title: 2007 NBA draft

text: The basic requirement for automatic eligibility for a U.S. player is the completion of his college eligibility. Players who meet the CBA definition of "international players" are automatically eligible if their 22nd birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft (i.e., born on or before December 31, 1985).


title: 2007 NBA draft

text: A player who is not automatically eligible must declare his eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 60 days before the draft. An early entry candidate is allowed to withdraw his eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 10 days before the draft. On June 19, 2007, NBA announced that 32 college players and 6 international players had filed as early-entry candidates for the 2007 Draft, while 46 players who had previously declared as early entry candidates had withdrawn from the draft.


title: 2007 NBA draft

text: The first 14 picks in the draft belonged to teams that had missed the playoffs; the order was determined through a lottery. The lottery would determine the three teams that would obtain the first three picks on the draft. The remaining first-round picks and the second-round picks were assigned to teams in reverse order of their win–loss record in the previous season. On April 20, 2007, the NBA performed a tie-breaker to determine the order of the picks for teams with identical win–loss record.


title: 2007 NBA draft

text: The lottery was held on May 22, 2007 in Secaucus, New Jersey. The Portland Trail Blazers, who had the seventh-worst record in the previous season, won the lottery with just a 5.3% chance to win. This was the fourth time that the Blazers had the first overall draft pick and the first time that the Blazers won the draft lottery since it was introduced in 1985. The Seattle Supersonics, who had the fifth-worst record, and the Atlanta Hawks, who had the fourth-worst record, obtained the second and third pick, respectively.


title: 2007 NBA draft

text: Three teams who had the worst records—the Memphis Grizzlies, the Boston Celtics and the Milwaukee Bucks—obtained the fourth, fifth and sixth pick, respectively. These were the lowest possible picks they could have obtained through the lottery. The most recent draft in which the three worst teams did not receive the top three picks was in 1993.


title: 2007 NBA draft

text: Below were the chances for each team to get specific picks in the 2007 draft lottery, rounded to three decimal places:


title: 2007 NBA draft

text: Before the draft, the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of draft picks between the teams.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars is an American reality competition spin off edition of the original "RuPaul's Drag Race", which is produced by World of Wonder, for Logo TV and later VH1. The show premiered on October 22, 2012, on Logo TV, before relocating to VH1. However, it was announced on February 20, 2020, on the show's official Twitter account that the fifth season would premiere on June 5, 2020, on Showtime. Following the cast announcement on May 8, 2020, producers announced that the show would remain airing on VH1 instead of Showtime due to the COVID-19 pandemic which caused "various scheduling and programming adjustments". On February 24, 2021, Paramount+ announced via Twitter that the streaming service would be the new home to the series for the sixth season.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: The show documents RuPaul inviting past queens that proved themselves to have had the most successful careers once leaving the original show. Like the original show, RuPaul plays the role of host, mentor, and head judge for this series, as contestants are given different challenges each week. RuPaul's Drag Race employs a panel of judges, currently including RuPaul, Michelle Visage, Carson Kressley and Ross Mathews and a host of other guest judges, who critique contestants' progress throughout the competition. In seasons 1-6 the winner of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars was awarded $100,000 and a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame. In season 7, due to the cast consisting of previous winners of the franchise, the winner was awarded $200,000 and crowned as "Queen of All Queens".


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: The format of the seasons vary. For the first season, the queens had to compete in teams of two, pairing up with another fellow All Star. From the second through the sixth season, the queens decided eliminations instead of the judges. In the seventh season, queens were not eliminated and instead competed to win Legendary Legend Stars, which were awarded to the winners of each challenge.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: For the most part, the format of the "All Star Drag-Race" resembles that of the main series - with each episode consisting of a mini-challenge (the winner of which earns an advantage in the maxi challenge), the maxi challenge (which determines who is eligible for elimination), and a lip-sync (which determines who is eliminated). However, each cast is composed of former contestants from the main series and the format for the competition is altered. For example, in seasons 2-6 the power over eliminations rested with the contestants themselves, who decided between the worst-performing contestants as deemed by the judges.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: Just like "RuPaul's Drag Race", episodes of the first season of All Stars were followed by an "Untucked" episode each week, giving the viewers a glimpse into the backstage drama and discussions between the returning contestants. For the second, third, and fourth seasons, the contestants deliberated among themselves in the work room on who each of the top 2 would eliminate if they won the "Lip Sync for Your Legacy". This served as a mini-"Untucked" as there were no separately filmed "Untucked" companion episodes for those seasons. On June 5, 2020, it was announced that the aftershow series would return for the fifth season.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: "RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars" is the first All-Star season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and premiered on the Logo network on October 22, 2012. Cast members were announced on August 6, 2012. The queens that were invited back to compete were: Alexis Mateo, Chad Michaels, Jujubee, Latrice Royale, Manila Luzon, Mimi Imfurst, Nina Flowers, Pandora Boxx, Raven, Shannel, Tammie Brown and Yara Sofia. The season featured these twelve returning contestants from seasons one to four, for a chance to be inducted into the ""Drag Race" Hall of Fame". It is the only season of "All Stars" to have the contestants compete in teams of two. This series consists of six episodes, each aired in a 60-minute time-slot. Contestants were judged on their "charisma, uniqueness, nerve and talent" and, since they competed in teams of two, also "synergy". The winner received a supply of MAC cosmetics, a "one of a kind trip" and $100,000.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: Each episode, the judges provide their critiques on the contestants' performances in the main challenge and on the runway before RuPaul announces which team is the winner and which teams had the weakest performances. The teams deemed as being the bottom two must "lip sync for their lives" and choose a queen to represent their team in the lip sync in a final attempt to impress RuPaul. After the lip sync, RuPaul decides who stays and who leaves. RuPaul describes the qualities the contestants must have to be crowned the winner of the show as "Charisma, Uniqueness, Nerve, and Talent... These are people who have taken adversity and turned it into something that is beautiful and something powerful." The phrase "charisma, uniqueness, nerve, and talent" is used repeatedly on the show, the acronym of which is CUNT. On the season, "synergy" was added to provide an explanation behind the contestants being sorted into teams (expanding the acronym into CUNTS). The winner was Chad Michaels, while Raven placed as the runner-up, again.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: A second season of "All Stars" was announced in 2015 and started shooting immediately after season 8. The show was to begin airing on August 25, 2016. Along with the season premiere's announcement, the cast of All Stars 2 were revealed. The cast consisted of 10 returning contestants, Adore Delano, Alaska, Alyssa Edwards, Coco Montrese, Detox, Ginger Minj, Katya, Phi Phi O'Hara, Roxxxy Andrews, and Tatianna. A new twist was revealed for this season changing the format of the show. In previous seasons, the two lowest performing queens had to "Lip Sync for their Life" to avoid elimination. This season has the two best performing queens of the challenge "Lip Sync for their Legacy", with the winner of the lip sync earning $10,000 and choosing which one of the bottom queens to eliminate. However, on their exit, RuPaul advised the first four eliminated queens that they will have the opportunity to come back for their "revenge", with the winner gaining entry back into the competition.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: This season featured a lip-sync to the Rihanna song 'Shut Up and Drive' by Alyssa Edwards and Tatianna that has frequently been rated the number one best "Drag Race" lip-sync performance. The winner was Alaska, while Detox and Katya placed as the runners-up.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: In August 2018, during an episode of his podcast, "", RuPaul confirmed he was filming the fourth season of "All Stars". On August 22, 2018, VH1 officially announced a fourth season of "All Stars", with the cast still yet to be revealed. On November 9, season 3 winner Trixie Mattel hosted a live stream with season 2 finalists Katya and Detox to announce the cast. The ten contestants competing on the fourth season of "All Stars" were Farrah Moan, Gia Gunn, Jasmine Masters, Latrice Royale, Manila Luzon, Monét X Change, Monique Heart, Naomi Smalls, Trinity the Tuck, and Valentina. Gia Gunn was the first transgender contestant to compete on a season of "All Stars", while Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon were the first contestants to return after competing in a previous season of "All Stars". The fourth season premiered on December 14, 2018, on VH1. The winners were Trinity the Tuck and Monét X Change; this marked the first and only double crowning to date in the "Drag Race" franchise.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: On August 19, 2019, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a fifth season. It was announced on February 20, 2020, on the show's official Twitter account, that the season would premiere on June 5, 2020, on Showtime. The cast was revealed on May 8, 2020. Following the cast announcement, producers announced that the show will air on VH1 instead of Showtime due to the COVID-19 pandemic which caused "various scheduling and programming adjustments." The ten contestants competing that season were Alexis Mateo, Blair St. Clair, Derrick Barry, India Ferrah, Jujubee, Mariah Paris Balenciaga, Mayhem Miller, Miz Cracker, Ongina, and Shea Couleé. The winner was Shea Couleé, leaving Jujubee and Miz Cracker as the runners-up.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: On August 20, 2020, VH1 renewed the series for its sixth season. On February 24, 2021, ViacomCBS announced that the sixth season of the show would move to Paramount+. On May 26, it was announced that the season would air beginning June 24, 2021. The season's thirteen contestants were A'keria C. Davenport, Eureka!, Ginger Minj, Jan, Jiggly Caliente, Kylie Sonique Love, Pandora Boxx, Ra'Jah O'Hara, Scarlet Envy, Serena ChaCha, Silky Nutmeg Ganache, Trinity K. Bonet, and Yara Sofia. The winner was Kylie Sonique Love, leaving Eureka!, Ginger Minj, and Ra'Jah O'Hara as runners-up. Kylie made history as the first transgender queen to win the crown on the American version of the show.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: The cast was announced on April 13, 2022. It included eight winners of past seasons returning to compete, making it the first season featuring only past winners. It also became the first US season to feature a contestant from another franchise.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: The cast consisted of four winners of "Drag Race": Jaida Essence Hall (season 12), Jinkx Monsoon (season 5), Raja (season 3) and Yvie Oddly (season 11); three winners of "All Stars": Monét X Change and Trinity the Tuck (co-winning season 4) and Shea Couleé (season 5); and the winner of UK season 1, The Vivienne. Jinkx Monsoon was crowned the Queen of All Queens, becoming the first to win two seasons of "RuPaul's Drag Race". Monét X Change was the runner-up and Raja won a second title, "Queen of 'She Done Already Done Had Herses'."


title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars

text: Starting in September 2019, seasons one and two became available to stream on Hulu. Seasons 1-3 became available to stream on CBS All Access on July 30, 2020.


title: Samantha Fox

text: Samantha Karen Fox (born 15 April 1966) is an English pop singer and former glamour model from East London. She rose to public attention aged 16, when her mother entered her photographs in an amateur modelling contest run by "The Sunday People" tabloid newspaper. After she placed second in the contest, she received an offer from "The Sun" to model topless on Page 3, where she made her first appearance on 22 February 1983. She continued to appear on Page 3 until 1986, becoming the most popular pin-up girl of her era, as well as one of the most photographed British women of the 1980s.


title: Samantha Fox

text: Transitioning to pop music after three years as a Page 3 girl, Fox released the single "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)" on 10 March 1986. It reached number one in Australia, Canada, Finland, Greece, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland, and became the first of her three Top 10 singles on the UK Singles Chart. She released her debut studio album "Touch Me" on 7 July 1986, which was followed by the albums "Samantha Fox" in 1987 and "I Wanna Have Some Fun" in 1988, each containing a number of international hit singles. In 1988, Fox received a Brit Award nomination for Best British Female Artist, although the award went to Alison Moyet. Fox's subsequent studio albums "Just One Night" (1991), "21st Century Fox" (1997), and "Angel with an Attitude" (2005) were less commercially successful. Fox returned to Page 3 for a full week in 1995 as the feature celebrated its 25th anniversary, and subsequently appeared in the October 1996 edition of "Playboy".


title: Samantha Fox

text: Fox has appeared in a number of films and reality television shows, and has occasionally worked as a television presenter. Although she dated a number of men in the early years of her career, including Kiss rhythm guitarist Paul Stanley and Australian fraudster Peter Foster, persistent rumours began circulating in the 1990s about her sexual orientation. In 2003, Fox publicly came out as a lesbian and acknowledged her romantic relationship with her then-manager, Myra Stratton, which lasted until Stratton's death from cancer in 2015. In 2020, Fox became engaged to her Norwegian tour manager, Linda Birgitte Olsen.


title: Samantha Fox

text: Fox was born on 15 April 1966 in Mile End, East London, the oldest daughter of actress Carole Ann Wilken and John Patrick Fox. She has a sister, Vanessa, and two half-siblings from her father's second marriage, Frederica and Frankie. Fox comes from a family of market traders.


title: Samantha Fox

text: Fox took an interest in the theatre from an early age; she first appeared on a theatre stage when she was three years old. She formed her first pop band with Richard Smart, Edward Gallagher and Bob Day when she was fourteen. She attended St Thomas More Catholic School, Wood Green; and was enrolled in the Anna Scher Theatre School from the age of fifteen. The next year she signed her first record deal, with Lamborghini Records.


title: Samantha Fox

text: In 1983, when Fox was 16, she released her first single. Credited as S.F.X. and released on the Lamborghini Records label, "Rockin' with My Radio"/"My Old Man" was produced by Ian Gillan Band and Spencer Davis Group member Ray Fenwick, who also wrote the b-side. The collaboration with Fenwick continued into 1984 and her second single, "Aim to Win"/"17 and Holding", credited under her full name, where Fenwick again produced and wrote the song on the B-side.


title: Samantha Fox

text: Also, in 1983, her mother submitted several photographs that she had taken of her daughter in lingerie to "The Sunday People" newspaper's Girl of the Year amateur modelling contest. She came in second place out of 20,000 entrants and the photographs drew her to the attention of the newspaper "The Sun", which invited her to pose for Page 3.


title: Samantha Fox

text: Her parents gave their consent for her to pose topless, and her first Page 3 photograph appeared in "the Sun" on 22 February 1983. She signed a four-year Page 3 modelling contract with the "Sun", and won its "Page 3 Girl of the Year" award for three consecutive years: 1984 to 1986. She is recognised today as the most popular pin-up girl of her era, as well as one of the most-photographed British women of the 1980s.


title: Samantha Fox

text: Fox was invited to attend an open audition for Jive Records, as the label was seeking "a British Madonna" to sing the song "Touch Me (I Want Your Body". She was successful and was offered a five album deal. In 1986, Fox retired from Page 3 modelling, at the age of 20, and made the transition into a career in pop music.


title: Samantha Fox

text: In 1995, aged 29, she made a one-off appearance in "The Sun" to promote Page 3's 25th anniversary. After receiving an overwhelmingly positive reader response, she appeared in the slot every day of that week, with Friday's final topless picture given away as an A3-sized poster. The following year, she appeared in the October issue of "Playboy" magazine.


title: Samantha Fox

text: In December 2009, her latest compilation album was issued, "Greatest Hits", both in single CD and double CD formats. In 2012 her first 4 albums were re-issued as double deluxe CDs by Cherry Red.


title: Samantha Fox

text: In the late 1980s, Fox appeared in television advertisements for a Leicestershire-based car dealership network with the slogan "Follow the Fox to Swithland Motors". Around the same time, she also appeared in television advertisements for bingo in "The Sun" newspaper.


title: Samantha Fox

text: In 1990, she appeared on the American sitcom "Charles in Charge" as Samantha Steele, a fictional rock star whose agent pushes her into a romance with Charles (Scott Baio) so the paparazzi will print it in the tabloids. Her film career included roles in "The Match" (1999), written and directed by Mick Davis and starring Richard E. Grant, Ian Holm and Tom Sizemore, "7 Cases" (2015) starring Steven Berkoff, and the comedy horror film "" (2017).


title: Samantha Fox

text: In 1995, under the group name 'Sox', Fox took part in "A Song for Europe", the UK heat for the Eurovision Song Contest 1995. Her song "Go for the Heart" finished fourth of the eight shortlisted entries with 65,436 telephone votes and the single went on to reach No. 47 on the UK Singles Chart. Also that year, she guest starred in the Hindi film "Rock Dancer".


title: Samantha Fox

text: In 2008, Fox and her partner Myra Stratton took part in "Celebrity Wife Swap", exchanging with Freddie Starr and his wife Donna. In November 2009, she took part in ITV's "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!"; she was voted out on day 16. In 2010, she appeared in a celebrity episode of "Come Dine with Me" with Calum Best, Janice Dickinson, and Jeff Brazier. In 2016, Fox became a participant in "Celebrity Big Brother 18" and she just missed out on reaching the final finishing in seventh place.


title: Samantha Fox

text: Fox's father Patrick, a former carpenter, managed her career until 1991, when she hired accountants to trace over £1 million (£ million today) that she believed he had embezzled from her accounts. She sued her father, who by then had divorced and remarried, and in May 1995, she was awarded a £363,000 (£ million today) court settlement. Patrick Fox died in 2000, at that time they had not spoken to each other for nearly a decade.


title: Samantha Fox

text: In the late 1980s, Fox became romantically linked with Australian career criminal Peter Foster. They began dating but she turned down his marriage proposal. She also had a relationship with Paul Stanley, the rhythm guitarist and co-lead vocalist of rock band Kiss. Rumours regarding Fox's sexual orientation began to surface in 1999 when she judged a lesbian beauty pageant, and rumours circulated that the woman with whom she resided, Cris Bonacci, the Australian former lead guitarist for the rock band Girlschool, was her lover. The relationship was confirmed later by Bonacci in an interview.


title: Samantha Fox

text: In 2003, Fox made a statement about her personal life: "I have slept with other women but I've not been in love before Myra Stratton. People say I'm gay. All I know is that I'm in love with Myra [Stratton, my manager]. I love her completely and want to spend the rest of my life with her." Fox said that she had been reluctant to come out because, having already dealt with obsessed fans and stalkers, she feared fans' possible reactions. In 2009, she announced her plans to form a civil partnership with Stratton. In 2015, at 60 years old, Stratton died of cancer, at which point she and Fox had been in a relationship for 16 years. After that Fox began a relationship with her tour manager Linda Birgitte Olsen, a native of Norway. Olsen proposed and the couple became engaged on Valentine's Day in 2020. They married on 18 June 2022.


title: Water cycle

text: The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, is a biogeochemical cycle that describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water (salt water) and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor. The ocean plays a key role in the water cycle as it is the source of 86% of global evaporation.


title: Water cycle

text: The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. When water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.


title: Water cycle

text: The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.


title: Water cycle

text: The water cycle is powered from the energy emitted by the sun. This energy heats water in the ocean and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the air. Some ice and snow sublimates directly into water vapor. Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. The water molecule has smaller molecular mass than the major components of the atmosphere, nitrogen () and oxygen () and hence is less dense. Due to the significant difference in density, buoyancy drives humid air higher. As altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops (see Gas laws). The lower temperature causes water vapor to condense into tiny liquid water droplets which are heavier than the air, and which fall unless supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large area in the atmosphere become visible as cloud, while condensation near ground level is referred to as fog.


title: Water cycle

text: Atmospheric circulation moves water vapor around the globe; cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow, hail, or sleet, and can accumulate in ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls as rain back into the ocean or onto land, where the water flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of this runoff enters rivers, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (groundwater) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers; much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers, which can store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge or be taken up by plants and transfered back to the atmosphere as water vapor by transpiration. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and emerges as freshwater springs. In river valleys and floodplains, there is often continuous water exchange between surface water and ground water in the hyporheic zone. Over time, the water returns to the ocean, to continue the water cycle.


title: Water cycle

text: The ocean plays a key role in the water cycle. The ocean holds "97% of the total water on the planet; 78% of global precipitation occurs over the ocean, and it is the source of 86% of global evaporation".


title: Water cycle

text: The "residence time" of a reservoir within the hydrologic cycle is the average time a water molecule will spend in that reservoir ("see adjacent table"). It is a measure of the average age of the water in that reservoir.


title: Water cycle

text: Groundwater can spend over 10,000 years beneath Earth's surface before leaving. Particularly old groundwater is called fossil water. Water stored in the soil remains there very briefly, because it is spread thinly across the Earth, and is readily lost by evaporation, transpiration, stream flow, or groundwater recharge. After evaporating, the residence time in the atmosphere is about 9 days before condensing and falling to the Earth as precipitation.


title: Water cycle

text: The major ice sheets – Antarctica and Greenland – store ice for very long periods. Ice from Antarctica has been reliably dated to 800,000 years before present, though the average residence time is shorter.


title: Water cycle

text: In hydrology, residence times can be estimated in two ways. The more common method relies on the principle of conservation of mass (water balance) and assumes the amount of water in a given reservoir is roughly constant. With this method, residence times are estimated by dividing the volume of the reservoir by the rate by which water either enters or exits the reservoir. Conceptually, this is equivalent to timing how long it would take the reservoir to become filled from empty if no water were to leave (or how long it would take the reservoir to empty from full if no water were to enter).


title: Water cycle

text: An alternative method to estimate residence times, which is gaining in popularity for dating groundwater, is the use of isotopic techniques. This is done in the subfield of isotope hydrology.


title: Water cycle

text: The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the hydrosphere. However, much more water is "in storage" for long periods of time than is actually moving through the cycle. The storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the oceans. It is estimated that of the 1,386,000,000 km of the world's water supply, about 1,338,000,000 km is stored in oceans, or about 97%. It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporated water that goes into the water cycle. The Earth's ice caps, glaciers, and permanent snowpack stores another 24,064,000 km accounting for only 1.7% of the planet's total water volume. However, this quantity of water is 68.7% of all freshwater on the planet.


title: Water cycle

text: Since the middle of the 20th century, human-caused climate change has resulted in observable changes in the global water cycle. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report in 2021 predicted that these changes will continue to grow significantly at the global and regional level. These findings are a continuation of scientific consensus expressed in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report from 2007 and other special reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change which had already stated that the water cycle will continue to "intensify" throughout the 21st century.


title: Water cycle

text: Glacial retreat is also an example of a changing water cycle, where the supply of water to glaciers from precipitation cannot keep up with the loss of water from melting and sublimation. Glacial retreat since 1850 due to global warming has been extensive.


title: Water cycle

text: Human activities, other than those that lead to global warming from greenhouse gas emissions, can also alter the water cycle. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report stated that there is "abundant evidence that changes in land use and land cover alter the water cycle globally, regionally and locally, by changing precipitation, evaporation, flooding, groundwater, and the availability of freshwater for a variety of uses".


title: Water cycle

text: Examples for such land use changes are converting fields to urban areas or clearing forests. Such changes can affect the ability of soils to soak up surface water. Deforestation can also "directly reduce soil moisture, evaporation and rainfall locally but can also cause regional temperature changes that affect rainfall patterns". Aquifer drawdown or overdrafting and the pumping of fossil water increases the total amount of water in the hydrosphere because water that was "previously in the ground is now in direct contact with the atmosphere, being available for evaporation".


title: Water cycle

text: While the water cycle is itself a biogeochemical cycle, flow of water over and beneath the Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals. Runoff is responsible for almost all of the transport of eroded sediment and phosphorus from land to waterbodies. The salinity of the oceans is derived from erosion and transport of dissolved salts from the land. Cultural eutrophication of lakes is primarily due to phosphorus, applied in excess to agricultural fields in fertilizers, and then transported overland and down rivers. Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles in transporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies. The dead zone at the outlet of the Mississippi River is a consequence of nitrates from fertilizer being carried off agricultural fields and funnelled down the river system to the Gulf of Mexico. Runoff also plays a part in the carbon cycle, again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.


title: Water cycle

text: The hydrodynamic wind within the upper portion of a planet's atmosphere allows light chemical elements such as Hydrogen to move up to the exobase, the lower limit of the exosphere, where the gases can then reach escape velocity, entering outer space without impacting other particles of gas. This type of gas loss from a planet into space is known as planetary wind. Planets with hot lower atmospheres could result in humid upper atmospheres that accelerate the loss of hydrogen.


title: Water cycle

text: In ancient times, it was widely thought that the land mass floated on a body of water, and that most of the water in rivers has its origin under the earth. Examples of this belief can be found in the works of Homer (circa 800 BCE).


title: Water cycle

text: In the ancient Near East, Hebrew scholars observed that even though the rivers ran into the sea, the sea never became full. Some scholars conclude that the water cycle was described completely during this time in this passage: "The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to its circuits. All the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again" (Ecclesiastes 1:6-7). Scholars are not in agreement as to the date of Ecclesiastes, though most scholars point to a date during the time of King Solomon, son of David and Bathsheba, "three thousand years ago, there is some agreement that the time period is 962–922 BCE. Furthermore, it was also observed that when the clouds were full, they emptied rain on the earth (Ecclesiastes 11:3). In addition, during 793–740 BCE a Hebrew prophet, Amos, stated that water comes from the sea and is poured out on the earth (Amos 5:8).


title: Water cycle

text: In the Biblical Book of Job, dated between 7th and 2nd centuries BCE, there is a description of precipitation in the hydrologic cycle, "For he maketh small the drops of water: they pour down rain according to the vapour thereof; which the clouds do drop and distil upon man abundantly" (Job 36:27-28).


title: Water cycle

text: In the Adityahridayam (a devotional hymn to the Sun God) of Ramayana, a Hindu epic dated to the 4th century BCE, it is mentioned in the 22nd verse that the Sun heats up water and sends it down as rain. By roughly 500 BCE, Greek scholars were speculating that much of the water in rivers can be attributed to rain. The origin of rain was also known by then. These scholars maintained the belief, however, that water rising up through the earth contributed a great deal to rivers. Examples of this thinking included Anaximander (570 BCE) (who also speculated about the evolution of land animals from fish) and Xenophanes of Colophon (530 BCE). Chinese scholars such as Chi Ni Tzu (320 BCE) and Lu Shih Ch'un Ch'iu (239 BCE) had similar thoughts.


title: Water cycle

text: The idea that the water cycle is a closed cycle can be found in the works of Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (460 BCE) and Diogenes of Apollonia (460 BCE). Both Plato (390 BCE) and Aristotle (350 BCE) speculated about percolation as part of the water cycle. Aristotle correctly hypothesized that the sun played a role in the Earth's hydraulic cycle in his book "Meteorology," writing "By it [the sun's] agency the finest and sweetest water is everyday carried up and is dissolved into vapor and rises to the upper regions, where it is condensed again by the cold and so returns to the earth.", and believed that clouds were composed of cooled and condensed water vapor.


title: Water cycle

text: Up to the time of the Renaissance, it was wrongly assumed that precipitation alone was insufficient to feed rivers, for a complete water cycle, and that underground water pushing upwards from the oceans were the main contributors to river water. Bartholomew of England held this view (1240 CE), as did Leonardo da Vinci (1500 CE) and Athanasius Kircher (1644 CE).


title: Water cycle

text: The first published thinker to assert that rainfall alone was sufficient for the maintenance of rivers was Bernard Palissy (1580 CE), who is often credited as the "discoverer" of the modern theory of the water cycle. Palissy's theories were not tested scientifically until 1674, in a study commonly attributed to Pierre Perrault. Even then, these beliefs were not accepted in mainstream science until the early nineteenth century.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Touchstone Pictures, Inc. was an American film production label of Walt Disney Studios, founded and owned by The Walt Disney Company. Feature films released under the Touchstone label were produced and financed by Walt Disney Studios, and featured more mature themes targeted towards adult audiences than typical Walt Disney Pictures films. As such, Touchstone was merely a brand of the studio and did not exist as a distinct business operation.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Established on February 15, 1984, by then-Disney CEO Ron W. Miller as Touchstone Films, Touchstone operated as an active film production division of Disney during the 1980s through the early 2010s, releasing a majority of the studio's PG-13 and R-rated films. In 2009, Disney entered into a five-year, thirty picture distribution deal with DreamWorks Pictures by which DreamWorks' productions would be released through the Touchstone banner; the label then distributed DreamWorks' films from 2011 to 2016.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Following the release of "The Light Between Oceans" and prior to the acquisition of 21st Century Fox assets by Disney, Touchstone Pictures went defunct on December 20, 2017 after 33 years in operation.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Due to increased public assumption that Disney films were aimed at children and families, films produced by the Walt Disney Productions began to falter at the box office as a result. This began in 1975 with the release of "Escape to Witch Mountain" and its 1978 sequel. In late 1979, Walt Disney Productions released "The Black Hole", a science-fiction movie that was the studio's first production to receive a PG rating (the company, however, had already distributed via Buena Vista Distribution its first PG-rated film, "Take Down" almost a year before the release of "The Black Hole").


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Over the next few years, Disney experimented with more PG-rated fare, such as the horror-mystery "The Watcher in the Woods", the spy-themed comedy "Condorman" and the Paramount Pictures co-produced fantasy epic "Dragonslayer". With Disney's 1982 slate of PG-rated films, which included the thriller drama "Night Crossing" and the science-fiction film "Tron", the company lost over $27 million. "Tron" was considered a potential "Star Wars"-level success film by the film division.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: In late 1982, Disney vice president of production Tom Wilhite announced that they would produce and release more mature films under a new brand. Wilhite elaborated to "The New York Times": "We won't get into horror or exploitive sex, but using a non-Disney name will allow us wider latitude in the maturity of the subject matter and the edge we can add to the humor." He stated that one of the first films that would be released under this new brand was "Trenchcoat", a comedy caper starring Margot Kidder and Robert Hays; however, the new brand had not yet been created by the time of the film's release in March 1983, so it was instead released by Walt Disney Productions, but with no production company credited in the released prints.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: A loss of $33 million was registered by the film division in 1983 with the majority resulting from such films as the horror-fantasy adaptation of Ray Bradbury's novel "Something Wicked This Way Comes", the horror-comedy "The Devil and Max Devlin" starring Elliott Gould and Bill Cosby, and the dramas "Tex" and "Never Cry Wolf", the latter being a PG release that featured male nudity, did well as the studio downplayed the film's association with the Disney brand.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Touchstone Films was founded by then-Disney CEO Ron W. Miller on February 15, 1984, as a label for their PG films with an expected three to four movies released under the label. Touchstone's first film was "Splash", a huge hit for grossing $68 million at the domestic box office was released that year. Incoming Disney CEO Michael Eisner and film chief Jeffrey Katzenberg considered renaming the label to "Hollywood Pictures", which went on to become a separate Disney film label on February 1, 1989.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: In 1986, "Down and Out in Beverly Hills" was another early success for Touchstone and was Disney's first R-rated film, followed in 1987 by Disney's first PG-13 rated film, "Adventures in Babysitting". Disney increased the momentum with additional PG-13 and R-rated films with "Ruthless People" (1986), "Outrageous Fortune" (1987), "Tin Men" (1987), and other top movies. In April 1986, movies by Touchstone Films were licensed to Showtime/The Movie Channel for five years starting in 1987.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Touchstone Films was renamed Touchstone Pictures after the release of "Ruthless People" in 1986. With the Touchstone movies, Disney moved to the top of box office receipts beating out all the other major film studios by 1988. On April 13, 1988, Touchstone became a unit of Walt Disney Pictures with newly appointed president Ricardo Mestres.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: On October 23, 1990, The Walt Disney Company formed Touchwood Pacific Partners I to supplant the Silver Screen Partners partnership series as their movie studios' primary funding source.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: With several production companies getting out of film production or closing shop by December 2, 1988, the Walt Disney Studios announced the formation of the Hollywood Pictures division, which would only share marketing and distribution with Touchstone, to fill the void. Mestres was appointed president of Hollywood. On July 27, 1992, Touchstone agreed to an exclusive, first-look production and distribution agreement with Merchant Ivory Productions to last three years.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Following the success of the Disney-branded PG-13-rated "" in 2003, and other films that in the 1980s and 1990s would have been released as Touchstone or Hollywood Pictures films, Disney weighed distribution of films more toward Disney-branded films and away from Touchstone Pictures, though not entirely disbanding them as it continued to use the Touchstone label for R and most PG-13 rated fare. In 2006, Disney limited Touchstone's output to two or three films in favor of Walt Disney Pictures titles due to an increase in film industry costs. Disney indicated scaling back on using multiple brands in 2007 with the renaming of Touchstone Television to ABC Television Studio in February and the outright elimination of the Buena Vista brand in April. On January 14, 2010, Sean Bailey was appointed the president of live-action production at Walt Disney Studios, overseeing all films produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Touchstone.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: In 2009, Disney repurposed Touchstone as a distribution label for films produced by DreamWorks Studios. Disney financed DreamWorks productions with $90 million more available under its agreement if DreamWorks could not get additional equity funding. In 2012, Disney reportedly was in early stages in considering Touchstone's fate, including a possible sale.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Following Disney's decision not to renew their long-standing deal with Jerry Bruckheimer Films in 2013, producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that he insisted on revitalizing the Touchstone label for production. Disney was uninterested, with studio chairman Alan Horn admitting that Touchstone's output had been reduced to only distributing DreamWorks' films as those films were in the label's interest. In addition to DreamWorks' films, Touchstone also released non Disney-branded animated films such as "Gnomeo & Juliet", "The Wind Rises", and "Strange Magic".


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: By the end of the DreamWorks deal in August 2016, Disney had distributed 14 of DreamWorks' original 30-picture agreement, with thirteen through Touchstone. The deal ended with "The Light Between Oceans" being the final theatrical film released by Disney under the Touchstone banner. Universal Pictures then replaced Disney as DreamWorks' distributor. Disney retained the film rights to these DreamWorks films in perpetuity as compensation for the studio's outstanding loan.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: As of 2017, following the release of "The Light Between Oceans", the label became defunct. Since then, several other Disney divisions have produced or are developing television series and films based on previous Touchstone properties—such as "Turner & Hooch, High Fidelity," "Three Men and a Baby", "Sister Act", and "Real Steel—"for Disney+ and Hulu. Following the acquisition of the entertainment assets of 21st Century Fox in 2019, both 20th Century Studios (formerly 20th Century Fox) and Searchlight Pictures (formerly Fox Searchlight Pictures) labels currently release the majority of adult and mature content produced by Walt Disney Studios.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Some well-known Touchstone Pictures releases include "Beaches", "Turner & Hooch", "Splash", "The Waterboy", "The Color of Money", "Good Morning, Vietnam", "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", "Dead Poets Society", "Pretty Woman", "Sister Act", "Ed Wood", "Dick Tracy", "The Insider", "The Royal Tenenbaums", "Sweet Home Alabama", "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", "The Help", "War Horse", "Lincoln," and "Bridge of Spies". Its highest-grossing film release is "Armageddon". Although animated films produced by Walt Disney Studios are primarily released by Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone's animated releases include the original theatrical release of "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "Gnomeo & Juliet", "The Wind Rises", and "Strange Magic". Six Touchstone films have received an Oscar nomination for Best Picture; "Dead Poets Society", "The Insider", "The Help", "War Horse", "Lincoln", and "Bridge of Spies".


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Through Touchstone, Disney's first R-rated film, "Down and Out in Beverly Hills", came on January 31, 1986, and was a large box-office success. "Ruthless People" followed on June 27, 1986, and was also very successful. Both of these pictures starred Bette Midler, who had signed a six-picture deal with Disney and became a major film star again with these hits as well as "Beaches" and "Outrageous Fortune".


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: One of the key producers behind Touchstone films was Jerry Bruckheimer, who had a production deal with Disney from 1993 to 2014. His Touchstone titles include "The Ref", "Con Air", "Armageddon", "Enemy of the State", "Gone in 60 Seconds", "Coyote Ugly", and "Pearl Harbor". In addition, Bruckheimer has also produced several other films released under the Disney and Hollywood labels.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Releases from Touchstone Pictures were distributed theatrically by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and through home media platforms by Buena Vista Home Entertainment (branded as "Touchstone Home Entertainment").


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: Touchstone Television served as Touchstone Pictures' counterpart label for television programming, producing television series including "The Golden Girls", "Blossom", "Home Improvement", "My Wife and Kids", "Desperate Housewives", "Lost", "Grey's Anatomy", "Scrubs", "Criminal Minds", and "Monk". In 2007, the company was renamed ABC Studios, as part of a move by Disney to re-align its studios around core brands such as ABC.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: On August 10, 2020, Disney announced that it would revive the Touchstone Television brand as a renaming of Fox 21 Television Studios, as part of its phase-out of the "Fox" brand from the studios it acquired from 21st Century Fox. At the same time, the existing ABC Studios was renamed ABC Signature.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: However, about four months later on December 1, 2020, Disney announced the revived Touchstone Television label would be folded into 20th Television.


title: Touchstone Pictures

text: By the end of 2007, Disney's video game subsidiary Buena Vista Games began to produce material under its own Touchstone imprint. It is a short-lived video game division of Touchstone Pictures. As is the case with its motion picture and television counterparts, Touchstone Games merely acted as a label/imprint of Disney Interactive and not its own entity. The only title it released was the "Turok" video game in 2008.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: Man's Search for Meaning is a 1946 book by Viktor Frankl chronicling his experiences as a prisoner in Nazi concentration camps during World War II, and describing his psychotherapeutic method, which involved identifying a purpose in life to feel positive about, and then immersively imagining that outcome. According to Frankl, the way a prisoner imagined the future affected his longevity. The book intends to answer the question "How was everyday life in a concentration camp reflected in the mind of the average prisoner?" Part One constitutes Frankl's analysis of his experiences in the concentration camps, while Part Two introduces his ideas of meaning and his theory called logotherapy.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: According to a survey conducted by the Book-of-the-Month Club and the Library of Congress, "Man's Search for Meaning" belongs to a list of "the ten most influential books in the United States." At the time of the author's death in 1997, the book had sold over 10 million copies and had been translated into 24 languages.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: "Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager" ("A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp").


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: Later German editions prefixed the title with "Trotzdem Ja zum Leben Sagen" ("Nevertheless Say Yes to Life"), taken from a line in "Das Buchenwaldlied," a song written by Dr. Friedrich Löhner-Beda while an inmate at Buchenwald.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: The title of the first English-language translation was "From Death-Camp to Existentialism". The book's common full English title is "Man's Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy", although this subtitle is often not printed on the cover of modern editions.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: Frankl identifies three psychological reactions experienced by all inmates to one degree or another: (1) shock during the initial admission phase to the camp, (2) apathy after becoming accustomed to camp existence, in which the inmate values only that which helps himself and his friends survive, and (3) reactions of depersonalization, moral deformity, bitterness, and disillusionment if he survives and is liberated.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: Frankl concludes that the meaning of life is found in every moment of living; life never ceases to have meaning, even in suffering and death. In a group therapy session during a mass fast inflicted on the camp's inmates trying to protect an anonymous fellow inmate from fatal retribution by authorities, Frankl offered the thought that for everyone in a dire condition there is someone looking down, a friend, family member, or even God, who would expect not to be disappointed. Frankl concludes from his experience that a prisoner's psychological reactions are not solely the result of the conditions of his life, but also from the freedom of choice he always has even in severe suffering. The inner hold a prisoner has on his spiritual self relies on having a hope in the future, and that once a prisoner loses that hope, he is doomed.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: Frankl also concludes that there are only two races of men, decent men and indecent. No society is free of either of them, and thus there were "decent" Nazi guards and "indecent" prisoners, most notably the kapo who would torture and abuse their fellow prisoners for personal gain.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: His concluding passage in Part One describes the psychological reaction of the inmates to their liberation, which he separates into three stages. The first is depersonalization—a period of readjustment, in which a prisoner gradually returns to the world. Initially, the liberated prisoners are so numb that they are unable to understand what freedom means, or to emotionally respond to it. Part of them believes that it is an illusion or a dream that will be taken away from them. In their first foray outside their former prison, the prisoners realized that they could not comprehend pleasure. Flowers and the reality of the freedom they had dreamed about for years were all surreal, unable to be grasped in their depersonalization.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: The body is the first element to break out of this stage, responding by big appetites of eating and wanting more sleeping. Only after the partial replenishing of the body is the mind finally able to respond, as "feeling suddenly broke through the strange fetters which had restrained it" (p.111).


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: This begins the second stage, in which there is a danger of deformation. As the intense pressure on the mind is released, mental health can be endangered. Frankl uses the analogy of a diver suddenly released from his pressure chamber. He recounts the story of a friend who became immediately obsessed with dispensing the same violence in judgment of his abusers that they had inflicted on him.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: Upon returning home, the prisoners had to struggle with two fundamental experiences which could also damage their mental health: bitterness and disillusionment. The last stage is bitterness at the lack of responsiveness of the world outside—a "superficiality and lack of feeling...so disgusting that one finally felt like creeping into a hole and neither hearing nor seeing human beings any more" (p.113). Worse was disillusionment, which was the discovery that suffering does not end, that the longed-for happiness will not come. This was the experience of those who—like Frankl—returned home to discover that no one awaited them. The hope that had sustained them throughout their time in the concentration camp was now gone. Frankl cites this experience as the most difficult to overcome.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: As time passed, however, the prisoner's experience in a concentration camp finally became nothing but a remembered nightmare. What is more, he comes to believe that he has nothing left to fear any more, "except his God" (p.115).


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: The book has been identified as one of the most influential books in the United States. At the time of Frankl's death in 1997, the book had sold over 10 million copies and had been translated into 24 languages.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: Gordon Allport, who wrote a preface to the book, described it as a "gem of dramatic narrative" which "provides a compelling introduction to the most significant psychological movement of our day". Sarah Bakewell describes it as "an incredibly powerful and moving example of what existentialist thought can actually be for in real life" while Mary Fulbrook praises "the way [Frankl] explores the importance of meaning in life as the key to survival."


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: However, aspects of the book have garnered criticism. One of Frankl's main ideas in the book is that a positive attitude made one better equipped for surviving the camps. Richard Middleton-Kaplan has said that this implies, whether intentionally or unintentionally, that those who died had given up and that this paved the way for the idea of the Jews going like sheep to the slaughter. Holocaust analyst Lawrence L. Langer criticises Frankl's promotion of logotherapy and says the book has a problematic subtext. He also accuses Frankl of having a tone of self-aggrandizement and a general inhumane sense of studying-detachment towards victims of the Holocaust.


title: Man's Search for Meaning

text: In his book "Faith in Freedom", psychiatrist Thomas Szasz states that Frankl's survivor testimony was written to misdirect, and betrays instead an intent of a transparent effort to conceal Frankl's actions and his collaboration with the Nazis, and that, in the assessment of Raul Hilberg, the founder of Holocaust Studies, Frankl's historical account is a deception akin to 's infamous memoirs, which were translated into nine languages before being exposed as fraudulent in Hilberg's 1996, "Politics of Memory". Szasz's criticism of Frankl is not universally embraced. Similarly, Hilberg's allegations have been rebutted by several reviewers.


title: James Hewitt

text: James Lifford Hewitt (born 30 April 1958) is a British former cavalry officer in the British Army. He came to public attention in the mid-1990s after he disclosed an affair with Diana, Princess of Wales, while she was still married to then-Prince Charles.


title: James Hewitt

text: Hewitt was born in Derry, Northern Ireland, where his father, 1952 Olympic pentathlete John Hewitt, was stationed with the Royal Marines. He grew up in Kent and Devon. His mother, Shirley Stamp, was daughter of a London dental surgeon who lived in Devon. Hewitt was educated at Norwood Preparatory School in Exeter before going to Millfield, a public school, in Street, Somerset.


title: James Hewitt

text: After graduating from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Hewitt was commissioned into the Life Guards, British Army, on 8 April 1978 as a second lieutenant. He was promoted to lieutenant on 8 April 1980. He transferred from a short service commission to a special regular commission on 1 October 1981. He was promoted to acting captain on 8 October 1984. On 21 October 1985, he transferred from a special regular commission to a regular commission. In 1991, he served as a Challenger tank squadron commander in the Gulf War. He was mentioned in despatches "in recognition of service during the operation in the Gulf" in June 1991. He failed the exam for promotion to major three times.


title: James Hewitt

text: On 1 March 1994, he was retired from the British Army after 17 years' military service. The BBC reported in 2003 that in retirement, Hewitt was granted the rank of major which was "in line with common army practice".


title: James Hewitt

text: He won the Channel 5 reality show "Back to Reality" in 2004; in 2006, Hewitt appeared as a contestant in "", the celebrity version of "The X Factor". He also appeared in the first episode of the UK "Top Gear" in Series 8 in May of the same year to participate with other celebrities in setting power lap times around the Top Gear Test Track in the show's newest "reasonably priced car": when the presenters seemingly did not recognise him upon his arrival, they were apparently too embarrassed to admit as much, and rather than ask him his name, they listed his lap time as "Well Spoken Man".


title: James Hewitt

text: In 2009, Hewitt opened a bar called the Polo House in the fashionable Golden Mile of Marbella, Spain. It closed in 2013.


title: James Hewitt

text: Hewitt was portrayed by Daniel Donskoy in season four of "The Crown", and by Gareth Keegan in the musical "Diana".


title: James Hewitt

text: Hewitt's affair with the princess began while he was still in the Household Cavalry and had been asked to give her riding lessons. News of the relationship leaked quickly and within months British newspapers published accounts of the romance, first hinted at in Nigel Dempster's "Daily Mail" Diary and then with a full story in the "News of the World".


title: James Hewitt

text: Some years later, after he had left the army, Anna Pasternak published the book "Princess in Love" in 1994. Hewitt was a major source, and it alleged that he had a five-year affair with Diana, Princess of Wales from 1986 to 1991. Diana confirmed the affair in her 1995 "Panorama" interview. The following year, the film "Princess in Love" by David Greene was released, based on the book, with Julie Cox and Christopher Villiers playing the lead roles.


title: James Hewitt

text: Hewitt considered suicide after the affair ended. He was preparing for a trip to France, and he wanted to shoot himself. He said, "I got in my car and loaded a few things up to get on the ferry to go to France – to shoot myself ... And then my mother insisted on coming with me. And, if she hadn't, I would have probably shot myself. So I owe her my life really".


title: James Hewitt

text: In 2003, Hewitt tried to sell his 64 personal letters from Diana for £10 million. The act of selling the letters was considered to be a betrayal of trust, and Sarah, Duchess of York, who is also divorced from a British prince, condemned his action. She was reported to have said, "Betrayal, I think, is the most horrible, horrible, disloyal thing you can do to anyone".


title: James Hewitt

text: Persistent suggestions have been made in the media that Hewitt, and not Charles, is the biological father of Diana's second son, Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (born 1984). Some even call the prince "Harry Hewitt", a clear reference to what they think is his true biological paternity. Hewitt stated to the press in 2002 that Harry had already been born by the time of the affair, a statement also made by Diana's police bodyguard. He reiterated this in an interview in 2017. Diana attributed Harry's red hair colouration to her side of the family, calling him her "little Spencer".


title: James Hewitt

text: In July 2004, Hewitt was arrested outside a restaurant in Fulham with Alison Bell, a CNN journalist, for the possession of cocaine. A drunken Hewitt had of cocaine in his pocket. He was given a warning, and Bell was released without charge. As a result, he was refused reinstatement of his firearms licences because of his "intemperate habits" after police found a disassembled 16-bore shotgun on his living room floor.


title: James Hewitt

text: On 14 May 2017, it was reported that Hewitt had suffered from both a heart attack and stroke, leaving him fighting for his life in hospital. However, by the end of June 2017, Hewitt had been released from hospital and was said to be recovering well at home; in 2021, he was reportedly working as a gardener.


title: Marco Reus

text: Marco Reus (; born 31 May 1989) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or forward. He captains Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund and plays for the Germany national team.


title: Marco Reus

text: Reus spent his youth career at Borussia Dortmund, prior to leaving for Rot Weiss Ahlen. He joined Borussia Mönchengladbach in 2009, and had his most successful season in 2012, scoring 18 goals and providing 12 assists in the Bundesliga to help Borussia Mönchengladbach secure a place in the following season's UEFA Champions League. Reus returned to his hometown club Borussia Dortmund at the end of that season, helping the club reach the 2013 UEFA Champions League Final in his first season. With Dortmund, Reus won three DFL-Supercups (in 2013, 2014 and 2019), and the DFB-Pokal in 2017 and 2021, he has scored over 150 goals for the club, and is one of only three players to have reached 100 Bundesliga goals and assists each. He has been voted German Footballer of the Year twice, as well as Bundesliga Player of the Season on three occasions.


title: Marco Reus

text: With the Germany national team, Reus has only 48 caps, due to his recurring injuries in recent years. He missed the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which Germany won, UEFA Euro 2016, UEFA Euro 2020 and 2022 FIFA World Cup, but played in UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.


title: Marco Reus

text: Reus was born in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia. He began to play football for his hometown club Post SV Dortmund in 1994 and joined the youth ranks of Borussia Dortmund in 1996. He played for Borussia Dortmund until he left for the U-19 team of Rot Weiss Ahlen in the summer of 2006. During his first year there, he played as an attacking midfielder and was featured in six games for the club's second team, which played in the Westphalia league at the time. He scored a goal in each of his first two games. The following year, he was able to break into Ahlen's first team, which played in the German third division at the time. He featured in 16 games that season, two of which he started. His only goal came on the last matchday, where he played the full 90 minutes for the first time that season, and propelled the team to promotion into the 2. Bundesliga. In 2008–09, as a 19-year-old, he had his definitive breakthrough as a professional football player, playing 27 games and scoring four goals.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 25 May 2009, Reus signed a four-year contract with Bundesliga club Borussia Mönchengladbach. On 28 August, he scored his first Bundesliga goal in a game against Mainz 05 after a 50-metre solo run, and since then became a prolific goalscorer for his club under Lucien Favre.


title: Marco Reus

text: At the start of the 2011–12 season, Reus began the season in fine form, scoring 10 goals in his first 13 matches, including his first ever Bundesliga hat-trick in a 5-0 trashing against Werder Bremen on 19 November. His contract with Gladbach was set to expire in 2015 and reportedly had a buy-out clause of €18 million. Reus mentioned that his role model was Tomáš Rosický.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 4 January 2012, Reus signed with his former club Borussia Dortmund for a €17.1 million transfer fee on a five-year deal. He spoke about his transfer saying, "I've made the decision to take the next step forward in the coming season. I'd like to play for a club who can challenge for the league title and guarantee me Champions League football. I see this chance in Dortmund." Reus officially re-joined Dortmund on 1 July.


title: Marco Reus

text: In Reus's league debut with Dortmund on 24 August, he scored a goal as his new side completed a 2–1 win over Werder Bremen. On 29 September, Reus scored two goals for Dortmund in a 5–0 rout of his former club Mönchengladbach, pushing the champions to the top of the Bundesliga table through six games.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 3 October, in Reus's second ever Champions League appearance, he opened the scoring as Dortmund earned a 1–1 draw away to Manchester City. He then opened the scoring for the German champions in their 2–2 draw with Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium on 6 November, netting on a spectacular volley after a kick-down from teammate Robert Lewandowski. In Dortmund's following Champions League match, on 21 November, Reus scored Dortmund's first goal in a 4–1 defeat of Ajax at the Amsterdam Arena, securing qualification for the Round of 16 as Group D winners.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 16 February 2013, Reus scored a hat-trick, netting all the goals in Dortmund's thumping of Hessian side Eintracht Frankfurt. On 9 April 2013, Reus scored an injury time goal which was a vital one in the stunning injury time comeback against Malaga in the quarter final leg 2 of UEFA Champions League. Dortmund won the match by 3-2 and progressed on to the next round where they defeated Real Madrid 4–3 on aggregate to reach the final. On 11 May, Reus scored a late brace against VfL Wolfsburg to help Dortmund draw the match after being two goals down.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 27 July 2013, in the 2013 DFL-Supercup against Bayern Munich, Reus netted the game's opening goal and later rounded off the scoring, as Borussia Dortmund claimed a 4–2 victory to lift the trophy. On 18 August, Reus converted a penalty kick which rounded off the scoring as Dortmund defeated Eintracht Braunschweig 2–1 at the Signal Iduna Park in the second game of Dortmund's 2013–14 league campaign. He then scored a brace against SC Freiburg, one from the penalty spot, and started the season hitting impressive form. Reus had confirmed he would be Dortmund's penalty taker for the season, though despite winning a penalty against 1860 Munich in the DFB Pokal, he allowed teammate Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang in taking the penalty which propelled the Borussia-based club into the next round of the competition. On 1 November, Reus scored a goal for Dortmund in a 6–1 league win against VfB Stuttgart.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 25 February 2014, Reus scored a goal in a 4–2 win for Dortmund against Zenit Saint Petersburg in the first leg of the round of 16 in the UEFA Champions League. On 29 March, he then scored a hat-trick in a 3–2 win for Dortmund against Stuttgart in the Bundesliga. On 8 April, Reus scored twice in Dortmund's second leg 2–0 win against Real Madrid, though Dortmund were eventually knocked out of the competition after losing 3–2 on aggregate. Reus finished the season with 23 goals and 18 assists in all competitions.


title: Marco Reus

text: In the second match of the 2014–15 Bundesliga against FC Augsburg, Reus scored one goal and helped set up another. Dortmund went to win the match by 3–2. In September 2014, he was diagnosed with an ankle injury. On 22 October, having returned from injury, Reus contributed a goal and assist in their 4–0 Champions League group stage away win against Galatasaray. On 1 November, he scored the only goal for Dortmund in their 2–1 away loss against their rivals Bayern Munich.


title: Marco Reus

text: Despite prior injury concerns, Reus started Dortmund's match away to SC Paderborn on 22 November and scored to put them 2–0 up. He was stretchered off in the second half, however, after which Paderborn equalised for a final score of 2–2. The injury ruled him out until January 2015. On 10 February, Reus signed a contract extension with Dortmund, keeping him at the club until 2019.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 5 August 2015, Reus scored a goal in Borussia Dortmund's 5–0 win against Wolfsberger AC to advance into the 2015–16 Europa League play-off round. On 15 August, he then opened the 2015–16 league campaign with a goal and an assist in a 4–0 home win against his former club Borussia Mönchengladbach. On 28 August, he scored a hat-trick in their 7–2 home win against Odds BK to qualify for the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 20 April 2016, Reus was one of three goalscorers as Borussia won 3–0 away at Hertha BSC in the semi-final of the DFB-Pokal. He finished the 2015–16 season with total of 23 goals and 8 assists in 43 appearances.


title: Marco Reus

text: After being sidelined due to injury, Reus made his return on 22 November 2016. He scored twice and assisted once in a historic 8–4 Champions league group stage win against Legia Warsaw. Reus took the game ball for it was originally a hat-trick game by him. On 3 December, he assisted three goals in their 4–1 win against his former club Borussia Mönchengladbach. Four days later, Reus scored in a 2–2 draw against Real Madrid; Dortmund subsequently advanced to the round 16 as the winners of Group F, ahead of Madrid. On 10 December, Reus continued his goalscoring form with a late equaliser in Dortmund's 1–1 draw with 1. FC Köln.


title: Marco Reus

text: During the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final, Reus suffered a partial cruciate ligament tear and was substituted at halftime. Dortmund went on to win the match, giving Reus his first major trophy. The initial prognosis suggested that he would miss "several" months.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 10 February 2018, Reus recovered from the ligament damage and made his return against Hamburg in the Bundesliga. Reus scored his first goal since his return from injury and the only goal in the match against his former club Borussia Mönchengladbach in a 1–0 victory. Reus scored Dortmund's only goal in two consecutive matches against Augsburg and RB Leipzig in which both the matches ended in a 1–1 draw. On 9 March, Reus extended his contract with the club until 30 June 2023. On 21 April, Reus scored twice in a 4–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen, where he also missed a penalty. On 29 April, Reus scored a 19th-minute goal in Dortmund's 1–1 draw with Werder Bremen. On 12 May, Reus scored the only goal for the team in Dortmund's 3–1 loss to Hoffenheim. Reus finished the season with 7 goals in 15 appearances in all competitions.


title: Marco Reus

text: Prior to the start of the 2018–19 season, Reus was made club captain by incoming coach Lucien Favre. On 21 August 2018, Reus scored the winning goal in extra time to help his side earn a 2–1 victory over SpVgg Greuther Fürth in the DFB-Pokal first round match. Reus scored a 90th-minute goal which was his 100th Bundesliga goal as Dortmund defeated RB Leipzig with a 4–1 victory. On 27 September, he scored two goals including his 100th goal for Borussia Dortmund across all competitions in a 7–0 victory over 1. FC Nürnberg.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 10 November 2018, he scored back to back goals in the second half of Der Klassiker against Bayern Munich as Dortmund came from behind to win the match 3–2. The game kept Dortmund on top of the Bundesliga table, 7 points ahead of Bayern Munich. Reus ended the season with 21 goals and 14 assists in all competitions,<ref name="2018/19 stats"></ref> and was voted the 2019 Germany Footballer of the year.


title: Marco Reus

text: By February 2020, Reus had 26 appearances in all competitions, in which he scored 12 goals. However, a muscle injury kept him out for the rest of the season.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 6 April 2021, Reus scored in a 1–2 loss to Manchester City in the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals, to become Dortmund's all-time Champions League top scorer with 18 goals.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 13 February 2022, Reus scored his 150th goal for Borussia Dortmund in all competitions in a 3–0 win at Union Berlin.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 11 August 2009, Reus made his Germany under-21 debut in a friendly match against Turkey. On 6 May 2010, he earned his first call-up to the senior team for a friendly match against Malta on 14 May. On 11 May, he withdrew from the squad due to a leg injury picked up in the last game of the season against Bayer Leverkusen. On 7 October 2011, he made his debut against Turkey. He scored his first goal for the team on 26 May 2012 in a 5–3 defeat to Switzerland. On 22 June, he scored in the UEFA Euro 2012 quarter-final against Greece, his first start for Germany in the tournament.


title: Marco Reus

text: Reus established himself as a regular member of Joachim Löw's side in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign, scoring five goals and registering three assists in six matches. He was named in Germany's squad for the World Cup finals, but was ultimately forced to withdraw after suffering an ankle injury in the team's 6–1 warm-up win against Armenia on 6 June. Reus made his international comeback in Germany's first post-World Cup friendly against Argentina on 3 September 2014. However, the world champions were defeated 4–2 by the side they had beaten in the World Cup final two months earlier.


title: Marco Reus

text: During qualification for UEFA Euro 2016, Reus made four appearances, scoring once in a 2–0 defeat of Georgia in Tbilisi but was not selected for the tournament after suffering a groin injury.


title: Marco Reus

text: On 2 June 2018, Reus made his return to international duty after two years in a friendly match against Austria, which ended in a 2–1 loss for Germany. Reus was included in Joachim Löw's 23-man final squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 4 June. On 17 June, Reus made his first World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico as a substitute by replacing Sami Khedira in the 60th minute, but the match ended in a 1–0 loss for Germany. On 23 June, Reus scored an equalizing goal and his first World Cup goal in the second half as Germany defeated Sweden with 2–1 victory in their second group stage match to resurrect their World Cup hopes. He also provided an assist to Toni Kroos's late winning goal in that match and was named Man of the Match. However, his side were knocked out from the tournament after losing 2–0 to South Korea in their last group stage match on 27 June.


title: Marco Reus

text: In May 2021, Reus announced his decision to not participate in the postponed UEFA Euro 2020 due to post-season fatigue.


title: Marco Reus

text: In November 2022, Reus was exempt from Hansi Flick's 2022 FIFA World Cup squad reportedly as a result of an ankle injury, which he had failed to recover from in time.


title: Marco Reus

text: Reus is renowned for his versatility, speed, agility, technical skills, intelligence, and shooting ability; however he is also known for his proneness to injury. In 2012, Franz Beckenbauer spoke about Reus, along with Mario Götze, saying, "...as a classic duo there is nobody better than the prolific Reus and Götze." Reus was voted the Footballer of the Year (Germany) in 2012 and was named in the UEFA Team of the Year in 2013. In 2013, he was ranked as the fourth best footballer in Europe by Bloomberg. Although he is highly regarded for his attacking movement, powerful finishing with either foot in open play, timing, and eye for goal, as well as his accuracy from set pieces, Reus is also a hard-working player and a precise passer, who possesses good vision, which enables him to create chances and provide assists to teammates, in addition to scoring goals himself. As such, Reus is a versatile forward, who is capable of playing in several offensive positions, and has been deployed as a second striker, in a central role as an out-and-out striker (although this is not his favoured position), as a winger on either flank (although he favours the left side, as it allows him to cut inside onto his stronger right foot), and also in a central attacking midfield role as a number 10.


title: Marco Reus

text: Reus is named after the Netherlands legend, Marco van Basten. According to Reus, his parents were originally going to name him 'Dennis' but thanks to Van Basten's famous volley goal against Soviet Union in the final of Euro 1988 they decided to name him Marco.


title: Marco Reus

text: Reus dated Carolin Bohs in 2009. They broke up in 2013 but remain close friends. Reus started dating German model Scarlett Gartmann in December 2015. Together they had their first child in March 2019 and got married later the same year.


title: Marco Reus

text: Reus was the cover athlete of "FIFA 17", after being voted in by a fans' poll organized by Electronic Arts.


title: Marco Reus

text: In March 2020, Reus and his wife, Scarlett, donated €500,000 to people and smaller businesses in need in his hometown of Dortmund during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Marco Reus

text: In December 2014, Reus was fined €540,000 for driving without a valid licence, which constitutes a felony in Germany. The fine was based on his then monthly salary of €180,000. He had been driving for years with a fake Dutch licence, a felony in its own right, and has been issued with speeding tickets on at least five occasions since 2011 without authorities knowing that he was not legally licensed. The felony charges for using a counterfeit licence were later dropped, causing some controversy and raising questions from politicians whether his celebrity status had been a reason for a milder sentence. When convicted, Reus said, "The reasons I did it are something I cannot really understand." Prior to his conviction, he had appeared in commercials for cars and petrol. In August 2016, Reus confirmed that he now has a driver's licence.


title: Sacagawea

text: Sacagawea ( or ; also spelled Sakakawea or Sacajawea; May – December 20, 1812 or April 9, 1884) was a Lemhi Shoshone woman who, in her teens, helped the Lewis and Clark Expedition in achieving their chartered mission objectives by exploring the Louisiana Territory. Sacagawea traveled with the expedition thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean, helping to establish cultural contacts with Native American people and contributing to the expedition's knowledge of natural history in different regions.


title: Sacagawea

text: The National American Woman Suffrage Association of the early 20th century adopted her as a symbol of women's worth and independence, erecting several statues and plaques in her memory, and doing much to recount her accomplishments.


title: Sacagawea

text: Reliable historical information about Sacagawea is very limited. She was born into the "Agaidika" ('Salmon Eater', aka Lemhi Shoshone) tribe near present-day Salmon, Lemhi County, Idaho. This is near the continental divide at the present-day Idaho-Montana border.


title: Sacagawea

text: In 1800, when she was about 12 years old, Sacagawea and several other children were taken captive by a group of Hidatsa in a raid that resulted in the deaths of several Shoshone: four men, four women, and several boys. She was held captive at a Hidatsa village near present-day Washburn, North Dakota.


title: Sacagawea

text: At about age 13, she was sold into a non-consensual marriage to Toussaint Charbonneau, a Quebecois trapper. He had also bought another young Shoshone girl, known as Otter Woman, for a wife. Charbonneau was variously reported to have purchased both girls from the Hidatsa, or to have won Sacagawea while gambling.


title: Sacagawea

text: In 1804, the Corps of Discovery reached a Mandan village, where Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark built Fort Mandan for wintering over in 1804–05. They interviewed several trappers who might be able to interpret or guide the expedition up the Missouri River in the springtime. Knowing they would need to communicate with the tribal nations who lived at the headwaters of the Missouri, they agreed to hire Toussaint Charbonneau, who claimed to speak several Native languages, and one of his wives, who spoke Shoshone. Sacajawea was pregnant with her first child at the time.


title: Sacagawea

text: Charbonneau and Sacagawea moved into the expedition's fort a week later. Clark later nicknamed her "Janey." Lewis recorded the birth of Jean Baptiste Charbonneau on February 11, 1805, noting that another of the party's interpreters administered crushed rattlesnake rattles in water to speed the delivery. Clark and other members of the Corps nicknamed the boy "Pomp" or "Pompy."


title: Sacagawea

text: In April, the expedition left Fort Mandan and headed up the Missouri River in "pirogues". They had to be poled against the current and sometimes pulled by crew along the riverbanks. On May 14, 1805, Sacagawea rescued items that had fallen out of a capsized boat, including the journals and records of Lewis and Clark. The corps commanders, who praised her quick action, named the Sacagawea River in her honor on May 20, 1805. By August 1805, the corps had located a Shoshone tribe and was attempting to trade for horses to cross the Rocky Mountains. They used Sacagawea to interpret and discovered that the tribe's leader, Cameahwait, was her brother.


title: Sacagawea

text: The Shoshone agreed to barter horses to the group and to provide guides to lead them over the rugged Rocky Mountains. The trip was so hard that they ran short of food. When they descended into the more temperate regions on the other side, Sacagawea helped to find and cook camas roots to help the party members regain their strength.


title: Sacagawea

text: As the expedition approached the mouth of the Columbia River on the Pacific Coast, Sacagawea gave up her beaded belt to enable the captains to trade for a fur robe they wished to bring back to give to President Thomas Jefferson.


title: Sacagawea

text: When the corps reached the Pacific Ocean, all members of the expedition—including Sacagawea and Clark's black manservant York—voted on November 24 on the location for building their winter fort. In January, when a whale's carcass washed up onto the beach south of Fort Clatsop, Sacagawea insisted on her right to go see this "monstrous fish."


title: Sacagawea

text: On the return trip, they approached the Rocky Mountains in July 1806. On July 6, Clark recorded:The Indian woman informed me that she had been in this plain frequently and knew it well.… She said we would discover a gap in the mountains in our direction [i.e., present-day Gibbons Pass]. A week later, on July 13, Sacagawea advised Clark to cross into the Yellowstone River basin at what is now known as Bozeman Pass. Later, this was chosen as the optimal route for the Northern Pacific Railway to cross the continental divide.


title: Sacagawea

text: While Sacagawea has been depicted as a guide for the expedition, she is recorded as providing direction in only a few instances, primarily in present-day Montana. Her work as an interpreter helped the party to negotiate with the Shoshone. But, she also had significant value to the mission simply by her presence on the journey, as having a woman and infant accompany them demonstrated the peaceful intent of the expedition. While traveling through what is now Franklin County, Washington, in October 1805, Clark noted that "the wife of Shabono [Charbonneau] our interpreter, we find reconciles all the Indians, as to our friendly intentions a woman with a party of men is a token of peace." Further he wrote that she "confirmed those people of our friendly intentions, as no woman ever accompanies a war party of Indians in this quarter".


title: Sacagawea

text: As Clark traveled downriver from Fort Mandan at the end of the journey, on board the pirogue near the Ricara Village, he wrote to Charbonneau:


title: Sacagawea

text: Following the expedition, Charbonneau and Sacagawea spent 3 years among the Hidatsa before accepting William Clark's invitation to settle in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1809. They entrusted Jean-Baptiste's education to Clark, who enrolled the young man in the Saint Louis Academy boarding school. Sacagawea gave birth to a daughter, Lizette Charbonneau, about 1812. Lizette was identified as a year-old girl in adoption papers in 1813 recognizing William Clark, who also adopted her older brother that year. Because Clark's papers make no later mention of Lizette, it is believed that she died in childhood.


title: Sacagawea

text: According to Bonnie "Spirit Wind-Walker" Butterfield (2010), historical documents suggest that Sacagawea died in 1812 of an unknown sickness. For instance, a journal entry from 1811 by Henry Brackenridge, a fur trader at Fort Lisa Trading Post on the Missouri River, wrote that Sacagawea and Charbonneau were living at the fort. Brackenridge recorded that Sacagawea "had become sickly and longed to revisit her native country." Butterfield notes that in 1812, a Fort-Lisa clerk, John Luttig, recorded in his journal on December 20 that "the wife of Charbonneau, a Snake Squaw [i.e. Shoshone], died of putrid fever." He said that she was "aged about 25 years. She left a fine infant girl." Documents held by Clark show that Charbonneau had already entrusted their son Baptiste to Clark's care for a boarding school education, at Clark's insistence (Jackson, 1962).


title: Sacagawea

text: In February 1813, a few months after Luttig's journal entry, 15 men were killed in a Native attack on Fort Lisa, which was then located at the mouth of the Bighorn River. Luttig and Sacagawea's young daughter were among the survivors. Charbonneau was mistakenly thought to have been killed at this time, but he apparently lived to at least age 76. He had signed over formal custody of his son to William Clark in 1813.


title: Sacagawea

text: An adoption document made in the Orphans Court Records in St. Louis, Missouri, states, 'On August 11, 1813, William Clark became the guardian of Tousant Charbonneau, a boy about ten years, and Lizette Charbonneau, a girl about one year old.' For a Missouri State Court at the time, to designate a child as orphaned and to allow an adoption, both parents had to be confirmed dead in court papers.


title: Sacagawea

text: The last recorded document referring to Sacagawea's life appears in William Clark's original notes written between 1825 and 1826. He lists the names of each of the expedition members and their last known whereabouts. For Sacagawea, he writes, "Se car ja we au— Dead."


title: Sacagawea

text: Some oral traditions relate that, rather than dying in 1812, Sacagawea left her husband Charbonneau, crossed the Great Plains, and married into a Comanche tribe. She was said to have returned to the Shoshone in 1860 in Wyoming, where she died in 1884. However there is no independent evidence supporting this tale.


title: Sacagawea

text: Sacagawea's son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, had an adventurous life. Known as the infant who, with his mother, accompanied the explorers to the Pacific Ocean and back, he had lifelong celebrity status. At the age of 18, he was befriended by a German Prince, Duke Paul Wilhelm of Württemberg, who took him to Europe. There, Jean Baptiste lived for six years among royalty, while learning four languages and allegedly fathering a child in Germany named Anton Fries.


title: Sacagawea

text: After his infant son died, Jean Baptiste returned from Europe in 1829 to the United States. He lived after that as a Western frontiersman. In 1846, he led a group of Mormons to California for the gold rush. While in California, he was appointed as a magistrate for the Mission San Luis Rey. He disliked the way Indians were treated in the missions and left to become a hotel clerk in Auburn, California, once the center of gold rush activity.


title: Sacagawea

text: After working six years in Auburn, Jean Baptiste left in search of riches in the gold mines of Montana. He was 61 years old, and the trip was too much for him. He became ill with pneumonia and died in a remote area near Danner, Oregon, on May 16, 1866.


title: Sacagawea

text: The question of Sacagawea's burial place caught the attention of national suffragists seeking voting rights for women, according to author Raymond Wilson. Wilson argues that Sacagawea became a role model whom suffragists pointed to "with pride". She received even more attention in the 1930s, after publication of a history novel about her.


title: Sacagawea

text: Interest in Sacajawea peaked and controversy intensified when Dr. Grace Raymond Hebard, professor of political economy at the University of Wyoming in Laramie and an active supporter of the Nineteenth Amendment, campaigned for federal legislation to erect an edifice honoring Sacajawea's alleged death in 1884.


title: Sacagawea

text: An account of the expedition published in May 1919 noted that "A sculptor, Mr. Bruno Zimm, seeking a model for a statue of Sacagawea that was later erected at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, discovered a record of the pilot-woman's death in 1884 (when ninety-five years old) on the Shoshone Reservation, Wyoming, and her wind-swept grave."


title: Sacagawea

text: In 1925, Dr. Charles Eastman, a Dakota Sioux physician, was hired by the Bureau of Indian Affairs to locate Sacagawea's remains. Eastman visited various Native American tribes to interview elders who might have known or heard of Sacagawea. He learned of a Shoshone woman at the Wind River Reservation with the Comanche name "Porivo" ('chief woman'). Some of those he interviewed said that she spoke of a long journey wherein she had helped white men, and that she had a silver Jefferson peace medal of the type carried by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He found a Comanche woman named Tacutine who said that Porivo was her grandmother. According to Tacutine, Porivo had married into a Comanche tribe and had a number of children, including Tacutine's father, Ticannaf. Porivo left the tribe after her husband, Jerk-Meat, was killed.


title: Sacagawea

text: According to these narratives, Porivo lived for some time at Fort Bridger in Wyoming with her sons Bazil and Baptiste, who each knew several languages, including English and French. Eventually, she returned to the Lemhi Shoshone at the Wind River Reservation, where she was recorded as "Bazil's mother." This woman, Porivo, is believed to have died on April 9, 1884.


title: Sacagawea

text: Eastman concluded that Porivo was Sacagawea. In 1963, a monument to "Sacajawea of the Shoshonis" was erected at Fort Washakie on the Wind River reservation near Lander, Wyoming, on the basis of this claim.


title: Sacagawea

text: The belief that Sacagawea lived to old age and died in Wyoming was widely disseminated in the United States through "Sacajawea" (1933), a biography written by historian Grace Raymond Hebard, a University of Wyoming professor, based on her 30 years of research.


title: Sacagawea

text: Mickelson recounts the findings of Thomas H. Johnson, who argues in his "Also Called Sacajawea: Chief Woman's Stolen Identity" (2007) that Hebard identified the wrong woman when she relied upon oral history that an old woman who died and is buried on the Wyoming Wind River Reservation was Sacajawea. Critics have also questioned Hebard's work because she portrayed Sacajawea in a manner described as "undeniably long on romance and short on hard evidence, suffering from a sentimentalization of Indian culture."


title: Sacagawea

text: A long-running controversy has related to the correct spelling, pronunciation, and etymology of the Shoshone woman's name. Linguists working on Hidatsa since the 1870s have always considered the name's Hidatsa etymology essentially indisputable. The name is a compound of two common Hidatsa nouns: "cagáàga" (, 'bird') and "míà" (, 'woman'). The compound is written as "Cagáàgawia" ('Bird Woman') in modern Hidatsa orthography, and pronounced ( is pronounced between vowels in Hidatsa). The double in the name indicates a long vowel, while the diacritics suggest a falling pitch pattern.


title: Sacagawea

text: Hidatsa is a pitch-accent language that does not have stress; therefore, in the Hidatsa pronunciation all syllables in are pronounced with roughly the same relative emphasis. However, most English speakers perceive the accented syllable (the long ) as stressed. In faithful rendering of "Cagáàgawia" to other languages, it is advisable to emphasize the second, long syllable, rather than the last, as is common in English.


title: Sacagawea

text: The name has several spelling traditions in English. The origin of each tradition is described in the following sections.


title: Sacagawea

text: The spelling "Sacajawea" () is said to have derived from Shoshone "Saca-tzaw-meah," meaning 'boat puller' or 'boat launcher'. In contrast to the Hidatsa etymology more popular among academics, Sacajawea is the preferred spelling used by her own tribe, the Lemhi Shoshone people, some of whom claim that her Hidatsa captors transliterated her Shoshone name in their own language and pronounced it according to their own dialect. That is, they heard a name that approximated "tsakaka" and "wia", and interpreted it as 'bird woman', substituting their hard "g/k" pronunciation for the softer "tz/j" sound that did not exist in the Hidatsa language.


title: Sacagawea

text: The use of this spelling almost certainly originated with Nicholas Biddle, who used the "j" when he annotated the journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition for publication in 1814. This use became more widespread with the publication in 1902 of Eva Emery Dye's novel "". It is likely that Dye used Biddle's secondary source for the spelling, and her highly popular book made this version ubiquitous throughout the United States (previously most non-scholars had never even heard of Sacagawea).


title: Sacagawea

text: Rozina George, great-great-great-great-granddaughter of Cameahwait, says the Agaidika tribe of Lemhi Shoshone do not recognize the spelling or pronunciation "Sacagawea". Schools named in the interpreter's honor and other memorials erected in the area surrounding her birthplace use the spelling "Sacajawea":


title: Sacagawea

text: The Lemhi Shoshone call her Sacajawea. It is derived from the Shoshone word for her name, Saca tzah we yaa. In his Cash Book, William Clark spells Sacajawea with a "J". Also, William Clark and Private George Shannon explained to Nicholas Biddle (Published the first Lewis and Clark Journals in 1814) about the pronunciation of her name and how the tz sounds more like a "j". What better authority on the pronunciation of her name than Clark and Shannon who traveled with her and constantly heard the pronunciation of her name? We do not believe it is a Minnetaree (Hidatsa) word for her name. Sacajawea was a Lemhi Shoshone not a Hidatsa.


title: Sacagawea

text: Idaho native John Rees explored the 'boat launcher' etymology in a long letter to the U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs written in the 1920s. It was republished in 1970 by the Lemhi County Historical Society as a pamphlet entitled "Madame Charbonneau" and contains many of the arguments in favor of the Shoshone derivation of the name.


title: Sacagawea

text: The spelling "Sacajawea", although widely taught until the late 20th century, is considered incorrect by modern academia. Linguistics professor Dr. Sven Liljeblad from the Idaho State University in Pocatello argues that "it is unlikely that Sacajawea is a Shoshoni word.… The term for 'boat' in Shoshoni is saiki, but the rest of the alleged compound would be incomprehensible to a native speaker of Shoshoni." The spelling with a “j” has subsided from general use, although the corresponding "soft j" pronunciation persists.


title: Sacagawea

text: "Sacagawea" is the most widely used spelling of her name, usually pronounced with a hard "g" sound (), occasionally with a soft "g" or "j" sound (). Lewis and Clark's original journals mention Sacagawea by name seventeen times, spelled eight different ways, all with a "g". Clark used "Sahkahgarwea, Sahcahgagwea, Sarcargahwea", and "Sahcahgahweah", while Lewis used "Sahcahgahwea, Sahcahgarweah, Sahcargarweah", and "Sahcahgar Wea".


title: Sacagawea

text: The spelling "Sacagawea" was established in 1910 by the Bureau of American Ethnology as the proper usage in government documents. It would be the spelling adopted by the U.S. Mint for use with the dollar coin, as well as the U.S. Board on Geographic Names and the National Park Service. The spelling is also used by numerous historical scholars.


title: Sacagawea

text: "Sakakawea" () is the next most widely-adopted spelling, and is the most-often accepted among specialists. Proponents say the name comes from the Hidatsa "tsakáka wía" ('bird woman'). Charbonneau told expedition members that his wife's name meant "Bird Woman," and in May 1805 Lewis used the Hidatsa meaning in his journal:


title: Sacagawea

text: [A] handsome river of about fifty yards in width discharged itself into the shell river… [T]his stream we called Sah-ca-gah-we-ah or bird woman's River, after our interpreter the Snake woman.


title: Sacagawea

text: "Sakakawea" is the official spelling of her name according to the Three Affiliated Tribes, which include the Hidatsa. This spelling is widely used throughout North Dakota (where she is considered a state heroine), notably in the naming of Lake Sakakawea, the extensive reservoir of Garrison Dam on the Missouri River.


title: Sacagawea

text: The North Dakota State Historical Society quotes Russell Reid's 1986 book "Sakakawea: The Bird Woman":