title: 1958 FIFA World Cup

text: The Swedish hosts could count themselves lucky in ending up in a rather weak group which they proceeded to win fairly easily with their powerful workmanlike football. The group included Hungary which had been considered by far the best team in the world some years ago – although the Hungarians could not beat West Germany in the final of the World Cup in 1954. But the Hungarian team had been dealt a blow by the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 after which star players like Sándor Kocsis and Ferenc Puskás left their homeland. Striker Nándor Hidegkuti was still playing, but he was by now 36 years old and nowhere near his previous form.


title: 1958 FIFA World Cup

text: In spite of Hungary's recent travails, they were still considered a strong side and were expected to advance from their group. The success of Wales was a surprise but they drew all their group games and beat the Hungarians in a play-off match to follow Sweden into the knock-out stage. Wales played Brazil in the quarterfinals and became the recipient of young Pelé's first World Cup goal.


title: 1958 FIFA World Cup

text: The 1–1 draw between Wales and Mexico was the first point scored by Mexico in a World Cup, having lost all eight matches in their previous three appearances in the World Cup, as well as their first match in this group against Sweden. To date, no other team has ever lost nine consecutive games in the World Cup.


title: 1958 FIFA World Cup

text: Despite the disappointments of the previous tournaments, Brazil were considered extremely powerful, as would prove to be the case. The Soviet Union were the reigning Olympic champion and Austria had won the bronze medal in the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland, four years earlier. And although England, weakened by the loss of several players at the Munich air disaster, were not considered at their very best, they were still always a formidable team.


title: 1958 FIFA World Cup

text: In the end, this group had the highest average attendance (31,320 per game), even higher than Group 3 with the host nation, Sweden.


title: 1958 FIFA World Cup

text: The quality of the football in this group did not quite live up to expectations, however. Only 15 goals were scored in the whole group, only one more than Group 3. And when England and Brazil drew 0–0, it was the first time in World Cup history that a game ended goalless. It was also the first time Brazil had failed to score in a World Cup finals match.


title: 1958 FIFA World Cup

text: Brazil won the group without conceding a single goal. The teenage Pelé played Brazil's last game against the Soviet Union. He did not score but drew wild reviews for his play. The Soviet Union, in their first World Cup, took second place.


title: 1958 FIFA World Cup

text: With 13 goals, Just Fontaine was the top scorer in the tournament. , no player has ever scored more goals in a single FIFA World Cup Final stage. In total, 126 goals were scored by 60 players, with none of them credited as own goal.


title: 1958 FIFA World Cup

text: Although Just Fontaine got more votes than any other forward, they were split between the left and right inside forward positions. The All-Star Team scored 12 goals in total. Fontaine scored 13.


title: 1958 FIFA World Cup

text: In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition. The rankings for the 1958 tournament were as follows:


title: 1958 FIFA World Cup

text: The 1958 FIFA World Cup is depicted in the 2016 American film "" which is centered around Pelé and the Brazilian team's journey to winning the tournament.


title: Bigil

text: Bigil () is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language sports action film written and directed by Atlee and produced by Kalpathi S. Aghoram under the banner AGS Entertainment. The film stars Vijay in the titular role. It also stars Nayanthara, Jackie Shroff, Vivek and Kathir in other prominent roles. It revolves around Michael Rayyapan alias Bigil, a footballer-turned-gangster who decides to coach a women's football team when their coach gets attacked. He faces challenges when his team does not cooperate with him due to his violent background and also finds himself hunted by some rivals who want revenge.


title: Bigil

text: The film was officially announced on 14 November 2018, under its working title "Thalapathy 63" (referring to Vijay's 63rd film as an actor), and it further marked the third collaboration of Vijay and Atlee after "Theri" and "Mersal". Principal photography for this film commenced on 21 January 2019, where predominantly took place around Chennai, with a minor schedule in Delhi, and ended on 14 August. The film's title "Bigil", was announced on 22 June 2019, along with the first look poster. The film has music composed by A. R. Rahman, with cinematography handled by G. K. Vishnu and editing done by Ruben.


title: Bigil

text: Made on a budget of crore, "Bigil" released theatrically in India on 25 October 2019, coinciding with the occasion of Diwali festival. The film received mostly positive response upon release, with Vijay's performance, the message and direction praised, but criticism was aimed at the weak and formulaic first half and excessive length. "Bigil" emerged as the highest-grossing Tamil film of 2019, and 50th highest grossing Indian film of all time, collecting around crore upon its release, it further became the one of the highest-grossing Tamil film of all time and Vijay's highest-grossing film in his career. The film completed its 100-day theatrical run on 1 February 2020, and also won two awards each at the Zee Cine Awards Tamil, Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards, three Edison Awards and a SIIMA Award.


title: Bigil

text: Michael Rayappan is a gangster from Royapuram, Chennai who works for the welfare of people in his slum. He has a comical relationship with Angel Aasirvatham, a physiotherapist. Michael has a running feud with a rival gangster named Daniel. One night, Daniel attacks Michael and his close friend Kathir, who is the coach of the Tamil Nadu women's football team. Kathir suffers from injuries during the attack, due to which he in paralysed for a year. To allow the women's football team to take part in the upcoming National Championship in Delhi, Kathir requests the TNFA to replace him with his former teammate named "Bigil", who is actually Michael.


title: Bigil

text: 7 years ago, Michael was an aspiring footballer, who along with Kathir and his team contributed to victories for the Tamil Nadu football team. His father was Rayappan, a crime boss who had a feud with a rival gangster Alex, Daniel's father. Rayappan encouraged Michael's passion for football as he did not want him to end up as a gangster like him. When Michael was unable to make it to the IFT due to Rayappan's criminal record, Rayappan personally took up the matter with the AIFF president J. K. Sharma and forcefully ensured Sharma to include Michael and Kathir in the Indian team's probable list. Despite Rayappan's efforts, Michael's career was cut short as he witnessed Rayappan getting stabbed to death by Alex and Daniel, just when he was about to leave for Delhi to attend the selection trial for the Indian football team. Michael kills Alex in front of Daniel, and instead stayed back in Chennai to become the new leader of Rayappan's gang.


title: Bigil

text: In the present day, Michael confronts Daniel and attempts to kill him for the earlier attack, but the police intervene to arrest Daniel and send him to prison. Michael later accepts Kathir's request to coach the women's football team and leaves for Delhi with Angel and the team. However, due to his criminal background, the girls refuse to cooperate with him, even blaming him for the team's opening loss to Manipur in the National Championship and requesting the Federation to have him removed. Dejected, Michael gives his resignation to Sharma, but soon discovers that Sharma is targeting him in revenge for the humiliation that he had faced at the hands of Rayappan to allow him into the Indian football team and was the one who sent armed assailants to attack Michael before the Manipur football match.


title: Bigil

text: However, Michael convinces the girls to support him and starts training them hard with the sole focus of winning the championship. He even manages to bring back two former key players to boost the team's strength: Gayathri, a Brahmin girl who quit playing football after she was married to a conservative family; and Anitha, who is in depression and has refused to even leave her room ever since a boy threw acid on her when she spurned his advances. Angel motivates a pregnant Gayathri to continue playing football. Despite Sharma trying to rig the team's next match against Haryana so that they will be eliminated and sent home, Michael's team manage to beat Haryana and win all their remaining matches, eventually qualifying for the finals at Chennai, where they can play against Manipur again.


title: Bigil

text: On the eve of the finals, Vembu is kidnapped and forcefully injected with cocaine by Daniel, who is bailed out from prison and hired by Sharma to sabotage the team's chances of winning the championship. Though she recovers, she is unable to play in the final as she would fail the dope test. The team's captain, Thendral, is also kidnapped by Daniel, who attempts to forcefully inject cocaine into her as well; Michael also gets kidnapped by Daniel and gets injected with cocaine. Michael manages to beat Daniel's men and chases Daniel to his house and proceeds to kill him, but when he sees Daniel's young son, he changes his mind and spares Daniel, as he realises he does not want the young boy's future to end up like him by killing Daniel.


title: Bigil

text: The next day, The Tamil Nadu team plays the final against Manipur. The match turns out to be a thriller with Tamil Nadu winning the Championship through a penalty shootout. Michael and the team dedicate their success to Kathir, who is watching the match from the dugout in a wheelchair. Michael gets Sharma exposed for drug possession, leading to Sharma's arrest and subsequent execution in Malaysia, where he is on a holiday. A few months later, Michael takes up football coaching for children, with one of his students being Daniel's son, who have now made peace with Michael. Michael takes Daniel's son under his wing and ask him who is your favourite football player Messi or Ronaldo where he happily replies "Bigil".


title: Bigil

text: During the production of "Sarkar" (2018), it was reported that directors H. Vinoth, Hari, Mohan Raja and Perarasu will be roped in to helm Vijay's 63rd film, tentatively being titled "Thalapathy 63". However, in August 2018, Atlee confirmed that he will direct "Thalapathy 63", thereby marking his third collaboration with the actor after "Theri" (2016) and "Mersal" (2017). Speaking about this, in an interview with a radio channel, he stated that "the film would be bigger and better than the films of their previous associations", and also confirmed that he started working on the scripting process of the film. Archana Kalpathi, the creative producer of AGS Entertainment, had announced that they had acquired the rights for the production, marking the studio's first film with the actor.


title: Bigil

text: The film was officially announced on 14 November 2018, with a puja ceremony being conducted to commence the launch. A. R. Rahman was reported to compose the music and original score for the film, collaborating with Vijay for the fifth time after "Udhaya" (2004), "Azhagiya Tamil Magan" (2007), "Mersal" and "Sarkar", and with Atlee for the second time after "Mersal". The technical crew consisted of cinematographer G. K. Vishnu, editor Ruben, art director T. Muthuraj, stunt director Anal Arasu, all of them were associated in "Mersal", while Atlee's regular collaborator, S. Ramana Girivasan, wrote the dialogues for the film. The film was reported to be a sports action film with commercial elements.


title: Bigil

text: By late-November 2018, art director Muthuraj began working on the construction of the sets at Binny Mills in Chennai. By early-December 2018, Atlee, Vishnu and Kalpathi went to Los Angeles for location scouting to shoot a significant portion of the film. Ajay Devgn's NY VFXWAALA was hired to supervise the visual effects. Vijay was reported to play the role of a sportsperson-turned-coach and for his role, he was trained under fitness expert Kannan Narayanan to gain few kilos for the role. He further undergone special training in football, under the guidance of popular sports co-ordinator, Aimee McDaniel, known for her work in films like "Million Dollar Arm" (2014), "" (2016) and the web television series "13 Reasons Why" (2017–2020). Additional sports choreography were done by former English footballer Justin Skinner. It was made on a budget of , thereby being the production house's most expensive film up to that point.


title: Bigil

text: As the film is based on women's football, the team had finalised 16 women actors for the role. The team approached Kiara Advani to play the female lead, who denied the offer. Shortly after the film's launch, in November 2018, it was reported that Rashmika Mandanna will be a part of the film. However, Nayanthara was selected to play the female lead role, while Vivek and Anandaraj joined the film as a supporting role. The actors collaborate with Vijay, for a decade long-gap, with Vivek's last collaboration with Vijay was "Kuruvi" (2008), whereas for Nayanthara and Anandaraj, was "Villu" (2009). Yogi Babu was selected to play a comic role in the film. In mid-January 2019, Kathir was signed for a pivotal role, while Daniel Balaji attended the film's launch, thereby confirming his presence in the film. His character was reported to have negative shades. Rajkumar was chosen as a part of the film's cast, but it was proved to be untrue.


title: Bigil

text: In February 2019, Poovaiyar, a contestant of the reality show "Super Singer Junior", aired on Star Vijay, was cast in a brief role for this film. By March 2019, Soundararaja was reported to appear in a pivotal role and had allotted 30-days of call sheet for the film. Rumours being speculated that former politician-turned-actor Nanjil Sampath will play the antagonist, after his acting debut with "LKG" (2019). However, he was not approached by the team. On 21 March 2019, Jackie Shroff was hired to play a negative role in the film, whose character is reported to be a president of the All India Football Federation. The same month, Reba Monica John was signed in for the project. She shared her still from the film, whose role was revealed to be an acid attack survivor-cum-footballer.


title: Bigil

text: By April, veteran actor-orator G. Gnanasambandam was roped in to play Nayanthara's father, and Indhuja Ravichandran was also signed for the project. Later, Varsha Bollamma and Indraja Shankar, daughter of comic actor Robo Shankar, were chosen to play female footballers. Amritha Aiyer was chosen to play the captain of the women's team, while Karnataka-based footballer Riddhi Ramesh and Gayathri Reddy made their debut in the film, by playing one of the few footballers. Kerala-based ex-footballer and actor I. M. Vijayan played one of the antagonists in the film. During the production of the film, Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan was rumoured for playing a cameo appearance. However, sources close to the actor denied such claims.


title: Bigil

text: Principal photography for "Thalapathy 63" started on 21 January 2019, with a small puja ceremony held at Binny Mills in Chennai. The first schedule of the film took place beginning with an action sequence, which went on for 20 days. In mid-February 2019, the team constructed a huge set for the introduction song (titled "Verithanam") with more than 250 dancers, including 100 children's and extras that took place for four days. A replica of Napier Bridge was erected at the EVP Film City in Chennai, where another action sequence was being shot. The second schedule of the film began on 6 March 2019, were shooting took place at the outskirts of SRM Institute of Science and Technology. In mid-March, actress Nayanthara joined the sets for shooting a wedding scene in a church near Guindy, where several other actors participated in this schedule.


title: Bigil

text: Muthuraj's art-direction team had constructed a huge football set at EVP Film City at a cost of for the third schedule. The team believed that shooting at a real stadium might apparently cost around , and the difficulties on obtaining permission from the authorities as the schedule takes place continuously for 50 days. In an interview to Srinivasa Ramanujam, vice-editor of "The Hindu", Kalpathi said that as an integral part of the script, the team planned to shoot a football fields in various parts of the country, including few stadiums across Northeast India. In the process, they faced several challenges, as most of the stadiums had rules, timings for shoot and specific areas for cameras. As a result, they decided to construct a huge stadium-like set for the film. Further, the team used extensive visual effects for filming the football sequences as they could not shoot all matches in the same space, and the team further sourced special lighting techniques from China, which consisted of nine lakh watts. She added "For every match, the structure had to change and spectators had to wear the team’s jerseys. All these were big challenges. Filming "Bigil" was like building ten theatres". During the shooting of the film, an electrician named Selvaraj was hospitalised after a focus light fell from a height of 100 feet onto him, sustaining injuries.


title: Bigil

text: After 70 days of continuous shoot, the film entered its fourth schedule on 6 May 2019. Several pictures from the stadium sets constructed at EVP Film City, were leaked onto internet during mid-May 2019. A song shoot for the film, took place at Gokulam Studios in Chennai, during mid-May 2019, which was followed by a minor sequence filmed at Feathers Hotel in Chennai. Later, several sequences were filmed at the outskirts of Chennai during late-May and early-June. On 13 June 2019, the team went to Delhi for a two-week long schedule to shoot significant portions in the film.


title: Bigil

text: By late-June, the team returned to Chennai to shoot few sequences at EVP Film City. The film's final schedule commenced on 3 August 2019 at Perambur and took place for a week. Principal shooting completed on 14 August 2019, and the film entered through post-production phase. On the last day of shoot, the team gifted 400 gold rings, imprinting the film's title "Bigil", to all the technicians who worked in this film. In March 2020, Vijay's original bike stunt video from the film's shooting spot, went viral on social media.


title: Bigil

text: The film's original score and soundtrack album were composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics written by Vivek. "Bigil" marks Rahman's second collaboration with Atlee after "Mersal", and also his fifth collaboration with Vijay. The album features five songs, with three singles – "Singappenney", "Verithanam" and "Unakkaga" being released on 23 July 1 and 18 September respectively. The music rights of the film were acquired by Sony Music India. Actor Vijay, sung one song "Verithanam" which is the first time Vijay, has sung for a film composed by Rahman. The film's music was released at the audio launch event held on 27 September 2019 at Sai Leo Muthu Indoor Stadium, Sri Sai Ram Engineering College, Chennai, with the presence of the film's cast and crew and all the other celebrities. The songs were released at all digital platforms, the very same day, of the launch. A month after the film's release, an album with two additional songs written by Vivek – "Kaalame" sung by Bamba Bakya, and "Idharkuthaan" was sung by Dhee with additional vocals from Sunitha Sarathy and Arjun Chandy – was released in November 2019.


title: Bigil

text: The film's title "Bigil" was announced on 21 June 2019, the eve of Vijay's birthday. The first look was released on the same day, featuring Vijay in a double role: one a footballer, and the other as a gangster. Vijay wears a salt-and-pepper hairstyle for this film. The film's second look poster was released on 22 June at midnight, featuring a multi-dimensional format of Vijay, and another poster was released on the evening of the same day, with Vijay holding a cycle chain as a similar reference to "Thirumalai" (2003). The new poster from the film was released on 28 August 2019, featuring Vijay, Anandaraj, Yogi Babu and others.


title: Bigil

text: The theatrical trailer was released on 12 October 2019, and upon its release, it crossed 14 million views within 14 hours. The film's trailer crossed 2 million likes, within four days, becoming the most liked Indian trailer. Its record was beaten by Sushant Singh Rajput's posthumous film "Dil Bechara" (2020), which went on to become the world's most liked trailer, crossing more than 10 million likes. Nevertheless, the trailers of both the films, were listed in the most liked trailers of the world. As of 19 February 2020, it is the most viewed Tamil trailer, registering more than 50 million views.


title: Bigil

text: As a part of promotional purposes, AGS Entertainment teamed up with Chennai City FC, an Indian professional football club, to organise a mini knockout tournament at Tiki Taka, Velachery (Chennai) on 19–20 October 2019. The tournament consisted of 64 teams, with five members per team hailing from different states across India. The producers further partnered with Chennaiyin FC for the 6th season of Indian Super League. Further, a virtual FIFA Esports championship was organised by the AGS and Chennaiyin FC, in collaboration with Skyesports. The tournament was conducted at Woot Gaming Lounge (Kochi) on 15 October 2019 and in Arkmensis Gaming India (Chennai) on 17–20 October 2019. A new Twitter emoji for the film was launched for the film's marketing purposes. The official merchandise of the film was launched by Cover It Up, prior to the release.


title: Bigil

text: "Bigil" was released on 25 October 2019, two days ahead of the Diwali festival (27 October 2019) clashing with Akshay Kumar-starrer "Housefull 4" and Karthi-starrer "Kaithi". The film was showcased in more than 4200 screens worldwide, with the creative producer Archana Kalpathi, saying it as "the widest release in Vijay's career". Film producer G. Dhananjayan interviewed to the media channel "Indiaglitz", stating that the film will be screened in more than 700 theatres across Tamil Nadu. The film was also screened in over 400 theatres across Karnataka, 650 theatres across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, 250 theatres in Kerala and 200 theatres across North India. In the overseas circuits, it was premiered in more than 700 screens in 45 countries such as United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka and France. It also became the first Tamil film to be screened in IMAX format. Kalpathi eventually planned for a wide release of the film in China, due to the overwhelming reception of Indian films in the country, but it was not released as per plans. "Bigil" was the first Tamil film to be released in Egypt and Jordan, where it was premiered in the countries on 30 October and 5 November, respectively.


title: Bigil

text: The overall pre-release business of the film is anticipated to be in the region of 200–220 crore (US$27–29 million), including theatrical, satellite, digital, audio and dubbing rights. According to a report from "International Business Times", the film recovered 60% of the investment levied by the production company. The film's distribution rights were acquired by Screen Scene Media Entertainment for , deciding to pay a major portion of the price upfront against the usual norm. Screen Scene sold the film to its area-wise sub-distributors: Gopuram Films (Chennai), Kalayaippan Films (Chengalpet), Karpagam Films (Trichy and Thanjavur), Sushma Cine Arts (Salem) Surya Movies (Madurai and Ramnad), Linda Big Pictures (North and South Arcot) Kanthaswamy Cine Arts (Coimbatore) and Vasundhara Devi Cine Films (Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari).


title: Bigil

text: United India Exporters and X Gen Studios have jointly bought the overseas theatrical rights for the film for . The Andhra Pradesh and Telangana distribution rights have been bought by Mahesh S. Koneru under the banner East Coast Productions for . The Karnataka theatrical rights were sold to the distributor Gokul Raj for . Actor Prithviraj Sukumaran bought the film's distribution rights in Kerala for crore which was distributed under his Prithviraj Productions and Magic Frames banner. The film's Hindi dubbing rights were purchased by Goldmines Telefilms.


title: Bigil

text: In mid-October, Novo Cinemas which distributed the film in United Arab Emirates had announced the advanced bookings of the film in Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah; Within 24 hours, more than 10,000 tickets for the opening weekend has been sold in advance, which is "a record for an Indian film" according to "International Business Times". With the release date being officially announced, few theatres in Tamil Nadu began advanced bookings for the film on 18 October 2019, following the exorbitant response in the trade. Raj Theatre located in Saidapet (Chennai) was the first to announce bookings for four shows in the theatre. The full-fledged reservations for the film began during 21 October, for major parts of Tamil Nadu that includes in Chennai, Madurai, Trichy, Tirunelveli and Coimbatore.


title: Bigil

text: Rakesh Gowthaman, the managing director of Vettri Cinemas announced that 6,000 tickets for the opening weekend were sold within 90 minutes, while according to Rakki Cinemas, more than 7,000 tickets were sold within an hour. Udeep Reddy, managing director of Mayajaal stated that "The prediction is that the film is likely to earn more than ₹150 crore to recover the ₹80-plus crore price that the distributors have paid. We hope the film can do that kind of business since it is Deepavali and people are looking to go to movies. "Bigil" will once again bring families back into the theatres." G. Dhananjayan, in his interview to "The Hindu" had stated that tickets for the first four days have been sold out, and said that "the distributors are trying to make the maximum in the first four days by screening in every theatres".


title: Bigil

text: According to Koimoi, bookings in the major metropolitan cities — Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Kochi, Mumbai and Delhi — received tremendous response, with more than 70% of the shows being booked for the opening day, with few cities reporting full occupancy. By the second and third day, while Chennai had 100% shows being booked, Mumbai and Delhi had 75% shows being filled. In Kochi about 60% shows were booked for the film, while 50% of the shows were booked in advance in Bangalore and Hyderabad. Trade analysts believed that the film will take an "earth-shattering opening".


title: Bigil

text: The ticket prices were ranged from 700–1,500 in single screens and limited multiplexes across Chennai. Despite Tamil Nadu government's order on controlling the ticket prices, many theatres levied prices for the opening day shows, which was six times higher than the normal ticket price. Distributors opined that, they had bought the film for huge prices that cannot be covered through normal ticket rates, as a result, they demanded huge ticket rates for the film. However, theatre owners feared that they might be subjected to strict action from the government, even leading to suspension of theatre licence. Few theatres were reluctant to screen the film due to the complications on levying a deal with distributors, demanding huge price for ticket rates.


title: Bigil

text: Prior to the release, on 23 October 2019, the Tamil Nadu government denied permission to screen early morning shows for the film, and Karthi-starrer "Kaithi" (2019), in response to the queries regarding tickets being sold at exorbitant rates. The Minister of Information and Publicity, Kadambur Raju stated on Twitter saying "I have already sent the statement related to the cancellation of special shows. I have urged them [theatres] to refund the money to those who had made reservations. Through this initiative, the practice of charging exorbitant rates for special shows will be stopped." Few reports claimed that Vijay's speech at the film's audio launch targeting the state government, being the reason for the cancellation of early morning shows for the film. After the distributors and theatre owners meeting with the officials and ministers, the government granted permission for early morning shows starting at 4:00 a.m.


title: Bigil

text: The satellite rights of the film were secured by Sun TV Network which also secured the rights for the film's dubbed versions in other South Indian languages also. The global television premiere of "Bigil" took place on Sun TV on 15 January 2020, coinciding with the Thai Pongal festival, and registered a TRP rating of 23.5, with 16473 crore impressions. The digital rights were sold to Amazon Prime Video. "Bigil" along with its dubbed Telugu version "Whistle" was premiered through the streaming platform on 13 December 2019. The film's dubbed Kannada and Malayalam versions were released through Sun NXT. The Hindi dubbed version was premiered on Goldmines TV channel on 23 October 2022.


title: Bigil

text: In August 2019, assistant director K. P. Selvah filed a lawsuit against Atlee for violating the copyright of his story registered with the Writer's Association. He also ordered an interim injunction restraining the shoot and release of the film. It was rejected by the Madras High Court dismissing the claims of Selvah, who later submitted a fresh suit in the claims of the same. The court, however, denied his queries to stall the release. Another plea on the same case was filed at Telangana High Court, by independent filmmaker Nandi Chinni Kumar. He alleged that certain portions of the film, along with the Nagraj Manjule-directed Hindi film "Jhund", bore similarities to his film, "Slum Soccer", based on Akhilesh Paul, a don-turned-footballer from Maharashtra. Kumar stated that he had bought the copyrights exclusively from Paul to make a film on any language under his consent, and owed him . In response to his plea, the Telangana High Court, on 6 December 2019, passed an order with the digital premiere of the film on Amazon Prime Video to be stalled temporarily, which was later withdrawn.


title: Bigil

text: On 5 February 2020, the Income Tax Department raided Vijay's residence in Chennai and was inquired regarding potential tax evasion regarding his investment in immovable properties which he inherited from the film's producers. Vijay was investigated when he was shooting for "Master" (2021) in Neyveli, thereby disrupting the film's shoot. Nearly 77 crore was seized by the officials from properties belonging to AGS Entertainment, the creative producer of "Bigil", Archana Kalpathi and film financer G. N. Anbu Chezhiyan's residence. On 13 March 2020, the IT department raided Vijay's residence again and had said that nothing significant was found during the raid and Vijay has paid all taxes. It further released figures from a tax evasion probe showing that Vijay received ₹50 crore for the film, while another figure from Income Tax released in February 2020, stated that the actor received 30 crore as renumeration.


title: Bigil

text: In the opening day of its release, the film collected , and became the highest-opening day grosser of 2019, beating Rajinikanth-starrer "Petta", which earned on the first day. It was the second highest-opener of Vijay, behind "Sarkar" (2018) and preceded by "Mersal" (2017), which respectively earned and . The film collected in Tamil Nadu, and in Chennai, the film had earned an estimated collection of in Chennai theatres. In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the film collected and in Karnataka and Kerala, the film contributed and , respectively, with the total collections in the country, on the first day, being . The film entered the 100 crore mark worldwide on the second day of its release, where the film collected worldwide, with across the country. By the third day, the film had obtained its first weekend collections to in Chennai.


title: Bigil

text: "Bigil" earned about more than in the first four days of its release in Tamil Nadu, while a worldwide collection of was reported for the first five days of the release. On the sixth day of its release, the film earned worldwide, becoming the actor's third film to do so after "Mersal" and "Sarkar". Within 10 days of its release, the film earned at the Chennai city box-office, and became the fourth film of Vijay to cross 10-crore mark in Chennai. Within 11 days, the film collected about . On 11 November 2019, AGS Entertainment had announced that the film had collected , and became the highest-grossing Tamil film of the year, surpassing "Petta". It also became the first film of the actor to earn 300 crore. The film has performed very well in Delhi and Mumbai, with sold-out shows at most locations in Mumbai the first week. In three weeks, the film had collected from Chennai alone. The film grossed in Tamil Nadu in the four-week run. "Business Today" stated a gross of 300 crore in its entire run.


title: Bigil

text: The film premiered in United States, a day before the Indian release on 24 October 2019, and had collected US$215,434 (1.6 crore) with the premiere shows reported from 120 locations. According to trade analyst Taran Adarsh, the film collected A$171,887 (₹83.06 lakhs) at Australia and £109,112 [₹ 99.15 lakhs] in United Kingdom, on the first day of its release. "Bigil" collected US$1 million at the United States box office, thereby being Vijay's fourth film to do so after "Theri" (2016), "Mersal" (2017) and "Sarkar" (2018). By the first six days, the film collected in overseas territories. The film earned more than 33,000 entries in France, overtaking "Mersal" and "Enthiran" (2010). The film also earned GBP 588,234 in United Kingdom surpassing highest "Mersal" which earned GBP 560,858. In first six days, the film has reported to have earned $2 million in Malaysia. It collected US$1.46 million at the U.S box office. The film registered 35,000 footfalls in France highest for a Tamil film all-time in that country. As of 20 November 2019, the film collected about in the overseas centres.


title: Bigil

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 60% based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 6.19/10.


title: Bigil

text: M. Suganth of "The Times of India" gave three out of five stars and called the film as "an engaging entertainer", despite lacking depth and being overlong. Sreedhar Pillai of "Firstpost" gave 3.25 out of five stating "Bigil is designed as a crowd-pleaser from the very word go; with the basic underdog story, women empowerment and equality as themes, it works to a large extent." He called it as "one of Vijay’s best films in recent times and he has shined in a difficult dual role, especially as the old man Rayappan with a stammer and gruffness in his voice". Karthik Kumar of "Hindustan Times" stated "Despite a problematic first half, the Atlee-directed Vijay starrer makes up in the second half with an emotionally rewarding end, and is excruciatingly long and if not for the football portion which is executed on a grand scale and visuals, the film would've struggled to stay afloat". S. Subakeerthana of "The Indian Express" gave 2.5 stars and said "The manner, in which films manage to strike a chord between messaging and entertainment without trading the essentials of the universe, is interesting. Atlee pulls the loose threads together in the thrilling final match sequences, but Bigil isn’t Vijay’s "Dangal" or “"Chak De! India" on steroids” like Shah Rukh [Khan] had mentioned. Had Atlee put more thought into the screenplay, ideation and execution, this would have been a better film, compared to their earlier collaborations, "Theri" and "Mersal"." Srinivasa Ramanujam, writing for "The Hindu", called it as "an emotionally-strong tale from the Atlee-Vijay combo which could have used better writing and trimming".


title: Bigil

text: Baradwaj Rangan of "Film Companion South", stated "The screenplay could have been tighter, but it’s still a model of how we can get serious even in the overblown world of a “mass” movie, and yet not forget to have fun." Janani K of "India Today", gave three out of five stars and stated "Despite having more flaws than positives, Bigil is a treat for Vijay’s ardent fans". Writing for "Huffington Post", Karthik Keramalu stated "While Atlee’s intention, in spite of seeming ‘inspired’ from other movies, doesn't come across as sincere, it might help some folks pick up the ball". Sowmya Rajendran of The News Minute gave three-and-a-half out of five saying "The film has all the elements of a mass entertainer and is also earnest in its attempt to break away from some cast-iron stereotypes". "The New Indian Express"-based critic Manasa R. gave two-and-a-half out of five stars and stated "There was solid scope to deliver a strong 'message', one of women's empowerment, but the film never lets it surpass the need to celebrate Vijay’s heroism". Anupama Subramanian of "Deccan Chronicle" gave 3 out of 5 stars and stated ""Bigil" could have used a lot of trimming, especially in the first half. It is a deliberate attempt to convert the fans expectation of Vijay into a story about women’s empowerment. There’s of course the usual white knight complex, but at least it’s a start for Vijay to play more mature roles. Hope he does more of such script driven characters. Perhaps Atlee should have taken a more gritty and realistic approach where the villains are discrete and the problems more complex than they seem. For a while, you need to force yourself to sit through this one. Eventually, you do walk away feeling good that the applause were for the footballers involved".


title: Bigil

text: "Sify" gave three-and-a-half out of five stars stating ""Bigil" relies squarely on the charm of its leading man and Vijay dives into the character with an enthusiasm we haven't seen before. It is a paisa vasool mass, sports-action-entertainer which is sure to be enjoyed by the masses and family audiences". "IndiaGlitz" gave 2.75 out of five stating " Despite its predictability, Bigil is lead to a victory by the impressive Vijay!". A. Ganesh Nadar of "Rediff.com" stated "Bigil packs in enough entertainment in its three-hour running time". "Behindwoods" too gave 2.75 out of five and stated ""Bigil" is an engaging star vehicle with sports as its backdrop, which could satisfy the family audience during the festival season. Vijay's screen presence and an interesting second half making it as worth watching women centric sports film". Jose K. George of "The Week" gave a negative review saying ""Bigil" may please Vijay fans, but fails as a sports drama, dedicated to women", while Umesh Punwani of "Koimoi" gave three out of five and said "Backed by an intriguing and emotional story, Vijay’s machoism is the main ingredient of this blatant commercial masala". "Ananda Vikatan" rated the film 41 out of 100.


title: Bigil

text: "Bigil" created much anticipation before its release, with Tamil film celebrities Sivakarthikeyan, Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Kajal Aggarwal, Lokesh Kanagaraj, Vignesh Shivan, Raghava Lawrence, politician J. Anbazhagan, Hindi film celebrities Karan Johar, Shah Rukh Khan, Varun Dhawan, Indian race driver Alisha Abdullah, Sri Lankan cricketer Russell Arnold, amongst others praising the film's trailer. Post-release Johar, called the film as "a roller coaster of emotions, triumh and adernaline rush". "Bigil" has become an influential film for women. According to the coach of Madurai women's football team which recently won national qualifiers in Bangalore, parents are encouraging their daughters to take up football. Amritha Aiyer, who played the role of Thendral in the film, has been an established actress who went on to become a part of few Tamil and Telugu films.


title: Bigil

text: According to a survey report by Twitter India, the film was featured in the most tweeted hashtags of 2019, becoming the only Indian film to be a part of it. Vijay, Atlee, A. R. Rahman and Archana Kalpathi were featured in the top 10 entertainment charts of India on Twitter. Post the demise of actor Sushant Singh Rajput, the film's creative producer Archana Kalpathi, revealed that Vijay's Rayappan character in the film's first look poster was inspired from Sushant's role in "Chhichhore" (2019).


title: Bigil

text: It also led to several re-releases in 2020; after theatres being reopened in Germany and France, which was shut down as a precautionary measure due to COVID-19 pandemic, the film was re-released in these countries on 18 June 2020, coinciding the eve of Vijay's birthday. The film was re-released in the theatres of Sri Lanka on 24 July 2020, and in Singapore on 7 August 2020. Post the reopening of theatres in India, the film was re-released in Puducherry and Tamil Nadu on 10 November 2020. In July 2021, an incident where a ten-year boy was injured in an accident, was treated as the doctor apparently let the boy watch the film on his phone while completing the medical treatment, eventually becoming a lifesaver. This incident won the hearts of the fans.


title: Walter Payton

text: Walter Jerry Payton (July 25, 1953 – November 1, 1999) was an American football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons with the Chicago Bears. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest football players of all time. A nine-time Pro Bowl selection, Payton is remembered as a prolific rusher, once holding records for career rushing yards, touchdowns, carries, yards from scrimmage, all-purpose yards, and many other categories. Payton also retired with the most receptions by a non-receiver, and he had eight career touchdown passes.


title: Walter Payton

text: He was elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993, the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame that same year, and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1996. He was named to the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team in 1994 and the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team in 2019. Hall of Fame NFL player and coach Mike Ditka described Payton as the greatest football player he had ever seen—but even greater as a human being.


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton began his football career in Mississippi and went on to have an outstanding collegiate football career at Jackson State University, where he was an All-American. He started his professional career with the Chicago Bears in 1975, who selected him with the 1975 Draft's fourth overall pick. Payton proceeded to win the 1977 AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award and won Super Bowl XX with the 1985 Chicago Bears. He retired from football at the end of the 1987 season having rushed for at least 1,200 yards in 10 of his 13 seasons in the NFL (with two of those thirteen being lockout-shortened seasons).


title: Walter Payton

text: After struggling with the rare liver disease primary sclerosing cholangitis for several months, Payton died on November 1, 1999, from cholangiocarcinoma at the age of 46. His legacy includes being the namesake of the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, Walter Payton Award, and a heightened awareness of the need for organ donations.


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton was one of three children born to Peter and Alyne Payton in Columbia, Mississippi. Payton's year of birth is disputed; most sources at the time of his death stated he was born in 1954. However, other sources have stated he was born in 1953. His father was a factory worker who had played semi-professional baseball; he died in jail just a couple of hours after being wrongfully accused of driving under the influence due to a stroke that presented similar symptoms to alcohol intoxication. Payton was an active member of the Boy Scouts, Little League, and his local church. At John J. Jefferson High School, Payton played drums in the marching band, participated in the track team and sang in the school choir. Outside of school, he played drums in jazz-rock groups.


title: Walter Payton

text: His brother Eddie was on the football team, but Payton did not play—partly to avoid competing with him. After Eddie graduated, the football coach asked Payton to try out for the team, and he agreed on the condition that he be allowed to continue playing in the band.


title: Walter Payton

text: Once he began to play football, as a junior, he achieved instant success as a running back, running 65 yards for a touchdown on his first high-school carry. At , he was not especially large, but his speed and strength made him one of the team's featured players. John J. Jefferson High School was integrated with neighboring Columbia High School that year; Payton and his teammates were upset that their head coach, Charles L. Boston, had become an assistant and Payton boycotted some of the spring practices in protest, but returned during the fall season. He then earned statewide honors as a member of Mississippi's all-state team, leading Columbia to an unexpected 8–2 season. His performance helped ease the local tensions surrounding desegregation. Tommy Davis, Columbia's football coach, claimed that he could always count on Payton when the team needed to score. Payton's statistics proved that was no exaggeration: he scored in every game during his junior and senior years. He was named to the all-conference team two years in a row. Payton also led the Little Dixie Conference in scoring his senior year and made the all-state team. In addition to excelling at football, Payton averaged 18 points a game for Columbia's basketball team, leaped three-quarters of an inch short of 23 feet in the long jump, played baseball, and continued to drum in the school band.


title: Walter Payton

text: Even though Payton had established himself as one of Mississippi's best running back prospects, he received no invitations from Southeastern Conference colleges. After originally committing to Kansas State University, he decided to pursue his collegiate career at the historically black school Jackson State University (MS) where his older brother Eddie played football.


title: Walter Payton

text: While attending Jackson State, Payton played alongside many future professional football players, including his roommate, Rickey Young, as well as Jerome Barkum, Robert Brazile, and Jackie Slater. As a member of the Jackson State Tigers, Payton rushed for 3,600 yards, averaging 6.1 yards per carry, and set the school record for career rushing touchdowns with 65. In 1973, Payton had a school record 24 rushing touchdowns, and was named Black College Player of the Year. He won this award again in 1974, in addition to being selected for the All-American Team. Payton graduated in 1975 with a Bachelor's degree in Communications.


title: Walter Payton

text: He acquired the nickname "Sweetness" in college. The nickname's origin is ambiguous: it is variously said to have stemmed from his personality, from his athletic grace, or as an ironic description of his aggressive playing style. Payton was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1996, and he was posthumously inducted into the inaugural class of the Black College Football Hall of Fame in 2010.


title: Walter Payton

text: On September 23, 1972, during Payton's sophomore year, he set a then-best SWAC single-game scoring record by rushing for seven touchdowns (on runs of 6, 8, 2, 3, 1, 2, and 31 yards) and two 2-point conversions for 46 points as Jackson State beat Lane College, 72–0. He also set a school record with 279 rushing yards in the game.


title: Walter Payton

text: The Chicago Bears drafted Walter Payton in the first round of the 1975 NFL Draft as the fourth overall pick. The Bears had endured several losing seasons after the retirement of the iconic Gale Sayers in 1972. Payton's first game was not particularly successful; he was held to zero net rushing yards on eight attempts. His best performance of the season was the final game against the New Orleans Saints, where he rushed for 134 yards on 20 carries. Payton finished the season with only 679 yards and seven touchdowns. However, Payton led the league in yards per kickoff return.


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton was eager to improve his performance. During the 1976 NFL season, Payton rushed for 1,390 yards and scored 13 touchdowns. After the season, he was selected to play in the 1977 Pro Bowl, where he was declared the Pro Bowl MVP. The next year, he rushed for 1,852 yards and scored 16 touchdowns, becoming the league's leading scorer for the season. He earned numerous awards that season, including the Associated Press and Pro Football Writers of America's Most Valuable Player awards. A memorable game of the 1977 NFL season was against the Minnesota Vikings on November 20. He rushed for a then-record 275 yards, breaking the previous record of 273 yards held by O. J. Simpson. In that record-setting game against the Vikings, Payton was suffering with a 101-degree fever and intense flu. His longest run was for 58 yards, and he caught one pass for 6 yards. His record stood for 23 years until Corey Dillon of the Cincinnati Bengals ran for 278 yards on October 22, 2000. (Adrian Peterson of the Minnesota Vikings set the current record of 296 rushing yards in 2007.) By the end of the decade, Payton had received additional accolades for his exploits as a blocker, receiver, emergency punter, and quarterback.


title: Walter Payton

text: The Bears struggled to assemble consecutive winning seasons, landing only two playoff berths since his arrival. The lack of success prompted the Bears' management to replace Neill Armstrong with Mike Ditka for the season that began in the Fall of 1982. Ditka, a tight end during the 1960s and 1970s who would also join the Pro Football Hall of Fame, led the Bears to a 3–6 (strike-shortened) record in 1982. He led the Bears to an 8–8 finish in 1983 and to a 10–6 finish in 1984. Payton continued his success by rushing for more than 1,400 yards in both seasons. On September 19, 1984, Payton passed Franco Harris as the active leader in career rushing yards. Three weeks later, on October 7, 1984, against the New Orleans Saints, Payton broke Jim Brown's career rushing record of 12,312 yards. In 1985, Payton rushed for more than 1,500 yards, helping the Bears establish the league's second-best offense with the emergence of quarterback Jim McMahon. The Bears' 46 defense of that season would go on to become one of the best in NFL history, setting a record for fewest points allowed. In one 1984 game, Payton was pressed into service as the team's fourth-string quarterback.


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton performed with his teammates in the widely released 1985 music video "The Super Bowl Shuffle". The Bears went on to a 15–1 record that culminated in a 46–10 victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX. Although Payton's offensive prowess had assisted the Bears throughout the 1985 season, he did not score any touchdowns in the postseason and the New England Patriots prevented him from reaching the end zone in the Super Bowl. According to quarterback Jim McMahon, he was targeted by two or three defenders on every play, and others stated that Payton's mere presence allowed others to shine, given that at least 2 people were targeting Payton on every play. In a later interview, Ditka stated that one of his major regrets was Payton's lack of a touchdown in the Super Bowl.


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton, who was a 12-year veteran, amassed 1,333 yards in the 1986 NFL season. The Bears won the NFC Central Division, but lost to the Washington Redskins 27–13 in the divisional round. At the end of the 1986 season, he announced that he would retire from professional football after completing the 1987 NFL season. During his last season with the Bears, Payton split carries with his successor, Neal Anderson, and rushed for a career-low 533 yards along with four touchdowns. Payton's career ended with another loss to the Washington Redskins in the divisional round of the playoffs by the score of 21–17 on January 10, 1988. Over his entire career, Payton rushed for 16,726 yards, which broke the record for most rushing yards by any NFL player in history, and scored 110 touchdowns. He caught 492 passes for 4,538 yards and 15 touchdowns. Payton set several team records, including most career rushing yards, receptions, touchdowns, and touchdown passes by a running back. His jersey number was retired by the Bears, and he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993.


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton's motto was "Never Die Easy", which is also the title of his posthumously published autobiography. Payton attributed this motto to Bob Hill, his coach at Jackson State. In practice, this meant that Payton refused to deliberately run out-of-bounds and always delivered some punishment to his tacklers before being forced off the field or forced down.


title: Walter Payton

text: One of Payton's signature maneuvers was the "stutter-step", a high-stepping, irregularly paced run. He developed this as a way to distract his pursuers during long runs, saying that it startled them into thinking and gave him some advantage over players who were actually faster runners. In his autobiography, he likened the stutter step to a kind of "option play": when he was stutter-stepping, defenders would have to commit to a pursuit angle based upon whether they thought he would accelerate after the stutter-step, or cut—he would read this angle and do the opposite of what the defender had committed to.


title: Walter Payton

text: He re-invented the practice of stiff-arming his tacklers, which had gone out of favor among running backs in the 1970s. At times, he used his high-school experience as a long jumper to leap over his opponents, landing on his head in the end zone to gain a touchdown in a game against the Buffalo Bills. His running gait was somewhat unusual, as his knees were minimally bent, and the motion was largely powered from the hip. This may have given his knees, a football player's most vulnerable joints, some protection, although he underwent arthroscopic surgery on both knees in 1983. He referred to this procedure as an 11,000-yard checkup.


title: Walter Payton

text: After scoring touchdowns, Payton declined to celebrate; instead, he would often hand the ball to his teammates or the official. He disapproved of the growing practice of touchdown celebrations; he preferred post-game antics such as rushing into the locker room and locking his teammates out in the cold while taking a long shower. Although Payton would have won the respect of his peers and coaches by his running alone, he retired as the career leader in receptions for a running back, with 492 for over 4,500 yards, and still holds the career record for a running back, with 8 touchdown passes.


title: Walter Payton

text: Throughout his life, Payton had claimed his date of birth as July 25, 1954, a date which is cited in many of his early biographies. However, while researching his biography of Payton, "Sports Illustrated"s Jeff Pearlman discovered his actual date of birth to be July 25, 1953. Pearlman found Payton's earliest use of the later date during his pursuit of the Heisman Trophy at Jackson State.


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton married Connie Norwood in 1976. During his rookie year, he resided in a home on the north side of Arlington Heights, Illinois. The couple had two children, Jarrett Payton (born 1980) and Brittney Payton (1985) and resided in South Barrington, Illinois. Payton's marriage of 18 years came to an abrupt end when he unexpectedly served Norwood divorce papers for joint custody; however, despite not living together for most of the remainder of Payton's life, the divorce was never made official.


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton was inducted as a laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln by the governor of Illinois in 1987 in the area of sports. In 1988, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.


title: Walter Payton

text: In 1987, Payton accidentally shot a manager of a nightclub in Schaumburg, Illinois, that was owned by Payton. Payton had recently bought the 9 mm French-made Maurhin Pistolet for his collection and was unaware that it was loaded. The pistol, which was described as a collector's handgun that was registered, discharged while being handed to Payton by a third party while pointed at the nightclub manager, Elmer Ray Hutson Jr.; Hutson suffered knee damage from the shooting.


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton battled with depression after his playing career. His agent, Bud Holmes, recalled Payton talked about committing suicide. His executive assistant, Ginny Quirk, also recounted a similar instance where Payton said, "You won't see me when you get to the office tomorrow. Enjoy life without me."


title: Walter Payton

text: A Christian, Payton attended the non-denominational Destiny Church in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, in the years after retiring from football.


title: Walter Payton

text: In 1995, Payton, along with many other investors, sought to bring an NFL expansion team to St. Louis, Missouri, and Payton expressed his interest in becoming the first minority owner in NFL history. Although the NFL strongly favored a franchise in St. Louis, their efforts were thwarted because of internal dissension among the investment group members. leading the NFL to award franchises to investment groups in Jacksonville, Florida (Jacksonville Jaguars), and Charlotte, North Carolina (Carolina Panthers). St. Louis eventually received a team when the Los Angeles Rams moved to the city in 1995.


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton pursued various business ventures in retirement, including becoming co-owner of Dale Coyne Racing in the CART IndyCar World Series. He also drove in several Trans-Am Series events, including a 1993 race at Road America in which his car overturned and caught fire. He suffered burns but escaped serious injury.


title: Walter Payton

text: In 1995, he and several partners purchased a roundhouse in Aurora, Illinois that had previously belonged to the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. The property became known as "Walter Payton's Roundhouse", hosting a restaurant, brewery, banquet and meeting facility, and museum. In 1999, the property received an award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The beers brewed at the Roundhouse received awards in the 2000s.


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton appeared on a 1987 episode of "Saturday Night Live" (co-hosting with fellow football player Joe Montana). That same year, he participated in Prince Edward of the United Kingdom's charity television special "The Grand Knockout Tournament". In 1994, he made an appearance at the World Wrestling Federation's SummerSlam event in the corner of Razor Ramon.


title: Walter Payton

text: In February 1999, Payton announced that he had a rare liver disease known as primary sclerosing cholangitis, which may have led to his cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer). He spent his final months as an advocate for organ transplants, appearing in many commercials to encourage others to donate organs, although by the time his first appeal was recorded, his illness was already too far advanced for transplantation to have been a viable option. In April of that year, Payton made a final public appearance at a Chicago Cubs game with Mike Ditka, where he threw the game's ceremonial first pitch. Author Don Yaeger worked with him during the last weeks of his life to create his autobiography, "Never Die Easy".


title: Walter Payton

text: On November 1, 1999, Payton died from the complications that arose from his illness. He was 46 years old. During the same week, the NFL held special ceremonies in each game to commemorate his career and legacy. In addition, the Chicago Bears wore special #34 patches on their jerseys to honor Payton.


title: Walter Payton

text: Speakers at Payton's public funeral service, held in Soldier Field, included then National Football League Commissioner Paul Tagliabue; former teammate Dan Hampton; his widow, Connie Payton; and his children, Jarrett and Brittney. Among the 1,000 mourners at the private service were John Madden; Illinois Governor George Ryan; Chicago's mayor Richard M. Daley; former teammates Matt Suhey, Mike Singletary, Roland Harper, and Jim McMahon; the Bears' equipment manager and building superintendent.


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton's legacy continues through the charitable Walter and Connie Payton Foundation. His own appeals—and, after his death, his foundation's—for greater awareness of the need for organ donations are widely credited with bringing national attention to the problem. After his appeals, donations in Illinois skyrocketed, and the regional organ bank of Illinois was overwhelmed with calls. In response, the City of Chicago inserted organ donation requests into city-vehicle-registration mailings in early 2000, and, by August 2000, 13,000 people had signed on to the program. The foundation continues to run a program that Payton organized to donate toys to underprivileged children across the Chicago area each Christmas. The family established the Walter Payton Cancer Fund in 2002.


title: Walter Payton

text: Pro Football Focus founder Neil Hornsby in 2010 named Payton as the greatest player in NFL history. Many modern NFL running backs have cited Payton as a source of inspiration. Emmitt Smith tearfully paid homage to Payton after breaking Payton's rushing record. LaDainian Tomlinson, who set numerous records during the 2006 NFL season, named Payton as one of his foremost mentors and inspirations. Ahman Green, a former player for the Bears' rival Green Bay Packers, is said to have idolized Payton, viewing the highlight film "Pure Payton" before each game. Walter's son, Jarrett Payton, was a running back for the Tennessee Titans, NFL Europe's Amsterdam Admirals, CFL's Montreal Alouettes, and IFL's Chicago Slaughter. During his tenure at the University of Miami, Jarrett wore a #34 jersey to honor his father's memory. In 2009, Jarrett married on March 4 (3/4), which was intentionally set to coincide with Payton's jersey number.


title: Walter Payton

text: The city of Chicago has honored Payton's memory in several ways. In 1999, the city created a special city sticker that featured Payton. The profits from the sales of these stickers along with the special license plate created by the State of Illinois are given to support organ-donor programs across Illinois. Also, the city named a magnet high school, Walter Payton College Prep, in his honor. In September 2007, the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center opened the Walter Payton Liver Center after a generous donation from Payton's family, who were pleased with the care he received there. Chicago Metra commuters have long been witness to a simple "#34 Sweetness", painted on a bridge piling of the Air Line on the south end of the Chicago Union Station yards. The State of Illinois has named U.S. Route 34 in Illinois as the Walter Payton Memorial Highway.


title: Walter Payton

text: Until its sale to Two Brothers Brewing in 2011, Walter Payton's Roundhouse continued to draw hundreds of thousands of visitors annually to the Aurora, Illinois site. A plaque now hangs on the building commemorating Payton. There are two athletic awards named after Payton. The NCAA gives the "Walter Payton Award" to the best offensive player from a Division I FCS (still often known by its former designation of Division I-AA) football team. The NFL hands out the "Walter Payton Man of the Year" award for player achievements in community service during a particular season. The wellness center at Jackson State University is also named in honor of him, known as "The Walter Payton Recreation and Wellness Center."


title: Walter Payton

text: The Chicago Bears honored Payton's career and life on November 1, 2009, by airing a special tribute video during halftime. The video consisted of highlight clips from Payton's career and interview segments from Mike Ditka, Virginia McCaskey, Richard Dent, and many other members of the Bears organization. Payton's wife, daughter, son, and mother were present to watch the video, which aired on Soldier Field's Jumbotron. The Bears later named their official indoor practice and training facility at Halas Hall in Lake Forest, Illinois after Payton.


title: Walter Payton

text: After Payton's death, Nickol Knoll Hill, an old landfill site turned into a golf course in Arlington Heights, Illinois, was renamed "Payton's Hill". There are two plaques on the hill to remind visitors of the hill that it was where Payton used to train in the 1970s and 1980s. Payton did his morning run at the hill every day. Pictures and memorabilia of Payton cover the walls of the golf course clubhouse.


title: Walter Payton

text: The asteroid 85386 Payton, discovered by the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing observatory in 1996, is named in Payton's memory. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 May 2008 ().


title: Walter Payton

text: Payton was the NFL's all-time leader in rushing yards and all-purpose yards prior to the 2002 NFL season, when Emmitt Smith broke his record. Payton also held the rushing touchdown record until it was broken by Marcus Allen during the 1996 NFL season. He also held the single game rushing record until the 2000 NFL season, when it was broken by Corey Dillon. Payton led the league in rushing yards and touchdowns in the 1977 NFL season. Also, he was among the top-ten players for rushing attempts during his entire career, including 1976, 1977, and 1978, and led the category in 1979. he is the NFL's second all-time leading rusher, and he is ranked fifth in rushing touchdowns scored. Along with Frank Gifford, Payton threw six interceptions, more than any other non-quarterback position in NFL history. He also passed for eight touchdowns, which is second to Gifford (14) for non-quarterbacks.


title: Lil Xan

text: Nicholas Diego Leanos (born September 6, 1996), better known as Lil Xan ( ) or simply Diego, is an American rapper, singer and songwriter from Redlands, California. He is best known for his song "Betrayed", which was certified platinum by the RIAA and peaked at number 64 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. On April 6, 2018, Leanos released his debut studio album, "Total Xanarchy".


title: Lil Xan

text: Growing up, Leanos was poor and lived in motels most of his childhood. He attended Redlands East Valley High School, but dropped out of high school in his freshman year, and spent several years at home unemployed. Leanos took a job as a street cleaner and sold drugs before he began rapping. Leanos later pursued a photography career in support of several friends who were rappers. He eventually had his camera stolen, and chose to begin rapping in lieu of investing in a new camera.


title: Lil Xan

text: His stage name is derived from Xanax, the trade name of the prescription drug alprazolam. Leanos began to gain recognition through platforms such as SoundCloud and YouTube. His popularity grew after the release of the music video for his song "Betrayed" in August 2017. The song peaked at number 64 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In an interview with "XXL", Leanos announced his debut album "Total Xanarchy". The album includes collaborations with artists such as Diplo and Swae Lee. In December 2017, Leanos announced his "Total Xanarchy" tour, which sold out in five hours according to "Billboard". In 2018, Leanos considered changing his stage name to Diego in order to support his anti-drug message; however, he has since expressed uncertainty toward officially going through with the pseudonym change.


title: Lil Xan

text: Leanos released his debut studio album, "Total Xanarchy" on April 6, 2018. The album received mostly negative reviews from critics but was a moderate commercial success, debuting at number ten on the "Billboard" 200 and selling 28,000 copies in its first week. The following month in May 2018, Leanos announced the mixtape "Heartbreak Soldiers" which was released on July 8, 2018. In September 2018, Leanos announced he had been working on an album titled "Be Safe" as a tribute to Mac Miller, as these were the last words he said to Leanos before his death.


title: Lil Xan

text: Leanos has given a number of contradictory statements regarding his yet-unreleased second album. Initially, he planned on releasing his "Be Safe" project in 2019, but the album entered production limbo and was eventually scrapped. In November 2019, he announced his next album would be titled "When September Ends" and released an accompanying album cover, but this also never came to fruition. In January 2020, Leanos announced that his album was finished and that it would be called "Sorry I Didn't Quit", revealing a new album cover that took inspiration from Lil Wayne's "Sorry 4 the Wait", but this project appears to have been scrapped.


title: Lil Xan

text: On June 24th, 2022, Leanos released the EP "have a nice day" - his first project in over three years - as a collaboration with fellow emo rapper Chris Miles. The EP includes a feature from Lil Tracy and was supported by the single "Miss Me".


title: Lil Xan

text: Leanos has listed Pharrell Williams and N.E.R.D. as early influences in hip hop, with other influences including Arctic Monkeys, Cage the Elephant and Queens of the Stone Age. Leanos has also described Drake and Mac Miller as musical inspirations.


title: Lil Xan

text: According to "Pigeons & Planes", Leanos' music started off as "typical trap" and later shifted towards "a murkier, dream-like sound". "The New Yorker" has described Leanos as part of a "sad rap" movement.


title: Lil Xan

text: Leanos started dating singer and actress Noah Cyrus on June 30, 2018. The couple released the collaboration "Live or Die" in August 2018. They broke up in September 2018, with both parties accusing the other of being unfaithful; Leanos also claimed that the relationship was forced by the couple's record label, Columbia, though he later said he was responsible.


title: Lil Xan

text: Leanos has been open about his former addiction to benzodiazepines (particularly Xanax) and opiates. He overcame his Xanax addiction after two years. Leanos is outspoken against Xanax abuse and urges people to stop using the drug altogether.


title: Lil Xan

text: In February 2019, Leanos announced that he and his then-fiancée Annie Smith were expecting a child. Smith, however, claimed to have had a miscarriage, sharing the information about the incident via a video and photographs on Instagram. In a "No Jumper" interview weeks later, Leanos said he had suspicions that Smith had been faking her pregnancy after a number of the rapper's fans on social media pointed out that the couple's ultrasound photos looked identical to ones that could be found on Google, and the couple would eventually split.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium hypochlorite (commonly known in a dilute solution as bleach) is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula NaOCl (or NaClO), comprising a sodium cation () and a hypochlorite anion (or ). It may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. The anhydrous compound is unstable and may decompose explosively. It can be crystallized as a pentahydrate ·5, a pale greenish-yellow solid which is not explosive and is stable if kept refrigerated.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution referred to as liquid bleach, which is a household chemical widely used (since the 18th century) as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent. In solution, the compound is unstable and easily decomposes, liberating chlorine, which is the active principle of such products. Sodium hypochlorite is the oldest and still most important chlorine-based bleach.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Its corrosive properties, common availability, and reaction products make it a significant safety risk. In particular, mixing liquid bleach with other cleaning products, such as acids found in limescale-removing products, will produce chlorine gas, which was used as a poison gas in World War I. A common urban legend states that mixing bleach with ammonia also releases chlorine, but in reality the two chemicals react differently, producing chloramines and/or nitrogen trichloride. With excess ammonia and sodium hydroxide, hydrazine may be generated.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Anhydrous sodium hypochlorite can be prepared but, like many hypochlorites, it is highly unstable and decomposes explosively on heating or friction. The decomposition is accelerated by carbon dioxide at atmospheric levels. It is a white solid with the orthorhombic crystal structure.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium hypochlorite can also be obtained as a crystalline pentahydrate ·5, which is not explosive and is much more stable than the anhydrous compound. The formula is sometimes given as 2·10.. The Cl–O bond length in the pentahydrate is 1.686 Å. The transparent, light greenish-yellow, orthorhombic crystals contain 44% NaOCl by weight and melt at 25–27 °C. The compound decomposes rapidly at room temperature, so it must be kept under refrigeration. At lower temperatures, however, it is quite stable: reportedly only 1% decomposition after 360 days at 7 °C.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: A 1966 US patent claims that stable solid sodium hypochlorite dihydrate ·2 can be obtained by carefully excluding chloride ions (), which are present in the output of common manufacturing processes and are said to catalyze the decomposition of hypochlorite into chlorate () and chloride. In one test, the dihydrate was claimed to show only 6% decomposition after 13.5 months storage at −25 °C. The patent also claims that the dihydrate can be reduced to the anhydrous form by vacuum drying at about 50 °C, yielding a solid that showed no decomposition after 64 hours at −25 °C.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: At typical ambient temperatures, sodium hypochlorite is more stable in dilute solutions that contain solvated and ions. The density of the solution is 1.093 g/mL at 5% concentration, and 1.21 g/mL at 14%, 20 °C. Stoichiometric solutions are fairly alkaline, with pH 11 or higher since hypochlorous acid is a weak acid:


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: The second equilibrium equation above will be shifted to the right if the chlorine is allowed to escape as gas. The ratios of , HOCl, and in solution are also pH dependent. At pH below 2, the majority of the chlorine in the solution is in the form of dissolved elemental . At pH greater than 7.4, the majority is in the form of hypochlorite . The equilibrium can be shifted by adding acids (such as hydrochloric acid) or bases (such as sodium hydroxide) to the solution:


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: At a pH of about 4, such as obtained by the addition of strong acids like hydrochloric acid, the amount of undissociated (nonionized) HOCl is highest. The reaction can be written as:


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium hypochlorite solutions combined with acid evolve chlorine gas, particularly strongly at pH < 2, by the reactions:


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: At pH > 8, the chlorine is practically all in the form of hypochlorite anions (). The solutions are fairly stable at pH 11–12. Even so, one report claims that a conventional 13.6% NaOCl reagent solution lost 17% of its strength after being stored for 360 days at 7 °C. For this reason, in some applications one may use more stable chlorine-releasing compounds, such as calcium hypochlorite or trichloroisocyanuric acid .


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: In solution, under certain conditions, the hypochlorite anion may also disproportionate (autoxidize) to chloride and chlorate:


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: In particular, this reaction occurs in sodium hypochlorite solutions at high temperatures, forming sodium chlorate and sodium chloride:


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: In hot sodium hypochlorite solutions, this reaction competes with chlorate formation, yielding sodium chloride and oxygen gas:


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: These two decomposition reactions of solutions are maximized at pH around 6. The chlorate-producing reaction predominates at pH above 6, while the oxygen one becomes significant below that. For example, at 80 °C, with NaOCl and NaCl concentrations of 80 mM, and pH 6–6.5, the chlorate is produced with ∼95% efficiency. The oxygen pathway predominates at pH 10. This decomposition is affected by light and metal ion catalysts such as copper, nickel, cobalt, and iridium. Catalysts like sodium dichromate and sodium molybdate may be added industrially to reduce the oxygen pathway, but a report claims that only the latter is effective.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Titration of hypochlorite solutions is often done by adding a measured sample to an excess amount of acidified solution of potassium iodide () and then titrating the liberated iodine () with a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate or phenylarsine oxide, using starch as indicator, until the blue color disappears.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: According to one US patent, the stability of sodium hypochlorite content of solids or solutions can be determined by monitoring the infrared absorption due to the O–Cl bond. The characteristic wavelength is given as 140.25 μm for water solutions, 140.05 μm for the solid dihydrate NaOCl·2, and 139.08 μm for the anhydrous mixed salt .


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Oxidation of starch by sodium hypochlorite, that adds carbonyl and carboxyl groups, is relevant to the production of modified starch products.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: In the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst, alcohols are oxidized to the corresponding carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone). Sodium hypochlorite can also oxidize organic sulfides to sulfoxides or sulfones, disulfides or thiols to sulfonyl halides, imines to oxaziridines. It can also de-aromatize phenols.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Heterogeneous reactions of sodium hypochlorite and metals such as zinc proceed slowly to give the metal oxide or hydroxide:


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Homogeneous reactions with metal coordination complexes proceed somewhat faster. This has been exploited in the Jacobsen epoxidation.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: If not properly stored in airtight containers, sodium hypochlorite reacts with carbon dioxide to form sodium carbonate:


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium hypochlorite reacts with most nitrogen compounds to form volatile monochloramine, dichloramines, and nitrogen trichloride:


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium thiosulfate is an effective chlorine neutralizer. Rinsing with a 5 mg/L solution, followed by washing with soap and water, will remove chlorine odor from the hands.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Potassium hypochlorite was first produced in 1789 by Claude Louis Berthollet in his laboratory on the Quai de Javel in Paris, France, by passing chlorine gas through a solution of potash lye. The resulting liquid, known as ""Eau de Javel"" ("Javel water"), was a weak solution of potassium hypochlorite. Antoine Labarraque replaced potash lye by the cheaper soda lye, thus obtaining sodium hypochlorite ("Eau de Labarraque").


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: The process is also used to prepare the pentahydrate ·5 for industrial and laboratory use. In a typical process, chlorine gas is added to a 45–48% NaOH solution. Some of the sodium chloride precipitates and is removed by filtration, and the pentahydrate is then obtained by cooling the filtrate to 12 °C .


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Another method involved the reaction of sodium carbonate ("washing soda") with chlorinated lime ("bleaching powder"), a mixture of calcium hypochlorite , calcium chloride , and calcium hydroxide :


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: This method was commonly used to produce hypochlorite solutions for use as a hospital antiseptic that was sold after World War I under the names "Eusol", an abbreviation for Edinburgh University Solution Of (chlorinated) Lime – a reference to the university's pathology department, where it was developed.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Near the end of the nineteenth century, E. S. Smith patented the chloralkali process: a method of producing sodium hypochlorite involving the electrolysis of brine to produce sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas, which then mixed to form sodium hypochlorite. The key reactions are:


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Both electric power and brine solution were in cheap supply at the time, and various enterprising marketers took advantage of the situation to satisfy the market's demand for sodium hypochlorite. Bottled solutions of sodium hypochlorite were sold under numerous trade names.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Today, an improved version of this method, known as the Hooker process (named after Hooker Chemicals, acquired by Occidental Petroleum), is the only large-scale industrial method of sodium hypochlorite production. In the process, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and sodium chloride (NaCl) are formed when chlorine is passed into cold dilute sodium hydroxide solution. The chlorine is prepared industrially by electrolysis with minimal separation between the anode and the cathode. The solution must be kept below 40 °C (by cooling coils) to prevent the undesired formation of sodium chlorate.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Commercial solutions always contain significant amounts of sodium chloride (common salt) as the main by-product, as seen in the equation above.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: A 1966 patent describes the production of solid stable dihydrate ·2 by reacting a chloride-free solution of hypochlorous acid (such as prepared from chlorine monoxide and water), with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. In a typical preparation, 255 mL of a solution with 118 g/L is slowly added with stirring to a solution of 40 g of NaOH in water 0 °C. Some sodium chloride precipitates and is removed by filtration. The solution is vacuum evaporated at 40–50 °C and 1–2 mmHg until the dihydrate crystallizes out. The crystals are vacuum-dried to produce a free-flowing crystalline powder.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: The same principle was used in a 1993 patent to produce concentrated slurries of the pentahydrate NaClO·5. Typically, a 35% solution (by weight) of HClO is combined with sodium hydroxide at about or below 25 °C. The resulting slurry contains about 35% NaClO, and are relatively stable due to the low concentration of chloride.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Household bleach sold for use in laundering clothes is a 3–8% solution of sodium hypochlorite at the time of manufacture. Strength varies from one formulation to another and gradually decreases with long storage. Sodium hydroxide is usually added in small amounts to household bleach to slow down the decomposition of NaClO.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: A 10–25% solution of sodium hypochlorite is, according to Univar's safety sheet, supplied with synonyms or trade names bleach, Hypo, Everchlor, Chloros, Hispec, Bridos, Bleacol, or Vo-redox 9110.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: A 12% solution is widely used in waterworks for the chlorination of water, and a 15% solution is more commonly used for disinfection of waste water in treatment plants. Sodium hypochlorite can also be used for point-of-use disinfection of drinking water, taking 0.2-2 mg of sodium hypochlorite per liter of water.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Household bleach is, in general, a solution containing 3–8% sodium hypochlorite, by weight, and 0.01–0.05% sodium hydroxide; the sodium hydroxide is used to slow the decomposition of sodium hypochlorite into sodium chloride and sodium chlorate.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium hypochlorite has destaining properties. Among other applications, it can be used to remove mold stains, dental stains caused by fluorosis, and stains on crockery, especially those caused by the tannins in tea. It has also been used in laundry detergents and as a surface cleaner. It is also used in sodium hypochlorite washes.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Its bleaching, cleaning, deodorizing and caustic effects are due to oxidation and hydrolysis (saponification). Organic dirt exposed to hypochlorite becomes water-soluble and non-volatile, which reduces its odor and facilitates its removal.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium hypochlorite in solution exhibits broad spectrum anti-microbial activity and is widely used in healthcare facilities in a variety of settings. It is usually diluted in water depending on its intended use. "Strong chlorine solution" is a 0.5% solution of hypochlorite (containing approximately 5000 ppm free chlorine) used for disinfecting areas contaminated with body fluids, including large blood spills (the area is first cleaned with detergent before being disinfected). It may be made by diluting household bleach as appropriate (normally 1 part bleach to 9 parts water). Such solutions have been demonstrated to inactivate both "C. difficile" and HPV. "Weak chlorine solution" is a 0.05% solution of hypochlorite used for washing hands, but is normally prepared with calcium hypochlorite granules.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: "Dakin's Solution" is a disinfectant solution containing low concentration of sodium hypochlorite and some boric acid or sodium bicarbonate to stabilize the pH. It has been found to be effective with NaOCl concentrations as low as 0.025%.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: US government regulations allow food processing equipment and food contact surfaces to be sanitized with solutions containing bleach, provided that the solution is allowed to drain adequately before contact with food, and that the solutions do not exceed 200 parts per million (ppm) available chlorine (for example, one tablespoon of typical household bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, per gallon of water). If higher concentrations are used, the surface must be rinsed with potable water after sanitizing.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: A similar concentration of bleach in warm water is used to sanitize surfaces prior to brewing of beer or wine. Surfaces must be rinsed with sterilized (boiled) water to avoid imparting flavors to the brew; the chlorinated byproducts of sanitizing surfaces are also harmful. The mode of disinfectant action of sodium hypochlorite is similar to that of hypochlorous acid.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Solutions containing more than 500 ppm available chlorine are corrosive to some metals, alloys and many thermoplastics (such as acetal resin) and need to be thoroughly removed afterwards, so the bleach disinfection is sometimes followed by an ethanol disinfection. Liquids containing sodium hypochlorite as the main active component are also used for household cleaning and disinfection, for example toilet cleaners. Some cleaners are formulated to be viscous so as not to drain quickly from vertical surfaces, such as the inside of a toilet bowl.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: The undissociated (nonionized) hypochlorous acid is believed to react with and inactivate bacterial and viral enzymes.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Neutrophils of the human immune system produce small amounts of hypochlorite inside phagosomes, which digest bacteria and viruses.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium hypochlorite solutions have been used to treat dilute cyanide waste water, such as electroplating wastes. In batch treatment operations, sodium hypochlorite has been used to treat more concentrated cyanide wastes, such as silver cyanide plating solutions. Toxic cyanide is oxidized to cyanate (OCN) that is not toxic, idealized as follows:


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as a biocide in industrial applications to control slime and bacteria formation in water systems used at power plants, pulp and paper mills, etc., in solutions typically of 10–15% by weight.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium hypochlorite is the medicament of choice due to its efficacy against pathogenic organisms and pulp digestion in endodontic therapy. Its concentration for use varies from 0.5% to 5.25%. At low concentrations it dissolves mainly necrotic tissue; at higher concentrations it also dissolves vital tissue and additional bacterial species. One study has shown that "Enterococcus faecalis" was still present in the dentin after 40 minutes of exposure of 1.3% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, whereas 40 minutes at a concentration of 5.25% was effective in "E. faecalis" removal. In addition to higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, longer time exposure and warming the solution (60 °C) also increases its effectiveness in removing soft tissue and bacteria within the root canal chamber. 2% is a common concentration as there is less risk of an iatrogenic hypochlorite incident. A hypochlorite incident is an immediate reaction of severe pain, followed by edema, haematoma, and ecchymosis as a consequence of the solution escaping the confines of the tooth and entering the periapical space. This may be caused by binding or excessive pressure on the irrigant syringe, or it may occur if the tooth has an unusually large apical foramen.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: At the various nerve agent (chemical warfare nerve gas) destruction facilities throughout the United States, 50% sodium hypochlorite is used to remove all traces of nerve agent or blister agent from Personal Protection Equipment after an entry is made by personnel into toxic areas. 50% sodium hypochlorite is also used to neutralize any accidental releases of the nerve agent in the toxic areas. Lesser concentrations of sodium hypochlorite are used in a similar fashion in the Pollution Abatement System to ensure that no nerve agent is released into the furnace flue gas.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Dilute bleach baths have been used for decades to treat moderate to severe eczema in humans, but it has not been clear why they work. According to work published by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine in November 2013, a very dilute (0.005%) solution of sodium hypochlorite in water was successful in treating skin damage with an inflammatory component caused by radiation therapy, excess sun exposure or aging in laboratory mice. Mice with radiation dermatitis given daily 30-minute baths in bleach solution experienced less severe skin damage and better healing and hair regrowth than animals bathed in water. A molecule called nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is known to play a critical role in inflammation, aging, and response to radiation. The researchers found that if NF-κB activity was blocked in elderly mice by bathing them in bleach solution, the animals' skin began to look younger, going from old and fragile to thicker, with increased cell proliferation. The effect diminished after the baths were stopped, indicating that regular exposure was necessary to maintain skin thickness.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: It is estimated that there are about 3,300 accidents needing hospital treatment caused by sodium hypochlorite solutions each year in British homes (RoSPA, 2002).


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer. Oxidation reactions are corrosive. Solutions burn the skin and cause eye damage, especially when used in concentrated forms. As recognized by the NFPA, however, only solutions containing more than 40% sodium hypochlorite by weight are considered hazardous oxidizers. Solutions less than 40% are classified as a moderate oxidizing hazard (NFPA 430, 2000).


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Household bleach and pool chlorinator solutions are typically stabilized by a significant concentration of lye (caustic soda, NaOH) as part of the manufacturing reaction. This additive will by itself cause caustic irritation or burns due to defatting and saponification of skin oils and destruction of tissue. The slippery feel of bleach on skin is due to this process.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Contact of sodium hypochlorite solutions with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated due to release of chlorine gas.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Hypochlorite solutions are corrosive to common container materials such as stainless steel and aluminium. The few compatible metals include titanium (which however is not compatible with dry chlorine) and tantalum. Glass containers are safe. Some plastics and rubbers are affected too; safe choices include polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE, PE-HD), polypropylene (PP), some chlorinated and fluorinated polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); as well as ethylene propylene rubber, and Viton.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Containers must allow venting of oxygen produced by decomposition over time, otherwise they may burst.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Sodium hypochlorite solutions, such as liquid bleach, will release toxic chlorine gas when mixed with an acid, such as hydrochloric acid or vinegar.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: A 2008 study indicated that sodium hypochlorite and organic chemicals (e.g., surfactants, fragrances) contained in several household cleaning products can react to generate chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These chlorinated compounds are emitted during cleaning applications, some of which are toxic and probable human carcinogens. The study showed that indoor air concentrations significantly increase (8–52 times for chloroform and 1–1170 times for carbon tetrachloride, respectively, above baseline quantities in the household) during the use of bleach containing products. The increase in chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations was the lowest for plain bleach and the highest for the products in the form of "thick liquid and gel." The significant increases observed in indoor air concentrations of several chlorinated VOCs (especially carbon tetrachloride and chloroform) indicate that the bleach use may be a source that could be important in terms of inhalation exposure to these compounds. The authors suggested that using these cleaning products may significantly increase the cancer risk.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: In particular, mixing hypochlorite bleaches with amines (for example, cleaning products that contain or release ammonia, ammonium salts, urea, or related compounds and biological materials such as urine) produces chloramines. These gaseous products can cause acute lung injury. Chronic exposure, for example, from the air at swimming pools where chlorine is used as the disinfectant, can lead to the development of atopic asthma.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: Explosive reactions or byproducts can also occur in industrial and laboratory settings when sodium hypochlorite is mixed with diverse organic compounds.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: The UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in October 2008 recommended that Dakin's solution should not be used in routine wound care.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: In spite of its strong biocidal action, sodium hypochlorite per se has limited environmental impact, since the hypochlorite ion rapidly degrades before it can be absorbed by living beings.


title: Sodium hypochlorite

text: However, one major concern arising from sodium hypochlorite use is that it tends to form persistent chlorinated organic compounds, including known carcinogens, that can be absorbed by organisms and enter the food chain. These compounds may be formed during household storage and use as well during industrial use. For example, when household bleach and wastewater were mixed, 1–2% of the available chlorine was observed to form organic compounds. As of 1994, not all the byproducts had been identified, but identified compounds include chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. The exposure to these chemicals from use is estimated to be within occupational exposure limits.


title: Pakistan Air Force

text: The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) (; ) is the aerial warfare branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces, tasked primarily with the aerial defence of Pakistan, with a secondary role of providing air support to the Pakistan Army and Navy when required, and a tertiary role of providing strategic airlift capability to Pakistan. , as per the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the PAF has more than 70,000 active-duty personnel and operates at least 970 aircraft.


title: Pakistan Air Force

text: Its primary mandate and mission is "to provide, in synergy with other inter-services, the most efficient, assured and cost effective aerial defence of Pakistan." Since its establishment in 1947, the PAF has been involved in various combat operations, providing aerial support to the operations and relief efforts of the Pakistani military. Under Article 243, the Constitution of Pakistan appoints the President of Pakistan as the civilian Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces. The Chief of Air Staff (CAS), by statute a four-star air officer, is appointed by the President with the consultation and confirmation needed from the Prime Minister of Pakistan.


title: Pakistan Air Force

text: On 10 April 1959, on the occasion of the Eid ul-Fitr festival holiday in Pakistan, an Indian Air Force (IAF) English Electric Canberra B(I)58 of No. 106 Squadron entered Pakistani airspace on a photo reconnaissance mission. Two PAF F-86F Sabres (Flt. Lt. M. N. Butt (leader) and Flt. Lt. M. Yunis) of No. 15 Squadron on Air Defence Alert (ADA) were scrambled from Sargodha Air Base to intercept the IAF aircraft. Butt attempted to bring down the Canberra by firing his Sabre's machine guns, but the Canberra was flying at an altitude of more than 50,000 feet—beyond the operational ceiling of the F-86F. When Yunis took over from his leader, the Canberra suddenly lost height while executing a turn over Rawalpindi. Yunis fired a burst that struck the Canberra at an altitude of 47,500 feet and brought it down over Rawat, marking the first direct aerial victory of the PAF. Both crew members of the IAF Canberra ejected and were captured by Pakistani authorities. They were subsequently released after remaining in detention for some time.