title: Psych

text: Head detective Carlton Lassiter (Timothy Omundson), playfully nicknamed "Lassie" by Shawn and Gus, quietly respects Shawn's crime-solving skills, but doubts his psychic abilities and is constantly exasperated and/or infuriated by his antics. However, junior detective Juliet "Jules" O'Hara (Maggie Lawson) and Chief Vick (Kirsten Nelson) are far less antagonistic – with O'Hara expressing belief in Shawn's abilities, while Vick is mum on the subject – and usually willing to give Shawn the leeway he needs to solve cases. Henry and Shawn have a difficult relationship, but despite this, Henry reluctantly helps Shawn on various occasions.


title: Psych

text: The show uses White Rock, British Columbia, Canada for its Santa Barbara, California setting. "Psych" also incorporates Vancouver and various locations around the Lower Mainland of British Columbia as a backdrop. Santa Barbara is on a mountainous coastline without bays and just has the few Channel Islands miles offshore. Many of the overlooking helicopter shots and set-up shots (in which the exterior of the Santa Barbara Courthouse is shown) are actually filmed in Santa Barbara. The animated segments "The Big Adventures of Little Shawn and Gus" were created by J.J. Sedelmaier Productions, Inc. The music, effects, and sound design for "The Big Adventures of Little Shawn and Gus" were created by Fred Weinberg.


title: Psych

text: Anne Dudek's character was written out of the series after the character generated a negative test audience reaction with Lassiter due to their relationship. The character of Juliet served as a replacement.


title: Psych

text: The theme song for "Psych" is "I Know You Know" by The Friendly Indians, series creator Steve Franks's band. Some episodes in seasons three through eight use an extended version of "I Know You Know" consisting of the first verse and the chorus, but most episodes use a shortened version consisting of mostly the chorus. In some episodes, the theme song is changed, usually as a tie-in to the theme of the episode to come.


title: Psych

text: The Christmas-themed and Hindi versions of the song also include variations on the main titles. The Hindi and Chinese-themed episodes phonetically translated words into Devanagari and Chinese characters, respectively, in their title sequences. The title sequence in the episode "Dual Spires" is an almost shot-for-shot recreation of the title sequence of "Twin Peaks". The episode "100 Clues" featured an entirely new main title sequence based on the board game Clue. The actor names and title were shown on game cards similar to those of the cards of suspects in Clue.


title: Psych

text: In the "pilot", Roday improvised by picking up a pineapple and saying, "Should I slice this up for the road?" Since then, pineapples have appeared in every episode as a running gag, whether just one in the background or the actual mention of it. It is Shawn's go-to housewarming gift. The pineapple is a major marketing point for items related to the show on the USA website. Fan movements, such as fan-made websites, have also been dedicated to finding a pineapple or pineapple-related object in each episode.


title: Psych

text: Before season 8 was aired, the show did a special, 88-minute . This episode does not fit chronologically in the narrative; there are situations in the episode that would imply that it takes place sometime before the middle of season 7.


title: Psych

text: Following the series finale on March 26, 2014, USA Network aired a live aftershow entitled "Psych After Pshow." The hour-long special was hosted by Kevin Pereira and featured series stars and creator/executive producer Steve Franks.


title: Psych

text: In July 2011, Ion Television announced that "Psych" would become part of its 2012 broadcast in syndication. During 2012, reruns of the show mostly ran on Saturdays as a marathon. In 2013, Ion Television announced the acquisition option pick-up of season seven of "Psych". The deal with NBC Universal Cable & New Media Distribution adds all 16 new episodes of season seven to Ion's existing library of seasons one–six of "Psych" and includes rights to future seasons. As of January 2017, "Psych" started airing on Hallmark Movies and Mysteries and is also airing on Ion Television.


title: Psych

text: "Psych" scored a 4.51 rating and an average of 6.1 million total viewers at its premiere, which made it the highest-rated scripted series premiere on basic cable in 2006 in all key demographics (households, P18-49, P25-54, and total viewers), according to a USA Network press release, quoted from the Futon Critic.


title: Psych

text: "Psych" was the winner of the Independent Investigations Group Annual Award for "Excellence in Entertainment" for advancing the cause of science and exposing superstition. Accepting for "Psych" was staff writer Daniel Hsia. James Roday Rodriguez was nominated for the 2006 Satellite Award for Best Actor – TV Series Musical or Comedy. Rodriguez was also nominated for the 2009 Ewwy Award for Best Actor in a Comedy. "Psych" was nominated for its first Emmy Award in 2010 in the category Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for the episode "Mr. Yin Presents...". Adam Cohen and John Robert Wood were the composers for this episode. "Psych" was nominated for its second Emmy Award in 2012 in the category "Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media" for their interactive game "HashTag Killer". In 2012 and 2013, "Psych" was nominated for the People's Choice Award for "Best Cable TV Comedy". In 2014, "Psych" won the People's Choice Award for "Best Cable TV Comedy" in its last nomination.


title: Psych

text: William Rabkin has written and published five novels based on the series. The novels are written in third-person narrative style. Additionally, Chad Gervich ("Small Screen, Big Picture") has published a crime-fighting guide based on methods presented in the show.


title: Psych

text: On May 8, 2017, USA Network announced "", a two-hour TV film to air December 7, 2017. All the original main cast would return for the TV film, which was directed by series creator Steve Franks and screenplayed by Franks and series star, James Roday Rodriguez. Zachary Levi was later announced for the film as the main villain, "Thin White Duke", while Jazmyn Simon – Dulé Hill's real-life fiancée – played Selene, a romantic interest for Gus. On July 5, 2017, Charlotte Flair announced that she would be in "Psych: The Movie" as Heather Rockrear.


title: Psych

text: On June 28, 2017, former guest star Ralph Macchio joined the cast reprising his role as Nick Conforth, the police academy officer who trained Shawn and Gus in season 5. Principal photography took place from May 25 to June 18 in Vancouver, British Columbia. It was later announced that Timothy Omundson would have a reduced role due to a stroke, but would still appear. In addition, Kurt Fuller, John Cena and Jimmi Simpson were confirmed to be reprising their respective roles of Woody Strode, Ewan O'Hara and Mary Lightly.


title: Psych

text: On February 14, 2019, it was announced "Psych: The Movie 2" was greenlit and all the main cast would return for the TV film, set to premiere in 2019. On April 18, 2019, it was announced Joel McHale would be joining the TV film, as well as Jimmi Simpson, reprising his recurring role as Mary Lightly. On September 17, 2019, it was announced that the sequel had been renamed "Psych 2: Lassie Come Home" and would instead be airing on NBCUniversal's new streaming service, Peacock. Consequently, the film will only debut after the streaming service is launched. In a November 2019 interview with Larry King, Timothy Omundson revealed that the film would revolve around the characters rallying together in support of Lassie's recovery following a stroke, mirroring Omundson's real-life stroke which led to his reduced presence in "Psych: The Movie".


title: Psych

text: On May 13, 2021, Peacock announced a third film, "Psych 3: This Is Gus", with production set to begin in the summer. On October 9, 2021 at New York Comic Con, it was announced the film will premiere on November 18, 2021. Along with the returning main cast, Kurt Fuller would reprise his role as Woody Strode and Curt Smith returns as himself.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin is an antibiotic medication used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including osteomyelitis (bone) or joint infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, strep throat, pneumonia, acute otitis media (middle ear infections), and endocarditis. It can also be used to treat acne, and some cases of methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA). In combination with quinine, it can be used to treat malaria. It is available by mouth, by injection into a vein, and as a cream or a gel to be applied to the skin or in the vagina.


title: Clindamycin

text: Common side effects include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, rashes, and pain at the site of injection. It increases the risk of hospital-acquired "Clostridium difficile" colitis about fourfold and thus is only recommended when other antibiotics are not appropriate. Alternative antibiotics may be recommended as a result. It appears to be generally safe in pregnancy. It is of the lincosamide class and works by blocking bacteria from making protein.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin was first made in 1966 from lincomycin. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 125th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5million prescriptions.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin is used primarily to treat anaerobic infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria, including dental infections, and infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and soft tissue, and peritonitis. In people with hypersensitivity to penicillins, clindamycin may be used to treat infections caused by susceptible aerobic bacteria, as well. It is also used to treat bone and joint infections, particularly those caused by "Staphylococcus aureus". Topical application of clindamycin phosphate can be used to treat mild to moderate acne.


title: Clindamycin

text: For the treatment of acne, in the long term, the combined use of topical clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide was similar to salicylic acid plus benzoyl peroxide. Topical clindamycin plus topical benzoyl peroxide is more effective than topical clindamycin alone.


title: Clindamycin

text: Most aerobic Gram-negative bacteria (such as "Pseudomonas", "Legionella", "Haemophilus influenzae" and "Moraxella") are resistant to clindamycin, as are the facultative anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae. A notable exception is "Capnocytophaga canimorsus", for which clindamycin is a first-line drug of choice.


title: Clindamycin

text: When testing a gram-positive culture for sensitivity to clindamycin, it is common to perform a "D-test" to determine if there is a sub-population of bacteria present with the phenotype known as iMLS. This phenotype of bacteria are resistant to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B group of antibiotics, however, the resistance mechanism is only induced by the presence of 14-membered ring macrolides, such as erythromycin. During a D-test, bacteria of the iMLS phenotype demonstrate "in vitro" erythromycin-induced "in vitro" resistance to clindamycin. This is because of the activity of the macrolide-inducible plasmid-encoded "erm" gene.


title: Clindamycin

text: To perform a D-test, an agar plate is inoculated with the bacteria in question and two drug-impregnated disks (one with erythromycin, one with clindamycin) are placed 15–20 mm apart on the plate. If the area of inhibition around the clindamycin disk is "D" shaped, the test result is positive. Despite the apparent susceptibility to clindamycin in the absence of erythromycin, a positive D-test precludes therapeutic use of clindamycin. This is because the erythromycin-inducible "erm" gene is prone to mutations causing the inducible activity to switch to constitutive (permanently switched on). This in turn, may lead to the therapeutic failure of clindamycin.


title: Clindamycin

text: If the area of inhibition around the clindamycin disk is circular, the test result is negative and clindamycin can be used.


title: Clindamycin

text: Given with chloroquine or quinine, clindamycin is effective and well tolerated in treating "Plasmodium falciparum" malaria; the latter combination is particularly useful for children, and is the treatment of choice for pregnant women who become infected in areas where resistance to chloroquine is common. Clindamycin should not be used as an antimalarial by itself, although it appears to be very effective as such, because of its slow action. Patient-derived isolates of "Plasmodium falciparum" from the Peruvian Amazon have been reported to be resistant to clindamycin as evidenced by "in vitro" drug susceptibility testing.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin may be useful in skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA). Many strains of MRSA are still susceptible to clindamycin; however, in the United States spreading from the West Coast eastwards, MRSA is becoming increasingly resistant.


title: Clindamycin

text: While it has been used in intraabdominal infections, such use is generally not recommended due to resistance.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin is used in cases of suspected toxic shock syndrome, often in combination with a bactericidal agent such as vancomycin. The rationale for this approach is a presumed synergy between vancomycin, which causes the death of the bacteria by breakdown of the cell wall, and clindamycin, which is a powerful inhibitor of toxin synthesis. Both "in vitro" and "in vivo" studies have shown clindamycin reduces the production of exotoxins by staphylococci; it may also induce changes in the surface structure of bacteria that make them more sensitive to immune system attack (opsonization and phagocytosis).


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin has been proven to decrease the risk of premature births in women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis during early pregnancy to about a third of the risk of untreated women.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin may also be used to treat toxoplasmosis, and, in combination with primaquine, is effective in treating mild to moderate "Pneumocystis jirovecii" pneumonia.


title: Clindamycin

text: Common adverse drug reactions associated with systemic clindamycin therapyfound in over 1% of peopleinclude: diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or cramps and/or rash. High doses (both intravenous and oral) may cause a metallic taste. Common adverse drug reactions associated with topical formulationsfound in over 10% of peopleinclude: dryness, burning, itching, scaliness, or peeling of skin (lotion, solution); erythema (foam, lotion, solution); oiliness (gel, lotion). Additional side effects include contact dermatitis. Common side effectsfound in over 10% of peoplein vaginal applications include fungal infection.


title: Clindamycin

text: Rarely in less than 0.1% of people clindamycin therapy has been associated with anaphylaxis, blood dyscrasias, polyarthritis, jaundice, raised liver enzyme levels, renal dysfunction, cardiac arrest, and/or hepatotoxicity.


title: Clindamycin

text: Pseudomembranous colitis is a potentially lethal condition commonly associated with clindamycin, but which also occurs with other antibiotics. Overgrowth of "Clostridioides difficile", which is inherently resistant to clindamycin, results in the production of a toxin that causes a range of adverse effects, from diarrhea to colitis and toxic megacolon.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin is classified as compatible with breastfeeding by the American Academy of Pediatrics, however, the WHO categorizes it as "avoid if possible". It is classified as L2 probably compatible with breastfeeding according to "Medications and Mothers' Milk". A 2009 review found it was likely safe in breastfeeding mothers, but did find one complication (hematochezia) in a breastfed infant which might be attributable to clindamycin. LactMed lists potentially negative gastrointestinal effects in babies whose mothers take it while breastfeeding but did not see that as justification to stop breastfeeding.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin may prolong the effects of neuromuscular-blocking drugs, such as succinylcholine and vecuronium. Its similarity to the mechanism of action of macrolides and chloramphenicol means they should not be given simultaneously, as this causes antagonism and possible cross-resistance.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin is a semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium "Streptomyces lincolnensis". It is obtained by 7("S")-chloro-substitution of the 7("R")-hydroxyl group of lincomycin. The synthesis of clindamycin was first announced by BJ Magerlein, RD Birkenmeyer, and F Kagan on the fifth Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) in 1966. It has been on the market since 1968.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin is white or yellow. It is very soluble in water. The topically used clindamycin phosphate is a phosphate-ester prodrug of clindamycin.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin has a primarily bacteriostatic effect. At higher concentrations, it may be bactericidal. It is a bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor by inhibiting ribosomal translocation, in a similar way to macrolides. It does so by binding to the rRNA of the bacterial 50S ribosome subunit, overlapping with the binding sites of the oxazolidinone, pleuromutilin, and macrolide antibiotics, among others. The binding is reversible. Clindamycin is more effective than lincomycin.


title: Clindamycin

text: The X-ray crystal structures of clindamycin bound to ribosomes (or ribosomal subunits) derived from "Escherichia coli", "Deinococcus radiodurans", and "Haloarcura marismortui" have been determined; the structure of the closely related antibiotic lincomycin bound to the 50S ribosomal subunit of "Staphylococcus aureus" has also been reported.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin preparations that are taken by mouth include capsules (containing clindamycin hydrochloride) and oral suspensions (containing clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride). Oral suspension is not favored for administration of clindamycin to children, due to its extremely foul taste and odor. Clindamycin is formulated in a vaginal cream and as vaginal ovules for treatment of bacterial vaginosis. It is also available for topical administration in gel form, as a lotion, and in a foam delivery system (each containing clindamycin phosphate) and a solution in ethanol (containing clindamycin hydrochloride) and is used primarily as a prescription acne treatment.


title: Clindamycin

text: Several combination acne treatments containing clindamycin are also marketed, such as single-product formulations of clindamycin with benzoyl peroxide—sold as BenzaClin (Sanofi-Aventis), Duac (a gel form made by Stiefel), and Acanya, among other trade names—and, in the United States, a combination of clindamycin and tretinoin, sold as Ziana. In India, vaginal suppositories containing clindamycin in combination with clotrimazole are manufactured by Olive Health Care and sold as Clinsup-V. In Egypt, vaginal cream containing clindamycin produced by Biopharmgroup sold as Vagiclind indicated for vaginosis.


title: Clindamycin

text: Clindamycin is available as a generic drug, for both systemic (oral and intravenous) and topical use. (The exception is the vaginal suppository, which is not available as a generic in the US).


title: Clindamycin

text: The veterinary uses of clindamycin are quite similar to its human indications, and include treatment of osteomyelitis, skin infections, and toxoplasmosis, for which it is the preferred drug in dogs and cats. They can be used both by mouth and topically. A disadvantage is that bacterial resistance can develop fairly quickly. Gastrointestinal upset may also occur. Toxoplasmosis rarely causes symptoms in cats, but can do so in very young or immunocompromised kittens and cats.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The Northeastern United States, also referred to as the Northeast, the East Coast, or the American Northeast, is a geographic region of the United States. It is located on the Atlantic coast of North America, with Canada to its north, the Southern United States to its south, and the Midwestern United States to its west. The Northeast is one of the four regions defined by the U.S. Census Bureau for the collection and analysis of statistics. The region is usually defined as including nine U.S. states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The U.S. Census Bureau–defined region of the Northeastern United States has a total area of with of that being land mass, making it the smallest region of the United States by both land mass and total area. The Northeastern region is the nation's most economically developed, densely populated, and culturally diverse region. Of the nation's four census regions, the Northeast has the second-largest percentage of residents living in an urban setting, with 85 percent, and is home to the nation's largest metropolitan area. The Northeast is home to most of the Northeast megalopolis, the most economically significant and second most-populated of eleven megaregions within the United States, accounting for 20% of U.S. GDP as of 2016.


title: Northeastern United States

text: Anthropologists recognize the "Northeastern Woodlands" as one of the cultural regions that existed in the Western Hemisphere at the time of European colonists in the 15th and later centuries. Most did not settle in North America until the 17th century. The cultural area, known as the "Northeastern Woodlands", in addition to covering the entire Northeast U.S., also covered much of what is now Canada and others regions of what is now the eastern United States.


title: Northeastern United States

text: Among the many tribes that inhabited this area were those that made up the Iroquois nations and the numerous Algonquian peoples. In the United States of the 21st century, 18 federally recognized tribes reside in the Northeast. For the most part, the people of the Northeastern Woodlands, on whose lands European fishermen began camping to dry their codfish in the early 1600s, lived in villages, especially after being influenced by the agricultural traditions of the Ohio and Mississippi valley societies.


title: Northeastern United States

text: All of the U.S. states making up the Northeastern region were among the original Thirteen Colonies, though Maine, Vermont, and Delaware were part of other colonies before the United States became independent in the American Revolution. The two cultural and geographic regions that form parts of the Northeastern region have distinct histories.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The first Europeans to settle New England were Pilgrims from England, who landed in present-day Massachusetts in 1620. The Pilgrims arrived on the ship "Mayflower" and founded Plymouth Colony so they could practice religion freely. Ten years later, a larger group of Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston to form Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1636, colonists established Connecticut Colony and Providence Plantations. Providence was founded by Roger Williams, who was banished by Massachusetts for his beliefs in freedom of religion, and it was the first colony to guarantee all citizens freedom of worship. Anne Hutchinson, who was also banished by Massachusetts, formed the town of Portsmouth. Providence, Portsmouth and two other towns (Newport and Warwick) consolidated to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.


title: Northeastern United States

text: Although the first settlers of New England were motivated by religion, since the 21st century, New England had become one of the least religious parts of the United States. In a 2009 Gallup survey, less than half of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine and Massachusetts reported religion as an important part of their daily life. In a 2010 Gallup survey, less than 30% of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts reported attending church weekly, giving them the lowest church attendance among U.S. states.


title: Northeastern United States

text: New England played a prominent role in early American education. Starting in the 17th century, the larger towns in New England opened grammar schools, the forerunner of the modern high school. The first public school in the English colonies was the Boston Latin School, founded in 1635. In 1636, the colonial legislature of Massachusetts founded Harvard College, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The first European explorer known to have explored the Atlantic shoreline of the Northeast since the Norse was Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. His ship "La Dauphine" explored the coast from what is now known as Florida to New Brunswick. Henry Hudson explored the area of present-day New York in 1609 and claimed it for the Netherlands. His journey stimulated Dutch interest, and the area became known as New Netherland. In 1625, the city of New Amsterdam (the location of present-day New York City) was designated the capital of the province. The Dutch New Netherland settlement along the Hudson River and, for a time, the New Sweden settlement along the Delaware River divided the English settlements in the north and the south. In 1664, Charles II of England formally annexed New Netherland and incorporated it into the English colonial empire. The territory became the colonies of New York and New Jersey. New Jersey was originally split into East Jersey and West Jersey until the two were united as a royal colony in 1702.


title: Northeastern United States

text: In 1681, William Penn, who wanted to give Quakers a land of religious freedom, founded Pennsylvania and extended freedom of religion to all citizens. Penn strongly desired access to the sea for his Pennsylvania Province and leased what then came to be known as the "Lower Counties on the Delaware" from the Duke. Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly in 1682. However, by 1704 the Province of Pennsylvania had grown so large that their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at Philadelphia, and the other at New Castle, Delaware. Penn and his heirs remained proprietors of both and always appointed the same person Governor for their Province of Pennsylvania and their territory of the Lower Counties. The fact that Delaware and Pennsylvania shared the same governor was not unique. From 1703 to 1738, New York and New Jersey shared a governor. Massachusetts and New Hampshire also shared a governor for some time.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The vast area from central Virginia to northern Maine, and from western Pennsylvania, from Pittsburgh in the west to the Atlantic Ocean in the east, have all been loosely grouped into the Northeast, including six of Pennsylvania's seven largest cities, Allentown, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Reading, Scranton, and Bethlehem.


title: Northeastern United States

text: Using the U.S. Census Bureau's definition of the Northeast, the region includes nine states: Maine, New York, New Jersey, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania. The region is often subdivided into New England (the six states east of New York State) and the Mid-Atlantic states (New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania). This definition has been essentially unchanged since 1880 and is widely used as a standard for data tabulation. However, the U.S. Census Bureau has acknowledged the obvious limitations of this definition and the potential merits of a proposal created after the 1950 census, that would include changing regional boundaries to include Delaware, Maryland, and the District of Columbia with the Mid-Atlantic states, but ultimately decided that "the new system did not win enough overall acceptance among data users to warrant adoption as an official new set of general-purpose state groupings. The previous development of many series of statistics, arranged and issued over long periods of time on the basis of the existing State groupings, favored the retention of the summary units of the current regions and divisions." The U.S. Census Bureau confirmed in 1994 that it would continue to "review the components of the regions and divisions to ensure that they continue to represent the most useful combinations of states and state equivalents."


title: Northeastern United States

text: Many organizations and reference works follow the Census Bureau's definition for the region. In the history of the United States, the Mason–Dixon line between Pennsylvania (the North) and Maryland (the South) traditionally divided the regions, but in modern times, various entities define the Northeastern United States in somewhat different ways. The Association of American Geographers divides the Northeast into two divisions: "New England", which is the same as the Census Bureau; and it has the same "Middle States" but adds Delaware. Similarly, the Geological Society of America defines the Northeast as these same states but with the addition of Maryland and the District of Columbia. The narrowest definitions include only the states of New England. Other more restrictive definitions include New England and New York as part of the Northeast United States, but exclude Pennsylvania and New Jersey.


title: Northeastern United States

text: States beyond the Census Bureau definition are included in Northeast Region by various other entities:


title: Northeastern United States

text: While most of the Northeastern United States lie in the Appalachian Highlands physiographic region; some are also part of the Atlantic coastal plain, which extends south to the southern tip of Florida. The coastal plain areas include Cape Cod in Massachusetts, Long Island in New York, most of New Jersey, Delaware and the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and Virginia) are generally low and flat, with sandy soil and marshy land. The highlands, including the Piedmont and the Appalachian Mountains, are generally heavily forested, ranging from rolling hills to summits greater than , and pocked with many lakes. The highest peak in the Northeast is Mount Washington, New Hampshire at .


title: Northeastern United States

text: , forest-use covered approximately 60% of the Northeastern states (including Delaware, Maryland and the District of Columbia), about twice the national average. About 11% was cropland and another 4% grassland pasture or range. There is also more urbanized land in the Northeast (12%) than any other region in the U.S.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The climate of the Northeastern United States varies from northernmost Maine to southernmost Maryland. The climate of the region is created by the position of the general west to east flow of weather in the middle latitudes that much of the USA is controlled by and the position and movement of the subtropical highs. Summers are normally warm in northern areas to hot in southern areas. In summer, the building Bermuda High pumps warm and sultry air toward the Northeast, and frequent (but brief) thundershowers are common on hot summer days. In winter the subtropical high retreats southeastward, and the polar jet stream moves south bringing colder air masses from up in Canada and more frequent storm systems to the region. Winter often brings both rain and snow as well as surges of both warm and cold air.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The basic climate of the Northeast can be divided into a colder and snowier interior (western Maryland, most of Pennsylvania, most of northern New Jersey, Upstate New York, and most of New England), and a milder coast and coastal plain from Cape Cod and southern Rhode Island southward, including Long Island, New Haven, New York City, Trenton, Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore. In the latter region the hardiness zones are 7a and 7b. Annual mean temperatures range from the low-to-mid 50s F from Maryland to southern Connecticut, to the 40s F in most of New York State, New England, and northern Pennsylvania.


title: Northeastern United States

text: Most of the Northeast has a humid continental climate ("Dfa/Dfb/Dc"). The northernmost portion of the humid subtropical zone ("Cfa/Do") begins near Long Island Sound and extends southwestward down the coastal plain to southern Maryland. The oceanic climate zone ("Cfb/Do") only exists on Block Island and Nantucket and is the only area of the Northeast where all months average between 0 and 22 °C (32 and 71.6 °F).


title: Northeastern United States

text: The Northeast has 72 National Wildlife Refuges, encompassing more than of habitat and designed to protect some of the 92 different threatened and endangered species living in the region.


title: Northeastern United States

text: As of the 2020 United States census, the population of the region totaled 57,609,148. With an average of 345.5 people per square mile, the Northeast is 2.5 times as densely populated as the second-most dense region, the South. Since the last century, the U.S. population has been shifting away from the Northeast and Midwest toward the South and West.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The two U.S. Census Bureau divisions in the Northeast (New England and Mid-Atlantic) rank #2 and #1 among the 9 divisions in population density according to the 2013 population estimate. The South Atlantic region (233.1) was very close behind New England (233.2). Due to the faster growth of the South Atlantic region, it will take over the #2 division rank in population density in the next estimate, dropping New England to 3rd position. New England is projected to retain the number 3 rank for many, many years, as the only other lower-ranked division with even half the population density of New England is the East North Central division (192.1) and this region's population is projected to grow slowly.


title: Northeastern United States

text: New York City, considered the world's financial center, is the most populous city in both the U.S. and Northeast U.S. , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of nearly $1.8 trillion, ranking it first in the U.S. If the New York metropolitan area were a sovereign state, it would have the eighth-largest economy in the world.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission oversees 34 nuclear reactors, eight for research or testing and 26 for power production in the Northeastern United States.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The following table includes all airports categorized by the FAA as large hubs located in the Northeastern states (New England and Eastern regions):


title: Northeastern United States

text: One geographer, Wilbur Zelinsky, asserts that the Northeast region lacks a unified cultural identity, but has served as a "culture hearth" for the rest of the nation. Several much smaller geographical regions within the Northeast have distinct cultural identities.


title: Northeastern United States

text: Almost half of the National Historic Landmarks maintained by the National Park Service are located in the Northeastern United States.


title: Northeastern United States

text: According to a 2009 Gallup poll, the Northeastern states differ from most of the rest of the U.S. in religious affiliation, generally reflecting the descendants of immigration patterns of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with many Catholics arriving from Ireland, Italy, French Canada - Quebec, Portugal and east-central Europe. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York and New Jersey are the only states in the nation where Catholics outnumber Protestants and other Christian denominations. More than 20% of respondents in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont declared no religious identity. Compared to other U.S. regions, the Northeast, along with the Pacific Northwest, has had the lowest regular religious service attendance and the fewest people for whom religion is an important part of their daily lives as of 2015.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The Northeast region is home to numerous professional sports franchises in the "Big Four" leagues (NFL, NBA, NHL and MLB), with more than 100 championships collectively among them.


title: Northeastern United States

text: Major League Soccer features four Northeastern teams: New England Revolution, New York City FC, New York Red Bulls and Philadelphia Union. The region also has two WNBA teams: Connecticut Sun and New York Liberty.


title: Northeastern United States

text: Notable golf tournaments in the Northeastern United States include The Northern Trust, Travelers Championship, and Atlantic City LPGA Classic. The US Open, held in New York, is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments.


title: Northeastern United States

text: Notable Northeastern motorsports tracks include Watkins Glen International, Pocono Raceway, New Hampshire Motor Speedway and Lime Rock Park, which have hosted Formula One, IndyCar, NASCAR and International Motor Sports Association races. Also, drag strips such as Englishtown, Epping and Reading have hosted NHRA national events. Belmont Park at New York hosts the Belmont Stakes horse races, which is part of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The region has also been noted for the prevalence of the traditionally Northeastern sports of ice hockey and lacrosse.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations in the Northeastern United States fell from 2005 to 2011 for overall conditions, acute conditions, and chronic conditions.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The Northeastern United States tended to vote Republican in federal elections through the first half of the 20th century, but the region has since the 1990s shifted to become the most Democratic in the nation. Results from a 2008 Gallup poll indicated that eight of the top ten Democratic states were located in the region, with every Northeastern state having a Democratic Party affiliation advantage of at least ten points. The following table demonstrates Democratic support in the Northeast as compared to the remainder of the nation.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The following table of United States presidential election results since 1920 illustrates that over the past seven presidential elections, only three Northeastern states supported a Republican candidate (New Hampshire voted for George W. Bush in 2000; Pennsylvania and Maine's 2nd congressional district voted for Donald Trump in 2016). 2004 is so far the only election in U.S. history in which the winner did not win any northeastern state. Bolded entries indicate that party's candidate also won the general election.


title: Northeastern United States

text: The following table shows the breakdown of party affiliation of governors, attorneys general, state legislative houses and U.S. congressional delegation for the Northeastern states, . (Demographics reflect registration-by-party figures from that state's registered voter statistics.)


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: The Bold and the Beautiful (often referred to as B&B) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It premiered on March 23, 1987, as a sister show to the Bells' other soap opera "The Young and the Restless"; several characters from each of the two shows have crossed over to the other since the early 1990s. Set in Los Angeles, California, the show centers upon the Forrester family and their haute couture business.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: The program features an ensemble cast, headed by its longest-serving actors John McCook as Eric Forrester and Katherine Kelly Lang as Brooke Logan. Since its premiere, the show has become the most-watched soap in the world, with an audience of an estimated 26.2 million viewers. As of 2010, it continued to hold on to the second-place position in weekly Nielsen Ratings for daytime dramas. "The Bold and the Beautiful" has also won 77 Daytime Emmy Awards, including three for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, in 2009, 2010, as well as 2011.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: On September 7, 2011, the series switched to high-definition television, making it the second-to-last American soap to make the switch, at the time. "B&B" was the last American soap opera to make the transition due to the cancellation of ABC's "One Life to Live" before it returned along with "All My Children" on April 29, 2013. It is the youngest airing daytime soap opera in the United States, celebrating its thirtieth anniversary on March 23, 2017. The serial aired its 8,000th episode on January 4, 2019. Currently, the series has been renewed by CBS to run through the 2023–2024 television season.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: "The Bold and the Beautiful" debuted on March 23, 1987. Set in Los Angeles, it centers around the Forrester family and their fashion house business, Forrester Creations. Like many soap operas, "B&B" looks into the lives of wealthy families and how love affairs, scandals, and betrayals affect each of the family members and their relationships with each other.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: Following the original premise of sister show "The Young and the Restless" ("Y&R") with the wealthy Brooks and the working-class Foster families, "B&B" also introduced the middle-class Logan family as a source of conflict with the Forresters. Like the Fosters of "Y&R", the Logans were also initially headed by a single mother. The rivalry between Forrester matriarch Stephanie Forrester and the Logan's eldest daughter Brooke Logan plays a key role in the drama of "B&B", like the Katherine Chancellor–Jill Abbott rivalry in "Y&R". Another enduring "B&B" storyline is the star-crossed love of Brooke and the Forresters' eldest son Ridge.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: The back story was that Stephanie Douglas, the strong-willed daughter of wealthy Chicago businessman John Douglas, met her husband-to-be Eric Forrester, who aspired to become a fashion designer, while they both studied at Northwestern University in 1959. The young lovers rushed to get married after Stephanie became pregnant, forcing Eric to break up with his college sweetheart Elizabeth "Beth" Henderson in the process.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: Eric and Stephanie then moved to Los Angeles where they established Forrester Creations, designing and producing upscale men's and women's fashion, based on a combination of a loan from Stephanie's father, Eric's designing talent and Stephanie's business acumen and connections. While winning international recognition, fame, and wealth with their work, the couple managed to raise four children: elder and favorite son Ridge Forrester, brother Thorne Forrester and younger sisters Kristen Forrester and Felicia. Meanwhile, Beth married their classmate Stephen Logan on the rebound, raising their own family in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. The Logans had four children of their own: eldest son Stephen "Storm" Jr., and daughters Brooke, Donna and Katie. Unable to achieve success like Eric, Stephen walked out on the family, leaving Beth as a single working-class mother.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: The pilot episode of the show focuses on the preparations of the wedding of the Forrester's eldest son, Ridge, to Caroline Spencer Forrester, the daughter of the media mogul Bill Spencer. At this time Ridge has already become a fashion designer and vice president of Forrester Creations. Many media outlets throughout the world, from the big television networks to the most honorable newspapers, to the last gossip newspapers publicize their wedding, declaring it "the wedding of the year in the fashion world." Thousands of women see the pictures of Ridge and speculate on the identity of the woman who has won the heart of the man who has, until recently, been a playboy, and who has refused to settle for one woman.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: One of the curious is Brooke, whose life soon becomes a key element in the series. Her love affair with Ridge sets up much of the storyline, beginning in the first year after the aforementioned "wedding of the year in the fashion world" was called off when Ridge was caught cheating on Caroline with an old flame. Every so often, Ridge and Brooke reunite only to break up due to various circumstances, and Ridge invariably finds comfort (in most cases, this would lead to marriage) with another love of his life, Taylor Hayes. Following one of her breakups with Ridge, Brooke marries his father, Eric, who divorces Stephanie to do so. Brooke gives birth to two of Eric's children. The couple eventually divorce and Eric reconciles with Stephanie. Likewise, Brooke and Ridge resume their pattern of an on-again-off-again relationship, between Brooke's relationships with other men and Forrester family members, and Ridge's multiple reunions with Taylor. Eric eventually marries Brooke's sister, Donna Logan, and legally adopts her son Marcus. They later divorce due to their family's bitter history.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: The rivalry between Stephanie and Brooke also becomes a key storyline in the series. The strong willed Stephanie originally has a cordial relationship with the Logans after hiring their catering company. But she soon disapproves of Brooke becoming part of the Forresters' lives, believing she is an "opportunist from the valley" who swooped in after the "wedding of the year in the fashion world" was called off. Stephanie also does not initially recognize that Beth is the same woman who was Eric's former college girlfriend. Having marital problems since the start of series, Eric soon seeks the comfort of Beth. Once Stephanie learns of the affair, she secretly hires a private investigator to track down Steven Logan and then sends an anonymous letter to the Logan household as to his whereabouts. After Donna finally convinces their father to return home, Stephanie arranges with Bill Spencer to give Stephen a job in Paris. Only Brooke figures out that Stephanie was the one working behind the scenes. When confronted, Stephanie justifies her actions to Brooke saying that she is trying to save both of their families, and threatens Brooke that unless otherwise she will ruin her relationship with Ridge. After her parents reunite and move to Paris, and realizing to what extremes Stephanie would go to get what she wants, Brooke swears revenge.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: Felicia and Kristen Forrester eventually choose to follow their own paths, leaving the family company to be run by Ridge, Thorne, Rick, Marcus, and their families. A key element of the show in the late 1990s was Brooke and Eric's son Rick's relationship with singer turned fashion designer Amber Moore.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: The Spencer family and their media conglomerate Spencer Publications were first introduced in the pilot episode. Patriarch Bill Spencer was a widower and originally claimed that Caroline was his only daughter. A love triangle develops between Caroline, Ridge and Thorne, leading to a point in 1988 where a drunk Thorne shoots his older brother in the back (which Stephanie covers up to protect both of her sons by lying to authorities that it was her who shot the gun, thinking it was a burglar). After Caroline dies due to leukemia in 1990, her twin sister Karen Spencer, who was abducted from the Spencers when she was a baby, resurfaces. In 2009, Bill dies from a terminal illness, dividing Spencer Publications between Karen and his previously unknown illegitimate son, Bill Spencer Jr. The Spencers have been expanded in recent years to include Karen's daughter Caroline Spencer and Bill Jr.'s sons Wyatt Spencer, Liam Spencer, and Will Spencer.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: For many years, Spectra Fashions was Forrester's main rival, headed by Sally Spectra. Sally, a larger-than-life character with outrageous clothes and a sizable red hair, is a key element in both comedic and dramatic storylines, with the help of long-time confidante Saul Feinberg, ditzy receptionist Darla Forrester, and fashion designer Clarke Garrison, who in 1991 fathered C. Garrison Fathman, Sally's son. Originally, Sally and Stephanie Forrester are bitter enemies; Spectra is only referred to in 1987 when Stephanie hires Clarke away from her rival. Sally and Spectra Fashions finally appear on-screen in 1989 when Clarke goes back to his former boss. In later years, Sally and Stephanie develop a friendship; Sally even ends up working at Forrester Creations in 2006 after she finally makes the decision to shut down her own company.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: Sally's daughter, Macy Alexander, a singer, undergoes many traumas, most notably alcoholism. She and Thorne Forrester are involved in an on-again-off-again marriage. After she eventually loses Thorne to Brooke, Macy goes abroad and into hiding with her father, Adam in 2000. After being discovered in Italy in 2002, Macy returns to Los Angeles where she reunites with Thorne Forrester before developing an interest in fellow recovering alcoholic, Deacon Sharpe, whom she marries in 2003. Weeks later, Macy is gravely injured at a nightclub where she is headlining as a singer. She enters a coma and it is implied that her family pulls the plug off-camera.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: The Spectra family and friends are gradually supplanted after the 2001 introduction of Massimo Marone and his entourage. Marone, a billionaire shipping magnate, was a childhood friend of Stephanie and dated her in college. They slept together once just before Stephanie began dating Eric Forrester, and after forty-something years, a medical crisis reveals that Massimo is actually Ridge's biological father. In 2003, Jackie Payne, a former lover of Massimo, arrives on the scene and announces that her son, Dominick "Nick" Payne, a captain at Marone Industries, was also fathered by Massimo. Unlike Ridge, Nick was not a businessman and took the surname Marone.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: In 1986, CBS was on the hunt to replace "Capitol", and contacted several writers and producers for proposals. Paul Rauch created "Grosse Pointe" as a replacement. During her absence from "Ryan's Hope", Michael Brockman, former President of CBS Daytime, asked Claire Labine to develop a new serial in 1986. Her proposal was entitled Celebration but never made it to the air. Had it been greenlit, Jane Greenstein would have been Assistant to the Head Writer like she was on "General Hospital". William J. Bell created "The Bold and the Beautiful", which was originally titled "Rags". On June 20, 2017, CBS announced its decision to renew the serial through the 2017–18 television season. On April 20, 2020, CBS announced plans to begin airing a week of vintage episodes, following the soap's shutdown, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. On May 20, 2020, it was announced that CBS had renewed the soap through 2022. On June 15, 2020, TVLine reported the series would be the first to resume production on June 17 as the first scripted series on American soil to get back up and running following Hollywood's three-month, coronavirus-imposed shutdown with a representative telling the website: "The health and safety of our cast and crew are of foremost importance to us, We will be following all protocols set forth by the State, City, Television City, and the various guilds."


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: "B&B" has been shot at Stage 31 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles for its entire run so far. The show typically uses the traditional soap opera look, featuring constructed sets such as the Forrester Mansion, the "Shady Marlin" and the Forrester Creations offices. Like other soap operas, "B&B" is usually taped three to four weeks in advance. In recent times, the show has increased shooting on location, in the way fellow CBS soap "Guiding Light" did in its final two network years. Many of the characters have taken trips to the fictional "Bikini Beach" which is actually a nearby California beach, and there have been scenes around the Forrester Creations building which appear to be shot somewhere on the lot or inside of CBS Television City.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: "High Upon This Love," the theme song of "The Bold and the Beautiful", was written by David Kurtz and Jack Allocco and features a prominent saxophone sample played by Eric Marienthal. From November 1998 to July 1999 in the United States, a vocal version of the theme song performed by Dionne Warwick was played during the end credits.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: For the 30th anniversary season in 2017, the show rolled out a title sequence based on the original used in one form or another from 1987 to 2004. At the same time, it also introduced an instrumentation of "High Upon This Love" based on the original.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: John McCook (Eric Forrester) and Katherine Kelly Lang (Brooke Logan) are the only two cast members who have remained on the show since it first aired on March 23, 1987. During the show's first 25 years, McCook and Lang were part of the "core four" original cast members, the other two being Susan Flannery (Stephanie Forrester) and Ronn Moss (Ridge Forrester). When Moss announced that he was leaving the show in August 2012, the role of Ridge was eventually re-cast. When Flannery also announced her departure later that year, it was decided to have Stephanie's character die after losing her battle with cancer. Two other original characters currently appear on the show, Donna Logan and Katie Logan, but both have been re-cast since the show's premiere.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: Nominated for over two hundred prizes and accolades since its debut, the series has won several awards over the years, including the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The Writing team also won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team in 2010 and 2013. Susan Flannery has personally won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series on three separate occasions.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: Upon its debut as the replacement of former soap opera "Capitol" in the CBS Daytime lineup, "The Bold and the Beautiful" ended eighth in the final year ratings. Initially CBS's lowest-rated soap, its numbers were still respectable and began to climb. By 1992, after a successful crossover involving villain Sheila Carter from "The Young and the Restless", it had climbed to third. By the mid-to-late 1990s, following yet another crossover, it moved up to second and has consistently remained there since. Throughout the 2000s, "The Bold and the Beautiful" and all the other remaining network daytime dramas witnessed a steady erosion of viewers, mainly due to vastly altered viewing habits induced by cable networks and alternative genres such as reality, court shows, and talk shows on minor network affiliates, along with consistent breaking news pre-emptions that often unexpectedly broke viewing momentum.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: Since the cancellation of "Port Charles", it is currently the only American soap opera with a running time of 30 minutes (including commercials) and was the last remaining American soap broadcasting in the fullscreen standard-definition television picture format, until the show upgraded to high-definition television in September 2011. Episodes airing in the United States air for approximately 19 minutes, while international broadcasts air to a runtime of approximately 21 minutes.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: The earliest DVD releases of "The Bold and the Beautiful" came in 2008 and 2009, when "Fan Favourites Collection" and "Best of Weddings" were released in Europe and Australia. These DVD sets contained a random selection of 21 and 25 episodes, respectively, from 1987 up until that point in time. These sets sold well and from 2010 to 2011, Beyond Home Entertainment in Australia released another 3 sets containing a random selection of 25 episodes each. These sets, however, only contained episodes from 2003 onwards, frustrating some long-term fans, as a large proportion of the show was left out. One of these sets, entitled "Most Shocking Moments", was also released in the US on July 23, 2012, on the Amazon Video service, but only contained 15 episodes.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: The series was released from the very beginning in Germany (April 29, 2011), Sweden (November 23, 2011), the United States (November 6, 2012) and Australia (December 3, 2012). All DVD sets contain 25 episodes, with the exception of the US release only containing 16. The German releases have sold well, with distributor Fernsehjuwelen having released box 2 later in 2011 and boxes 3-7 throughout 2012. Boxes 8, 9 and 10 are set for release in late 2014 through 2015.


title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: Numerous former "Big Brother" houseguests have guest starred, occasionally making references to their time in the house.


title: Suranne Jones

text: Sarah Anne Akers (née Jones; born 27 August 1978), known professionally as Suranne Jones, is an English actress and producer. She rose to prominence as Karen McDonald in "Coronation Street" between 2000 to 2004. Upon leaving, she furthered her television career in drama series including "Vincent" (2005–2006), "Strictly Confidential" (2006) and "Harley Street" (2008). Her portrayal of convicted murderer Ruth Slater in the mini-series "Unforgiven" (2009) received acclaim.


title: Suranne Jones

text: Between 2011 and 2016, Jones starred as Detective Rachel Bailey in the police procedural "Scott & Bailey", her second collaboration with screenwriter Sally Wainwright after "Unforgiven". She garnered further attention for her roles in "Single Father", "Five Days" (both 2010) and "The Crimson Field" (2014), as well as stage work including productions of "A Few Good Men" (2005), "Blithe Spirit" (2009), "Top Girls" (2011), "Beautiful Thing" (2013) and "" (2014).


title: Suranne Jones

text: For her portrayal of Gemma Foster, a successful GP who suffers personal betrayal, in "Doctor Foster" (2015–2017), Jones won several awards including a Broadcasting Press Guild award and the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress in 2016. Following the conclusion of "Doctor Foster", Jones returned to theatre, starring in a production of "Frozen" for which she received favourable notices. On television, Jones has starred in "Save Me" (2018), "Vigil" (2021) and "Gentleman Jack" (2019–present), the latter her fourth collaboration with Wainwright.


title: Suranne Jones

text: Jones was born Sarah Anne Jones in Chadderton, Greater Manchester, on 27 August 1978. She has an older brother named Gary. Jones was brought up as a Catholic; her priest suggested to her father she be christened Sarah Anne instead of Suranne, her great-grandmother's name, as Suranne was not "a proper name". She grew up in a house on Foxdenton Lane, surrounded by two farms and their fields and commented that one of her earliest memories is of "cows looking in the window as we ate our tea". As a child she was talkative, and later recounted that her priest would tell her, "I'm praying you can concentrate just a bit more". Jones suffers from carpophobia, a fear of wrists, which she believes possibly developed from viewing imagery of Christ's crucifixion and stigmata as a child.


title: Suranne Jones

text: Jones was educated at Cardinal Langley Roman Catholic High School in Middleton. Talking of her childhood, she commented, "I think I always wanted to be different and felt very stifled at school". She also said, "I was bullied at school and I let that get hold of me and withdrew into myself — I regret letting that happen." She became a member of the Oldham Theatre Workshop and completed a BTEC National Diploma in Performing Arts at the Manchester School of Acting, which she felt "[wasn't] quite the same as drama school".


title: Suranne Jones

text: Jones began acting professionally aged 16. Andrew Billen of "The Times", acknowledging her professional career beginnings at 16, wrote that "she took to the stage at 8". Jones later said that her first role was at the age of 8, in "Wait Until Dark" as Gloria. Upon joining the trade union Equity, Jones took on the stage name 'Suranne', as her birth name was already taken, and union rules dictate that each union member must have a different name. Having obtained an agent at 15, she began to act in the theatre. Jones's television career began in 1997, with a small role in "Coronation Street" in April 1997 as Mandy Phillips, a girlfriend of Chris Collins (Matthew Marsden). She was then cast in a television advert for Maltesers, guest starred in episodes of series such as "City Central" and had a small role in "My Wonderful Life". She auditioned for the role of Charity Dingle on the soap opera "Emmerdale", becoming one of the final four actresses considered for the part, though the role was eventually given to Emma Atkins. She also auditioned for the part of Geena Gregory on "Coronation Street", though she felt she knew Jennifer James would win the role—which she did—upon seeing her at the auditions.


title: Suranne Jones

text: In 2000, some weeks after her unsuccessful audition for Geena Gregory, Jones was contacted by "Coronation Street" bosses, who offered her a part of a new character. Jones took on the role of Karen Phillips (no relation to Mandy), making her first appearance on 21 June. The character, after marrying Steve McDonald (Simon Gregson), took on his surname, and became Karen McDonald. Described as "a bulldog in hoop earrings" and a "Victoria Beckham wannabe", the role garnered Jones public attention, with episodes involving feuds between her and rival Tracy Barlow (Kate Ford) receiving high viewing ratings. Jones also began modelling for men's magazines such as "FHM" and "Loaded", saying: "I was 21, and within three weeks of me joining Corrie I was in Barbados doing a bikini shoot [...] I was quite impressionable and I'd just say yes to everything because I wanted to keep my job. The press officer is saying: 'Do this and you'll be the new young funky sexy girl.' We were all doing it at that time, but I realised quite quickly that I needed to concentrate on what I was doing".


title: Suranne Jones

text: In May 2004, it was announced that Jones was to leave "Coronation Street" after four years of playing Karen. She described working on a soap opera as "exhausting", remarking, "I was living and breathing Karen McDonald". She made her last appearance as Karen on Boxing Day 2004. Of her tenure as Karen McDonald on "Coronation Street", Jones later remarked: "I just thought, while she's brilliant and I'm enjoying her, I've got to get out".


title: Suranne Jones

text: Jones stated that upon her departure from "Coronation Street", that she received numerous offers to appear in reality TV programmes, which she declined, quipping: "lots of money to go off and eat a crocodile's knob, or whatever". Ignoring reality TV offers, in autumn 2005, Jones starred in an ITV's detective drama series "Vincent", with Ray Winstone in the title role; this was Jones's first television role since leaving "Coronation Street" the previous year. In the same year, she starred on the West End stage in "A Few Good Men" opposite Rob Lowe and John Barrowman, which earned her the Theatregoers' Choice Award for Best Supporting Actress. She also appeared in the musical special "Celebrate Oliver!" which was screened on BBC1. In 2006, she starred as Snow White in the pantomime "Snow White and the Seven Dwarves" at the Manchester Opera House alongside Justin Moorhouse and fellow "Coronation Street" actor John Savident. She also appeared in Kay Mellor's "Strictly Confidential" in which she played a bisexual sex therapist.


title: Suranne Jones

text: On New Year's Day 2007, Jones starred in a Yorkshire and London based black comedy, "Dead Clever" with Helen Baxendale and Dean Lennox Kelly on ITV1. In autumn 2007, Jones undertook a national tour in the stage run of the film "Terms of Endearment", where she played Emma, opposite Linda Gray and John Bowe. In 2008 she played Martha, one of the female leads, in the ITV medical series "Harley Street". Her performance drew mixed reviews, with one critic commenting on her character's "ludicrous" received pronunciation accent; the programme's tepid critical reception, combined with poor viewer ratings, signalled its end after just one series.


title: Suranne Jones

text: In January 2009, Jones appeared in "Unforgiven", a three-part drama on ITV1, where she plays Ruth Slater, a woman released from prison after serving a 15-year prison sentence for the murder of two policemen. Naturally brown-haired, Jones dyed her hair "tobacco yellow" with "big roots"; Jones joked that whilst not filming she "really should have worn a wig". Additionally, the character of Ruth wore no make-up throughout, with Jones stating she was left feeling "quite exposed", but nonetheless saying "Ruth wouldn't have worn any make-up, I don't think". Jones received favourable reviews for her portrayal, with Brian Viner of "The Independent" writing: "a stunning performance, the stuff of Bafta nominations if ever I saw it. Heck, on the back of it she might even get propelled into the movies, and bring a bit of North Country sense to the Golden Globes". Viner summarised his review of "Unforgiven" by stating, "Five stars all round, and six for Jones". Jones later stated, "I loved that role. They don't come along that often. It was seen by the broadsheets as well as the tabloids. It gave me a little bit of credibility, I suppose".


title: Suranne Jones

text: Later in the year, in November, she played the role of the Mona Lisa in the two-part episode "Mona Lisa's Revenge" in "The Sarah Jane Adventures". In December, Jones starred in the Manchester Royal Exchange's production of "Blithe Spirit", by Noël Coward, which ran until late January 2010. Jones was nominated for the Times Breakthrough Award at the 2010 South Bank Show Awards, the last ever ceremony, but lost to David Blandy. When discussing her nomination she said, "You do question 'What am I breaking through?' Am I breaking through the perception of people who just thought I was a screaming banshee in "Coronation Street"? Is it that I've worked hard and I've got better? Is it that now it's alright to say that I'm alright? I don't know what I was breaking through, but I knew that it was nice to feel included and patted on the back for a lot of hard work". Jones was described by Andrew Billen of "The Times" as being in a category of "those brave, talented few who earn their wings on a soap and then fly gloriously beyond it". In March 2010 Jones starred in "Five Days", a non-connected sequel to the 2007 series of the same name, as the female lead DC Laurie Franklin. Later in the year, she starred as Sarah in "Single Father" on BBC1, a character who falls in love with a widower, Dave (David Tennant), who was married to her best friend before her death.


title: Suranne Jones

text: On 18 December 2010 a cover of Cyndi Lauper's "True Colors" featuring Jones, by Manchester Show Choir, was released.


title: Suranne Jones

text: In May 2011, Jones played the central character of Idris in the "Doctor Who" episode "The Doctor's Wife"; when the 'soul' of the Doctor's TARDIS is extracted from the ship, Idris becomes its new host, allowing the TARDIS to talk with the Doctor through Idris. Jones was cast due to writer Neil Gaiman wanting an actress, in the words of Jones, who is "odd; beautiful but strange-looking, and quite funny" to play the role of Idris. Dan Martin, reviewer for "The Guardian", noted that "Suranne Jones arguably sets the standard by which all guest stars must now be judged here [...] Jones was electrifying throughout". Also in May, Jones played DC Rachel Bailey in ITV's detective series, "Scott & Bailey", opposite Lesley Sharp, who plays DC Janet Scott. The series is based upon an original idea by Jones and Sally Lindsay, her former "Coronation Street" co-star. After strong viewing figures and moderate critical success "Scott & Bailey" returned for a further four series between 2012 and 2016, with Jones serving as an executive producer on series five.


title: Suranne Jones

text: In July 2011, Jones starred as Marlene, a career-woman living in Thatcher's Britain, in the Minerva Theatre's production of "Top Girls" by Caryl Churchill in Chichester. Michael Billington, reviewer for "The Guardian", remarked that "Suranne Jones captures excellently the hidden regrets of the go-getting Marlene". The production was later transferred to the West End's Trafalgar Studios. In August 2011, it was announced that Jones would star alongside John Hannah in a spoof detective drama written by Charlie Brooker and Daniel Maier called "A Touch of Cloth". The programme aired in August 2012 on Sky1. Jones plays DC Anne Oldman, the "plucky, no-nonsense sidekick" of DCI Jack Cloth (Hannah). In March 2012, Jones began filming "The Secret of Crickley Hall", a BBC1 dramatisation of the 2006 best selling novel by James Herbert. She plays the lead role of Eve Caleigh, a woman who moves to Crickley Hall in an attempt to move on from the loss of her son, only to be haunted by supernatural occurrences. Jones described the series as a "classic haunted house spine-chiller with an emotional family story at its heart." Jones returned to the London stage in 2013 in a 20th anniversary revival of Jonathan Harvey's play, "Beautiful Thing". The play ran between 13 April and 25 May at the Arts Theatre, London, before a short national tour. In 2013 Jones starred as herself in "Playhouse Presents": "Stage Door Johnnies", a comedy mockumentary about obsessive theatre fans airing on Sky Arts. Later that year, Jones played a young judge "battling to keep her head above water in the murky depths of the justice system" in "Lawless", a television pilot, broadcast on Sky1 as part of its Drama Matters strand.


title: Suranne Jones

text: In August 2013, it was announced that Jones was cast opposite Hermione Norris and Oona Chaplin in "The Crimson Field", a BBC drama set in a field hospital in France during the First World War. The drama, which was broadcast in April 2014, marked Jones's first acting appearance in a period drama. In February 2014, Jones starred in Sarah Ruhl's stage adaptation of Virginia Woolf's "" at the Royal Exchange in Manchester. The play received generally positive reviews from critics, with Jones's performance being described as "superb" by Matt Trueman in "The Guardian".


title: Suranne Jones

text: In September 2015, Jones starred as the title character in the BBC One thriller "Doctor Foster", as a GP whose life begins to unravel when she suspects her husband of infidelity. The programme earned widespread critical acclaim, with "Radio Times" noting that "a career-best Suranne Jones was unstoppably brilliant"; the magazine placed "Doctor Foster" second in a roundup of the Top 40 best television shows of 2015. For her performance, Jones received the National Television Award for Best Drama Performance, the Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Actress, the Royal Television Society Award for Best Actor (female) and the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress at the respective 2016 ceremonies.


title: Suranne Jones

text: In September 2017, the second series of "Doctor Foster" premiered, garnering positive critical reception. Jones, originally hesitant to film another series, was persuaded after hearing writer Mike Bartlett's plans for the script. She also served as associate producer for the programme's second series, which was filmed in autumn 2016. Also in September 2017, shooting began for an ensemble cast production of "Vanity Fair", based on the 1848 novel of the same name. Airing the following September, Jones played the role of Miss Pinkerton, the haughty former headmistress of protagonist Becky Sharp (Olivia Cooke).


title: Suranne Jones

text: In February 2018, Jones starred in the Sky Atlantic drama "Save Me", playing the mother of a missing teen. Jones's performance received positive reviews, with Rebecca Nicholson of "The Guardian" writing: "you get the impression that Jones could act grief in her sleep, but she is impressively subtle here". From February to May 2018, Jones returned to the West End in a revival of Bryony Lavery's stage play "Frozen" at the Theatre Royal Haymarket. Jones portrayed Nancy, the grieving mother of an abducted child opposite Jason Watkins. While the production received mixed reviews, Jones's performance was well received, described as "unflinchingly truthful and spontaneous" by "The Independent". Jones missed the last four performances of the show's three-month run due to illness, citing the play's "deeply affecting" subject matter as a contributing factor.


title: Suranne Jones

text: Later in May, Jones began filming BBC and HBO co-production "Gentleman Jack", written, produced and directed by Sally Wainwright. Jones had signed on in July 2017 to play the lead role of Anne Lister, a lesbian Yorkshire industrialist in the 1830s. Described by "The Independent" as "a core member of Wainwright's unofficial repertory company", the series marks Jones's fourth collaboration with Wainwright.


title: Suranne Jones

text: Premiering in April 2019 in the US and a month later in the UK, James Poniewozik of "The New York Times" wrote: "Jones's performance is a marvel, exuding vitality, charisma and sexual confidence. But she also brings Anne an empathy, humanity and glimpses of vulnerability that make her more than simply a flawless Regency-era Mary Sue." Jones's performance was also praised by Matthew Gilbert of "The Boston Globe", who wrote: "Jones is a gale force wind on the show, driving it forward with her confidence and cool. She gives us a dynamic woman living out gender fluidity and attractions to women at a time of ignorance and intolerance. Her Anne rejects social convention—and has the money to do it—as she fervently and undauntedly pursues her desires. But then Jones adds in a hidden vulnerability that can be heartbreaking. It's the best, most faceted performance of the year, though few seem to know that."


title: Suranne Jones

text: In July 2019, Jones received the script for the second series of "Save Me", titled "Save Me Too", with a 14-week shoot commencing the following month. "Save Me Too" was released on 1 April 2020 and a third season is expected in 2022.


title: Suranne Jones

text: On 1 November 2019, a collaborative cover of "Symphony" by Jones and the Half Moon Theatre was released as a part of the BBC Children In Need album "Got It Covered". Jones also provided uncredited vocals on the album's cover track "It Must Be Love".


title: Suranne Jones

text: On 5 August 2021, Jones appeared in the title role of "I Am Victoria", the first in a second series of one-off dramas created by BAFTA winner Dominic Savage, focussing on various women's issues, in this case mental health challenges.


title: Suranne Jones

text: Jones next took the lead role of DCI Amy Silva in the six-episode BBC series "Vigil" which aired weekly in the UK from 29 August 2021, and streamed all episodes on 23 December in the US. The submarine thriller with an underlying lesbian love story drew an initial audience of 13.4 million viewers, becoming the BBC's most successful drama in years.


title: Suranne Jones

text: In March 2022, the first project from TeamAkers, the production company formed by Jones and her husband Laurence Akers, was announced as "Maryland", a three-part drama set on the Isle of Man.


title: Suranne Jones

text: Jones lives in the London district of Muswell Hill with her husband, freelance scriptwriter and former magazine editor Laurence Akers. They met in 2013 at the wedding of Jones's long-term friend, actress Sally Lindsay, to musician Steve White. They were married in 2014. In an interview with "Vogue", Jones stated that her legal name had become Sarah Anne Akers. She gave birth to a son in March 2016.


title: Suranne Jones

text: Jones has been involved with various charitable organisations. When she was a teenager, her mother Jenny was diagnosed with breast cancer, with Jones saying, "At the time we did a breast cancer campaign together. I still do a lot of charity runs." Jones also has worked with Christian Aid, travelling to Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo to help with projects concerning HIV, women's rights and child soldiers.


title: Datura

text: Datura is a genus of nine species of highly poisonous, vespertine-flowering plants belonging to the nightshade family Solanaceae. They are commonly known as thornapples or jimsonweeds, but are also known as devil's trumpets (not to be confused with angel's trumpets, which are placed in the closely related genus "Brugmansia"). Other English common names include moonflower, devil's weed, and hell's bells. All species of "Datura" are extremely poisonous and potentially psychoactive, especially their seeds and flowers, which can cause respiratory depression, arrhythmias, fever, delirium, hallucinations, anticholinergic syndrome, psychosis, and even death if taken internally.


title: Datura

text: Due to their effects and symptoms, they have occasionally been used not only as poisons, but also as hallucinogens by various groups throughout history. Traditionally, psychoactive administration of "Datura" species has often been associated with witchcraft and sorcery or similar practices in many cultures, including the Western world. Certain common "Datura" species have also been used ritualistically as entheogens by some Native American groups.


title: Datura

text: Non-psychoactive use of the plant is usually done for medicinal purposes, and the alkaloids present in plants of the "Datura" genus have long been considered traditional medicines in both the New and Old Worlds due to the presence of the alkaloids scopolamine and atropine, which are also produced by Old World plants such as "Hyoscyamus niger", "Atropa belladonna", and "Mandragora officinarum".


title: Datura

text: The generic name "Datura" is taken from Sanskrit धतूरा ' "thorn-apple", ultimately from Sanskrit धत्तूर ' "white thorn-apple" (referring to "Datura metel" of Asia). In the Ayurvedic text "Sushruta Samhita", different species of "Datura" are also referred to as ' and '. "Dhatura" is offered to Shiva in Hinduism. Record of this name in English dates back to 1662. Nathaniel Hawthorne refers to one type in "The Scarlet Letter" as "apple-Peru". In Mexico, its common name is "toloache". The Mexican common name (also spelled ) derives from the Nahuatl , meaning "the plant with the nodding head" (in reference to the nodding seed capsules of "Datura" species belonging to section "Dutra" of the genus).


title: Datura

text: "Datura" species are herbaceous, leafy annuals and short-lived perennials, which can reach up to 2 m in height. The leaves are alternate, 10–20 cm long, and 5–18 cm broad, with a lobed or toothed margin. The flowers are erect or spreading (not pendulous like those of "Brugmansia"), trumpet-shaped, 5–20 cm long, and 4–12 cm broad at the mouth; colours vary from white to yellow and pale purple. The fruit is a spiny capsule, 4–10 cm long and 2–6 cm broad, splitting open when ripe to release the numerous seeds. The seeds disperse freely over pastures, fields, and even wasteland locations.


title: Datura

text: "Datura" belongs to the classic "witches' weeds", along with deadly nightshade, henbane, and mandrake. All parts of the plants are toxic, and the genus has a long history of use for causing delirious states and death. It was well known as an essential ingredient of magical ointments, potions, and witches' brews, most notably "Datura stramonium".


title: Datura

text: In India, "D. metel" has long been regarded as a poison and aphrodisiac, having been used in Ayurveda as a medicine since ancient times. It features in rituals and prayers to Shiva and also in Ganesh Chaturthi, a festival devoted to the deity Ganesha. The larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species, including "Hypercompe indecisa", eat some "Datura" species. It has been observed that while insects may prefer to feed on "Datura" leaves, other animals such as cows will generally avoid consuming them.


title: Datura

text: Classifying "Datura" as to its species is difficult, and the descriptions of new species often are accepted prematurely. Later, these "new species" are found to be simply varieties that have evolved due to conditions at a specific location. They usually disappear in a few years. Contributing to the confusion is the fact that various species, such as "D. wrightii" and "D. inoxia", are very similar in appearance, and the variation within a species can be extreme. For example, "Datura" species can change size of plant, leaf, and flowers, all depending on location. The same species, when growing in a half-shady, damp location can develop into a flowering bush half as tall as an adult human of average height, but when growing in a very dry location, will only grow into a thin plant not much more than ankle high, with tiny flowers and a few miniature leaves. "Datura" species are native to dry, temperate, and subtropical regions of the Americas, and are distributed mostly in Mexico, which is considered the center of origin of the genus. "D. ferox" was long thought native to China, "D. metel" to India and Southeast Asia, and "D. leichardthii" to Australia; however, recent research has shown these species to be early introductions from Central America.


title: Datura

text: A group of South American species formerly placed in the genus "Datura" are now placed in the distinct genus "Brugmansia" ("Brugmansia" differs from "Datura" in that it is woody (the species being shrubs or small trees) and has indehiscent fruits. The solanaceous tribe Datureae, to which "Datura" and "Brugmansia" belong, has recently acquired a new, monotypic genus "Trompettia" , featuring the species "Trompettia cardenasiana", which had hitherto been misclassified as belonging to the genus "Iochroma".


title: Datura

text: "Datura" specialists, the Preissels, accept only 9 species of "Datura", but Kew's Plants of the World Online currently lists the following 14 (out of which the current edition of The Plant List does not list "D. arenicola", "D. lanosa", and "D. pruinosa" as accepted spp.):


title: Datura

text: Of the above, "D. leichhardtii" is close enough to "D. pruinosa" to merit demotion to a subspecies and likewise "D. ferox" and "D. quercifolia" are close enough in morphology to merit being subsumed in a single species. Furthermore, the Australian provenance of "D. leichhardtii", the Chinese provenance of "D. ferox", and the Afro-Asiatic provenance of "D. metel" have been cast into serious doubt, with the three species being almost certainly post-Columbian introductions to the Old World regions to which they were originally thought native.


title: Datura

text: The case of "D. metel" is unique in that not only is the plant not a true species at all, but an assemblage of ancient pre-Columbian cultivars created from "D. innoxia" in the Greater Antilles, but evidence is mounting that it was introduced to the Indian subcontinent no later than the second century CE – whether by natural or human agency is, as yet, unknown – making it one of the most ancient plant introductions (if not the most ancient) from the New World to the Old World (see Columbian Exchange).


title: Datura

text: "D. arenicola" is a remarkable new species, described only in 2013, of very restricted range, and so distinctive as to have merited the creation for it of the new section "Discola" [not to be confused with the species name "D. discolor"] within the genus. The specific name "arenicola" means "loving (i.e. "thriving in") sand".


title: Datura

text: American Brugmansia and Datura Society, Inc. (ABADS) is designated in the 2004 edition of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants as the official International Cultivar Registration Authority for "Datura". This role was delegated to ABADS by the International Society for Horticultural Science in 2002.


title: Datura

text: "Datura" species are usually sown annually from the seed produced in the spiny capsules, but, with care, the tuberous-rooted perennial species may be overwintered. Most species are suited to being planted outside or in containers. As a rule, they need warm, sunny places and soil that will keep their roots dry. When grown outdoors in good locations, the plants tend to reseed themselves and may become invasive. In containers, they should have porous, aerated potting soil with adequate drainage. The plants are susceptible to fungi in the root area, so anaerobic organic enrichment such as anaerobically composted organic matter or manure, should be avoided.


title: Datura

text: All "Datura" plants contain tropane alkaloids such as scopolamine and atropine, primarily in their seeds and flowers, as well as the roots of certain species such as "D. wrightii". Because of the presence of these substances, "Datura" has been used for centuries in some cultures as a poison. A given plant's toxicity depends on its age, where it is growing, and the local weather conditions. These variations make "Datura" exceptionally hazardous as a drug. Since datura directly causes the effects of anticholinergic syndrome, the symptoms of its toxicity are often cited by the traditional mnemonic: "Blind as a bat, mad as a hatter, red as a beet, hot as a hare, dry as a bone, the bowel and bladder lose their tone, and the heart runs alone". "Datura", as well as long-term psychoactive/toxic usage of other anticholinergic drugs, also appear to significantly increase the risk of developing dementia.


title: Datura

text: In traditional cultures, a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of "Datura" was critical to minimize harm. Many tragic incidents result from modern users ingesting or smoking "Datura". For example, in the 1990s and 2000s, the United States media reported stories of adolescents and young adults dying or becoming seriously ill from intentionally ingesting "Datura". Deliberate or inadvertent poisoning resulting from smoking jimsonweed and other related species has been reported as well. Although most poisonings occur with more common species of "Datura" such as "D. stramonium", several reports in the medical literature indicate deaths from "D. ferox" intoxication. Children are especially vulnerable to atropine poisoning.


title: Datura

text: In some parts of Europe and India, "Datura" has been a popular poison for suicide and murder. From 1950 to 1965, the State Chemical Laboratories in Agra, India, investigated 2,778 deaths caused by ingesting "Datura." A group called Thugs "(practicers of thuggee)" were reportedly devotees of an Indian religious cult made up of robbers and assassins who strangled or poisoned their victims in rituals devoted to the Hindu goddess Kali. They were alleged to employ "Datura" in many such poisonings, using it also to induce drowsiness or stupefaction, making strangulation easier.


title: Datura

text: "Datura" toxins may be ingested accidentally by consumption of honey produced by several wasp species, including "Brachygastra lecheguana", during the "Datura" blooming season. These semi-domesticated honey wasps apparently collect "Datura" nectar for honey production, which can lead to poisoning.


title: Datura

text: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported accidental poisoning resulting in hospitalization for a family of six who inadvertently ingested "Datura" used as an ingredient in stew.


title: Datura

text: In some places, buying, selling, or cultivating "Datura" plants is prohibited. Solanaceous tribes with a similar chemistry (i.e. a similar tropane alkaloid content), include the Hyoscyameae, containing such well-known toxic species as "Hyoscyamus niger" and "Atropa belladonna", the Solandreae containing the genus "Solandra" ("chalice vines") and the Mandragoreae, named for the famous "Mandragora officinarum", most of which are considered traditional witches' herbs and poisons.


title: Datura

text: "Datura" is considered a deliriant. Due to the potent combination of anticholinergic substances it contains, "Datura" intoxication typically produces the effects of anticholinergic delirium (usually involving a complete or relative inability to differentiate reality from fantasy); bizarre thoughts, hyperthermia; tachycardia; bizarre, and possibly violent behavior; dry skin; dry mouth; illusions; and severe mydriasis (dilated pupils) with resultant painful photophobia that can last several days. Muscle stiffness, urinary retention, temporary paralysis, disrobing, emotional bluntness, dysphoria, and confusion are often reported, and pronounced amnesia is another commonly reported effect. The psychoactive alkaloids scopolamine and atropine are also both known for their characteristic hyperactive effects and ability to cause stark and dream-like hallucinations. The onset of symptoms generally occurs around 30 to 60 minutes after ingesting the herb. These symptoms generally last from 24 to 48 hours, but have been reported in some cases to last two weeks or longer.


title: Datura

text: Due to their agitated behavior and confused mental state, people with acute "Datura" poisoning or intoxication are typically hospitalized. Gastric lavage and the administration of activated charcoal can be used to reduce the stomach's absorption of the ingested material, and the drug physostigmine is used to reverse the effect of the poisons. Benzodiazepines can be given to calm the patient's agitation, and supportive care with oxygen, hydration, and symptomatic treatment is often provided. Observation of the patient is indicated until the symptoms resolve, usually from 24 to 36 hours after ingestion of the "Datura".


title: Datura

text: In "Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs", Freye asserts: Few substances have received as many severely negative recreational experience reports as has "Datura". The overwhelming majority of those who describe their use of "Datura" find their experiences extremely unpleasant both mentally and often physically dangerous. However, anthropologists have found that indigenous groups, with a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of "Datura", have been known to use "Datura" spiritually (including the Navajo and especially the Havasupai). Adequate knowledge of "Datura" properties is necessary to facilitate a safe experience. The ancient inhabitants of what became central and southern California used to ingest "datura" to "commune with deities through visions". The Southern Paiute believe "Datura" can help locate missing objects. In ancient Mexico, "Datura" also played an important role in the religion of the Aztecs and the practices of their medicine men and necromancers. It was reportedly used by the Aztecs for ritual sacrifice and malevolent purposes as well. In modern-day Mexico, some datura species are still used for sorcery and other occult practices, mostly in the southern region of Veracruz, specifically in the city of Catemaco.


title: Datura

text: "It is administered in potions in order to cause harm to those who are objects of hatred. Those who eat it have visions of fearful things. Magicians or those who wish to harm someone administer it in food or drink. This herb is medicinal and its seed is used as a remedy for gout, ground up and applied to the part affected."


title: Datura

text: Christian Rätsch has said, "A mild dosage produces medicinal and healing effects, a moderate dosage produces aphrodisiac effects, and high dosages are used for shamanic purposes". Wade Davis, an ethnobotanist, also lists it as an essential ingredient of Haitian zombie potion. In Western culture, the same species ("Datura stramonium") has been said to have been commonly used by witches as an ingredient for their flying ointments and was regularly included in detailed recipes of magical ointments dating back as far as the early modern period, predominately in New England and Western Europe. During the anti-witchcraft hysteria of colonial times it was considered unlucky or inappropriate to grow "D. stramonium" in one's garden due to its supposed reputation for aiding in incantations.


title: Franco Nero

text: Francesco Clemente Giuseppe Sparanero (born 23 November 1941), known professionally as Franco Nero, is an Italian actor, producer, and director. His breakthrough role was as the title character in the Spaghetti Western film "Django" (1966), which made him a pop culture icon and launched an international career that includes over 200 leading and supporting roles in a wide variety of films and television programmes.


title: Franco Nero

text: During the 1960s and 1970s, Nero was actively involved in many popular Italian "genre trends", including "poliziotteschi", "gialli", and Spaghetti Westerns. His best-known films include "" (1966), "Camelot" (1967), "The Day of the Owl" (1968), "The Mercenary" (1968), "Battle of Neretva" (1969), "Tristana" (1970), "Compañeros" (1970), "Confessions of a Police Captain" (1971), "The Fifth Cord" (1971), "High Crime" (1973), "Street Law" (1974), "Keoma" (1976), "Hitch-Hike" (1977), "Force 10 from Navarone" (1978), "Enter the Ninja" (1981), "Die Hard 2" (1990), "Letters to Juliet" (2010), "Cars 2" (2011), and "" (2017).


title: Franco Nero

text: Nero has had a long relationship with Vanessa Redgrave, which began during the filming of "Camelot". They were married in 2006, and are the parents of the actor Carlo Gabriel Nero.


title: Franco Nero

text: Francesco Clemente Giuseppe Sparanero was born in San Prospero Parmense (Parma, Emilia-Romagna), the son of a commissioned officer in the Carabinieri. His parents were originally from San Severo (Foggia, Apulia). He grew up in Bedonia and in Milan. He studied briefly at the Economy and Trade faculty of the local university, before leaving to study at the Piccolo Teatro di Milano.


title: Franco Nero

text: Nero's first film role was a small part in "Pelle viva" (1962), and he had his first lead role in Sergio Corbucci's "Django" (1966) a Spaghetti Western and one of his best-known films. In 1966 from "Django" he went on to appear in eight more films released that year including "Texas, Adios" (1966) and "Massacre Time".


title: Franco Nero

text: In 1967, he appeared in "Camelot" as Lancelot, where he met his longtime romantic partner, and later his wife, Vanessa Redgrave. Following this he appeared in the mafia film "Il giorno della civetta" opposite Claudia Cardinale released in 1968.


title: Franco Nero

text: A lack of proficiency in English tended to limit these roles, although he also appeared in other English-language films including "The Virgin and the Gypsy" (1970), "Force 10 from Navarone" (1978), "Enter the Ninja" (1981) and "Die Hard 2" (1990).


title: Franco Nero

text: Although often typecast in films like "Los amigos" (1973) or "Keoma" (1976) he has attempted an impressive range of characters, such as Abel in John Huston's epic "" (1966), the humiliated engineer out for revenge in "Street Law", the gay lieutenant in "Querelle" (1982) and Serbian mediaeval hero in "The Falcon" (1983). He has appeared in over 150 films, and has written, produced and starred in one: "Jonathan degli orsi" (1993).


title: Franco Nero

text: More recently, he starred in Hungarian director 's "Honfoglalás (Conquest)" in 1996, in "Li chiamarono... briganti!" (1999) by Pasquale Squitieri and subsequently in Koltay's "Sacra Corona (Holy Crown)" in 2001.


title: Franco Nero

text: In 2009 he played an eccentric author called "Mario Puzzo" in "Mord ist mein Geschäft, Liebling" ("Murder is my trade, darling", Italian title "Tesoro, sono un killer"). German critics found his performance was the best part of the film: "Having Franco Nero playing in this film is really a great joy – it is only regrettable that after his appearances there is still so much film left."


title: Franco Nero

text: In 2010, Nero appeared in the film "Letters to Juliet" with Redgrave. In 2011 he appeared as a guest star on the season 13 premiere episode of . His character, although Italian, was based on Dominique Strauss-Kahn. In the same year, he received a star on the Italian Walk of Fame in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.


title: Franco Nero

text: In 2012, Nero made a cameo appearance in the film "Django Unchained" in one scene alongside Jamie Foxx, who stars as Django Freeman in the film. Nero, playing the original Django, questions Foxx's Django about how his name is spelled, and asks him to spell it, referencing a scene from Nero's role as Django in the original "Django" film. Upon learning that their names are spelled the same way, Nero's Django says "I know" to Foxx's Django.


title: Franco Nero

text: In 2016 and 2017 he interpreted Gabriele Tinti's poetry, giving voice to the masterpieces in the National Roman Museum.


title: Franco Nero

text: Nero appears in the dark comedy feature film "The Immortalist" in 2020, along with Sherilyn Fenn, Paul Rodriguez, Aries Spears and Jeff DuJardin, directed by Vlad Kozlov.


title: Franco Nero

text: His romantic involvement with English actress Vanessa Redgrave began in 1966 when they met on the set of "Camelot". In 1969, they had a son, Carlo Gabriel Redgrave Sparanero (known professionally as Carlo Gabriel Nero), a screenwriter and director. After separating for many years, during which they both had relationships with other people, they reunited and married on 31 December 2006. Carlo Nero directed Redgrave in the cinematic adaptation of Wallace Shawn's play "The Fever".


title: Franco Nero

text: In 1983 he had a second son, Frank Sparanero (also known as Frankie Nero or Frank Nero Jr). Born in Rome, Nero began his acting career with Pupi Avati in 1996 at a film festival and then 1999 with the film Buck and the Magic Bracelet by Tonino Ricci. In addition to being an actor, he is also an artist, architect and photographer.