title: Shinedown

text: Five singles were released from the album: "Bully", "Unity", "Enemies", "I'll Follow You", and "Adrenaline". The band's singles once again fared well, albeit it slightly below "The Sound of Madness" singles; "Bully" and "Unity" topped the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Charts, "Enemies" and "I'll Follow You" peaked at number 2, and "Adrenaline" peaked at number 4. Additionally, only "Bully" managed to have any cross-over success, breaking into the "Billboard" Top 100 chart at number 94 and eventually being certified Gold as well. Shinedown also contributed the non-album song titled "I'm Alive" to the soundtrack of the 2012 film "The Avengers".


title: Shinedown

text: In November 2012, Smith announced in an NME interview that a follow up Shinedown album had already been recorded. Smith stated "We have another record of material. It's actually recorded...It's still very massive, it still has an epic feel to it all, but the tempo is a little slower, and the subject matter is a little different. I would say it's actually a bit darker, a little bit more mischievous." Despite the announcement, the band proceeded to continue on with the "Amaryllis" touring cycle, touring through 2013 to complete another two year touring cycle. Shinedown and Three Days Grace embarked on a co-headlined tour beginning in February 2013, and went on another iteration of the yearly "Carnival of Madness" tour with Papa Roach in later 2013.


title: Shinedown

text: In April 2013, Smith and Myers recorded ten acoustic cover songs, selected out of a pool of over 4,000 fan requests, selecting a variety of different types of songs, from Metallica's "Nothing Else Matters" to Adele's "Someone Like You". The tracks were released across two separate EPs, "Acoustic Sessions" on January 28, 2014, and "Acoustic Sessions Pt. 2" on March 28, 2014, with performance videos created for every track on the first EP. The band took much of 2014 off, a rarity for the band, which had pretty consistently moved back and forth between recording and touring for each album cycle. The time off was for the band to rest, specifically Smith, who had damaged his vocal cords and contracted oral thrush from the constant years of touring prior.


title: Shinedown

text: Recording for the band's fifth studio album began in January 2015, with a goal of a July or August release date. The band later embarked on a summer headlining tour with Nothing More. The first single from the album, "Cut the Cord" was released in June 2015, ahead of the album's release. Two more promotional songs were released in August as well, "Black Cadillac" and "State of My Head".


title: Shinedown

text: In August 2015, the band announced the name of the album, "Threat to Survival", and its release date of September 18, 2015. The album debuted at number six on the "Billboard" 200, selling 65,000 in the first week, lower than their prior album, "Amaryllis." Despite the drop in sales, the band still found success in their singles. Four singles were released from the album, and three of the four singles - "Cut the Cord,", "State of My Head", and "How Did You Love" hit number one on the US Mainstream Rock charts, while the other, "Asking for It", peaked at number two. After the album's release, they embarked on a co-headlining US tour with Breaking Benjamin that would take place between October and November 2015. The tour went on to gross a total of $5.7 million.


title: Shinedown

text: The band continued touring in 2016, headlining U.S. dates with The Virginmarys. The group appeared on "Jimmy Kimmel Live" in April 2016, and, the following month, they performed at several festivals including the Fort Rock Festival and Rock'N Derby. The band also headlined the 2016 version of the Carnival of Madness tour with Halestorm in July and August. Later in 2016, the band went on a fall U.S. arena tour with Sixx AM and Five Finger Death Punch that was extended into December.


title: Shinedown

text: In February 2017, Smith announced that they had begun work on a sixth studio album. Bass had been working on writing 22 separate pieces of music over the course of their 2016 touring, separate from the rest of the band, who wanted to just concentrate on touring. Bass had just begun presenting the material to Smith, who, while unsure how much exactly would go into the future album, did say that he was very impressed, and that the material may fit together into a concept album, a first for the band. They joined Iron Maiden on tour in Europe in April and May, and began recording soon after. At the time, the band planned to finish the album in late 2017, release a first single in January 2018, and then release the album in April. In January 2018, Myers announced that the band had finished recording the album, and that Bass was working on finalizing the production and mixing of the album. Myers also described the album's sound as "heavier than "Threat to Survival"."


title: Shinedown

text: On March 7, 2018, the band announced the album's title, "Attention Attention", and released its first single, "Devil". "Devil" would eventually reach number 1 on the Active Rock and Mainstream Rock charts. "Attention Attention" was released on May 4, 2018, and was Shinedown's first album to be produced and mixed entirely by a member of the band (Eric Bass). The album debuted at number 1 on the Top Rock Albums, Hard Rock Albums, and Alternative Albums charts. It was the second time the band had achieved that feat ("Amaryllis" also topped all three charts). It has thus far peaked at number 5 on the "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 61,000 units in the process. On April 5, a second song, "The Human Radio" was released as a promotional single, accompanied by a music video.


title: Shinedown

text: Shortly after the album's release, the band went on a brief co-headlining tour with Five Finger Death Punch. They also released a 14-minute behind the scenes documentary video about the making of "Attention Attention". The band embarked on a summer co-headlining tour with Godsmack that began in July 2018.


title: Shinedown

text: In October 2018, Shinedown announced plans to headline a U.S. tour beginning February 20, 2019, in Estero, Florida. Supporting acts for the trek included Papa Roach and Asking Alexandria. The tour concluded on March 20, 2019, in Loveland, CO.


title: Shinedown

text: In November 2018, Shinedown regained sole possession of the most top 10 chart placements in the history of Billboard's Rock Airplay chart, with "Get Up" the second single from "Attention Attention". The song earned 5.9 million rock radio audience impressions, a boost of 5 percent, in the week ending Nov. 18, according to Nielsen Music. On March 1, 2019, the band released the song "Monsters" as the third single from "Attention Attention" and was followed by a music video. On July 2, 2019, an animated video for the song was also released. On September 24, 2019, the band released the song "Attention Attention" as the fourth single from "Attention Attention" and was followed by a music video.


title: Shinedown

text: On March 23, 2020, the band released a previously unreleased song recorded for "Amaryllis" titled "Atlas Falls", to raise money for Direct Relief to provide equipment for frontline workers during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The song was available to download with the purchase of a T-shirt. The band donated $20,000 themselves, and raised over $70,000 in the first 36 hours. On May 22, after raising over $300,000, "Atlas Falls" was officially released to streaming services and digital retailers. On the June 27 tally, "Atlas Falls" became Shinedown's 27th top 10 single on the Mainstream Rock Chart. Only Tom Petty has more, with 28.


title: Shinedown

text: On May 26, 2020, the band announced that they had postponed all of their 2020 summer Deep Dive tour due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with many dates being rescheduled.


title: Shinedown

text: In February 2021, Smith announced that the band had started working on a seventh studio album, with the goal of releasing it in the second half of 2021. The band released a film for their sixth album, "Attention Attention". The film was directed by Bill Yukich and was released on September 3, 2021. On August 28, 2021, Smith announced the band's first single off the upcoming album is expected to be out in January 2022, with the album following a few months later.


title: Shinedown

text: On January 26, 2022, the band released the lead single, "Planet Zero", from their seventh studio album of the same name. The album was originally set to be released on April 22, 2022. On March 25, 2022, the band released a second song, "The Saints of Violence and Innuendo". On April 12, 2022, the band announced that the album's release was being pushed back to July 1, 2022. The change was due to a delay in vinyl production, and the band's desire for the fanbase to experience the album simultaneously across formats. In April 2022, the band was inducted into "Mohegan Sun's Walk Of Fame". On June 1, 2022, the band released the second single, "Daylight".


title: Shinedown

text: Shinedown's music has most commonly been described as hard rock, alternative metal, post-grunge, alternative rock, pop rock, grunge, arena rock, and nu metal, with pop and Southern rock influences. In August 2013, Kerch disagreed with more specialized genre ascribed to the band, stating that "We're just a rock 'n' roll band" while conceding that each album did have a markedly different rock sound to them by design. The nu metal label has been applied to the band's earlier work by journalists on occasion, though the band disputes that term as well. The band's first album, "Leave a Whisper", largely stayed away from having any guitar solos, something then-guitarist Todd felt was undesirable due to the popularity of nu metal at the time of recording album, though he felt the band was never particularly part of the genre's movement. With nu metal falling out of popularity by the mid-2000s, they began adding guitar solos more prominently to their music, starting with their next album, "Us and Them". "Us and Them" has also been described as less "grungy" than its predecessor with "more twisted, progressive song structures".


title: Shinedown

text: "The Sound of Madness" went in different musical and lyrical directions as compared to the band's previous two albums. Barry Kerch noted that lineup changes and volatility in the band members' lives produced a darker and angrier sound. The album's lead single, "Devour", is an anti-war anthem, but "The Sound of Madness" also contains "If You Only Knew", the band's first love ballad. "Amaryllis" has been noted to have a more positive, "anthemic" bent. Writing for "Loudwire", Anne Erickson described the album's sound as "aggressive-yet-cathartic." Their fifth studio album, "Threat to Survival", was described as the band's most "pop-oriented" album, with the single "State of My Head" being referred to as "a slick amalgam of electro-pop and vintage alt-rock with a catchy as hell though extremely well-worn chorus." The 2018 follow-up, "Attention Attention", is a concept album that begins with the narrator in a "dark, negative place" and gradually emerging from that over the course of the track listing. Both "Threat to Survival" and "Attention Attention" have been described as having more of a pop rock sound but have also been described as hard rock.


title: Shinedown

text: The band has cited Stone Temple Pilots, Otis Redding, Pink Floyd, and Iron Maiden as influences. Primary songwriter, Brent Smith, has also cited Etta James, Ella Fitzgerald, The Doors, Soundgarden, and Metallica as some of his influences.


title: Binomial theorem

text: In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial. According to the theorem, it is possible to expand the polynomial into a sum involving terms of the form , where the exponents and are nonnegative integers with , and the coefficient of each term is a specific positive integer depending on and . For example, for ,


title: Binomial theorem

text: The coefficient in the term of is known as the binomial coefficient formula_2 or formula_3 (the two have the same value). These coefficients for varying and can be arranged to form Pascal's triangle. These numbers also occur in combinatorics, where formula_2 gives the number of different combinations of elements that can be chosen from an -element set. Therefore formula_2 is often pronounced as " choose ".


title: Binomial theorem

text: Special cases of the binomial theorem were known since at least the 4th century BC when Greek mathematician Euclid mentioned the special case of the binomial theorem for exponent . There is evidence that the binomial theorem for cubes was known by the 6th century AD in India.


title: Binomial theorem

text: Binomial coefficients, as combinatorial quantities expressing the number of ways of selecting objects out of without replacement, were of interest to ancient Indian mathematicians. The earliest known reference to this combinatorial problem is the "Chandaḥśāstra" by the Indian lyricist Pingala (c. 200 BC), which contains a method for its solution. The commentator Halayudha from the 10th century AD explains this method using what is now known as Pascal's triangle. By the 6th century AD, the Indian mathematicians probably knew how to express this as a quotient formula_6, and a clear statement of this rule can be found in the 12th century text "Lilavati" by Bhaskara.


title: Binomial theorem

text: The first formulation of the binomial theorem and the table of binomial coefficients, to our knowledge, can be found in a work by Al-Karaji, quoted by Al-Samaw'al in his "al-Bahir". Al-Karaji described the triangular pattern of the binomial coefficients and also provided a mathematical proof of both the binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle, using an early form of mathematical induction. The Persian poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam was probably familiar with the formula to higher orders, although many of his mathematical works are lost. The binomial expansions of small degrees were known in the 13th century mathematical works of Yang Hui and also Chu Shih-Chieh. Yang Hui attributes the method to a much earlier 11th century text of Jia Xian, although those writings are now also lost.


title: Binomial theorem

text: In 1544, Michael Stifel introduced the term "binomial coefficient" and showed how to use them to express formula_7 in terms of formula_8, via "Pascal's triangle". Blaise Pascal studied the eponymous triangle comprehensively in his "Traité du triangle arithmétique". However, the pattern of numbers was already known to the European mathematicians of the late Renaissance, including Stifel, Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia, and Simon Stevin.


title: Binomial theorem

text: Isaac Newton is generally credited with the generalized binomial theorem, valid for any rational exponent.


title: Binomial theorem

text: According to the theorem, it is possible to expand any nonnegative integer power of into a sum of the form


title: Binomial theorem

text: where formula_10 is an integer and each formula_11 is a positive integer known as a binomial coefficient. (When an exponent is zero, the corresponding power expression is taken to be 1 and this multiplicative factor is often omitted from the term. Hence one often sees the right hand side written as formula_12.) This formula is also referred to as the binomial formula or the binomial identity. Using summation notation, it can be written as


title: Binomial theorem

text: The final expression follows from the previous one by the symmetry of and in the first expression, and by comparison it follows that the sequence of binomial coefficients in the formula is symmetrical. A simple variant of the binomial formula is obtained by substituting for , so that it involves only a single variable. In this form, the formula reads


title: Binomial theorem

text: In general, for the expansion of on the right side in the th row (numbered so that the top row is the 0th row):


title: Binomial theorem

text: For positive values of and , the binomial theorem with is the geometrically evident fact that a square of side can be cut into a square of side , a square of side , and two rectangles with sides and . With , the theorem states that a cube of side can be cut into a cube of side , a cube of side , three rectangular boxes, and three rectangular boxes.


title: Binomial theorem

text: In calculus, this picture also gives a geometric proof of the derivative formula_22 if one sets formula_23 and formula_24 interpreting as an infinitesimal change in , then this picture shows the infinitesimal change in the volume of an -dimensional hypercube, formula_25 where the coefficient of the linear term (in formula_26) is formula_27 the area of the faces, each of dimension :


title: Binomial theorem

text: Substituting this into the definition of the derivative via a difference quotient and taking limits means that the higher order terms, formula_29 and higher, become negligible, and yields the formula formula_30 interpreted as


title: Binomial theorem

text: If one integrates this picture, which corresponds to applying the fundamental theorem of calculus, one obtains Cavalieri's quadrature formula, the integral formula_31 – see proof of Cavalieri's quadrature formula for details.


title: Binomial theorem

text: The coefficients that appear in the binomial expansion are called binomial coefficients. These are usually written formula_32 and pronounced " choose ".


title: Binomial theorem

text: with factors in both the numerator and denominator of the fraction. Although this formula involves a fraction, the binomial coefficient formula_35 is actually an integer.


title: Binomial theorem

text: The binomial coefficient formula_11 can be interpreted as the number of ways to choose elements from an -element set. This is related to binomials for the following reason: if we write as a product


title: Binomial theorem

text: then, according to the distributive law, there will be one term in the expansion for each choice of either or from each of the binomials of the product. For example, there will only be one term , corresponding to choosing from each binomial. However, there will be several terms of the form , one for each way of choosing exactly two binomials to contribute a . Therefore, after combining like terms, the coefficient of will be equal to the number of ways to choose exactly elements from an -element set.


title: Binomial theorem

text: Expanding yields the sum of the products of the form where each is or . Rearranging factors shows that each product equals for some between and . For a given , the following are proved equal in succession:


title: Binomial theorem

text: Induction yields another proof of the binomial theorem. When , both sides equal , since and formula_45 Now suppose that the equality holds for a given ; we will prove it for . For , let denote the coefficient of in the polynomial . By the inductive hypothesis, is a polynomial in and such that is formula_35 if , and otherwise. The identity


title: Binomial theorem

text: Around 1665, Isaac Newton generalized the binomial theorem to allow real exponents other than nonnegative integers. (The same generalization also applies to complex exponents.) In this generalization, the finite sum is replaced by an infinite series. In order to do this, one needs to give meaning to binomial coefficients with an arbitrary upper index, which cannot be done using the usual formula with factorials. However, for an arbitrary number , one can define


title: Binomial theorem

text: where formula_52 is the Pochhammer symbol, here standing for a falling factorial. This agrees with the usual definitions when is a nonnegative integer. Then, if and are real numbers with , and is any complex number, one has


title: Binomial theorem

text: When is a nonnegative integer, the binomial coefficients for are zero, so this equation reduces to the usual binomial theorem, and there are at most nonzero terms. For other values of , the series typically has infinitely many nonzero terms.


title: Binomial theorem

text: The generalized binomial theorem can be extended to the case where and are complex numbers. For this version, one should again assume and define the powers of and using a holomorphic branch of log defined on an open disk of radius centered at . The generalized binomial theorem is valid also for elements and of a Banach algebra as long as , and is invertible, and .


title: Binomial theorem

text: A version of the binomial theorem is valid for the following Pochhammer symbol-like family of polynomials: for a given real constant , define formula_58 and


title: Binomial theorem

text: An operator formula_70 on the space of polynomials is said to be the "basis operator" of the sequence formula_62 if formula_72 and formula_73 for all formula_74. A sequence formula_62 is binomial if and only if its basis operator is a Delta operator. Writing formula_76 for the shift by formula_77 operator, the Delta operators corresponding to the above "Pochhammer" families of polynomials are the backward difference formula_78 for formula_79, the ordinary derivative for formula_80, and the forward difference formula_81 for formula_82.


title: Binomial theorem

text: The binomial theorem can be generalized to include powers of sums with more than two terms. The general version is


title: Binomial theorem

text: where the summation is taken over all sequences of nonnegative integer indices through such that the sum of all is . (For each term in the expansion, the exponents must add up to ). The coefficients formula_84 are known as multinomial coefficients, and can be computed by the formula


title: Binomial theorem

text: Combinatorially, the multinomial coefficient formula_86 counts the number of different ways to partition an -element set into disjoint subsets of sizes .


title: Binomial theorem

text: When working in more dimensions, it is often useful to deal with products of binomial expressions. By the binomial theorem this is equal to


title: Binomial theorem

text: The general Leibniz rule gives the th derivative of a product of two functions in a form similar to that of the binomial theorem:


title: Binomial theorem

text: Here, the superscript indicates the th derivative of a function. If one sets and , and then cancels the common factor of from both sides of the result, the ordinary binomial theorem is recovered.


title: Binomial theorem

text: For the complex numbers the binomial theorem can be combined with de Moivre's formula to yield multiple-angle formulas for the sine and cosine. According to De Moivre's formula,


title: Binomial theorem

text: Using the binomial theorem, the expression on the right can be expanded, and then the real and imaginary parts can be taken to yield formulas for and . For example, since


title: Binomial theorem

text: Applying the binomial theorem to this expression yields the usual infinite series for . In particular:


title: Binomial theorem

text: Indeed, since each term of the binomial expansion is an increasing function of , it follows from the monotone convergence theorem for series that the sum of this infinite series is equal to .


title: Binomial theorem

text: The binomial theorem is closely related to the probability mass function of the negative binomial distribution. The probability of a (countable) collection of independent Bernoulli trials formula_102 with probability of success formula_103 all not happening is


title: Binomial theorem

text: The binomial theorem is valid more generally for two elements and in a ring, or even a semiring, provided that . For example, it holds for two matrices, provided that those matrices commute; this is useful in computing powers of a matrix.


title: Katie Leung

text: Katie Liu Leung (born 8 August 1987; ) is a Scottish actress. Initially famous for playing Cho Chang, the titular character's first love interest in the "Harry Potter" film series, she is also known for her roles as Caitlyn in the animated series "Arcane" and Ash in the sci-fi series "The Peripheral". In 2012, Leung made her stage debut in the play "Wild Swans", and has since appeared in many other stage productions.


title: Katie Leung

text: Leung has an interest in the arts, having studied painting and design at the University of the Arts London, and has degrees in photography from Edinburgh College of Art and theatre from the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland.


title: Katie Leung

text: Leung was born in Dundee, Scotland, to Peter Leung, a Hong Kong-born businessman and restaurateur who opened a company in Glasgow, and Kar Wai Li, a banker. Her parents divorced when she was three, and she continued living in Scotland with her father, stepmother, and siblings after her mother moved back to Hong Kong. Leung's father's work led to her growing up in a variety of Scottish cities, including Ayr, Hamilton, and Motherwell. She attended secondary school at Hamilton College.


title: Katie Leung

text: Leung's father saw an advertisement for a "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" casting call, and suggested she should try out. She waited four hours in line for a five-minute audition, despite feeling she had little likelihood of obtaining the role. Two weeks later, she was called back for a workshop and was cast as Cho Chang, beating over 3,000 other girls for the part. In retrospect, she stated in an interview with the "Daily Record" that her Scottish accent probably gave her an advantage in the casting, as the casting director asked the girls who attended the audition, "Is there anyone here from Scotland?", to which only Leung raised her hand.


title: Katie Leung

text: In a 2011 interview, Leung said her fondest memory of the "Harry Potter" experience was the first audition, because both her parents, who were separated at the time, went with her. "It was a really nice moment because my parents hadn't seen each other for a long, long time," Leung recalled. In an effort to heavily promote "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", Warner Bros. sent Leung to China in the film's second week of release, in an atypical move toward a market that was not used to frequent celebrity visits at the time.


title: Katie Leung

text: She reprised her role in the subsequent films in the series, most notably "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", in which her character had the distinction of being Harry Potter's first romance. As a result, Leung and Daniel Radcliffe (Harry) shared an on-screen kiss that received much media coverage. While Leung was greeted warmly by most of the fandom, other fans created hate websites in response to her casting and posted many racist messages which were upsetting to her at the time. In March 2021, Leung opened up further about the racist abuse she had received from fans while filming "Harry Potter"; appearing on an episode of the "Chinese Chippy Girl" podcast, she revealed that she was told by her publicists to deny what was happening if anyone asked.


title: Katie Leung

text: Leung was named as Scotland's most stylish female and as the hottest Scotswoman in 2007 by "The Scotsman". She has also been featured in "Teen Vogue" and the "Evening Standard". In July 2007, she was cast by Gold Label Records, a subsidiary of EMI in Hong Kong, to be the female lead in the music video "Love Coming Home" "()" by Leo Ku. Leung filmed the video in London while promoting the new "Harry Potter" film. Ku described Leung's acting as "professional" and "mature".


title: Katie Leung

text: In her first role outside of "Harry Potter", Leung played Hsui Tai in the episode "Cat Among the Pigeons" of ITV1's "Agatha Christie's Poirot," which premiered on 21 September 2008.


title: Katie Leung

text: Following the end of the "Harry Potter" films, Leung said she was uncertain if she wanted to pursue a further career in acting, but was inspired to continue after attending a drama course at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland. In December 2011, she was awarded the role of Jung Chang as her debut stage role in Chang's autobiographical play "Wild Swans". In comparing film to live performances, Leung said, "The obvious challenge is of course getting it right the first time, which is weirdly exciting for me." The play made its world premiere in Cambridge, Massachusetts in February 2012, before returning to Motherwell.


title: Katie Leung

text: In June 2012, it was confirmed that Leung would star in the Channel 4 four-part drama series "Run" as leading character Ying, an undocumented Chinese immigrant living in Brixton. In 2013, Leung starred alongside Vera Chok in "The World of Extreme Happiness", a play about the world of migrant workers in China's rapidly emerging modern era. In the production, staged at The Shed at the National Theatre, she played the role of Sunny, a female migrant worker.


title: Katie Leung

text: In April 2014, it was announced that Leung was to play the lead role of Mei, a first-born Chinese girl adopted by an American mother and British father, in the TV miniseries "One Child". In the story, her character is asked to return to her birthplace, Guangzhou, when her birth mother desperately seeks her assistance in saving her son. The series, a co-production of BBC Drama and Sundance TV, filmed in May 2014 in London and Hong Kong, aired on Sundance TV in December 2014, and was broadcast on BBC Two in February 2016. Leung received praise from Catherine Gee of "The Daily Telegraph", who called her performance "beautifully understated".


title: Katie Leung

text: In late 2016, Leung appeared in the Tony Kushner play "The Intelligent Homosexual's Guide to Capitalism and Socialism with a Key to the Scriptures" ("iHo") at the Hampstead Theatre in London. In 2017, she co-starred with Jackie Chan and Pierce Brosnan in "The Foreigner", playing Fan, Chan's character's daughter. This was followed by a supporting role as Lau Chen in the ITV drama "Strangers", also known by the title "White Dragon".


title: Katie Leung

text: Leung has subsequently appeared in recurring roles as DC Blair Ferguson in the Alibi series "Annika", the voice of Caitlyn in the Netflix series "Arcane", and Ash in the Amazon Prime Video series "The Peripheral".


title: Katie Leung

text: She is also attached to a forthcoming Paramount+ series adaptation of Simon Beckett's novel "The Chemistry of Death", with her role currently unspecified.


title: Katie Leung

text: Leung delayed plans to go to art college and university to film "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix". During this period, Leung had said she was undecided about pursuing an acting career after "Harry Potter" and wished to attend university to study art and design. In 2007, she helped The Prince's Trust charity raise £100,000 by launching a children's art competition and also donated one of her own paintings which was auctioned for £960.


title: Katie Leung

text: Leung has also expressed a passion for photography. In 2009, she donated a photo to Sightsavers International's I:Click 2009 competition, with benefits going to treat and prevent blindness for residents of impoverished countries.


title: Katie Leung

text: While appearing in "Wild Swans", Leung worked to complete her photography degree at Edinburgh College of Art. Afterwards, she attended the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland in Glasgow, where she completed the BA in Acting course.


title: Katie Leung

text: On 19 August 2018, Leung participated in the wedding of another former "Harry Potter" cast member, Afshan Azad.


title: Katie Leung

text: In January 2022, Leung's essay "Getting into Character" was published in the book "East Side Voices: Essays Celebrating East & Southeast Asian Identity in Britain". In her essay, Leung wrote about how her ethnicity impacted her experiences growing up and her acting career.


title: Osteopathy

text: Osteopathy () is a type of alternative medicine that emphasizes physical manipulation of the body's muscle tissue and bones. Practitioners of osteopathy are referred to as osteopaths.


title: Osteopathy

text: Osteopathic manipulation is the core set of techniques in osteopathy. Parts of osteopathy, such as craniosacral therapy, have no therapeutic value and have been labeled as pseudoscience and quackery. The techniques are based on an ideology created by Andrew Taylor Still (1828–1917) which posits the existence of a "myofascial continuity"—a tissue layer that "links every part of the body with every other part". Osteopaths attempt to diagnose and treat what was originally called "the osteopathic lesion", but which is now named "somatic dysfunction", by manipulating a person's bones and muscles. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) techniques are most commonly used to treat back pain and other musculoskeletal issues.


title: Osteopathy

text: Osteopathic manipulation is still included in the curricula of osteopathic physicians, not to be confused with non-physician osteopaths, and is considered a unique aspect of Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) training. The "Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine" degree, however, became a medical degree and is no longer a degree of non-medical osteopathy. Because DOs in the United States attend accredited medical schools, graduates of osteopathic medical schools may take the standard Doctor of Medicine licensing exam, USMLE. They must additionally take the osteopathic physician-specific COMLEX medical licensing exam for the DO. DOs must attend residencies accredited by the ACGME, the American Osteopathic Association, and the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine like their MD peers to practice medicine and surgery in any specialty of medicine.


title: Osteopathy

text: The practice of osteopathy began in the United States in 1874. Osteopathy was founded by Andrew Taylor Still, a 19th-century American physician (MD), Civil War surgeon, and Kansas state and territorial legislator. He lived near Baldwin City, Kansas, during the American Civil War and it was there that he founded the practice of osteopathy. Still claimed that human illness was rooted in problems with the musculoskeletal system, and that osteopathic manipulations could solve these problems by harnessing the body's own self-repairing potential. Still's patients were forbidden from treatment by conventional medicine, as well as from other practices such as drinking alcohol. These practices derive from the belief, common in the early 19th century among proponents of alternative medicine, that the body's natural state tends toward health and inherently contains the capacity to battle any illness. This was opposed to orthodox practitioners, who held that intervention by a physician was necessary to restore health in the patient. Still established the basis for osteopathy, and the division between alternative medicine and traditional medicine had already been a major conflict for decades.


title: Osteopathy

text: The foundations of this divergence may be traced back to the mid-18th century when advances in physiology began to localize the causes and nature of diseases to specific organs and tissues. Doctors began shifting their focus from the patient to the internal state of the body, resulting in an issue labeled as the problem of the "vanishing patient". A stronger movement towards experimental and scientific medicine was then developed. In the perspective of the DO physicians, the sympathy and holism that were integral to medicine in the past were left behind. Heroic medicine became the convention for treating patients, with aggressive practices like bloodletting and prescribing chemicals such as mercury, becoming the forefront in therapeutics. Alternative medicine had its beginnings in the early 19th century, when gentler practices in comparison to heroic medicine began to emerge. As each side sought to defend its practice, a schism began to present itself in the medical marketplace, with both practitioners attempting to discredit the other. The osteopathic physicians—those who are now referred to as DO's—argued that the allopathic physicians had an overly mechanistic approach to treating patients, treated the symptoms of disease instead of the original causes, and were blind to the harm they were causing their patients. Allopathic practitioners had a similar argument, labeling osteopathic medicine as unfounded, passive, and dangerous to a disease-afflicted patient. This is the medical environment that pervaded throughout the 19th century, and the setting Still entered when he began developing his idea of osteopathy.


title: Osteopathy

text: After experiencing the loss of his wife and three daughters to spinal meningitis and noting that the current orthodox medical system could not save them, Still may have been prompted to shape his reformist attitudes towards conventional medicine. Still set out to reform the orthodox medical scene and establish a practice that did not so readily resort to drugs, purgatives, and harshly invasive therapeutics to treat a person suffering from ailment, similar to the mindset of the irregulars in the early 19th century. Thought to have been influenced by spiritualist figures such as Andrew Jackson Davis and ideas of magnetic and electrical healing, Still began practicing manipulative procedures that intended to restore harmony in the body. Over the course of the next twenty five years, Still attracted support for his medical philosophy that disapproved of orthodox medicine, and shaped his philosophy for osteopathy. Components included the idea that structure and function are interrelated and the importance of each piece of the body in the harmonious function of its whole.


title: Osteopathy

text: Still sought to establish a new medical school that could produce physicians trained under this philosophy, and be prepared to compete against the orthodox physicians. He established the American School of Osteopathy on 20 May 1892, in Kirksville, Missouri, with twenty-one students in the first class. Still described the foundations of osteopathy in his book "The Philosophy and Mechanical Principles of Osteopathy" in 1892. He named his new school of medicine "osteopathy", reasoning that "the bone, osteon, was the starting point from which [he] was to ascertain the cause of pathological conditions". He would eventually claim that he could "shake a child and stop scarlet fever, croup, diphtheria, and cure whooping cough in three days by a wring of its neck."


title: Osteopathy

text: When the state of Missouri granted the right to award the MD degree, he remained dissatisfied with the limitations of conventional medicine and instead chose to retain the distinction of the DO degree. In the early 20th century, osteopaths across the United States sought to establish law that would legitimize their medical degree to the standard of the modern medic. The processes were arduous, and not without conflict. In some states, it took years for the bills to be passed. Osteopaths were often ridiculed and in some cases arrested, but in each state, osteopaths managed to achieve the legal acknowledgement and action they set out to pursue. In 1898 the American Institute of Osteopathy started the "Journal of Osteopathy" and by that time four states recognized osteopathy as a profession.


title: Osteopathy

text: According to the American Osteopathic Association (AOA), osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is considered to be only one component of osteopathic medicine and may be used alone or in combination with pharmacotherapy, rehabilitation, surgery, patient education, diet, and exercise. OMT techniques are not necessarily unique to osteopathic medicine; other disciplines, such as physical therapy or chiropractic, use similar techniques. In reality many DOs do not practice OMT at all and over time DOs in general practice less and less OMT and instead apply the common medical treatments.


title: Osteopathy

text: One integral tenet of osteopathy is that problems in the body's anatomy can affect its proper functioning. Another tenet is the body's innate ability to heal itself. Many of osteopathic medicine's manipulative techniques are aimed at reducing or eliminating the impediments to proper structure and function so the self-healing mechanism can assume its role in restoring a person to health. Osteopathic medicine defines a concept of health care that embraces the concept of the unity of the living organism's structure (anatomy) and function (physiology). The AOA states that the four major principles of osteopathic medicine are the following:


title: Osteopathy

text: These principles are not held by Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine to be empirical laws; they serve, rather, as the underpinnings of the osteopathic approach to health and disease.


title: Osteopathy

text: Muscle energy techniques address somatic dysfunction through stretching and muscle contraction. For example, if a person is unable to fully abduct her arm, the treating physician raises the patient's arm near the end of the patient's range of motion, also called the edge of the restrictive barrier. The patient then tries to lower her arm, while the physician provides resistance. This resistance against the patient's motion allows for isotonic contraction of the patient's muscle. Once the patient relaxes, her range of motion increases slightly. The repetition of alternating cycles of contraction and subsequent relaxation help the treated muscle improve its range of motion. Muscle energy techniques are contraindicated in patients with fractures, crush injuries, joint dislocations, joint instability, severe muscle spasms or strains, severe osteoporosis, severe whiplash injury, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, severe illness, and recent surgery.


title: Osteopathy

text: Counterstrain is a system of diagnosis and treatment that considers the physical dysfunction to be a continuing, inappropriate strain reflex, which is inhibited during treatment by applying a position of mild strain in the direction exactly opposite to that of the reflex. After a counterstrain point tender to palpation has been diagnosed, the identified tender point is treated by the osteopathic physician who, while monitoring the tender point, positions the patient such that the point is no longer tender to palpation. This position is held for ninety seconds and the patient is subsequently returned to her normal posture. Most often this position of ease is usually achieved by shortening the muscle of interest. Improvement or resolution of the tenderness at the identified counterstrain point is the desired outcome. The use of counterstrain technique is contraindicated in patients with severe osteoporosis, pathology of the vertebral arteries, and in patients who are very ill or cannot voluntarily relax during the procedure.


title: Osteopathy

text: High velocity, low amplitude (HVLA) is a technique which employs a rapid, targeted, therapeutic force of brief duration that travels a short distance within the anatomic range of motion of a joint and engages the restrictive barrier in one or more places of motion to elicit release of restriction. The use of HVLA is contraindicated in patients with Down syndrome due to instability of the atlantoaxial joint which may stem from ligamentous laxity, and in pathologic bone conditions such as fracture, history of a pathologic fracture, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, and severe cases of rheumatoid arthritis. HVLA is also contraindicated in patients with vascular disease such as aneurysms, or disease of the carotid arteries or vertebral arteries. People taking ciprofloxacin or anticoagulants, or who have local metastases should not receive HVLA.


title: Osteopathy

text: "Myofascial release" is a form of alternative treatment. The practitioners claim to treat skeletal muscle immobility and pain by relaxing contracted muscles. Palpatory feedback by the practitioner is said to be an integral part to achieving a release of myofascial tissues, accomplished by relaxing contracted muscles, increasing circulation and lymphatic drainage, and stimulating the stretch reflex of muscles and overlying fascia.


title: Osteopathy

text: Practitioners who perform myofascial release consider the fascia and its corresponding muscle to be the main targets of their procedure, but assert that other tissue may be affected as well, including other connective tissue. Fascia is the soft tissue component of the connective tissue that provides support and protection for most structures within the human body, including muscle. This soft tissue can become restricted due to psychogenic disease, overuse, trauma, infectious agents, or inactivity, often resulting in pain, muscle tension, and corresponding diminished blood flow.


title: Osteopathy

text: Some osteopaths search for small lumps of tissue, called "Chapman release points" as part of their diagnostic procedure.


title: Osteopathy

text: Lymphatic pump treatment (LPT) is a manual technique intended to encourage lymph flow in a person's lymphatic system. The first modern lymphatic pump technique was developed in 1920, although osteopathic physicians used various forms of lymphatic techniques as early as the late 19th century.


title: Osteopathy

text: Relative contraindications for the use of lymphatic pump treatments include fractures, abscesses or localized infections, and severe bacterial infections with body temperature elevated higher than .


title: Osteopathy

text: A 2005 Cochrane review of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) in asthma treatment concluded that there was insufficient evidence that OMT can be used to treat asthma.


title: Osteopathy

text: In 2013, a Cochrane review reviewed six randomized controlled trials which investigated the effect of four types of chest physiotherapy (including OMT) as adjunctive treatments for pneumonia in adults and concluded that "based on current limited evidence, chest physiotherapy might not be recommended as routine additional treatment for pneumonia in adults." Techniques investigated in the study included paraspinal inhibition, rib raising, and myofascial release. The review found that OMT did not reduce mortality and did not increase cure rate, but that OMT slightly reduced the duration of hospital stay and antibiotic use. A 2013 systematic review of the use of OMT for treating pediatric conditions concluded that its effectiveness was unproven.


title: Osteopathy

text: In 2014, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials found moderate-quality evidence that OMT reduces pain and improves functional status in acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain. The same analysis also found moderate-quality evidence for pain reduction for nonspecific low back pain in postpartum women and low-quality evidence for pain reduction in nonspecific low back pain in pregnant women. A 2013 systematic review found insufficient evidence to rate osteopathic manipulation for chronic nonspecific low back pain. In 2011, a systematic review found no compelling evidence that osteopathic manipulation was effective for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain.


title: Osteopathy

text: A 2018 systematic review found that there is no evidence for the reliability or specific efficacy of the techniques used in visceral osteopathy.


title: Osteopathy

text: "The New England Journal of Medicine"s 4 November 1999 issue concluded that patients with chronic low back pain can be treated effectively with manipulation. The United Kingdom's National Health Service says there is "limited evidence" that osteopathy "may be effective for some types of neck, shoulder or lower limb pain and recovery after hip or knee operations", but that there is no evidence that osteopathy is effective as a treatment for health conditions unrelated to the bones and muscles. Others have concluded that there is insufficient evidence to suggest efficacy for osteopathic style manipulation in treating musculoskeletal pain.


title: Osteopathy

text: The American Medical Association listed DOs as "cultists" and deemed MD consultation of DOs unethical from 1923 until 1962. MDs regarded that osteopathic treatments were rooted in "pseudoscientific dogma", and although physicians from both branches of medicine have been able to meet on common ground, tensions between the two continue.


title: Osteopathy

text: In 1988, Petr Skrabanek classified osteopathy as one of the "paranormal" forms of alternative medicine, commenting that it has a view of disease which had no meaning outside its own closed system.


title: Osteopathy

text: In a 1995 conference address, the president of the Association of American Medical Colleges, Jordan J. Cohen, pinpointed OMT as a defining difference between MDs and DOs; while he saw there was no quarrel in the appropriateness of manipulation for musculoskeletal treatment, the difficulty centered on "applying manipulative therapy to treat other systemic diseases"—at that point, Cohen maintained, "we enter the realm of skepticism on the part of the allopathic world."


title: Osteopathy

text: In 1998, Stephen Barrett of Quackwatch said that the worth of manipulative therapy had been exaggerated and that the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) was acting unethically by failing to condemn craniosacral therapy. The article attracted a letter from the law firm representing the AOA accusing Barrett of libel and demanding an apology to avert legal action. In response, Barrett made some slight modifications to his text, while maintaining its overall stance; he queried the AOA's reference to "the body's natural tendency toward good health", and challenged them to "provide [him] with adequate scientific evidence showing how this belief has been tested and demonstrated to be true." Barrett has been quoted as saying, "the pseudoscience within osteopathy can't compete with the science".


title: Osteopathy

text: In 1999, Joel D. Howell noted that osteopathy and medicine as practiced by MDs were becoming increasingly convergent. He suggested that this raised a paradox: "if osteopathy has become the functional equivalent of allopathy, what is the justification for its continued existence? And if there is value in therapy that is uniquely osteopathic – that is, based on osteopathic manipulation or other techniques – why should its use be limited to osteopaths?"


title: Osteopathy

text: In 2004, the osteopathic physician Bryan E. Bledsoe, a professor of emergency medicine, wrote disparagingly of the "pseudoscience" at the foundation of OMT. In his view, "OMT will and should follow homeopathy, magnetic healing, chiropractic, and other outdated practices into the pages of medical history."


title: Osteopathy

text: In 2010, Steven Salzberg wrote that OMT was promoted as a special distinguishing element of DO training, but that it amounted to no more than "'extra' training in pseudoscientific practices." It has been suggested that osteopathic physicians may be more likely than MDs to be involved in questionable practices such as orthomolecular therapy and homeopathy.


title: Osteopathy

text: Retired MD and U.S. Air Force flight surgeon Harriet Hall stated that DOs trained in the U.S. are Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine and are legally equivalent to MDs. "They must be distinguished from 'osteopaths', members of a less regulated or unregulated profession that is practiced in many countries. Osteopaths get inferior training that can't be compared to that of DOs."


title: Osteopathy

text: The osteopathic profession has evolved into two branches, non-physician manual medicine osteopaths and full scope of medical practice osteopathic physicians. These groups are so distinct that in practice they function as separate professions. The regulation of non-physician manual medicine osteopaths varies greatly between jurisdictions. In Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, Switzerland, UAE and UK the non-physician manual medicine osteopaths are regulated by statute and practice requires registration with the relevant regulatory authority. The Osteopathic International Alliance has a country guide with details of registration and practice rights and the International Osteopathic Association has a list of all accredited osteopathic colleges.


title: Osteopathy

text: Several international and national organizations exist relating to osteopathic education and political advocacy. Similarly, there is also an international organization of organizations for national osteopathic and osteopathic medical associations, statutory regulators, and universities/medical schools offering osteopathic and osteopathic medical education, known as the Osteopathic International Alliance (OIA).


title: Osteopathy

text: The following sections describe the legal status of "osteopathy" and "osteopathic medicine" in each country listed.


title: Osteopathy

text: A majority of osteopaths work in private practice, with osteopaths working within aged care, traffic and workers compensation schemes or co-located with medical practitioners. Osteopaths are not considered physicians or medical doctors in Australia, rather as allied health professionals offering private practice care. The majority of private health insurance providers cover treatment performed by osteopaths, as do many government based schemes such as veteran's affairs or workers compensations schemes In addition, treatment performed by osteopaths is covered by the public healthcare system in Australia (Medicare) under the Chronic Disease Management plan.


title: Osteopathy

text: Osteopathy Australia (formerly the Australian Osteopathic Association) is a national organization representing the interests of Australian osteopaths, osteopathy as a profession in Australia, and consumers' right to access osteopathic services. Founded in 1955 in Victoria, the Australian Osteopathic Association became a national body in 1991 and became Osteopathy Australia in 2014. and is a member of the Osteopathic International Alliance.


title: Osteopathy

text: The Osteopathy Board of Australia is part of the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency which is the regulatory body for all recognized health care professions in Australia. The Osteopathic Board of Australia is separate from the Medical Board of Australia which is the governing body that regulates medical practitioners. Osteopaths trained internationally may be eligible for registration in Australia, dependent on their level of training and following relevant competency assessment.


title: Osteopathy

text: Students training to be an osteopath in Australia must study in an approved program in an accredited university. Current accredited courses are either four or five years in length. To achieve accreditation universities courses must demonstrate the capabilities of graduates. The capabilities are based on the CanMEDS competency framework that was developed by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.


title: Osteopathy

text: A 2018 large scale study, representing a response rate of 49.1% of the profession indicated the average age of the participants was 38.0 years, with 58.1% being female and the majority holding a Bachelor or higher degree qualification for osteopathy. The study also estimated a total of 3.9 million patients consulted osteopaths every year in Australia. Most osteopaths work in referral relationships with a range of other health services, managing patients primarily with musculoskeletal disorders.


title: Osteopathy

text: In Canada, the titles "osteopath" and "osteopathic physician" are protected in some provinces by the medical regulatory college for physicians and surgeons. As of 2011, there were approximately 20 U.S.-trained osteopathic physicians, all of which held a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree, practicing in all of Canada. As of 2014, no training programs have been established for osteopathic physicians in Canada.


title: Osteopathy

text: The non-physician manual practice of osteopathy is practiced in most Canadian provinces. As of 2014, manual osteopathic practice is not a government-regulated health profession in any province, and those interested in pursuing osteopathic studies must register in private osteopathy schools. It is estimated that there are over 1,300 osteopathic manual practitioners in Canada, most of whom practice in Quebec and Ontario. Some sources indicate that there are between 1,000 and 1,200 osteopaths practicing in the province of Quebec, and although this number might seem quite elevated, many osteopathy clinics are adding patients on waiting lists due to a shortage of osteopaths in the province.


title: Osteopathy

text: Beginning in 2009, Université Laval in Quebec City was working with the "Collège d'études ostéopathiques" in Montreal on a project to implement a professional osteopathy program consisting of a bachelor's degree followed by a professional master's degree in osteopathy as manual therapy. However, due to the many doubts concerning the scientific credibility of osteopathy from the university's faculty of medicine, the program developers decided to abandon the project in 2011, after years of discussion, planning, and preparation for the program implementation. There was some controversy with the final decision of the university's committee regarding the continuous undergraduate and professional graduate program in osteopathy because the Commission of studies, which is in charge of evaluating new training programs offered by the university, had judged that the program had its place at Université Laval before receiving the unfavourable support decision from the faculty of medicine. Had the program been implemented, Université Laval would have been the first university institution in Quebec to offer a professional program in osteopathy as a manual therapy.


title: Osteopathy

text: Hesham Khalil introduced osteopathy in the Middle East at a local physical therapy conference in Cairo, Egypt in 2005 with a lecture titled "The global Osteopathic Concept / Holistic approach in Somatic Dysfunction". Since then he has toured the Middle East to introduce osteopathy in other Middle Eastern and North African countries, including Sudan, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Kuwait and Oman.


title: Osteopathy

text: In December 2007 the first Workshop on Global osteopathic approach was held at the Nasser Institute Hospital for Research and Treatment, sponsored by the Faculty of Physical Therapy, University of Cairo, Egypt. On 6 August 2010, the Egyptian Osteopathic Society (OsteoEgypt) was founded. OsteoEgypt promotes a two-tier model of osteopathy in Egypt and the Middle East. The event was timed to coincide with the birthday of A.T. Still.


title: Osteopathy

text: There is no European regulatory authority for the practice of osteopathy or osteopathic medicine within the European Union; each country has its own rules. The UK's General Osteopathic Council, a regulatory body set up under the country's Osteopaths Act 1993, issued a position paper on European regulation of osteopathy in 2005.


title: Osteopathy

text: Since the early 1970s, osteopaths have been practicing in Belgium, during which time several attempts have been made to obtain an official status of health care profession. In 1999, a law was voted (the 'Colla-Law') providing a legal framework for osteopathy, amongst three other non-conventional medical professions.


title: Osteopathy

text: In 2011, the former Belgian Minister Onkelinx set up the Chambers for Non-Conventional Medicines and the Joint Commission provided for in the "Colla-law" (1999). Their goal was to discuss and reach an agreement between the various medical professions to rule on these practices. In February 2014, only one practice, homeopathy, received its recognition. The others, including osteopathy, remain unresolved.


title: Osteopathy

text: Since 2014, the majority of the professional osteopathic associations have joined together under the name of UPOB - BVBO (Union Professionelle des Osteopathes de Belgique - Belgische Vereniging van Belgische Osteopaten - Professional Union of Belgian Osteopaths) in order to strengthen the image and vision of osteopathy (± 900 osteopaths). This unification also led in the creation of a website which represents all aspects of osteopathy in Belgium. Its aim is to offer Belgians a base of information about osteopathy, to provide access to a national on-call emergency service as well as to osteopathic care facilities for the less fortunates. The site has also a search engine giving access to all osteopaths who exclusively practice osteopathy. Lastly, the website serves as a platform to support actions working towards the recognition of osteopathy. In 2020, they changed their name to osteopathie.be


title: Osteopathy

text: Osteopathy has been a recognized health profession since 1994 in Finland. It is regulated by law along with chiropractors and naprapaths. These professions require at least a four-year education. Currently there are three osteopathic schools in Finland, one which is public and two private ones.


title: Osteopathy

text: "Osteopathy" is a governmentally recognized profession and has title protection, . The most recent decree regarding osteopathy was enacted in 2014.


title: Osteopathy

text: Germany has both "osteopathy" and "osteopathic medicine". There is a difference in the osteopathic education between non-physician osteopaths, physiotherapists, and medical physicians.


title: Osteopathy

text: Physiotherapists are a recognized health profession and can achieve a degree of "Diploma in Osteopathic Therapy (D.O.T.)". Non-physician "osteopaths" are not medically licensed. They have an average total of 1200 hours of training, roughly half being in manual therapy and osteopathy, with no medical specialization before they attain their degree. Non-physician osteopaths in Germany officially work under the "Heilpraktiker" law. Heilpraktiker is a separate profession within the health care system. There are many schools of osteopathy in Germany; most are moving toward national recognition although such recognition does not currently exist. In Germany, there are state level rules governing which persons (non-physicians) may call themselves osteopaths.


title: Osteopathy

text: Osteopathy is a governmentally recognized health profession and the title of Osteopath is protected by Law (Act 45/2003, of 22 October, and Act 71/2013, of 2 September). Currently there are eight faculties that teach the four-year degree course of osteopathy (BSc Hon in Osteopathy).


title: Osteopathy

text: The practice of osteopathy is regulated by law, under the terms of the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 which came into effect on 18 September 2004. Under the act, it is a legal requirement to be registered with the Osteopathic Council of New Zealand (OCNZ), and to hold an annual practicing certificate issued by them, in order to practice as an osteopath. Each of the fifteen health professions regulated by the HPCA act work within the "Scope of Practice" determined and published by its professional board or council. Osteopaths in New Zealand are not fully licensed physicians. In New Zealand, in addition to the general scope of practice, osteopaths may also hold the Scope of Practice for Osteopaths using western medical acupuncture and related needling techniques.


title: Osteopathy

text: In New Zealand a course is offered at the Unitec Institute of Technology (Unitec). Australasian courses consist of a bachelor's degree in clinical science (osteopathy) followed by a master's degree. The Unitec double degree programme is the OCNZ prescribed qualification for registration in the scope of practice: Australian qualifications accredited by the Australian and New Zealand Osteopathic Council are also prescribed qualifications.


title: Osteopathy

text: Osteopaths registered and in good standing with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency – Osteopathy Board of Australian are eligible to register in New Zealand under the mutual recognition system operating between the two countries. Graduates from programs in every other country are required to complete an assessment procedure.


title: Osteopathy

text: The scope of practice for US-trained "osteopathic physicians" is unlimited on an "exceptions" basis. Full licensure to practice medicine is awarded on an exceptions basis following a hearing before the licensing authorities in New Zealand. Both the Medical Council of New Zealand and the OCNZ regulate osteopathic physicians in New Zealand. Currently, the country has no recognized osteopathic medical schools.


title: Osteopathy

text: The first school of osteopathy was established in London in 1917 by John Martin Littlejohn, a pupil of A.T. Still, who had been Dean of the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine. After many years of existing outside the mainstream of health care provision, the osteopathic profession in the UK was accorded formal recognition by Parliament in 1993 by the Osteopaths Act. This legislation now provides the profession of osteopathy the same legal framework of statutory self-regulation as other healthcare professions such as medicine and dentistry. This Act provides for "protection of title". A person who expressly or implicitly describes themself as an osteopath, osteopathic practitioner, osteopathic physician, osteopathist, osteotherapist, or any kind of osteopath is guilty of an offence unless they are registered as an osteopath.


title: Osteopathy

text: The General Osteopathic Council (GOsC) regulates the practice of osteopathy under the terms of the Act. Under British law, an osteopath must be registered with the GOsC to practice in the United Kingdom. More than 5,300 osteopaths were registered in the UK as of 2021. The General Osteopathic Council has a statutory duty to promote, develop and regulate the profession of osteopathy in the UK. Its duty is to protect the interests of the public by ensuring that all osteopaths maintain high standards of safety, competence and professional conduct throughout their professional lives. In order to be registered with the General Osteopathic Council an osteopath must hold a recognized qualification that meets the standards as set out by law in the GOsC's Standard of Practice.


title: Osteopathy

text: Osteopathic medicine is regulated by the General Osteopathic Council, (GOsC) under the terms of the Osteopaths Act 1993 and statement from the GMC. Practising osteopaths will usually have a BS or MSc in osteopathy. Accelerated courses leading to accreditation are available for those with a medical degree and physiotherapists. The London College of Osteopathic Medicine teaches osteopathy only to those who are already physicians.


title: Osteopathy

text: An "osteopathic physician" in the United States is a physician trained in the full scope of medical practice, with a degree of Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). With the increased internationalization of osteopathy, the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) recommended in 2010 that the older terms "osteopathy" and "osteopath" be reserved for "informal or historical discussions and for referring to previously named entities in the profession and foreign-trained osteopaths", and replaced in the US by "osteopathic medicine" and "osteopathic physician". The American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine made a similar recommendation.


title: Osteopathy

text: Those trained only in manual osteopathic treatment, generally to relieve muscular and skeletal conditions, are referred to as osteopaths, and are not permitted to use the title DO in the United States to avoid confusion with osteopathic physicians.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: Victor Wembanyama (born 4 January 2004) is a French professional basketball player for Metropolitans 92 of the LNB Pro A. Listed at as a power forward, he is widely projected to be the first overall pick in the 2023 NBA draft.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: Wembanyama was born on 4 January 2004 in Le Chesnay, France. His father, Felix Wembanyama, is of DR Congolese descent and is a former long jumper. His mother, Elodie de Fautereau, played women's basketball. His older sister, Eve, plays basketball professionally and won a gold medal with France at the 2017 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship in France. Wembanyama's father and mother are and tall, respectively.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: Wembanyama grew up playing football as a goalkeeper and practicing judo. Since he was four or five years old, Wembanyama was coached in basketball by his mother, who had played the sport. He began his career at his local club, Entente Le Chesnay Versailles, and joined the youth system of Nanterre 92 at age ten. His parents refused offers from bigger clubs like FC Barcelona and ASVEL. In February 2018, Wembanyama was loaned to FC Barcelona for the Minicopa del Rey, an under-14 tournament in Spain, leading his team to third place. He recorded 16 points and 15 rebounds in the third-place game.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: In the 2019–20 season, Wembanyama began playing for Espoirs Nanterre in the LNB Espoirs, the French under-21 league. In February 2020, he played for Nanterre's under-18 team at the Kaunas Tournament, a qualifier for the Adidas Next Generation Tournament (ANGT). On 8 February, Wembanyama posted 22 points, 15 rebounds and an ANGT-record nine blocks in a win over the under-18 team of Zaragoza. He averaged 15.8 points, 12 rebounds, 2.8 steals, and six blocks per game, leading the tournament in blocks. He was named to the all-tournament team. Through 13 Espoirs games, he averaged 10.2 points, 4.8 rebounds, and 2.8 blocks in 20.1 minutes per game.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: On 23 September, Wembanyama made his 2020–21 Espoirs season debut, recording 22 points, 18 rebounds, five blocks, and four assists in an 86–74 win over Espoirs JL Bourg. In the next month, he was assigned to Centre Fédéral, an amateur team affiliated with INSEP. Wembanyama made his Nationale Masculine 1 debut on 21 October, recording 22 points, 10 rebounds, and seven blocks in a 72–63 victory over STB Le Havre.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: On 29 October 2019, Wembanyama made his professional debut for Nanterre 92, playing 31 seconds against Brescia in the EuroCup. At 15 years, nine months and 25 days old, he became the second-youngest player after Stefan Petković to play in the EuroCup. On 23 September 2020, Wembanyama made his LNB Pro A debut, grabbing one rebound in four minutes against JL Bourg. On 25 May 2021, he had season-highs of 14 points and 10 rebounds in a 99–87 win over Orléans Loiret.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: Wembanyama was named Pro A Best Young Player of the 2020–21 season. He opted to leave Nanterre after the season, living there since the age of 10.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: On 29 June 2021, Wembanyama signed a three-year contract with ASVEL of the Pro A and the EuroLeague. On 1 October, he made his EuroLeague debut, playing three minutes in a home game against Žalgiris. On 3 April, Wembanyama scored a career-high 25 points on 13-19 shooting in a 85–65 home win over Le Portel.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: On 18 May 2022, Wembanyama won a second consecutive LNB Pro A Best Young Player award. On 3 June, he suffered a muscle injury which forced him to miss the remainder of the Pro A playoffs. Wembanyama opted out of his contract with ASVEL after the season ended.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: On 30 June 2022, Wembanyama signed a two-year contract with Metropolitans 92 of the Pro A. On 4 October 2022, Wembanyama put up 37 points on 7-of-11 shooting from three, alongside four rebounds and five blocks in a 122–115 loss to the NBA G League Ignite in an exhibition game. In a second encounter with the team two days later, he scored 36 points and grabbed 11 rebounds in a 112–106 win. His performance on United States soil gained him attention in American media, with sportswriters and NBA players praising Wembanyama's game and potential.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: Wembanyama represented France at the 2019 FIBA U16 European Championship in Udine, Italy. In an 80–78 quarterfinal win over Croatia, he recorded 12 points, 21 rebounds and eight blocks. Wembanyama averaged nine points, 9.6 rebounds and a tournament-leading 5.3 blocks per game, leading France to a silver medal and earning all-tournament team honors. He competed at the 2021 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup in Latvia. Wembanyama averaged 14 points, 7.4 rebounds and 5.7 blocks per game, and was named to the all-tournament team after leading France to the silver medal. He recorded 22 points, eight rebounds and eight blocks in an 83–81 loss to the United States in the final. Wembanyama set the FIBA record for blocks per game in a single tournament.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: Wembanyama was on the preliminary 17-man roster of the France national team for EuroBasket 2022, but was ruled out a month ahead due to an injury. He was selected again for the World Cup qualifiers in November and is expected to make his senior team debut. On 11 November 2022, Wenbanyama made his senior debut, scoring 20 points and grabbing 9 rebounds in less than 24 minutes of play, in a 65–90 away win in Panevėžys over Lithuania.


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: Standing at a listed and possessing a wingspan, Wembanyama has received attention for his athleticism and fluidity of his game. In October 2022, LeBron James called him an "alien", citing "Everybody’s been a unicorn over the last few years, well he’s more like an alien,” LeBron said after the Lakers’ preseason loss to the Suns in Las Vegas. “I’ve never seen, no one’s ever seen anyone as tall as he is, but it’s fluid and as graceful as on the floor… ". NBA sportswriter Adrian Wojnarowski described Wembanyama as "the singular greatest prospect in NBA history."


title: Victor Wembanyama

text: On offense, Wembanyama is regarded as a strong shooter with three-point abilities, while also possessing excellent ball handling skills. Defensively, he is known for his shot blocking instincts. His thin frame and weight have been labeled as weaknesses.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: Jon Krakauer (born April 12, 1954) is an American writer and mountaineer. He is the author of bestselling non-fiction books—"Into the Wild"; "Into Thin Air"; "Under the Banner of Heaven"; and ""—as well as numerous magazine articles. He was a member of an ill-fated expedition to summit Mount Everest in 1996, one of the deadliest disasters in the history of climbing Everest.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: Krakauer was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, as the third of five children of Carol Ann (née Jones) and Lewis Joseph Krakauer. His father was Jewish and his mother was a Unitarian, of Scandinavian descent. He was raised in Corvallis, Oregon. His father introduced the young Krakauer to mountaineering at the age of eight. His father was "relentlessly competitive and ambitious in the extreme" and placed high expectations on Krakauer, wishing for his son to attend Harvard Medical School and become a doctor. Krakauer wrote that this was his father's view of "life's one sure path to meaningful success and lasting happiness". He competed in tennis at Corvallis High School, and graduated in 1972. He went on to study at Hampshire College in Massachusetts, where in 1976 he received his degree in Environmental Studies. In 1977, he met former climber Linda Mariam Moore, and they married in 1980. They lived in Seattle, Washington, but moved to Boulder, Colorado, after the release of Krakauer's book "Into Thin Air".


title: Jon Krakauer

text: After graduating from college, Krakauer spent three weeks alone in the wilderness of the Stikine Icecap region of Alaska and climbed a new route on the Devils Thumb, an experience he described in "Eiger Dreams" and in "Into the Wild". In 1992, he made his way to Cerro Torre in the Andes of Patagonia—a sheer granite peak considered to be one of the most difficult technical climbs in the world.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: In 1996, Krakauer took part in a guided ascent of Mount Everest. His group was one of those caught in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster, in which a violent storm trapped a number of climbers high on the slopes of the mountain. Krakauer reached the peak and returned to camp, but four of his teammates (including group leader Rob Hall) died while making their descent in the storm.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: A candid recollection of the event was published in "Outside" magazine and, later, in the book "Into Thin Air". By the end of the 1996 climbing season, fifteen people had died on the mountain, making it the deadliest single year in Everest history to that point. This has since been exceeded by the sixteen deaths in the 2014 Mount Everest avalanche, and the 2015 earthquake avalanche disaster in which twenty-two people were killed. Krakauer has publicly criticized the commercialization of Mount Everest.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: Much of Krakauer's popularity as a writer came from his work as a journalist for "Outside". In November 1983, he was able to give up his part-time work as a fisherman and carpenter to become a full-time writer. In addition to his work on mountain climbing, the topics he covered as a freelance writer varied greatly; his writing has also appeared in "Architectural Digest", "National Geographic Magazine", "Rolling Stone", and "Smithsonian." Krakauer's 1992 book "Eiger Dreams" collects some of his articles written between 1982 and 1989"."


title: Jon Krakauer

text: On assignment for "Outside", Krakauer wrote an article focusing on two parties during his ascent of Mt. Everest: the one he was in, led by Rob Hall, and the one led by Scott Fischer, both of whom successfully guided clients to the summit but experienced severe difficulty during the descent. The storm, and, in his estimation, irresponsible choices by guides of both parties, led to a number of deaths, including both head guides. Krakauer felt the short account did not accurately cover the event, and clarified his initial statements—especially those regarding the death of Andy Harris—in "Into Thin Air", which also includes extensive interviews with fellow survivors.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: In 1999, he received an Arts and Letters award for Literature from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: "" (1990) is a non-fiction collection of articles and essays by Jon Krakauer on mountaineering and rock climbing. It concerns a variety of topics, from ascending the Eiger "Nordwand" in the Swiss Alps, Denali in Alaska or K2 in the Karakoram, to the well-known rock climbers Krakauer has met on his trips, such as John Gill.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: "Into the Wild" was published in 1996 and spent two years on "The New York Times" Best Seller List. The book employs a non-linear narrative that documents the travels of Christopher McCandless, a young man from a well-to-do East Coast family who, in 1990, after graduating from Emory University, donated all of the money ($24,000) in his bank account to the humanitarian charity Oxfam, renamed himself "Alexander Supertramp", and began a journey in the American West. McCandless' remains were found in September 1992; he had died of starvation in Alaska on the Stampede Trail at . In the book, Krakauer draws parallels between McCandless' experiences and his own, and the experiences of other adventurers. "Into The Wild" was adapted into a film of the same name, which was released on September 21, 2007.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: In 1997, Krakauer expanded his September 1996 "Outside" article into "Into Thin Air". The book describes the climbing parties' experiences and the general state of Everest mountaineering at the time. Hired as a journalist by the magazine, Krakauer had participated as a client of the 1996 Everest climbing team led by Rob Hall—the team which ended up suffering the greatest casualties in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: The book reached the top of "The New York Times"' non-fiction bestseller list, was honored as "Book of the Year" by "Time" magazine, and was among three books considered for the General Non-Fiction Pulitzer Prize in 1998. The American Academy of Arts and Letters gave Krakauer an Academy Award in Literature in 1999 for his work, commenting that the writer "combines the tenacity and courage of the finest tradition of investigative journalism with the stylish subtlety and profound insight of the born writer. His account of an ascent of Mount Everest has led to a general reevaluation of climbing and of the commercialization of what was once a romantic, solitary sport."


title: Jon Krakauer

text: Krakauer has contributed royalties from this book to the Everest '96 Memorial Fund at the Boulder Community Foundation, which he founded as a tribute to his deceased climbing partners.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: In a TV-movie version of the book, Krakauer was played by Christopher McDonald. "Everest", a feature film based on the events of the disaster directed by Baltasar Kormákur, was released in 2015. In the film, Krakauer is portrayed by Michael Kelly. Krakauer denounced the movie, saying some of its details were fabricated and defamatory. He also expressed regret regarding Sony's rapid acquisition of the rights to the book. Director Baltasar Kormákur responded, claiming Krakauer's first-person account was not used as source material for the film, and alleged that his version of events conflicted with the plot.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: In the book, Krakauer noted that Russian-Kazakhstani guide Anatoli Boukreev, Scott Fischer's top guide on the expedition, ascended the summit without supplemental oxygen, "which didn't seem to be in [the] clients' best interest". He also wrote that Boukreev descended from the summit several hours ahead of his clients, and that this was "extremely unorthodox behavior for a guide". He noted however that, once he had descended to the top camp, Boukreev was heroic in his tireless attempts to rescue the missing climbers. Five months after "Into Thin Air" was published, Boukreev gave his own account of the Everest disaster in the book "The Climb", co-written with G. Weston DeWalt.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: Differences centered on what experienced mountaineers thought about the facts of Boukreev's performance. As Galen Rowell from the "American Alpine Journal" wrote to Krakauer, "the fact [is] that every one of Boukreev's clients survived without major injuries while the clients who died or received major injuries were members of your party. Could you explain how Anatoli [Boukreev]'s shortcomings as a guide led to the survival of his clients…?" In an article in the Wall Street Journal, Rowell cited numerous inconsistencies in Krakauer's narrative, observing that Krakauer was sleeping in his tent while Boukreev was rescuing other climbers. Rowell argued that Boukreev's actions were nothing short of heroic, and his judgment prescient: "[Boukreev] foresaw problems with clients nearing camp, noted five other guides on the peak [Everest], and positioned himself to be rested and hydrated enough to respond to an emergency. His heroism was not a fluke." Conversely, Scott Fischer, the leader of Boukreev's team who died on the mountain, had complained continuously about Boukreev's shirking responsibility and his inability to meet the demands put upon him as the top guide—complaints documented in transcripts of radio transmissions between Fischer and his base-camp managers. After the publication of "Into Thin Air" and "The Climb", DeWalt, Boukreev, and Krakauer became embroiled in disagreements about Krakauer's portrayal of Boukreev. Krakauer had reached a détente with Boukreev in November 1997, but the Russian climber was killed by an avalanche only a few weeks later while climbing Annapurna.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: In 2003, "" became Krakauer's third non-fiction bestseller. The book examines extremes of religious belief, specifically fundamentalist offshoots of Mormonism. Krakauer looks at the practice of polygamy in these offshoots and scrutinizes it in the context of the Latter Day Saints religion throughout its history. Much of the focus of the book is on the Lafferty brothers, who murdered Erica and Brenda Lafferty on July 24th 1984 in the name of their fundamentalist faith.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: Robert Millet, Professor of Religious Understanding at Brigham Young University, an LDS institution, reviewed the book and described it as confusing, poorly organized, misleading, erroneous, prejudicial and insulting. Mike Otterson, Director of Media Relations for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), told the Associated Press, "This book is not history, and Krakauer is no historian. He is a storyteller who cuts corners to make the story sound good. His basic thesis appears to be that people who are religious are irrational, and that irrational people do strange things."


title: Jon Krakauer

text: In response, Krakauer criticized the LDS Church hierarchy, citing the opinion of D. Michael Quinn, a historian who was excommunicated in 1993, who wrote that "The tragic reality is that there have been occasions when Church leaders, teachers, and writers have not told the truth they knew about difficulties of the Mormon past, but have offered to the Saints instead a mixture of platitudes, half-truths, omissions, and plausible denials". Krakauer wrote, "I happen to share Dr. Quinn's perspective".


title: Jon Krakauer

text: In April 2022, a limited series of "Under the Banner of Heaven" was released by Hulu starring Andrew Garfield and Daisy Edgar-Jones.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: In the October 25, 2007, season premiere of "Iconoclasts" on the Sundance Channel, Krakauer mentioned being deeply embroiled in the writing of a new book, but did not reveal the title, subject, or expected date of completion. Doubleday Publishing originally planned to release the book in the fall of 2008, but postponed the launch in June of that year, announcing that Krakauer was "unhappy with the manuscript".


title: Jon Krakauer

text: The book, "", was released by Doubleday on September 15, 2009. It draws on the journals and letters of Pat Tillman, an NFL professional football player and U.S. Army Ranger whose death in Afghanistan made him a symbol of American sacrifice and heroism, though it also became a subject of controversy because of the U.S. Army's cover-up of the fact that Tillman died by friendly fire, that is, he was killed by another U.S. soldier. The book draws on the journals and letters of Tillman, interviews with his wife and friends, conversations with the soldiers who served alongside him, and research Krakauer performed in Afghanistan. It also serves in part as a historical narrative, providing a general history of the civil wars in Afghanistan.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: Writing about the book in the "New York Times" book review, Dexter Filkins said that "too many of the details of Tillman’s life recounted here are mostly banal and inconsequential", but also stated, concerning Tillman's death, "While most of the facts have been reported before, Krakauer performs a valuable service by bringing them all together—particularly those about the cover-up. The details, even five years later, are nauseating to read". In his review in the "Los Angeles Times", Dan Neil wrote that the book is "a beautiful bit of reporting" and "the definitive version of events surrounding Tillman's death".


title: Jon Krakauer

text: "Three Cups of Deceit" is a 2011 e-book that made claims of mismanagement and accounting fraud by Greg Mortenson, a humanitarian who built schools in Pakistan and Afghanistan; and his charity, the Central Asia Institute (CAI). It was later released in paperback by Anchor Books.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: The book—and a related "60 Minutes" interview broadcast the day before the book's release—were controversial. Some CAI donors filed a class-action lawsuit against Mortenson for having allegedly defrauded them with false claims in his books. The suit was eventually rejected. In December 2011, CAI produced a comprehensive list of projects completed over a period of years and projects CAI is currently working on.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: Mortenson and CAI were investigated by the Montana Attorney General, who determined that they had made financial "missteps", and the Attorney General reached a settlement for restitution from Mortenson to CAI in excess of $1 million.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: The 2016 documentary "3000 Cups of Tea" by Jennifer Jordan and Jeff Rhoads claims that the accusations against Mortenson put forward by "60 Minutes" and Jon Krakauer are largely untrue. Jordan said in 2014: "We are still investigating this story. So far, our findings are indicating that the majority of the allegations are grossly misrepresented to make him appear in the worst possible light, or are outright false. Yes, Greg is a bad manager and accountant, and he is the first to admit that, but he is also a tireless humanitarian with a crucially important mission."


title: Jon Krakauer

text: "Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town" (2015) explores how rape is handled by colleges and the criminal justice system. The book follows several case studies of women raped in Missoula, Montana, many of them linked in some way to the University of Montana. Krakauer attempts to illuminate why many victims do not want to report their rapes to the police, and he criticizes the justice system for giving the benefit of the doubt to assailants but not to victims. Krakauer was inspired to write the book when a friend of his, a young woman, revealed to him that she had been raped.


title: Jon Krakauer

text: Emily Bazelon, writing for the "New York Times" Book Review, gave the book a lukewarm review, criticizing it for not fully exploring its characters or appreciating the difficulty colleges face in handling and trying to prevent sexual assault. "Instead of delving deeply into questions of fairness as universities try to fulfill a recent government mandate to conduct their own investigations and hearings—apart from the police and the courts—Krakauer settles for bromides," Bazelon wrote. "University procedures should 'swiftly identify student offenders and prevent them from reoffending, while simultaneously safeguarding the rights of the accused,' he writes, asserting that this "will be difficult, but it's not rocket science".


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: Shameless is a British comedy drama television programme created and executive produced by Paul Abbott. Set in Manchester on the fictional Chatsworth council estate, the show revolves around the dysfunctional working-class Gallagher family (Frank, Fiona, Lip, Ian, Carl, Debbie, and Liam), depicting and commenting on British working-class life and culture.


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: Produced by Company Pictures, the show aired on Channel 4 from 13 January 2004 to 28 May 2013 for eleven series and 139 episodes. It was praised by the British media, including the newspaper "The Sun" and "Newsnight Review" on BBC Two. In 2005, the show won Best Drama Series at the BAFTA TV Awards and Best TV Comedy Drama at the British Comedy Awards. An American adaptation of "Shameless" aired on Showtime from 9 January 2011 to 11 April 2021.


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: The first series of "Shameless" ran from 13 January to 24 February 2004, and consisted of seven episodes. It chronicled the life of the Gallagher family and their neighbours. David Threlfall was cast as an alcoholic father, Frank Gallagher, living with his children in their neighborhood. Anne-Marie Duff was cast as his eldest daughter and head of the family, Fiona. Jody Latham and Gerard Kearns played Gallagher brothers Lip Gallagher and Ian Gallagher. Twin brothers Elliott Tittensor and Luke Tittensor both took on the role of youngster Carl Gallagher, whilst Rebecca Ryan was cast as youngest daughter Debbie Gallagher.


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: The main storyline during the first series was the romance between Fiona and Steve. However, many other plots took centre stage throughout the series, in particular, the affair between Frank Gallagher and Karen Jackson, despite Karen dating Lip and Frank being in a relationship with Karen's mother, Sheila. The storyline ended with a violent showdown between Lip and Frank, and Karen absconding from Chatsworth. Other storylines included Ian Gallagher's homosexuality and his affair with shopkeeper Kash, Kev and Veronica's fake wedding, Sheila attempting to overcome her agoraphobia, and Frank's strained relationship with most of his kids. The series concluded with a two-part story, featuring the return of the Gallaghers' absent mother Monica, played by Annabelle Apsion, and Frank's growing debts. The series concludes with Frank faking his own death to evade bailiffs and his growing debts and the announcement that Sheila, who had overcome her agoraphobia, was pregnant by Frank.


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: The second series ran from 4 January to 8 March 2005. It consisted of ten regular episodes and a Christmas Special (which aired on 23 December 2004).


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: The third series began on 10 January and ended on 21 February 2006. The series was reduced to eight episodes.


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: The third series did not feature Fiona or Steve, who were both heavily featured in the previous series. This series saw Carl's character, who had a minor role in the first series, and a slightly larger role in the second, expanded. This series also saw the introduction of Nicky Evans as Shane Maguire, who only appeared in one episode, but would become main character in later series.


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: The series begins with a New Year's Day special where Debbie convinces everyone Liam has cancer to stop him getting expelled from school but things slowly get out of hand. Monica and Norma Starkey, played by Dystin Johnson, return for one episode this series. Kev and Veronica unsuccessfully trying for a baby through IVF, Mandy giving birth to Lip's baby and Frank and Sheila getting married are all storylines covered in the third series.


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: The fourth series, again consisting of eight episodes, ran between 9 January until 27 February 2007. It featured the biggest cast change in the show's nine-year run, with many characters from the first three series departing and many new characters introduced to replace them. Most notably, the series saw the introduction of the Maguire family as main characters rather than the antagonists that they were in the early series. From Series 4, the Maguires would gradually become the focus of the show during its final years. Alongside Tina Malone (Mimi), Sean Gilder (Paddy) and Samantha Siddall (Mandy), new members of the Maguire family were introduced. Firstly, Ciarán Griffiths took on the role of the homosexual yet homophobic Micky Maguire. Aaron McCusker joined the cast as murderer Jamie Maguire, the oldest of the Maguire children who had been in prison for ten years, whilst Nicky Evans, who appeared in a guest role in Series 3, returned on a regular basis as Shane Maguire. All the Gallagher family returned, with Annabelle Apsion reprising her role again as absentee mother Monica, which ultimately led to the departure of Maggie O'Neill's character Sheila Jackson. Dystin Johnson as Monica's lesbian lover, Norma Starkey, also returned as a regular cast member. With the introduction of Aaron McCusker as her new love interest, Rebecca Atkinson, who had played Karen Jackson since the first series, became a more prominent character, having been a recurring character during the second and third series. The Karib family also expanded in Series 4, with the arrivals of Kash and Yvonne's children, Chesney, played by Qasim Akhtar, and Meena, portrayed by Sarah Byrne, occurring in this series. The Chatsworth police became a more prominent focus in the series, with Michael Legge and Amanda Ryan portraying young police officers Tom O'Leary and Carrie Rogers, alongside original cast member Warren Donnelly as Stan Waterman.


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: The fifth series aired between 1 January 2008 to 15 April 2008. It consisted of 16 episodes, a big expansion from previous series.


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: The sixth series began on 27 January and concluded on 12 May 2009. Again, the series consisted of 16 episodes.


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: The series begins with Debbie's 16th birthday. Ian recovers from amnesia after being struck by a car, and decides he wants more from life than Chatsworth has to offer. Monica is suffering from post-natal depression after the birth of her and Frank's ninth child, Stella. Mickey enrolls in college, and discovers a talent for writing erotica. Maxine Donnelly, played by Joanna Higson, a spirited young auxiliary nurse, befriends both Carl and Debbie, and moves in with the Gallaghers. A parents' meeting at Liam's primary school affirms that Frank's youngest son is a genius. A rift develops in Jamie and Karen's marriage. Ben Batt joined the cast as villainous Joe Pritchard, the captain of the local football team, who began a relationship with Mandy which ended in him becoming abusive. Additionally, he developed an obsession with Karen, leading to an affair, and when she falls pregnant in the last episode of the series, she does not know whether the father is Joe or Jamie. Maddison gets a boyfriend as Kash Karib for a single episode towards the end of the series, with his character being killed off in a fireworks explosion at the shop as his and Yvonne's lies became apparent to their children, Chesney and Meena. Paddy is held hostage by a mystery woman who gets him addicted to heroin, but things take a sinister turn when she gets Mandy involved, ultimately resulting in tragedy. Samantha Siddall left her role as Mandy Maguire in this series after being killed off in an explosion, coinciding with her father Paddy's heroin addiction storyline. Series 6 also saw the departures of Rebecca Ryan as Debbie Gallagher, Dystin Johnson as Norma Starkey and Sarah Byrne as Meena Karib, with Annabelle Apsion, also leaving her role as Monica Gallagher, however she would return for guest stints in future series. The tone of Series 6 was noticeably darker than previous series, something which continued into Series 7.


title: Shameless (British TV series)

text: The seventh series began on 26 January 2010 and concluded on 11 May 2010. As with series 5 and 6, the seventh series consisted of 16 episodes.