title: Badfinger

text: Following the demise of Badfinger, each of the three living former members (Joey Molland, Bob Jackson, and Mike Gibbins) continued to record and play new music. Molland has released four solo albums, "After the Pearl" (1983), "The Pilgrim" (1992), "This Way Up" (2001), and "Return to Memphis" (2013). In 1998 he released a collection of demos called "Demos Old and New" on his own label, Independent Artists. In 1995, Jackson re-joined The Fortunes, where he sang lead, and they consistently performed Badfinger songs in their set. In 1996, Gibbins contributed two songs to the compilation album, "Young Savage Florida" (1996). He later released four solo albums through Exile Music: "A Place in Time" in 1998, "More Annoying Songs" (featuring ex-Iveys member Griffiths singing on 2 tracks) in 2002, "Archeology" (Griffiths on 1 track) in 2005, and "In the Meantime", also in 2005. The latter included different re-recordings of both the Badfinger hit "Come and Get It" and Gibbins's "In the Meantime", originally from the "Wish You Were Here" album in 1974.


title: Badfinger

text: Also, posthumous collections were released for both Pete Ham and Tom Evans. In both 1997 and 1999, two collections of Ham's home recordings were released: "7 Park Avenue" (1997), and "Golders Green" (1999), with extra instruments added by Jackson and Griffiths.<ref name="BIGO/MatthewLewis"></ref> In 1995, a posthumous Evans album was released, "Over You: The Final Tracks", which was produced by Evans's friend and songwriting partner Rod Roach.


title: Badfinger

text: Former manager Bill Collins died in August 2002, aged 89, and on 4 October 2005, Mike Gibbins died in his sleep at his home in Oviedo, Florida from a brain aneurysm. He was 56, had been married twice and had three sons.


title: Badfinger

text: In June 2006, a Badfinger convention took place in Swansea, featuring a performance by Bob Jackson. The event brought together Bob Jackson, Ron Griffiths, and some members of the Ham, Evans and Gibbins families. On 1 January 2008, BBC Wales broadcast a one-hour documentary about Badfinger.


title: Badfinger

text: On 27 April 2013 an official blue plaque was unveiled by the Swansea City Council to honour Pete Ham in his home town of Swansea. The public event was also attended by two former members of the original Badfinger band, The Iveys, Ron Griffiths and Dai Jenkins, plus former Badfinger member, Bob Jackson. The plaque, designed by Dan Matovina, honored Pete and all the Iveys and Badfinger members of Pete Ham's lifetime. A concert followed the unveiling of the plaque featuring former Badfinger members Bob Jackson and Al Wodtke.


title: Badfinger

text: Joey Molland's wife, Kathie Molland, died on 24 March 2009, and Stan Polley died on 20 July 2009 in California.


title: Badfinger

text: Former member Joey Molland continues to tour under the name Joey Molland's Badfinger in the United States. In 2015, former member Bob Jackson formed his own version of Badfinger with current members Andy Nixon, Michael Healey, and Ted Duggan to honour the memory of Pete Ham, Tom Evans, and Mike Gibbins and undertook a 23 date UK theatre tour, playing to over 20,000 people. In 2016 the band continued to play UK shows.


title: Randolph Scott

text: George Randolph Scott (January 23, 1898 – March 2, 1987) was an American film actor whose career spanned the years from 1928 to 1962. As a leading man for all but the first three years of his cinematic career, Scott appeared in a variety of genres, including social dramas, crime dramas, comedies, musicals (albeit in non-singing and non-dancing roles), adventure tales, war films, and a few horror and fantasy films. However, his most enduring image is that of the tall-in-the-saddle Western hero. Out of his more than 100 film appearances over 60 were in Westerns. According to editor Edward Boscombe, "...Of all the major stars whose name was associated with the Western, Scott [was] most closely identified with it."


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott's more than 30 years as a motion picture actor resulted in his working with many acclaimed screen directors, including Henry King, Rouben Mamoulian, Michael Curtiz, John Cromwell, King Vidor, Allan Dwan, Fritz Lang, Sam Peckinpah, Henry Hathaway (eight times), Ray Enright (seven), Edwin L. Marin (seven), Andre DeToth (six), and most notably, his seven film collaborations with Budd Boetticher. Scott also worked with a diverse array of cinematic leading ladies, from Shirley Temple and Irene Dunne to Mae West and Marlene Dietrich. His profile was incorporated into the original logo of the Las Vegas Raiders


title: Randolph Scott

text: At , lanky, muscular, and handsome, Scott displayed what was seen as an easygoing charm and courtly Southern drawl in his early films that helped offset his limitations as an actor, where he was frequently found to be stiff or "lumbering". As he matured, however, Scott's acting was viewed as having improved, while his features became burnished and leathery, allowing him to portray a "strong, silent" type of stoic hero.


title: Randolph Scott

text: During the early 1950s, Scott was a consistent box-office draw. In the annual "Motion Picture Herald" Top Ten Polls, he ranked 10th in 1950, seventh in 1951, and 10th in both 1952 and 1953. Scott also appeared in Quigley's "Top Ten Money Makers Poll" from 1950 to 1953.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott’s face was also the model for the pirate in the Las Vegas Raiders logo since 1960 when the Raiders were originally located in Oakland, California.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott was born in Orange County, Virginia and reared in Charlotte, North Carolina, the second of six children born to parents of Scottish descent. His father was George Grant Scott, born in Franklin, Virginia, the first person licensed as a certified public accountant (CPA) in North Carolina. His mother was Lucille Crane Scott, born in Luray, Virginia, a member of a wealthy North Carolina family. The Scott children in order of birth were: Margaret, Randolph, Katherine, Virginia, Joseph and Barbara, most born in North Carolina.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Because of his family's financial status, young Randolph was able to attend private schools such as Woodberry Forest School. From an early age, Scott developed and displayed his athleticism, excelling in football, baseball, horse racing, and swimming.


title: Randolph Scott

text: In April 1917, the United States entered World War I. In July, Scott joined a unit of the North Carolina National Guard. He was trained as an artillery observer and earned promotion to corporal in October 1917 and sergeant in February 1918. In May 1918, Scott entered active duty at Fort Monroe, Virginia as a member of the 2nd Trench Mortar Battalion. The battalion arrived in France in June 1918, and took part in combat with the U.S. IV Corps in the Toul sector and Thiaucourt zone. After the Armistice of November 11, 1918 ended the war, the 2nd TM Battalion took part in the post-war occupation of Germany as part of U.S. VI Corps.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Following the armistice, Scott enrolled in the artillery Officer Candidate School, which was located in Saumur. He received his commission as a second lieutenant of Field Artillery in May 1919 and departed for the United States soon afterwards. He arrived in New York City on June 6 and reported to Camp Mills, where he received his honorable discharge on June 13. Scott made use of his wartime experience in his acting career, including his training in horsemanship and the use of firearms.


title: Randolph Scott

text: With his military career over Scott continued his education at Georgia Tech, where he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order and set his sights on becoming an all-American football player. However a back injury prevented him from achieving this goal. Scott then transferred to the University of North Carolina, where he majored in textile engineering and manufacturing. He eventually dropped out and went to work as an accountant in the textile firm where his father, a CPA, was employed.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Around 1927, Scott developed an interest in acting and decided to make his way to Los Angeles and seek a career in the motion picture industry. Fortunately, Scott's father had become acquainted with Howard Hughes and provided a letter of introduction for his son to present to the eccentric millionaire filmmaker. Hughes responded by getting Scott a small part in a George O'Brien film called "Sharp Shooters" (1928). A print of the film survives in the UCLA Film and Television Archive.


title: Randolph Scott

text: In the next few years, Scott continued working as an extra and bit player in several films, including "Weary River" (1929) with Richard Barthelmess, "The Far Call" (1929), "The Black Watch" (1929) (directed by John Ford with John Wayne also uncredited) and uncredited as the Rider in "The Virginian" (1929) with Gary Cooper. Reputedly, Scott also served as Cooper's dialect coach in this latter film.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott was also uncredited on "Dynamite" (1929) directed by Cecil B. DeMille, and Ford's "Born Reckless" (1930).


title: Randolph Scott

text: On the advice of Cecil B. DeMille, Scott gained much-needed acting experience by performing in stage plays with the Pasadena Playhouse. His stage roles during this period include:


title: Randolph Scott

text: In 1932 Scott appeared in a play at the Vine Street Theatre in Hollywood entitled "Under a Virginia Moon". His performance in this play resulted in several offers for screen tests by the major movie studios. Scott eventually signed a seven-year contract with Paramount Pictures at a salary of US$400 per week ().


title: Randolph Scott

text: In between his Pasadena Playhouse days and Vine Street Theatre performance Scott made his film debut.


title: Randolph Scott

text: In 1931 Scott played his first leading role (with Sally Blane) in "Women Men Marry" (1931), a film, now apparently lost, made by a Poverty Row studio called Headline Pictures. A silent film by the same name from 1922, directed by Edward Dillon, has apparently been preserved, however, at Filmmuseum Amsterdam.


title: Randolph Scott

text: He followed that movie with a supporting part in a Warner Bros. production starring George Arliss, "A Successful Calamity" (1932).


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott's first role under his new Paramount contract was a small supporting part in a comedy called "Sky Bride" (1932) starring Richard Arlen and Jack Oakie.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Following that, however, Paramount cast him as the lead in "Heritage of the Desert" (1932), his first significant starring role and also the one that established him as a Western hero. As with "Women Men Marry", Sally Blane was his leading lady. Henry Hathaway made his directorial debut with "Heritage of the Desert". The film was popular and Scott would go on to make ten "B" Western films loosely based on the novels of Zane Grey.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Many of these Grey adaptations were remakes of earlier silent films or even retitled versions of more recent movies. In an effort to save on production costs, Paramount utilized stock footage from the silent version and even hired some of the same actors, such as Raymond Hatton and Noah Beery, to repeat their roles, meaning that sometimes their ages would vary eight or more years during the same scene. For the 1933 films "The Thundering Herd" and "Man of the Forest", Scott's hair was darkened and he sported a trim moustache so that he could easily be matched to footage of Jack Holt, the star of the silent versions.


title: Randolph Scott

text: In between his work in the Zane Grey Western series, Paramount cast Scott in several non-Western roles, such as "the other man" in "Hot Saturday" (1932), with Nancy Carroll and Cary Grant. Scott returned to Zane Grey Westerns with "Wild Horse Mesa" (1932), then was the romantic male lead in "Hello, Everybody!" (1933). "The Thundering Herd" (1933) was another Zane Grey Western with Hathaway, then he was in two horror movies, "Murders in the Zoo" (1933) with Lionel Atwill and "Supernatural" (1933) with Carole Lombard. After the Western "Sunset Pass" (1933), Paramount loaned Scott to Columbia, to play Bebe Daniels's love interest in a minor romantic comedy called "Cocktail Hour" (1933).


title: Randolph Scott

text: Back at Paramount, Scott acted in the Westerns "Man of the Forest" (1933) and "To the Last Man" (1933), both with Hathaway from Zane Grey novels and featuring Noah Beery Sr. as the villain. Scott was loaned to Monogram Pictures for "Broken Dreams" (1933) then was back with Hathaway for "The Last Round-Up" (1934).


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott did three more Zane Grey Westerns without Hathaway: "Wagon Wheels" (1934) directed by Charles Barton (a remake of 1931's "Fighting Caravans" starring Gary Cooper), "Home on the Range" (1935) from Arthur Jacobson, and "Rocky Mountain Mystery" (1935) with Barton.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Film historian William K. Everson refers to the Zane Grey series as being "uniformly good". He also writes:


title: Randolph Scott

text: The Zane Grey series films were a boon for Scott, as they provided him with "an excellent training ground for both action and acting".


title: Randolph Scott

text: Paramount loaned Scott to RKO Radio Pictures to support Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers and Irene Dunne in "Roberta" (1935), a hugely popular adaptation of the Broadway musical. RKO liked Scott and kept him on for "Village Tale" (1935), directed by John Cromwell, and "She" (1935), an adaptation of the novel by H. Rider Haggard from the makers of "King Kong".


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott went back to Paramount for "So Red the Rose" (1935) with Margaret Sullavan, then was reunited with Astaire and Rogers at RKO in "Follow the Fleet" (1936). It was another big hit. Scott was in a car drama at Paramount, "And Sudden Death" (1936), directed by Barton, then was loaned to independent producer Edward Small, to play Hawkeye in another adventure classic, "The Last of the Mohicans", adapted from the 1826 novel by James Fenimore Cooper. A big hit, the film "gave Scott his first unqualified 'A' picture success as a lead."


title: Randolph Scott

text: At this point Paramount only put Scott in "A" films. He was a love interest for Mae West in "Go West, Young Man" (1936) and was reunited with Irene Dunne in a musical, "High, Wide and Handsome" (1937). This last film, a musical directed by Rouben Mamoulian, featured Scott in his "most ambitious performance."


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott went to 20th Century Fox to play the romantic male lead in a Shirley Temple film, "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm" (1938). At Paramount he made a well budgeted Western "The Texans" (1938) with Joan Bennett then he starred in "The Road to Reno" (1938) at Universal.


title: Randolph Scott

text: One missed opportunity came about around this time. Due to his Southern background, Scott was considered for the role of Ashley Wilkes in "Gone with the Wind", but it was Leslie Howard who eventually got the part.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott's contract with Paramount ended and he signed a deal with Fox. They put him in "Jesse James" (1939), a lavish highly romanticized account of the famous outlaw (Tyrone Power) and his brother Frank (Henry Fonda). Scott was billed fourth as a sympathetic marshal after the James brothers; it was his first film in color.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott was reunited with Temple in "Susannah of the Mounties" (1939), Temple's last profitable film for Fox. The studio gave him the lead in "Frontier Marshal" (1939), playing Wyatt Earp, after which he went to Columbia to star in a medium budget action film, "Coast Guard" (1939). Back at Fox he was in a war movie, "20,000 Men a Year" (1939).


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott went over to Warner Bros to make "Virginia City" (1940), billed third after Errol Flynn and Miriam Hopkins, playing Flynn's antagonist, a Confederate officer – but a sympathetic one, and not the actual villain (which was played by Humphrey Bogart). There were frequent disputes between director Michael Curtiz, actors and producer Hal Wallis about script changes. But Curtiz recalled that Scott tried to stay out of those arguments: "Randy Scott is a complete anachronism," said Curtiz. "He's a gentleman. And so far he's the only one I've met in this business..." According to Nott, Curtiz and Scott got along well both personally and creatively, with Scott giving one of the top performances in his career.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott went back to RKO to play the "other man" role in the Irene Dunne–Cary Grant romantic comedy "My Favorite Wife" (1940), a huge hit for RKO. For Universal, he starred with Kay Francis in "When the Daltons Rode" (1940). Back at Fox, Scott returned to Zane Grey country by co-starring with Robert Young in the Technicolor production "Western Union", directed by Fritz Lang. Scott played a "good bad man" in this film and gave one of his finest performances. Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" wrote:


title: Randolph Scott

text: Randolph Scott, who begins to look and act more and more like William S. Hart, herein shapes one of the truest and most appreciable characters of his career as the party's scout.


title: Randolph Scott

text: In 1941, Scott also co-starred with a young Gene Tierney in another western, "Belle Starr". followed by a spy film with Elisabeth Bergner, "Paris Calling" (1941).


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott's only role as a truly evil villain was in Universal's "The Spoilers" (1942), an adaptation of Rex Beach's 1905 tale of the Alaskan gold rush also starring Marlene Dietrich and John Wayne. The Dietrich-Scott-Wayne combination led to Universal casting the trio that same year in "Pittsburgh", a war-time action-melodrama. Scott was billed above Wayne in both films but Wayne actually played the heroic leading man roles and enjoyed more screen time in each movie.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Shortly after the United States entered World War II, Scott attempted to obtain an officer's commission in the Marines, but because of a back injury years earlier he was rejected. However, he did his part for the war effort by touring in a comedy act with Joe DeRita (who later became a member of the Three Stooges) for the Victory Committee showcases, and he also raised food for the government on a ranch that he owned.


title: Randolph Scott

text: In 1942 and 1943, Scott appeared in several war films, notably "To the Shores of Tripoli" (1942) at Fox, "Bombardier" (1943) at RKO, the Canadian warship drama "Corvette K-225" (1943) (produced by Howard Hawks), "Gung Ho!" at Universal and "China Sky" (1945) at RKO. He also made "The Desperadoes" (1943), Columbia Pictures' first feature in Technicolor. The film was produced by Harry Joe Brown, with whom Scott would form a business partnership several years later.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott was one of many Universal stars who made a cameo in "Follow the Boys" (1944). He was in a "northern" with Gypsy Rose Lee, "Belle of the Yukon" (1944), and made a swashbuckler film for producer Benedict Bogeaus alongside Charles Laughton, the cheaply made production "Captain Kidd" (1945).


title: Randolph Scott

text: In 1946, after playing roles that had him wandering in and out of the saddle for many years, Scott appeared in "Abilene Town", a UA release which cast him in what would become one of his classic images, the fearless lawman cleaning up a lawless town. The film "cemented Scott's position as a cowboy hero" and from this point on all but two of his starring films would be Westerns. The Scott Westerns of the late 1940s would each be budgeted around US$1,000,000, equal to $ today. Scott mostly made Westerns for producers Nat Holt or Harry Joe Brown at Warner Bros, although he did make "Albuquerque" (1948) at Paramount.


title: Randolph Scott

text: "The BFI Companion to the Western" noted:In his earlier Westerns ... the Scott persona is debonair, easy-going, graceful, though with the necessary hint of steel. As he matures into his fifties his roles change. Increasingly Scott becomes the man who has seen it all, who has suffered pain, loss, and hardship, and who has now achieved (but at what cost?) a stoic calm proof against vicissitude.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott's last non-Westerns were a mystery with Peggy Ann Garner at Fox, "Home Sweet Homicide" (1947), and a family drama for Bogeaus, "Christmas Eve" (1947). He also had a cameo in Warners' "Starlift" (1951).


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott did two Westerns for Nat Holt at RKO, "Badman's Territory" (1946) and "Trail Street" (1947). He followed it with another pair for Holt at that studio, "Return of the Bad Men" (1948) at RKO and "Canadian Pacific" (1949), then they did "Fighting Man of the Plains" (1950) and "The Cariboo Trail" (1950) at Fox.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott also made "Rage at Dawn" in 1955 for Nat Holt, which was released by RKO starring Scott and Forrest Tucker, and featuring Denver Pyle, Edgar Buchanan, J. Carrol Naish and Myron Healey. It purports to tell the true story of the Reno Brothers, an outlaw gang which terrorized the American Midwest, particularly in the area around Seymour, Indiana, soon after the American Civil War.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott renewed his acquaintance with producer Harry Joe Brown at Columbia with "Gunfighters" (1947). They began producing many of Scott's Westerns, including several that were shot in the two-color Cinecolor process. Their collaboration resulted in the film "Coroner Creek" (1948) with Scott as a vengeance-driven cowpoke who "predates the Budd Boetticher/Burt Kennedy heroes by nearly a decade," and "The Walking Hills" (1949), a modern-day tale of gold hunters directed by John Sturges.


title: Randolph Scott

text: They followed it with "The Doolins of Oklahoma" (1949), "The Nevadan" (1950), "Santa Fe" (1951), "Man in the Saddle" (1951), "Hangman's Knot" (1952), "The Stranger Wore a Gun" (1953) (shot in 3-D), "Ten Wanted Men" (1955), and "A Lawless Street" (1955) (with Angela Lansbury.)


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott did "Colt .45" (1950) at Warner Bros. where his salary was US$100,000 per picture (equal to $ today). He stayed at the studio to do "Sugarfoot" (1951), "Fort Worth" (1951), "Carson City" (1952), "The Man Behind the Gun" (1953), "Thunder Over the Plains" (1953), "Riding Shotgun" (1954), "Tall Man Riding" (1955) Most of these were directed by André de Toth.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Also of interest is "Shootout at Medicine Bend" shot in 1955, but released in 1957, which was Scott's last movie in black and white. The movie co-stars James Garner and Angie Dickinson.


title: Randolph Scott

text: By 1956, Scott turned 58, an age where the careers of most leading men would be winding down. Scott, however, was about to enter his most acclaimed period.


title: Randolph Scott

text: In 1955, screenwriter Burt Kennedy wrote a script entitled "Seven Men from Now" which was scheduled to be filmed by John Wayne's Batjac Productions with Wayne as the film's star and Budd Boetticher as its director. However, Wayne was already committed to John Ford's "The Searchers". Wayne therefore suggested Scott as his replacement. The resulting film, released in 1956, did not make a great impact at the time but is now regarded by many as one of Scott's best, as well as the one that launched Scott and Boetticher into a successful collaboration that totalled seven films.


title: Randolph Scott

text: While each film is independent and there are no shared characters or settings, this set of films is often called the Ranown Cycle, for the production company run by Scott and Harry Joe Brown, which was involved in their production. Kennedy scripted four of them. In these films ...


title: Randolph Scott

text: Boetticher achieved works of great beauty, formally precise in structure and visually elegant, notably for their use of the distinctive landscape of the California Sierras. As the hero of these "floating poker games" (as Andrew Sarris calls them), Scott tempers their innately pessimistic view with quiet, stoical humour, as he pits his wits against such charming villains as Richard Boone in "The Tall T" and Claude Akins in "Comanche Station".


title: Randolph Scott

text: After "7th Cavalry" (1956), Boetticher, Kennedy and Scott were reunited for their second film, "The Tall T" (1957), which co-starred Richard Boone. The third in the series was "Decision at Sundown" (1957), although that script was not written by Kennedy. The unofficial series continued with "Buchanan Rides Alone" (1958). "Westbound" (1959) is not considered part of the official cycle, although Boetticher directed it. However the last two, both written by Kennedy, were: "Ride Lonesome" (1959) and "Comanche Station" (1960)


title: Randolph Scott

text: In 1962 Scott made his final film appearance in "Ride the High Country". It was directed by Sam Peckinpah and co-starred Joel McCrea, an actor who had a screen image similar to Scott's and who also from the mid-1940s on devoted his career almost exclusively to Westerns.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott and McCrea's farewell Western is characterized by a nostalgic sense of the passing of the Old West; a preoccupation with the emotionality of male bonding and of the experiential "gap" between the young and the old; and the fearful evocation, in the form of the Hammonds (the villains in the film), of these preoccupations transmuted into brutal and perverse forms.McCrea's role in the film is slightly larger than Scott's, although arguably less colorful, but Scott was billed above McCrea after the director tossed a coin over top billing that came up favoring Scott.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Following "Ride the High Country", Scott retired from film at the age of 64. A wealthy man, Scott had managed shrewd investments throughout his life, eventually accumulating a fortune worth a reputed $100 million, with holdings in real estate, gas, oil wells, and securities.


title: Randolph Scott

text: He and his wife Patricia continued to live in Beverly Hills. During his retirement years he remained friends with Fred Astaire, with whom he attended Dodgers games. An avid golfer with a putting green in his yard, Scott was a member of the Bel Air Country Club, Los Angeles Country Club and Eldorado Country Club in Indian Wells, California. He also became friends with the Reverend Billy Graham. Scott was described by his son Christopher as a deeply religious man. He was an Episcopalian and the Scott family were members of All Saints' Episcopal Church in Beverly Hills, and St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Charlotte, North Carolina.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott married twice. In 1936, he became the second husband of heiress Marion duPont, daughter of William du Pont Sr., and great-granddaughter of Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours, the founder of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. Marion had previously married George Somerville, with Scott serving as best man at the wedding. The Scotts' marriage ended in divorce three years later, in 1939. The union produced no children. Though divorced, she kept his last name nearly five decades, until her death in 1983.


title: Randolph Scott

text: In 1944, Scott married the actress Patricia Stillman, who was 21 years his junior. In 1950, they adopted two children, Sandra and Christopher.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Although Scott achieved fame as a motion picture actor, he managed to stay fairly low profile with his private life. Offscreen he was a good friend of Fred Astaire and Cary Grant. He met Grant on the set of "Hot Saturday" (1932), and shortly afterwards, they moved in together and shared a beach house in Malibu that became known as "Bachelor Hall". It is widely rumored, on scant circumstantial evidence, that the two were in a romantic relationship at the time. But both men and their wives and families have repeatedly denied these rumors. In 1944, Scott and Grant stopped living together, but they remained close friends for the rest of their lives.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott died of heart and lung ailments in 1987 at the age of 89 in Beverly Hills, California. He was interred at Elmwood Cemetery in Charlotte, North Carolina. He and his wife Patricia had been married for 43 years. She died in 2004 and is buried next to her husband. Their mid-century modern home was torn down in 2008. The Randolph Scott papers, which includes photos, scrapbooks, notes, letters, articles and house plans were left to the UCLA Library Special Collections.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott's face reportedly was used as the model for the Oakland Raiders logo in 1960; the logo was redesigned in 1963. For over 50 years, the iconic Raiders experienced only minor modifications and remained consistent with the original design.


title: Randolph Scott

text: In Thomas Pynchon's 1963 book "V.", the character Profane watches an unspecified Randolph Scott film and compares himself unfavorably with his hero, whom he describes as "cool, imperturbable, keeping his trap shut and only talking when he had to – and then saying the right things and not running off haphazard and inefficient at the mouth".


title: Randolph Scott

text: In the 1963 film "Soldier in the Rain", when Master Sergeant Maxwell Slaughter (Jackie Gleason) defends his date's honor by protecting her from a jealous suitor, Bobby Jo Pepperdine (Tuesday Weld) exclaims "You know what? You were just like Randolph Scott on the late, late movies ... a fat Randolph Scott.".


title: Randolph Scott

text: In the 1968 drama "The Sergeant", the uncle of John Phillip Law's girlfriend says how much he loves American films, in particular Westerns starring Randolph Scott.


title: Randolph Scott

text: He is caricatured in the Lucky Luke comic book album "Le Vingtième de cavalerie" (1965) as Colonel McStraggle.


title: Randolph Scott

text: The 1974 comedy film "Blazing Saddles" paid homage to Scott. When faced by a crowd refusing to cooperate, Sheriff Bart (Cleavon Little) exclaims "You'd do it for Randolph Scott!" Members of the crowd then repeat "Randolph Scott" in hushed tones. An unseen choir suddenly sings out the name, which causes the townsfolk to reverently remove their hats and bow their heads, after which they begin cooperating.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott is the putative subject of the 1974 Statler Brothers song "Whatever Happened to Randolph Scott?", lamenting the passing of Western films.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott is the subject of guitarist Leo Kottke's song "Turning into Randolph Scott (Humid Child)" on his 1994 album "Peculiaroso".


title: Randolph Scott

text: "We'll send them all we've got, John Wayne and Randolph Scott" is a line in Tom Lehrer's song, "Send the Marines".


title: Randolph Scott

text: During the seventh season of "NYPD Blue", in the episode "Jackass", Andy Sipowicz acknowledges that he isn’t handsome, saying "I'm not Randolph Scott."


title: Randolph Scott

text: Scott is the subject of a Rodney Dangerfield joke told on the 1981 NBC special "The Stars Salute the President". In a veiled reference to Ronald Reagan (who was in attendance), Dangerfield muses how he is surprised he was invited to perform at the special, because he "voted for Randolph Scott" (both Reagan and Scott were actors in Westerns who later became involved in conservative politics).


title: Randolph Scott

text: In 1975, Scott was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. He also received an In Memoriam Golden Boot Award for his work in Westerns.


title: Randolph Scott

text: For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Scott has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6243 Hollywood Blvd. In 1999, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.


title: Randolph Scott

text: Randolph Scott was an active Republican. In 1944, he attended the massive rally organized by David O. Selznick in the Los Angeles Coliseum in support of the Dewey-Bricker ticket as well as Governor Earl Warren of California, who would become Dewey's running mate in 1948. The gathering drew 93,000, with Cecil B. DeMille as the master of ceremonies and short speeches by Hedda Hopper and Walt Disney. Among those in attendance were Ann Sothern, Ginger Rogers, Adolphe Menjou, and Gary Cooper. Scott also supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election and Ronald Reagan in the 1966 California gubernatorial election.


title: Simran (actress)

text: Rishibala Naval (born 4 April 1976), known professionally as Simran, is an Indian actress, Producer, Dancer and TV personality who prominently works in Tamil films along with a few Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam and Kannada films.


title: Simran (actress)

text: Simran was born as Rishibala Naval on 4 April 1976 to Punjabi parents in Mumbai; her father is Ashok Naval and mother is Sharda Naval. Simran has two younger sisters, Monal and Jyothi Anand, and a younger brother Sumeet Naval. She did her schooling from St. Anthony's high school, Versova and finished her 12th from Children Welfare Centre Yari Road in Mumbai. She actively participated in dance and drama during her school and college time.


title: Simran (actress)

text: She married Deepak Bagga, her childhood friend, on 2 December 2003. The couple has two children, Adheep and Aadit Veer.


title: Simran (actress)

text: Simran made her cinematic debut in the 1995 Hindi-language film "Sanam Harjai", directed by Saawan Kumar. It was the first Indian film to be shot in New Zealand. Simran was presenter of the show "Superhit Muqabla" on Doordarshan's Metro channel, and was subsequently offered a leading role by ABCL production, the romantic drama "Tere Mere Sapne" (1996); in which she is known for the hit song "Aankh Marey".


title: Simran (actress)

text: Her first break in South Indian film Industry was through Malayalam film "Indraprastham" opposite Mammootty. She appeared in her Kannada debut "Simhada Mari", opposite Kannada actor, Shivarajkumar, while her Telugu debut was "Abbai Gari pelli"with Suman, Sanghavi and Lakshmi.


title: Simran (actress)

text: Her Tamil Cinema debut was marked in 1997 with films "Once More" and "V. I. P." In "Once More" she played the female lead opposite Vijay along with veteran actors Sivaji Ganesan and Saroja Devi. The film was directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar and was a box office hit. In "V. I. P.", she was paired opposite Prabhu Deva. Both films garned her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South for the year. In "Nerrukku Ner", she was paired opposite Suriya, in his debut. The film was produced by director Mani Ratnam.


title: Simran (actress)

text: Following a successful debut in Tamil film, in 1998, she had her first release in K. S. Ravikumar's "Kondattam", opposite Arjun, "Natpukkaga" (1998), "Aval Varuvala" (1998), "Kannedhirey Thondrinal" (1998), and "Jodi" (1999).


title: Simran (actress)

text: In 1999, her first Tamil release for the year was "Thulladha Manamum Thullum", opposite Vijay. As a blind woman, she was highly appreciated for her performance in the film. She received the Tamil Nadu State Award for Best Actress. The film was later remade in Telugu as "Nuvvu Vastavani" with Nagarjuna. Her next release opposite Ajith Kumar was "Vaali". Due to the critic acclaim for her performance, she won the Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil. Her next film was Kanave Kalaiyadhe, "Kannupada Poguthaiya", "Time", Telugu film, "Samarasimha Reddy" and Bollywood film, "Anari No.1".


title: Simran (actress)

text: In 2000 she had two Tamil films "Parthen Rasithen" and "Priyamaanavale". Her other release "Unnai Kodu Ennai Tharuven" opposite Ajith Kumar, was a commercial and critical failure.


title: Simran (actress)

text: Her Telugu films "Yuvaraju" with Mahesh Babu and "Goppinti Alludu" with Balakrishna were released in the same year and claimed to be average grossers in box office.


title: Simran (actress)

text: In 2001, she concentrated on Telugu films and had a mixed year with "Mrugaraju" and "Daddy", with Chiranjeevi and "Bava Nachadu", with Nagarjuna. Her movie "Narasimha Naidu", which was with Balakrishna, became an industry hit and Simran, who played the role of a wife who becomes the victim for her husband's opponent, was appreciated and gained her a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu.


title: Simran (actress)

text: In the Tamil film Industry, she had only two releases in 2001. Her first release was the directorial debut of cinematographer Jeeva's "12B", opposite then-newcomer Shaam and Jyothika. The plot of the movie is loosely based on the British-American romantic drama film "Sliding Doors". Though the film performed modestly at the box office, Simran's role as a young widow with affections for her colleague, was highly appreciated by critics and audience. "The Hindu" mentioned that "Simran does a commendable job in the climax". "Rediff.com" concluded "Simran continues with her policy of shifting gradually from glam roles to the more sedate, serious ones and proves to have what it takes". In the same year, she worked with Balachandar in his 100th production venture "Paarthale Paravasam" paired with Madhavan. The film tells the story of a couple going through a break-up after the husband is exposed of having a pre-martial child.


title: Simran (actress)

text: In 2002, she starred with Balakrishna in "Seema Simham", which was an average grosser. She also starred in several successful Tamil films; "Ramanaa" with Vijayakanth, "Pammal K. Sambandam" and "Panchatanthiram" with Kamal Haasan and "Thamizh" with Prashanth.


title: Simran (actress)

text: In 2002, she was also cast as the female lead for Mani Ratnam's "Kannathil Muthamittal" with Madhavan. She won South Filmfare Award for her performance for "Kannathil Muthamittal".


title: Simran (actress)

text: After her marriage, Simran completed her film "Udhaya". She made a return in 2008 with "Okka Magaadu", opposite Balakrishna, "John Appa Rao 40 Plus" and she starred in the Tamil films "TN 07 AL 4777", "Ainthaam Padai" and "Seval". Her role as Suriya's wife and mother in Gautham Vasudev Menon's "Vaaranam Aayiram" was critically acclaimed and she won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil and the Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress. She simultaneously explored the small screen where she has acted in Jaya TV's serial "Simran Thirai", which consisted of mini-serials featuring Simran and included many popular stars such as Ramji, Raaghav, Saakshi Siva and Abitha playing supporting roles. In 2012, she hosted "Jackpot", a game show on Jaya TV which was earlier hosted by Khushbu Sundar and Nadhiya. In 2013 Simran and her husband Deepak Bagga produced a reality show "Dance Tamizha Dance",


title: Simran (actress)

text: In 2014, she made a guest appearance in "Aaha Kalyanam" under the banner Yash Raj Films and in "Trisha Illana Nayanthara" in 2015. In October 2015, she made a special appearance in the Kannada films "Alone" and"Koditta Idangalai Nirappuga" and "Thupparivaalan" in 2017 and "Odu Raja Odu" in 2018. In the same year, she appeared in a negative role opposite Sivakarthikeyan in the Tamil film "Seemaraja".


title: Simran (actress)

text: Simran acted in "Petta" with Rajinikanth. She then went on to appear in the self-produced Hindi music video "Mein Aur Meri Khwaishein" which was released under her own production "Simran And Sons", directed By Deepak Bagga. In 2020, she starred in the Netflix OTT film, "Paava Kadhaigal".


title: Simran (actress)

text: In March 2002, Simran was signed up to endorse Fanta, the tangy orange-flavoured drink from Coca-Cola. According to a company spokesperson, "Film stars cut across various segments to establish a direct connect with the brand." The ad was conceived by the Lowe and directed by filmmaker Latha Menon. In the same year, Jyoti Labs launched Jeeva soap with Simran to endorse the brand along with the advertisements. On 4 June 2008, PepsiCo announced Simran as the new brand ambassador for Kurkure for their brand in the South Indian market. Simran was chosen as the brand ambassador for the low-calorie sugar substitute "Sugar Free Gold" by Cadila Healthcare.


title: Simran (actress)

text: She is also connected with General Mills India for Pillsbury Atta and has appeared in several TV commercials. She has recently signed with Dabur India for Dabur Sanitizer. Her endorsements include Enfagrow A+ with her younger son, Pothys silk sarees by Pothys, Arun ice creams, Nac, Chinni Masala by cavinkare, lion dates and Manna health care.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: A Plague Tale: Innocence is an action-adventure survival horror stealth game developed by Asobo Studio and published by Focus Home Interactive. It was released for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in May 2019. The game was made available on the cloud-based service Amazon Luna in November 2020. The PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions of the game were released in July 2021, alongside a cloud-based edition for the Nintendo Switch.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: Set in 14th century Aquitaine, France during the Hundred Years' War, the game focuses on the plight of Amicia de Rune and her ill brother Hugo as they flee from soldiers of the French Inquisition and from hordes of rats that are spreading the black plague. The player controls Amicia, using a combination of stealth and limited tools to hide from, distract, or knock out soldiers, evade rat hordes, and solve puzzles, incorporating elements of survival horror games.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: "A Plague Tale: Innocence" received generally positive reviews from critics and sold over 1 million units by July 2020. A sequel, "", was released on Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, and Xbox Series X/S on 18 October 2022, with the Nintendo Switch version also being a cloud-based title.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: In "A Plague Tale: Innocence", the player assumes control of Amicia de Rune from a third-person perspective. For the majority of the game, players need to utilize stealth to avoid hostile encounters, as enemies will kill Amicia instantly if they catch her. Amicia is equipped with a sling that can throw rocks to break chains, create distractions, or stun guards long enough for the rats to ambush them; she can also kill enemies with a headshot if their head is unprotected.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: The game consists of a series of survival puzzles, which mostly consist of the player having to use specific methods to scare away or distract the hordes of hungry rats in order to gain access to new areas or direct them towards enemies. The primary method of warding rats off is fire, as they will seldom enter within the radius of burning torches and braziers. Amicia can craft special ammunition and supplies, which include fire-starting sulfur stones that ignite braziers, stink bombs that attract rats, or fire suppressants to extinguish torches carried by enemies. Amicia's younger brother, Hugo, can be directed towards specific tasks when Amicia is busy, and can also access certain areas that she cannot. However, this is risky, as Hugo will start to panic if left alone and can attract unwanted attention. Later in the game, the player can assume control of Hugo, who cannot craft items but can control rats and sneak through small spaces.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: In 1348, Amicia de Rune is a 15-year-old French girl of noble descent who lives in Aquitaine during the Hundred Years' War between England and France. Her 5-year-old brother, Hugo, has been ill since birth; their mother, Beatrice, an alchemist, has sheltered him in their estate while trying to devise a cure. While hunting with her father Robert in the forest, Amicia encounters an unusual substance on the ground, and her dog Lion is gruesomely consumed by an unseen entity. French Inquisition troops, led by Lord Nicholas, arrive at the de Rune estate in search of Hugo, executing Robert and slaughtering the family servants. Beatrice helps her children escape and instructs Amicia to take Hugo to a doctor named Laurentius.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: The children flee to a nearby village, where they learn that hordes of rats have been spreading the black plague (known as the Bite). The two are wanted by the Inquisition and have to evade the villagers; Amicia and Hugo eventually reach Laurentius's farm and find him severely ill with the plague. Laurentius implores Amicia to finish her mother's work seconds before the farm is overrun by rats; the siblings flee with Laurentius's apprentice, Lucas, to seek the Chateau d’Ombrage, which once belonged to the de Rune family. As they cross a battlefield patrolled by English soldiers, Lucas explains that Hugo's blood carries a supernatural evil called the "Prima Macula", which has lain dormant within certain noble bloodlines since the Plague of Justinian. Beatrice and Laurentius had been trying to find an elixir that would mitigate Hugo's symptoms, while Vitalis Benevent, the Grand Inquisitor of France, seeks to harness Hugo's power so that the Inquisition can rule France. Hugo and Amicia are briefly captured by the English, but escape with the help of sibling thieves Melie and Arthur; Arthur is captured as the others escape to Chateau d’Ombrage.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: Lucas needs a forbidden book called the "Sanguinis Itinera" to complete an elixir that may help Hugo. Amicia infiltrates the university to retrieve the book while Melie rescues her brother. Amicia recovers the book and meets a young blacksmith named Rodric, who helps her escape. Back at the Chateau, Arthur reveals that Beatrice is still alive but imprisoned. Amicia insists they not tell Hugo, but he overhears the conversation. His anger appears to worsen his symptoms, so Amicia and Lucas return to the de Rune estate, looking for Beatrice's research. In a hidden laboratory they complete the elixir and administer it to Hugo to alleviate his symptoms. Angry at his sister for not telling him the truth, Hugo runs away and joins the Inquisition to find Beatrice. Vitalis injects himself with Hugo's blood so that he can possess the power of the Macula, but due to Lucas' elixir, he is unable to fully attain Hugo's powers.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: Hugo escapes and finds Beatrice. Before their recapture, she reveals that the Macula gives him the power to control the rats. Vitalis threatens Beatrice's life to force Hugo's powers to fully awaken. Chateau d’Ombrage is then attacked by a swarm of rats guided by Hugo, still angry at Amicia. Nicholas, who is accompanying him, kills Arthur and orders Hugo to kill Amicia, but she convinces her brother to reject the Inquisition, and they work together to battle Nicholas until the rats consume him. The children decide to confront Vitalis.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: As they fight their way to the Bastion, Rodric sacrifices himself to protect Hugo and Amicia. Vitalis awaits their arrival, having bred thousands of white rats that only he can control. Hugo ultimately overpowers Vitalis and Amicia kills him. Three days later, both the rats and the plague have disappeared and life begins to return to normal; many remain wary of Hugo and his power, including Melie, who parts ways with the group. Amicia, Hugo, Lucas, and an ailing Beatrice leave in search of a new home.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: The game's development was led by Asobo Studio. It is their first original title since the team created the racing game "Fuel" (2009), and the company wanted to create a narrative-driven experience inspired by "The Last of Us" and "". The main theme of "A Plague Tale: Innocence" is family and how the characters' relationships are challenged during adverse circumstances. Another important theme is innocence. Hugo, in particular, will observe the player character's behaviors and slowly transform from an innocent boy to a ruthless individual. Child actors Charlotte McBurney and Logan Hannan provided their voice for Amicia and Hugo respectively. The two also participated in the writing process by suggesting changes to dialogue and alternative takes. Up to 5,000 rats can appear on-screen simultaneously. To ensure the game can handle rendering so many enemies without sacrificing performance, the team introduced four layers of details when rendering the rats, in which rats furthest away from the player character exist as a "background, non-animated mesh", whereas the rats closest to the player are animated in detail.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: Publisher Focus Home Interactive announced the game in January 2017 as "The Plague". A first look game trailer appeared at E3 2017. The game was released worldwide for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 14 May 2019. The game was released for Amazon Luna on 24 November 2020. The Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions of the game was released on 6 July 2021. The Nintendo Switch version was playable via cloud.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: The "Coats of Arms" DLC is available for all the three platforms, and came bundled with the pre-order version of the game. It adds three alternate skins for Amicia and Hugo's outfits and coats of arms. The additional content is cosmetic in nature.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: According to review aggregator Metacritic, the game received "generally favorable reviews" from critics. It was the ninth best-selling retail game in the UK in its week of release. In July 2020, Focus Home Interactive announced that the game had sold over 1 million units.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: A sequel, titled "", was released on 18 October 2022 for Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S. The Nintendo Switch version will be a cloud-based game.


title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: A television series adaptation to be produced by Mediawan in association with Asobo and Focus Home was announced in March 2022.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Herbert Jeffrey Hancock (born April 12, 1940) is an American jazz pianist, keyboardist, bandleader, and composer. Hancock started his career with trumpeter Donald Byrd's group. He shortly thereafter joined the Miles Davis Quintet, where he helped to redefine the role of a jazz rhythm section and was one of the primary architects of the post-bop sound. In the 1970s, Hancock experimented with jazz fusion, funk, and electro styles, utilizing a wide array of synthesizers and electronics. It was during this period that he released perhaps his best-known and most influential album, "Head Hunters".


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock's best-known compositions include "Cantaloupe Island", "Watermelon Man", "Maiden Voyage", and "Chameleon", all of which are jazz standards. During the 1980s, he enjoyed a hit single with the electronic instrumental "Rockit", a collaboration with bassist/producer Bill Laswell. Hancock has won an Academy Award and 14 Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year for his 2007 Joni Mitchell tribute album "", becoming only the second jazz album to win the award after "Getz/Gilberto" in 1965.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Since 2012, Hancock has served as a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he teaches at the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music. He is also the chairman of the Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz (formerly known as the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz until 2019).


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock was born in Chicago, the son of Winnie Belle (née Griffin), a secretary, and Wayman Edward Hancock, a government meat inspector. His parents named him after the singer and actor Herb Jeffries. He attended Hyde Park High School. Like many jazz pianists, Hancock started with a classical education. He started playing piano when he was seven years old, and his talent was recognized early. Considered a child prodigy, he played the first movement of Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 26 in D Major, K. 537 "(Coronation)" at a young people's concert on February 5, 1952, with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (led by CSO assistant conductor George Schick) at age 11.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Throughout his teens, Hancock never had a jazz teacher; however, he developed his ear and sense of harmony by listening to the records of jazz pianists such as George Shearing, Erroll Garner, and Oscar Peterson. He was also influenced by records of the vocal group the Hi-Lo's. In his words:


title: Herbie Hancock

text: by the time I actually heard the Hi-Lo's, I started picking that stuff out; my ear was happening. I could hear stuff and that's when I really learned some much farther-out voicings – like the harmonies I used on "Speak Like a Child" – just being able to do that. I really got that from Clare Fischer's arrangements for the Hi-Lo's. Clare Fischer was a major influence on my harmonic concept ... he and Bill Evans, and Ravel and Gil Evans, finally. You know, that's where it came from.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: In 1960, he heard Chris Anderson play just once and begged him to accept him as a student. Hancock often mentions Anderson as his harmonic guru.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock graduated from Grinnell College in 1960 with degrees in electrical engineering and music. Hancock then moved to Chicago, and began working with Donald Byrd and Coleman Hawkins. During this time he also took courses at Roosevelt University. Grinnell also awarded him an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree in 1972. Byrd was attending the Manhattan School of Music in New York at the time and suggested that Hancock study composition with Vittorio Giannini (which he did for a short time in 1960). The pianist quickly earned a reputation, and played subsequent sessions with Oliver Nelson and Phil Woods.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: He recorded his first solo album "Takin' Off" for Blue Note Records in 1962. "Watermelon Man" (from "Takin' Off") was to provide Mongo Santamaría with a hit single, but more importantly for Hancock, "Takin' Off" caught the attention of Miles Davis, who was at that time assembling a new band. Hancock was introduced to Davis by the young drummer Tony Williams, a member of the new band.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock received considerable attention when, in May 1963, he joined Davis's Second Great Quintet. Davis personally sought out Hancock, whom he saw as one of the most promising talents in jazz. The rhythm section Davis organized was young but effective, comprising bassist Ron Carter, 17-year-old drummer Williams, and Hancock on piano. After George Coleman and Sam Rivers each took a turn at the saxophone spot, the quintet gelled with Wayne Shorter on tenor saxophone. This quintet is often regarded as one of the finest jazz ensembles yet.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: While in Davis's band, Hancock also found time to record dozens of sessions for the Blue Note label, both under his own name and as a sideman with other musicians such as Shorter, Williams, Grant Green, Bobby Hutcherson, Rivers, Byrd, Kenny Dorham, Hank Mobley, Lee Morgan, Freddie Hubbard, and Eric Dolphy.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock also recorded several less-well-known but still critically acclaimed albums with larger ensembles – "My Point of View" (1963), "Speak Like a Child" (1968) and "The Prisoner" (1969), albums which featured flugelhorn, alto flute and bass trombone in addition to the traditional jazz instrumentation. 1963's "Inventions and Dimensions" was an album of almost entirely improvised music, teaming Hancock with bassist Paul Chambers and two Latin percussionists, Willie Bobo and Osvaldo "Chihuahua" Martinez.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: During this period, Hancock also composed the score to Michelangelo Antonioni's film "Blowup" (1966), the first of many film soundtracks he recorded in his career. As well as feature film soundtracks, Hancock recorded a number of musical themes used on American television commercials for such then-well-known products as Pillsbury's Space Food Sticks, Standard Oil, Tab diet cola and Virginia Slims cigarettes. Hancock also wrote, arranged and conducted a spy type theme for a series of F. William Free commercials for Silva Thins cigarettes. Hancock liked it so much he wished to record it as a song but the ad agency would not let him. He rewrote the harmony, tempo and tone and recorded the piece as the track "He Who Lives in Fear" from his "The Prisoner" album of 1969.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Davis had begun incorporating elements of rock and popular music into his recordings by the end of Hancock's tenure with the band. Despite some initial reluctance, Hancock began doubling on electric keyboards, including the Fender Rhodes electric piano at Davis's insistence. Hancock adapted quickly to the new instruments, which proved to be important in his future artistic endeavors.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Under the pretext that he had returned late from a honeymoon in Brazil, Hancock was dismissed from Davis's band. In the summer of 1968 Hancock formed his own sextet. However, although Davis soon disbanded his quintet to search for a new sound, Hancock, despite his departure from the working band, continued to appear on Davis records for the next few years. Appearances included "In a Silent Way", "A Tribute to Jack Johnson" and "On the Corner".


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock left Blue Note in 1969, signing with Warner Bros. Records. In 1969, Hancock composed the soundtrack for Bill Cosby's animated prime-time television special "Hey, Hey, Hey, It's Fat Albert". Music from the soundtrack was later included on "Fat Albert Rotunda" (1969), an R&B-inspired album with strong jazz overtones. One of the jazzier songs on the record, the moody ballad "Tell Me a Bedtime Story", was later re-worked as a more electronic sounding song for the Quincy Jones album "Sounds...and Stuff Like That!!" (1978).


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock became fascinated with electronic musical instruments. Together with the profound influence of Davis's "Bitches Brew" (1970), this fascination culminated in a series of albums in which electronic instruments were coupled with acoustic instruments.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock's first ventures into electronic music started with a sextet comprising Hancock, bassist Buster Williams and drummer Billy Hart, and a trio of horn players: Eddie Henderson (trumpet), Julian Priester (trombone), and multireedist Bennie Maupin. Patrick Gleeson was eventually added to the mix to play and program the synthesizers.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: The sextet, later a septet with the addition of Gleeson, made three albums under Hancock's name: "Mwandishi" (1971), "Crossings" (1972) (both on Warner Bros. Records), and "Sextant" (1973) (released on Columbia Records); two more, "Realization" and "Inside Out", were recorded under Henderson's name with essentially the same personnel. The music exhibited strong improvisational aspect beyond the confines of jazz mainstream and showed influence from the electronic music of contemporary classical composers.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock's three records released in 1971–73 later became known as the "Mwandishi" albums, so-called after a Swahili name Hancock sometimes used during this era (""Mwandishi"" is Swahili for "writer"). The first two, including "Fat Albert Rotunda" were made available on the 2-CD set "Mwandishi: the Complete Warner Bros. Recordings", released in 1994. "Hornets" was later revised on the 2001 album "Future2Future" as "Virtual Hornets".


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Among the instruments Hancock and Gleeson used were Fender Rhodes piano, ARP Odyssey, ARP 2600, ARP Pro Soloist Synthesizer, a Mellotron and the Moog synthesizer III.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock formed The Headhunters, keeping only Maupin from the sextet and adding bassist Paul Jackson, percussionist Bill Summers, and drummer Harvey Mason. The album "Head Hunters" (1973) was a hit, crossing over to pop audiences but criticized within his jazz audience. Stephen Erlewine, in a retrospective summary for AllMusic, said, ""Head Hunters" still sounds fresh and vital three decades after its initial release, and its genre-bending proved vastly influential on not only jazz, but funk, soul, and hip-hop."


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Drummer Mason was replaced by Mike Clark, and the band released a second album, "Thrust", the following year, 1974. (A live album from a Japan performance, consisting of compositions from those first two "Head Hunters" releases was released in 1975 as "Flood"). This was almost as well received as its predecessor, if not attaining the same level of commercial success. The Headhunters made another successful album called "Survival of the Fittest" in 1975 without Hancock, while Hancock himself started to make even more commercial albums, often featuring members of the band, but no longer billed as The Headhunters. The Headhunters reunited with Hancock in 1998 for "Return of the Headhunters", and a version of the band (featuring Jackson and Clark) continues to play and record.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: In 1973, Hancock composed his soundtrack to the controversial film "The Spook Who Sat by the Door". Then in 1974, he composed the soundtrack to the first "Death Wish" film. One of his memorable songs, "Joanna's Theme", was re-recorded in 1997 on his duet album with Shorter, "1+1".


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock's next jazz-funk albums of the 1970s were "Man-Child" (1975) and "Secrets" (1976), which point toward the more commercial direction Hancock would take over the next decade. These albums feature the members of the Headhunters band, but also a variety of other musicians in important roles.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: In 1978, Hancock recorded a duet with Chick Corea, who replaced him in the Davis band a decade earlier. Hancock also released a solo acoustic piano album, "The Piano" (1979), which was released only in Japan. (It was released in the US in 2004). Other Japan-only albums include "Dedication" (1974), "" (1977), and "Direct Step" (1978). "" was a VSOP album remastered for the US in 2004 and included a second concert from the tour in July 1979.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: From 1978 to 1982, Hancock recorded many albums of jazz-inflected disco and pop music, beginning with "Sunlight" (featuring guest musicians including Williams and Pastorius on the last track) (1978). Singing through a vocoder, he earned a British hit, "I Thought It Was You", although critics were unimpressed. This led to more vocoder on his next album, "Feets, Don't Fail Me Now" (1979), which gave him another UK hit in "You Bet Your Love".


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock toured with Williams and Carter in 1981, recording "Herbie Hancock Trio", a five-track album released only in Japan. A month later, he recorded "Quartet" with trumpeter Wynton Marsalis, released in the US the following year. Hancock, Williams, and Carter toured internationally with Wynton Marsalis and his brother, saxophonist Branford Marsalis, in what was known as "VSOP II". This quintet can be heard on Wynton Marsalis's debut album on Columbia (1981). In 1984 VSOP II performed at the Playboy Jazz Festival as a sextet with Hancock, Williams, Carter, the Marsalis Brothers, and Bobby McFerrin.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: In 1982, Hancock contributed to the album "New Gold Dream (81,82,83,84)" by Simple Minds, playing a synthesizer solo on the track "Hunter and the Hunted".


title: Herbie Hancock

text: In 1983, Hancock had a pop hit with the Grammy Award-winning single "Rockit" from the album "Future Shock". It was the first jazz hip-hop song and became a worldwide anthem for breakdancers and for hip-hop in the 1980s. It was the first mainstream single to feature scratching, and also featured an innovative animated music video, which was directed by Godley and Creme and showed several robot-like artworks by Jim Whiting. The video was a hit on MTV and reached No. 8 in the UK. The video won in five categories at the inaugural MTV Video Music Awards. This single ushered in a collaboration with noted bassist and producer Bill Laswell. Hancock experimented with electronic music on a string of three LPs produced by Laswell: "Future Shock" (1983), the Grammy Award-winning "Sound-System" (1984), and "Perfect Machine" (1988).


title: Herbie Hancock

text: During this period, he appeared onstage at the Grammy Awards with Stevie Wonder, Howard Jones, and Thomas Dolby, in a synthesizer jam. Lesser known works from the 1980s are the live album "Jazz Africa" (1987) and the studio album "Village Life" (1984), which were recorded with Gambian kora player Foday Musa Suso. Also, in 1985 Hancock performed as a guest on the album "So Red the Rose" (1985) by the Duran Duran spinoff group Arcadia. He also provided introductory and closing comments for the PBS rebroadcast in the United States of the BBC educational series from the mid-1980s, "Rockschool" (not to be confused with the most recent "Gene Simmons' Rock School" series).


title: Herbie Hancock

text: In 1986, Hancock performed and acted in the film "'Round Midnight". He also wrote the score/soundtrack, for which he won an Academy Award for Original Music Score. His film work was prolific during the 1980s, and included the scores to "A Soldier's Story" (1984), "Jo Jo Dancer, Your Life Is Calling" (1986), "Action Jackson" (1988 with Michael Kamen), "Colors" (1988), and the Eddie Murphy comedy "Harlem Nights" (1989). Often he would also write music for TV commercials. "Maiden Voyage", in fact, started out as a cologne advertisement. At the end of the "Perfect Machine" tour, Hancock decided to leave Columbia Records after a 15-plus-year relationship.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: After a break following his departure from Columbia, Hancock, together with Carter, Williams, Shorter, and Davis admirer Wallace Roney, recorded "A Tribute to Miles", which was released in 1994. The album contained two live recordings and studio recording songs, with Roney playing Davis's part as trumpet player. The album won a Grammy for best group album. Hancock also toured with Jack DeJohnette, Dave Holland and Pat Metheny in 1990 on their "Parallel Realities" tour, which included a performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival in July 1990, and scored the 1991 comedy film "Livin' Large", which starred Terrence C. Carson.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock's next album, "Dis Is da Drum", released in 1994, saw him return to acid jazz. Also in 1994, he appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation album "". The album, meant to raise awareness and funds in support of the AIDS epidemic in relation to the African-American community, was heralded as "Album of the Year" by "Time" magazine.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: 1995's "The New Standard" found Hancock and an all-star band including John Scofield, DeJohnette and Michael Brecker, interpreting pop songs by Nirvana, Stevie Wonder, the Beatles, Prince, Peter Gabriel and others.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: A 1997 duet album with Shorter, entitled "1+1", was successful; the song "Aung San Suu Kyi" winning the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition. Hancock also achieved great success in 1998 with his album "Gershwin's World", which featured readings of George and Ira Gershwin standards by Hancock and a plethora of guest stars, including Wonder, Joni Mitchell and Shorter. Hancock toured the world in support of "Gershwin's World" with a sextet that featured Cyro Baptista, Terri Lynne Carrington, Ira Coleman, Eli Degibri and Eddie Henderson.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: In 2001, Hancock recorded "Future2Future", which reunited Hancock with Laswell and featured doses of electronica as well as turntablist Rob Swift of The X-Ecutioners. Hancock later toured with the band, and released a concert DVD with a different lineup, which also included the "Rockit" music video. Also in 2001 Hancock partnered with Brecker and Roy Hargrove to record a live concert album saluting Davis and John Coltrane, entitled "", recorded live in Toronto. The threesome toured to support the album, and toured on-and-off through 2005.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: The year 2005 saw the release of a duet album called "Possibilities". It featured duets with Carlos Santana, Paul Simon, Annie Lennox, John Mayer, Christina Aguilera, Sting and others. In 2006, "Possibilities" was nominated for Grammy Awards in two categories: "A Song for You" (featuring Aguilera) was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance, and "Gelo No Montanha" (featuring Trey Anastasio on guitar) was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Performance, although neither nomination resulted in an award.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Also in 2005, Hancock toured Europe with a new quartet that included Beninese guitarist Lionel Loueke, and explored textures ranging from ambient to straight jazz to African music. Plus, during the summer of 2005, Hancock re-staffed the Headhunters and went on tour with them, including a performance at The Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival. This lineup did not consist of any of the original Headhunters musicians. The group included Marcus Miller, Carrington, Loueke and Mayer. Hancock also served as the first artist in residence for Bonnaroo that summer.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Also in 2006, Sony BMG Music Entertainment (which bought out Hancock's old label, Columbia Records) released the two-disc retrospective "The Essential Herbie Hancock". This set was the first compilation of his work at Warner Bros., Blue Note, Columbia and Verve/Polygram. This became Hancock's second major compilation of work since the 2002 Columbia-only "The Herbie Hancock Box", which was released at first in a plastic 4 × 4 cube then re-released in 2004 in a long box set. Also in 2006, Hancock recorded a new song with Josh Groban and Eric Mouquet (co-founder of Deep Forest), entitled "Machine". It is featured on Groban's CD "Awake". Hancock also recorded and improvised with guitarist Loueke on Loueke's 1996 debut album "Virgin Forest", on the ObliqSound label, resulting in two improvisational tracks – "Le Réveil des agneaux (The Awakening of the Lambs)" and "La Poursuite du lion (The Lion's Pursuit)".


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock, a longtime associate and friend of Mitchell, released a 2007 album, "", that paid tribute to her work, with Norah Jones and Tina Turner adding vocals to the album, as did Corinne Bailey Rae. Leonard Cohen contributed a spoken piece set to Hancock's piano. Mitchell herself also made an appearance. The album was released on September 25, 2007, simultaneously with the release of Mitchell's newest album at that time: "Shine". "River" won the 2008 Album of the Year Grammy Award. The album also won a Grammy for Best Contemporary Jazz Album, and the song "Both Sides Now" was nominated for Best Instrumental Jazz Solo. That was only the second time in history that a jazz album won those two Grammy Awards.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: On June 14, 2008, Hancock performed with others at Rhythm on the Vine at the South Coast Winery in Temecula, California, for Shriners Hospitals for Children. The event raised $515,000 for Shriners Hospital.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: On January 18, 2009, Hancock performed at the , marking the start of inaugural celebrations for American President Barack Obama. Hancock also performed Rhapsody in Blue at the 2009 Classical BRIT Awards with classical pianist Lang Lang. Hancock was named as the Los Angeles Philharmonic's creative chair for jazz for 2010–12.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: On June 5, 2010, he received an Alumni Award from his alma mater Grinnell College. On July 22, 2011, at a ceremony in Paris, he was named UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for the promotion of Intercultural Dialogue. In 2013, Hancock joined the University of California, Los Angeles faculty as a professor in the UCLA music department teaching jazz music.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: In a June 2010 interview with Michael Gallant of "Keyboard" magazine, Hancock talks about his Fazioli giving him inspiration to do things.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: On December 8, 2013, he was given the Kennedy Center Honors Award for achievement in the performing arts with artists like Snoop Dogg and Mixmaster Mike from the Beastie Boys performing his music.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock was the 2014 Charles Eliot Norton Professor of Poetry at Harvard University. Holders of the chair deliver a series of six lectures on poetry, "The Norton Lectures", poetry being "interpreted in the broadest sense, including all poetic expression in language, music, or fine arts". Previous Norton lecturers include musicians Leonard Bernstein, Igor Stravinsky and John Cage. Hancock's theme is "The Ethics of Jazz".


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock's next album is being produced by Terrace Martin, and will feature a broad variety of jazz and hip-hop artists including Wayne Shorter, Kendrick Lamar, Kamasi Washington, Thundercat, Flying Lotus, Lionel Loueke, Zakir Hussein and Snoop Dogg.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: On May 15, 2015, Hancock received an honorary doctor of humane letters degree from Washington University in St. Louis.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Hancock was featured on the track "MOON" by the jazz duo Domi and JD Beck on their debut album "NOT TiGHT", released July 29, 2022.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: Since 1972, Hancock has practiced Nichiren Buddhism as a member of the Buddhist association Soka Gakkai International. As part of Hancock's spiritual practice, he recites the Buddhist chant "Nam Myoho Renge Kyo" each day. In 2013, Hancock's dialogue with musician Wayne Shorter and Soka Gakkai International president Daisaku Ikeda on jazz, Buddhism and life was published in Japanese and English, then in French.


title: Herbie Hancock

text: In 2014, Hancock delivered a lecture at Harvard University titled "Buddhism and Creativity" as part of his Norton Lecture series.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height, and is expressed with two numbers separated by a colon, such as "16:9", sixteen-to-nine. For the "x":"y" aspect ratio, the image is "x" units wide and "y" units high. Common aspect ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1 in cinematography, 4:3 and in television photography, and 3:2 in still photography.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: The common film aspect ratios used in cinemas are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1. Two common videographic aspect ratios are 4:3 (1.:1), the universal video format of the 20th century, and (1.:1), universal for high-definition television and European digital television. Other cinema and video aspect ratios exist, but are used infrequently.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: In still camera photography, the most common aspect ratios are 4:3, 3:2, and more recently found in consumer cameras, 16:9. Other aspect ratios, such as 5:3, 5:4, and 1:1 (square format), are used in photography as well, particularly in medium format and large format.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: With television, DVD and Blu-ray Disc, converting formats of unequal ratios is achieved by enlarging the original image to fill the receiving format's display area and cutting off any excess picture information (zooming and cropping), by adding horizontal mattes (letterboxing) or vertical mattes (pillarboxing) to retain the original format's aspect ratio, by stretching (hence distorting) the image to fill the receiving format's ratio, or by scaling by different factors in both directions, possibly scaling by a different factor in the center and at the edges (as in "Wide Zoom mode").


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: In motion picture formats, the physical size of the film area between the sprocket perforations determines the image's size. The universal standard (established by William Dickson and Thomas Edison in 1892) is a frame that is four perforations high. The film itself is 35 mm wide (1.38 in), but the area between the perforations is 24.89 mm × 18.67 mm (0.980 in × 0.735 in), leaving the de facto ratio of 4:3, or 1.:1.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: With a space designated for the standard optical soundtrack, and the frame size reduced to maintain an image that is wider than tall; this resulted in the Academy aperture of 22 mm × 16 mm (0.866 in × 0.630 in) or 1.375:1 aspect ratio.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: The motion picture industry convention assigns a value of 1.0 to the image's height; an anamorphic frame (since 1970, 2.39:1) is often incorrectly described (rounded) as 2.40:1 or 2.40 ("two-four-oh"). After 1952, a number of aspect ratios were experimented with for anamorphic productions, including 2.66:1 and 2.55:1. A SMPTE specification for anamorphic projection from 1957 (PH22.106-1957) finally standardized the aperture to 2.35:1. An update in 1970 (PH22.106-1971) changed the aspect ratio to 2.39:1 in order to make splices less noticeable. This aspect ratio of 2.39:1 was confirmed by the most recent revision from August 1993 (SMPTE 195–1993).


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: In American cinemas, the common projection ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1. Some European countries have 1.:1 as the wide screen standard. The "Academy ratio" of 1.375:1 was used for all cinema films in the sound era until 1953 (with the release of George Stevens' "Shane" in 1.:1). During that time, television, which had a similar aspect ratio of 1.:1, became a perceived threat to movie studios. Hollywood responded by creating a large number of wide-screen formats: CinemaScope (up to 2.:1), Todd-AO (2.20:1), and VistaVision (initially 1.50:1, now 1.:1 to 2.00:1) to name just a few. The "flat" 1.85:1 aspect ratio was introduced in May 1953, and became one of the most common cinema projection standards in the U.S. and elsewhere.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: The goal of these various lenses and aspect ratios was to capture as much of the frame as possible, onto as large an area of the film as possible, in order to fully utilize the film being used. Some of the aspect ratios were chosen to utilize smaller film sizes in order to save film costs while other aspect ratios were chosen to use larger film sizes in order to produce a wider higher resolution image. In either case the image was squeezed horizontally to fit the film's frame size and avoid any unused film area.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: Development of various film camera systems must ultimately cater to the placement of the frame in relation to the lateral constraints of the perforations and the optical soundtrack area. One clever wide screen alternative, VistaVision, used standard 35 mm film running sideways through the camera gate, so that the sprocket holes were above and below frame, allowing a larger horizontal negative size per frame as only the vertical size was now restricted by the perforations. There were even a limited number of projectors constructed to also run the print-film horizontally. Generally, however, the 1.50:1 ratio of the initial VistaVision image was optically converted to a vertical print (on standard four-perforation 35 mm film) to show with the standard projectors available at theaters, and was then masked in the projector to the US standard of 1.85:1. The format was briefly revived by Lucasfilm in the late 1970s for special effects work that required larger negative size (due to image degradation from the optical printing steps necessary to make multi-layer composites). It went into obsolescence largely due to better cameras, lenses, and film stocks available to standard four-perforation formats, in addition to increased lab costs of making prints in comparison to more standard vertical processes. (The horizontal process was also adapted to 70 mm film by IMAX, which was first shown at the Osaka '70 Worlds Fair.)


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: Super 16 mm film was frequently used for television production due to its lower cost, lack of need for soundtrack space on the film itself (as it is not projected but rather transferred to video), and aspect ratio similar to 16:9 (the native ratio of Super 16 mm is 15:9). It also can be blown up to 35 mm for theatrical release and therefore is sometimes used for feature films.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: Another trend arising from the widespread use of smartphones is vertical video (9:16) that is intended for viewing in portrait mode. It was popularized by Snapchat and is also now being adopted by Twitter, TikTok, Instagram and Facebook.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: Square displays are rarely used in devices and monitors. Nonetheless, video consumption on social apps has grown rapidly and led to the emergence of new video formats more suited to mobile devices that can be held in horizontal and vertical orientations. In that sense, square video was popularized by mobile apps such as Instagram and Vine and has since been supported by other major social platforms including Facebook and Twitter. It can fill nearly twice as much screen space compared to 16:9 format (when the device is held differently while viewing from how video was recorded).


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: 4:3 (1.:1) (generally read as Four-Three, Four-by-Three, or Four-to-Three) for standard television for fullscreen aspect ratio 1.33:1 has been in use since the invention of moving picture cameras, and many computer monitors used to employ the same aspect ratio. 4:3 was the aspect ratio used for 35 mm films in the silent era. It is also very close to the 1.375:1 Academy ratio, defined by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as a standard after the advent of optical sound-on-film. By having TV match this aspect ratio, movies originally photographed on 35 mm film could be satisfactorily viewed on TV in the early days of the medium (i.e. the 1940s and the 1950s).


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: With the adoption of high-definition television, the majority of modern televisions are now produced with 16:9 displays instead. Apple's iPad series of tablets continue to use 4:3 displays (despite other Apple products typically using widescreen aspect ratios) to better suit use as an e-reader; however, the 2018 iPad Pro 11-inch uses a 1.43:1 aspect ratio.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: 14:9 (generally named as Fourteen-by-Nine, Fourteen-Nine, and Fourteen-to-Nine) is the aspect ratio mainly used when the 4:3 programs are cropped.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: (8:5) is an aspect ratio mostly used for computer displays and tablet computers. The width of the display is 1.6 times its height. This ratio is close to the golden ratio "formula_1" which is approximately 1.618. LCD computer displays using the 16:10 ratio started to appear in the mass market from 2003. By 2008, 16:10 had become the most common aspect ratio for LCD monitors and laptop displays. Since 2010, however, 16:9 has become the mainstream standard, driven by the 1080p standard for high definition television and lower manufacturing costs.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: In 2005–2008, 16:10 overtook 4:3 as the most sold aspect ratio for LCD monitors. At the time, 16:10 also had 90% of the notebook market and was the most commonly used aspect ratio for laptops. However, 16:10 had a short reign as the most common aspect ratio. Around 2008–2010, there was a rapid shift by computer display manufacturers to the 16:9 aspect ratio and by 2011 16:10 had almost disappeared from new mass market products. According to Net Applications, by October 2012 the market share of 16:10 displays had dropped to less than 23 percent.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: Notably, Apple used 16:10 for all of its MacBook models until 2021, when the 5th-generation MacBook Pro switched to a taller aspect ratio of approximately 1.54:1. The MacBook Air continues to use 16:10 as of 2022.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: (1.:1) (generally named as Sixteen-by-Nine, Sixteen-Nine, and Sixteen-to-Nine) is the international standard format of HDTV, non-HD digital television and analog widescreen television PALplus. Japan's Hi-Vision originally started with a 5:3 (= 15:9) ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced a wider ratio of to 3 (= 16:9). Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9 (= 4:3), and 16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by the DVD standard. DVD producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.66:1, 1.75:1, 1.77:1 and 1.78:1 within the 16:9 DVD frame by hard matting or adding black bars within the image itself. However, it was used often in British TVs in the United Kingdom in the 1990s. It is now also being used in smartphones, laptops and many types of media.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: Equivalent to integer ratio of 37:20. When cinema attendance dropped, Hollywood created widescreen aspect ratios in order to differentiate the film industry from TV, with one of the most common being the 1.85:1 ratio.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: Since 1998, cinematographer Vittorio Storaro has advocated for a format named "Univisium" that uses a 2:1 format. It is designed to be a compromise between the cinema 2.39:1 aspect ratio and the HD-TV broadcast 16:9 ratio. Univisium has gained little traction in the theatrical film market, but has recently been used by Netflix and Amazon Video for productions such as "House of Cards" and "Transparent", respectively. This aspect ratio is similar to the 1.9:1 standard acquisition formats mandated by these content platforms and is not necessarily a creative choice.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: Moreover, some mobile devices, such as the LG G6, LG V30, Huawei Mate 10 Pro, Google Pixel 2 XL, OnePlus 5T and Sony Xperia XZ3, are embracing the 2:1 format (advertised as 18:9), as well as the Samsung Galaxy S8, Samsung Galaxy Note 8, Samsung Galaxy S9 and Samsung Galaxy Note 9 with a slightly similar 18.5:9 format. The Apple iPhone X also has a similar screen ratio of 19.5:9 (2.16:1).


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: Anamorphic format is the cinematography technique of shooting a widescreen picture on standard 35 mm film or other visual recording media with a non-widescreen native aspect ratio. When projected, images have an approximate 2.00:1, 2.20:1, 2.35:1, 2.39:1, 2.40:1, 2.55.1 and 2.76.1 (often rounded to 21:9) aspect ratio. "21:9 aspect ratio" is actually 64:27 (= 4:3), or approximately 2.37:1, and is near both cinematic movie aspect ratios. Most Indian Bollywood films were shot in the 1.37:1 ratio until 1972, when 2.39:1 became standard for all Bollywood movies.


title: Aspect ratio (image)

text: Often, screen specifications are given by their diagonal length. The following formulae can be used to find the height ("h"), width ("w") and area ("A"), where "r" stands for ratio, written as a fraction of "x" by "y", and "d" for diagonal length.


title: TED (conference)

text: TED Conferences, LLC (Technology, Entertainment, Design) is an American-Canadian non-profit media organization that posts international talks online for free distribution under the slogan "ideas worth spreading". TED was founded by Richard Saul Wurman and Harry Marks in February 1984 as a tech conference, in which gave a demo of the compact disc that was invented in October 1982. It has been held annually since 1990. TED covers almost all topics – from science to business to global issues – in more than 100 languages. To date, more than 13,000 TEDx events have been held in at least 150 countries.


title: TED (conference)

text: TED's early emphasis was on technology and design, consistent with its Silicon Valley origins. It has since broadened its perspective to include talks on many scientific, cultural, political, humanitarian, and academic topics. It has been curated by Chris Anderson, a British-American businessman, through the non-profit TED Foundation since July 2019 (originally by the non-profit Sapling Foundation).


title: TED (conference)

text: The main TED conference is held annually in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, at the Vancouver Convention Centre. The first TED conferences from 1984 (TED1) through 2008 (TED2008) were held at the Monterey Conference Center in Monterey, California. Between 2009 and 2014, the conference was held in Long Beach, California, United States. TED events are also held throughout North America and in Europe, Asia, and Africa, offering live streaming of the talks. TED returned to Monterey, California in 2021 with TEDMonterey. They address a wide range of topics within the research and practice of science and culture, often through storytelling.


title: TED (conference)

text: Since June 2006, TED Talks have been offered for free viewing online, under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives Creative Commons license, through TED.com. over 3,500 TED Talks are freely available on the official website. In June 2011, TED Talks' combined viewing figures surpassed 500 million, and by November 2012, TED Talks had been watched over one billion times worldwide. While TED Talks are available for free online to be viewed by anyone, sharing TED content in commercial contexts (for example, in corporate learning and talent development) requires a license.


title: TED (conference)

text: TED was conceived in 1984 by Emmy-winning broadcast and graphic designer Harry Marks, who observed a convergence of the fields of technology, entertainment, and design (that is, "TED"). He approached architect and graphic designer Richard Saul Wurman for assistance, who agreed on the condition that he were to be a co-founder. The first conference, organized that same year by Marks and Wurman with help from Dr. Frank Stanton, featured demos of the compact disc, co-developed by Philips and Sony and one of the first demonstrations of the Apple Macintosh computer. Presentations were given by famous mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot and influential members of the digerati community, like Nicholas Negroponte and Stewart Brand. The event was financially unsuccessful; hence, it took six years before the second conference was organized.


title: TED (conference)

text: TED2 was held at the Monterey Conference Center in California in 1990. From 1990 onward, a growing community of "TEDsters" gathered annually with Wurman leading the conference in Monterey until 2009, when it was relocated to Long Beach, California, due to a substantial increase in attendees. Initially, the speakers had been drawn from the fields of expertise behind the acronym TED, but during the 1990s, the roster of presenters broadened to include scientists, philosophers, musicians, religious leaders, philanthropists, and many others.


title: TED (conference)

text: In 2000, Wurman, looking for a successor at age 65, met with new-media entrepreneur and TED enthusiast Chris Anderson to discuss future happenings. Anderson's UK media company Future bought TED. In November 2001, Anderson's non-profit The Sapling Foundation (motto: "fostering the spread of great ideas") acquired TED from Future for £6m. In February 2002, Anderson gave a TED Talk in which he explained his vision of the conference and his future role of curator. Wurman left after the 2002 conference.


title: TED (conference)

text: In 2006, attendance cost was $4,400 per person and was by invitation only. The membership model was shifted in January 2007 to an annual membership fee of $6,000, which includes attendance of the conference, club mailings, networking tools, and conference DVDs. The 2018 conference was $10,000 per attendee.


title: TED (conference)

text: Between 2001 and 2006, TED upgraded its platform to have TED talks online for free, added TEDGlobal that became a worldwide conference, and created the TED prize.


title: TED (conference)

text: TED is currently funded by a combination of various revenue streams, including conference attendance fees, corporate sponsorships, foundation support, licensing fees, and book sales. Corporate sponsorships are diverse, provided by companies such as Google, GE, AOL, Goldman Sachs, and The Coca-Cola Company. Sponsors do not participate in the creative direction of the event, nor are they allowed to present on the main stage, in the interests of independence.


title: TED (conference)

text: In 2015, TED staff consisted of about 180 people headquartered in New York City and Vancouver, British Columbia. On July 1, 2019, the TED Conferences LLC was transferred from Sapling Foundation to TED Foundation to "align with our brand and make it easier for our donors to connect TED donations to TED Conferences, LLC."


title: TED (conference)

text: At TED 2015, Bill Gates warned that the world was not prepared for the next pandemic, a situation that would come to pass in late 2019 when the COVID-19 pandemic began. The ensuing pandemic prompted the 2020 edition of the event to be initially postponed from April to July 2020 before its outright cancellation.


title: TED (conference)

text: In 2021, TED launched the TED Audio Collective with a number of podcasts featuring previous TED Talks and other relevant topics.


title: TED (conference)

text: TED 2022 was held in Vancouver. There was criticism after Marvin Rees, Mayor of Bristol, flew to speak about climate change and the need for reduced carbon emissions.


title: TED (conference)

text: The TED Prize was introduced in 2005. Until 2010, it annually granted three individuals $100,000 and a "wish to change the world". Each winner unveils their wish at the main annual conference. Since 2010, in a changed selection process, a single winner is chosen to ensure that TED can maximize its efforts in achieving the winner's wish. In 2012, the prize was not awarded to an individual, but to a concept connected to the current global phenomenon of increasing urbanization. In 2013, the prize amount was increased to $1 million. TED Prize winners in previous years:


title: TED (conference)

text: TED Conference commissioned New York artist Tom Shannon to create a prize sculpture to be given to all TED Prize winners. The sculpture consists of an aluminum sphere magnetically levitated above a walnut disc. As of 2018 the TED Prize has been recast as The Audacious Project.


title: TED (conference)

text: In 2005, Chris Anderson hired June Cohen as Director of TED Media. In June 2006, after Cohen's idea of a TV show based on TED lectures was rejected by several networks, a selection of talks that had received the highest audience ratings was posted on the websites of TED, YouTube, and iTunes, under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0. Initially, only a handful of talks were posted, to test if there was an audience for them. In January of the next year, the number of TED Talks on the site had grown to 44, and they had been viewed more than three million times. On the basis of that success, the organization pumped hundreds of thousands of dollars into its video production operations and into the development of a website to showcase about 100 of the talks.


title: TED (conference)

text: In April 2007, the new TED.com was launched, developed by New York and San Francisco-based design company Method. In subsequent years, the website has won many prizes, among which are seven Webby Awards, iTunes' "Best Podcast of the Year" (2006–2010), the "Communication Arts" Interactive Award for "Information Design" in 2007, the OMMA Award for "video sharing" in 2008, the Web Visionary Award for "technical achievement" in 2008, The One Show Interactive Bronze Award in 2008, the AIGA Annual Design Competition (2009), and a Peabody Award in 2012.


title: TED (conference)

text: In January 2009, the then number of videos had been viewed 50 million times. In June 2011, the number of views totaled 500 million, and on November 13, 2012, TED reached its billionth video view. in In March 2012, Chris Anderson said in an interview:


title: TED (conference)

text: In March 2012, Netflix announced a deal to stream an initial series of 16 two-hour shows, consisting of TED Talks covering similar subjects, from multiple speakers. The content was made available to subscribers in the US, Canada, Latin America, the UK, and Ireland. Hosted by Jami Floyd, "TED Talks NYC" debuted on NYC Life on March 21, 2012.


title: TED (conference)

text: As of October 2020, over 3500 TED talks had been posted. Every week, five to seven new talks are published. For most talks published on TED.com, introduction of the talk and speaker, and a transcript are provided; and for some videos, footnotes and resource list are also available.


title: TED (conference)

text: In 2005, under Anderson's supervision, a more internationally oriented sister conference was added, under the name TEDGlobal. It was held, in chronological order: in Oxford, UK (2005), in Arusha, Tanzania (2007, titled TEDAfrica), in Oxford again (2009 and 2010), and in Edinburgh, UK (2011, 2012, and 2013). In 2014, it was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Additionally, there was TED India, in Mysore (2009) and TEDGlobal London in London (2015). TEDGlobal 2017 was held again in Arusha, Tanzania, and it was curated and hosted by Emeka Okafor.


title: TED (conference)

text: The TED 2011 conference, "The Rediscovery of Wonder", was held in Long Beach, California, US, from February 28 to March 4, 2011. The TED conference has a companion conference, TEDGlobal, held in the UK each summer. The 2009 TEDGlobal, "The Substance of Things Not Seen", was held in Oxford, July 21–24, 2009. 2010's TEDGlobal (again in Oxford) was themed "And Now The Good News"; in 2011 the conference moved to a new home in Edinburgh and was held July 12–15 with the theme "The Stuff Of Life". The 2012 TEDGlobal conference "Radical Openness" was held in Edinburgh, June 25–29.


title: TED (conference)

text: TED Translators, formerly known as the Open Translation Project (OTP), started as the TED Open Translation Project in May 2009. It intends to "[reach] out to the 4.5 billion people on the planet who don't speak English", according to TED Curator Chris Anderson. The OTP used crowd-based subtitling platforms to translate the text of TED and TED-Ed videos, as well as to caption and translate videos created in the TEDx program. (Until May 2012 it worked with its technology partner dotSUB, and then with the open source translation tool Amara). When the project was launched, 300 translations had been completed in 40 languages by 200 volunteer transcribers. By May 2015, more than 70,000 sets of subtitles in 107 languages had been completed by (an all-time total of) 38,173 volunteer translators.


title: TED (conference)

text: The project helped generate a significant increase in international visitors to TED's website. Traffic from outside the US has increased 350 percent: there has been 600 percent growth in Asia, and more than 1000 percent in South America.