title: Rise of the Guardians

text: Early in 2008, Joyce sold the film rights to DreamWorks Animation, after the studio assured him it would respect his vision for the characters and that he would be involved with the creative process. In November 2009, it was revealed that DreamWorks had hired Peter Ramsey to make his feature debut as director of what was then titled "The Guardians", and playwright David Lindsay-Abaire to write the script, Lindsay-Abaire had previously worked with Joyce by co-writing the screenplay for "Robots". Joyce acted as a co-director for the first few years, but left this position after the death of his daughter Mary Katherine, who died in May 2010, from complications of her brain tumor diagnosis. Joyce continued to work on the film only as an executive producer, while Ramsey took the helm solo as a full time director, making him the first African American to direct a big-budget CG animated film as well as making it one of the first Dreamworks films to have only one director instead of two and not have a co-director. As with some previous DreamWorks films, Guillermo del Toro came on board to join Joyce as an executive producer. Present almost from the beginning, he was able to help shape the story, character design, theme and structure of the film. He said he was proud that the filmmakers were making parts of the film "dark and moody and poetic," and expressed hope this might "set a different tone for family movies, for entertainment movies." The final title, "Rise of the Guardians" was announced in early 2011, along with the first cast.


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: Roger Deakins, the cinematographer who had already worked on the previous DreamWorks' film, "How to Train Your Dragon", advised on the lighting to achieve its real look. He selected photographic references for color keys, and during the production gave notes on contrast, saturation, depth of field and light intensity. The film contains a lot of special effects, particularly the volumetric particles for depicting Sandman and Pitch. For this, DreamWorks Animation developed OpenVDB, a more efficient tool and format for manipulating and storing volume data, like smoke and other amorphous materials. OpenVDB had been already used on "Puss in Boots" and "", and was released in August 2012 for free as an open-source project with a hope to become an industry standard.


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: Although the film is based on the Joyce's book series, it contains differences from the books. The book series, begun in 2011, explains the origins of the characters, while the film takes place about 300 years after the books, and shows how the characters function in present time. Joyce explained, "Because I don't want people to read the book and then go see the movie and go, 'Oh, I like the book better,' and I also didn't want them to know what happens in the movie. And I also knew that during the progress of film production, a lot of things can change. So I wanted to have a sort of distance, so we were able to invoke the books and use them to help us figure out the world of the movie, but I didn't want them to be openly competitive to each other." The idea for the Guardians came from Joyce's daughter, who asked him "if he thought Santa Claus had ever met the Easter Bunny." The film includes a dedication to her, as well a song, "Still Dream," sung over the end credits.


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: Originally, the film was set to be released on November 2, 2012, but DreamWorks Animation pushed the film to November 21, 2012 to avoid competition with Pixar's upcoming film "Monsters University", which in turn had been pushed to November 2, 2012 to avoid competition with "". "Monsters University" was then pushed to June 21, 2013, with Disney's "Wreck-It Ralph" taking its place.


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: French composer Alexandre Desplat composed the original music for the film, which was released on November 13, 2012 by Varèse Sarabande. The score was recorded in London at Abbey Road Studios and Air Studios, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, with a choral contribution by London Voices. David Lindsay-Abaire wrote the lyrics for the end-credit song, "Still Dream," which was performed by soprano Renée Fleming. Stravinsky's Firebird Suite can also be heard during the scene where North first appears. This film marks the first time that a DreamWorks Animation film has not been composed by Hans Zimmer or a member of his Remote Control Productions family of composers (mainly John Powell, Henry Jackman, Lorne Balfe, Harry Gregson-Williams or his brother Rupert Gregson-Williams).


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: "Rise of the Guardians" had its premiere on October 10, 2012, at The Mill Valley Film Festival in Mill Valley, California, followed by the international premiere at The International Rome Film Festival on November 13, 2012. Under distribution by Paramount Pictures, the film was released on November 21, 2012, in American theaters. Digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D, it was shown in limited international and domestic IMAX theaters. It was the second film released in the firm Barco's Auro 11.1 3D audio format, after "Red Tails". The film was also shown in Dolby Atmos, a surround sound technology introduced in 2012. "Rise of the Guardians" was the last DreamWorks Animation film distributed by Paramount, as DreamWorks has signed a five-year distribution deal with 20th Century Fox, which started in 2013 with "The Croods".


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: That was the last DreamWorks Animation home media release to be distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment, since 20th Century Fox announced its distribution agreement with DreamWorks Animation a few months before the theatrical release. The film was more successful at home media sales than at the box office, having at the end of the second quarter of 2013 "the highest box office to DVD conversion ratio among major releases." In the first quarter of 2013, it sold 3.2 million home entertainment units worldwide, and in the second quarter 0.9 million units, for a total of 4.1 million units.


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: It was re-released on DVD on November 5, 2013 and comes with a wind-up marching elf toy. As of October 2014, 5.8 million home entertainment units were sold worldwide. In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures and transferred to 20th Century Fox. The rights were moved to Universal Pictures in 2018 after the buyout of DreamWorks Animation by Comcast/NBCUniversal. It was re-released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 5, 2018 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 74% based on 160 reviews, with an average rating of 6.60/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "A sort of "Avengers" for the elementary school set, "Rise of the Guardians" is wonderfully animated and briskly paced, but it's only so-so in the storytelling department." Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 58 based on 37 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: Carrie Rickey of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" gave the film three and a half stars out of four and found that the film's characters have "a primal familiarity, as though they were developed by a tag team of Maurice Sendak and Walt Disney." Olly Richards of "Empire" wrote, "It's gorgeously designed, deftly written and frequently laugh-out-loud funny. For child or adult, this is a fantasy to get lost in." "The Washington Post"s Michael O'Sullivan also gave the film a positive review and said, "Thoughts become things. That's the message of "Rise of the Guardians", a charming if slightly dark and cobwebbed animated feature about how believing in something makes it real, or real enough." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three stars out of four and wrote in his review, "There's an audience for this film. It's not me. I gather younger children will like the breakneck action, the magical ability to fly and the young hero who has tired of only being a name." Though he did say, "Their parents and older siblings may find the 89-minute running time quite long enough."


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" called the film "a lively but derivative 3D storybook spree for some unlikely action heroes." Conversely, Justin Chang in "Variety" said, "Even tots may emerge feeling slightly browbeaten by this colorful, strenuous and hyperactive fantasy, which has moments of charm and beauty but often resembles an exploding toy factory rather than a work of honest enchantment." Joe Morgenstern of "The Wall Street Journal" found that the film "lacks a resonant center," and that the script, "seems to have been written by committee, with members lobbying for each major character, and the action, set in vast environments all over the map, spreads itself so thin that a surfeit of motion vitiates emotion."


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: "Rise of the Guardians" grossed $103.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $203.5 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $306.9 million.


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: In North America, the film opened to $32.3 million over its extended five-day weekend, and with $23.8 million over the three-day weekend, it reached fourth place behind "", "Skyfall", and "Lincoln". The film's opening was the lowest debut for a DreamWorks Animation film since "Flushed Away". While the film did gross more than double of its $145 million budget, it still did not turn a profit for DreamWorks Animation due to its high production and marketing costs, forcing the studio to take an $87 million write-down. This marked the first time that the studio had lost money on an animated film since "". As a result of this combined with other factors, in February 2013, the studio announced it was laying off 350 employees as part of a company-wide restructuring.


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: Additionally, the studio was heavily dependent on the success of "Rise of the Guardians" to fund other studio projects, most notably, the ill-fated "Me and My Shadow" project. But due to the failure to gain a stable box office response, it heavily affected the studio's ability to release original movies.


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: The Rome Film Festival and "Vanity Fair" magazine awarded the new Vanity Fair International Award for Cinematic Excellence in November 2012 to "Rise of the Guardians". The film also received the Hollywood Animation Award at the 16th Annual Hollywood Film Festival, held on October 22, 2012.


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: A video game based on the film was released by D3 Publisher on November 20, 2012 in North America, and released on November 23, 2012 in Europe. It allows gamers to lead the Guardians in their battle against Pitch. The game is a 3D beat-em-up, where the player travels through each of the worlds: Burgess, North Pole, Bunnymund Valley, Tooth Palace, and Sandman's Ship, to fight Pitch's army of Nightmares. The player can switch between all five guardians at any time, and freely customize their powers, and they learn new special abilities as they level up. All the game versions support up to 4-player gameplay. It is available on the Wii, Wii U, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and Nintendo 3DS.


title: Rise of the Guardians

text: After the release of the film, the creators of "Rise of the Guardians" expressed hope that the strong average grade of "A" given to the film by audiences surveyed by CinemaScore and an enthusiastic word-of-mouth would gather support for the "chance to make a sequel or two." Author and co-producer of the series, William Joyce, also mentioned in March 2013 that he was still in talks about a sequel with DreamWorks Animation: "There is something that we are proposing that we hope they will want to do." As of December 2022, no future films have been produced or developed.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The graphics display resolution is the width and height dimension of an electronic visual display device, measured in pixels. This information is used for electronic devices such as a computer monitor. Certain combinations of width and height are standardized (e.g. by VESA) and typically given a name and an initialism that is descriptive of its dimensions. A graphics display resolution can be used in tandem with the size of the graphics display to calculate pixel density. An increase in the pixel density often correlates with a decrease in the size of individual pixels on a display.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The favored aspect ratio of mass-market display industry products has changed gradually from 4:3, then to 16:10, then to 16:9, and is now changing to 18:9 for smartphones. The 4:3 aspect ratio generally reflects older products, especially the era of the cathode ray tube (CRT). The 16:10 aspect ratio had its largest use in the 1995–2010 period, and the 16:9 aspect ratio tends to reflect post-2010 mass-market computer monitor, laptop, and entertainment products displays. On CRTs, there was often a difference between the aspect ratio of the computer resolution and the aspect ratio of the display causing non-square pixels (e.g. or on a 4:3 display).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The 4:3 aspect ratio was common in older television cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, which were not easily adaptable to a wider aspect ratio. When good quality alternate technologies (i.e., liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and plasma displays) became more available and less costly, around the year 2000, the common computer displays and entertainment products moved to a wider aspect ratio, first to the 16:10 ratio. The 16:10 ratio allowed some compromise between showing older 4:3 aspect ratio broadcast TV shows, but also allowing better viewing of widescreen movies. However, around the year 2005, home entertainment displays (i.e., TV sets) gradually moved from 16:10 to the 16:9 aspect ratio, for further improvement of viewing widescreen movies. By about 2007, virtually all mass-market entertainment displays were 16:9. In 2011, (Full HD, the native resolution of Blu-ray) was the favored resolution in the most heavily marketed entertainment market displays. The next standard, (4K UHD), was first sold in 2013.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Also in 2013, displays with (aspect ratio 64:27 or 2., however commonly referred to as "21:9" for easy comparison with 16:9) appeared, which closely approximate the common CinemaScope movie standard aspect ratio of 2.35–2.40. In 2014, "21:9" screens with pixel dimensions of (actual aspect ratio 43:18 or 2.3) became available as well.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The computer display industry maintained the 16:10 aspect ratio longer than the entertainment industry, but in the 2005–2010 period, computers were increasingly marketed as dual-use products, with uses in the traditional computer applications, but also as means of viewing entertainment content. In this time frame, with the notable exception of Apple, almost all desktop, laptop, and display manufacturers gradually moved to promoting only 16:9 aspect ratio displays. By 2011, the 16:10 aspect ratio had virtually disappeared from the Windows laptop display market (although Mac laptops are still mostly 16:10, including the 15" Retina MacBook Pro and the 13" Retina MacBook Pro). One consequence of this transition was that the highest available resolutions moved generally downward (i.e., the move from laptop displays to displays).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: In response to usability flaws of now common 16:9 displays in office/professional applications, Microsoft and Huawei started to offer notebooks with a 3:2 aspect ratio. By 2021, Huawei also offers a monitor display offering this aspect ratio, targeted towards professional uses.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: All standard HD resolutions share a aspect ratio, although some derived resolutions with smaller or larger ratios also exist. Most of the narrower resolutions are only used for storing, not for displaying videos.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: nHD (ninth HD) is a display resolution of pixels, which is exactly one-ninth of a Full HD (1080p) frame and one-quarter of a HD (720p) frame. Pixel doubling (vertically and horizontally) nHD frames will form one 720p frame and pixel tripling nHD frames will form one 1080p frame.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: One drawback of this resolution regarding encoding is that the number of lines is not an even multiple of 16, which is a common macroblock size for video codecs. Video frames encoded with 16×16 pixel macroblocks would be padded to and the added pixels would be cropped away at playback. H.264 codecs have this padding and cropping ability built-in as standard. The same is true for qHD and 1080p but the relative amount of padding is more for lower resolutions such as nHD.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: To avoid storing the eight lines of padded pixels, some people prefer to encode video at , which only has one stored padded line. When such video streams are either encoded from HD frames or played back on HD displays in full-screen mode (either 720p or 1080p) they are scaled by non-integer scale factors. True nHD frames on the other hand has integer scale factors, for example Nokia 808 PureView with nHD display.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: qHD is a display resolution of pixels, which is exactly one-quarter of a Full HD (1080p) frame, in a 16:9 aspect ratio.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: One of the few tabletop TVs to use this as its native resolution was the Sony XEL-1. Similar to DVGA, this resolution became popular for high-end smartphone displays in early 2011. Mobile phones including the Jolla, Sony Xperia C, HTC Sensation, Motorola Droid RAZR, LG Optimus L9, Microsoft Lumia 535 and Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini have displays with the qHD resolution, as does the PlayStation Vita portable game system.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The HD resolution of pixels stems from high-definition television (HDTV), where it originally used 50 or 60 frames per second. With its 16:9 aspect ratio, it is exactly 2 times the width and 1 times the height of 4:3 VGA, which shares its aspect ratio and 480 line count with NTSC. HD, therefore, has exactly 3 times as many pixels as VGA, i.e. almost 1 megapixel.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: This resolution is often referred to as 720p, although the "p" (which stands for progressive scan and is important for transmission formats) is irrelevant for labeling digital display resolutions. When distinguishing from , the pair has sometimes been labeled HD1 or HD-1 and HD2 or HD-2, respectively.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: In the mid-2000s, when the digital HD technology and standard debuted on the market, this type of resolution was often referred to by the branded name HD ready or HDr for short, which had specified it as a minimum resolution for devices to qualify for the certification. However, few screens have been built that use this resolution natively. Most employ 16:9 panels with 768 lines instead (WXGA), which resulted in odd numbers of pixels per line, i.e. 1365 are rounded to 1360, 1364, 1366 or even 1376, the next multiple of 16.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: FHD (Full HD) is the resolution used by the 1080p and 1080i HDTV video formats. It has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 2,073,600 total pixels, i.e. very close to 2 megapixels, and is exactly 50% larger than 720p HD () in each dimension for a total of 2.25 times as many pixels. When using interlacing, the uncompressed bandwidth requirements are similar to those of 720p at the same field rate (a 12.5% increase, as one field of 1080i video is 1,036,800 pixels, and one frame of 720p video is 921,600 pixels). Although the number of pixels is the same for 1080p and 1080i, the effective resolution is somewhat lower for the interlaced format, as it is necessary to use some vertical low-pass filtering to reduce temporal artifacts such as interline twitter.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: DCI 2K is a standardized format established by the Digital Cinema Initiatives consortium in 2005 for 2K video projection. This format has a resolution of (2.2 megapixels) with an aspect ratio of 256:135 (1.8:1). This is the native resolution for DCI-compliant 2K digital projectors and displays.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: This resolution is equivalent to a Full HD () extended in width by 33%, with an aspect ratio of (2., or 21.:9). It is sometimes referred to as "1080p ultrawide" or "UW-FHD" (ultrawide FHD). Monitors at this resolution usually contain built-in firmware to divide the screen into two screens.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: <section begin=QHDtranscludeforList />QHD (Quad HD), WQHD (Wide Quad HD), or 1440p, is a display resolution of pixels in a 16:9 aspect ratio. The name QHD reflects the fact that it has four times as many pixels as HD (720p). It is also commonly called WQHD, to emphasize it being a wide resolution, although that is technically unnecessary, since the HD resolutions are all wide. One advantage of using "WQHD" is avoiding confusion with qHD with a small q ().


title: Graphics display resolution

text: This resolution was under consideration by the ATSC in the late 1980s to become the standard HDTV format, because it is exactly 4 times the width and 3 times the height of VGA, which has the same number of lines as NTSC signals at the SDTV 4:3 aspect ratio. Pragmatic technical constraints made them choose the now well-known 16:9 formats with twice (HD) and thrice (FHD) the VGA width instead.<section end=QHDtranscludeforList />


title: Graphics display resolution

text: In October 2006, Chi Mei Optoelectronics (CMO) announced a 47-inch 1440p LCD panel to be released in Q2 2007; the panel was planned to finally debut at FPD International 2008 in a form of autostereoscopic 3D display. As of the end of 2013, monitors with this resolution were becoming more common.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The 27-inch version of the Apple Cinema Display monitor introduced in July 2010 has a native resolution of 2560 × 1440, as does its successor, the 27-inch Apple Thunderbolt Display.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The resolution is also used in portable devices. In September 2012, Samsung announced the Series 9 WQHD laptop with a 13-inch display. In August 2013, LG announced a 5.5-inch QHD smartphone display, which was used in the LG G3. In October 2013 Vivo announced a smartphone with a display.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Other phone manufacturers followed in 2014, such as Samsung with the Galaxy Note 4, and Google and Motorola with the Nexus 6 smartphone. By the mid-2010s, it was a common resolution among flagship phones such as the HTC 10, the Lumia 950, and the Galaxy S6 and S7.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: This resolution has a 16:9 aspect ratio, and is exactly four times as many pixels as the HD+ resolution. It has been referred to as WQXGA+, QHD and QHD+ by various different companies.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The first products announced to use this resolution were the 2013 HP Envy 14 TouchSmart Ultrabook and the 13.3-inch Samsung Ativ Q.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: This resolution is equivalent to QHD () extended in width by 34%, giving it an aspect ratio of 43:18 (2.3:1, or 21.5:9; commonly marketed as simply "21:9"). The first monitor to support this resolution was the 34-inch LG 34UM95-P. LG uses the term UW-QHD to describe this resolution. This monitor was first released in Germany in late December 2013, before being officially announced at CES 2014.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: This resolution is equivalent to two Full HD () displays side by side or one vertical half of a 4K UHD () display. It has an aspect ratio of 32:9 (3.:1), close to the 3.6:1 ratio of . Samsung monitors at this resolution contain built-in firmware to divide the screen into two screens, or one and one screen.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: This resolution has a 12:5 aspect ratio (2.4:1, or 21.6:9; commonly marketed as simply "21:9"). It is equivalent to WQXGA () extended in width by 50%, or 4K UHD () reduced in height by 26%. This resolution is commonly encountered in cinematic 4K content that has been cropped vertically to a widescreen 2.4:1 aspect ratio. The first monitor to support this resolution was the 37.5-inch LG 38UC99-W. Other vendors followed, with Dell U3818DW, HP Z38c, and Acer XR382CQK. This resolution is referred to as UW4K, WQHD+, UWQHD+, or QHD+, though no single name is agreed upon.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: This resolution, sometimes referred to as 4K UHD or 4K2K, has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 8,294,400 pixels. It is double the size of Full HD () in both dimensions for a total of four times as many pixels, and triple the size of HD () in both dimensions for a total of nine times as many pixels. It is the lowest common multiple of the HDTV resolutions.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The first commercial displays capable of this resolution include an 82-inch LCD TV revealed by Samsung in early 2008, the Sony SRM-L560, a 56-inch LCD reference monitor announced in October 2009, an 84-inch display demonstrated by LG in mid-2010, and a 27.84-inch 158PPI 4K IPS monitor for medical purposes launched by Innolux in November 2010. In October 2011 Toshiba announced the REGZA 55x3, which is claimed to be the first 4K glasses-free 3D TV.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: DisplayPort supports at 30Hz in version 1.1 and added support for up to 75Hz in version 1.2 (2009) and 120Hz in version 1.3 (2014), while HDMI added support for at 30Hz in version 1.4 (2009) and 60Hz in version 2.0 (2013).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: When support for 4K at 60Hz was added in DisplayPort 1.2, no DisplayPort timing controllers (TCONs) existed which were capable of processing the necessary amount of data from a single video stream. As a result, the first 4K monitors from 2013 and early 2014, such as the Sharp PN-K321, Asus PQ321Q, and Dell UP2414Q and UP3214Q, were addressed internally as two monitors side by side instead of a single display and made use of DisplayPort's Multi-Stream Transport (MST) feature to multiplex a separate signal for each half over the connection, splitting the data between two timing controllers. Newer timing controllers became available in 2014, and after mid-2014 new 4K monitors such as the Asus PB287Q no longer rely on MST tiling technique to achieve 4K at 60Hz, instead, using the standard SST (Single-Stream Transport) approach.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: In 2015, Sony announced the Xperia Z5 Premium, the first smartphone with a 4K display, and in 2017 Sony announced the Xperia XZ Premium, the first smartphone with a 4K HDR display.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: , referred to as DCI 4K, Cinema 4K or 4K2K, is the resolution used by the 4K container format defined by the Digital Cinema Initiatives Digital Cinema System Specification, a prominent standard in the cinema industry. This resolution has an aspect ratio of 256:135 (1.8:1), and 8,847,360 total pixels. This is the native resolution for DCI 4K digital projectors and displays.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: This resolution is equivalent to 4K UHD () extended in width by 33%, giving it a 64:27 aspect ratio (2. or 21.:9, commonly marketed as simply "21:9") and 11,059,200 total pixels. It is exactly double the size of in both dimensions, for a total of four times as many pixels. The first displays to support this resolution were 105-inch televisions, the LG 105UC9 and the Samsung UN105S9W. In December 2017, LG announced a 34-inch monitor, the 34WK95U, and in January 2021 the 40-inch 40WP95C. LG refers to this resolution as 5K2K WUHD.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: This resolution, commonly referred to as 5K or , has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 14,745,600 pixels. Although it is not established by any of the UHDTV standards, some manufacturers such as Dell have referred to it as UHD+. It is exactly double the pixel count of QHD () in both dimensions for a total of four times as many pixels, and is 33% larger than 4K UHD () in both dimensions for a total of 1. times as many pixels. The line count of 2880 is also the least common multiple of 480 and 576, the scanline count of NTSC and PAL, respectively. Such a resolution can vertically scale SD content to fit by natural numbers (6 for NTSC and 5 for PAL). Horizontal scaling of SD is always fractional (non-anamorphic: 5.33...5.47, anamorphic: 7.11...7.29).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The first display with this resolution was the Dell UltraSharp UP2715K, announced on September 5, 2014. On October 16, 2014, Apple announced the iMac with Retina 5K display.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: DisplayPort version 1.3 added support for 5K at 60Hz over a single cable, whereas DisplayPort1.2 was only capable of 5K at 30Hz. Early 5K 60Hz displays such as the Dell UltraSharp UP2715K and HP DreamColor Z27q that lacked DisplayPort1.3 support required two DisplayPort1.2 connections to operate at 60Hz, in a tiled display mode similar to early 4K displays using DP MST.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Other resolution with the same 5120-pixel width, which is the lowest common multiple of popular 1024 and 1280, but a different aspect ratio have also been called "5K" and some nominal 5K resolutions are just 4800 pixels wide, which is the lowest common multiple of 960 and 800.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: This resolution, sometimes referred to as 8K UHD, has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 33,177,600 pixels. It is exactly double the size of 4K UHD () in each dimension for a total of four times as many pixels, and Quadruple the size of Full HD () in each dimension for a total of sixteen times as many pixels. was chosen as the resolution of the UHDTV2 format defined in SMPTE ST 2036-1, as well as the 8K UHDTV system defined in ITU-R BT.2020 and the UHD-2 broadcast standard from DVB.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: DisplayPort1.3, finalized by VESA in late 2014, added support for at 30Hz (or 60Hz with 4:2:0 subsampling). VESA's Display Stream Compression (DSC), which was part of early DisplayPort1.3 drafts and would have enabled 8K at 60Hz without subsampling, was cut from the specification prior to publication of the final draft.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: DSC support was reintroduced with the publication of DisplayPort1.4 in March 2016. Using DSC, a "visually lossless" form of compression, formats up to (8K UHD) at 60Hz with HDR and 30bit/px color depth are possible without subsampling.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Sony introduced a commercial 16K display at NAB 2019 that is set to be released in Japan. It is made up of 576 modules (360 × 360p), in a formation of 48 by 12 modules, forming a 17280 × 4320 screen, with 4:1 aspect ratio.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Quarter-QVGA (QQVGA or qqVGA) denotes a resolution of or pixels, usually used in displays of handheld devices. The term Quarter-QVGA signifies a resolution of one fourth the number of pixels in a QVGA display (half the number of vertical and half the number of horizontal pixels) which itself has one fourth the number of pixels in a VGA display.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Half-QVGA denotes a display screen resolution of or pixels, as seen on the Game Boy Advance. This resolution is half of QVGA, which is itself a quarter of VGA, which is pixels.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Quarter VGA (QVGA or qVGA) is a popular term for a computer display with display resolution. QVGA displays were most often used in mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), and some handheld game consoles. Often the displays are in a "portrait" orientation (i.e., taller than they are wide, as opposed to "landscape") and are referred to as .


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The name comes from having a quarter of the maximum resolution of the original IBM Video Graphics Array display technology, which became a de facto industry standard in the late 1980s. QVGA is not a standard mode offered by the VGA BIOS, even though VGA and compatible chipsets support a QVGA-sized Mode X. The term refers only to the display's resolution and thus the abbreviated term QVGA or Quarter VGA is more appropriate to use.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: QVGA resolution is also used in digital video recording equipment as a low-resolution mode requiring less data storage capacity than higher resolutions, typically in still digital cameras with video recording capability, and some mobile phones. Each frame is an image of pixels. QVGA video is typically recorded at 15 or 30 frames per second. QVGA mode describes the size of an image in pixels, commonly called the resolution; numerous video file formats support this resolution.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: While QVGA is a "lower" resolution than VGA, at higher resolutions the "Q" prefix commonly means "quad(ruple)" or four times "higher" display resolution (e.g., QXGA is four times higher resolution than XGA). To distinguish "quarter" from "quad", lowercase "q" is sometimes used for "quarter" and uppercase "Q" for "Quad", by analogy with SI prefixes like m/M and p/P, but this is not a consistent usage.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Some examples of devices that use QVGA display resolution include the iPod Classic, Samsung i5500, LG Optimus L3-E400, Galaxy Fit, Y and Pocket, HTC Wildfire, Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini and Mini pro and Nintendo 3DS' bottom screen.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Wide QVGA or WQVGA is any display resolution having the same height in pixels as QVGA, but wider. This definition is consistent with other 'wide' versions of computer displays.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Since QVGA is 320 pixels wide and 240 pixels high (aspect ratio of 4:3), the resolution of a WQVGA screen might be (3:2 aspect ratio), (16:10 aspect ratio), (5:3 – such as the Nintendo 3DS screen or the maximum resolution in YouTube at 240p), (≈16:9 ratio) or (18:10 aspect ratio). As with WVGA, exact ratios of "n":9 are difficult because of the way VGA controllers internally deal with pixels. For instance, when using graphical combinatorial operations on pixels, VGA controllers will use 1 bit per pixel. Since bits cannot be accessed individually but by chunks of 16 or an even higher power of 2, this limits the horizontal resolution to a 16-pixel granularity, i.e., the horizontal resolution must be divisible by 16. In the case of the 16:9 ratio, with 240 pixels high, the horizontal resolution should be 240 / 9 × 16 = 426., the closest multiple of 16 is 432.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: WQVGA has also been used to describe displays that are not 240 pixels high, for example, Sixteenth HD1080 displays which are 480 pixels wide and 270 or 272 pixels high. This may be due to WQVGA having the nearest screen height.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: WQVGA resolutions were commonly used in touchscreen mobile phones, such as , , and . For example, the Hyundai MB 490i, Sony Ericsson Aino and the Samsung Instinct have WQVGA screen resolutions – . Other devices such as the Apple iPod Nano also use a WQVGA screen, pixels.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: HVGA (Half-size VGA) screens have pixels (3:2 aspect ratio), pixels (4:3 aspect ratio), (≈16:9 aspect ratio), or pixels (8:3 aspect ratio). The former is used by a variety of PDA devices, starting with the Sony CLIÉ PEG-NR70 in 2002, and standalone PDAs by Palm. The latter was used by a variety of handheld PC devices. VGA resolution is .


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Examples of devices that use HVGA include the Apple iPhone (1st generation through 3GS), iPod Touch (1st Generation through 3rd), BlackBerry Bold 9000, HTC Dream, Hero, Wildfire S, LG GW620 Eve, MyTouch 3G Slide, Nokia 6260 Slide, Palm Pre, Samsung M900 Moment, Sony Ericsson Xperia X8, mini, mini pro, active and live and the Sony PlayStation Portable.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: HVGA was the only resolution supported in the first versions of Google Android, up to release 1.5. Other higher and lower resolutions became available starting on release 1.6, like the popular WVGA resolution on the Motorola Droid or the QVGA resolution on the HTC Tattoo.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Three-dimensional computer graphics common on television throughout the 1980s were mostly rendered at this resolution, causing objects to have jagged edges on the top and bottom when edges were not anti-aliased.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Video Graphics Array (VGA) refers specifically to the display hardware first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987. Through its widespread adoption, VGA has also come to mean either an analog computer display standard, the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector, or the resolution itself. While the VGA resolution was superseded in the personal computer market in the 1990s, it became a popular resolution on mobile devices in the 2000s. VGA is still the universal fallback troubleshooting mode in the case of trouble with graphic device drivers in operating systems.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: In the field of (NTSC) videos, the resolution of is sometimes called Standard Definition (SD), in contrast to high-definition (HD) resolutions like and .


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Wide VGA or WVGA, sometimes just WGA is any display resolution with the same 480-pixel height as VGA but wider, such as (3:2 aspect ratio), (5:3), , , , or (≈16:9).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: It is a common resolution among LCD projectors and later portable and hand-held internet-enabled devices (such as MID and Netbooks) as it is capable of rendering websites designed for an 800 wide window in full page-width. Examples of hand-held internet devices, without phone capability, with this resolution include: Spice stellar nhance mi-435, ASUS Eee PC 700 series, Dell XCD35, Nokia 770, N800, and N810.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: FWVGA is an abbreviation for Full Wide Video Graphics Array which refers to a display resolution of pixels. is approximately the 16:9 aspect ratio of anamorphically "un-squeezed" NTSC DVD widescreen video and is considered a "safe" resolution that does not crop any of the image. It is called Full WVGA to distinguish it from other, narrower WVGA resolutions which require cropping 16:9 aspect ratio high-definition video (i.e. it is full width, albeit with a considerable reduction in size).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: In 2010, mobile phones with FWVGA display resolution started to become more common. A list of mobile phones with FWVGA displays is available. In addition, the Wii U GamePad that comes with the Nintendo Wii U gaming console includes a 6.2-inch FWVGA display.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Super Video Graphics Array, abbreviated to Super VGA or SVGA, also known as Ultra Video Graphics Array, abbreviated to Ultra VGA or UVGA, is a broad term that covers a wide range of computer display standards.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Originally, it was an extension to the VGA standard first released by IBM in 1987. Unlike VGA – a purely IBM-defined standard – Super VGA was defined by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA), an open consortium set up to promote interoperability and define standards. When used as a resolution specification, in contrast to VGA or XGA for example, the term "SVGA" normally refers to a resolution of pixels.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The marginally higher resolution is the highest 4:3 resolution not greater than 2 pixels, with its horizontal dimension a multiple of 32 pixels. This enables it to fit within a framebuffer of 512KB (512 × 2 bytes), and the common multiple of 32 pixels constraint is related to alignment. For these reasons, this resolution was available on the Macintosh LC III and other systems.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: DVGA (Double-size VGA) screens have pixels (3:2 aspect ratio). Both dimensions are double that of HVGA, hence the pixel count is quadrupled.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Examples of devices that use DVGA include the Meizu MX mobile phone and the Apple iPhone 4 and 4S with the iPod Touch 4, where the screen is called the "Retina Display".


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The wide version of SVGA is known as WSVGA (Wide Super VGA or Wide SVGA), featured on Ultra-Mobile PCs, netbooks, and tablet computers. The resolution is either (aspect ratio 16:9) or (128:75) with screen sizes normally ranging from 7 to 10 inches. It has full XGA width of 1024 pixels.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Although digital broadcast content in former PAL/SECAM regions has 576 active lines, several mobile TV sets with a DVB-T2 tuner use the 600-line variant with a diameter of 7, 9 or 10 inches (18 to 26 cm).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The Extended Graphics Array (XGA) is an IBM display standard introduced in 1990. Later it became the most common appellation of the pixels display resolution, but the official definition is broader than that. It was not a new and improved replacement for Super VGA, but rather became one particular subset of the broad range of capabilities covered under the "Super VGA" umbrella.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The initial version of XGA (and its predecessor, the IBM 8514/A) expanded upon IBM's older VGA by adding support for four new screen modes (three, for the 8514/A), including one new resolution:


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Like the 8514, XGA offered fixed function hardware acceleration to offload processing of 2D drawing tasks. Both adapters allowed offloading of line-draw, bitmap-copy (BitBlt), and color-fill operations from the host CPU. XGA's acceleration was faster than 8514's, and more comprehensive, supporting more drawing primitives, the VGA-res hi-color mode, versatile "brush" and "mask" modes, system memory addressing functions, and a single simple hardware sprite typically used to provide a low CPU load mouse pointer. It was also capable of wholly independent function, as it incorporated support for all existing VGA functions and modes – the 8514 itself was a simpler add-on adapter that required a separate VGA to be present. As they were designed for use with IBM's range of fixed-frequency monitors, neither adapter offered support for SVGA modes.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: XGA-2 added a 24-bit DAC, but this was used only to extend the available master palette in 256-color mode, e.g. to allow true 256-greyscale output instead of the 64 grey levels previously available; there was still no direct True Color mode despite the adapter featuring enough default onboard VRAM (1MB) to support it. Other improvements included the provision of the previously missing resolution (using an SVGA or multisync monitor) in up to 65,536 colors, faster screen refresh rates in all modes (including non-interlace, flicker-free output for ), and improved accelerator performance and versatility.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: IBM licensed the XGA technology and architecture to certain third-party hardware developers, and its characteristic modes (although not necessarily the accelerator functions, nor the MCA data-bus interface) were aped by many others. These accelerators typically did not suffer from the same limitations on available resolutions and refresh rate, and featured other now-standard modes like (and ) at various color depths (up to 24bit/px) and interlaced, non-interlaced and flicker-free refresh rates even before the release of the XGA-2.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: All standard XGA modes have a aspect ratio with square pixels, although this does not hold for certain standard VGA and third-party extended modes (, ).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: XGA should not be confused with EVGA (Extended Video Graphics Array), a contemporaneous VESA standard that also has pixels. It should also not be confused with the Expanded Graphics Adapter, a peripheral for the IBM 3270 PC which can also be referred to as XGA.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Wide XGA (WXGA) is a set of non-standard resolutions derived from the XGA display standard by widening it to a widescreen aspect ratio. WXGA is commonly used for low-end LCD TVs and LCD computer monitors for widescreen presentation. The exact resolution offered by a device described as "WXGA" can be somewhat variable owing to a proliferation of several closely related timings optimised for different uses and derived from different bases.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: When referring to televisions and other monitors intended for consumer entertainment use, WXGA is generally understood to refer to a resolution of , with an aspect ratio of very nearly 16:9. The basis for this otherwise odd seeming resolution is similar to that of other "wide" standards – the line scan (refresh) rate of the well-established "XGA" standard ( pixels, 4:3 aspect) extended to give square pixels on the increasingly popular 16:9 widescreen display ratio without having to effect major signalling changes other than a faster pixel clock, or manufacturing changes other than extending panel width by one third. As 768 is not divisible by 9, the aspect ratio is not "quite" 16:9 – this would require a horizontal width of 1365 pixels. However, at only 0.05%, the resulting error is insignificant.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: In 2006, was the most popular resolution for liquid crystal display televisions (versus XGA for Plasma TVs flat panel displays); by 2013, even this was relegated to only being used in smaller or cheaper displays (e.g. "bedroom" LCD TVs, or low-cost, large-format plasmas), cheaper laptop and mobile tablet computers, and midrange home cinema projectors, having otherwise been overtaken by higher "full HD" resolutions such as .


title: Graphics display resolution

text: A common variant on this resolution is , which confers several technical benefits, most significantly a reduction in memory requirements from just over to just under 1MB per 8-bit channel ( needs 1024.5KB per channel; needs 1020KB; 1MB is equal to 1024KB), which simplifies architecture and can significantly reduce the amount–and speed–of VRAM required with only a very minor change in available resolution, as memory chips are usually only available in fixed megabyte capacities. For example, at 32-bit color, a framebuffer would require only 4MB, whilst a one may need 5, 6 or even 8MB depending on the exact display circuitry architecture and available chip capacities. The 6-pixel reduction also means each line's width is divisible by 8 pixels, simplifying numerous routines used in both computer and broadcast/theatrical video processing, which operate on 8-pixel blocks. Historically, many video cards also mandated screen widths divisible by 8 for their lower-color, planar modes to accelerate memory accesses and simplify pixel position calculations (e.g. fetching 4-bit pixels from 32-bit memory is much faster when performed 8 pixels at a time, and calculating exactly where a particular pixel is within a memory block is much easier when lines do not end partway through a memory word), and this convention persisted in low-end hardware even into the early days of widescreen, LCD HDTVs; thus, most 1366-width displays also quietly support display of 1360-width material, with a thin border of unused pixel columns at each side. This narrower mode is of course even further removed from the 16:9 ideal, but the error is still less than 0.5% (technically, the mode is either 15.94:9.00 or 16.00:9.04) and should be imperceptible.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: When referring to laptop displays or independent displays and projectors intended primarily for use with computers, WXGA is also used to describe a resolution of pixels, with an aspect ratio of . This was once particularly popular for laptop screens, usually with a diagonal screen size of between 12 and 15 inches, as it provided a useful compromise between 4:3 XGA and 16:9 WXGA, with improved resolution in "both" dimensions vs. the old standard (especially useful in portrait mode, or for displaying two standard pages of text side by side), a perceptibly "wider" appearance and the ability to display 720p HD video "native" with only very thin letterbox borders (usable for on-screen playback controls) and no stretching. Additionally, like , it required only 1000KB (just under 1MB) of memory per 8-bit channel; thus, a typical double-buffered 32-bit colour screen could fit within 8MB, limiting everyday demands on the complexity (and cost, energy use) of integrated graphics chipsets and their shared use of typically sparse system memory (generally allocated to the video system in relatively large blocks), at least when only the internal display was in use (external monitors generally being supported in "extended desktop" mode to at least resolution). 16:10 (or 8:5) is itself a rather "classic" computer aspect ratio, harking back to early modes (and their derivatives) as seen in the Commodore 64, IBM CGA card and others. However, as of mid-2013, this standard is becoming increasingly rare, crowded out by the more standardised and thus more economical-to-produce panels, as its previously beneficial features become less important with improvements to hardware, gradual loss of general backwards software compatibility, and changes in interface layout. As of August 2013, the market availability of panels with native resolution had been generally relegated to data projectors or niche products such as convertible tablet PCs and LCD-based eBook readers.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Widespread availability of and pixel resolution LCDs for laptop monitors can be considered an OS-driven evolution from the formerly popular screen size, which has itself since seen UI design feedback in response to what could be considered disadvantages of the widescreen format when used with programs designed for "traditional" screens. In Microsoft Windows operating system specifically, the larger taskbar of Windows Vista and 7 occupies an additional 16-pixel lines by default, which may compromise the usability of programs that already demanded a full (instead of, e.g. ) unless it is specifically set to use small icons; an "oddball" 784-line resolution would compensate for this, but has a simpler aspect and also gives the slight bonus of 16 "more" usable lines. Also, the Windows Sidebar in Windows Vista and 7 can use the additional 256 or 336 horizontal pixels to display informational "widgets" without compromising the display width of other programs, and Windows 8 is specifically designed around a "two-pane" concept where the full 16:9 or 16:10 screen is not required. Typically, this consists of a 4:3 main program area (typically , or ) plus a narrow sidebar running a second program, showing a toolbox for the main program or a pop-out OS shortcut panel taking up the remainder.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: XGA+ stands for Extended Graphics Array Plus and is a computer display standard, usually understood to refer to the resolution with an aspect ratio of 4:3. Until the advent of widescreen LCDs, XGA+ was often used on 17-inch desktop CRT monitors. It is the highest 4:3 resolution not greater than 2 pixels (≈1.05 megapixels), with its horizontal dimension a multiple of 32 pixels. This enables it to fit closely into a video memory or framebuffer of 1MB (1 × 2 bytes), assuming the use of one byte per pixel. The common multiple of 32 pixels constraint is related to alignment.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Historically, the resolution also relates to the earlier standard of pixels, which was adopted by Sun Microsystems for the Sun-2 workstation in the early 1980s. A decade later, Apple Computer selected the resolution of for their 21-inch CRT monitors, intended for use as two-page displays on the Macintosh II computer. These resolutions are even closer to the limit of a 1MB framebuffer, but their aspect ratios differ slightly from the common 4:3.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: XGA+ is the next step after XGA (), although it is not approved by any standard organizations. The next step with an aspect ratio of 4:3 is ("SXGA-") or SXGA+ ().


title: Graphics display resolution

text: WXGA+ and WSXGA are non-standard terms referring to a computer display resolution of . Occasionally manufacturers use other terms to refer to this resolution. The Standard Panels Working Group refers to the resolution as WXGA(II).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: WSXGA and WXGA+ can be considered enhanced versions of WXGA with more pixels or as widescreen variants of SXGA. The aspect ratios of each are (widescreen).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: WXGA+ () resolution is common in 19-inch widescreen desktop monitors (a very small number of such monitors use WSXGA+), and is also optional, although less common, in laptop LCDs, in sizes ranging from 12.1 to 17 inches.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Super XGA (SXGA) is a standard monitor resolution of pixels. This display resolution is the "next step" above the XGA resolution that IBM developed in 1990.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The resolution is not the standard 4:3 aspect ratio, but 5:4 (1.25:1 instead of 1.333:1). A standard 4:3 monitor using this resolution will have rectangular rather than square pixels, meaning that unless the software compensates for this the picture will be distorted, causing circles to appear elliptical.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: There is a less common resolution that preserves the common 4:3 aspect ratio. It is sometimes unofficially called SXGA− to avoid confusion with the "standard" SXGA. Elsewhere this 4:3 resolution was also called UVGA ("Ultra VGA"), or SXVGA ("Super eXtended VGA"): Since both sides are doubled from VGA the term "Quad VGA" would be a systematic one, but it is hardly ever used because its initialism QVGA is strongly associated with the alternate meaning "Quarter VGA" ().


title: Graphics display resolution

text: SXGA is the most common native resolution of 17-inch and 19-inch LCD monitors. An LCD monitor with SXGA native resolution will typically have a physical 5:4 aspect ratio, preserving a 1:1 pixel aspect ratio.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Sony manufactured a 17-inch CRT monitor with a 5:4 aspect ratio designed for this resolution. It was sold under the Apple brand name.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: SXGA is also a popular resolution for cell phone cameras, such as the Motorola Razr and most Samsung and LG phones. Although being taken over by newer UXGA (2.0-megapixel) cameras, the 1.3-megapixel was the most common around 2007.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Any CRT that can run can also run , which has the standard 4:3 ratio. A flat panel TFT screen, including one designed for , will show stretching distortion when set to display any resolution other than its native one, as the image needs to be interpolated to fit in the fixed grid display. Some TFT displays do not allow a user to disable this, and will prevent the upper and lower portions of the screen from being used forcing a "letterbox" format when set to a 4:3 ratio.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The resolution became popular because at 24bit/px color depth it fit well into 4 megabytes of video RAM. At the time, memory was extremely expensive. Using at 24-bit color depth allowed using 3.75MB of video RAM, fitting nicely with VRAM chip sizes which were available at the time (4MB):


title: Graphics display resolution

text: SXGA+ stands for Super Extended Graphics Array Plus and is a computer display standard. An SXGA+ display is commonly used on 14-inch or 15-inch laptop LCD screens with a resolution of pixels. An SXGA+ display is used on a few 12-inch laptop screens such as the ThinkPad X60 and X61 (both only as tablet) as well as the Toshiba Portégé M200 and M400, but those are far less common. At 14.1 inches, Dell offered SXGA+ on many of the Latitude C-Series laptops, such as the C640, and IBM since the ThinkPad T21. Sony also used SXGA+ in their Z1 series, but no longer produce them as widescreen has become more predominant.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: In desktop LCDs, SXGA+ is used on some low-end 20-inch monitors, whereas most of the 20-inch LCDs use UXGA (standard screen ratio), or WSXGA+ (widescreen ratio).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: WSXGA+ stands for Widescreen Super Extended Graphics Array Plus. WSXGA+ displays were commonly used on Widescreen 20-, 21-, and 22-inch LCD monitors from numerous manufacturers (and a very small number of 19-inch widescreen monitors), as well as widescreen 15.4-inch and 17-inch laptop LCD screens like the Thinkpad T61p, the late 17" Apple PowerBook G4 and the unibody Apple 15" MacBook Pro. The resolution is pixels (1,764,000 pixels) with a 16:10 aspect ratio.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: WSXGA+ is the widescreen version of SXGA+, but it is not approved by any organization. The next highest resolution (for widescreen) after it is WUXGA, which is pixels.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: UXGA or UGA is an abbreviation for Ultra Extended Graphics Array referring to a standard monitor resolution of pixels (totaling 1,920,000 pixels), which is exactly four times the default image resolution of #SVGA (800×600) () (totaling 480,000 pixels). Dell Inc. refers to the same resolution of 1,920,000 pixels as "UGA". It is generally considered to be the next step above SXGA ( or ), but some resolutions (such as the unnamed and SXGA+ at ) fit between the two.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: UXGA has been the native resolution of many fullscreen monitors of 15 inches or more, including laptop LCDs such as the ones in the IBM ThinkPad A21p, A30p, A31p, T42p, T43p, T60p, Dell Inspiron 8000/8100/8200 and Latitude/Precision equivalents; some Panasonic Toughbook CF-51 models; and the original Alienware Area 51M gaming laptop. However, in more recent times, UXGA is not used in laptops at all but rather in desktop UXGA monitors that have been made in sizes of 20 inches and 21.3 inches. Some 14-inch laptop LCDs with UXGA have also existed (such as the Dell Inspiron 4100), but these are very rare.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: There are two different widescreen cousins of UXGA, one called UWXGA with (750) and one called WUXGA with resolution.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: WUXGA stands for Widescreen Ultra Extended Graphics Array and is a display resolution of pixels (2,304,000 pixels) with a 16:10 screen aspect ratio. It is a wide version of UXGA, and can be used for viewing high-definition television (HDTV) content, which uses a 16:9 aspect ratio and a (720p) or (1080i or 1080p) resolution.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The 16:10 aspect ratio (as opposed to the 16:9 used in widescreen televisions) was chosen because this aspect ratio is appropriate for displaying two full pages of text side by side.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: WUXGA resolution has a total of 2,304,000 pixels. One frame of uncompressed 8BPC RGB WUXGA is 6.75MiB (6.912MB). Initially, it was available in widescreen CRTs such as the Sony GDM-FW900 and the Hewlett-Packard A7217A (introduced in 2003), and in 17-inch laptops. Most QXGA displays support . WUXGA is also available in some mobile phablet devices such as the Huawei Honor X2 Gem.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The next lower standard resolution (for widescreen) before it is WSXGA+, which is pixels (1,764,000 pixels, or 30.61% fewer than WUXGA); the next higher resolution widescreen is an unnamed resolution (supported by the above GDM-FW900 and A7217A) and then the more common WQXGA, which has pixels (4,096,000 pixels, or 77.78% more than WUXGA).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The QXGA, or Quad Extended Graphics Array, display standard is a resolution standard in display technology. Some examples of LCD monitors that have pixel counts at these levels are the Dell 3008WFP, the Apple Cinema Display, the Apple iMac (27-inch 2009–present), the iPad (3rd generation), the iPad Mini 2, and the MacBook Pro (3rd generation). Many standard 21–22-inch CRT monitors and some of the highest-end 19-inch CRTs also support this resolution.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: QWXGA (Quad Wide Extended Graphics Array) is a display resolution of pixels with a aspect ratio. A few QWXGA LCD monitors were available in 2009 with 23- and 27-inch displays, such as the Acer B233HU (23-inch) and B273HU (27-inch), the Dell SP2309W, and the Samsung 2343BWX. As of 2011, most monitors have been discontinued, and as of 2013, no major manufacturer produces monitors with this resolution.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: QXGA (Quad Extended Graphics Array) is a display resolution of pixels with a aspect ratio. The name comes from it having four times as many pixels as an XGA display. Examples of LCDs with this resolution are the IBM T210 and the Eizo G33 and R31 screens, but in CRT monitors this resolution is much more common; some examples include the Sony F520, ViewSonic G225fB, NEC FP2141SB or Mitsubishi DP2070SB, Iiyama Vision Master Pro 514, and Dell and HP P1230. Of these monitors, none are still in production. A related display size is WQXGA, which is a widescreen version. CRTs offer a way to achieve QXGA cheaply. Models like the Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 2045U and IBM ThinkVision C220P retailed for around US$200, and even higher performance ones like the ViewSonic PerfectFlat P220fB remained under $500. At one time, many off-lease P1230s could be found on eBay for under $150. The LCDs with WQXGA or QXGA resolution typically cost four to five times more for the same resolution. IDTech manufactured a 15-inch QXGA IPS panel, used in the IBM ThinkPad R50p. NEC sold laptops with QXGA screens in 2002–05 for the Japanese market. The iPad (starting from 3rd generation and Mini 2) also has a QXGA display.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: WQXGA (Wide Quad Extended Graphics Array) is a display resolution of pixels with a 16:10 aspect ratio. The name comes from it being a wide version of QXGA and having four times as many pixels as an WXGA () display.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: To obtain a vertical refresh rate higher than 40Hz with DVI, this resolution requires dual-link DVI cables and devices. To avoid cable problems monitors are sometimes shipped with an appropriate dual link cable already plugged in. Many video cards support this resolution. One feature that is currently unique to the 30-inch WQXGA monitors is the ability to function as the centerpiece and main display of a three-monitor array of complementary aspect ratios, with two UXGA () 20-inch monitors turned vertically on either side. The resolutions are equal, and the size of the 1600 resolution edges (if the manufacturer is honest) is within a tenth of an inch (16-inch vs. 15.899"), presenting a "picture window view" without the extreme lateral dimensions, small central panel, asymmetry, resolution differences, or dimensional difference of other three-monitor combinations. The resulting composite image has a 3.1:1 aspect ratio. This also means one UXGA 20-inch monitor in portrait orientation can also be flanked by two 30-inch WQXGA monitors for a composite image with an 11.85:3 (79:20, 3.95:1) aspect ratio. Some WQXGA medical displays (such as the Barco Coronis 4MP or the Eizo SX3031W) can also be configured as two virtual or seamless displays by using both DVI ports at the same time.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: An early consumer WQXGA monitor was the 30-inch Apple Cinema Display, unveiled by Apple in June 2004. At the time, dual-link DVI was uncommon on consumer hardware, so Apple partnered with Nvidia to develop a special graphics card that had two dual-link DVI ports, allowing simultaneous use of two 30-inch Apple Cinema Displays. The nature of this graphics card, being an add-in AGP card, meant that the monitors could only be used in a desktop computer, like the Power Mac G5, that could have the add-in card installed, and could not be immediately used with laptop computers that lacked this expansion capability.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: In March 2009, Apple updated several Macintosh computers with a Mini DisplayPort adapter, such as the Mac mini and iMac. These allow an external connection to 2560x1600 display.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: In 2010, WQXGA made its debut in a handful of home theater projectors targeted at the Constant Height Screen application market. Both Digital Projection Inc and projectiondesign released models based on a Texas Instruments DLP chip with a native WQXGA resolution, alleviating the need for an anamorphic lens to achieve 1:2.35 image projection. Many manufacturers have 27–30-inch models that are capable of WQXGA, albeit at a much higher price than lower resolution monitors of the same size. Several mainstream WQXGA monitors are or were available with 30-inch displays, such as the Dell 3007WFP-HC, 3008WFP, U3011, U3014, UP3017, the Hewlett-Packard LP3065, the Gateway XHD3000, LG W3000H, and the Samsung 305T. Specialist manufacturers like NEC, Eizo, Planar Systems, Barco (LC-3001), and possibly others offer similar models. As of 2016, LG Display make a 10-bit 30-inch AH-IPS panel, with wide color gamut, used in monitors from Dell, NEC, HP, Lenovo and Iiyama.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Released in November 2012, Google's Nexus 10 is the first consumer tablet to feature WQXGA resolution. Before its release, the highest resolution available on a tablet was QXGA (), available on the Apple iPad 3rd and 4th generations devices. Several Samsung Galaxy tablets, including the Note 10.1 (2014 Edition), Tab S 8.4, 10.5 and TabPRO 8.4, 10.1 and Note Pro 12.2, as well as the Gigaset QV1030, also feature a WQXGA resolution display.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: In 2012, Apple released the 13 inch MacBook Pro with Retina Display that features a WQXGA display, and the new MacBook Air in 2018.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: The LG Gram 17 introduced in 2019 uses a 17-inch WQXGA display. It has been updated with the LG Gram 2021 that retains the same screen size and resolution.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: QSXGA (Quad Super Extended Graphics Array) is a display resolution of pixels with a 5:4 aspect ratio. Grayscale monitors with a resolution, primarily for medical use, are available from Planar Systems (Dome E5), Eizo (Radiforce G51), Barco (Nio 5, MP), WIDE (IF2105MP), IDTech (IAQS80F), and possibly others.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Recent medical displays such as Barco Coronis Fusion 10MP or NDS Dome S10 have a native panel resolution of . These are driven by two dual-link DVI or DisplayPort outputs. They can be considered to be two seamless virtual QSXGA displays as they have to be driven simultaneously by both dual-link DVI or DisplayPort since one dual-link DVI or DisplayPort cannot single-handedly display 10 megapixels. A similar resolution of (4:3) was supported by a small number of CRT displays via VGA such as the Viewsonic P225f when paired with the right graphics card.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: WQSXGA (Wide Quad Super Extended Graphics Array) describes a display standard that can support a resolution up to pixels, assuming a 1.5625:1 (25:16) aspect ratio. The Coronis Fusion 6MP DL by Barco supports (approximately 16:10).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: QUXGA (Quad Ultra Extended Graphics Array) describes a display standard that can support a resolution up to pixels, assuming a 4:3 aspect ratio.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: WQUXGA (Wide Quad Ultra Extended Graphics Array) describes a display standard that supports a resolution of pixels, which provides a 16:10 aspect ratio. This resolution is exactly four times (in pixels). On their XPS 13 2‑in‑1 (7390) laptop computer Dell seems to have referred to this resolution as "UHD+".


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Most display cards with a DVI connector are capable of supporting the resolution. However, the maximum refresh rate will be limited by the number of DVI links connected to the monitor. 1, 2, or 4 DVI connectors are used to drive the monitor using various tile configurations. Only the IBM T221-DG5 and IDTech MD22292B5 support the use of dual-link DVI ports through an external converter box. Many systems using these monitors use at least two DVI connectors to send video to the monitor. These DVI connectors can be from the same graphics card, different graphics cards, or even different computers. Motion across the tile boundary(ies) can show tearing if the DVI links are not synchronized. The display panel can be updated at a speed between 0Hz and 41Hz (48Hz for the IBM T221-DG5, -DGP, and IDTech MD22292B5). The refresh rate of the video signal can be higher than 41Hz (or 48Hz) but the monitor will not update the display any faster even if graphics card(s) do so.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: In June 2001, WQUXGA was introduced in the IBM T220 LCD monitor using a LCD panel built by IDTech. LCD displays that support WQUXGA resolution include: IBM T220, IBM T221, Iiyama AQU5611DTBK, ViewSonic VP2290, ADTX MD22292B, and IDTech MD22292 (models B0, B1, B2, B5, C0, C2). IDTech was the original equipment manufacturer which sold these monitors to ADTX, IBM, Iiyama, and ViewSonic. However, none of the WQUXGA monitors (IBM, ViewSonic, Iiyama, ADTX) are in production anymore: they had prices that were well above even the higher end displays used by graphic professionals, and the lower refresh rates, 41Hz and 48Hz, made them less attractive for many applications.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: After having used VGA-based 3:2 resolutions HVGA (480 × 320) and "Retina" DVGA (960 × 640) for several years in their iPhone and iPod products with a screen diagonal of 9 cm or 3.5 inches, Apple started using more exotic variants when they adopted the 16:9 aspect ratio to provide a consistent pixel density across screen sizes: first 1136 × 640 (rarely: WDVGA) with the iPhone 5, 5C, 5S and SE 1st for 10-cm or 4-inch screens, and later 1334 × 750 with the iPhone 6, 6S, 7, 8, SE 2nd and SE 3rd for 12-cm or 4.7-inch screens, while devices with 14-cm or 5.5-inch screens used standard 1920 × 1080 with the iPhone 6 Plus, 6S Plus, 7 Plus and 8 Plus. The iPhone X, XS and 11 Pro introduced a 2436 × 1125 resolution for 15-cm or 5.8-inch screens, while the iPhone XS Max and 11 Pro Max introduced a 2688 × 1242 resolution for 17-cm or 6.5-inch screens (with a notch) all at an aspect ratio of roughly 13:6 or, for marketing, 19.5:9.


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Other manufacturers have also introduced phones with irregular display resolutions and aspect ratios, e.g. Samsung's various "Infinity" displays with 37:18 = :9 (Galaxy S8/S9 and A8/A9), i.e. 2960 × 1440 (Quad HD+, WQHD+) or 2220 × 1080 (Full HD+), and 19:9 (S10) aspect ratios: 3040 × 1440 and 2280 × 1080 (S10e).


title: Graphics display resolution

text: Some air traffic control monitors use displays with a resolution of 2048 x 2048, with an aspect ratio of 1:1, and similar consumer monitors at resolution of 1920 x 1920 are also available aimed primarily at productivity tasks. Eizo is major supplier of panels and monitors in this aspect ratio. Also in 2022, a 16:18 monitor (in 2560x2880 resolution, named SDQHD) was released for general productivity work by LG Electronics.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: Abigale Lee Miller (born September 21, 1965) She is the founder of the Abby Lee Dance Company, which appeared on the reality television series "Dance Moms" for eight seasons.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: On June 27, 2016, Miller pleaded guilty to felony bankruptcy fraud. She was sentenced to one year and a day in federal prison, and was released on March 27, 2018. In April 2018, she developed lymphoma, a form of cancer that made her unable to walk.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: Miller was born on September 21, 1965, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the child of a dance teacher and a dance studio owner, her parents were George Lamar Miller (1927 - 2000), and Maryen Lorrain Miller (1927 - 2014).


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: Miller grew up around dance in Penn Hills, Pennsylvania, a Pittsburgh suburb, studying under her mother's direction at the Maryen Lorrain Dance Studio. In 1980, at age 14, Miller was given the responsibility for choreographing and coaching for one of her mother's dance competition teams. Miller eventually took over the studio in 1995 and renamed it Reign Dance Productions.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: Miller became certified by Dance Masters of America and became a member of Dance Masters of Pennsylvania Chapter #10 in 1986, but her membership was terminated in February 2012, with DMA saying Miller's reality-TV show "Dance Moms" was "a total misrepresentation of our dance educators and their students and is detrimental to the dance profession."


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: In 2011, Miller began appearing in the Lifetime reality television show "Dance Moms" where she taught dancing for many years. Miller appeared on the show for seven seasons through October 2017. "Dance Moms" follows the practice sessions and performance competitions of young students of the Abby Lee Dance Company.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: Three spin-offs of "Dance Moms" are "Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition", which ran for two seasons and 22 episodes; "Dance Moms: Miami"; and "Dance Moms: Abby's Studio Rescue." The latter ran for only 7 episodes. Miller has also been a guest judge on "Dancing with the Stars". In 2014, Miller published a book, "Everything I Learned about Life, I Learned in Dance Class".


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: In 2015, Miller opened a new studio set up in Los Angeles called ALDC LA. In March 2017, Miller announced she had quit the series. In July 2018, Miller announced her return for season 8 of "Dance Moms". "Dance Moms: Resurrection" premiered June 4, 2019 on Lifetime.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: Miller announced on Instagram on May 4, 2020, that she will be leaving "Dance Moms" and Lifetime after nine years.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: There are rumors of the show's return on a new network, facilitated by Miller in an interview with Pop Crave.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: On December 3, 2010, Miller filed for bankruptcy after owing more than $400,000 in back taxes to the IRS. Soon afterward, she was hired for "Dance Moms", with filming beginning on April 6, 2011. Episodes began airing in July 2011, and Miller's financial situation improved.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: Miller began to encounter numerous legal problems in 2014. One of the dancers on "Dance Moms" sued Miller, charging assault. The suit further claims the show's producers encourage a violent and combative atmosphere on the show as a way to attract viewers. A $5 million lawsuit was filed against Collins Avenue Entertainment for staging disagreements that ended in a fight between Kelly Hyland and Miller. Paige Hyland also filed an emotional distress lawsuit against Miller. The claims were dropped on the emotional distress lawsuit.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: On October 13, 2015, Miller was indicted by the DOJ for fraud for creating a secret bank account between 2012 and 2013 used to hide income from masterclasses, TV deals, and merchandise sales, in addition to failing to file required monthly reports of income with the bankruptcy court for 13 months. She was indicted for bankruptcy fraud, concealment of bankruptcy assets and false bankruptcy declarations in hiding some $755,000. If found guilty, she could have faced a fine of $250,000 for each of the 20 counts she was indicted on (collectively $5,000,000) and five years in prison. She pleaded not guilty in November 2015. By February 2016, the case was delayed a fifth time. Shortly after her indictment, she was charged with customs fraud relating to undeclared cash from Dance Moms Australia master class tour. Miller reached a deal with the IRS criminal investigators to enter a guilty plea to reduced charges on June 27, 2016.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: Sentencing was originally set for October 11, 2016. It was postponed three times: first to January 20, 2017; then to February 24, 2017; and finally to May 8, 2017.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: On May 9, 2017, after a two-day hearing, Miller was sentenced to one year and a day in federal prison, followed by two years of supervised release. Miller also paid a $40,000 fine, a $120,000 judgment and gave a DNA sample relating to her felony charge.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: On July 12, 2017, Miller reported to the Victorville Federal Correctional Institution in Victorville, California, to begin serving her prison sentence.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: On March 27, 2018, Miller was transferred to a Long Beach, California halfway house to complete her sentence. After receiving time off for good behavior, she was released on May 25.


title: Abby Lee Miller

text: Miller has never been married and has no children. In April 2018, she was diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma, a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cancer, after spinal surgery. In September of that year, Miller's lymphoma went into remission and she began physical therapy to relearn how to walk. She uses an electric wheelchair.


title: Realpolitik

text: Realpolitik (; ) refers to enacting or engaging in diplomatic or political policies based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors, rather than strictly binding itself to explicit ideological notions or moral and ethical premises. In this respect, it shares aspects of its philosophical approach with those of realism and pragmatism. It is often simply referred to as pragmatism in politics, e.g. "pursuing pragmatic policies" or "realistic policies".


title: Realpolitik

text: While often used as a positive and neutral term, the term "Realpolitik" is sometimes also used pejoratively to imply political policies that are perceived as being coercive, amoral, or Machiavellian. Prominent proponents of "Realpolitik" during the 20th century include Henry Kissinger, George F. Kennan, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and Hans-Dietrich Genscher, as well as politicians such as Charles De Gaulle and Lee Kuan Yew.


title: Realpolitik

text: The term "Realpolitik" was coined by Ludwig von Rochau, a German writer and politician in the 19th century. His 1853 book "Grundsätze der Realpolitik angewendet auf die staatlichen Zustände Deutschlands" ("Principles of "Realpolitik" applied to the national state of affairs of Germany") describes the meaning of the term:


title: Realpolitik

text: Historian John Bew suggests that much of what stands for modern "Realpolitik" today deviates from the original meaning of the term. "Realpolitik" emerged in mid-19th century Europe from the collision of the Enlightenment with state formation and power politics. The concept, Bew argues, was an early attempt at answering the conundrum of how to achieve liberal enlightened goals in a world that does not follow liberal enlightened rules.


title: Realpolitik

text: Publicist, journalist and liberal political reformer Von Rochau coined the term in 1853 and added a second volume in 1869 that further refined his earlier arguments. Rochau, exiled in Paris until the 1848 uprising, returned during the revolution and became a well-known figure in the National Liberal Party. As the liberal gains of the 1848 revolutions fell victim to coercive governments or were swallowed by powerful social forces such as class, religion and nationalism, Rochau—according to Bew—began to think hard about how the work that had begun with such enthusiasm had failed to yield any lasting results.


title: Realpolitik

text: He said that the great achievement of the Enlightenment had been to show that might is not necessarily right. The mistake liberals made was to assume that the law of the strong had suddenly evaporated simply because it had been shown to be unjust. Rochau wrote that "to bring down the walls of Jericho, the Realpolitiker knows the simple pickaxe is more useful than the mightiest trumpet". Rochau's concept was seized upon by German thinkers in the mid and late 19th century and became associated with Otto von Bismarck's statecraft in unifying Germany in the mid 19th century. By 1890, usage of the word "Realpolitik" was widespread, yet increasingly detached from its original meaning.


title: Realpolitik

text: Whereas "Realpolitik" refers to political practice, the concept of political realism in international relations refers to a theoretical framework aimed at offering explanations for events in the international relations domain. The theory of political realism proceeds from the assumption that states—as actors in the international arena—pursue their interests by practicing "Realpolitik". Conversely, "Realpolitik" can be described as the exercise of policies that are in line with accepted theories of political realism. In either case, the working hypothesis is generally that policy is chiefly based on the pursuit, possession and application of power (see also power politics). However, some international relations realists, such as Kenneth Waltz, have viewed state policy in terms of the pursuit of survival or security, rather than the pursuit of power for its own sake.


title: Realpolitik

text: See political realism for branches and antecedents more relevant to contemporary diplomacy and the particular modern, international relations paradigm.


title: Realpolitik

text: Even prior to the contemporary "Realpolitik" term, China has had a "realistic" tradition in its governance dating back thousands of years. Often referred to as Chinese Legalism, the spirit of its content may be most readily recognized by Western viewers through one of its kindred, "The Art of War". Chinese administrative organization significantly influenced other Asian nations as well as Western administrative practices not later than the 12th century, playing a significant role in the development of the modern state, including the usage of examinations for entry to the civil service.


title: Realpolitik

text: Starting in the Spring and Autumn period (771–476/403 BC), a trend of "realistic" reformers were taken on to advance the material interest of their respective states, with the Qin state founding the first Chinese Empire, Qin dynasty in 221 BCE, ending China's Warring States period. The political theory developed during the era, including that of Confucianism would influence every dynasty thereafter.


title: Realpolitik

text: Those termed Legalist are more purely "Realpolitikal" in contrast to Confucianism and include non-legal Shen Pu-hai derived political technique, which charges the ruler engage in passive observation to determine facts rather than take on too much himself. Sinologist Herrlee G. Creel writes: "If one wishes to exaggerate, it would no doubt be possible to translate (foundational Realist) Shen Buhai's term Shu, or technique, as 'science', and argue that Pu-hai was the first political scientist," though Creel does "not care to go this far".


title: Realpolitik

text: During the Spring and Autumn period, the prevalent philosophy had dictated war as a gentleman's activity; military commanders were instructed to respect what they perceived to be Heaven's laws in battle. For example, when Duke Xiang of Song was at war with the state of Chu during the Warring States period, he declined an opportunity to attack the enemy force (commanded by Zhu) while they were crossing a river.


title: Realpolitik

text: In the United States, the term is often analogous to power politics while in Germany "Realpolitik" has a somewhat less negative connotation, referring to realistic politics in opposition to idealistic (or unrealistic) politics. It is particularly associated with the era of 19th century nationalism. "Realpolitik" policies were employed in response to the failed revolutions of 1848 as means to strengthen states and tighten social order.


title: Realpolitik

text: The most famous German advocate of "Realpolitik", what was uniquely possible and the applied means to achieve it, was Otto von Bismarck, the first Chancellor (1862–1890) to Wilhelm I of the Kingdom of Prussia. Bismarck used "Realpolitik" in his quest to achieve Prussian dominance in Germany. He manipulated political issues such as the Schleswig-Holstein Question and the Hohenzollern candidature to antagonize other countries and cause wars if necessary to attain his goals. Such policies are characteristic of Bismarck, demonstrating a pragmatic view of the "real" political world.


title: Realpolitik

text: Another example was his willingness to adopt some social policies of the socialists such as employee insurance and pensions; in doing so, he used small changes from the top down to avoid the possibility of major change from the bottom up. Likewise, Prussia's seemingly illogical move of not demanding territory from a defeated Austria, a move that later led to the unification of Germany, is an oft-cited example of "Realpolitik".


title: Realpolitik

text: Singaporean statesman Lee Kuan Yew, who served as the country's first prime minister, has been considered by many political analysts as a pragmatist for his erudite policies in his governance of Singapore. He believed that the only way Singapore could survive as a relatively small nation as compared to its neighbours was to contrast itself from them, by building up a highly effective and non-corrupt government, in addition to a civil service, under a meritocratic system. He also believed that Singapore was to stay neutral but also possess a strong military capability, believing that it serves as a guarantor of the country's independence due to its strategic position. A strong advocate for Asian values, he argued that Asian societies had different values from Western societies and that practicing such values was vital to succeed as a nation, especially as an Asian country, which includes collectivism and communitarianism.


title: Realpolitik

text: Lee described Singapore's only natural resources as being the grit of its people as well as their strong work ethic, propelling this mindset to all ethnic groups of the country. Although Lee supported left-wing ideas in his young adulthood, he was largely conservative as a leader, concluding that extensive state welfare and subsidies blunted the individual's drive to succeed. Nevertheless, his government still enacted social policies, which included free public education up until at least secondary school, state housing, a compulsory comprehensive savings and pension plan, as well as universal healthcare, in addition to a civic nationalist stance.


title: Realpolitik

text: In 1975, Chan Heng Chee described Singapore as a depoliticized "administrative state", where ideology and politics had triumphantly been replaced by "rational and scientific modes of public administration". It is suggested that by doggedly describing itself as pragmatic, the Singaporean state is actually disguising its ideological work and political nature through an assertion of the absence of ideology and politics. Chua Beng Huat argued in 1995 that the rhetoric of pragmatism in Singapore is ideological and hegemonic in nature, adopted and disseminated in the public sphere by the People's Action Party government and institutionalized throughout the state in all its administrative, planning and policy-making functions.


title: Realpolitik

text: Many world leaders affirmed Lee's political knowledge as being pragmatist and "insightful". Former President of the United States, Barack Obama, stated that he "personally appreciated [Lee's] wisdom." Former Prime Minister of Japan, Shinzo Abe, who had also championed for Asian values, stated that Lee was "one of the greatest leaders of modern times that Asia has ever produced" and a "great Asian leader who laid the foundation for the prosperity of Singapore today." Former Prime Minister of Australia, Tony Abbott, mentioned that Lee was a "giant of our region" and that "thanks to his vision and determination, Singapore is one of the world's most successful countries." Henry Kissinger described Lee as one of the "world's most successful pragmatists". Today, his ideologies and views are now taught at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, an autonomous postgraduate school of the National University of Singapore.


title: Realpolitik

text: E. H. Carr was a liberal realist and left-wing British historian and international relations theorist who argued for realistic international over utopian policies. Carr described realism as the acceptance that what exists is right; he thus argued that in politics, realism meant that there is no moral dimension and that what is successful is right and what is unsuccessful is wrong. Carr was convinced that the Bolsheviks were destined to win the Russian Civil War and, under the grounds of "Realpolitik", approved of British Prime Minister David Lloyd George's opposition to War Secretary Winston Churchill's support for military help to the anti-Bolshevik White movement. In Carr's opinion, Churchill's support of the anti-Bolsheviks was folly, as Russia was likely to be a great power once more under the leadership of the Bolsheviks.


title: Realpolitik

text: American "Realpolitik" began in the 1960s with the influence of Polish-American Zbigniew Brzezinski, later National Security Adviser to Jimmy Carter. Contrary to McCarthy-era hostility and John Foster Dulles's talk of the military "liberation" of the Eastern Bloc, Brzezinski proposed "peaceful engagement" with the Soviet Union while he advised Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Brzezinski, uninterested in promoting anti-Soviet propaganda for the benefit of the United States, felt the United States would be more successful through frequent interactions with regimes and people under communist rule. Brzezinski knew the tough economic realities of those living in the Eastern Bloc, particularly the permanent shortage of goods, and that their attachment to the Soviet Union was born of historic necessity, rather than common ideology. Brzezinski suggested enticing these countries economically and through educational and cultural exchanges, which would appeal to intellectuals, followed by favoritism for regimes showing signs of liberalization or less reliance on Moscow. Through that approach, Brzezinski "offered a realistic, evolutionary alternative to empty political rhetoric."


title: Realpolitik

text: Henry Kissinger has been credited with formally introducing the policy of "Realpolitik" to the White House as Secretary of State to Richard Nixon. In that context, the policy meant dealing with other powerful nations in a practical manner, rather than on the basis of political doctrine or ethics such as Nixon's diplomacy with the People's Republic of China despite American opposition to communism and the previous doctrine of containment. Another example is Kissinger's use of shuttle diplomacy after the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, when he persuaded the Israelis to withdraw partially from the Sinai in deference to the political realities created by the oil crisis.


title: Realpolitik

text: Kissinger himself said that he had never used the term "Realpolitik" and stated that it is used by both liberal and realist foreign policy thinkers to label, criticize and facilitate a choosing of sides. Kissinger had looked at what he implemented while he served as Secretary of State and National Security Advisor not in the confines of making "Realpolitik" a standard policy, but within the terms of being a statesman. That political mindset can be seen in Kissinger's book "A World Restored" and was pointed out by historian John Bew in his book "Realpolitik". Kissinger went on to say that the role of the statesman is "the ability to recognize the real relationship of forces and to make this knowledge serve his ends."


title: Realpolitik

text: In that context, one can see how "Realpolitik" principles can influence American policy but not as standard policy. The reach and influence of "Realpolitik" is found instead in pragmatic and flexible policy that changes to the needs of the situation. That type of policymaking could be seen as recently as in the administration of Barack Obama. Bew made note of that direction in the Obama administration, when Obama's chief of staff, Rahm Emanuel, remarked in an article in "The New York Times" that everyone wanted to break it down into contrasts of idealist and realist, but "if you had to put him in a category, he's probably more realpolitik, like Bush 41 [...] You’ve got to be cold-blooded about the self-interests of your nation."


title: Realpolitik

text: "Realpolitik" is distinct from ideological politics in that it is not dictated by a fixed set of rules but instead tends to be goal-oriented, limited only by practical exigencies. Since "Realpolitik" is ordered toward the most practical means of securing national interests, it can often entail compromising on ideological principles. For example, during the Cold War, the United States often supported authoritarian regimes that were human rights violators to secure theoretically the greater national interest of regional stability. After the end of the Cold War, this practice continued.


title: Realpolitik

text: Most recently, former Ambassador Dennis Ross advocated that approach to foreign policy in his 2007 book "Statecraft: And How to Restore America's Standing in the World". For the purposes of contrast and speaking in ideal types, political ideologues would tend to favor principle over other considerations. Such individuals or groups can reject compromises that they see as the abandonment of their ideals and so may sacrifice political gain, in favor of adhering to principles that they believe to be constitutive of long-term goals.


title: Hayley Kiyoko

text: Hayley Kiyoko Alcroft (born April 3, 1991) is an American singer, dancer and actress. As a child model and actress, she appeared in a variety of films including "Scooby-Doo!" film series (2009–2010), "Lemonade Mouth" (2011), "" (2012), "Jem and the Holograms" (2015), "" (2015), and "XOXO" (2016). Alongside her film roles, she also held a recurring role in the TV series "The Fosters" (2014) and a lead role on "" (2015–2016) and "Five Points" (2018–2019).


title: Hayley Kiyoko

text: Kiyoko was a founding member of the Stunners in 2007. The group supported Justin Bieber’s My World Tour, before disbanding in 2011. After this, Kiyoko issued three solo extended plays: "A Belle to Remember" (2013), "This Side of Paradise" (2015), which includes the single "Girls Like Girls", and "Citrine" (2016). Following the singles "Sleepover", "Feelings", and "Curious", she released her debut studio album "Expectations" on March 30, 2018. The album reached the top 20 of the charts in the United States, Canada, and Australia. She has also created a comic book, with the help of Naomi Franquiz and Marla Vazquez, based on her song "Gravel to Tempo". Kiyoko released her fourth extended play "I'm Too Sensitive for This Shit" on January 14, 2020, and released her second studio album "Panorama" on July 29, 2022.


title: Hayley Kiyoko

text: Hayley Kiyoko Alcroft was born on April 3, 1991, in Los Angeles, California, to figure skater and choreographer Sarah Kawahara, and actor and comedian Jamie Alcroft. Her mother is from Canada and is of Japanese ancestry and her father is from Ohio and has English and Scottish ancestry. Kiyoko has two siblings, Alysse and Thatcher.


title: Hayley Kiyoko

text: She began acting at a young age, appearing in national commercials for companies such as GM Onstar, Slim Jim, and Cinnamon Toast Crunch. Insisting on drum lessons at age six, she was writing drum charts for new releases and selling them in a local music store by age 11. At age 8, Kiyoko wrote a song called "Notice", which her father still urges her to release. She was elected student council president of her middle school and high school freshman classes and vice-president in her senior year. She attended Agoura High School and graduated in 2009. She was appointed "Commissioner of Entertainment" in her sophomore year and "Commissioner of Pep Rallies" in her junior year.


title: Hayley Kiyoko

text: She created and choreographed "The Agoura High Step Team" which was faculty-approved as a school club under her direction. The team placed third at a Nationals competition in 2009. Upon graduation, she was accepted into Clive Davis School of Recorded Music at New York University but initially deferred until eventually declining due to career opportunities.


title: Hayley Kiyoko

text: Kiyoko was discovered at the age of five when she went with her friend to a photoshoot. The director asked her to step in front of the camera, and she ended up in a national print ad for KnowledgeWare.


title: Hayley Kiyoko

text: Nickelodeon spotted her at the Culver City Ice Rink, and she ended up featured in and narrating a short piece about children in sports called, "I'm Hayley, a Skater". Kiyoko continued to hone her skills in middle school plays and, in seventh grade, asked for an agent after seeing Eurasian girls like herself act in J. C. Penney commercials. She got her commercial agent and booked her first audition, claiming acting was always just something she did on the side to make money for college and music equipment. Kiyoko started the garage band "Hede", named after her grandfather, in November 2007 and released five songs on Myspace and a music video for "Warehouse". The band performed locally on several occasions and split in 2009 after the remaining band members left for college. Her grandfather died in 2011. He was one of the biggest inspirations in Kiyoko's life.