (akin to 'keyhole' surgery) has been developed. This approach has been evaluated by independent authors of a controlled study which showed some benefit in survivors, but others are more skeptical.


title: Spina bifida

text: The observations in mothers and their fetuses that were operated over the past two and a half years by the matured minimally invasive approach showed the following results: Compared to the open fetal surgery technique, fetoscopic repair of myelomeningocele results in far less surgical trauma to the mother, as large incisions of her abdomen and uterus are not required. In contrast, the initial punctures have a diameter of 1.2 mm only. As a result, thinning of the uterine wall or dehiscence which have been among the most worrisome and criticized complications after the open operative approach do not occur following minimally invasive fetoscopic closure of spina bifida aperta. The risks of maternal chorioamnionitis or fetal death as a result of the fetoscopic procedure run below 5%. Women are discharged home from hospital one week after the procedure. There is no need for chronic administration of tocolytic agents since postoperative uterine contractions are barely ever observed. The current cost of the entire fetoscopic procedure, including hospital stay, drugs, perioperative clinical, ECG, ultrasound and MRI-examinations, is approximately €16,000.


title: Spina bifida

text: In 2012, these results of the fetoscopic approach were presented at various national and international meetings, among them at the 1st European Symposium “Fetal Surgery for Spina bifida“ in April 2012 in Giessen, at the 15th Congress of the German Society for Prenatal Medicine and Obstetrics in May 2012 in Bonn, at the World Congress of the Fetal Medicine Foundation in June 2012 and at the World Congress of the International Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) in Copenhagen in September 2012, and published in abstract form.


title: Spina bifida

text: Since then more data has emerged. In 2014, two papers were published on fifty one patients. These papers suggested that the risk to the mother is small. The main risk appears to be preterm labour, on average at about 33 weeks.


title: Spina bifida

text: The placenta is a critical determinant of fetal growth, yet placental development has not been well studied in pregnancies with fetal neural tube defects. Folate bioavailability is associated not only with isolated fetal neural tube defects, but is also required for optimal placental development. Pregnancies with folate-responsive neural tube defects may thus be at increased risk for poor placental development. A study comprehensively assessing the prevalence of placental pathology in a large cohort of fetuses with isolated neural tube defects found that these fetuses had higher risk of placental pathology and altered offspring growth outcomes at birth compared to controls, suggesting increased risk of placental maldevelopment that may contribute to poor fetal growth in pregnancies with neural tube defects.


title: Edamame

text: Edamame are a common side dish in washoku and as an appetizer to alcoholic beverages such as beer or shōchū. As an ingredient Edamame are found in both sweet and savory dishes such as takikomi gohan, tempura, and zunda-mochi.


title: Edamame

text: In Japan, the name "edamame" is commonly used to refer to the dish. It literally means "stem beans" (枝 "eda" = "branch" or "stem" + 豆 "mame" = "bean"), because the beans were often sold while still attached to the stem.


title: Edamame

text: In China and Taiwan, "maodou" is used commonly to refer to the dish, which literally means "fur peas" (毛 "mao" = "fur" + 豆 "dou" = "bean").


title: Edamame

text: Soybeans were first cultivated in China some 7000 years ago, while the earliest documented reference to the term "edamame" dates from the year 1275, when the Japanese monk Nichiren wrote a note thanking a parishioner for the gift of "edamame" he had left at the temple.


title: Edamame

text: In 1406, during the Ming dynasty in China, the leaves of the soybeans were eaten and during outbreaks of famine, it was recommended that citizens eat the beans whole or use them ground up and added to flour. Centuries later in China 1620 they are referred to again, but as "maodou", which translates to the term "hairy bean". They are found in the records of the Runan vegetable gardens and stated as having a medicinal purpose, as well as being a snack food. Edamame appeared in haikai verse in Japanese in the Edo period (1603–1868), with one example as early as 1638.


title: Edamame

text: They were first recognized in the United States in 1855, when a farmer commented on the difficulties he had shelling them after harvest. In March 1923, the immature soybean is first referred to in text in the United States in the book "The Soybean" by C. V. Piper and Joseph W. Morse. In this book, they are first pictured and shown as being eaten out of open shell pods. The first nutritional facts about them are published and some recipes are included, as they were a new type of vegetable to the public. The earliest recorded usage in English of the word "edamame" is in 1951 in the journal "Folklore Studies". "Edamame" appeared as a new term in the Oxford English Dictionary in 2003 and in the Merriam-Webster dictionary in 2008.


title: Edamame

text: In 2008, the first soybeans grown in Europe were sold in grocery stores as edamame and eaten as an alternative source of protein.


title: Edamame

text: Edamame is typically harvested by hand to avoid damaging the crop's stems and leaves. Green soybean pods are picked before they fully ripen, typically 35 to 40 days after the crop first flowers. Soybeans harvested at this stage are sweeter because they contain more sucrose than soybeans picked later in the growing season. Other factors contributing to edamame's flavor include free amino acids such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine. Often these unbound amino acids decrease as the pods fully expand and ripen.


title: Edamame

text: Pods may be boiled in water, steamed, or microwaved. The ends of the pod are sometimes cut before boiling or steaming. The most common preparations use salt for taste, either dissolved in the boiling water before introducing the soybean pods or added after cooking.


title: Edamame

text: Edamame is a popular side dish at Japanese izakaya restaurants with local varieties being in demand, depending on the season. Salt and garlic are typical condiments for edamame. In Japan, a coarse salt wet with brine is preferred on beans eaten directly from the pod.


title: Edamame

text: Edamame purchased fresh is preferably eaten the same day, with flavor degradation being noticeable in as few as 10 hours after harvest. However, fresh edamame will stay edible for three days when stored in the refrigerator. Damaged pods brown more rapidly however, mainly due to the enzyme polyphenol oxidase. If stored fresh, the pods should be kept humid to prevent discoloration and wilting. This can be accomplished by wrapping the pods in plastic or another material which traps moisture.


title: Edamame

text: Freezing fresh edamame is another option for maintaining good quality over a few months. Fresh edamame should be blanched first before being frozen.


title: Edamame

text: Edamame can come in two forms: pods or beans. Edamame beans are easy to eat and can be cooked just like any other type of beans. The edamame pods require using the teeth or fingers to slide the edamame beans into the mouth, after which the pods (or shells) are discarded. Eating them with chopsticks has been characterized as requiring some skill.


title: Edamame

text: The United States Department of Agriculture states that edamame beans are a "soybean that can be eaten fresh and are best known as a snack with a nutritional punch". Frozen, prepared edamame beans are 73% water, 12% protein, 9% carbohydrates, and 5% fat. A 100-gram reference serving of edamame provides of food energy, and rich amounts (20% or more the Daily Value, DV) of protein, dietary fiber, and micronutrients, particularly folate (78% DV), manganese (49% DV), and vitamin K (26% DV) (table). The fat content in edamame supplies 361 mg of omega-3 fatty acids and 1794 mg of omega-6 fatty acids.


title: Impetigo

text: Impetigo is a bacterial infection that involves the superficial skin. The most common presentation is yellowish crusts on the face, arms, or legs. Less commonly there may be large blisters which affect the groin or armpits. The lesions may be painful or itchy. Fever is uncommon.


title: Impetigo

text: It is typically due to either "Staphylococcus aureus" or "Streptococcus pyogenes". Risk factors include attending day care, crowding, poor nutrition, diabetes mellitus, contact sports, and breaks in the skin such as from mosquito bites, eczema, scabies, or herpes. With contact it can spread around or between people. Diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms and appearance.


title: Impetigo

text: Prevention is by hand washing, avoiding people who are infected, and cleaning injuries. Treatment is typically with antibiotic creams such as mupirocin or fusidic acid. Antibiotics by mouth, such as cefalexin, may be used if large areas are affected. Antibiotic-resistant forms have been found.


title: Impetigo

text: Impetigo affected about 140 million people (2% of the world population) in 2010. It can occur at any age, but is most common in young children. In some places the condition is also known as "school sores". Without treatment people typically get better within three weeks. Recurring infections can occur due to colonization of the nose by the bacteria. Complications may include cellulitis or poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. The name is from the Latin "impetere" meaning "attack".


title: Impetigo

text: This most common form of impetigo, also called nonbullous impetigo, most often begins as a red sore near the nose or mouth which soon breaks, leaking pus or fluid, and forms a honey-colored scab, followed by a red mark which often heals without leaving a scar. Sores are not painful, but they may be itchy. Lymph nodes in the affected area may be swollen, but fever is rare. Touching or scratching the sores may easily spread the infection to other parts of the body.


title: Impetigo

text: Bullous impetigo, mainly seen in children younger than 2 years, involves painless, fluid-filled blisters, mostly on the arms, legs, and trunk, surrounded by red and itchy (but not sore) skin. The blisters may be large or small. After they break, they form yellow scabs.


title: Impetigo

text: Ecthyma, the nonbullous form of impetigo, produces painful fluid- or pus-filled sores with redness of skin, usually on the arms and legs, become ulcers that penetrate deeper into the dermis. After they break open, they form hard, thick, gray-yellow scabs, which sometimes leave scars. Ecthyma may be accompanied by swollen lymph nodes in the affected area.


title: Impetigo

text: Impetigo is primarily caused by "Staphylococcus aureus", and sometimes by "Streptococcus pyogenes". Both bullous and nonbullous are primarily caused by "S. aureus", with "Streptococcus "also commonly being involved in the nonbullous form.


title: Impetigo

text: Impetigo is more likely to infect children ages 2–5, especially those that attend school or day care. 70% of cases are the nonbullous form and 30% are the bullous form. Other factors can increase the risk of contracting impetigo such as diabetes mellitus, dermatitis, immunodeficiency disorders, and other irritable skin disorders. Impetigo occurs more frequently among people who live in warm climates.


title: Impetigo

text: The infection is spread by direct contact with lesions or with nasal carriers. The incubation period is 1–3 days after exposure to "Streptococcus" and 4–10 days for "Staphylococcus". Dried streptococci in the air are not infectious to intact skin. Scratching may spread the lesions.


title: Impetigo

text: Impetigo is usually diagnosed based on its appearance. It generally appears as honey-colored scabs formed from dried serum and is often found on the arms, legs, or face. If a visual diagnosis is unclear a culture may be done to test for resistant bacteria.


title: Impetigo

text: Other conditions that can result in symptoms similar to the common form include contact dermatitis, herpes simplex virus, discoid lupus, and scabies.


title: Impetigo

text: Other conditions that can result in symptoms similar to the blistering form include other bullous skin diseases, burns, and necrotizing fasciitis.


title: Impetigo

text: To prevent the spread of impetigo the skin and any open wounds should be kept clean and covered. Care should be taken to keep fluids from an infected person away from the skin of a non-infected person. Washing hands, linens, and affected areas will lower the likelihood of contact with infected fluids. Scratching can spread the sores; keeping nails short will reduce the chances of spreading. Infected people should avoid contact with others and eliminate sharing of clothing or linens. Children with impetigo can return to school 24 hours after starting antibiotic therapy as long as their draining lesions are covered.


title: Impetigo

text: Antibiotics, either as a cream or by mouth, are usually prescribed. Mild cases may be treated with mupirocin ointments. In 95% of cases, a single 7-day antibiotic course results in resolution in children. It has been advocated that topical antiseptics are inferior to topical antibiotics, and therefore should not be used as a replacement. However, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) as of February 2020 recommends a hydrogen peroxide 1% cream antiseptic rather than topical antibiotics for localised non-bullous impetigo in otherwise well individuals. This recommendation is part of an effort to reduce the overuse of antimicrobials that may contribute to the development of resistant organisms such as MRSA.


title: Impetigo

text: More severe cases require oral antibiotics, such as dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, or erythromycin. Alternatively, amoxicillin combined with clavulanate potassium, cephalosporins (first-generation) and many others may also be used as an antibiotic treatment. Alternatives for people who are seriously allergic to penicillin or infections with methicillin-resistant "Staphococcus aureus" include doxycycline, clindamycin, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, although doxycycline should not be used in children under the age of eight years old due to the risk of drug-induced tooth discolouration. When streptococci alone are the cause, penicillin is the drug of choice. When the condition presents with ulcers, valacyclovir, an antiviral, may be given in case a viral infection is causing the ulcer.


title: Impetigo

text: Without treatment, individuals with impetigo typically get better within three weeks. Complications may include cellulitis or poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Rheumatic fever does not appear to be related.


title: Impetigo

text: Globally, impetigo affects more than 162 million children in low- to middle-income countries. The rates are highest in countries with low available resources and is especially prevalent in the region of Oceania. The tropical climate and high population in lower socioeconomic regions contribute to these high rates. Children under the age of 4 in the United Kingdom are 2.8% more likely than average to contract impetigo; this decreases to 1.6% for children up to 15 years old. As age increases, the rate of impetigo declines, but all ages are still susceptible.


title: Impetigo

text: Impetigo was originally described and differentiated by William Tilbury Fox around 1864. The word "impetigo" is the generic Latin word for 'skin eruption', and it stems from the verb "impetere" 'to attack' (as in "impetus"). Before the discovery of antibiotics, the disease was treated with an application of the antiseptic gentian violet, which was an effective treatment.


title: Montana Jordan

text: Montana Jordan (born March 8, 2003) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Georgie Cooper in "Young Sheldon".


title: Montana Jordan

text: In October 2015, he was cast in his first role, being selected from 10,000 applicants for the role of Jaden in the Jody Hill-directed film "The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter", in which Josh Brolin plays his father; it was released in March 2018.


title: Montana Jordan

text: In March 2017, Jordan was cast as Sheldon Cooper's older brother George "Georgie" Cooper, Jr. in "The Big Bang Theory" spin-off "Young Sheldon". He was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series – Supporting Teen Actor at the 39th Young Artist Awards, which went to Dylan Duff of "Teens 101".


title: Master in the House

text: Master in the House (; abbreviated as Jipsabu) is a South Korean television program that aired on SBS weekly on Sundays at 18:25 (KST) from December 31, 2017 until the conclusion of Season 1 on September 18, 2022 when the show went on hiatus. Season 2 would resume in January 2023.


title: Master in the House

text: The cast members spend two days and one night together with reputable figures of various fields or professions, known as Masters (), and get to know about the lives of the Masters, in the hopes of gaining knowledge and wisdom. There are also 1-day Masters in the show, which the cast would instead spend a day together with.


title: Master in the House

text: On December 29, 2019, it was announced that Shin Sung-rok would join the show as part of the fixed cast, beginning from the episode aired January 12, 2020. This marked Shin's first fixed variety show of his career.


title: Master in the House

text: Original cast members Lee Sang-yoon and Yook Sung-jae left the show on February 11, 2020 during episode 111 and were replaced by Kim Dong-hyun and Cha Eun-woo beginning on episode 114. Both Shin and Cha departed the show on June 20, 2021, with episode 177 being their last as regular cast members.


title: Master in the House

text: Yoo Su-bin then joined as a fixed cast member on episode 180, followed by Eun Ji-won from episode 214. Yoo left the show on April 10, 2022, with episode 215 being his last.


title: Master in the House

text: It was announced on June 24, 2022 that Doyoung has joined the show as a fixed cast member, with his first episode airing on July 3, 2022.


title: Master in the House

text: On August 12, 2022 the show's production team announced that the show will take a break after episode 238 that will air on September 18 in order to restructure the show. The show has aired in its current form since it began in 2017 but has seen a change of cast members with the exception of Lee Seung-gi and Yang Se-hyung. The production team did not reveal a return date for Season 2.


title: Master in the House

text: In January 2022, Malaysia was the first country in Asia that picked up to release its own version of Master in the House, known as Master in the House Malaysia (MITHM), which was jointly produced by Primeworks Studios and SBS. A press conference was held at Petaling Jaya Performing Arts Centre in One Utama Shopping Centre, Petaling Jaya, featuring five Malaysian Masters: Siti Nurhaliza, Yusof Haslam, Rashid Sidek, Sherson Lian, and WAU Animation founder Usamah Zaid. Five celebrities were chosen as fixed cast members: Hael Husaini, Andi Bernadee, Meyrasam (Cassia), Scha Elinnea and Sharifah Rose. The show will have 10 episodes, and would be broadcast weekly on TV3 starting January 15, 2022, on every Saturday night at 22:00 (MST).


title: Tom Wilkinson

text: Thomas Geoffrey Wilkinson (born 5 February 1948) is an English actor of film, television, and stage. He has received various accolades throughout his career, including a British Academy Film Award, a Golden Globe, a Primetime Emmy Award and nominations for two Academy Awards. For his supporting role in "The Full Monty", he won a British Academy Award in 1997. He has twice been nominated for an Academy Award, for his roles in "In the Bedroom" (2001) and "Michael Clayton" (2007). In 2009, he won a Golden Globe and a Primetime Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Film for playing Benjamin Franklin in "John Adams".


title: Tom Wilkinson

text: Some of his films credits include "In the Name of the Father" (1993), "Sense and Sensibility" (1995), "The Full Monty" (1997), "Shakespeare in Love" (1998), "Rush Hour" (1998), "The Patriot" (2000), "In the Bedroom" (2001), "Girl with a Pearl Earring" (2003), "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind" (2004), "Batman Begins" (2005), "Michael Clayton" (2007), "RocknRolla" (2008), "Valkyrie" (2008), "The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" (2011), "The Green Hornet" (2011), "Selma" (2014), "The Grand Budapest Hotel" (2014), "Denial" (2016) and "Dead in a Week or Your Money Back" (2018).


title: Tom Wilkinson

text: Wilkinson was born on 5 February 1948 in Wharfedale, West Riding of Yorkshire, the son of Marjorie and Thomas Wilkinson, a farmer. At the age of 11, the family moved to Kitimat, British Columbia, in Canada, where they lived for five years before returning to the United Kingdom and running a pub in Cornwall. Wilkinson graduated in English and American literature from the University of Kent at Canterbury, while at university Wilkinson became preoccupied with acting and directing with the University of Kent Drama Society (now called T24 Drama Society). After finishing his degree Wilkinson then attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, graduating in 1973.


title: Tom Wilkinson

text: Wilkinson made his acting debut in 1976 and worked on several British television series, most notably the mini-series "First Among Equals" (1986). He first gained critical acclaim with his appearance as Mr Pecksniff, in the BBC's 1994 adaptation of "Martin Chuzzlewit". Wilkinson made only the occasional film, including a brief appearance in 1995's "Sense and Sensibility" and a villain in "The Ghost and the Darkness" (1996). After becoming part of the ensemble cast of the comedy drama "The Full Monty" in 1997, a role which earned him a BAFTA, he began to take film roles more frequently, including supporting roles in "Oscar and Lucinda", "Wilde", "Shakespeare in Love", and "The Patriot". He also starred with Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker in the 1998 film "Rush Hour", as the evil British Ambassador/Juntao.


title: Tom Wilkinson

text: His portrayal of Matt Fowler, in Todd Field's "In the Bedroom", received international praise from critics. For the role, he was named Best Actor of the Year by the New York Film Critics' Circle, and went on to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. That success was followed up by "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind", "Normal", "The Exorcism of Emily Rose", "Batman Begins", and "Separate Lies."


title: Tom Wilkinson

text: In 2007, Wilkinson played Arthur Edens, an attorney with bipolar disorder, in "Michael Clayton" and garnered much critical acclaim and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. The same year, he played an uncle planning for murder in Woody Allen’s "Cassandra's Dream", and played opposite Billy Crudup as children's book writing partners in "Dedication".


title: Tom Wilkinson

text: In 2008, Wilkinson portrayed American polymath Benjamin Franklin in the HBO mini-series "John Adams". In the HBO film, "Recount", Wilkinson portrayed American political adviser and lawyer, James A. Baker, in Baker's capacity as Chief Counsel to George W. Bush during the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election, receiving an Emmy Award for the former and a nomination for the latter. He also received a Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors' Guild Award nomination for his role in "John Adams". He also portrayed Friedrich Fromm, Commander in Chief of the German Reserve Army, alongside Tom Cruise in the 2008 World War II thriller "Valkyrie".


title: Tom Wilkinson

text: In 2010, Wilkinson starred in the horror comedy "Burke and Hare", which was directed by John Landis. He portrayed a covert CIA agent in Roman Polanski's "The Ghost Writer". He played another historical character, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., in the 2011 television miniseries "The Kennedys", for which he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. He and his wife portrayed husband and wife Joe and Rose Kennedy. Earlier that year, he appeared in "The Green Hornet" and "".


title: Tom Wilkinson

text: In 2014, Wilkinson portrayed Lyndon B. Johnson, the 36th President of the United States, in the historical drama film "Selma". In 2016, he portrayed journalist Ewen MacAskill in "Snowden" and barrister Richard Rampton in "Denial".


title: Tom Wilkinson

text: Wilkinson lives in North London with his wife, actress Diana Hardcastle. They have two daughters together, Alice (born in 1989) and Molly (born in 1991).


title: Tom Wilkinson

text: In the 2005 New Year Honours, he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) "for services to Drama".


title: Tom Wilkinson

text: The 6 November 2017 issue of American web comic "Girl Genius" has an airship from the United Kingdom called "HMA Tom Wilkinson"


title: Foot fetishism

text: Foot fetishism, also known as foot partialism or podophilia, is a pronounced sexual interest in feet. It is the most common form of sexual fetishism for otherwise non-sexual objects or body parts.


title: Foot fetishism

text: Foot fetishism has been defined as a pronounced sexual interest in feet. For a foot fetishist, points of attraction may include the shape and size of feet, feet soles, toes, jewelry (e.g., toe rings, anklets, etc.), treatments (such as massaging, washing partner's feet or painting partner's toenails), state of dress (e.g., barefoot, flip flops, ballet flats, sandals, high heels, hosiery, socked feet, etc.), foot odor or sensory interaction (e.g., rubbing the foot, smelling, tickling, licking, rubbing genitals on foot, etc.).


title: Foot fetishism

text: Extensions of this fetish include shoes, socks, olfactophilia (odor fetishism) and tickling. Sigmund Freud also considered foot binding as a form of fetishism, although this view was disputed.


title: Foot fetishism

text: Odor fetishism (pertaining to the smell of feet) seems to play a major role in foot fetishism, and is closely related to it: in a 1994 study, 45% of those with a foot fetish were found to be aroused by smelly socks or feet, making it one of the most widespread forms of olfactophilia.


title: Foot fetishism

text: In extreme cases, an individual with a pronounced sexual interest in feet could possibly be diagnosed with fetishism disorder (characterized by the eroticization of non-living objects and body parts) if they are in adherence with the following symptoms:


title: Foot fetishism

text: To estimate the relative frequency of fetishes, in 2006 researchers at the University of Bologna examined 381 Internet discussions of fetish groups, in which at least 5,000 people had been participating. Researchers estimated the prevalence of different fetishes based on the following elements:


title: Foot fetishism

text: It was concluded that the most common fetishes were for body parts or for objects usually associated with body parts (33% and 30%, respectively). Among those people preferring body parts, feet and toes were preferred by the greatest number, with 47% of those sampled preferring them. Among those people preferring objects related to body parts, 32% were in groups related to footwear (shoes, boots, etc.).


title: Foot fetishism

text: In August 2006, AOL released a database of the search terms submitted by their subscribers. In ranking only those phrases that included the word "fetish", it was found that the most common search was for feet.


title: Foot fetishism

text: Foot fetishism may be more common in men than in women. Researchers using a polling agency to conduct a survey of the general Belgian population in 2017 found that of 1027 respondents, 76 of the men (17%) and 23 of the women (4%) answered "Agree" or "Strongly agree" to a fetish interest in feet.


title: Foot fetishism

text: Similar to other forms of sexual fetishism, no consensus has yet been established about the specific causes of foot fetishism. While many works on the topic exist, their conclusions are often regarded as highly speculative. In a general sense, sexual fetishism can be caused by a number of factors, no singular cause for any type of fetishism has been conclusively established.


title: Foot fetishism

text: The cortical homunculus (also known as Penfield's Homunculus), a map of the human brain illustrating respective locations for where different parts of the body are processed, shows a possible link between the feet and toes to the genitalia. There exists controversy regarding this neural crosslink, as some medical professionals have been known to question the simplicity of the map in comparison to reality.


title: Foot fetishism

text: Foot fetishism may be caused by the feet and the genitals occupying adjacent areas of the somatosensory cortex, possibly entailing some neural crosstalk between the two. Neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran proposed that an accidental link between these regions could explain the prevalence of foot fetishism.


title: Foot fetishism

text: Desmond Morris considered foot fetishism the result of mal-imprinting at an early age, the tactile pressure of a foot/shoe being important in this. Freud's reading of foot fetishism also involved early imprinting, but he considered the smell of feet significant in this, as well as the foot as a penis-symbol/surrogate (castration complex, especially when encountered while voyeuristically exploring the female body from below). Otto Fenichel similarly saw castration fear as significant in foot fetishism, citing a future fetishist who as an adolescent said to himself "You must remember this throughout life – that girls, too, have legs", to protect himself from the fear. Where fear of the (castrated) female body is too great, desire is felt not for shoes on female feet but for women's shoes alone, without women.


title: Foot fetishism

text: Some researchers have hypothesized that foot fetishism increases as a response to epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases. In one study, conducted by Dr. A James Giannini at Ohio State University, an increased interest in feet as sexual objects was observed during the great gonorrhea epidemic of twelfth-century Europe, and the syphilis epidemics of the 16th and 19th centuries in Europe. In the same study, the frequency of foot-fetish depictions in pornographic literature was measured over a 30-year interval. An exponential increase was noted during the period of the current AIDS epidemic. In these cases, sexual footplay was viewed as a safe sex alternative. However, the researchers noted that these epidemics overlapped periods of relative female emancipation.


title: Foot fetishism

text: Some of the earliest recorded instances of foot fetishism occur in the erotic poems "To a Barefoot Woman" and "To a Barefoot Boy" attributed to the Ancient Greek writer Philostratus. The Hindu god Shiva was aroused by the sight of Parvati's feet in the eight-century text Skanda Purana. Another reference to the fetish is made by Bertold of Regensburg in 1220. F. Scott Fitzgerald was described by a mistress as a foot fetishist, and himself referred to a "Freudian shame about his feet".


title: Foot fetishism

text: Actor Idris Elba has confirmed in interviews since 2013 that he has a foot fetish, for example in 2016 telling UK "Esquire" "I've got a foot fetish. Women's feet.", and answering in the affirmative to the question while connected to a polygraph for "Vanity Fair" in 2019. Other contemporary celebrities who have told interviewers, "I have a foot fetish" (or a slight variation thereof) include Brooke Burke, Enrique Iglesias, Tommy Lee, Ludacris, Ricky Martin, and Todd Phillips.


title: Foot fetishism

text: In 2020 an artist collective released "This Foot Does Not Exist", a project that uses generative adversarial networks to generate new "foot pics" by text message request.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: The Callisto Protocol is a 2022 survival horror action video game developed by Striking Distance Studios and published by Krafton. It was directed by Glen Schofield, who had previously co-created the "Dead Space" series. The game's story follows Jacob Lee (Josh Duhamel) who is sent to a prison facility set on the Jovian moon Callisto fighting against infected prisoners with an unknown disease while uncovering dark secrets of the facility. Gameplay has players exploring a series of levels, garnering resources while fighting off infected prisoners.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: Development of the game began with the formation of Striking Distance Studios in June 2019. Originally developed as a game set in the "" universe, it later evolved into an original intellectual property.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: The game was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on December 2, 2022. It received mixed reviews.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: In "The Callisto Protocol", players assume the role of Jacob Lee from a third-person perspective. Jacob's health is indicated by an implant on the back of his neck called a "C.O.R.E. Device". Health can be replenished with injectable packs found throughout levels. Jacob can use weapons to combat enemies, as well as a melee system to dodge enemy attacks while looking for openings to strike and kill them. Both combat styles can be mixed up, providing greater variety when facing enemy types. Jacob can collect and review audio logs during gameplay.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: In 2320, Jacob Lee (Josh Duhamel) and his partner Max Barrow (Jeff Schine) are contract freight transporters working for the United Jupiter Company (UJC), and co-pilots of the UJC "Charon". They have been ferrying shipments of an unlabeled, volatile cargo between Europa and the UJC-operated Black Iron Prison on Callisto, and their latest run promises to be lucrative enough for them to retire. After clearing the Callisto security perimeter and setting course for Europa, the "Charon" is boarded by the Outer Way, a group purportedly responsible for numerous terrorist attacks on civilians, and the ship is forced to crash-land back on Callisto's surface. Max is killed, leaving Jacob and Outer Way leader Dani Nakamura (Karen Fukuhara) as the only survivors. Both are recovered by Black Iron Prison security head Captain Leon Ferris (Sam Witwer) and incarcerated without charges or trial on the orders of Warden Duncan Cole (James C. Mathis III). Jacob awakens after the grueling intake process to find the prison being overrun by hostile "biophages", inmates afflicted with an unknown disease. He encounters Elias Porter (Zeke Alton), a longtime prisoner who claims to have an escape plan, and they work together to overcome the biophages, the prison security systems, and the rapidly deteriorating prison.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: Elias convinces Jacob to break out Dani to summon a ship for their escape, but Dani refuses to join them. Regardless, the two head to the hangar, but are intercepted by Ferris, who is infected but retains his intelligence. They are ejected and Elias dies by suffocation when his suit is damaged. Dani recovers Elias' memories of Black Iron and reluctantly decides to team up with Jacob as the infected personnel begin to mutate further and become more dangerous. Following a detour to the wreckage of "Charon" where they only find medical supplies, the two make it to the hangar to summon a ship to pick them up. However, Cole intervenes and shoots down the ship, stating nobody is allowed to escape. The ship crashes into the hangar and causes it to collapse, forcing Jacob and Dani to flee.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: With their only method of escape gone, Jacob and Dani decide that their only course of action is to confront Cole directly and get answers from him. The two make their way through the ruins of Arcas, Callisto's original colony before it was abandoned with the Black Iron Prison later built on top of it. They discover that Arcas suffered an outbreak similar to what occurred in Black Iron, and the UJC subsequently exterminated the entire colony and covered it up. They also find a lab holding a dead alien creature that the original Arcas miners accidentally unearthed. Seeing its potential for accelerated evolution, the UJC harvested the alien's larvae and began experimenting with it on humans, which ultimately caused the Europa outbreak; however, there was one biophage, Subject Zero, who somehow retained his intelligence before he was killed by security forces. After Jacob and Dani manage to fend off another encounter with Ferris, Dani ends up being infected. Once they return to Black Iron, Jacob is knocked out by a security robot and put back in his original cell.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: Jacob is freed from his cell by the prison doctor, Dr. Caitlyn Mahler (Louise Barnes), and she instructs him to meet her at her lab, where she can cure Dani's infection and get him to Cole. She reveals that Cole is part of a religious sect called The Commonality attempting to enact a plan called the Callisto Protocol, which is to find a way to advance human evolution. To further this end, Cole arranged for a second outbreak to occur in Black Iron similar to Arcas in order to find a subject compatible with the alien infection and replicate Subject Zero with a Subject Alpha. Mahler also tells Jacob that the only way to cure Dani is to extract the Alpha's DNA, which can be used to synthesize an antidote. When Jacob asks for the truth behind the outbreaks on Europa, Mahler admits that a diluted version of the infection was accidentally released and provides Jacob access to Dani's memories through their neural implants. Jacob learns that Dani's sister was killed in the Europa outbreak, and recovers his own memories where he was aware that the UJC was using his ship to smuggle alien larva samples, but he remained willfully ignorant due to the payments he was receiving.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: Jacob confronts Cole, who pits him against Ferris, his Alpha, who has been indoctrinated into the Commonality. Despite Ferris's mutations, Jacob is able to defeat him and extract his DNA. Cole attempts to convince Jacob to turn over the DNA sample to him, but Jacob instead uses it to cure Dani. Angered, Cole activates the prison's self-destruct countdown and boasts that he has still gathered enough data to carry out the Callisto Protocol. Jacob puts Dani in the last remaining escape pod along with an alien larva sample, giving Dani all the evidence she needs to expose the UJC's secret experiments. As he fends off the biophages, Mahler contacts him, having halted the self-destruct sequences and informing him of a possible escape if they work together, before Jacob is suddenly attacked by a still-living Ferris.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: The origins of "The Callisto Protocol" began with the formation of Striking Distance as a studio within PUBG Corporation (now PUBG Studios) in June 2019, helmed by Glen Schofield, who had previously co-created the "Dead Space" series at Visceral Games. The studio was created to expand the "" universe by creating a narrative driven game. Schofield said that when he met with PUBG Corporation where they explained their goal to expand the "PUBG" narrative, he already had the concept for "The Callisto Protocol" in mind and presented that to them and worked with them to fit his idea into their universe. However, by May 2022, Schofield stated that the game had grown to be its own story and is no longer connected to "PUBG", though there remain small nods to the latter.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: Schofield wanted to keep the game grounded in reality to some degree, and thus selected a potentially human-colonizable location like Callisto as the setting. The moon has been theorized to have a subsurface ocean of water, which Schofield believed could offer a mystery to tie into the game.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: Among others working on the game include Steve Papoutsis, who co-developed the "Dead Space" series and led the series following Schofield's departure from Visceral; Scott Whitney, a designer on the "Dead Space" series; and Christopher Stone, the animation director for the former series. Of the 150 employees of Striking Distance, Schofield said that about 25 to 30 former coworkers from Visceral Games and Sledgehammer Games are part of Striking Distance worked on "The Callisto Protocol". Several journalists commented on thematic and gameplay similarities to the "Dead Space" series. The game appears to include the same type of diegetic interface that "Dead Space" had used by a holographic indicator on the back of the prisoner's neck that indicates their health status and other attributes to the player. Schofield said that the comparisons to "Dead Space" reflect on his style of game, and while he still wanted to create something different, the allusions and inspiration from "Dead Space" fell out naturally from his creative approach. Josh Duhamel provides the voice and motion capture for main protagonist Jacob Lee. At Comic-Con 2022, it was revealed that Karen Fukuhara and Sam Witwer joined the cast. Fukuhara plays Dani Nakamura, leader of the resistance group A Better Way, while Witwer portrayed Leon Ferris, the captain of the Prison Guard. In addition to providing voices, the cast performed with motion capture technology. Fukuhara commented that, prior to acting in motion capture, the development team would "show us what the room would look like on artwork that they had done".


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: "The Callisto Protocol" was designed for the newer home game consoles, the PlayStation 5 and the Xbox Series X and Series S, in addition to other platforms. Schofield stated his intent was "really trying to make the scariest game on next-gen platforms" in the same way that "Dead Space" had been considered on its release for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. He stated that the game takes advantage of new lighting techniques and 3D audio systems offered by the new consoles, as well as haptic feedback that the PlayStation 5's DualSense controller provides, to create deep immersion for the player in the game. Striking Distance Studios Chief Technical Officer Mark James said the game was developed with "maximum realism" in mind. It uses Unreal Engine 4. Krafton and Striking Distance have partnered with Skybound Entertainment for release of the game, as Skybound sees potential for additional multimedia opportunities beyond the video game for the concept.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: In September 2022, Schofield released a tweet outlining development on the game that some interpretated as a glorification of crunch culture. This led to online backlash, including from "Bloomberg" reporter Jason Schreier, who has reported on crunch culture in the past. Schofield later deleted the tweet and issued an apology. In an interview with "Inverse", Schofield took responsibility for crunching his staff, and promised that crunch is "not a thing that happens in our next project or any future project."


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: On October 27, 2022, the Japanese release was canceled when the game did not get a CERO rating due to the game's violent content and the developer refused to make the necessary changes. The game was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on December 2, 2022.


title: The Callisto Protocol

text: "The Callisto Protocol" received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Several publications noted that "The Callisto Protocol" suffered from stuttering and performance issues, primarily affecting the PC version; as a result, the game received "mostly negative" user reviews on Steam upon release. The same day, the game received an update that alleviated shader compilation stutter, with further optimization patches being promised by the developers. Glen Schofield later claimed that the technical issues were the result of a "clerical error" from the game's development team.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Up in the Air is a 2009 American comedy-drama film directed by Jason Reitman. It was written by Reitman and Sheldon Turner, based on the 2001 novel "Up in the Air" by Walter Kirn. The story is centered on traveling corporate "downsizer" Ryan Bingham (George Clooney). Vera Farmiga, Anna Kendrick, and Jason Bateman also star. "Up in the Air" was primarily filmed in St. Louis with additional scenes shot in Detroit, Omaha, Las Vegas, and Miami.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Reitman promoted "Up in the Air" with personal appearances at film festivals, starting with Telluride on September 5, 2009. Following a Los Angeles premiere at the Mann Village Theater in November, Paramount Pictures gave "Up in the Air" a wide release on December 23, 2009.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: "Up in the Air" was met with critical acclaim, for Reitman's screenplay and direction, and the performances by Clooney, Farmiga, and Kendrick. The film received several accolades, including six nominations each at the Oscars and the Golden Globes, winning Best Screenplay at the latter. A number of critics and publications included "Up in the Air" on their lists of the best films of 2009.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Ryan Bingham works for a human resources consultancy firm specializing in employment-termination assistance. His work constantly takes him around the country, conducting company layoffs on behalf of employers. Ryan also gives motivational speeches, using the analogy, "What's in Your Backpack?" to extol living free of burdensome relationships and material possessions. A frequent flyer, Ryan aspires to earn ten million frequent flyer miles with American Airlines. While traveling, Ryan meets a woman named Alex, a professional who also flies frequently. They begin a casual relationship, meeting up in various cities as their respective schedules allow.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Ryan is recalled to his company's offices in Omaha, Nebraska. Natalie Keener, a young, ambitious new hire, promotes cutting costs by conducting layoffs via video-conferencing. Ryan raises concerns that the new system is impersonal and undignified, and argues that Natalie lacks understanding about the firing process and how to handle emotionally vulnerable people. Ryan's boss, Craig Gregory, has Natalie accompany a reluctant Ryan on his next round of terminations to observe the process.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Ryan tutors Natalie on traveling more efficiently using smaller luggage and moving quickly through airport security. As they travel together, Natalie challenges Ryan's philosophies on life, particularly regarding relationships and love, but Ryan defends his lifestyle. During the trip, Natalie's boyfriend unceremoniously dumps her by text message. Ryan and Alex comfort the shattered Natalie. On a video termination test run, Ryan's earlier concerns prove valid; when one laid-off person breaks down on camera, Natalie is unable to properly console him and another employee threatens suicide.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Natalie castigates Ryan for his inability to commit to Alex, despite their obvious compatibility; Ryan dismisses her criticisms and chastises her for lacking empathy and never appreciating her surroundings. Before returning home, Ryan, taking Alex along, heads to Wisconsin for his sister Julie's wedding. He has a strained reunion with his semi-estranged family who resent his absence. When Jim, the groom, gets cold feet just prior to the ceremony, Ryan's older sister, Kara, asks Ryan to intervene. Although counter to his personal philosophy, Ryan uses his motivational skills to persuade Jim to proceed with the wedding.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Ryan begins questioning his lifestyle and philosophies, and doubts what he lectures others about. In Las Vegas for a prestigious speaking engagement, Ryan abruptly walks offstage mid-presentation and impulsively flies to Chicago to see Alex. Arriving at her front door, he is stunned to discover that she is married and has children. She later phones, chastising him for nearly wrecking her marriage, and says her family is her real life; he is merely an escape.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: On Ryan's flight home, the crew announces that he has just crossed the ten million mile mark. American Airlines' chief pilot is aboard to personally congratulate Ryan and notes he is the youngest person to achieve the milestone. When asked where he is from, Ryan, realizing he has no real home, simply says, "here." Back in Omaha, Ryan transfers a million frequent flyer miles to Julie and Jim so they can have a honeymoon. Craig informs Ryan that a laid-off employee has committed suicide (the same one who had threatened to do so earlier). Natalie, upset over the news, has quit via text message. The remote-layoff program is tabled, and Ryan is sent back on the road.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Natalie applies to the same San Francisco company where she had previously declined a position, having followed her now ex-boyfriend to Omaha. Impressed by her qualifications and Ryan's glowing written recommendation, the interviewer hires her. The film concludes with Ryan at the airport, standing in front of a vast destination board, contemplating where he should travel next (something Natalie encouraged him to do earlier). Looking up, he lets go of his luggage.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Walter Kirn wrote "Up in the Air", the book on which the film is based, during a snowbound winter on a ranch in rural Montana, while thinking about airports, airplanes and first-class passengers he had met who would strongly resemble Ryan Bingham. The novel was published in 2001 and, shortly after, Sheldon Turner discovered the book and wrote a screenplay adaptation, which he sold to DreamWorks in 2003. Kirn can be seen in the film sitting beside Ryan at the initial meeting in Omaha.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Director Jason Reitman later came upon the novel (initially attracted by the Christopher Buckley blurb on the cover) while browsing in the Los Angeles bookstore Book Soup. Reitman persuaded his father, Ivan Reitman, to purchase the book's film rights, and the elder Reitman commissioned a screenplay from Ted Griffin and Nicholas Griffin, who used some elements from Turner's script in their work. Jason Reitman then developed his own screenplay, incorporating some of the original script that was (unbeknownst to Reitman) written by Turner. Some Turner inventions that were used in the film include Ryan's boilerplate termination speech ("Anyone who ever built an empire or changed the world sat where you're sitting right now ..."), a key plot point involving a suicide, and the character of Ryan's partner (written by Turner as a man). Reitman initially attempted to claim sole credit for writing the film, then later admitted to confusion when the Writers Guild of America ruled that he should share credit with Turner, whose script Reitman claimed to have never read. He and Turner later appeared at a WGA event where both said they were happy to share credit, after Turner's contribution to the final product was made clear. At a press screening, Reitman also said that his father Ivan had written "the best line in the movie."


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Though Reitman has claimed in countless interviews that he wrote the parts specifically for George Clooney, Vera Farmiga, Anna Kendrick, Jason Bateman, Danny McBride, Melanie Lynskey, Amy Morton, Sam Elliott and Zach Galifianakis, some of the actors publicly stated their confusion in Reitman's assertion, if only because they knew he was meeting with other actors all along including his choice of Elliot Page (who starred in Reitman's previous film "Juno") for the part that Kendrick ultimately played. On the part played by Farmiga, he cited her ability to walk a fine line between aggressiveness and femininity. On Kendrick, Reitman cited that he was inspired by her performance in "Rocket Science". On Clooney, he said, "If you're going to make a movie about a guy who fires people for a living and you still want to like him, that actor better be damn charming and I don't think there's a more charming actor alive than George Clooney. I was very lucky he said yes." Reitman said, on the "B.S. Report with Bill Simmons", that he considered Steve Martin for the part if Clooney declined the role. Reitman said that he would have changed the movie with Martin and given Martin "his "Lost in Translation"."


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Approximately 4,600 people applied to be extras in the film during the open call on January 24, 2009 and January 25, 2009, at Crestwood Court in St. Louis, Missouri. "Up in the Air" cast 2,000 extras with 15 to 25 Missouri actors in minor speaking roles. About 250 extras were used from the Omaha, Nebraska, area. They were used for filming inside and outside the terminal at Eppley Airfield, while Clooney acted out most of his scenes inside the terminal.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: While filming in St. Louis and Detroit, Reitman placed an ad in the paper asking if people who recently lost their job wanted to be in a documentary about job loss. He specified "documentary" in the ad so that actors would not respond. Reitman was amazed by how many people of different age, race, and gender were willing to speak frankly about what happened and what a cathartic experience it had been. The film crew received a startling 100 responses, including 60 people filmed (30 in Detroit and 30 in St. Louis). Twenty-two are seen in the film. The interviews ran for about ten minutes on what it was like to lose their job in a poor economy, and after that the interviewer would "fire" them on camera and ask them to either respond the way they did the day they lost their job or, if they preferred, the way they wished they had responded.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Filming was mostly done in the St. Louis area. Several scenes were filmed at the Berry and McNamara Terminals at Detroit Metro Airport in late February 2009 with minimal filming in Omaha, in Las Vegas and in Miami, Florida. Missouri and St. Louis leaders provided $4.1 million in tax credits for the $25 million film. Producers set up a St. Louis production office on January 5, 2009. Filming began in St. Louis on March 3, 2009, and continued through the end of April. The film includes 80 different sets at 50 locations throughout the St. Louis area, including St. Louis Lambert International Airport Concourse C and Concourse D (which played the part of several airports across America), the Mansion House apartments in downtown St. Louis, Hilton St. Louis at the Ballpark, Hilton St. Louis Airport, DHR International building (8000 Maryland Ave.), the Cheshire Inn, the GenAmerica building (700 Market), Renaissance Grand Hotel, Maplewood United Methodist Church, and Affton High School. The film shot at Lambert-St. Louis International Airport for five days, twenty hours each day.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: In October 2008, Production Services of Omaha scouted locations for three days of filming in late April with Clooney. Some of the scenes were shot inside the Visitor's Bureau and in a condo in the Old Market area of downtown Omaha and at the south end of the main terminal at Eppley Airfield.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Reitman needed fifty days to film "Up in the Air", eight of which were devoted to aerial shooting. The aerial shots turned out to be more difficult than expected. He was unable to use material from three days of the aerial filming. Many aerial shots, such as the crop circle on fire, are seen in the Paramount trailer, but are not used in the film. The pilot who flies the Boeing 747 that carried the Space Shuttle flew the aircraft for the aerial shots.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: The film features heavy product placement, with American Airlines, Chrysler, Hertz, Travelpro, and Hilton Hotels all featured prominently. Competing brands are displayed as blurs in scene backgrounds or are replaced with pseudonyms in dialogue. However, the brands did not pay for the exposure; rather, they waived the fees for the producers to shoot on location, such as at AA's airport areas and inside Hilton hotels. Reitman expressed his desire to use actual brands as he finds them less distracting.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: The post-production schedule for "Up in the Air" was shorter than Jason Reitman's previous two films. The editing team had only 16 to 17 weeks post-schedule, whereas an editing deadline is usually from 22 to 26 weeks. Reitman was involved in post-production while shooting. The film was shot entirely on location and Glauberman stayed in Los Angeles to cut. She would send him scenes every day or every other day as she finished them, and he would view them. He flew home every weekend to work with her for a few hours on Saturday or Sunday in order to stay on schedule.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Editing helped determine how nonverbal moments shape the first meeting between Ryan and Alex, who become lovers. "In a scene like that, there is a sort of playfulness that goes on," editor, Dana E. Glauberman said. "There were little looks that they gave each other. Sometimes I stayed a beat longer on a take to get that little sparkle in their eyes ... You can see a lot of playfulness in the quick cuts back and forth when they are teasing each other, but then there are also certain moments that Vera would give a little raise of an eyebrow, or George would give the same thing. Those tiny nuances are really helpful to show their character and show what they are after."


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: The film has a thematic connection to the children's book "The Velveteen Rabbit", which appears in the film, before the wedding.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Reitman also later stated that "the movie is about the examination of a philosophy. What if you decided to live hub to hub, with nothing, with nobody?".


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: "Up in the Air: Music from the Motion Picture" is the official soundtrack to the film, released by Warner Music on November 9, 2009, and composed by Rolfe Kent, who recorded his score with a 55-piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage. It was orchestrated by Tony Blondal.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Kevin Renick wrote the song "Up in the Air" two years prior to knowing that Reitman was working on a film adaptation to the book. He had been laid off at the time, and was an unrecorded, unemployed St. Louis musician. When Renick researched the film he discovered that the theme of the film was much the same as the song he had written. "The song is about uncertainty, disconnection and loneliness, while alluding to career transition," Renick explained. "It's a melancholy song, and a narrative about finding out where your life's going to go." He handed a cassette to Reitman after the director did an interview at Webster University. Renick included a spoken-word introduction about the song on the cassette so that Reitman would know why he was given the song. Reitman found a tape deck, listened, liked the song and placed the original introduction and song from the cassette midway through the credits. Reitman stated that the song has a do-it-yourself authenticity.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Reitman heavily promoted "Up in the Air" with personal appearances at film festivals and other showings. He stated that he could relate to and enjoys the idea of Ryan Bingham's lifestyle. "Yesterday <nowiki>[October 28, 2009]</nowiki> I took my 10th flight in 10 days so I live that life myself and I kinda enjoy it," Reitman said, "I think when you're in an airplane it's the last refuge for the people who enjoy being alone and reading a book."


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Reitman documented his experiences promoting the film. He took photos of everyone who interviewed him and recorded videos in every city he visited. He edited these images into a short video titled "Lost In The Air: The Jason Reitman Press Tour Simulator".


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: "Up in the Air" was screened as a "sneak preview" at the Telluride Film Festival on September 5, 2009, before its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) on September 12. The film was initially not scheduled to be completed for another three months, but Reitman rushed production in order to maintain a streak of debuting his films at TIFF.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: During October and November 2009, "Up in the Air" screened at festivals including the Aspen Filmfest, the Woodstock Film Festival, the Hamptons International Film Festival, the Mill Valley Film Festival, the Austin Film Festival, the London Film Festival, the St. Louis International Film Festival, the Starz Denver Film Festival, and the Stockholm International Film Festival. It was the only American film to compete for the Golden Marc'Aurelio Audience Award for Best Film at the International Rome Film Festival. On November 6, "The New York Times" film critic Janet Maslin interviewed Reitman and Kirn at the Jacob Burns Film Center following a screening of the film.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Following the positive response the film received at the Telluride Film Festival, Paramount intended to move "Up in the Air" from its original release date of December 4, 2009, planning for a November 13 limited release going wide before the Thanksgiving holiday. However, this schedule conflicted with the release of "The Men Who Stare at Goats", another Clooney film. The film was eventually released on December 4 in fifteen theaters spanning twelve markets, broadening in the next week to 72 theaters and going into wide release on December 23, 2009. It was released in other countries beginning in early 2010.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: "Up in the Air" was shown at a sneak preview on September 5, 2009 and September 6, 2009 at the Telluride Film Festival. Reitman had fueled speculation that he would give a sneak preview at that festival. He posted pictures from Telluride on his Twitter account. Prior to the first showing, people waited two hours to get into "Up in the Air" and hundreds were turned away.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: The world premiere for "Up in the Air" occurred at 2009's Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) which ran from September 10 to 19, 2009. The press showing was on Friday September 11, 2009. Public screenings were on September 12, 13, and 19. Reitman originally did not plan to debut the film at TIFF, since it was not scheduled to be ready for another three months. He rushed production to keep his Toronto debut streak going.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: The first clip of the film debuted on Apple Inc. website on September 8, 2009. The first trailer was available on iTunes on September 10, 2009 and on September 18, 2009, it screened before the new movies "The Informant!" and "Love Happens". The second trailer became available on October 1, 2009.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Reitman received Aspen Film's first New Directions Award and participated in a question and answer session following a screening of "Up in the Air" on Friday October 2, 2009 at the Wheeler Opera House. The Aspen Film Festival ran from September 30, 2009 through October 4, 2009. It was shown twice at the Tinker Street Cinema on the closing day of the Tenth Annual Woodstock Film Festival 2009 on October 4, 2009. Vera Farmiga and Lucy Liu participated in a question and answer session moderated by entertainment journalist Martha Frankel after the film and in the Sunday noontime WFF Actor's Dialogue panel. The 2009 Hamptons International Film Festival showed "Up in the Air" on October 10, 2009 during its run at Long Island, New York's east end from October 8 to October 12, 2009.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: The Spotlight Tribute held during the 32nd edition of Mill Valley Film Festival hosted an interview with Reitman and a screening of "Up in the Air" on Wednesday October 14, 2009 in the Smith Rafael Film Center, San Rafael, California. The Mill Valley Film Festival ran from October 8 to October 18, 2009. It was also shown four times at the 53rd London Film Festival which was held from October 14–19, 2009. "Up in the Air" was the only American film to compete for the Golden Marc'Aurelio Audience Award for Best Film at the fourth annual International Rome Film Festival which ran from October 15 through October 23, 2009. It was shown three times from October 17 to October 19, 2009. Reitman showed "Up in the Air" at ShowEast in Orlando, Florida on October 26 and October 27, 2009, and asked for the movie theater owners and managers to support the picture as fervently as they did his film "Juno" two years earlier. Reitman also held a Q&A and pep talk with film students at the University of Central Florida.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: The first St. Louis press screening happened on October 28, 2009 at the Tivoli Theater. "Up in the Air" closed the Austin Film Festival on October 29, 2009 at the Paramount. Reitman attended the screening. The Austin Film Festival ran from October 22 to October 29, 2009. The Palm Springs International Film Society showed "Up in the Air" on Thursday, October 29, 2009 at the Regal Cinema in Palm Springs, California. Anna Kendrick was present at the showing.


title: Up in the Air (2009 film)

text: Vera Farmiga and Anna Kendrick hosted a screening of "Up in the Air" at the Paris Theatre, New York City, New York on Thursday November 5, 2009. On November 6, 2009, the New York City Apple Store in SoHo hosted a conversation with director Jason Reitman. On November 6, 2009 "The New York Times" critic Janet Maslin interviewed Reitman and Kirn during a Q&A session held at the Jacob Burns Film Center after a screening of "Up in the Air". The question and answer session was followed by a reception in the Jane Peck Gallery. The Boston Sunday Night Film Club had a free screening on Sunday November 8, 2009, with a Q&A session with Reitman following the screening.