title: Danielle Fishel

text: Fishel was the host of Style Network's "The Dish," and appears in "National Lampoon's Dorm Daze," as well as its sequel. She was a spokeswoman for Nutrisystem, and is also a resident reporter on "PopSugar", and on their spin-off YouTube channel, PopSugar Girls Guide.


title: Danielle Fishel

text: Fishel was born in Mesa, Arizona, the daughter of Jennifer, a personal manager, and Rick Fishel, former President of Masimo Corporation. She is of partial Maltese descent. She graduated from Calabasas High School in Calabasas, California in 1999.


title: Danielle Fishel

text: In 1991, at the age of 10, Fishel was discovered in a community theater where she performed in two productions, "The Wizard of Oz" and "Peter Pan". She quickly moved on to do voice-overs and commercials, including several as a Barbie Girl for Mattel. Soon after, she appeared on two episodes of the hit show "Full House", guest starring as a character named Jennifer. She also had a small role on "Harry and the Hendersons", playing Jessica. Fishel's mother became her full-time manager.


title: Danielle Fishel

text: In 1993, at the age of 12, Fishel began her well-known role as Topanga Lawrence-Matthews on the ABC series "Boy Meets World". Originally written as a small part, Topanga became a recurring role. After a successful first year, Fishel became a show regular. Fishel's character was a sparky, intelligent girl who was mature beyond her years; she replaced the nerdy Stuart Minkus as the brains of the class. The show ended in 2000 after seven years.


title: Danielle Fishel

text: Fishel was on the cover of "Seventeen" in December 1998. She took home a 1998 Young Star for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy TV Series. In June 1999, she was one of "The 21 Hottest Stars Under 21" as presented by "Teen People". Fishel was on the cover of "GQ"'s hottest stars to watch in GQ's 1997 October issue. She appeared in the music video for "Until You Loved Me" by Canadian music group The Moffatts.


title: Danielle Fishel

text: Following "Boy Meets World", Fishel began to work heavily in television, and in 2003 co-hosted "Say What? Karaoke" on MTV for one season. Fishel also appeared in several films, including "National Lampoon's Dorm Daze". In 2006, she appeared in three made-for-DVD releases: "National Lampoon's Dorm Daze 2" (appearing again as "Marla" from the first film), the action film "Gamebox 1.0" (playing a dual role), and "The Chosen One", an independent animated film in which she provides the voice of the lead female character.


title: Danielle Fishel

text: In 2006, Fishel appeared as a guest on "The Tyra Banks Show" where she discussed her dramatic weight loss with the use of the Nutrisystems Diet. Following her appearance on the show, Fishel became a spokeswoman for Nutrisystem. She also became a special correspondent for "The Tyra Banks Show", starting in early February 2007. By 2010 she had gained some of the weight back, and told "People" magazine she could not maintain her Nutrisystem weight.


title: Danielle Fishel

text: From August 2008 to March 2011 Fishel hosted "The Dish" for the Style Network, which satirized pop culture in a format similar to sister network E!'s "The Soup". Fishel was also on Fuse TV as host of "The Fuse 20", and was a guest star on the round table on an episode of "Chelsea Lately". In 2012, Fishel became the host of MSN TV's "Last Night on TV".


title: Danielle Fishel

text: In 2013, though not released until 2015 Fishel starred in the drama "Boiling Pot", which is based on true events of racism that occurred on college campuses across the country during the 2008 Presidential election. The film also stars Louis Gossett Jr., Keith David, M. Emmet Walsh, and John Heard. Fishel plays an average college girl, naive regarding racism and unaware of its existence. In October 2013, she was featured in "Clapping for the Wrong Reasons", a short film to promote Childish Gambino's second studio album, "Because the Internet".


title: Danielle Fishel

text: In 2014, Fishel reprised her role of Topanga Lawrence-Matthews in the "Boy Meets World" spin-off series, "Girl Meets World". The series premiered on Disney Channel on June 27, 2014, and features Topanga and her "Boy Meets World" love interest Cory Matthews (Ben Savage) married in their adult years with two children. The series follows Cory and Topanga's daughter Riley (Rowan Blanchard) and her friend, Maya (Sabrina Carpenter) as she enters middle school and tries to navigate through life. The series ended on January 20, 2017 with Topanga declining a job offer that would have moved the family to London and out of New York.


title: Danielle Fishel

text: In an episode that aired January 9, 2018, she competed against actor Jonathan Lipnicki on TBS's "Drop the Mic".


title: Danielle Fishel

text: She has hosted the "Boy Meets World" rewatch podcast "Pod Meets World" with Rider Strong and Will Friedle since 2022.


title: Danielle Fishel

text: At age 27, Fishel began attending California State University, Fullerton (CSUF), graduating in 2013. During her university studies, she became a math tutor, leading her to meet fellow student Tim Belusko. After over three years of dating, she became engaged to Belusko in May 2012. They married on October 19, 2013 in Los Angeles. Savage and "Home Improvement" cast member Jonathan Taylor Thomas were said to be in attendance at her Los Angeles wedding. In May 2016, it was reported that she had filed for divorce in 2015. The divorce was final in March 2016.


title: Danielle Fishel

text: On July 4, 2017, toward the end of episode #303 of his podcast "Get Up On This", Jensen Karp announced that he was dating Fishel. On March 22, 2018, Fishel and Karp got engaged. They married on November 4, 2018. Fishel announced in January 2019 that she and Karp were expecting their first child in July 2019. On July 1, 2019, Fishel and Karp announced that Fishel gave birth to a boy in June 2019, almost one month early, via Instagram post. In August 2021, Fishel gave birth to their second child, a son.


title: Moses Ingram

text: Monique Denise Ingram (born February 6, 1994), known professionally as Moses Ingram, is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Jolene in the Netflix miniseries "The Queen's Gambit" (2020). For this role, she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie. She is also known for her role as Reva Sevander / the Third Sister in the Disney+ miniseries "Obi-Wan Kenobi" (2022).


title: Moses Ingram

text: Ingram grew up in Baltimore in a blended family of six children; her mother worked at childcare and her stepfather worked in city operations. At age 10, her mother and a teacher at Windsor Hills Elementary enrolled her in an after-school theater program. She later attended the Baltimore School for the Arts, graduating in 2012.


title: Moses Ingram

text: Due to financial limitations, Ingram declined an offer to attend Howard University and enrolled at Baltimore City Community College in 2012. Although Baltimore City did not have a drama program, she was encouraged by her advisor to continue acting and audition for local plays. She also took on multiple part-time jobs and scholarships to fund her schooling. She graduated with an associate degree.


title: Moses Ingram

text: In 2015, she won a regional competition from the National Society of Arts and Letters, and finished fourth in the nationals. The winner of that competition, Jonathan Majors, encouraged her to audition for the Yale School of Drama. She was accepted with scholarship support and enrolled in the fall of 2016.


title: Moses Ingram

text: Before starting Yale, she renamed herself Moses. "So when we got to school [Yale] they wanted us to register our names because this is the first time they would be publicized so people can see them. And before I got to Yale I had, had such a time just trying to make things work that my name just didn’t feel suited. So I prayed and asked God, 'What is it? I know it's not my name now, but it is something.' And a few days later, I just heard Moses in my head and that was it."


title: Moses Ingram

text: She received a Princess Grace Award in 2018. In her final year at Yale, Ingram received rave reviews for her lead performance as Viola in an Afrocentric version of William Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night". She graduated with her Master of Fine Arts in June 2019.


title: Moses Ingram

text: A month after commencement, she auditioned in New York City for a role in "The Queen's Gambit" and landed the role of Jolene, who is Beth's friend from the orphanage in the series. For her role, she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie.


title: Moses Ingram

text: Ingram next appeared in Peter Hedges' ensemble drama "The Same Storm" and as Lady Macduff in Joel Coen's "The Tragedy of Macbeth", which premiered at the New York Film Festival in September 2021. In 2022, she appeared in Michael Bay's "Ambulance", Noting her Emmy nomination and these roles, "Variety" named her one of ten actors to watch for 2021.


title: Moses Ingram

text: Ingram appeared in the Disney+ "Star Wars" spin-off miniseries "Obi-Wan Kenobi" as Reva Sevander / the Third Sister, an Inquisitor who works to hunt down surviving Jedi after Order 66. For her role as Reva Sevander in that series, Ingram received hundreds of direct messages on Instagram containing death threats and racist abuse which she revealed examples of on May 31, 2022. This prompted Disney and her colleagues, including Ewan McGregor, to defend her. McGregor, in a video posted to the official "Star Wars" social media accounts, called the abusive messages "horrendous" and said that "if you’re sending her bullying messages, you’re no "Star Wars" fan in my mind".


title: Moses Ingram

text: She will next appear in two Apple TV+ miniseries: "Lady in the Lake" opposite Natalie Portman, and "The Big Cigar", starring André Holland.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Ignacio "Nacho" Varga is a fictional character who appears in the AMC television series "Better Call Saul", a prequel spin-off of "Breaking Bad". He is portrayed by Michael Mando and was created by Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Dialogue that introduces Saul Goodman in the "Breaking Bad" episode "Better Call Saul" mentions Nacho and Lalo Salamanca, though neither appear in "Breaking Bad". Nacho is a quiet and intelligent member of the Salamanca drug organization. He cares deeply for the well-being of his honest, hard-working father, Manuel. He befriends Jimmy McGill after Jimmy helps clear him of kidnapping charges. When the Salamancas seek to use his father's shop as a front for the drug ring, Nacho attempts to kill Hector Salamanca, the family patriarch, by switching his medication. This is discovered by Gus Fring, who runs the rival drug trade. Nacho is forced to be a mole for Gus within the Salamancas' organization, which is further complicated when the shrewd Lalo arrives to oversee operations.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Michael Mando said that he had been approached through his agent from "Better Call Saul" casting directors about being in the show. After sending in an audition tape, he was flown to Los Angeles to meet with showrunners Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould and perform a screen test. For Mando, he said it was "love at first sight" in working with the pair in how well they provided direction and feedback and was notified about getting the part a few weeks later. The character was first referenced in the "Breaking Bad" season two episode "Better Call Saul" by his real name Ignacio; it also introduces Saul Goodman (Jimmy McGill's business name) and mentions "Lalo" (Lalo Salamanca).


title: Nacho Varga

text: To prepare for Nacho, Mando spent time watching crime and criminology documentaries to understand the motivations of criminals, as well as catching up on the whole of "Breaking Bad", which he had not yet watched in its entirety before. Mando considered Nacho to be "extremely intelligent and patient" and would be a character that would have growth over the course of the show. Mando said that the showrunners gave little direction to the character, and instead "They wanted to see what I would bring to the character", allowing him to develop Nacho himself. For part of that, he explored elements of Mayan and Aztec cultures to bring to the character. He also brought some of the superficial traits of his "Orphan Black" character Vic Schmidt into Nacho.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Mando said that initially, Nacho was going to have a larger role with Jimmy in the first season, being the season's "Big Bad", but as Gilligan and Gould wrote out the season, they made the character of Chuck McGill more of an antagonist for Jimmy, and so Nacho was placed on a slower path to be developed in later seasons. Mando said he felt this helped fit Nacho's character, waiting patiently for the right opportunity to make a move to get ahead. Mando considered Nacho the only character in "Better Call Saul" that was "breaking good", as "an ambitious person who believes in a morality outside of justice" and trying to improve his situation, making him "heroic, romantic, and transcendent".


title: Nacho Varga

text: Prior to "Better Call Saul", Nacho is one of the lieutenants in the Salamanca drug trade under Tuco Salamanca in Albuquerque. When he has time, he helps his father Manuel at an upholstery repair shop.


title: Nacho Varga

text: While attempting to represent Betsy and Craig Kettleman, a couple accused of embezzling $1.6 million, Jimmy McGill has a run-in with Tuco, who has Nacho and other associates drag Jimmy to the desert to kill him. Nacho believes Jimmy's plea that he is a lawyer and convinces Tuco that killing an attorney would result in police scrutiny of the Salamanca family's drug business, so Tuco lets Jimmy go. Nacho approaches Jimmy about stealing the money from the Kettlemans, but Jimmy refuses. He warns the Kettlemans, who disappear from their home. Nacho is the prime suspect and is arrested. He coerces Jimmy into helping clear his name and Jimmy locates the Kettlemans, which leads to Nacho's release.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Nacho engages in a side deal with Daniel Wormald ("Pryce"), who wants to sell pills stolen from the pharmaceutical company where he works. Pryce brings Mike Ehrmantraut as a bodyguard. When Nacho's payment is $20 short, Mike insists he pay the full amount. As Pryce and Mike leave, Mike explains that he knew Nacho was conducting the transaction without the Salamancas' knowledge and so had an incentive to make sure the deal went smoothly.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Pryce uses his drug money to buy a flashy Hummer. Mike refuses to participate in the next deal, so Pryce goes alone. Nacho takes the opportunity to learn Pryce's real name and address. He later breaks into Daniel's house and steals the money back, along with a valuable collection of baseball cards. Daniel reports the collection's theft to the police, who discover an empty hiding place. Mike realizes his involvement will be uncovered if police continue to investigate, so he convinces Nacho to give Daniel the cards and $10,000 in exchange for the Hummer.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Nacho is impressed by Mike's candor and coolness under pressure. As Tuco becomes increasingly volatile, potentially exposing the Salamanca organization, and the likelihood of his learning about Nacho's secret deals increases, Nacho decides to eliminate Tuco and tries to hire Mike to kill him, but Mike instead arranges for Tuco to attack him in view of police, leading to Tuco's arrest and conviction. Hector Salamanca has Nacho take Tuco's place in the organization. Mike becomes fearful that Hector may discover his role in removing Tuco from the family's operations. He attempts to draw police attention to the Salamanca operation by hijacking one of the trucks used to smuggle drugs over the Mexican border, leaving the driver tied up and gagged at the side of the road and stealing the hidden in one of the tires. Nacho tells Mike that Hector covered up the hijacking by killing the Good Samaritan who stopped to aid the driver.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Mike's actions lead to Hector looking for other routes to smuggle drugs, and he considers using Nacho's father Manuel's upholstery shop. Nacho objects, but fails to change Hector's mind. In pleading with his father, Nacho reveals his involvement in the Salamanca organization. Manuel accepts Hector's initial payment after Nacho convinces him that doing so is for his own safety. Nacho realizes Hector suffers from angina and decides to try to kill him by replacing his nitroglycerin with an ibuprofen placebo in the hopes of inducing a fatal heart attack. Mike advises Nacho that if Hector dies, Nacho should immediately take the placebos from Hector and replace them with the real medication so that the cause of Hector's death will not be obvious.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Nacho succeeds in making the switch, but Hector does not die, so Nacho plans to shoot him. Before he can act, Nacho is notified to attend a meeting with Gus Fring, Juan Bolsa, and Hector. Juan informs Hector that cartel leader Don Eladio has decreed that the cartel will make the transport of Hector's drugs via Gus's trucks a permanent arrangement. An outraged Hector has a stroke and falls to the ground unconscious. Gus performs first aid while awaiting an ambulance, and succeeds in saving Hector's life, though he remains comatose. Nacho takes the placebos from Hector and replaces them with real medication. Gus looks at Nacho suspiciously.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Juan tells Nacho that he and Arturo will run the Salamanca family while Hector is hospitalized. Gus pays for Hector's specialized care, and while reviewing Hector's medical records, realizes there is no nitroglycerin in his system, meaning Nacho tried to kill him. When Nacho and Arturo arrive at Gus' chicken farm to pick up their next cocaine shipment, Gus suddenly ambushes Arturo and suffocates him with a plastic bag. Gus reveals that he is aware of Nacho's attempt to kill Hector, but has not told the Salamancas, so Nacho is now under his control. Nacho, Victor, and Tyrus fake an ambush site on a remote road, which includes riddling Nacho's car with bullets, shooting Arturo's body, and wounding Nacho. Nacho succeeds in calling Leonel and Marco Salamanca (the Cousins) for help. They burn the car and take him to veterinarian Dr. Caldera, who succeeds in saving Nacho's life.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Victor sells the drugs taken from Nacho to the Espinosas, a rival gang. Nacho falsely identifies the Espinosas to Leonel and Marco as the ones who attacked him. They attack the Espinosa compound, kill everyone inside, and recover the "stolen" drugs. Nacho sees that by wiping out the Espinosas, Gus has secured more drug territory for himself, but does not yet see the full scope of Gus' plan. Nacho goes to his father's house to recover, and Manuel takes him in despite being unhappy about Nacho's ties to the Salamancas. After recovering, Nacho takes on a more prominent role in the Salamanca organization but also keeps a safe with cash and fake Canadian IDs for himself and his father. Nacho is surprised when Lalo Salamanca arrives to aid in running the business, and takes a stronger interest in the day-to-day details than Hector did.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Gus threatens harm to Manuel to coerce Nacho into providing inside information on the Salamancas. Nacho tries to convince Manuel to move away, but Manuel refuses to leave. When one of the Salamanca drug houses is discovered by police and Domingo Molina is arrested, Nacho sneaks over rooftops to recover the drug stash before police enter, which impresses Lalo, who begins to take Nacho into his confidence. Nacho then brings Jimmy to Lalo so they can arrange to have Domingo released before he talks to police. Jimmy secures Domingo's release and assures his protection by making him a confidential informant for DEA agent Hank Schrader and having him reveal the location of Gus's dead drops. Lalo is pleased by their work, though Nacho warns Jimmy that once he begins working for drug dealers like the Salamancas, there is no turning back.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Nacho reports Lalo's plan for Gus's dead drops to Gus, who unhappily accepts the loss of nearly $1 million to keep secret Nacho's identity as a mole within the Salamanca organization. Unaware that Nacho knows Mike, Gus directs Nacho to report to him. Nacho tries to warn Mike about Gus's ruthlessness, but Mike reminds Nacho that he warned Nacho about the risk he was taking when he tried to kill Hector. With Nacho's assistance, Mike poses as a private detective to feed the police information that ties Lalo to the murder of Fred Whalen, a money wire store clerk. Lalo is arrested and held without bail, but he contacts Nacho and orders him to continue harassing Gus by destroying one of Gus's restaurants, which Nacho reports to Mike. Mike alerts Gus, who works with Nacho to destroy the restaurant, again keeping secret Nacho's role as Gus's mole.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Mike tells Gus that Nacho wants to end his role as a mole, but Gus refuses to give up a valuable asset. After obtaining bail, Lalo plans to return to Mexico, and Nacho drives him there. Nacho and Lalo arrive at Lalo's fortified hacienda in Chihuahua, which Mike reports to Gus. Gus says he has sent gunmen to kill Lalo and that Nacho may be able to help. Lalo introduces Nacho to his family and friends, and Nacho receives a call instructing him to leave Lalo's back gate open at 3 am. Lalo takes him to meet Eladio, who blesses Lalo and Nacho's plan for Nacho to run the Salamanca drug business in Lalo's absence. Lalo is awake at 3 am, so Nacho sets a kitchen fire as a distraction. When Lalo goes to investigate, Nacho opens the back gate and flees, while the gunmen kill Lalo's guards and most of his family. After Lalo kills all but one gunman and forces him to call the middleman who arranged the killing to report that Lalo is dead, he looks around and realizes that Nacho is missing.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Nacho flees Lalo's compound and takes refuge in a motel arranged for by Gus. He calls Tyrus, who tells him to hide until it is safe to move. Nacho then attempts to reach Mike, who declines to take the call. Juan informs Gus that the cartel has placed a bounty on Nacho. Gus's men break into Nacho's safe and Mike removes the cash and Nacho and Manuel's fake Canadian IDs. Victor delivers a duplicate safe, into which Mike places the cash, Nacho's fake ID, and an envelope. Juan finds the envelope, which contains the motel's phone number and details of an offshore bank account. Nacho realizes he is being surveilled, meaning Gus has betrayed him to the cartel. The Cousins search the motel but Nacho escapes. Mike has a standoff with Gus and Tyrus because Mike wants to lead a team to find Nacho but Gus wants to force Nacho to reveal himself by taking Manuel hostage.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Nacho surrenders to Gus in exchange for assurances that Manuel will not be harmed. Gus, Tyrus, and Victor hand Nacho over to Juan, Hector, and the Cousins as Mike watches and trains his rifle on them. Nacho falsely claims Gus had no involvement in the attack on Lalo and reveals that he tried to kill Hector by switching his pills for placebos, but that Gus saved him. Rather than pretend to flee as planned so that Victor can kill him quickly, Nacho uses a piece of broken glass to free himself from his zip tie, seize Juan's gun, and kill himself. The Cousins then assist Hector to fire bullets into Nacho's lifeless body.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Later when Lalo confronts Jimmy and Kim Wexler in their apartment, Lalo ties Jimmy up and asks him if he had any involvement with the attack on his house due to his prior connections to Nacho. A distressed Jimmy completely shifts the blame to Nacho, before being gagged by Lalo who promises to return to interrogate further. After Lalo's murder by Gus, Mike approaches Manuel about the fate of Nacho, and says the Salamancas will no longer target him and they will meet "justice". Manuel dismissively tells Mike he is no different from the criminals with whom he associates as he goes to mourn his son.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Though Nacho never appears in "Breaking Bad", Saul mentions him when Walter White and Jesse Pinkman kidnap and hold Saul at gunpoint to coerce him into representing Badger, who has been arrested for selling drugs. Believing Walt and Jesse were sent by Lalo he says in a panic, "It wasn't me, it was Ignacio! He's the one!", but is relieved when Walt and Jesse's confusion confirms they have no connection to Lalo.


title: Nacho Varga

text: Nacho's death, due to the circumstances surrounding his involvement with the Cartel and the Salamanca family and being betrayed by Gus, is eventually avenged years later due to the eventual deaths of all of the other members of the Salamanca family, the mass poisoning of the Cartel leadership, and the death of Gus via Hector's murder-suicide bombing (that was orchestrated by Walter White).


title: Nacho Varga

text: The character of Nacho Varga and Michael Mando's performance have received critical acclaim. David Segal, in praising Mando's performance through the fifth season for "The New York Times", said "[Nacho's] torment is all cinched down, everything roiling behind his eyes. [Mando] manages to convey Nacho's heartbreaking predicament without raising his voice, or asking for pity." Kenny Herzog of "Vulture" praised Nacho as ""Better Call Saul"'s most compelling criminal," stating Mando "plays the character with a mix of humanity and hubris that's rare among TV henchmen."


title: Nacho Varga

text: Mando's performance in the episode "Rock and Hard Place" was highly praised. Alan Sepinwall of "Rolling Stone" complimented the episode's straightforward narrative and said Mando's performance was "fantastic throughout — so tired, so defeated, and yet so insistent about ending things on something resembling his own terms if he can. It is a tour de force, particularly the phone call sequence and Nacho staring down the Salamancas for the last time." "TVLine" named Mando the performer of the week of April 30, 2022. They called it "a beautifully moving episode that saw Mando hit new dramatic heights ... we could see the emotions welling up in Mando's eyes as his character's tragic fate began to settle in. ... Nacho may not have lived long enough to share the screen with "Breaking Bad"s Walt and Jesse — but with Mando's truly exceptional performance this week, he's more than earned the right to share the screen with anyone."


title: Nacho Varga

text: Together with other regular cast members, Mando was nominated for his performance as Nacho at the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series for 2018 and 2020.


title: Charcuterie

text: Charcuterie ( , ; ; from , and ) is a French term for a branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products, such as bacon, ham, sausage, terrines, "galantines", "ballotines", "pâtés", and "confit", primarily from pork.


title: Charcuterie

text: Charcuterie is part of the "garde manger" chef's repertoire. Originally intended as a way to preserve meat before the advent of refrigeration, they are prepared today for their flavors derived from the preservation processes.


title: Charcuterie

text: The French word for a person who practices charcuterie is . The etymology of the word is the combination of "chair" and "cuite", or cooked flesh. The "Food Lover's Companion" says, "it refers to the products, particularly (but not limited to) pork specialties such as , etc., which are made and sold in a delicatessen-style shop, also called a "charcuterie"." The 1961 edition of "Larousse Gastronomique" defines it as "[t]he art of preparing various meats, in particular pork, in order to present them in the most diverse ways."


title: Charcuterie

text: Forcemeat is a mixture of ground, lean meat emulsified with fat. The emulsification can be accomplished by grinding, sieving, or puréeing the ingredients. The emulsification may either be smooth or coarse in texture, depending on the desired consistency of the final product. Forcemeats are used in the production of numerous items found in "charcuterie". Meats commonly used in the production of forcemeats include pork, fish (pike, trout, or salmon), seafood, game meats (venison, boar, or rabbit), poultry, game birds, veal, and pork livers. Pork fatback is often used for the fat portion of forcemeat, as it has a somewhat neutral flavor.


title: Charcuterie

text: In US usage, there are four basic styles of forcemeat. Straight forcemeats are produced by progressively grinding equal parts pork and pork fat with a third dominant meat which can be pork or another meat. The proteins are cubed and then seasoned, cured, rested, ground and then placed into the desired vessel. Country-style forcemeats are a combination of pork, pork fat (often with the addition of pork liver) and garnish ingredients. The finished product has a coarse texture.


title: Charcuterie

text: The third style is gratin, which has a portion of the main protein browned; the French term connotes a "grated" product that is browned. The final style is "mousseline", which are very light in texture using lean cuts of meat usually from veal, poultry, fish, or shellfish. The resulting texture comes from the addition of eggs and cream to this forcemeat.


title: Charcuterie

text: The word "sausage" is derived through French from the Latin , as the sausage-making technique involves placing ground or chopped meat along with salt into a tube casing. The tube casings can vary, but the more common animal-derived casings include sheep, hog, or cattle intestinal linings. Additionally, animal stomachs and bladders, as well as edible artificial casings produced from collagen and inedible plant cellulose or paper, are used. Inedible casings are primarily used to shape, store, and age the sausage. The two main variants of sausage are fresh and cooked. Fresh sausages involve the production of raw meat placed into casings to be cooked at a later time, whereas cooked sausages are heated during production and are ready to eat at the end of production.


title: Charcuterie

text: Emulsified sausages are cooked sausages with a very fine texture, using the combination of pork, beef, or poultry with fat, salt, cure, flavorings, and water. These ingredients are emulsified at high speed in a food processor or blender. During this process, the salt dissolves the muscle proteins, which helps to suspend the fat molecules. Temperature is an important part of the process: if the temperature rises above 60 °F (16 °C) for pork or 70 °F (21 °C) for beef, the emulsion will not hold and fat will leak from the sausage during the cooking process.


title: Charcuterie

text: "Pâté" and "terrines" are often cooked in a pastry crust or an earthenware container. Both the earthenware container and the dish itself are called a terrine. "Pâté" and "terrine" are very similar; the term "pâté" often suggests a finer-textured forcemeat using liver, whereas terrines are more often made of a coarser forcemeat. The meat is chopped or ground, along with heavy seasoning, which may include fat and aromatics. The seasoning is important, as they will generally be served cold, which mutes the flavors.


title: Charcuterie

text: The mixture is placed into a lined mold, covered, and cooked in a water bath to control the temperature, which will keep the forcemeat from separating, as the water bath slows the heating process of the terrine. "Pâté" and "terrine" are generally cooked to 160 °F (71 °C), while terrine made of foie gras are generally cooked to an internal temperature of 120 °F (59 °C). After the proper temperature is reached, the terrine is removed from the oven and placed into a cooling unit topped with a weight to compact the contents of the terrine. It is then allowed to rest for several days to allow the flavors to blend.


title: Charcuterie

text: "Galantine" is a chilled poultry product created after the French Revolution by the chef to the Marquis de Brancas. The term "galant" connotes urbane sophistication. Other origins are suggested: the older French word for chicken "géline" or "galine" or the word gelatin. Sources suggest the spelling of gelatin transformed into the words "galentyne", "galyntyne", "galandyne", and "galendine".


title: Charcuterie

text: The galantine is prepared by skinning and boning a chicken or other poultry. The skin is laid flat, with the pounded breast laid on top. A forcemeat is then placed on top of the pounded breast. The galantine is then rolled with the ends of the breast meeting one another. The galantine is then wrapped in cheesecloth and poached in poultry stock until the proper internal temperature is reached.


title: Charcuterie

text: "Roulade" is similar to a "galantine". The two major differences are instead of rolling the poultry evenly for the ends of the breasts to meet, the bird is rolled into a pinwheel shape, and the roulade is cooled by chilling it after it has been removed from the poaching liquid.


title: Charcuterie

text: Salt serves four main purposes in the preservation of food in the charcuterie kitchen. The first is inducing osmosis: This process involves the movement of water outside of the membranes of the cells, which in turn reabsorb the salted water back into the cell. This process assists in the destruction of harmful pathogens. The second is dehydration, which means the salt pulls excess water from the protein, which aids in the shelf life of the protein, as there is less moisture present for bacterial growth. Fermentation is the third, in which salt assists in halting the fermentation process which would otherwise completely break the meat down. Finally, salt assists in denaturing proteins, which in essence means the structure of the proteins is effectively shifted, similar to the effects of cooking.


title: Charcuterie

text: Before the discovery of nitrates and nitrites by German chemists around 1900, curing was done with unrefined salt and saltpeter. As saltpeter gives inconsistent results in preventing bacterial growth, nitrate and nitrite (in the forms of sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate) have increased in popularity for their consistent results. Nitrates take a considerably longer period of time to break down in cured foods than nitrites. Because of this, nitrates are the preferred curing salts for lengthy curing and drying periods. Nitrites are often used in foods that require a shorter curing time and are used for any item that will be fully cooked. Eventually, a portion of the nitrates will be converted into nitrites by bacterial action.


title: Charcuterie

text: Nitrite has multiple purposes in the curing process. One purpose is flavor, the nitrites giving a sharp, piquant flavor to the meat. Second, the nitrites react with substances in the meat to produce nitric oxide. Nitric oxide prevents iron from breaking down the fat in the meat, thus halting rancidity. The binding also creates the characteristic reddish color found in most cured meat. Finally, the nitrite inhibits the growth of botulism-causing organisms that would ordinarily thrive in the oxygen-deprived environment in the sausage casing. German scientists originally named botulism poisoning ("sausage poisoning"). The term "" derives its name from the Latin term for sausage.


title: Charcuterie

text: Eating cured and processed meat products has been linked to a small increase in gastric cancer, as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and colorectal cancer. The negative effects are presumed to be caused by nitrates and nitrites, as well as nitrosamines which are formed by nitrites reacting with meat. These risks are generally regarded as minimal, and regulations in the United States limit ingoing nitrites to 156 parts per million (0.0156%) (less for bacon) as a precautionary measure.


title: Charcuterie

text: Two main types of curing salt mixture are used by the charcutier. The first is known by multiple names, including "tinted cure mix", "pink cure", "prague powder", or "insta-cure #1". The mixture is 93.75% sodium chloride and 6.25% sodium nitrite. When used, the recommended amount is a ratio of 4 oz for each 100 lb (1 kg for each 400 kg) of meat or 0.25% of the total weight of the meat. This blend is colored bright pink to keep the charcutier from confusing the mixture with regular salt.


title: Charcuterie

text: The second curing salt blend is called "prague powder II" or "insta-cure #2". Also colored pink to differentiate it from table salt, it contains 6.25% sodium nitrite, 4% sodium nitrate, and 89.75% table salt. This mixture is used for dry sausages that require a longer drying period which requires the presence of nitrate.


title: Charcuterie

text: Sweeteners and other flavoring agents are necessary in the production of many cured products due to the harsh flavors of the salt. A number of sweeteners can be used in curing foods, including dextrose, sugar, corn syrup, honey, and maple syrup. Dextrose is seen often in cured meat, as it not only mellows the harshness, but it also increases the moisture content of the cured product while adding less sweetness to the cured meat. The sweeteners also assist in stabilizing the colors in meat and help the fermentation process by giving a nutrient to the bacteria.


title: Charcuterie

text: Numerous spices and herbs are used in the curing process to assist with the flavor of the final product. The sweet spices regularly used include cinnamon, allspice, nutmeg, mace, and cardamom. Other flavoring agents may include dried and fresh chilies, wine, fruit juice, or vinegar.


title: Charcuterie

text: Fermented sausages are created by salting chopped or ground meat to remove moisture, while allowing beneficial bacteria to break down sugars into flavorful molecules. Bacteria, including "Lactobacillus" species and "Leuconostoc" species, break down these sugars to produce lactic acid, which not only affects the flavor of the sausage, but also lowers the pH from 6.0 to 4.5–5.0, preventing the growth of bacteria that could spoil the sausage. These effects are magnified during the drying process, as the salt and acidity are concentrated as moisture is extracted.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: The 2021 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) 2020–21 season and conclusion of the season's playoffs. In this best-of-seven playoff series, the Eastern Conference champion Milwaukee Bucks defeated the Western Conference champion Phoenix Suns, 4–2, winning their first NBA championship in 50 years and their second title overall. Holding home-court advantage, the Suns led the series 2–0 before the Bucks came back and won the next four games, becoming the fifth team in NBA history to win the championship after losing the first two games. Milwaukee's Giannis Antetokounmpo was named NBA Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP). With the COVID-19 pandemic altering the NBA's schedule for the second consecutive year, the start date of the series was pushed from its usual time in late May or early June to July 6, the second-latest start in Finals' history. This was the first NBA Finals since 2010 to not have LeBron James or Stephen Curry as one of the players.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Milwaukee and Phoenix were two of five teams in the league with an active championship drought of 50 years or more. Prior to 2021, the Bucks won their only title in 1971, while the Suns have yet to win a title since joining the league in 1968. They were both making their third Finals appearance. Phoenix and Milwaukee each began play as expansion teams in 1968. Both teams were involved in a coin toss for the rights to the first overall pick in the 1969 NBA draft, which the Bucks won and used to select Lew Alcindor, later known as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, from UCLA. He led the Bucks to their first championship in 1971. The 2021 Finals was the first since 1971 to not include any players who had previously won an NBA championship, and the first since 2015 that no players on the winning team had prior NBA Finals experience. The Suns' Jae Crowder was the only player in the series who previously played in the Finals, making it just the second time since the first Finals that fewer than two players had previously appeared in the championship series; no players had previously played in the Finals in the 1977 series.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the NBA for the second straight year. The regular season was reduced to 72 games for each team, and was held from December 22, 2020, to May 16, 2021. The playoffs started on May 22.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: The Bucks finished with the league's best record in the prior two seasons before suffering disappointments in the playoffs. In the offseason, they were at risk of losing two-time NBA Most Valuable Player Award-winner Giannis Antetokounmpo in free agency. To improve their roster, the Bucks acquired guard Jrue Holiday, a highly respected defensive player and an All-Star in 2013, from the New Orleans Pelicans in a four-team trade, surrendering a bounty in starting point guard Eric Bledsoe, George Hill, the rights to R. J. Hampton, and a package of future draft picks. Milwaukee later re-signed Antetokounmpo, and had previously re-signed forward Khris Middleton and center Brook Lopez. The team finished the season with a 46–26 record and clinched the 3-seed in the Eastern Conference.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: In the first round, the Bucks won in a four-game sweep over sixth-seeded Miami Heat, to whom they had lost in the previous season's conference semifinals. However, Milwaukee lost starting guard Donte DiVincenzo for the season after he tore a ligament in his left ankle in Game 3. A two-way contributor, he was the team's sixth-leading scorer in the regular season, making 38% of his three-point field goals. The Bucks then faced the second-seeded Brooklyn Nets, losing the first two games before winning the series in seven. After taking a 2–1 lead in the conference finals against the fifth-seeded Atlanta Hawks, Antetokounmpo went down in game four with a hyperextension to his left knee, allowing the Hawks to win game four and tie the series. Despite Antetokounmpo's absence, the Bucks were still able to close out the Hawks in six games behind the timely contributions of Lopez, Middleton, and Holiday to reach the Finals for the first time since 1974.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: This marked the first time a team from Milwaukee reached a championship series of the four major North American sports leagues since 1982 when the Brewers made the World Series.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: The Suns had just a .302 winning percentage in the previous five seasons entering the 2020–21 season, which is the worst winning percentage in the five years prior for a team advancing to the final playoff round in any of the four major American professional sports leagues. During the 2020 offseason, Phoenix acquired All-Star Chris Paul from the Oklahoma City Thunder by trading away Ricky Rubio, Kelly Oubre Jr., and a future first-round draft pick. The Suns, led by Paul, rising star Devin Booker, 2018 first overall pick Deandre Ayton, and second-year head coach Monty Williams, finished the season with a 51–21 record as the No. 2 seed, their first winning season since the 2013–14 season, and qualifying for the playoffs for the first time since 2010. They also clinched the Pacific division for the first time since 2006–07.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Phoenix began their playoff run by defeating the seventh-seeded and defending NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers in the opening round in six games. In the conference semifinals, they swept the third-seeded Denver Nuggets. The Suns then defeated Chris Paul's former team, the fourth-seeded Los Angeles Clippers, in the conference finals in six games, advancing to the NBA Finals for the first time since 1993. At 36 years old, Paul made his first Finals appearance after 16 seasons in the league and 10 All-NBA selections.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: This marked the first time since 2009 that a team from Phoenix made a championship series from the four major North American sports leagues, when the Arizona Cardinals reached Super Bowl XLIII.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Chris Paul scored 32 points and had nine assists and Devin Booker added 27 points to lead Phoenix to a 118–105 win over Milwaukee. After he opened the third quarter with a jump shot for the first double-digit lead of the game, Paul later scored eight straight points for the Suns and scored 16 overall in the quarter. Phoenix led 88–68 with 2:20 remaining in the quarter after Paul passed to Deandre Ayton, who was fouled and made two free throws. In his return from his knee injury, Bucks star Giannis Antetokounmpo returned and had 20 points, 17 rebounds in limited minutes due to foul trouble, and made a chase-down block of a layup attempt by Mikal Bridges that was reminiscent of "The Block" by LeBron James on Andre Iguodala in Game 7 of the 2016 Finals. Antetokounmpo's availability was not confirmed until almost an hour before tip-off, and he played with few signs of injury.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Milwaukee pulled to within seven points midway through the fourth quarter, but Paul passed to Booker for a 3-pointer and then stole the ball from the Bucks' Khris Middleton and hit a jumper to extend the lead to 106–94. Ayton finished the game with 22 points and 19 rebounds for Phoenix. Middleton scored 29 on 26 shots for the Bucks, but did not attempt a free throw. Teammate Jrue Holiday shot just 4 for 14. Milwaukee center Brook Lopez was targeted on switches by the Suns, and he was on the bench for most of the second half while Antetokounmpo played center.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: The Suns had 26 free throw attempts in the game, 10 more than the Bucks. Phoenix made their first 25 free throws and nearly set a record for most free throws in a game without a miss until Jae Crowder missed with 24.8 seconds left in the game. The Suns finished 25 of 26 on their free throws compared to the Bucks' 9 for 16. The loss by the Bucks marked the third straight series in which they trailed.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Booker scored 31 points and Paul had 23 as the Suns won 118–108 to take a 2–0 series lead. Phoenix made 20 of its 40 three-pointers, including seven makes from Booker. Bridges added 27 points and seven rebounds for the Suns, and Paul also had eight assists. Antetokounmpo had 42 points and 12 rebounds for Milwaukee. Phoenix was up 65–50 towards the start of the third period, but Antetokounmpo scored 20 points in the quarter, including a stretch of 13 consecutive points for the Bucks, to keep his team in the game.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: The Bucks outscored the Suns 20–0 in the key in the opening period, but Phoenix made eight 3-pointers and trailed just 29–26. With less than five minutes remaining in the first half, the game was tied at 41 before Phoenix ended with a 15–4 run. On their last possession, the Suns made 10 passes, with every team member touching the ball, culminating in Bridges passing the ball to Ayton, who laid it in while being fouled. Phoenix weathered Antetokounmpo's 20-point quarter in the third, when he joined Michael Jordan, Isiah Thomas, and Joe Dumars as the other players to score at least 20 in a quarter during a finals game. Milwaukee cut the lead to six in the fourth quarter, but a 3-pointer by Paul and a basket by Bridges expanded the lead back to double figures, and Booker made three of his 3-point shots to fend off the Bucks.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Antetokounmpo had more than twice as many field goals as any other teammate, shooting 15 for 22 from the field, and 11 for 18 from the free-throw line. Holiday scored 17 for Milwaukee on just 7-for-21 shooting, and Middleton had 11 points but was 5 for 16. Crowder bounced back from an 0-for-8 shooting performance in Game 1 with 11 points and 10 rebounds for Phoenix.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Antetokounmpo had 41 points, 13 rebounds and six assists, and Milwaukee won 120–100 at home to cut Phoenix's series lead to 2–1. He received more support from his teammates in Game 3. Holiday scored 21 points and was 5 of 10 on 3-pointers, and Middleton scored 18. The Suns got 19 points and nine assists from Paul, but his fellow guard Booker was limited to 10 points on 3-of-14 shooting, as the Bucks sent multiple defenders at him.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: The Suns started the game strongly with Ayton scoring 12 points in the first quarter. However, he was limited by foul trouble the rest of the game. Milwaukee took control of the contest with a 30–9 run to end the first half and a 16–0 finish to the third quarter. The Suns pulled to within 74–70 in the third after outscoring the Bucks 14–5, but Milwaukee closed out the quarter with a 24–6 scoring run to lead 98–76. The Bucks were 14 of 36 from three-point range for the game after making just 5 of 18 in the first half. They limited Phoenix to just nine 3-pointers, though Crowder was 6-of-7 from behind the arc and scored 18 points.  The Bucks also outscored the Suns 54–40 in the paint, and all 14 of Antetokounmpo's field goals were within of the basket.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Antetokounmpo became the second player to have consecutive Finals games with at least 40 points and 10 rebounds, joining Shaquille O'Neal in 2000. He also posted his 11th game in the playoffs with at least 30 points and 10 rebounds, passing Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's team mark set in 1974 for most in one postseason. Antetokounmpo was an improved 13 of 17 on his free throws, as Bucks fans chanted "M-V-P", compared to fans on the road mocking him with a sped-up timer count, as his lengthy deliberate free throw routine could take longer than the league's 10-second rule to shoot which would result in a violation.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Middleton scored 40 points, including 10 straight for Milwaukee in the closing moments, and the Bucks won 109–103 to tie the series 2–2. Booker rebounded from his Game 3 struggles to score a game-high 42 points, but his playing time was restricted late by foul trouble. The Suns led for 37:55 of the first 44 minutes of the game. With 3:42 left in the fourth and the Suns up by three Jrue Holiday attempted a layup and received a great deal of contact from Devin Booker with no call (the play was determined to be a foul by the NBA in the Last 3:30 Report after the game). If Devin Booker had received the foul, it would have been his sixth, resulting in him being ejected and hugely affecting the game. This sparked a lot of controversy online, with the decision to not call the foul being criticised by fans and sports media. They were up two with minutes remaining when Middleton scored the next eight points in the contest. He made consecutive midrange jump shots to place Milwaukee up for good at 101–99 with 1:28 in the game. Jumping off the left leg that he hyperextended two weeks earlier, Antetokounmpo blocked a potential game-tying alley-oop by Ayton with 1:14 left, prompting fans and media to debate the play's standing among the greatest blocks of all-time. After Paul lost his balance of his own accord and turned over the ball, Holiday picked up the loose ball and Middleton made a fast-break layup and with 27.2 seconds left for a four-point lead. He capped off his run with four free throws to bring the score to 107–101. The Bucks outscored the Suns 33–21 in the fourth quarter. Antetokounmpo finished with 26 points along with 14 rebounds and eight assists.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Phoenix made 51.3% of their shots compared to Milwaukee's 40.2%, but they took 19 fewer shots (78–97) due to turnovers and offensive rebounds, outperformed by the Bucks 17–5 in both. The Bucks scored 24 points off turnovers, and their offensive boards led to 19 second-chance points. Crowder scored 15 points for Phoenix, while Paul was held to 10 points on 5–13 shooting and committed five turnovers. Holiday scored 13 on just 4 for 20 shooting, but he added seven rebounds, seven assists and only one turnover, while his defense disrupted Paul. The Bucks also got 14 points from Lopez and 11 points and nine rebounds from Pat Connaughton. Middleton and Antetokounmpo became the third set of teammates to score 40 or more points in games in the same Finals series, joining Abdul-Jabbar and Magic Johnson with the Los Angeles Lakers (1980) and LeBron James and Kyrie Irving while with the Cleveland Cavaliers (2016).


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: With Milwaukee leading by one with about 16 seconds remaining in the game, Holiday stole the ball from Phoenix's Booker and passed to Antetokounmpo for an alley-oop and a free throw (fouled by Paul on the finish) to secure the game for a 123–119 Bucks' win and a 3–2 series lead. Milwaukee recovered from an early 16-point deficit to outscore Phoenix 87–57 from the start of the second quarter to around the nine-minute mark of the fourth quarter. The Suns were down 10 with minutes left in the game before a basket by Paul cut it to 120–119 with 56 seconds to play. Holiday had 27 points, 13 assists and three steals. Antetokounmpo had 32 points, nine rebounds and six assists, and Middleton finished with 29 points. Booker had a game-high 40 points, his second-straight contest with at least 40.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Phoenix made 14 of 19 shots in the first quarter, including a stretch of 11 straight makes, and led 37–21 after the first period. However, Milwaukee outscored them 21–5 to open the second quarter, tying the game at 42 on a 3-pointer by Connaughton with 7:48 left in the half. Holiday scored 14 in the quarter, when the Bucks scored a record 43 points in a quarter by a road team in the Finals, and they led 64–61 at halftime. After three quarters, the Bucks had made 62.1% of their shots, rivaling Orlando's single-game Finals record of 62.5% in Game 3 of the 2009 finals against the Lakers. Milwaukee led 108–94 after a basket by Holiday with about nine minutes remaining in the game, but the Suns mounted their comeback to pull within one in the final minute. After a Holiday miss, Booker rebounded the ball and dribbled it upcourt himself. He stopped and pivoted in the paint, when Holiday forcefully pulled the ball from his hands for the steal. After initially intending to run down the clock, Holiday instead passed it for the dunk by Antetokounmpo, who was begging for the ball. Fouled on the play by Paul, Antetokounmpo missed the free throw, making just 4 of 11 in the game. However, he volleyed the ball for an offensive rebound by Middleton, who made one of two free throws for the final score of the game.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Milwaukee became the first team in the series to win on the road. Antetokounmpo, Holiday and Middleton combined for 88 points, becoming the fifth trio to each score 25 points on 50% shooting in a single Finals game, and the first to accomplish the feat since the Lakers' Abdul-Jabbar (36 points), James Worthy (33), and Magic Johnson (26) in 1985. Phoenix lost three straight games for only the second time in the season, the first occurring six months earlier. Paul ended the game with 21 points, 11 assists and one turnover, while Ayton finished with 20 points and 10 rebounds. Booker became the first player in the Finals to score at least 40 in consecutive games and lose both. Antetokounmpo and him were the first pair of players to score 40+ twice in the same Finals. Bucks' role player Thanasis Antetokounmpo, the older brother of Giannis, and assistant coach Josh Oppenheimer were away from the team due to COVID-19 health and safety protocols. The NBA also replaced referee Sean Wright after he entered health and safety protocols.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Giannis Antetokounmpo scored a playoff career-high 50 points and added 14 rebounds and five blocks to lead the Bucks to a 105–98 victory to win the series in six games. The 50 points tied a Finals record for the most scored by a player in a series-clinching game, set by Bob Pettit of the St. Louis Hawks in 1958. After his dominant performance in the series, including his third game with at least 40 points and 10 rebounds, Antetokounmpo was named the Finals MVP, the youngest winner at age 26 since Kawhi Leonard (22) in 2014. Antetokounmpo made 16 of his 25 shots, and was a surprising 17 for 19 on his free throws after hitting just 55.6% in the playoffs. The game was tied at 77 after three quarters before he scored 13 in the final period to lead Milwaukee to its first championship since 1971, when they were led by Abdul-Jabbar and Oscar Robertson. Paul led the Suns with 26 points.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: Middleton scored 17 and reserve Bobby Portis added 16 for the Bucks. Holiday had 12 points, 11 assists and nine rebounds. His defense helped limit Booker to 19 points on just 8-for-22 shooting, missing all seven of his 3-point attempts. Milwaukee became the fifth team to come back from a 2–0 deficit in the Finals, and the first to do so by winning the next four games since Miami defeated Dallas in 2006. They also became the second team in NBA history to come back from down 2–0 twice in the same playoffs after the 2020–21 Los Angeles Clippers also did so in consecutive rounds. The Suns have won two games in each of their three Finals appearances. Paul became the first player in NBA playoff history to lose four series in which his team led 2–0.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: As part of a multiyear partnership since 2018, the internet television service YouTube TV was the presenting sponsor of the NBA Finals. YouTube TV introduced a new multi-platform ad campaign during the series featuring a grandmother using the service to watch NBA games on-demand.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: The Finals were televised in the United States by ABC for the 19th consecutive year, and broadcast through ESPN Radio nationally. Each of the games' intro videos were directed by Spike Lee.


title: 2021 NBA Finals

text: As with the previous years, the series was called by Mike Breen on play-by-play with Jeff Van Gundy and Mark Jackson as analysts. Rachel Nichols was originally to be the sideline reporter, but Malika Andrews took over due to a leaked audio of Nichols saying racist comments against Maria Taylor.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: The Boltzmann constant ( or ) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative kinetic energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin and the gas constant, and in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula, and is used in calculating thermal noise in resistors. The Boltzmann constant has dimensions of energy divided by temperature, the same as entropy. It is named after the Austrian scientist Ludwig Boltzmann.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: As part of the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, the Boltzmann constant is one of the seven "defining constants" that have been given exact definitions. They are used in various combinations to define the seven SI base units. The Boltzmann constant is defined to be exactly .


title: Boltzmann constant

text: Macroscopically, the ideal gas law states that, for an ideal gas, the product of pressure and volume is proportional to the product of amount of substance (in moles) and absolute temperature :


title: Boltzmann constant

text: where is the molar gas constant (). Introducing the Boltzmann constant as the gas constant per molecule transforms the ideal gas law into an alternative form:


title: Boltzmann constant

text: Given a thermodynamic system at an absolute temperature , the average thermal energy carried by each microscopic degree of freedom in the system is (i.e., about , or , at room temperature). This is generally true only for classical systems with a large number of particles, and in which quantum effects are negligible.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: In classical statistical mechanics, this average is predicted to hold exactly for homogeneous ideal gases. Monatomic ideal gases (the six noble gases) possess three degrees of freedom per atom, corresponding to the three spatial directions. According to the equipartition of energy this means that there is a thermal energy of per atom. This corresponds very well with experimental data. The thermal energy can be used to calculate the root-mean-square speed of the atoms, which turns out to be inversely proportional to the square root of the atomic mass. The root mean square speeds found at room temperature accurately reflect this, ranging from for helium, down to for xenon.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: Considering that the translational motion velocity vector has three degrees of freedom (one for each dimension) gives the average energy per degree of freedom equal to one third of that, i.e. .


title: Boltzmann constant

text: The ideal gas equation is also obeyed closely by molecular gases; but the form for the heat capacity is more complicated, because the molecules possess additional internal degrees of freedom, as well as the three degrees of freedom for movement of the molecule as a whole. Diatomic gases, for example, possess a total of six degrees of simple freedom per molecule that are related to atomic motion (three translational, two rotational, and one vibrational). At lower temperatures, not all these degrees of freedom may fully participate in the gas heat capacity, due to quantum mechanical limits on the availability of excited states at the relevant thermal energy per molecule.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: More generally, systems in equilibrium at temperature have probability of occupying a state with energy weighted by the corresponding Boltzmann factor:


title: Boltzmann constant

text: where is the partition function. Again, it is the energy-like quantity that takes central importance.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: Consequences of this include (in addition to the results for ideal gases above) the Arrhenius equation in chemical kinetics.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: In statistical mechanics, the entropy of an isolated system at thermodynamic equilibrium is defined as the natural logarithm of , the number of distinct microscopic states available to the system given the macroscopic constraints (such as a fixed total energy ):


title: Boltzmann constant

text: This equation, which relates the microscopic details, or microstates, of the system (via ) to its macroscopic state (via the entropy ), is the central idea of statistical mechanics. Such is its importance that it is inscribed on Boltzmann's tombstone.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: The constant of proportionality serves to make the statistical mechanical entropy equal to the classical thermodynamic entropy of Clausius:


title: Boltzmann constant

text: At the standard state temperature of , it is approximately . The thermal voltage is also important in plasmas and electrolyte solutions (e.g. the Nernst equation); in both cases it provides a measure of how much the spatial distribution of electrons or ions is affected by a boundary held at a fixed voltage.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: The Boltzmann constant is named after its 19th century Austrian discoverer, Ludwig Boltzmann. Although Boltzmann first linked entropy and probability in 1877, the relation was never expressed with a specific constant until Max Planck first introduced , and gave a more precise value for it (, about 2.5% lower than today's figure), in his derivation of the law of black-body radiation in 1900–1901. Before 1900, equations involving Boltzmann factors were not written using the energies per molecule and the Boltzmann constant, but rather using a form of the gas constant , and macroscopic energies for macroscopic quantities of the substance. The iconic terse form of the equation on Boltzmann's tombstone is in fact due to Planck, not Boltzmann. Planck actually introduced it in the same work as his eponymous.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: This "peculiar state of affairs" is illustrated by reference to one of the great scientific debates of the time. There was considerable disagreement in the second half of the nineteenth century as to whether atoms and molecules were real or whether they were simply a heuristic tool for solving problems. There was no agreement whether "chemical" molecules, as measured by atomic weights, were the same as "physical" molecules, as measured by kinetic theory. Planck's 1920 lecture continued:


title: Boltzmann constant

text: In versions of SI prior to the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, the Boltzmann constant was a measured quantity rather than a fixed value. Its exact definition also varied over the years due to redefinitions of the kelvin (see ) and other SI base units (see ).


title: Boltzmann constant

text: In 2017, the most accurate measures of the Boltzmann constant were obtained by acoustic gas thermometry, which determines the speed of sound of a monatomic gas in a triaxial ellipsoid chamber using microwave and acoustic resonances. This decade-long effort was undertaken with different techniques by several laboratories; it is one of the cornerstones of the 2019 redefinition of SI base units. Based on these measurements, the CODATA recommended to be the final fixed value of the Boltzmann constant to be used for the International System of Units.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: Since is a proportionality factor between temperature and energy, its numerical value depends on the choice of units for energy and temperature. The small numerical value of the Boltzmann constant in SI units means a change in temperature by 1 K only changes a particle's energy by a small amount. A change of is defined to be the same as a change of . The characteristic energy is a term encountered in many physical relationships.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: The Boltzmann constant sets up a relationship between wavelength and temperature (dividing "hc"/"k" by a wavelength gives a temperature) with one micrometer being related to , and also a relationship between voltage and temperature (multiplying the voltage by "k" in units of eV/K) with one volt being related to . The ratio of these two temperatures,  /  ≈ 1.239842, is the numerical value of "hc" in units of eV⋅μm.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: The Boltzmann constant provides a mapping from this characteristic microscopic energy to the macroscopic temperature scale . In physics research another definition is often encountered in setting to unity, resulting in temperature and energy quantities of the same type. In this context temperature is measured effectively in units of energy and the Boltzmann constant is not explicitly needed.


title: Boltzmann constant

text: The equipartition formula for the energy associated with each classical degree of freedom then becomes


title: Boltzmann constant

text: The use of natural units simplifies many physical relationships; in this form the definition of thermodynamic entropy coincides with the form of information entropy:


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City (stylized as good kid, m.A.A.d city) is the second studio album by American rapper Kendrick Lamar. It was released on October 22, 2012, through Top Dawg Entertainment, Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records. The album features guest appearances from Drake, Dr. Dre, Jay Rock, Anna Wise, and MC Eiht. It is Lamar's major label debut, after his independently released first album "Section.80" in 2011 and his signing to Aftermath and Interscope the following year.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" was recorded mostly at several studios in California, with producers such as Dr. Dre, Just Blaze, Pharrell Williams, Hit-Boy, Scoop DeVille, Jack Splash, and T-Minus, among others, contributing to the album. Billed as a "short film by Kendrick Lamar" on the album cover, the concept album follows the story of Lamar's teenage experiences in the drug-infested streets and gang lifestyle of his native Compton. The album earned Lamar four Grammy Award nominations at the 2014 Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: The album was supported by five singles – "The Recipe", "Swimming Pools (Drank)", "Backseat Freestyle", "Poetic Justice", and "Bitch, Don't Kill My Vibe". All five singles achieved chart success of varying degrees. Lamar also went on a world tour between May and August 2013, featuring the other members of the hip hop collective, Black Hippy.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" received widespread acclaim from critics, who praised its thematic scope and Lamar's lyrics. The album debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 242,000 copies in its first week – earning the highest first-week hip hop album sales of 2012 from a male artist. It became Lamar's first album to enter the UK Albums Chart, peaking at number 16, and entering the UK R&B Albums Chart at number two. The album was also named to many end-of-the-year lists, often topping them. It was later certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In 2020, the album was ranked 115th on "Rolling Stone"s updated list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and in 2022, the publication named it the greatest concept album of all time.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: After the release and success of his debut studio album "Section.80" (2011), Kendrick Lamar signed a major label record deal with Interscope Records and Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment. He told "HipHopDX" that he did not want to work with high-profile producers, but with those he had established himself with, mainly producers from Top Dawg's in-house production team, Digi+Phonics.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: In an interview for "XXL", Lamar said that the album would not sound like "Section.80", but will return to his Compton roots: "I couldn't tell you what type of sound or where I [will] be in the next five years as far as music... Back to the neighborhood and [going] back in that same space where we used to be, got [me] inspired. So this album won't sound like "Section.80"." Lamar also said that the album will showcase the influence of his hometown: "The kid that's trying to escape that influence, trying his best to escape that influence, has always been pulled back in because of circumstances that be."


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: Recording sessions for the album took place at PatchWerk Recording Studios in Atlanta, Encore Studios in Burbank, TDE Red Room in Carson, and "At My Mama's Studio" in Los Angeles. The first song that Lamar recorded for the album was "Compton", which featured Dr. Dre. The track serves as the twelfth track on the album, and acts as the standard edition's closing track.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: On August 15, 2012, Lady Gaga announced via Twitter, that she had collaborated with Lamar on a song called "Partynauseous", for the album, and would be released on September 6. However, on August 23, Gaga announced that the song was no longer being released on that date and apologized to fans for the delay. Eventually, it was confirmed that Lady Gaga would not be featured on the album due to timing issues and creative differences. The song was later revealed to be re-titled "Bitch, Don't Kill My Vibe". On November 8, Gaga released the version she was featured on, which had her singing the chorus and a verse. Lamar expressed he was surprised and happy that Gaga released her version of the song, as it displayed confidence in their work together.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" has a low-key, downbeat production, with atmospheric beats and subtle, indistinct hooks. It eschews contemporary hip hop tastes and generally features tight bass measures, subtle background vocals, and light piano. Writers draw comparisons of the music to Outkast's 1998 album "Aquemini". Andrew Nosnitsky of "Spin" cites the music's "closest point of reference" as "the cold spaciousness of "ATLiens"-era Outkast, but as the record progresses, that sound sinks slowly into the fusionist mud of those sprawling and solemn mid-2000s Roots albums." Sasha Frere-Jones of "The New Yorker" finds its use of "smooth" music as a backdrop for "rough" scenarios to be analogous to Dr. Dre's G-funk during the early 1990s, but adds that "Lamar often sounds like Drake ... whose various dreamy styles have very little to do with the legacy of the West." Okayplayer's Marcus Moore writes that its "expansive and brooding" instrumentals eschew "California's glossy West Coast funk" for a "Dungeon Family aesthetic."


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: Lyrically, the album chronicles Lamar's experiences in his native Compton and its harsh realities, in a nonlinear narrative. The songs address issues such as economic disenfranchisement, retributive gang violence and downtrodden women, while analyzing their residual effects on individuals and families. Lamar introduces various characters and internal conflicts, including the contrast of his homesickness and love for Compton with the city's plagued condition. Del F. Cowie of "Exclaim!" observes a "transformation" by Lamar's character "from a boisterous, impressionable, girl-craving teenager to more spiritual, hard-fought adulthood, irrevocably shaped by the neighbourhood and familial bonds of his precarious environment." "Slant Magazine"s Mark Collett writes that Lamar executes the character's transition by "tempering the hedonistic urges of West Coast hip hop with the self-reflective impulses of the East Coast." David Amidon of "PopMatters" views that the album provides a "sort of semi-autobiographical character arc", while "MSN Music"s Robert Christgau writes that Lamar "softspokenly" enacts a "rap-versus-real dichotomy".


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: The album features naturalistic, vérité-like skits that dramatize the characters' limitations. Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" finds them to be a part of the album's "narrative strategy", with "prayers and conversations and different voices and recollections and interludes, all in service of one overarching story: Mr. Lamar's tale of ducking Compton's rougher corners to find himself artistically." "Pitchfork"s Jayson Greene feels that they reinforce the album's theme of "the grounding power of family", interpreting "family and faith" to be "the fraying tethers holding Lamar back from the chasm of gang violence that threatens to consume him."


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: Lamar exhibits a tempered delivery on the album and raps with dense narratives, internal rhyme, double and triple time flow and multiple voices for different characters. Music journalist Jody Rosen characterizes him as "a storyteller, not a braggart or punch-line rapper, setting spiritual yearnings and moral dilemmas against a backdrop of gang violence and police brutality."


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: Before the album's title was officially revealed, fans had already been calling Lamar's major label debut "Good Kid, Mad City" or "Good Kid in a Mad City", as it was a nickname Lamar had given himself. He had used the phrase in his lyrics as early as the 2009 "Kendrick Lamar" EP. When he announced the album's title and release date, Lamar indicated that the "correct" rendering of the title is lowercase except for the two vowels in ""m.A.A.d"". The album's title mainly refers to Lamar's childhood innocence and how Compton affected his life. After keeping the album title's acronym concealed, Lamar later revealed "M.A.A.D" is an acronym with two meanings: ""My Angry Adolescence Divided"" and ""My Angels on Angel Dust"", with Lamar stating: "That was me, [and it's] the reason why I don't smoke. It was just me getting my hands on the wrong thing at the wrong time [and] being oblivious to it." The title has been interpreted as a reference to WC and the Maad Circle, a Los Angeles-based hip hop group active in the 1990s.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: The cover artwork for "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" features a baby Lamar, two of his uncles, and his grandfather, with the adults' eyes censored, possibly for privacy reasons. He explained that the reason why he had not censored his own eyes was that the album's story was told through his eyes, and is based around his experiences. The uncle who is holding Lamar also is displaying the Crips gang sign with his hand, and the poster above the head of the uncle features Lamar and his father.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: The album's first single, "The Recipe", was released on April 3, 2012. The song featured Lamar's mentor, Dr. Dre, and was produced by Scoop DeVille. It peaked at number 38 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs"></ref> Lamar and Dr. Dre shot a video for the song at a mansion in Los Angeles in May, although it was never released. The album's second single, "Swimming Pools (Drank)", was released on July 31, 2012, while the music video premiered on August 3, 2012. The song became a hit, peaking at number 17 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. "Swimming Pools (Drank)" was also certified gold in the United States by the RIAA.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: The music video for the song, "Backseat Freestyle", was released on January 2, 2013, which included Lamar's father in a cameo appearance. It was later revealed to be released as the third single in the United Kingdom on January 7. The song peaked at number 29 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: "Poetic Justice" was released as the third single in North America, and the fourth single overall, featuring Drake. The song was serviced to American rhythmic contemporary radio on January 15, 2013, and peaked at number 26 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was also soon certified gold in the United States by the RIAA.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: On March 9, 2013, Kendrick told "Rap-Up" that his next single off the album would be "Bitch, Don't Kill My Vibe". On March 13, Young Guru premiered a snippet of the song's official remix, which featured Jay-Z. Lamar would later describe the remix as an "accomplishment to have [worked] with Jay-Z". Shortly after the remix premiered, Lamar confirmed "Bitch, Don't Kill My Vibe" would be the next single from the album. The full version of the remix was premiered by Funkmaster Flex on March 18. The remix was released as the album's fourth single to rhythmic contemporary radio on April 9. The song has since peaked at number 32 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The music video for the original version of the single was released on May 13, with comedian Mike Epps making a cameo appearance. The same day, an extended version of the music video was released. It featured a cameo from Juicy J, and a bonus clip of a new song by Schoolboy Q from his own respective major label debut album, "Oxymoron" (2014).


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: On March 10, 2015, Lamar unexpectedly released the song "County Building Blues" to iTunes as a promotional single.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: Before and after the album's October 2012 release, Lamar toured as a supporting act alongside Drake and Steve Aoki. On May 5, 2013, he began his first headlining tour with the "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" World Tour, in West Palm Beach, Florida. The tour consisted of 23 headlining shows, 22 international music festivals, and 15 United States music festivals. The tour ran through August 24, and featured other members of Black Hippy on all US dates.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: After subtitling the album "a short film by Kendrick Lamar", Lamar would state in an interview with "GQ" that "he plans on doing a short film to bring his story to life." He also expressed interest in directing the short film, as well as suggesting that Tristan Wilds, Taraji P. Henson and Rihanna as potential names he'd want to cast in the film. On December 23, 2013, the music video for "Sing About Me", was released, and was directed by Darren Romanelli.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: One week before the standard edition's release (October 22, 2012), snippets of the album leaked online. In the album's first week of release, it debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 and sold 242,000 copies in the United States. The album also entered the UK Albums Chart at number 16 on October 28, as well as entering at number two on the UK R&B Albums Chart. The album also peaked in the top ten of the album sales charts in Canada, New Zealand, and the Netherlands. In its second week, it sold 63,000 copies in the US, and 176,000 more copies over the next four weeks, bringing its total sales to 481,000 by November 25. By April 2018, the album had sold 1,720,000 copies. It was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in June; for combined sales, streaming and track-sale equivalents of three million units in the US.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: On the week ending October 29, 2022, the album had spent a total of 10 years (520 weeks) on the "Billboard" 200, making "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" the first hip hop studio album to do so.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" was met with widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 91, based on 36 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 8.6 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus. It was widely praised by reviewers for Lamar's lyrical ability and narratives.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: Reviewing the album for "Rolling Stone", Jody Rosen said it "warrants a place in that storied lineage" of "Seventies blaxploitation soundtracks and Nineties gangsta rap blaxploitation revivals". In the "Chicago Tribune", Greg Kot applauded Lamar for giving "gangsta tropes ... a twist, or sometimes upend[ing] them completely" on a record that "brims with comedy, complexity and the many voices in Kendrick Lamar's head." "Pitchfork"s Jayson Greene wrote that "the miracle of this album is how it ties straightforward rap thrills" to its "weighty material" and narrative, while David Amidon from "PopMatters" believed the album was simultaneously accessible and substantial, capable of appealing to both underground and mainstream hip hop listeners. "Fact" journalist Joseph Morpurgo called it an autobiographical "triumph of breadth" and a "wide-ranging, far-reaching success". Jaeki Cho of "XXL" hailed "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" as "one of the most cohesive bodies of work in recent rap memory" and wrote that each song sounded "both complexly arranged and sonically fitting, foregrounding Kendrick's vivid lyricism and amazing control of cadence". In "The Irish Times", Jim Carroll viewed it as an entertaining and forward-thinking that nonetheless echoed the past era of West Coast hip hop. In the opinion of AllMusic editor David Jeffries, the album was "some kind of elevated gangsta rap"; he wrote of its subject matter:


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: Some reviewers were less enthusiastic. Hazel Sheffield of "NME" believed the album "might lack the raw appeal of" "Section.80", while Alex Macpherson of "The Guardian" found "Lamar's depiction of downtrodden women" to be "unnecessarily prurient and unconvincing". Robert Christgau from "MSN Music" felt that its "commitment to drama has musical drawbacks", but stated, "the atmospheric beats Dr. Dre and his hirelings lay under the raps and choruses establish a musical continuity that shores up a nervous flow that's just what Lamar's rhymes need."


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" appeared on several year-end top albums lists by music critics. It was named the best album of 2012 by BBC, "Complex", "Fact", "New York" and "Pitchfork". The album was also ranked number two by "Billboard", the "Chicago Tribune", MTV, "Spin" and "Time", number four by "Filter", Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" and Ann Powers of NPR, number five by "The Guardian", number six by "Rolling Stone" and number eight by "Entertainment Weekly". In December 2012, "Complex" also named "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" one of the 25 classic hip hop albums of the previous 10 years. "Complex" also ranked its album cover as the best of 2012, while "Pitchfork" included it on its list of the 20 best album covers of the year. In April 2013, "Vibe" placed the album at number 19 on its "The Greatest 50 Albums Since '93" list. The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: In October 2013, "Complex" named it the second best hip hop album of the last five years. Also in 2013, "Rolling Stone" placed the album at 86 on its "The 100 Best Debut Albums of All Time" list. The album was ranked number two of "The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far (2010-2014)", a list published by "Pitchfork" in August 2014 and number five of "The 20 Best Albums of the 2010s (so far)", a list published by "Billboard" in January 2015. According to Acclaimed Music, a site which aggregates hundreds of critics' lists from around the world into all-time rankings, the album is the second-most acclaimed of 2012, the ninth-most acclaimed of the 2010s, and the 128th most acclaimed album of all time. In 2020, the album was ranked at 115 on "Rolling Stone"s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list. In 2022, it was ranked number one on "Rolling Stone"s "50 Greatest Concept Albums of All Time" list.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: The album was nominated for Top Rap Album at the 2013 "Billboard" Music Awards and the 2013 American Music Awards, and won the award for Album of the Year at the 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards. "Good Kid M.A.A.D City" earned Lamar five Grammy Award nominations at the 56th Grammy Awards, for Album of The Year, Best Rap Album, Best New Artist, Best Rap/Sung Performance for "Now or Never" with Mary J. Blige, and Best Rap Performance for "Swimming Pools (Drank)". Its loss of the Best Rap Album award to Macklemore & Ryan Lewis' "The Heist" was dubbed an "infamous snub" by "Rolling Stone"s Andre Gee.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: On October 23, 2012, after "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" received much critical acclaim from the hip hop community, rapper Shyne took to Twitter to disparage the album, calling it "trash" and the production horrible. West Coast rappers Nipsey Hussle, Schoolboy Q and The Game quickly took offense to this, with The Game defending Lamar due to his "non-confrontational nature". Lamar would later respond to Shyne's comments on October 26, saying that he is not a sensitive person and was unfazed by his comments. In addition he said "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" was not necessarily a "classic" as some have called it, but "classic worthy" if enough time would pass. He would later reference Shyne on the song "The Jig Is Up", stating: "I pray to God this beat good enough for Shyne". After Shyne stood by his comments, The Game responded with a freestyle calling out Shyne, entitled "Cough Up a Lung". Shyne would later respond with his own diss track in retaliation, titled "Psalms 68 (Guns & Moses)".


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

text: In 2014, it was reported that "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" was being studied as a text in the freshman composition class of Georgia Regents University professor Adam Diehl, alongside other coming of age works such as the James Joyce novel "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man", Gwendolyn Brooks' "Selected Poems", James Baldwin's short story "Going to Meet the Man", and the John Singleton film "Boyz n the Hood". The theme of the class was meant to "inspire students to find an outlet to bring some sanity to our own mad city–Augusta", Diehl told "HipHopDX". "Lamar is the James Joyce of hip-hop", he said, "in the complexity of his storytelling, in his knowledge of the canon, and in his continuing focus on the city of his upbringing—Compton."


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: Laci Denise Peterson (born Rocha; May 4, 1975 — c. December 24, 2002) was an American woman who was the subject of a highly publicized murder case after she disappeared while eight months pregnant with her first child. She was reportedly last seen alive on December 24, 2002.


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: Her husband, Scott Peterson, was later convicted of first-degree murder for her death, and second-degree murder for the death of their unborn son Conner. Since his conviction, Peterson has been housed at San Quentin State Prison. His death sentence was overturned on August 24, 2020. He was re-sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole on December 8, 2021.


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: Laci Denise Rocha was born May 4, 1975, to Sharon and Dennis Robert Rocha, a dairy operator, who had met in high school, and owned a dairy farm west of Escalon, California. Sharon named Laci after a pretty girl she met in high school. Laci's older brother, Brent Rocha, was born in 1971. Laci worked on the farm from a young age, and also enjoyed gardening with her mother, an activity from which she developed an appreciation for plant life that influenced her later life. Sharon and Dennis divorced when Laci and her brother Brent were young. Sharon and the children moved to Modesto, though the children visited the dairy farm on weekends. Sharon eventually married Ron Grantski, who helped raise Laci and Brent from the time Laci was two years old.


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: Laci was a cheerleader in junior high and high school. After graduating from Thomas Downey High School, she attended California Polytechnic State University, where she majored in ornamental horticulture. While at California Polytechnic, Laci would sometimes visit a friend who worked at a restaurant in Morro Bay called the Pacific Café. There, she met her friend's coworker, Scott Peterson, in mid-1994. Laci made the first move, sending Scott her phone number, and immediately after meeting him, she told her mother that she had met the man that she would marry. Scott later called Laci and they began dating, their first date being a deep-sea fishing trip on which Laci got seasick. As Laci's relationship with Scott grew more serious, he put aside his dreams of professional golf in order to focus on a business path. The couple dated for two years, and eventually moved in together.


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: While Scott finished his senior year, Laci took a job in nearby Prunedale. Prosecutors have stated that around this time, Scott engaged in the first of at least two extramarital affairs, though they have not revealed a name or details of this first relationship. After her graduation, the couple married at Sycamore Mineral Springs Resort in San Luis Obispo County's Avila Valley on August 9, 1997. Peterson graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in agricultural business in June 1998. After their graduations, the Petersons opened a sports bar in San Luis Obispo called The Shack. Business was initially slow, but eventually improved, especially on weekends. The Petersons decided to put The Shack up for sale when they moved to Laci's hometown of Modesto, California to start a family. In October 2000, they purchased a three-bedroom, two-bath bungalow house for $177,000 on Covena Avenue in an upscale neighborhood near East La Loma Park. They sold the Shack in April 2001.


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: Laci took a part-time job as a substitute teacher, and Scott got a job with Tradecorp U.S.A., a newly founded subsidiary of a European fertilizer company, in which Scott earned a salary of $5,000 a month before taxes. Laci's family, including her mother and younger sister, related that she worked enthusiastically at being the perfect housewife, enjoying cooking and entertaining, and that she and her family welcomed the news in 2002 that she was pregnant. Laci's due date was February 10, 2003. The couple had planned to name their son Conner. In November 2002, when Laci was seven months pregnant, Scott was introduced by a friend to a Fresno massage therapist named Amber Frey. In later public statements, Frey said Scott told her he was single, and the two began a romantic relationship. The last time Scott's parents saw Laci was during a three-day weekend they spent together in Carmel, California the week before Christmas 2002.


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: On December 23, 2002, at 5:45 p.m., Laci and Scott went to Salon Salon, the workplace of Laci's sister Amy Rocha, where Amy cut Scott's hair as she did each month. As they spoke, Scott offered to pick up a fruit basket that Amy had ordered for her grandfather as a Christmas gift the next day because he would be playing golf at a course nearby. Prosecutors say Scott also told other people he would play golf on the day of Christmas Eve. Her mother Sharon spoke with Laci on the telephone around 8:30 that evening. Apart from her husband Scott, the last two people known to have spoken to Laci before she disappeared were her half-sister, Amy, and her mother, Sharon.


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: Scott later told police that he last saw his wife about 9:30am on December 24, when he left to go fishing at the Berkeley Marina. He said Laci was watching a cooking television show, preparing to mop the floor, bake cookies, and walk the family dog to a nearby park. At the time of her disappearance, Laci was 7 1/2 months pregnant. Later that morning Karen Servas, a neighbor of the Petersons, stated that around 10:30am she found the Petersons' dog, a golden retriever named McKenzie, alone outside the home and returned him to the Petersons' back yard. Another neighbor named Mike Chiavetta said he saw McKenzie at about 10:45am as he played catch with his own dog. "The Modesto Bee" also reported an unnamed female neighbor who found the dog with muddy leash, wandering in the neighborhood. That neighbor put the dog in the Petersons' yard, not observing that anything was out of place. Scott said he returned home that afternoon to find the house empty. Peterson said Laci's 1996 Land Rover Discovery SE was in the driveway. Peterson also stated that he found McKenzie in their back yard, and that he related this to Laci's mother, Sharon, though she later denied this in her book. He showered and washed his clothes because he got wet during his fishing trip "from the bay and being rained on", as Brocchini later testified. He then ate some pizza with milk.


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: According to ABC News, Laci's mother Sharon Rocha, stated that Scott called her to ask if Laci was with her, which was the first time Sharon learned that Laci was missing. Later that evening Ron Grantski called the police to report Laci missing. After police arrived at the Peterson home, Laci's keys, wallet and sunglasses were found in her purse in a closet at the home that evening.


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: Modesto police detectives Jon Buehler and Allen Brocchini, the lead investigators on the case, questioned Scott Peterson that evening. Buehler told ABC News in 2017, "I suspected Scott when I first met him. Didn't mean he did it, but I was a little bit thrown off by his calm, cool demeanor and his lack of questioning ... he wasn't, 'Will you call me back? Can I have one of your cards? What are you guys doing now?'" Buehler further described Scott's behavior as "a strange combination of polite and arrogant, disaffectedly distant and impatiently irritable. He just didn't seem like a man who was crushed or even greatly disturbed by his wife's disappearance and possible death." Although Scott initially said he had spent the day golfing, he later told the police that he had gone to fish for sturgeon at the Berkeley Marina. At 2:15 p.m., he left a message for Laci, stating, "Hey, Beautiful. It's 2:15. I'm leaving Berkeley." Scott stated that he went fishing about 90 miles from the couple's Modesto home. Detectives immediately launched a search. Sharon Rocha immediately hurried to the park to search for her daughter. She stated that when she saw Scott about 20-30 feet away she repeatedly called him by name, but he did not acknowledge her, and was distant when she approached him back at his house, angling away from her when she attempted to hug him.


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: Modesto police and firefighters carried out an extensive search along Dry Creek the day after Laci's disappearance. The search came to include helicopters equipped with searchlights, police mounted on horseback and bicycles, canine units, and water-rescue units on rafts. A total of 30 officers were involved in the search, as well as Laci's loved ones and volunteers, who posted fliers to raise awareness of her disappearance. At a press conference, detective Al Brocchini said that police did not believe that Laci decided to leave without contacting her family, commenting, "That is completely out of character for her." The initial search and later vigil were organized by the immediate family and friends. In the first two days, up to 900 people were involved in looking for Laci, before community officials or police directly participated in the search, and prior to significant media coverage. Eventually, the story attracted nationwide media interest.


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: A $25,000 reward was offered, later increased to $250,000, and finally to $500,000 for any information leading to Laci's safe return. Posters, blue and yellow ribbons, and fliers were circulated, and the original, basic version of the "LaciPeterson.com" website was launched by the husband of one of her friends. Friends, family, and volunteers set up a command center at a nearby Red Lion Hotel to record developments and circulate information. Over 1,500 volunteers signed up to distribute information and to help search for her.


title: Murder of Laci Peterson

text: On April 13, 2003, a couple walking their dog found the decomposing, but well-preserved body of a late-term male fetus in a marshy area of the San Francisco Bay shore in Richmond's Point Isabel Regional Shoreline park, north of Berkeley. Its umbilical cord was still attached, appearing to have been torn, not cut or clamped, as is the normal practice after birth. Although a judge sealed the autopsy results, an anonymous Associated Press source revealed that 1.5 loops of nylon tape were found around the fetus' neck and a significant cut was on the fetus' body.