title: Future Nostalgia Tour

text: In the final act, Lipa wore a sparkling black Mugler catsuit covered in 120,000 crystals with beige mesh cutouts as well as sheer and opaque body-defining panels. The outfit was similar to that of Cher's "If I Could Turn Back Time" outfit, and was paired with matching black gloves. The dancers wore also wore outfits by the fashion house, some in similar body suits to the singer and some with a cut out black top and matching trousers. For this act, a glittering moon and stars we're brought down and the singer performed "Levitating" while hovering above the general admission crowd on a moving platform before waving goodbye and running off stage. She was surrounded by hanging iridescent planets and stars with a galaxy image on the big screen. In the encore, the singer belted an aggressive take of the album's title track where she whipped her hair around and walked the runway while teal and dark purple laser lights were used. The show closed with a performance of "Don't Start Now" which opens with the singer reclaiming a dance move she performed during promotion for her eponymous debut studio album that caused her to be bullied online for it being "lazy" and "uninspired" as well as become a meme for the dance. Lipa stated that she looks back at the dance from a different perspective with "fondness" as, although the bullying caused her a lot of grief, it caused her to work harder and grow into the artist she wanted to become. Confetti cannons go off during the performance. The show lasted for approximately 90 minutes.


title: Future Nostalgia Tour

text: The Future Nostalgia Tour was met with highly positive reviews from critics. "E! Online" named the tour one of 15 "must-see" concerts in 2022. In a review from "Rolling Stone", Celia Almeida praised Lipa's stage presence stating she's a "superstar" that's "every bit the female alpha she proclaimed herself to be on the album’s title track" while also mentioning that the show is "a powerful reminder of Lipa's pop savvy". For "Consequence", Mary Gibson stated that "Lipa delivered exactly the kind of lively, dynamic show fans have been aching for". Adam Graham of "The Detroit News" praised the "rich" production that "worked like clockwork" and complimented Lipa's stage presence saying her "confidence and her control of the stage was the best stage trick of the night". "The Columbus Dispatch"s Margaret Quamme commended the "loose, joyous" choreography that lets the "glossy, admittedly shallow disco-tinged" set list breathe. Emmalyse Brownstein of "Miami New Times" commended singer's vocals stating they sound "just like her studio recordings" while also praised Lipa's "impressive" stage presence for commanding the stage and leading the dancers. "The Tennessean" reviewer Dave Paulson praised the concert for being "beyond well-rehearsed, and synchronized down to the millisecond", while also appreciating the singer's stage presence stating she is "self-assured" and "a cool, consistent presence than a diva aiming to set the stage ablaze".


title: Future Nostalgia Tour

text: In "The Charlotte Observer", Théoden Janes complimented Lipa's performance, which he praised for hitting "pretty much all of her marks" in "terms of her command over her vocals and her command over her body". Edward Pevos of "MLive" named it "one of the most well-paced shows we've seen many years" while praising Lipa for commanding "the stage like a seasoned pro". Writing for "The Oakland Press", Gary Graff said Lipa ticked "off all the boxes we expect from these kinds of shows". Writing for "The Boston Globe", Maura Johnston said the show "leaned into that kitchen-sink mode feeling of the present while also offering an escape" while describing Lipa as "a charismatic performer with a striking look" that "commanded the stage". Dan DeLuca of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" praised the tight choreography and Lipa's "more-than-capable" vocals. In a more negative review from "OnMilwaukee", Matt Mueller praised the "spectacle" show production but criticized Lipa's performance and stage presence, saying that at times her backup dancers stole the show.


title: Future Nostalgia Tour

text: For "Expresso", after Lisbon's show, Rita Carmo, also complimented the show, stating "Don't they make pop stars like they used to? Wrong. Dua Lipa proved tonight, in Lisbon, that she has the fiber of someone who came to stay in a musical territory used to chewing and throwing away. In just over five years, the British artist, of Albanian origin, went from a proposal that was perhaps too alternative to widespread acclaim, achieving the feat of pleasing both the masses and those who look at these pop things with some cynicism".


title: Future Nostalgia Tour

text: "Pitchfork" named the Future Nostalgia Tour one of the most anticipated tours of 2022. The tour debuted at number five on the February 2022 issue of "Billboard"s Top Tours Boxscore chart with a total gross of $13,523,248 and a total attendance of 138,638, from 11 shows. The following month, it dropped down to number seven with a total gross of $25,027,606 and a total attendance of 239,855 from 17 shows. The first leg grossed $40,100,000 and sold 394,000 tickets, an increase of 346% in ticket sales and 1,479% in gross-per-show compared to when Lipa toured the US in support of her debut album. In every city except Milwaukee, ticket sales topped 11,000; Milwaukee's Fiserv Forum had a scaled down capacity and only sold 6,312 tickets. The highest grossing show of the leg was the show of 1 March 2022 in New York City grossing $2,100,000 while the following night in Washington D.C. had the highest ticket sales with 16,068 tickets sold. The shows in Inglewood had a gross of $3,228,158 and an attendance of 30,270, causing it to chart at number 29 on the March 2022 issue of "Billboard"s Top Boxscores chart.


title: Future Nostalgia Tour

text: This set list is representative of the show on 9 February 2022 in Miami. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour.


title: Sous vide

text: Sous vide (; French for 'under vacuum'), also known as low-temperature, long-time (LTLT) cooking, is a method of cooking in which food is placed in a plastic pouch or a glass jar and cooked in a water bath for longer than usual cooking times (usually one to seven hours, and up to 72 or more hours in some cases) at a precisely regulated temperature.


title: Sous vide

text: The temperature is much lower than usually used for cooking, typically around for red meat, for poultry, and higher for vegetables. The intent is to cook the item evenly, ensuring that the inside is properly cooked without overcooking the outside, and to retain moisture.


title: Sous vide

text: Sous vide cooking is characterized by low-temperature cooking, a longer period of cooking than conventional cooking, a container (such as a plastic bag) that separates the food from its heating environment, and pressurized enclosure using full or partial vacuum.


title: Sous vide

text: Low-temperature cooking was first described by Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford in 1799. He used air as the heat-transfer medium in his experiments while attempting to see if he could roast meat in a machine which he had created to dry potatoes. In Thompson's own words, the meat was: "Not merely eatable, but perfectly done, and most singularly well-tasted."


title: Sous vide

text: Preparation of food under pressure, with or without heat, was developed by American and French engineers in the mid-1960s as an industrial food preservation method. As with Rumford, the researchers learned that the food showed distinctive improvements in flavor and texture. As this method was pioneered, applying pressure to food through vacuum sealing was sometimes called "cryovacking". The pressure notably concentrated the flavors of fruits, even without cooking.


title: Sous vide

text: The method was adopted by Georges Pralus, a French chef, in 1974 for the Restaurant Troisgros (of Pierre and Michel Troisgros) in Roanne, France. He discovered that when foie gras was cooked in this manner, it kept its original appearance, did not lose excess amounts of fat, and had better texture.


title: Sous vide

text: Another pioneer in sous vide is Bruno Goussault, the French chief scientist of Sterling, Virginia-based food manufacturer Cuisine Solutions. In 1991, he established Centre de Recherche et d'Études pour l'Alimentation (CREA) as the service arm of its parent company, Cuisine Solutions. Due to his research into the effects of temperature on various foods, through CREA, he became well-known for training top chefs in the method. He developed the parameters of cooking times and temperatures for various foods.


title: Sous vide

text: Goussault and Pralus independently worked on development of sous vide in the 1970s and eventually became collaborators. Goussault pioneered the marriage of vacuum sealing with low-temperature cooking. Pralus, considered the father of modern sous vide, cooked at higher temperatures.


title: Sous vide

text: Sealing the food in sturdy plastic bags retains juices and aroma that otherwise would be lost in the process. Placing the packaged food in a water bath, with the temperature set at the desired final cooking temperature of the food, prevents overcooking, because the food cannot get hotter than the bath it is in, as in bain-marie.


title: Sous vide

text: As a result of precise temperature control of the bath and the fact that the bath temperature is the same as the target cooking temperature, very precise control of cooking can be achieved. Additionally, temperature, and thus cooking, can be very even throughout the food in sous vide cooking, even with irregularly shaped and very thick items, given enough time.


title: Sous vide

text: By contrast, in conventional high-heat cooking, such as oven roasting or grilling, the food is exposed to heat levels that are much higher than the desired internal cooking temperature, and it must be removed from the high heat prior to reaching the desired cooking temperature. If the food is removed from the heat too late, it becomes overcooked, and if it is removed too early, it is undercooked.


title: Sous vide

text: The use of temperatures much lower than those used for conventional cooking is an essential feature of sous vide. When cooking meat, tough collagen in connective tissue can be denatured into gelatin, without heating the meat's proteins high enough that they denature to a degree that the texture toughens and moisture is exuded from the meat.


title: Sous vide

text: In contrast, soft vegetables are often considered overcooked. Low-temperature cooking allows plant matter to remain more succulent, as the cell walls do not burst. Cooking vegetables at temperatures below the boiling point of water allows them to be thoroughly cooked (and pasteurized, if necessary) while maintaining a firm or somewhat crisp texture. While the cell walls will generally not burst, the depolymerization of the pectic polysaccharides that connect the vegetable cells together and the gelatinisation of starch in the vegetable can be achieved without overcooking.


title: Sous vide

text: From a culinary viewpoint, the exclusion of air is secondary, but this has practical importance. It allows cooked food to be stored, still sealed and refrigerated, for considerable times, which is especially useful for the catering industry, and it excludes oxygen from food that requires long cooking and is susceptible to oxidation, e.g., fat on meat, which may become rancid with prolonged exposure to air. It also improves the transfer of heat between the water bath and food, without the thermal insulating properties of any trapped air in the bag.


title: Sous vide

text: Apart from ensuring uniform cooking, sous vide cooking facilitates development of desired organoleptic flavors and limits off flavors due to oxidation.


title: Sous vide

text: The degree of accuracy and constancy of cooking temperature required varies with the food cooked. In some cases, it is not critical. A -thick piece of fish will cook in 17 to 18 minutes at any temperature from to . Such food can be cooked in a switched-off slow cooker filled with hot water and a thermometer.


title: Sous vide

text: For an egg, though, which has proteins that denature at different temperatures, maintaining precise, constant temperature is more critical. Confit egg yolks are usually cooked at , which is hot enough to cook the white without setting the yolk. Typically, the temperature of the bath is set to 64 °C, meaning that the actual cooking temperature is 63 °C.


title: Sous vide

text: Regular cooking times are determined by when the center of the cooked item reaches a few degrees below the targeted temperature. Then heating should be stopped immediately. While the food rests, residual heat will continue to cook it for a while. If the heating continues, the food will be overcooked. The time taken for the center of food to reach the target temperature depends on the initial temperature, the thickness and shape of the food, and the temperature of the bath.


title: Sous vide

text: One limitation of sous vide cooking is that browning (Maillard reactions) happens at temperatures above the boiling point of water. The flavors and 'crust' texture developed by browning are generally seen as very desirable in the cooking of certain types of meat, such as a steak. The flavors and texture produced by browning cannot be obtained with only the sous vide technique. In many cases, chefs will brown meats and other foods before or after sous vide cooking, using techniques such as grilling or searing on an extremely hot pan. This secondary browning is done briefly, and sometimes at higher heat than usually used, so as to affect only the surface of the food and to avoid overcooking the interior. Similarly, the skin of fish can be cooked at high temperatures after the sous vide to make the skin crisp.


title: Sous vide

text: Food safety is a function of both time and temperature; a temperature usually considered insufficient to render food safe may be perfectly safe if maintained for long enough. Some sous vide fish recipes, for example, are cooked below . People with compromised immunity should never eat food that has not been properly pasteurized. Women eating food cooked sous vide while pregnant expose themselves and their fetus to risk and thus may choose to avoid unpasteurized recipes.


title: Sous vide

text: "Clostridium botulinum" bacteria can grow in food in the absence of oxygen and produce the deadly botulinum toxin, so sous vide cooking must be performed under carefully controlled conditions to avoid botulism poisoning. Generally speaking, food that is heated and served within four hours is considered safe, but meat that is cooked for longer to tenderize must reach a temperature of at least within four hours and then be kept there for sufficient time, to pasteurize the meat.


title: Sous vide

text: Pasteurization kills the botulism bacteria, but the possibility of hardy botulism spores surviving and reactivating once cool remains a concern as with many preserved foods, however processed. For that reason, Baldwin's treatise specifies precise chilling requirements for "cook-chill", so that the botulism spores do not have the opportunity to grow or propagate. Pasteurized food can then be stored for up to two weeks around sealed within the vacuum pack. Exposure to air also inactivates spore growth.


title: Sous vide

text: Most plastics release estrogenic chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors when heated. The degree of danger posed is controversial.


title: Sous vide

text: Also, some evidence shows that heterocyclic aromatic amines and bisphenol-A migrate from the plastic container into the food in sous vide cooking.


title: Sous vide

text: The sous vide method is used in many high-end gourmet restaurants by chefs such as Heston Blumenthal, Paul Bocuse, Michael Carlson, Thomas Keller, Grant Achatz, Ferran Adrià, Joël Robuchon, Philippe Rochat, Alessandro Stratta, Charlie Trotter, Michael Mina and Joan Roca. Amtrak also uses this method for meals served on their trains, including the "Acela Express".


title: Sous vide

text: Sous vide has become common on cooking TV shows such as "Iron Chef America "and "Top Chef", and in restaurants such as Panera Bread. It has also been used to quickly produce significant quantities of meals for hurricane evacuees. Nonprofessional cooks are also beginning to use sous vide cooking.


title: Sous vide

text: Initially, enthusiasts used laboratory-grade thermal immersion circulators, often bought used on eBay, which required very careful cleaning, and even then, were not recommended for kitchen use. Beginning in 2008, Auber Instruments and Fresh Meals Solutions made available comparatively inexpensive yet highly accurate PID controllers with attached thermocouple probes that could be used to control commercial rice cookers, slow cookers, electric stock pots, and similar apparatuses. In late 2009, several machines intended for home use and less expensive than laboratory-standard equipment were available for purchase.


title: Sous vide

text: Duplicating some effects of sous vide techniques is possible through the use of a rigid-sided, insulated container, such as a "beer cooler", filled with warm water, checked with an accurate thermometer, and coupled with resealable bags, which allow the air to be removed, to package the food for cooking. However, the heat loss involved in this technique makes it unfeasible for long-term (four-plus hours) cooking.


title: Sous vide

text: "Sous vide", French for "under vacuum", implies that food should be sealed in a plastic bag with all the air removed. As an alternative method to a commercial or home vacuum sealer, the food may be placed in an open-sided plastic bag, and then partially submerged into the water, which displaces/forces out the air. This method involves clipping the open side of the bag to the side of the pot to keep water from leaking into the opening. The goal is to have the food completely in contact with the hot water to ensure even cooking while reducing off flavors from oxidation.


title: Sous vide

text: Lower-cost units are now available in the form of a "stick", which has a clip to attach it to the side of the cooking vessel. Sous vide sticks provide a heating element, controller, and motorized impeller. The higher-cost units provide a more precise degree of control over the water temperature. Devices are becoming more user-friendly, with apps affiliated with most of the devices, including brands such as Nomiku and Anova Culinary. Apps guide people through the cooking process, with some units having voice-control integration and Wi-Fi interfaces to control the device remotely.


title: Laura Harrier

text: Laura Ruth Harrier (born March 28, 1990) is an American actress and model. She began modeling at the age of 17 after she was discovered by a location scout. She moved to New York City where she continued modeling and was represented by agencies such as IMG Models and Wilhelmina Models. She modeled for various mainstream magazines, appeared in campaigns for Urban Outfitters, Macy's and Steve Madden, and was the face of Garnier. After appearing in several commercials and student films, Harrier decided to pursue acting and studied at the William Esper Studio. She was first recognized for her role as Destiny Evans in the 2013 one-season reboot of the American soap opera "One Life to Live".


title: Laura Harrier

text: Harrier's role as Peter Parker's love interest Liz Allan in "" brought her international attention in 2017. She gained further recognition for portraying civil rights activist Patrice Dumas in "BlacKkKlansman" (2018), receiving a Black Reel Award nomination. She starred as an art student in the independent drama film "Balance, Not Symmetry" in 2019. In 2020, she received further attention for starring as Camille Washington in the Netflix miniseries "Hollywood".


title: Laura Harrier

text: Harrier is an ambassador for Louis Vuitton, and has modeled for other luxury brands like Bulgari, Calvin Klein, and Boss. She is outspoken about issues relating to civil rights and equality, frequently using her social media to raise awareness.


title: Laura Harrier

text: Laura Ruth Harrier was born on March 28, 1990 in Chicago, Illinois, and was raised in Evanston, Illinois. Her father, Temujin Harrier, is African American and her mother, Linda (née Sagan), is of Polish and English descent. Her father works in insurance and her mother is a speech pathologist. She has one younger brother, William. Her great-grandfather, through her maternal grandmother, Margaret Pickett Sagan, was J. Waskom Pickett, a notable minister, missionary, and philanthropist. As a child, she had a speech impediment until three years old, which her mother cured. Harrier was shy, so her mother put her in acting classes to gain more confidence. She attended Evanston Township High School, where she took some drama classes and played sports. While in high school, she became particularly interested in fashion and was voted best dressed. She began modeling at the age of 17 after being discovered by her mother's friend, a location scout.


title: Laura Harrier

text: After graduating high school in 2008, Harrier moved to New York City to study art history at the New York University Gallatin School of Individualized Study. Upon arrival, Harrier chose to defer enrollment to continue a career in modeling. Throughout her modeling career she was represented by several prestigious agencies including IMG Models, Wilhelmina Models, and Elite Model Management. Harrier modeled for magazines such as "Vogue", "Cosmopolitan", "Elle", and "Glamour". Additionally, she modeled for campaigns with companies such as Urban Outfitters, Macy's, American Eagle, Target, ALDO, Steve Madden, and L'Oréal. She was the face for Garnier for a time and appeared in one of their national commercials. She eventually found modeling to be unfulfilling and pursued acting after appearing in commercials and student films. Harrier studied acting in the two-year program the William Esper Studio, graduating in 2015. After graduating, she thought she would be doing "weird, Off Broadway theater".


title: Laura Harrier

text: While studying at the William Esper Studio, her first acting job was the main role of Destiny Evans in the only season of the web series reboot of the American soap opera "One Life to Live" (2013). The role was originated by actress Shenell Edmonds, who was offered the opportunity to reprise it in the reboot but declined; Harrier took over the role after auditioning. Errol Lewis from the "Soap Opera Network" wrote that Harrier "[has] nicely taken on the life of [her character]" and "the chemistry between [her and her on-screen boyfriend] is instantly there while leaving you wanting more".


title: Laura Harrier

text: Harrier next guest starred as Amber in the television series "Unforgettable" (2014), and made her film debut in "The Last Five Years" (2014) as a young woman who has an affair with Jamie, Jeremy Jordan's character. She was cast in the AMC pilot "Galyntine" (2014), opposite Alycia Debnam-Carey, which was filmed but not taken to series. In 2015, she appeared in the film "4th Man Out", and in her last year at William Esper she was cast in "Codes of Conduct", an HBO miniseries pilot created by Steve McQueen"." Harrier considers this pilot to be her "first real job". The pilot was filmed but the series was canceled and never aired.


title: Laura Harrier

text: Harrier starred alongside Rowan Blanchard and Mahershala Ali in "The Realest Real", a campaign film directed by Carrie Brownstein for luxury French fashion brand Kenzo in 2016. She also modeled for various campaigns for brands including Calvin Klein and Louis Vuitton, and became an ambassador for the latter and luxury Italian jewelry brand Bulgari.


title: Laura Harrier

text: In 2016, she also booked the role of Peter Parker's love interest Liz Allan in "" (2017). She did two auditions and then a screen test with Tom Holland before getting the role six weeks later. Her character was loosely based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, and Harrier was given the creative freedom to create a modern version of the character. "Spider-Man: Homecoming" was Harrier's first blockbuster film, a box office success grossing over $880 million worldwide and receiving generally positive reviews. The film brought Harrier greater celebrity, while her performance was met with mixed reviews; some critics praised her for avoiding the damsel in distress trope and breaking barriers as the first love interest of color, and others were disappointed in her character's development and lack of screen time. In a negative review, Dana Schwartz of "Marie Claire" said, "Liz is always reactionary; she doesn't "do" anything ... [she] could literally be replaced by an object and ... the movie wouldn't change at all." Jim Vejvoda from "IGN" said "Harrier nicely plays against expectations". Mark Hughes wrote for "Forbes" that Harrier is a "welcome change to the usual romantic interests in superhero film" and plays Liz as a "likable, sympathetic, type-A person".


title: Laura Harrier

text: In June 2017, it was announced that Harrier would be portraying Millie Montag in "Fahrenheit 451", HBO's film adaptation of the 1953 novel of the same name, opposite Michael B. Jordan; however, her scenes were later removed by the director who decided the character did not fit with the storyline and wanted to shorten the film's runtime.


title: Laura Harrier

text: Harrier co-starred as Patrice Dumas, a civil rights activist, in the film "BlacKkKlansman" (2018) opposite John David Washington, Adam Driver, and Topher Grace. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2018, where it won the Grand Prix, and was theatrically released in August 2018. The director, Spike Lee, handpicked Harrier after seeing an audition tape she had done for another project. In preparation for the role, Harrier met with activist Kathleen Cleaver and other women who were in the Black Power movement; studied Angela Davis; and contacted people who were in the Black Student Union at Colorado College during the 1970s. She also spoke with her father, who dealt with racism while living in South Side, and as the only black student at his boarding school in Michigan; his ancestors were slaves. Harrier also attended several of Lee's classes at New York University where he is a film professor. For her performance, Harrier received positive reviews, and was nominated for a Black Reel Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.


title: Laura Harrier

text: In 2019, director Jamie Adams offered Harrier the lead role in his film "Balance, Not Symmetry"; she accepted the part due to the project being mostly improvised and being good friends with Bria Vinaite, her co-star in the film. She plays Caitlyn Walker, an art student at the Glasgow School of Art, who is struggling with the recent death of her father. The film was a critical failure. Cath Clarke of "The Guardian" thought Harrier gave a "blank performance".


title: Laura Harrier

text: She starred in the Netflix miniseries "Hollywood" (2020) by Ryan Murphy as Camille Washington, an up-and-coming black actress facing prejudice during the Hollywood Golden Age in the post-World War II era. Harrier primarily drew inspiration for her role from actress Dorothy Dandridge, and to a lesser extent from singer and actress Lena Horne. To prepare for the Academy Award scene, Harrier studied Halle Berry's acceptance speech at the 74th Academy Awards. The series and Harrier's performance received mixed reviews, and some critics compared her performance unfavorably to her work in "BlacKkKlansman". Darren Franich and Kristen Baldwin from "Entertainment Weekly" thought she was "so charismatic in "BlacKkKlansman"", but remarked "there’s no sign of that fire here". "The Hollywood Reporter"'s Daniel Fienberg noted she "looks the part", but believed Camille was underdeveloped. Gabriel Tate from the "i" newspaper gave a positive review, regarding her "heartbreakingly convincing". In July 2020, Harrier played a young woman going through a breakup in the music video for "What's Love Got to Do with It", the remix version by Kygo of the original Tina Turner song. Harrier was cast in "Finch" (2021) with Tom Hanks, but her role was cut from the film; she was also cast in "The Starling" (2021) alongside Melissa McCarthy.


title: Laura Harrier

text: In May 2022, Harrier was cast in the remake of Ron Shelton's "White Men Can't Jump" for 20th Century Studios. She appeared in the biographical series "Mike", about American boxer Mike Tyson. Harrier will have a voice role in Netflix’s "Entergalactic".


title: Laura Harrier

text: Harrier has been a vegetarian since she was eight years old. After graduating high school, Harrier moved to New York City in 2008, relocating to Los Angeles in 2019; she has said that she made the move to advance her career. Harrier is also a patron of the arts and exhibitions and collects art that decorates her home.


title: Laura Harrier

text: Harrier is a supporter of civil rights and advocates for issues such as intersectional feminism, transgender rights, gun control, gender equality, and representation for both Black people and people of color in general. She frequently uses her Instagram to call out injustices and has voiced support for Planned Parenthood and the American Civil Liberties Union. She was also one of the celebrity signatories for the Time's Up movement, and donated $1,000 to support the cause.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: The Place Beyond the Pines is a 2012 American epic crime drama film directed by Derek Cianfrance, and written by Cianfrance, Ben Coccio, and Darius Marder. The film tells three linear stories: Luke (Ryan Gosling), a motorcycle stunt rider who supports his family through a life of crime; Avery (Bradley Cooper), an ambitious policeman who confronts his corrupt police department; and two troubled teenagers (Emory Cohen and Dane DeHaan) who explore the aftermath of Luke and Avery's actions fifteen years later. The supporting cast includes Eva Mendes, with Ben Mendelsohn, Rose Byrne, Mahershala Ali, Bruce Greenwood, Harris Yulin, and Ray Liotta.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Cianfrance was inspired to write "The Place Beyond the Pines" based on his experiences as a father. Coccio and Marder, who shared similar interests in film and media, helped write the script. Cianfrance envisioned the main themes to be about fathers and sons, masculine identity and legacy. The film reunites Cianfrance and Gosling, who had previously worked together in 2010's "Blue Valentine". The role of Luke was written for Gosling, as he expressed an interest in playing a bank robber. Filming took place in Schenectady, New York, during the summer of 2011.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: "The Place Beyond the Pines" premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival, followed by a United States theatrical release on March 29, 2013. Focus Features purchased the distribution rights after being impressed by the film screening. It received a generally positive response from critics and moderate success at the box office. The soundtrack was composed by Mike Patton and included music by Estonian composer Arvo Pärt and Ennio Morricone.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: In 1995, Luke Glanton is a traveling motorcycle stuntman with a carnival. In Schenectady, Luke reunites with his ex-lover Romina Gutierrez, who is now dating another man named Kofi Kancam. Luke discovers that Romina has a baby named Jason whom he unknowingly fathered the previous year but Romina never revealed to him. Luke leaves the carnival tour to stay in Schenectady with Romina and Jason.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Luke begins working part-time for mechanic Robin Van Der Hook. He asks Robin for more work, but Robin cannot offer it, legitimately. Robin reveals his past as a bank robber and suggests they should commit several robberies together. Luke accepts the offer as Robin lets him stay in a caravan next to his place. They commit several robberies; Luke robs the bank at gunpoint, uses his motorcycle to get away, and quickly rides it into an inconspicuous Luton van, driven by Robin.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Luke seduces Romina and they have sex in his caravan. He begins spending more time with her and Jason. Later, Luke lets himself into Romina and Kofi's house and attempts to assemble a cot for Jason. Kofi demands that Luke leave, but Luke strikes him with a spanner. He is arrested and Robin bails him out of jail; Luke explains that he wants to give his money to Romina for Jason's future. Desperate and angry, Luke insists on resuming their robberies, but Robin refuses. The pair fall out, and Robin dismantles Luke's motorcycle. Luke then robs Robin and uses the money to buy a new bike.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Luke attempts to rob a bank alone but it does not go according to plan. He is quickly pursued by police and then flees on foot. He enters a stranger's home and goes to the top floor, phones Romina, and asks her not to tell Jason about him. A novice police officer, Avery Cross, enters the room and impulsively shoots Luke in the stomach. Luke fires back, hitting Avery in the leg, but Luke falls out of the window to his death.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Avery, a married man with a wife and baby son, is hailed as a hero after the incident. He feels remorseful, but tells amenable police investigators that Luke shot first. A group of veteran, corrupt officers coerce Avery to join them in illegally seizing the stolen bank money from Romina's home. Later, Avery tries to return it to Romina, who rejects it. Avery attempts to hand the money over to the corrupt chief of police, who rebuffs him. Discouraged and fearful of lethal retaliation from the corrupt police department, Avery secretly records other illegal practices in the department and uses this recording as leverage with the district attorney to obtain a coveted position as an assistant district attorney.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Fifteen years later in 2012 , Avery is running for Attorney General of New York. His son, A.J., is a rebellious teenager and a drug user, who has been living with Avery's ex-wife, Jennifer. A.J. moves in with his father and transfers to Schenectady High School. A.J. befriends the now-teenage Jason, but neither know the history between their fathers. The pair are later arrested for felony drug possession, but when Avery collects his son from the police station, he recognizes Jason's name. He gets Jason's charge dropped to a misdemeanor and orders A.J. to stay away from him.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Kofi tells Jason his father's name, allowing Jason to discover Luke's past on the internet. Jason visits Robin, who tells him more about Luke, and their robberies. In school, A.J. pressures Jason to steal Oxycontin for a party. At the party, Jason discovers that A.J.'s father, Avery, is the man who killed his father, Luke. After a violent confrontation with A.J., Jason is hospitalized and then buys a gun shortly after being released. He goes to the Cross family home, assaults A.J., and takes Avery as hostage. Jason forces him to drive into the woods, where Avery breaks down and apologizes. Jason leaves him unharmed but takes his wallet. Inside it, Jason finds a photo of him and his parents, which Avery had stolen from the evidence locker.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Some time later, Avery wins his bid for New York attorney general, celebrating with A.J. at his side. Romina receives an envelope addressed to "Mom", with the old photograph inside. Jason purchases a motorcycle and rides away.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Cianfrance's inspiration for the story first started when he saw Abel Gance's 1927 silent film "Napoleon", which uses a triptych (three-screen) technique to play out multiple stories at once. In 2007, the birth of Cianfrance's second son reignited the idea, and he started to think about being a father again and the responsibilities involved. "That got me to thinking about the fire I felt inside me, which had been with me for as long as I could remember. It helped me to do many things. But it was also, many times, a destructive and painful force", he said. He stated it was important for him, as an artist, to do something personal and challenging. He also read the works of Jack London, including the novel "The Call of the Wild," and became intrigued with the idea of legacy and what our ancestors had to do for survival. Shortly, Cianfrance met Ben Coccio, who shared a similar interest of books and films, and they began writing the screenplay. The third screenwriter, Darius Marder, joined the project four months before principal photography began.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Meanwhile, Cianfrance was still working on the film "Blue Valentine" (2010), which stars Ryan Gosling. In 2007, Gosling told him about a fantasy which involved "robbing a bank, on a motorcycle, and then making a very specific getaway." Cianfrance told Gosling, "You've got to be kidding me, I'm writing that movie right now." The pair shared numerous identical ideas, and knew that "The Place Beyond the Pines" would be another opportunity to work together again. Cianfrance envisioned the story to be about fathers and sons, masculine identity, "reinvention or transformation of the self for a man over a period". He added, "It's about legacy—what we're born with and what we pass on. It's about the choices we make and how those choices echo throughout generations. It's a classic tale of the sins of the father being visited upon the son".


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: While Cianfrance is not a fan of violence in film, he is drawn to displaying the narrative of it and "how a gun could come in" and affect peoples' lives. The first draft of the script ran over 160 pages, which required much refinement from the three writers. Once filming began, they had produced 37 versions of the script. Coccio came up with the title from the Iroquoios translation of Schenectady—"the place beyond the pines". The city is where Coccio spent his childhood, and Cianfrance frequently visits. The writers sent the final script to Sidney Kimmel Entertainment; they financed the film and gave the director and crew "a lot of trust, space and time".


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: While the role of Luke Glanton was created for Ryan Gosling, Bradley Cooper was offered the role of Avery Cross, due to him and Gosling having a similar type of charisma, and both bringing a "different energy" to the screen. Cooper was hesitant signing on for the role, but Cianfrance adapted the script for Cooper, and told him that he would not make the film without him. Cianfrance considered a number of actresses for the role of Romina Gutierrez, but he wanted to cast Eva Mendes from the beginning. "She has such a magnetic screen presence [...] I saw the deep, thoughtful, warm, generous, unpredictable person inside Eva", he said.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: The role of Peter Deluca was written for Ray Liotta, who starred in one of Cianfrance's favorite films, "Goodfellas" (1990). Over 500 boys auditioned for the roles of Jason Glanton and A. J. Cross, with Dane DeHaan and Emory Cohen being selected, respectively. Cianfrance recalls that in the boys' first audition together, their discussion about favorite actors produced a "conflict", and he thought this chemistry would translate well on screen. Greta Gerwig was reported to join the cast as Jennifer Cross, but the part went to Rose Byrne instead.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Principal photography began in the summer of 2011, lasted for 47 days and took place in Schenectady, New York. Filming locations included real places, including banks, police stations, a hospital, high school and town fair. Cianfrance said it was important real places were used for "sense of place and truth". While filming in these places, the extras were also real: bank tellers, police officers, hospital patients and staff, and students. Some of the cast, including Cooper and Ray Liotta, spent time with real police officers in Schenectady to learn about their roles. The production went smoothly except for when Hurricane Irene struck the city which flooded the equipment trucks. The crew took a canoe to the truck and rescued the film footage that was left behind, and continued filming the next day.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Cianfrance considered the cast to be collaborators, and encouraged them to improvise some of their dialogue to make it "alive" and "true". Remarking on his directing style, he said "I'm not a dictator on set, I don't force my actors to do things. I allow a democracy of ideas on set". He also demanded utmost commitment from the cast and crew, despite them not staying in luxury hotels or big trailers, and filming in places with bee hives and mosquito infestations. Gosling learned to ride a motorcycle for filming the action scenes, and trained with stuntman Rick Miller for two months. Gosling performed many of his own stunts; in one robbery scene, he rode in heavy traffic whilst being pursued by police, which required 22 takes to perfect. He also gained 40 pounds (18 kg) of muscle and worked with designer Ben Shields to design tattoos for his character's body.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Sean Bobbitt served as cinematographer, who preferred using handheld cameras and natural lighting. Cianfrance saw Bobbitt's experience as a war photographer as an advantage, and was impressed with his process and sense of composition, which proved useful for a scene in the beginning which featured a tracking shot towards the globe of death. Bobbitt initially stood inside the globe to capture footage of the motorcyclists, but a bike hit his head and he suffered a concussion. As a result, the director did not allow him inside again. Editing proved to be a challenge due to the amount of story to explore, and the rough cut of the film ran in excess of three hours. Cianfrance's close friends, Jim Helton and Ron Patane, served as editors which made the experience "bearable". The final cut of the film took nine months, seven days a week, and sixteen hours a day, to complete.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: The score for "The Place Beyond the Pines" was composed by Mike Patton, who, according to Cianfrance, "understood the haunted qualities of the story". Cianfrance had been a fan of Patton's work since the early 1990s and described his work as "cinematic". The soundtrack album features a selection of music by various artists including Arvo Pärt, Bon Iver, Ennio Morricone, and Vladimir Ivanoff. The album was released by Sony's Milan Records on May 7, 2013.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: "The Place Beyond the Pines" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2012. Shortly, Focus Features announced their decision to acquire the distribution rights from Sidney Kimmel Entertainment. Focus CEO James Schamus and president Andrew Karpen said, "Derek Cianfrance has made a bold, epic, and emotionally generous saga, once again showing a master's hand in eliciting searingly beautiful performances from the actors with whom he collaborates."


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: The film received a limited release in the United States on March 29, 2013, followed by a wide release on April 12, 2013. The film earned $21.4 million in North America and $25.6 million internationally for a worldwide $47 million, against its $15 million production budget.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: "The Place Beyond the Pines" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 6, 2013. A limited edition steelbook was also released, which included audio commentary from the director, deleted and extended scenes, as well as behind-the-scenes footage.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 223 reviews, with an average score of 7.23/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Ambitious to a fault, "The Place Beyond the Pines" finds writer/director Derek Cianfrance reaching for—and often grasping—thorny themes of family, fatherhood, and fate." The film has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Writing for the Indiewire "Playlist" blog, Kevin Jagernauth praised the film as an "ambitious epic that is cut from some of the same thematic tissue as Cianfrance's previous film, but expands the scope into a wondrously widescreen tale of fathers, sons and the legacy of sins that are passed down through the generations". "The Daily Telegraph" critic"," Robbie Collin, drew attention to the film's "lower-key and largely un-starry third act" that was criticized in early reviews. "In fact, it's the key to deciphering the entire film," he wrote. Collin drew parallels between Gosling's character and James Dean's Jim Stark in "Rebel Without a Cause" (1955)"," and said Cianfrance's film was "great American cinema of the type we keep worrying we've already lost." "Toronto Star's" Peter Howell gave the film a positive review, writing ""The Place Beyond the Pines" flirts with exhaustion and threatens credulity with its extreme generational conflicts and use of coincidence. Cianfrance and his sterling cast keep it all together [...] There’s a palpable sense of teamwork that brings out the best in all of these players." Claudia Puig of "USA Today" complimented the film for its "insightful study of masculinity", visual style and engaging look at a multi-generational saga. Puig opined that it was one of 2013's boldest films.


title: The Place Beyond the Pines

text: Writing for the "Los Angeles Times", Betsy Sharkey described the film as "intimate" and praised the actors performances despite a bulky script. In his review for "Chicago Tribune", Michael Phillips gave the film 3½ out of 4 stars; he thought the transition between the three stories gave the film humanistic quality. "The people in it really do seem like people, not pieces of plot", he wrote. However, he was critical of the last third of the film, which felt long, but credited the cinematography, music and editing for keeping the "momentum flowing subtly". David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" praised the acting, cinematography, atmosphere, and score, but criticized the film's narrative flow. Henry Barnes of "The Guardian" gave a mixed review, writing: ""The Place Beyond the Pines" is ambitious and epic, perhaps to a fault. It's a long, slow watch in the final act, a detour into the next generation that sees the sons of Luke and Avery pick away at their daddy issues together. Cianfrance signposts the ripple effects of crime with giant motorway billboards, then pootles along, following a storyline that drops off Mendes and Byrne before winding on to its obvious conclusion." "Slant Magazine"s Ed Gonzalez gave the film a negative review, and criticized the film's plot, themes, "self-importance", shallow characters, and melodramatic nature.


title: Continuously variable transmission

text: A continuously variable transmission (CVT) is an automatic transmission that can change seamlessly through a continuous range of gear ratios. This contrasts with other transmissions that provide a limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant RPM while the vehicle moves at varying speeds.


title: Continuously variable transmission

text: CVTs are used in cars, tractors, side-by-sides, motor scooters, snowmobiles, bicycles, and earthmoving equipment.


title: Continuously variable transmission

text: The most common type of CVT uses two pulleys connected by a belt or chain; however, several other designs have also been used at times.


title: Continuously variable transmission

text: The most common type of CVT uses a V-belt which runs between two variable-diameter pulleys. The pulleys consist of two cone-shaped halves that move together and apart. The V-belt runs between these two-halves, so the effective diameter of the pulley is dependent on the distance between the two-halves of the pulley. The V-shaped cross-section of the belt causes it to ride higher on one pulley and lower on the other; therefore, the gear ratio is adjusted by moving the two sheaves of one pulley closer together and the two sheaves of the other pulley farther apart.


title: Continuously variable transmission

text: As the distance between the pulleys and the length of the belt does not change, both pulleys must be adjusted (one bigger, the other smaller) simultaneously to maintain the proper amount of tension on the belt. Simple CVTs combining a centrifugal drive pulley with a spring-loaded driven pulley often use belt tension to affect the conforming adjustments in the driven pulley. The V-belt needs to be very stiff in the pulley's axial direction to make only short radial movements while sliding in and out of the pulleys.


title: Continuously variable transmission

text: The radial thickness of the belt is a compromise between the maximum gear ratio and torque. Steel-reinforced V-belts are sufficient for low-mass, low-torque applications like utility vehicles and snowmobiles, but higher-mass and -torque applications such as automobiles require a chain. Each element of the chain must have conical sides that fit the pulley when the belt is running on the outermost radius. As the chain moves into the pulleys the contact area gets smaller. As the contact area is proportional to the number of elements, chain belts require many very small elements.


title: Continuously variable transmission

text: A belt-driven design offers approximately 88% efficiency, which, while lower than that of a manual transmission, can be offset by enabling the engine to run at its most efficient RPM regardless of the vehicle's speed. When power is more important than economy, the ratio of the CVT can be changed to allow the engine to turn at the RPM at which it produces the greatest power.


title: Continuously variable transmission

text: In a chain-based CVT, numerous chain elements are arranged along multiple steel bands layered over one another, each of which is thin enough to easily bend. When part of the belt is wrapped around a pulley, the sides of the elements form a conical surface. In the stack of bands, each band corresponds to a slightly different drive ratio, and thus the bands slide over each other and need sufficient lubrication. An additional film of lubricant is applied to the pulleys. The film needs to be thick enough to prevent direct contact between the pulley and the chain, but thin enough to not waste power as each chain element enters it.


title: Continuously variable transmission

text: Some CVTs transfer power to the output pulley via tension in the belt (a "pulling" force), while others use compression of the chain elements (where the input pulley "pushes" the belt, which in turn pushes the output pulley).


title: Continuously variable transmission

text: Positively Infinitely Variable (PIV) chain drives are distinct in that the chain positively interlocks with the conical pulleys. This is achieved by having a stack of many small rectangular plates in each chain link that can slide independently from side-to-side. The plates may be quite thin, around a millimetre thick. The conical pulleys have radial grooves. A groove on one side of the pulley is met with a ridge on the other side and so the sliding plates are pushed back and forth to conform to the pattern, effectively forming teeth of the correct pitch when squeezed between the pulleys. Due to the interlocking surfaces, this type of drive can transmit significant torque and so has been widely used in industrial applications. However, the maximum speed is significantly lower than other pulley-based CVTs. The sliding plates will slowly wear over years of usage. Therefore the plates are made longer than is needed, allowing for more wear before the chain must be refurbished or replaced. Constant lubrication is required and so the housing is usually partially filled with oil.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Marlon Andres Vera Delgado (born December 2, 1992) is an Ecuadorian professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Bantamweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Vera first appeared on "". As of October 24, 2022, he is #4 in the UFC bantamweight rankings.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera was born into a middle-class family in Chone, Ecuador. He has an older sister and brother. Causing ruckus and getting into street fights throughout his youth, Vera started training in Brazilian jiu-jitsu in his newly-adopted hometown of Guayaquil at the age of 16.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera began training as an amateur in 2011 and made his professional debut in February 2012. He compiled a record of 6–1–1, competing for regional promotions in Latin America before trying out for The Ultimate Fighter in 2014.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Over the course of the show, Vera first defeated Henry Briones in the quarterfinals via knockout. Subsequently, Vera was forced out of his semi-final bout with a skin infection and was replaced by Guido Cannetti.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera made his official debut against fellow castmate Marco Beltrán on November 15, 2014 at UFC 180. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Marlon Vera

text: For his next bout, Vera faced Roman Salazar on August 8, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 73. He won the fight via submission in the second round. He also earned a "Performance of the Night" bonus.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera faced Davey Grant on February 27, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 84. Vera lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera was expected to face Ning Guangyou on August 20, 2016 at UFC 202. Subsequently, on August 9, 2016 it was revealed that Guangyou had tested positive for trace amounts of clenbuterol in relation to an out-of-competition drug test taken on May 19. Guangyou was cleared of wrongdoing after it was determined by USADA that he had possibly ingested tainted meat from China. As a result, he was not punished. The bout was rescheduled and expected to take place the following week at UFC on Fox 21. In turn, the bout was postponed again due to alleged visa issues for Guangyou, which restricted the timing of his travel. The pairing eventually took place at featherweight on November 27, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 101. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera was briefly tabbed as a short notice replacement to face Jimmie Rivera on January 15, 2017. However, Rivera declined the fight and the pairing was scrapped.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera was an injury replacement for Henry Briones to face Brad Pickett on March 18, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 107. Due to the short notice and preparation for Vera, the bout was contested at a catchweight of 140 lbs. He won the fight via TKO in the third round for which he was awarded a "Performance of the Night" bonus.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera faced Brian Kelleher on July 22, 2017 at UFC on Fox 25. He won the fight via submission in the first round.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera faced John Lineker on October 28, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 119. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera faced Douglas Silva de Andrade on February 3, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 125. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera faced Guido Cannetti on November 17, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 140. He won the fight via a rear-naked choke in round two.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera was expected to face Thomas Almeida on March 2, 2019 at UFC 235. However Almeida pulled out of the fight on January 31, citing an injury, and was replaced by Frankie Saenz. In turn, Vera pulled out of the fight on February 27 due to illness and the bout was scrapped from the event. The bout was rescheduled to UFC Fight Night 148. Vera won the fight via technical knockout in round one.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera was scheduled to face Sean O'Malley on July 6, 2019 at UFC 239. However, O'Malley announced his withdraw from the bout on June 21, 2019 due a failed test for ostarine. O'Malley was replaced by newcomer Nohelin Hernandez. He won the fight via a rear-naked choke in round two.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera faced Andre Ewell on October 12, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 161. He won the fight via technical knockout. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" bonus award.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera was scheduled to face Jimmie Rivera on February 8, 2020 at UFC 247. However, Rivera pulled out of the fight on January 23 citing an injury. In turn, promotion officials elected to remove Vera from the card.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera was expected to face Eddie Wineland on March 28, 2020 at . However, the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Instead, Vera faced Song Yadong in a featherweight bout on May 16, 2020 at . He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Both participants earned the "Fight of the Night "award.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera faced Sean O'Malley on August 15, 2020 at UFC 252. Vera defeated O'Malley via first round TKO. Vera finished O'Malley with a flurry of strikes after dropping him with a calf kick.


title: Marlon Vera

text: A rematch of Vera's 2016 bout with Davey Grant took place on June 19, 2021 at UFC on ESPN 25. Vera won the bout this time via unanimous decision. The bout earned both fighters the "Fight of the Night "award.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera faced Frankie Edgar on November 6, 2021 at UFC 268. Vera won the fight via front kick knockout in round three. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera faced Rob Font on April 30, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 35. At the weigh-ins, Font weighed in at 138.5 pounds, two and half pounds over the bantamweight non-title fight limit. The bout proceeded at a catchweight with Font forfeiting 20% of his purse to Vera. Vera won the bout via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award and also Font's bonus due to his weight miss.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera faced Dominick Cruz on August 13, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 41. Vera won the fight via knockout in the fourth round. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera is married to María Paulina Escobar. They have two daughters, Ana Paula (b. 2011), Eliana (b. 2018), and a son, José Ignacio (b. 2015). Ana Paula has a rare neurological condition Möbius syndrome, for which Vera created a GoFundMe account. In June 2018, Vera announced that they had raised sufficient donations for a surgery, which was planned to take place in California during the summer of 2018.


title: Marlon Vera

text: Vera signed an advertisement deal with Pepsi through which his fans will see him on billboards all across his home country.


title: Aurelian

text: Aurelian (; 9 September 214 October 275) was a Roman emperor, who reigned during the Crisis of the Third Century, from 270 to 275. As emperor, he won an unprecedented series of military victories which reunited the Roman Empire after it had nearly disintegrated under the pressure of barbarian invasions and internal revolts.


title: Aurelian

text: Born in humble circumstances, near the Danube River, he entered the Roman military in 235, and climbed up the ranks. He went on to lead the cavalry of the emperor Gallienus, until Gallienus' assassination in 268. Following that, Claudius Gothicus became emperor until his own death in 270. Claudius' brother Quintillus ruled the empire for three months, before Aurelian became emperor.


title: Aurelian

text: During his reign, he defeated the Alamanni after a devastating war. He also defeated the Goths, Vandals, Juthungi, Sarmatians, and Carpi. Aurelian restored the Empire's eastern provinces after his conquest of the Palmyrene Empire in 273. The following year he conquered the Gallic Empire in the west, reuniting the Empire in its entirety. He was also responsible for the construction of the Aurelian Walls in Rome, the abandonment of the province of Dacia, and monetary reform, trying to curb the devaluation of the Roman currency.


title: Aurelian

text: Although Domitian, two centuries earlier, was the first emperor who had demanded to be officially hailed as "dominus et deus" ("master and god"), these titles never occurred in written form on official documents until the reign of Aurelian. His successes were instrumental in ending the crisis, earning him the title ("Restorer of the World").


title: Aurelian

text: Many details about Aurelian's early life come from the "Historia Augusta" and are considered unreliable. Comparative research with other sources from his era has rendered some details more secure than others. The 6th-century chronicler John Malalas wrote that he died at the age of 61, hence he was born in 214. Aurelian was born on 9 September, a date recorded in the "Chronograph of 354".


title: Aurelian

text: The "Historia Augusta" describes him both as a Pannonian from Sirmium and as a native of Dacia Ripensis "which he founded so that he would have been a Moesian". Pseudo-Victor and John Xiphilinus place his birthplace in an area between Dacia Ripensis and Macedonia (overlapping with Dacia Mediterranea). Modern research considers Dacia Ripensis as the more likely region. When he was born this region was part of Moesia Superior. Aurelian was an Illyrian like several other emperors of the late 3rd century (Illyrian Emperors) all of whom shared a common military background. Pseudo-Victor describes his father as a "colonus" (tenant farmer) who worked the lands of a senator named Aurelius. Aurelian's father was probably a veteran of the Roman army. He married the daughter of Aurelius from whom Aurelian received his name via his mother. The "Historia Augusta" describes her as "priestess of Sol", whose worship Aurelian promoted as Emperor (Sol Invictus). These two propositions, together with the tradition that the clan Aurelius had been entrusted with the maintenance of that deity's cult in Rome, inspired the notion that this could explain the devotion to the sun-god that Aurelian was to manifest as emperor. However, it seems that this extrapolation of unverifiable facts is now generally accepted as being no more than just that.


title: Aurelian

text: It is commonly accepted that Aurelian probably joined the army in 235 at around age twenty. It is also generally assumed that, as a member of the lowest rank of society albeit a citizen he would have enlisted in the ranks of the legions. Saunders suggests that his career is more easily understood if it is assumed that his family was of Roman settler origins with a tradition of military service and that he enlisted as an equestrian. This would have opened up for him the "tres militia" the three steps of the equestrian military career one of the routes to higher equestrian office in the Imperial Service. This could be a more expeditious route to senior military and procuratorial offices than that pursued by ex-rankers, although not necessarily less laborious. However, although Saunders's conjecture as to Aurelian's early career is not supported by any evidence other than his "nomen" which could indicate Italian settler ancestry — and even this is contested — his rise to the highest ranks is more easily understood if he did not have to start from the bottom. His suggestion has not been taken up by other academic authorities.


title: Aurelian

text: Whatever his origins, Aurelian certainly must have built up a very solid reputation for military competence during the tumultuous mid-decades of the century. To be sure, the exploits detailed in the "Historia Augusta" , while not always impossible, are not supported by any independent evidence and one at least is demonstrably an invention typical of that author. However, he was probably associated with Gallienus's cavalry army and shone as an officer of that elite unit because, when he finally emerged in a historically reliable context in the early part of the reign of Claudius II, he seems to have been its commander.


title: Aurelian

text: The existence of Ulpius Crinitus has been doubted by many historians. If he did exist he would have been a "dux" of the Illyrian and Thracian legions. Ulpius was reportedly born in the city of Italica, in modern Spain. He took an interest in Aurelian's early career. Aurelian was reportedly his deputy for a time. When a group of Goths invaded Illyria and Thrace, Ulpius had fallen ill, so he ordered Aurelian to deal with the invaders. Aurelian was designated as legate of the Third Legion. He used his force of 2,500 auxiliaries, and the armies of four Germanic chieftains to defeat the Goths in battle. Aurelian used the resources gained from the battles to enrich the provinces. After the battle, Crinitus thanked Valerian, the emperor at the time, for providing him with such a talented deputy. Crinitus adopted Aurelian as his heir, either voluntarily or possibly through force. Emperor Valerian attended the adoption ceremony which took place in the baths of Byzantium. Following this, Crinitus disappeared from the historical record. A painting showing Ulpius Crinitus alongside Aurelian has been found in the Temple of Sol, adding to the veracity of his existence.


title: Aurelian

text: Aurelian's successes as a cavalry commander ultimately made him a member of Emperor Gallienus' entourage. In 268, Aurelian and his cavalry participated in general Claudius' victory over the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. Later that year, Gallienus travelled to Italy and fought Aureolus, his former general and now usurper for the throne. Driving Aureolus back into Mediolanum, Gallienus promptly besieged his adversary in the city. However, during the siege the Emperor was assassinated. One source says Aurelian, who was present at the siege, participated and supported general Claudius for the purple — which is plausible.


title: Aurelian

text: Aurelian was married to Ulpia Severina, about whom little is known. She was from Dacia. They are known to have had a daughter together.


title: Aurelian

text: Claudius was acclaimed emperor by the soldiers outside Mediolanum. The new emperor immediately ordered the Senate to deify Gallienus. Next, Claudius began to distance himself from those responsible for his predecessor's assassination, ordering the execution of those directly involved. Aureolus was still besieged in Mediolanum and sought reconciliation with the new emperor, but Claudius had no sympathy for a potential rival. The emperor had Aureolus killed and one source implicates Aurelian in the deed, perhaps even signing the warrant for his death himself.


title: Aurelian

text: During the reign of Claudius, Aurelian was promoted rapidly: he was given command of the elite Dalmatian cavalry and soon promoted to overall head of the army after the emperor and what had been Emperor Claudius' own position before his acclamation. The war against Aureolus and the concentration of forces in Italy allowed the Alamanni to break through the Rhaetian limes along the upper Danube. Marching through Raetia and the Alps unhindered, they entered northern Italy and began pillaging the area. In early 269, emperor Claudius and Aurelian marched north to meet the Alamanni, defeating them at the Battle of Lake Benacus.


title: Aurelian

text: While still dealing with the defeated enemy, news came from the Balkans reporting large-scale attacks from the Heruli, Goths, Gepids, and Bastarnae. Claudius immediately dispatched Aurelian to the Balkans to contain the invasion as best he could until Claudius could arrive with his main army. The Goths were besieging Thessalonica when they heard of emperor Claudius' approach, causing them to abandon the siege and pillage north-eastern Macedonia. Aurelian intercepted the Goths with his Dalmatian cavalry and defeated them in a series of minor skirmishes, killing as many as three thousand of the enemy. Aurelian continued to harass the enemy, driving them northward into Upper Moesia where emperor Claudius had assembled his main army. The ensuing battle was indecisive: the northward advance of the Goths was halted but Roman losses were heavy.


title: Aurelian

text: Claudius could not afford another pitched battle, so he instead laid a successful ambush, killing thousands. However, the majority of the Goths escaped and began retreating south the way they had come. For the rest of year, Aurelian harassed the enemy with his Dalmatian cavalry.


title: Aurelian

text: Now stranded in Roman territory, the Goths' lack of provisions began to take its toll. Aurelian, sensing his enemies' desperation, attacked them with the full force of his cavalry, killing many and driving the remainder westward into Thrace. As winter set in, the Goths retreated into the Haemus Mountains, only to find themselves trapped and surrounded. The harsh conditions now exacerbated their shortage of food. However, the Romans underestimated the Goths and let their guard down, allowing the enemy to break through their lines and escape. Apparently emperor Claudius ignored advice, perhaps from Aurelian, and withheld the cavalry and sent in only the infantry to stop their break-out.


title: Aurelian

text: The determined Goths killed many of the oncoming infantry and were only prevented from slaughtering them all when Aurelian finally charged in with his Dalmatian cavalry. The Goths still managed to escape and continued their march through Thrace. The Roman army continued to follow the Goths during the spring and summer of 270. Meanwhile, a devastating plague swept through the Balkans, killing many soldiers in both armies.


title: Aurelian

text: Emperor Claudius fell ill on the march to the battle and returned to his regional headquarters in Sirmium, leaving Aurelian in charge of operations against the Goths. Aurelian used his cavalry to great effect, breaking the Goths into smaller groups which were easier to handle. By late summer the Goths were defeated: any survivors were stripped of their animals and booty and were levied into the army or settled as farmers in frontier regions. Aurelian had no time to relish his victories; in late August news arrived from Sirmium that emperor Claudius was dead.


title: Aurelian

text: When Claudius died, his brother Quintillus seized power with support of the Senate. With an act typical of the Crisis of the Third Century, the army refused to recognize the new emperor, preferring to support one of its own commanders: Aurelian was proclaimed emperor about May 270 by the legions in Sirmium. Aurelian defeated Quintillus' troops, and was recognized as emperor by the Senate after Quintillus' death. The claim that Aurelian was chosen by Claudius on his death bed can be dismissed as propaganda; later, probably in 272, Aurelian put his own "dies imperii" at the day of Claudius' death, thus implicitly considering Quintillus a usurper.


title: Aurelian

text: With his base of power secure, he now turned his attention to Rome's greatest problems — recovering the vast territories lost over the previous two decades, and reforming the "res publica".


title: Aurelian

text: In 248, Emperor Philip the Arab had celebrated the millennium of the city of Rome with great and expensive ceremonies and games, and the Empire had given a tremendous proof of self-confidence. In the following years, however, the Empire had to face a huge pressure from external enemies, while, at the same time, dangerous civil wars threatened the empire from within, with usurpers weakening the strength of the state. Also, the economic substrate of the state, agriculture and commerce, suffered from the disruption caused by the instability. On top of this an epidemic swept through the Empire around 250, greatly diminishing manpower both for the army and for agriculture.


title: Aurelian

text: The end result was that the Empire could not endure the blow of the capture of Emperor Valerian in 260 by the Sassanids. The eastern provinces found their protectors in the rulers of the city of Palmyra, in Syria, whose autonomy grew until the formation of the Palmyrene Empire, which was successful in defending against the Sassanid threat. The western provinces, those facing the "limes" of the Rhine, seceded to form a third, autonomous state within the territories of the Roman Empire, which is now known as the Gallic Empire.


title: Aurelian

text: In Rome, the Emperor was occupied with internal menaces to his power and with the defence of Italia and the Balkans.


title: Aurelian

text: The first actions of the new Emperor were aimed at strengthening his own position in his territories. Late in 270, Aurelian campaigned in northern Italia against the Vandals, Juthungi, and Sarmatians, expelling them from Roman territory. To celebrate these victories, Aurelian was granted the title of "Germanicus Maximus". The authority of the Emperor was challenged by several usurpers—Septimius, Urbanus, Domitianus, and the rebellion of Felicissimus—who tried to exploit the sense of insecurity of the empire and the overwhelming influence of the armies in Roman politics. Aurelian, being an experienced commander, was aware of the importance of the army, and his propaganda, known through his coinage, shows he wanted the support of the legions.


title: Aurelian

text: The burden of the northern barbarians was not yet over, however. In 271, the Alamanni moved towards Italia, entering the Po plain and sacking the villages; they passed the Po River, occupied Placentia and moved towards Fano. Aurelian, who was in Pannonia to control the Vandals' withdrawal, quickly entered Italia, but his army was defeated in an ambush near Placentia (January 271). When the news of the defeat arrived in Rome, it caused great fear for the arrival of the barbarians, but Aurelian attacked the Alamanni camping near the Metaurus River, defeating them in the Battle of Fano, and forcing them to re-cross the Po river; Aurelian finally routed them at Pavia. For this, he received the title "Germanicus Maximus". However, the menace of the Germanic people and a Germanic invasion was still perceived by the Romans as likely, therefore Aurelian resolved to build a new system of walls around Rome that became known as the Aurelian Walls.


title: Aurelian

text: The emperor led his legions to the Balkans, where he defeated and routed the Goths beyond the Danube, killing the Gothic leader Cannabaudes, and assuming the title of "Gothicus Maximus". However, he decided to abandon the province of Dacia, on the exposed north bank of the Danube, as too difficult and expensive to defend. He reorganized a new province of Dacia south of the Danube, inside the former Moesia, called Dacia Aureliana, with Serdica as the capital.


title: Aurelian

text: In 272, Aurelian turned his attention to the lost eastern provinces of the empire, the Palmyrene Empire, ruled by Queen Zenobia from the city of Palmyra. Zenobia had carved out her own empire, encompassing Syria, Palestine, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor. The Syrian queen cut off Rome's shipments of grain, and in a matter of weeks, the Romans started running low on bread. In the beginning, Aurelian had been recognized as Emperor, while Vaballathus, the son of Zenobia, held the title of and ("king" and "supreme military commander"), but Aurelian decided to invade the eastern provinces as soon as he felt his army to be strong enough.


title: Aurelian

text: Asia Minor was recovered easily; every city but Byzantium and Tyana surrendered to him with little resistance. The fall of Tyana lent itself to a legend: Aurelian to that point had destroyed every city that resisted him, but he spared Tyana after having a vision of the great 1st-century philosopher Apollonius of Tyana, whom he respected greatly, in a dream. Apollonius implored: "Aurelian, if you desire to rule, abstain from the blood of the innocent! Aurelian, if you will conquer, be merciful!" Aurelian spared Tyana, and it paid off; many more cities submitted to him upon seeing that the Emperor would not exact revenge upon them. Within six months, his armies stood at the gates of Palmyra, which surrendered when Zenobia tried to flee to the Sassanid Empire.


title: Aurelian

text: Eventually Zenobia and her son were captured and made to walk the streets of Rome in his triumph, the woman in golden chains. With the grain stores once again shipped to Rome, Aurelian's soldiers handed out free bread to the citizens of the city, and the Emperor was hailed a hero by his subjects. After a brief clash with the Persians and another in Egypt against the usurper Firmus, Aurelian was obliged to return to Palmyra in 273 when that city rebelled once more. This time, Aurelian allowed his soldiers to sack the city, and Palmyra never recovered. More honors came his way; he was now known as and ("Restorer of the East").


title: Aurelian

text: The rich province of Egypt was also recovered by Aurelian. The Brucheion (Royal Quarter) in Alexandria was burned to the ground. This section of the city once contained the Library of Alexandria, although the extent of the surviving Library in Aurelian's time is uncertain.


title: Aurelian

text: In 274, the victorious emperor turned his attention to the west, and the Gallic Empire which had already been reduced in size by Claudius II. Aurelian won this campaign largely through diplomacy; the "Gallic Emperor" Tetricus was willing to abandon his throne and allow Gaul and Britain to return to the Empire, but could not openly submit to Aurelian. Instead, the two seem to have conspired so that when the armies met at the Battle of Châlons at Durocatalaunum that autumn, Tetricus simply deserted to the Roman camp and Aurelian easily defeated the Gallic army facing him. Tetricus was rewarded for his collusion by Aurelian who made him a senator and (governor) of Lucania et Bruttium.


title: Aurelian

text: Aurelian returned to Rome and won his last honorific from the Senate – ("Restorer of the World"). This title was first assumed by Aurelian in late summer of 272, and had been carried previously by both Valerian and Gallienus. In four years, Aurelian had secured the frontiers of the Empire and reunified it.


title: Aurelian

text: Aurelian was a reformer, and settled many important functions of the imperial apparatus, dealing with the economy and religion. He restored many public buildings, reorganized the management of the food reserves, set fixed prices for the most important goods, and prosecuted misconduct by the public officers.


title: Aurelian

text: Aurelian strengthened the position of the Sun god Sol Invictus as the main divinity of the Roman pantheon. His intention was to give to all the peoples of the Empire, civilian or soldiers, easterners or westerners, a single god they could believe in without betraying their own gods. The centre of the cult was a new temple, built in 274 and dedicated on December 25 of that year in the Campus Agrippae in Rome, with great decorations financed by the spoils of the Palmyrene Empire.


title: Aurelian

text: During his short rule, Aurelian seemed to follow the principle of "one faith, one empire", which would not be made official until the Edict of Thessalonica. He appears with the title "deus et dominus natus" ("God and born ruler") on some of his coins, a style also later adopted by Diocletian. Lactantius argued that Aurelian would have outlawed all the other gods if he had had enough time. He was recorded by Christian historians as having organized persecutions."L"


title: Aurelian

text: Aurelian's reign records the only uprising of mint workers. The "rationalis" Felicissimus, a senior public financial official whose responsibilities included supervision of the mint at Rome, revolted against Aurelian. The revolt seems to have been caused by the fact that the mint workers, and Felicissimus first, were accustomed to stealing the silver for the coins and producing coins of inferior quality. Aurelian wanted to eliminate this, and put Felicissimus on trial. The incited the mint workers to revolt: the rebellion spread in the streets, even if it seems that Felicissimus was killed immediately, presumably executed.


title: Aurelian

text: The Palmyrene rebellion in Egypt had probably reduced the grain supply to Rome, thus disaffecting the population to the emperor. This rebellion also had the support of some senators, probably those who had supported the election of Quintillus, and thus had something to fear from Aurelian.


title: Aurelian

text: Aurelian ordered the "cohortes urbanae" ("urban cohorts"), reinforced by some regular troops of the imperial army, to attack the rebelling mob: the resulting battle, fought on the Caelian hill, marked the end of the revolt, even if at a high price (some sources give the figure, probably exaggerated, of 7,000 casualties). Many of the rebels were executed; also some of the supporting senators were put to death. The mint of Rome was closed temporarily, and the institution of several other mints caused the main mint of the empire to lose its hegemony.


title: Aurelian

text: His monetary reformation included the introduction of "antoniniani" containing 5% silver. They bore the mark (or its Greek numeral form ), which meant that twenty of such coins would contain the same silver quantity of an old silver "denarius". Considering that this was an improvement over the previous situation gives an idea of the severity of the economic situation Aurelian faced. The Emperor struggled to introduce the new "good" coin by recalling all the old "bad" coins before their introduction.


title: Aurelian

text: A very large number of rare gold coins of Aurelian have been discovered as part of the Lava Treasure in Corsica, France, in the 1980s.


title: Aurelian

text: Rome had been distributing grain to its poorest citizens at a reduced price since 123 BC, and for free since 58 BC through the "Cura Annonae". Aurelian is usually credited with changing or completing the change of the food distribution system from grain or flour to bread, and adding olive oil, salt, and pork to the products distributed to the populace. These products had been distributed sporadically before. Aurelian is also credited with increasing the size of the loaves of bread without increasing their price – a measure that was undoubtedly popular with the Romans who were not receiving free bread and other products through the dole.


title: Aurelian

text: Aurelian is believed to have terminated Trajan's "alimenta" program. Roman prefect Titus Flavius Postumius Quietus was the last known official in charge of the "alimenta", in 271. If Aurelian "did suppress this food distribution system, he most likely intended to put into effect a more radical reform."


title: Aurelian

text: The deaths of the Sassanid Kings Shapur I (272) and Hormizd I (273) in quick succession, and the rise to power of a weakened ruler (Bahram I), presented an opportunity to attack the Sassanid Empire, and in 275 Aurelian set out for another campaign against the Sassanids. On his way, he suppressed a revolt in Gaul – possibly against Faustinus, an officer or usurper of Tetricus – and defeated barbarian marauders in Vindelicia (Germany).


title: Aurelian

text: However, Aurelian never reached Persia, as he was murdered while waiting in Thrace to cross into Asia Minor. As an administrator, he had been strict and had handed out severe punishments to corrupt officials or soldiers. A secretary of his (called Eros by Zosimus) had told a lie on a minor issue. In fear of what the emperor might do, he forged a document listing the names of high officials marked by the emperor for execution and showed it to collaborators. The "notarius" Mucapor and other high-ranking officers of the Praetorian Guard, fearing punishment from the emperor, murdered him in late September or early October 275, in Caenophrurium, Thrace.


title: Aurelian

text: Aurelian's enemies in the Senate briefly succeeded in passing "damnatio memoriae" on the emperor, but this was reversed before the end of the year, and Aurelian, like his predecessor Claudius II, was deified as .


title: Aurelian

text: There is some evidence that Aurelian's wife, Ulpia Severina, who had been declared "Augusta" in 274, ruled the empire in her own right for some time after his death, although this is just speculative. Sources hint at an interregnum between Aurelian's death and the election of Marcus Claudius Tacitus as his successor. Additionally, some of Ulpia's coins appear to have been minted after Aurelian's death.


title: Aurelian

text: Aurelian's short reign reunited a fragmented Empire while saving Rome from barbarian invasions that had reached Italy itself. His death prevented a full restoration of political stability and a lasting dynasty that could end the cycle of assassination of emperors and civil war that marked this period. Even so, he brought the Empire through a very critical period in its history, and without Aurelian it might never have survived the invasions and fragmentation of the decade in which he reigned. Moreover, the Western half of the Empire would survive another two hundred years, while the East would last another millennium, and for that Aurelian must be allowed much of the credit.


title: Aurelian

text: The city of Orléans in France is named after Aurelian. Originally named Cenabum, Aurelian rebuilt and renamed it "Aurelianum" or "Aureliana Civitas" ("city of Aurelian", "cité d'Aurélien"), which evolved into "Orléans". The city of New Orleans (in French, "La Nouvelle-Orléans", in Latin, "Nova Aurelianum"), in Louisiana, United States is named after the commune of Orléans, and therefore by extension, Aurelian.


title: Ted Cassidy

text: Theodore Crawford Cassidy (July 31, 1932 – January 16, 1979) was an American actor noted for his tall stature at and deep voice. He tended to play unusual characters in offbeat or science-fiction series such as "" and "I Dream of Jeannie", and played Lurch on "The Addams Family" in the mid-1960s. He also narrated "The Incredible Hulk" TV series and voiced The Hulk in the show’s first 2 seasons.


title: Ted Cassidy

text: Cassidy was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, of Irish ancestry, and raised in Philippi, West Virginia. In his youth, he was academically gifted and attended third grade at age six. During his freshman year of high school, at age 11, he was on the football and basketball teams.


title: Ted Cassidy

text: After graduating from high school, Cassidy attended West Virginia Wesleyan College in Buckhannon, where he was a member of the Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity. He transferred to Stetson University in DeLand, Florida, where he played college basketball for the Hatters and was active in the student government.


title: Ted Cassidy

text: After graduating with a degree in speech and drama, he married Margaret Helen Jesse in 1956, and they moved to Dallas, Texas. His acting career launched when he worked as a midday DJ on WFAA in Dallas. He also occasionally appeared on WFAA-TV Channel 8, playing Creech, an outer-space creature on the "Dialing for Dollars" segments on Ed Hogan's afternoon movies. He gave an in-studio report from WFAA radio station on the day John F. Kennedy was assassinated, and was among the first to interview eyewitnesses W. E. Newman Jr. and Gayle Newman.


title: Ted Cassidy

text: Cassidy's height gave him an advantage in auditioning for unusual character roles. His best-known role is Lurch on "The Addams Family", in which he feigned playing the harpsichord (although he was in fact an accomplished organist). He also played the character named Thing, though associate producer Jack Voglin would take over the role in scenes involving both characters. Though the character of Lurch was originally intended to be mute, when Cassidy ad-libbed "You rang?" in response to the butler call, it was an immediate hit. It became his signature line, and he was given more lines. Several episodes were written to feature Lurch.


title: Ted Cassidy

text: Cassidy reprised the role of Lurch in later appearances. In the "Batman" episode "The Penguin's Nest" (1966), he appears during the heroes' familiar climbing scene up the side of a building, as a tenant who is playing the "Addams Family" theme on a harpsichord prior to sticking his head out of the window and speaking to Batman and Robin. He voiced Lurch in an episode of "The New Scooby-Doo Movies" (1972), and in the 1973 animated series adaptation of "The Addams Family".


title: Ted Cassidy

text: According to Thomas "Duke " Miller, a TV/movie/celebrity expert, Cassidy also had a small role opposite George Peppard in one episode of the TV movie series "Banacek." Cassidy played a worker in an auto scrapyard who attempted to kill Banacek because the investigator was trying to get a conviction on the brother of Cassidy's character.


title: Ted Cassidy

text: In addition to "The Addams Family", Cassidy found steady work in a variety of other television shows. He had a prominent role on NBC's "The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" as Injun Joe, the blood-enemy of Tom Sawyer and Huck. In the 1967 "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." episode "The Napoleon's Tomb Affair", Cassidy played a henchman, Edgar, who kidnaps, tortures, and repeatedly tries to kill Napoleon and Illya.


title: Ted Cassidy

text: Cassidy also provided the voices of the more aggressive version of Balok in the "" episode "The Corbomite Maneuver" and the Gorn in the episode "", and played the part of the android Ruk in the episode "What Are Little Girls Made Of?". Cassidy did more work with "Star Trek" creator Gene Roddenberry in the early 1970s, playing Isaiah in the postapocalyptic drama pilots "Genesis II" and "Planet Earth". In the "Lost in Space" episode "The Thief from Outer Space", he played the Slave to the alien Thief (Malachi Throne), who threatens the Robinsons.


title: Ted Cassidy

text: In "The Beverly Hillbillies" episode "The Dahlia Feud" from 1967, he played Mr. Ted, a large, muscular gardener who plants dahlias for Mrs. Drysdale. In 1968, Cassidy appeared on "Mannix" in the episode "To Kill a Writer" as Felipe Montoya, on "Daniel Boone" in "The Scrimshaw Ivory Chart" as a pirate named Gentle Sam, and in two episodes of "I Dream of Jeannie" as the master of Jeannie's devious sister in the episode "Genie, Genie, Who's Got the Genie?", and Jeannie's cousin in the episode "Please Don't Feed the Astronauts".


title: Ted Cassidy

text: In the two-part "The Six Million Dollar Man" episode "The Return of Bigfoot" (1976), Cassidy provided the body and vocal effects of Bigfoot (the role was originally played by professional wrestler André the Giant in a previous two-parter). Cassidy reprised the role in the 1977 episode "Bigfoot V".


title: Ted Cassidy

text: Concurrent with his appearances on "The Addams Family", Cassidy began doing character voices on a recurring basis for the Hanna-Barbera Studios, culminating in the role of Frankenstein Jr., in "Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles" series, and even reprising Lurch on several occasions for Hanna-Barbera productions (most notably for the Addams Family animated series in 1973-74). He was the voice of "Meteor Man" in "Birdman and the Galaxy Trio", as well as the hero in the Chuck Menville pixillated short film "Blaze Glory", in which his already-deep voice was enhanced with reverb echo to give the character an exaggerated super-hero sound. Cassidy also voiced Ben Grimm ("The Thing") in "The New Fantastic Four". Cassidy went on to perform the roars and growls for Godzilla in the 1979 cartoon series that Hanna-Barbera co-produced with Toho, and was also the voice of Montaro in the "Jana of the Jungle" segments that accompanied "Godzilla" during its first network run. His voice was the basis for the sinister voice of Black Manta, as well as Brainiac and several others on "Super Friends". Cassidy was the original voice of Moltar and Metallus on "Space Ghost" from 1966 to 1968. Cassidy's final role was as King Thun of the Lion Men in the television animated feature film "". That particular role was originally recorded shortly before Cassidy's death in 1979, until the decision was made to use the footage for a television series, "The New Adventures of Flash Gordon". As such, Cassidy's death necessitated his role being recast for the series with Allan Melvin. After the series' conclusion, the original feature film and soundtrack were reassembled and broadcast in prime time in 1982 with Cassidy's performance used. In live-action productions for the TV series "The Incredible Hulk", he provided narration of the title sequence, and the Hulk's growls and roars. In deleted scenes from the original "Battlestar Galactica" TV pilot movie, "Saga of a Star World", Cassidy can be heard providing temporary voice tracks of the Cylon Imperious Leader, before actor Patrick Macnee was contracted to voice the character.


title: Ted Cassidy

text: Other film work includes "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" (1969), "Mackenna's Gold" (1969), "The Limit" (1972), "Charcoal Black" (1972), "The Slams" (1973), "Thunder County" (1974), "Poor Pretty Eddie" (1975), "Harry and Walter Go to New York" (1976), "The Last Remake of Beau Geste" (1977) and "Goin' Coconuts" (1978). Alongside Michael Werner, he co-wrote the screenplay of 1973's "The Harrad Experiment", in which he made a brief appearance. During that time, he also worked with Noel Marshall, the executive producer of "Harrad Experiment", on the adventure-comedy film "Roar" (released two years after his death).


title: Ted Cassidy

text: In 1965, he released a seven-inch vinyl record on Capitol Records with two songs on it: "The Lurch", written by Gary S. Paxton, and "Wesley", written by Cliffie Stone and Scott Turner. He introduced the dance and performed the song "The Lurch" on September 11, 1965, on "Shivaree!" and performed it again on Halloween of the same year on "Shindig!"


title: Ted Cassidy

text: Cassidy underwent surgery at St. Vincent Medical Center in Los Angeles to have a benign tumor removed from his heart. The tumor had formed as a result of the long-term effects of the condition acromegaly, which was also responsible for his deep voice, facial structure, and tall stature. Complications arose several days later while he was recuperating at home. He was readmitted to the same hospital, where he died on January 16, 1979, at age 46. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered in his backyard.


title: Catherine of Valois

text: Catherine of Valois or Catherine of France (27 October 1401 – 3 January 1437) was Queen of England from 1420 until 1422. A daughter of Charles VI of France, she was married to Henry V of England and gave birth to his heir Henry VI of England. Catherine's marriage was part of a plan to eventually place Henry V on the throne of France, and perhaps end what is now known as the Hundred Years' War, but although her son Henry VI was later crowned in Paris, this ultimately failed.


title: Catherine of Valois

text: After Henry V's death, Catherine's later marriage with Owen Tudor proved the springboard of the Tudor family's fortunes, eventually leading to their grandson's elevation as Henry VII of England. Catherine's older sister Isabella was also a Queen of England as the child bride of Richard II.


title: Catherine of Valois

text: Catherine of Valois was the youngest daughter of King Charles VI of France and his wife Isabeau of Bavaria. She was born at the Hôtel Saint-Pol (a royal palace in Paris) on 27 October 1401. Early on, there had been a discussion of marrying her to the Prince of Wales, the son of Henry IV of England, but the king died before negotiations could begin. In 1414, the prince, now Henry V, re-opened discussion of the match, along with a large dowry and acknowledgement of his right to the throne of France.


title: Catherine of Valois

text: While some authors have maintained that Catherine was neglected as a child by her mother, a more modern examination of the evidence suggests otherwise. According to the financial accounts of her mother, toys befitting a French princess were purchased, religious texts were provided, and Catherine was sent to the convent in Poissy to receive a religious education.


title: Catherine of Valois

text: Henry V went to war with France, and even after the victory at Agincourt, plans for the marriage continued. Catherine was said to be very attractive, and when Henry finally met her at Meulan, he became enamoured. In May 1420, a peace agreement was made between England and France, the Treaty of Troyes, and Charles acknowledged Henry of England as his heir. Catherine and Henry were married at the Parish Church of St John or at Troyes Cathedral on 2 June 1420. Catherine went to England with her new husband and was crowned queen in Westminster Abbey on 23 February 1421. In June 1421, Henry returned to France to continue his military campaigns.


title: Catherine of Valois

text: By this time, Catherine was several months pregnant and gave birth to a son named Henry on 6 December 1421 at Windsor. Her husband never saw their child. During the siege of Meaux, he became sick and died on 31 August 1422, just before his 36th birthday. Catherine was not quite 21 and was left a queen dowager. Charles VI died a couple of months after Henry V, making the young Henry VI king of England and English-occupied northern France. Catherine doted on her son during his early childhood.


title: Catherine of Valois

text: Catherine was still young and marriageable, a source of concern to her brother-in-law Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, the guardian of her son. Rumours abounded that Catherine planned to marry Edmund Beaufort, Count of Mortain, her late husband's cousin. The Duke of Gloucester was strongly against the match, however, and the Parliament of 1427–8 passed a bill which set forth the provision that if the queen dowager remarried without the king's consent, her husband would forfeit his lands and possessions, although any children of the marriage would not suffer punishment. The king's consent was contingent upon his having attained his majority. At that time, the king was only six years old.