title: Stan Wawrinka

text: Wawrinka and his compatriot Roger Federer have played each other 26 times with Wawrinka trailing . Federer leads 7–1 in Grand Slam tournaments, 17–0 on hard courts, 1–0 on grass courts and 4–3 on clay courts. While the rivalry is one-sided in Federer's favour, the two of them have contested some close matches such as the 2014 Monte Carlo Rolex Masters final in which Wawrinka came from behind a set to defeat Federer in three sets to win his first Masters 1000 title. Wawrinka also defeated Federer in straight sets during the 2015 French Open quarterfinals en route to winning his first ever French Open title although Federer then reversed it with a straight sets victory in the 2015 US Open semifinals. Federer defeated Wawrinka in five sets in the 2017 Australian Open semifinals en route to his 18th major title. Other close matches include the 2012 Shanghai Masters and the 2013 Indian Wells Masters, both of which Federer won in three sets, the 2014 Wimbledon quarterfinal which Federer won in four sets and the 2014 ATP World Tour Finals in which Federer won in three sets after saving four match points. The duo's most recent encounter took place at 2019 French Open with Federer prevailing in four sets. Despite their on-court rivalry, they are close friends off court and they have played doubles together on numerous occasions, most notably when they won the doubles Olympic Gold at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and when winning the 2014 Davis Cup.


title: Stan Wawrinka

text: Wawrinka and Andy Murray have played 22 times with Wawrinka trailing . Murray leads 9–4 on hard courts and 3–0 on grass courts while Wawrinka leads 5–1 on clay courts. They have also met 7 times in Grand Slam tournaments and result is Stan leading 4–3. They have contested some close matches and two of their most notable matches were in the 2009 Wimbledon fourth round which Murray won in five sets and was the first men's match to be played under the Wimbledon roof, having the latest finish for a Wimbledon match at the time., and the 2017 French Open semi-final, where Wawrinka prevailed in a five-set thriller that lasted over four hours. Wawrinka also ended Murray's title defence at the 2013 US Open quarterfinals with a comfortable straight sets victory. Other close matches the two have contested include the 2010 US Open which Wawrinka won in four sets and was Murray's last defeat before a Grand Slam quarterfinal until the 2015 US Open, the 2008 Canada Open and 2011 Shanghai Masters, both of which Murray won in three sets.


title: Stan Wawrinka

text: While Murray has led the majority of the rivalry, Wawrinka won their first two matches and beat Murray three consecutive times between 2013 and 2015, winning all of them in straight sets, until Murray ended the winning streak at the 2016 French Open, beating the defending champion Wawrinka in four sets. In the 2018 Eastbourne International, Murray won in straight sets. Around this time Wawrinka was identified by some, including Djokovic, as a potential contender to turn the Big Four tennis quartet into a "Big Five", although Wawrinka himself downplayed those suggestions, stating that he was still far behind the others. Their most recent encounter before the 2020 French Open was in the final of the European open 2019 in which Murray prevailed coming back from a set and a break down to win his first title since 2017 and his hip surgery. They met in the 2020 French Open first round with Wawrinka winning in straight sets. However, in the first round of the 2022 Cincinnati Masters, Murray won in three tight sets.


title: Stan Wawrinka

text: Wawrinka and Rafael Nadal have played 20 times with Wawrinka trailing against Nadal. Although this rivalry has less significance than rivalries with the other members of the Big Four, the pair have met in several prestigious tournaments. The rivalry saw Nadal winning the first 12 encounters, all in straight sets, including 2 finals, one of which is a Masters 1000 final at Madrid in 2013. However, since Wawrinka's breakthrough season in 2013 the head-to-head has been slightly more even (3–6) from 2014 onward. Wawrinka scored his first win against Nadal in their first Grand Slam final, the 2014 Australian Open final in 4 sets, denying Nadal's double career slam. It was also the only match between the pair not resulting in a straight set win for either player. Nadal won their second Grand Slam final, at the 2017 French Open.


title: Stan Wawrinka

text: Wawrinka was born in Switzerland to a German father and Swiss mother. He holds dual Swiss–German citizenship.<ref name="tagesanzeiger.ch/ 2010"></ref> His father Wolfram Wawrinka, a farmer and social worker, is German of Czech ancestry. Wawrinka's paternal great-grandfather originated from Silesia — the border region between Poland and the former Czechoslovakia — and the surname originates with the Polish language. It is related to Wawrzyniec, the Polish version of Laurence, or Laurentius. Wawrinka's mother, Isabelle, an educator, is Swiss. His mother works as a biodynamic farmer helping disabled people and took over the running of his parents' farm, "Ferme du Château", near Lausanne, which is connected with the castle of Saint-Barthélemy.


title: Stan Wawrinka

text: The farm assists people with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities, and people with depression or drug and alcohol problems. Here Wawrinka grew up with his elder brother, Jonathan, and his two younger sisters, Djanaée and Naélla, who are students and tennis players. Wawrinka attended the Rudolf Steiner School in Crissier.


title: Stan Wawrinka

text: In 2009, Wawrinka was living in Saint-Barthélemy, about north of Lausanne, with his wife Ilham Vuilloud, a Swiss television presenter and former fashion model. They married on 15 December 2009. Vuilloud gave birth to the couple's child, a girl named Alexia, on 12 February 2010. On 4 January 2011, Swiss media reported that Wawrinka separated from the family, less than one year after his daughter's birth. The couple later reconciled, but on 19 April 2015 Wawrinka posted a statement on his Facebook page announcing their divorce. The following day, Vuilloud strongly disputed Wawrinka's version of events.


title: Stan Wawrinka

text: Wawrinka began dating WTA player Donna Vekić in 2015, their relationship becoming public knowledge after Nick Kyrgios taunted Wawrinka over it during a match at Montreal. Kyrgios was subsequently fined and given a suspended ban for his comments. Wawrinka and Vekić were reported to have split in May 2019.


title: Stan Wawrinka

text: Wawrinka has a tattoo on his left forearm in italic script that quotes the Irish writer Samuel Beckett in English: "Ever tried. Ever failed. No matter. Try Again. Fail again. Fail better." On his right rib, he has his daughter's name.


title: Stan Wawrinka

text: As of June 2016, Wawrinka wears Yonex clothing and shoes and uses the Yonex VCORE 95D racquet with the Yonex Vcore Duel G paint job, formerly playing with a Yonex VCORE Tour 97 paint job. Wawrinka has been known to use Babolat's RPM Blast as his string of choice, opting to string his rackets at 27 kilograms in the main strings and 25 kilograms in the cross strings. Previously, he used Head tennis racquets, first the Flexpoint Prestige MidPlus and Microgel Prestige Pro, and then the YouTek Prestige Pro MidPlus. Wawrinka is also an ambassador for the TGV Lyria train service between France and Switzerland, with his photo appearing on the exterior of the high-speed trains.


title: Threesome

text: In human sexuality, a threesome is commonly understood as "a sexual interaction between three people whereby at least one engages in physical sexual behaviour with both the other individuals". Though "threesome" most commonly refers to sexual activity involving three participants, it is also sometimes used to apply to a long-term domestic relationship, such as polyamory or a ménage à trois.


title: Threesome

text: A threesome is a form of group sex which may occur in private situations, such as spontaneous sexual activity among three friends or in the context of casual sex or a hook up. Alternatively, it may take place in specific contexts or environments which allow for sex, such as swingers events, orgies or sex parties.


title: Threesome

text: The people in a threesome may be of any gender and sexual orientation. Each participant may engage in any type of sex act with one or both of the others, such as vaginal, anal or oral sex or mutual masturbation. One or more of the participants may engage in autoerotic sexual activity, such as masturbation, possibly without physical contact with the other participants. It is a matter of subjective definition whether participation of a third person without physical contact constitutes a threesome and this sort of sexual activity might instead be interpreted as voyeurism or cuckolding. Triolism is a term that encompasses both threesomes and cuckoldry, although its usage across literature is inconsistent.


title: Threesome

text: Threesomes are sometimes described using shorthand to refer to who was involved in the threesome e.g. MMF (male, male, female); FFM (female, female, male); MMM (male, male, male); FFF (female, female, female).


title: Threesome

text: "Lucky Pierre" is slang for a person performing both receptive and insertive anal and/or vaginal sex simultaneously during a threesome, being positioned between the two partners.


title: Threesome

text: The first major academic work to address threesomes specifically was published in 1988, called: "Threesomes: Studies in Sex, Power, and Intimacy" by Arno Karlen. In the work, drawing mainly from interview data, Karlen outlined how threesomes were often viewed as qualitatively different to other forms of group sex. Other notable findings include that threesomes were often viewed by women as a safe way to explore their sexuality; they often consisted of a couple joined by a third person; and that the third person was not necessarily viewed or treated equally. Karlen also suggested that the societal view of threesomes cast those who engaged in them as radically different to other members of society:"There is a common tendency to think of people who have been in threesomes as alien beings. Like swingers, homosexuals and others who deviate from basic sexual norms, they seem to many to have entered another social, psychological, and moral sphere."Research exploring rates of threesome engagement suggest that men have both higher levels of interest and participation in threesomes. One study soliciting responses to a sex survey via a British newspaper found that 34% of 1,862 men, and 15% of 2,905 women had experience of a threesome. From a nationally representative sample in the USA, 34.1% of men and 11.1% of women found a threesome to be at least somewhat appealing and 18% of men and 10% of women had engaged in one.


title: Threesome

text: Threesome scenes are featured in various films and TV series, including "Summer Lovers" (1982), "Threesome" (1994), "He Got Game"


title: Threesome

text: 1998, American Psycho" (2000), "Zoolander" (2001), "Y Tu Mamá También" (2001), "Ken Park" (2002), "The Dreamers" (2003), "Kiss Me Again" (2006), "Shortbus" (2006), "Vicky Cristina Barcelona" (2008), "Shame" (2011), "21 Jump Street" (2012), "On the Road" (2012), "Savages" (2012), "Spring Breakers" (2012), "Knock Knock" (2015), "Love" (2015).


title: Clint Walker

text: Norman Eugene "Clint" Walker (May 30, 1927 – May 21, 2018) was an American actor. He played cowboy Cheyenne Bodie in the ABC/Warner Bros. western series "Cheyenne" from 1955 to 1963.


title: Clint Walker

text: Clint Walker was born Norman Eugene Walker in Hartford, Illinois, on May 30, 1927; the son of Gladys Huldah ("née" Schwanda) and Paul Arnold Walker. His mother was Czech. He had a twin sister named Lucy.


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker left school to work at a factory and on a riverboat, then joined the United States Merchant Marine at the age of 17 in the last months of World War II.


title: Clint Walker

text: After leaving the Merchant Marine, he did odd jobs in Brownwood, Texas, Long Beach, California, and Las Vegas, Nevada, where he worked as a doorman at the Sands Hotel. Walker was also employed as a sheet metal worker and a nightclub bouncer.


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker became a client of Henry Willson, who renamed him "Jett Norman" and cast him to appear in a Bowery Boys film ("Jungle Gents") as a Tarzan-type character. In Los Angeles, he was hired by Cecil B. DeMille to appear in "The Ten Commandments".


title: Clint Walker

text: A friend in the film industry helped get him a few bit parts that brought him to the attention of Warner Bros., which was developing a Western style television series.


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker's good looks and imposing physique (he stood 6 feet, 6 inches tall with a 48-inch chest and a 32-inch waist) helped him land an audition where he won the lead role in the TV series "Cheyenne".


title: Clint Walker

text: Billed as "Clint Walker", he was cast as Cheyenne Bodie, a roaming cowboy hero in the post-American Civil War era. His casting was announced in June 1955.


title: Clint Walker

text: "Cheyenne" originally appeared as part of "Warner Bros. Presents" rotating with adaptations of "Kings Row" and "Casablanca". "Cheyenne" turned out to be the breakout hit.


title: Clint Walker

text: While the series regularly capitalized on Walker's rugged frame with frequent bare-chested scenes, it was also well written and acted. It proved hugely popular for eight seasons. Walker's pleasant baritone singing voice was also occasionally utilized on the series and led Warner Brothers to produce an album of Walker doing traditional songs and ballads.


title: Clint Walker

text: Early in the series run, Warners announced they would star Walker in a feature, "The Story of Sam Houston". It was not made.


title: Clint Walker

text: In April 1956 Walker said "I don't think I'd want any other roles ... Westerns keep me outdoors and active."


title: Clint Walker

text: Warners cast Walker in the lead of a Western feature film, "Fort Dobbs" (1958), directed by Gordon Douglas. Howard Thompson described the actor as "the biggest, finest-looking Western hero ever to sag a horse, with a pair of shoulders rivaling King Kong's".


title: Clint Walker

text: Box office returns were modest. Warners tried him in another Douglas-directed Western, "Yellowstone Kelly" (1959), co-starring Edd Byrnes from another Warners TV show, "77 Sunset Strip". It was a minor success.


title: Clint Walker

text: A number of "Cheyenne" episodes were cut into feature films and released theatrically in some markets, and a brief clip of Walker galloping on horseback as Bodie was featured in an episode of "Maverick" starring Jack Kelly. He also guest starred on an episode of "77 Sunset Strip". Warners tried Walker in a third Western feature directed by Douglas, "Gold of the Seven Saints" (1961), this time co-starring Roger Moore, who was also under contract to Warners.


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker had a role in "Kraft Suspense Theatre" (episode "Portrait of an Unknown Man", alongside Robert Duvall). He had a supporting role in the Rock Hudson–Doris Day comedy, "Send Me No Flowers" (1964).


title: Clint Walker

text: Frank Sinatra cast him in the leading role in the war drama "None but the Brave" (1965), the only film Sinatra directed. After doing some guest appearances in "The Lucy Show" he fought a grizzly bear in Paramount's Western, "The Night of the Grizzly" (1966). He starred in a family adventure movie shot in India, "Maya" (1966).


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker had his biggest feature film hit to date when he played the meek convict Samson Posey in the war drama "The Dirty Dozen" (1967).


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker returned to Westerns with "More Dead Than Alive" (1969). The "New York Times" described the actor as "a big, fine-looking chap and about as live-looking as any man could be. And there is something winning about his taciturn earnestness as an actor, although real emotion seldom breaks through".


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker had support roles in two comic Westerns, "Sam Whiskey" (1969) and "The Great Bank Robbery" (1969).


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker was one of many names in "The Phynx" (1970) and returned to TV with the leads in some television pilots that appeared as made for television movies on the "ABC Movie of the Week", "Yuma" (1971), "Hardcase" (1972), and "The Bounty Man" (1972).


title: Clint Walker

text: In May 1971 he was seriously injured in a skiing accident on Mammoth Mountain when one of his ski poles went through his chest but he recovered.


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker supported Telly Savalas in the biopic "Pancho Villa" (1972) and starred a short-lived series in 1974 called "Kodiak", playing an Alaskan patrolman. He starred in the made-for-television cult film "Killdozer!" The same year as well as "Scream of the Wolf" (1974).


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker starred in "Baker's Hawk" (1976) and had support parts in "Snowbeast" (1977), and "The White Buffalo" (1977). He starred in the Canadian "Deadly Harvest" (1977) and had a small role in "Centennial" and "Mysterious Island of Beautiful Women" (1979).


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker met western author Kirby Jonas through James Drury, a mutual friend. Jonas and Walker subsequently spent two years collaborating on a storyline by Walker involving gold and the Yaqui. The partnership led to the publication of the 2003 Western novel "Yaqui Gold" ().


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1505 Vine Street, near its intersection with Sunset Boulevard (approximate coordinates: ).


title: Clint Walker

text: In 2004, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.


title: Clint Walker

text: In 2017 he was presented an inlaid bronze star medallion on the Texas Trail of Fame in the Fort Worth Stockyards National Historic District.


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker had three marriages, each of which lasted approximately twenty years. Walker married Verna Garver in 1948. The marriage produced one daughter, Valerie (born 1950) before ending in divorce in 1968. Valerie became one of the first female airline pilots.


title: Clint Walker

text: In 1974, Walker married Giselle Hennessy, who died in 1994. Walker then married Susan Cavallari in 1997. Eventually he took up residence in Grass Valley, California.


title: Clint Walker

text: In May 1971, Walker narrowly escaped death in a skiing accident at Mammoth Mountain, California. While following the contours of the twisting, irregular terrain Walker began tumbling out of control before coming to an abrupt, violent stop in which he was pierced through the heart with a ski pole. He was taken to a hospital and pronounced dead. However, a doctor detected faint signs of life and rushed Walker to surgery, where his damaged heart was repaired. Within two months, Walker was working again. Walker has said about the accident that he had a near-death experience.


title: Clint Walker

text: Walker died of congestive heart failure in Grass Valley, California, on May 21, 2018, nine days before his 91st birthday.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: On March 27, 1980, a series of volcanic explosions and pyroclastic flows began at Mount St. Helens in Skamania County, Washington, United States. A series of phreatic blasts occurred from the summit and escalated until a major explosive eruption took place on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 AM. The eruption, which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 5, was the most significant to occur in the contiguous United States since the much smaller 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. It has often been declared the most disastrous volcanic eruption in U.S. history.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a large bulge and a fracture system on the mountain's north slope. An earthquake at 8:32:11 am PDT (UTC−7) on Sunday, May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, a sector collapse which was the largest subaerial landslide in recorded history. This allowed the partly molten rock, rich in high-pressure gas and steam, to suddenly explode northward toward Spirit Lake in a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock, overtaking the landslide. An eruption column rose into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states and various Canadian provinces. At the same time, snow, ice, and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted, forming a series of large lahars (volcanic mudslides) that reached as far as the Columbia River, nearly to the southwest. Less severe outbursts continued into the next day, only to be followed by other large, but not as destructive, eruptions later that year. Thermal energy released during the eruption was equal to 26 megatons of TNT.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: About 57 people were killed, including innkeeper and World War I veteran Harry R. Truman, photographers Reid Blackburn and Robert Landsburg, and geologist David A. Johnston. Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland, causing over $1 billion in damage (equivalent to $ billion in ), thousands of animals were killed, and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side. At the time of the eruption, the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad, but afterward, the railroad donated the land to the United States Forest Service. The area was later preserved in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Mount St. Helens remained dormant from its last period of activity in the 1840s and 1850s until March 1980. Several small earthquakes, beginning on March 15, indicated that magma might have begun moving below the volcano. On March 20, at 3:45 pm Pacific Standard Time (all times are in PST or PDT), a shallow, magnitude-4.2 earthquake centered below the volcano's north flank, signaled the volcano's return from 123 years of hibernation. A gradually building earthquake swarm saturated area seismographs and started to climax at about noon on March 25, reaching peak levels in the next two days, including an earthquake registering 5.1 on the Richter scale. A total of 174 shocks of magnitude 2.6 or greater was recorded during those two days.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Shocks of magnitude 3.2 or greater occurred at a slightly increasing rate during April and May, with five earthquakes of magnitude 4 or above per day in early April, and eight per day the week before May 18. Initially, no direct sign of eruption was seen, but small earthquake-induced avalanches of snow and ice were reported from aerial observations.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: At 12:36 pm on March 27, phreatic eruptions (explosions of steam caused by magma suddenly heating groundwater) ejected and smashed rock from within the old summit crater, excavating a new crater and sending an ash column about into the air. By this date, a eastward-trending fracture system had also developed across the summit area. This was followed by more earthquake swarms and a series of steam explosions that sent ash above their vent. Most of this ash fell between from its vent, but some was carried south to Bend, Oregon, or east to Spokane, Washington.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: A second, new crater and a blue flame were observed on March 29. The flame was visibly emitted from both craters and was probably created by burning gases. Static electricity generated from ash clouds rolling down the volcano sent out lightning bolts that were up to long. Ninety-three separate outbursts were reported on March 30, and increasingly strong harmonic tremors were first detected on April 1, alarming geologists and prompting Governor Dixy Lee Ray to declare a state of emergency on April 3. Governor Ray issued an executive order on April 30 creating a "red zone" around the volcano; anyone caught in this zone without a pass faced a $500 fine (equivalent to $ today) or six months in jail. This precluded many cabin owners from visiting their property.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: By April 7, the combined crater was and deep. A USGS team determined in the last week of April that a section of St. Helens' north face was displaced outward by at least . For the rest of April and early May, this bulge grew by per day, and by mid-May, it extended more than north. As the bulge moved northward, the summit area behind it progressively sank, forming a complex, down-dropped block called a graben. Geologists announced on April 30 that sliding of the bulge area was the greatest immediate danger and that such a landslide might spark an eruption. These changes in the volcano's shape were related to the overall deformation that increased the volume of the volcano by by mid-May. This volume increase presumably corresponded to the volume of magma that pushed into the volcano and deformed its surface. Because the intruding magma remained below ground and was not directly visible, it was called a cryptodome, in contrast to a true lava dome exposed at the surface.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: On May 7, eruptions similar to those in March and April resumed, and over the following days, the bulge approached its maximum size. All activity had been confined to the 350-year-old summit dome and did not involve any new magma. About 10,000 earthquakes were recorded before the May 18 event, with most concentrated in a small zone less than directly below the bulge. Visible eruptions ceased on May 16, reducing public interest and consequently the number of spectators in the area. Mounting public pressure then forced officials to allow 50 carloads of property owners to enter the danger zone on Saturday, May 17, to gather whatever property they could carry. Another trip was scheduled for 10 am the next day, and because that was Sunday, more than 300 loggers who would normally be working in the area were not there. By the time of the climactic eruption, dacite magma intruding into the volcano had forced the north flank outward nearly and heated the volcano's groundwater system, causing many steam-driven explosions (phreatic eruptions).


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: As May 18 dawned, Mount St. Helens' activity did not show any change from the pattern of the preceding month. The rates of bulge movement and sulfur dioxide emission, and ground temperature readings did not reveal any changes indicating a catastrophic eruption. USGS volcanologist David A. Johnston was on duty at an observation post around north of the volcano: as of 6:00 am, Johnston's measurements did not indicate any unusual activity.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: At 8:32 am, a magnitude-5.1 earthquake centered directly below the north slope triggered that part of the volcano to slide, approximately 7–20 seconds after the shock. The landslide, the largest in recorded history, traveled at and moved across Spirit Lake's west arm. Part of it hit a ridge about north. Some of the slide spilled over the ridge, but most of it moved down the North Fork Toutle River, filling its valley up to deep with avalanche debris. An area of about was covered, and the total volume of the deposit was about .


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Scientists were able to reconstruct the motion of the landslide from a series of rapid photographs by Gary Rosenquist, who was camping away from the blast. Rosenquist, his party, and his photographs survived because the blast was deflected by local topography short of his location.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Most of St. Helens' former north side became a rubble deposit long, averaging thick; the slide was thickest at below Spirit Lake and thinnest at its western margin. The landslide temporarily displaced the waters of Spirit Lake to the ridge north of the lake, in a giant wave about high. This, in turn, created a avalanche of debris consisting of the returning waters and thousands of uprooted trees and stumps. Some of these remained intact with roots, but most had been sheared off at the stump seconds earlier by the blast of superheated volcanic gas and ash that had immediately followed and overtaken the initial landslide. The debris was transported along with the water as it returned to its basin, raising the surface level of Spirit Lake by about .


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Four decades after the eruption, floating log mats persist on Spirit Lake and nearby St. Helens Lake, changing position with the wind. The rest of the trees, especially those that were not completely detached from their roots, were turned upright by their own weight and became waterlogged, sinking into the muddy sediments at the bottom where they are in the process of becoming petrified in the anaerobic and mineral-rich waters. This provides insight into other sites with a similar fossil record.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The landslide exposed the dacite magma in St. Helens' neck to much lower pressure, causing the gas-charged, partially molten rock and high-pressure steam above it to explode a few seconds after the landslide started. Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide, blasting rock debris northward. The resulting blast directed the pyroclastic flow laterally. It consisted of very hot volcanic gases, ash, and pumice formed from new lava, as well as pulverized old rock, which hugged the ground. Initially moving about , the blast quickly accelerated to around , and it may have briefly passed the speed of sound.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Pyroclastic flow material passed over the moving avalanche and spread outward, devastating a fan-shaped area 23 miles across by 19 miles long (37 km × 31 km). In total, about of forest were knocked down, and extreme heat killed trees miles beyond the blow-down zone. At its vent, the lateral blast probably did not last longer than about 30 seconds, but the northward-radiating and expanding blast cloud continued for about another minute.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Superheated flow material flashed water in Spirit Lake and North Fork Toutle River to steam, creating a larger, secondary explosion that was heard as far away as British Columbia, Montana, Idaho, and Northern California, yet many areas closer to the eruption (Portland, Oregon, for example) did not hear the blast. This so-called "quiet zone" extended radially a few tens of miles from the volcano and was created by the complex response of the eruption's sound waves to differences in temperature and air motion of the atmospheric layers, and to a lesser extent, local topography.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Later studies indicated that one-third of the of material in the flow was new lava, and the rest was fragmented, older rock.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The huge ensuing ash cloud sent skyward from St. Helens' northern foot was visible throughout the quiet zone. The near-supersonic lateral blast, loaded with volcanic debris, caused devastation as far as from the volcano. The area affected by the blast can be subdivided into roughly concentric zones:


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: By the time this pyroclastic flow hit its first human victims, it was still as hot as and filled with suffocating gas and flying debris. Most of the 57 people known to have died in that day's eruption succumbed to asphyxiation, while several died from burns. Lodge owner Harry R. Truman was buried under hundreds of feet of avalanche material. Volcanologist David A. Johnston was one of those killed, as was Reid Blackburn, a "National Geographic" photographer. Robert Landsburg, another photographer, was killed by the ash cloud. He was able to protect his film with his body, and the surviving photos provided geologists with valuable documentation of the historic eruption.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Subsequent outpourings of pyroclastic material from the breach left by the landslide consisted mainly of new magmatic debris rather than fragments of pre-existing volcanic rocks. The resulting deposits formed a fan-like pattern of overlapping sheets, tongues, and lobes. At least 17 separate pyroclastic flows occurred during the May 18 eruption, and their aggregate volume was about .


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The flow deposits were still at about two weeks after they erupted. Secondary steam-blast eruptions fed by this heat created pits on the northern margin of the pyroclastic-flow deposits, at the south shore of Spirit Lake, and along the upper part of the North Fork Toutle River. These steam-blast explosions continued sporadically for weeks or months after the emplacement of pyroclastic flows, and at least one occurred a year later, on May 16, 1981.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: As the avalanche and initial pyroclastic flow were still advancing, a huge ash column grew to a height of above the expanding crater in less than 10 minutes and spread tephra into the stratosphere for 10 straight hours. Near the volcano, the swirling ash particles in the atmosphere generated lightning, which in turn started many forest fires. During this time, parts of the mushroom-shaped ash-cloud column collapsed, and fell back upon the earth. This fallout, mixed with magma, mud, and steam, sent additional pyroclastic flows speeding down St. Helens' flanks. Later, slower flows came directly from the new north-facing crater and consisted of glowing pumice bombs and very hot pumiceous ash. Some of these hot flows covered ice or water, which flashed to steam, creating craters up to in diameter and sending ash as much as into the air.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Strong, high-altitude wind carried much of this material east-northeasterly from the volcano at an average speed around . By 9:45 am, it had reached Yakima, Washington, away, and by 11:45 am, it was over Spokane, Washington. A total of of ash fell on Yakima, and areas as far east as Spokane were plunged into darkness by noon, where visibility was reduced to and of ash fell. Continuing eastward, St. Helens' ash fell in the western part of Yellowstone National Park by 10:15 pm, and was seen on the ground in Denver the next day. In time, ash fall from this eruption was reported as far away as Minnesota and Oklahoma, and some of the ash drifted around the globe within about 2 weeks.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: During the nine hours of vigorous eruptive activity, about 540,000,000 tons () of ash fell over an area of more than . The total volume of the ash before its compaction by rainfall was about . The volume of the uncompacted ash is equivalent to about of solid rock, or about 7% of the amount of material that slid off in the debris avalanche. By around 5:30 pm on May 18, the vertical ash column declined in stature, but less severe outbursts continued through the next several days.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Generally, given that the way airborne ash is deposited after an eruption is strongly influenced by the meteorological conditions, a certain variation of the ash type will occur, as a function of distance to the volcano or time elapsed from eruption. The ash from Mount St. Helens is no exception, hence the ash properties have large variations.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The bulk chemical composition of the ash has been found to be about 65% silicon dioxide, 18% aluminum oxide, 5% ferric oxide, 4% each calcium oxide and sodium oxide, and 2% magnesium oxide. Trace elements were also detected, their concentrations varying as 0.05–0.09% chlorine, 0.02–0.03% fluorine, and 0.09–0.3% sulfur.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The index of refraction, a measure used in physics to describe how light propagates through a particular substance, is an important property of volcanic ash. This number is "complex", having both "real" and "imaginary" parts, the real part indicating how light disperses and the imaginary part indicating how light is absorbed by the substance.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The silicate particles are known to have a real index of refraction ranging between 1.5 and 1.6 for visible light. However, a spectrum of colors is associated with samples of volcanic ash, from very light to dark gray. This makes for variations in the measured imaginary refractive index under visible light.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: For example, when comparing the imaginary part of the refractive index "k" of stratospheric ash from from the volcano, they have similar values around 700 nm (around 0.009), while they differ significantly around 300 nm. Here, the sample ("k" was found to be around 0.009) was much more absorbent than the sample ("k" was found to be around 0.002).


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The hot, exploding material also broke apart and melted nearly all of the mountain's glaciers, along with most of the overlying snow. As in many previous St. Helens' eruptions, this created huge lahars (volcanic mudflows) and muddy floods that affected three of the four stream drainage systems on the mountain, and which started to move as early as 8:50 am. Lahars travelled as fast as while still high on the volcano, but progressively slowed to about on the flatter and wider parts of rivers. Mudflows from the southern and eastern flanks had the consistency of wet concrete as they raced down Muddy River, Pine Creek, and Smith Creek to their confluence at the Lewis River. Bridges were taken out at the mouth of Pine Creek and the head of Swift Reservoir, which rose by noon to accommodate the nearly of additional water, mud, and debris.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Glacier and snowmelt mixed with tephra on the volcano's northeast slope to create much larger lahars. These mudflows traveled down the north and south forks of the Toutle River and joined at the confluence of the Toutle forks and the Cowlitz River near Castle Rock, Washington, at 1:00 pm. Ninety minutes after the eruption, the first mudflow had moved upstream, where observers at Weyerhaeuser's Camp Baker saw a wall of muddy water and debris pass. Near the confluence of the Toutle's north and south forks at Silver Lake, a record flood stage of was recorded.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: A large but slower-moving mudflow with a mortar-like consistency was mobilized in early afternoon at the head of the Toutle River north fork. By 2:30 pm, the massive mudflow had destroyed Camp Baker, and in the following hours, seven bridges were carried away. Part of the flow backed up for soon after entering the Cowlitz River, but most continued downstream. After traveling further, an estimated of material were injected into the Columbia River, reducing the river's depth by for a stretch. The resulting river depth temporarily closed the busy channel to ocean-going freighters, costing Portland, Oregon, an estimated $5 million (equivalent to $ million today). Ultimately, more than of sediment were dumped along the lower Cowlitz and Columbia Rivers.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The May 18, 1980, event was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the contiguous United States. About 57 people were killed directly from the blast, and 200 houses, 47 bridges, of railways, and of highway were destroyed; two people were killed indirectly in accidents that resulted from poor visibility, and two more suffered fatal heart attacks from shoveling ash. U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage, and said it looked more desolate than a moonscape.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: A film crew was dropped by helicopter on Mount St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction, but their compasses spun in circles and they quickly became lost. A second eruption occurred the next day (see below), but the crew survived and was rescued two days after that. The eruption ejected more than of material. A quarter of that volume was fresh lava in the form of ash, pumice, and volcanic bombs, while the rest was fragmented, older rock. The removal of the north side of the mountain (13% of the cone's volume) reduced Mount St. Helens' height by about and left a crater wide and deep with its north end open in a huge breach.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: More than of timber were damaged or destroyed, mainly by the lateral blast. At least 25% of the destroyed timber was salvaged after September 1980. Downwind of the volcano, in areas of thick ash accumulation, many agricultural crops, such as wheat, apples, potatoes, and alfalfa, were destroyed. As many as 1,500 elk and 5,000 deer were killed, and an estimated 12 million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings died when their hatcheries were destroyed. Another estimated 40,000 young salmon were lost when they swam through turbine blades of hydroelectric generators after reservoir levels were lowered along the Lewis River to accommodate possible mudflows and flood waters.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: In total, Mount St. Helens released 24 megatons of thermal energy, seven of which were a direct result of the blast. This is equivalent to 1,600 times the size of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The first point regards two officially listed victims, Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer. They were reported missing after the explosion. In the aftermath, investigators were able to locate individuals named Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer who were alive and well. However, they were unable to determine who reported Hiatt missing, and the person who was listed as reporting Thayer missing claimed she was not the one who had done so. Since the investigators could not thus verify that they were the "same" Hiatt and Thayer who were reported missing, the names remain listed among the presumed dead.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The second point regards three missing people who are not officially listed as victims: Robert Ruffle, Steven Whitsett, and Mark Melanson. Cowlitz County Emergency Services Management lists them as "Possibly Missing — Not on [the official] List". According to Melanson's brother, in October 1983, Cowlitz County officials told his family that Melanson "is believed [...] a victim of the May 18, 1980, eruption" and that after years of searching, the family eventually decided "he's buried in the ash".


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Taking these two points of dispute into consideration, the direct death toll could be as low as 55 or as high as 60. When combined with the four indirect victims (two dying from vehicle accidents due to poor visibility, and two dying from heart attacks triggered by shovelling ash) those numbers range from 59 to 64.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The ash fall created some temporary major problems with transportation, sewage disposal, and water treatment systems. Visibility was greatly decreased during the ash fall, closing many highways and roads. Interstate 90 from Seattle to Spokane was closed for a week and a half. Air travel was disrupted for between a few days and two weeks, as several airports in eastern Washington shut down because of ash accumulation and poor visibility. Over a thousand commercial flights were cancelled following airport closures. Fine-grained, gritty ash caused substantial problems for internal combustion engines and other mechanical and electrical equipment. The ash contaminated oil systems, clogged air filters, and scratched moving surfaces. Fine ash caused short circuits in electrical transformers, which in turn caused power blackouts.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Removing and disposing of the ash was a monumental task for some Eastern Washington communities. State and federal agencies estimated that over of ash, equivalent to about 900,000 tons in weight, were removed from highways and airports in Washington. The ash removal cost $2.2 million and took 10 weeks in Yakima. The need to remove ash quickly from transport routes and civil works dictated the selection of some disposal sites. Some cities used old quarries and existing sanitary landfills; others created dump sites wherever expedient. To minimize wind reworking of ash dumps, the surfaces of some disposal sites were covered with topsoil and seeded with grass. In Portland, the mayor eventually threatened businesses with fines if they failed to remove the ash from their parking lots.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: A refined estimate of $1.1 billion ($3.4 billion ) was determined in a study by the International Trade Commission at the request of the United States Congress. A supplemental appropriation of $951 million for disaster relief was voted by Congress, of which the largest share went to the Small Business Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Also, indirect and intangible costs of the eruption were incurred. Unemployment in the immediate region of Mount St. Helens rose 10-fold in the weeks immediately following the eruption, and then returned to near-normal levels once timber-salvaging and ash-cleanup operations were underway. Only a small percentage of residents left the region because of lost jobs owing to the eruption. Several months after May 18, a few residents reported suffering stress and emotional problems, though they had coped successfully during the crisis. Counties in the region requested funding for mental-health programs to assist such people.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Initial public reaction to the May 18 eruption dealt a nearly crippling blow to tourism, an important industry in Washington. Not only was tourism down in the Mount St. Helens–Gifford Pinchot National Forest area, but conventions, meetings and social gatherings also were cancelled or postponed at cities and resorts elsewhere in Washington and neighboring Oregon not affected by the eruption. The adverse effect on tourism and conventioneering, however, proved only temporary. Mount St. Helens, perhaps because of its reawakening, has regained its appeal for tourists. The U.S. Forest Service and the State of Washington opened visitor centers and provided access for people to view the volcano's devastation.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: St. Helens produced an additional five explosive eruptions between May and October 1980. Through early 1990, at least 21 periods of eruptive activity had occurred. The volcano remains active, with smaller, dome-building eruptions continuing into 2008.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: An eruption occurred on May 25, 1980, at 2:30 am that sent an ash column into the atmosphere. The eruption was preceded by a sudden increase in earthquake activity, and occurred during a rainstorm. Erratic wind from the storm carried ash from the eruption to the south and west, lightly dusting large parts of western Washington and Oregon. Pyroclastic flows exited the northern breach and covered avalanche debris, lahars, and other pyroclastic flows deposited by the May 18 eruption.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: At 7:05 pm on June 12, a plume of ash billowed above the volcano. At 9:09 pm, a much stronger explosion sent an ash column about skyward. This event caused the Portland area, previously spared by wind direction, to be thinly coated with ash in the middle of the annual Rose Festival.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: A dacite dome then oozed into existence on the crater floor, growing to a height of and a width of within a week.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: A series of large explosions on July 22 broke more than a month of relative quiet. The July eruptive episode was preceded by several days of measurable expansion of the summit area, heightened earthquake activity, and changed emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. The first hit at 5:14 pm as an ash column shot and was followed by a faster blast at 6:25 pm that pushed the ash column above its previous maximum height in just 7.5 minutes. The final explosion started at 7:01 pm, and continued over two hours. When the relatively small amount of ash settled over eastern Washington, the dome built in June was gone.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Seismic activity and gas emission steadily increased in early August, and on August 7 at 4:26 pm, an ash cloud slowly expanded into the sky. Small pyroclastic flows came through the northern breach and a weaker outpouring of ash rose from the crater. This continued until 10:32 pm, when a second large blast sent ash high into the air, proceeding due north. A second dacite dome filled this vent a few days later.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Two months of repose were ended by an eruption lasting from October 16 to 18. This event obliterated the second dome, sent ash 10 mi in the air and created small, red-hot pyroclastic flows. A third dome began to form within 30 minutes after the final explosion on October 18, and within a few days, it was about wide and high. In spite of the dome growth next to it, a new glacier formed rapidly inside the crater.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: All of the post-1980 eruptions were quiet dome-building events, beginning with the December 27, 1980, to January 3, 1981, episode. By 1987, the third dome had grown to be more than wide and high.


title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: The 2004–2008 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens has been documented as a continuous eruption with a gradual extrusion of magma at the Mount St. Helens volcano. Starting in October 2004, a gradual building of a new lava dome happened. The new dome did not rise above the crater created by the 1980 eruption. This activity lasted until January 2008.


title: Don Bluth

text: Donald Virgil Bluth (; born September 13, 1937) is an American film director, animator, production designer, and animation instructor, best known for his animated films, including "The Secret of NIMH" (1982), "An American Tail" (1986), "The Land Before Time" (1988), "All Dogs Go to Heaven" (1989), "Anastasia" (1997), and "Titan A.E." (2000), for his involvement in the LaserDisc game "Dragon's Lair" (1983), and for competing with former employer Walt Disney Productions during the years leading up to the films that became the Disney Renaissance. He is the older brother of illustrator Toby Bluth.


title: Don Bluth

text: Bluth was born in El Paso, Texas, to Emaline (née Pratt) and Virgil Ronceal Bluth. His maternal grandfather was Rey Pratt from the Pratt family, whose own father Helaman Pratt was an early leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as well as a grandfather of George W. Romney and great-grandfather of Mitt Romney. He is of Swedish, English, Irish, Scottish, and German descent.


title: Don Bluth

text: As a child in El Paso, he rode his horse to the town movie theater to watch Disney films. Bluth later said, "then I'd go home and copy every Disney comic book I could find". At the age of six, his family moved to Payson, Utah, where he lived on a family farm. Bluth has stated that he and his siblings do not communicate with each other as adults. In 1954, his family moved to Santa Monica, California. There, Bluth attended Brigham Young University in Utah for one year. Afterwards, in 1955, he was hired by Walt Disney Productions as an assistant to John Lounsbery for "Sleeping Beauty" (1959). In 1957, Bluth left Disney, recalling he found the work to be "kind of boring". For two and a half years, Bluth resided in Argentina on a mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He returned to the United States where he opened a local theater in Culver City, producing musicals such as "The Music Man" and "The Sound of Music".


title: Don Bluth

text: Bluth returned to college and earned a degree in English literature from Brigham Young University. In 1967, Bluth returned to the animation industry, and joined Filmation working on layouts for "The Archie Show" and "Sabrina the Teenage Witch". In 1971, he returned full-time to Disney as an animation trainee. His first project was "Robin Hood" (1973), in which he animated sequences of Robin Hood stealing gold from Prince John, rescuing a rabbit infant, and romancing Maid Marian near a waterfall. For "Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too" (1974), he animated Rabbit alongside John Lounsbery. During production on "The Rescuers" (1977), Bluth was promoted to directing animator alongside the remaining members of Disney's Nine Old Men. He then worked as an animation director on "Pete's Dragon" (1977). His last involvement with Disney was the 1978 short "The Small One". Meanwhile, he produced his first independent film, "Banjo the Woodpile Cat".


title: Don Bluth

text: For "The Fox and the Hound" (1981), Bluth animated several scenes of the character Widow Tweed. During production, creative differences between Bluth and studio executives had arisen concerning artistic control and animation training practices. On his 42nd birthday in 1979, Bluth resigned from the studio to establish his own animation studio, Don Bluth Productions, along with Gary Goldman, John Pomeroy, and nine fellow Disney animators. To this end, Don Bluth Productions demonstrated its ability in its first production, a short film titled "Banjo the Woodpile Cat", and this led to work on an animated segment of the live-action film "Xanadu" (1980). The studio's first feature-length film was "The Secret of NIMH" (1982). Bluth employed 160 animators during the production and agreed to the first profit sharing contract in the animation industry. Though only a moderate success in the box office, the movie received critical acclaim. Later, with the home video release and cable showings, it became a cult classic. Nevertheless, due to the modest gross and an industry-wide animation strike, Don Bluth Productions filed for bankruptcy.


title: Don Bluth

text: His next film would have been an animated version of the Norwegian folk tale "East of the Sun and West of the Moon", but the financial resources were drawn back and it was never made.


title: Don Bluth

text: In 1981, he, Rick Dyer, Goldman, and Pomeroy started the Bluth Group and created the arcade game "Dragon's Lair", an on rails game which let the player choose between simple paths for an animated-cartoon character on screen (whose adventures were played off a LaserDisc). This was followed in 1984 by "Space Ace", a science-fiction game based on the same technology, but which gave the player a choice of different routes to take through the story. Bluth not only created the animation for "Space Ace", but he also supplied the voice of the villain, Borf. Work on a "Dragon's Lair" sequel was underway when the video arcade business crashed. Bluth's studio was left without a source of income and the Bluth Group filed for bankruptcy on March 1, 1985. A sequel called "" was made in 1991, but it was rarely seen in arcades.


title: Don Bluth

text: An adaptation of "Beauty and the Beast" was also planned to be directed by Bluth in 1984, but the project was canceled by Columbia Pictures upon discovering that Walt Disney Pictures had plans for their own adaptation.


title: Don Bluth

text: In 1985, Bluth, Pomeroy, and Goldman established, with businessman Morris Sullivan, the Sullivan Bluth Studios. It initially operated from an animation facility in Van Nuys, California, but later moved to Dublin, Ireland, to take advantage of government investment and incentives. Sullivan Bluth Studios also helped boost animation as an industry within Ireland. Bluth and his colleagues taught an animation course at Ballyfermot Senior College.


title: Don Bluth

text: Teaming up with producer Steven Spielberg, Bluth's next project was "An American Tail" (1986), which at the time of its release became the highest grossing non-Disney animated film of all time, grossing $45 million in the United States and over $84 million worldwide. The second Spielberg-Bluth collaboration "The Land Before Time" (1988) did even better in theaters and both found a successful life on home video. The main character in "An American Tail" (Fievel Mouskewitz) became the mascot for Amblimation while "The Land Before Time" was followed by thirteen direct-to-video sequels (none of which had any involvement from Bluth or Spielberg).


title: Don Bluth

text: Bluth ended his working relationship with Spielberg before his next film, "All Dogs Go to Heaven" (1989), and was not involved with the Spielberg-produced "", released in 1991. Although "All Dogs Go To Heaven" only had moderate theatrical success, it was highly successful in its release to home video. He also directed films, such as "Rock-a-Doodle" (1992), "Thumbelina" (1994), "A Troll in Central Park" (1994), and "The Pebble and the Penguin" (1995), which were all critical and box office failures.


title: Don Bluth

text: Bluth scored a hit with "Anastasia" (1997), produced at Fox Animation Studios in Phoenix, Arizona, which grossed nearly US$140 million worldwide. In a positive review of the movie, critic Roger Ebert observed that its creators "consciously include[d] the three key ingredients in the big Disney hits: action, romance, and music." "Anastasia" became Don Bluth's most commercially successful film and it established 20th Century Fox as a Disney competitor until 2019, when Disney purchased the company, and with it, "Anastasia" became part of Disney's library, which lead to speculation and enthusiasm that "Anastasia" would be added to the Disney Princess lineup.


title: Don Bluth

text: Despite the success of "Anastasia," Bluth resumed his string of box office failures with "Titan A.E." (2000), which made less than $37 million worldwide despite an estimated $75 million budget. In 2000, 20th Century Fox Studios shut down the Fox Animation Studio facility in Phoenix, making "Titan A.E." the last traditionally animated film released by 20th Century Fox in theaters until the release of 2007's "The Simpsons Movie". It also stands as Bluth's most recent theatrical film as a director.


title: Don Bluth

text: On October 26, 2015, Bluth and Goldman started a Kickstarter campaign in hopes of resurrecting hand-drawn animation by creating an animated feature-length film of "Dragon's Lair". Bluth plans for the film to provide more backstory for Dirk and Daphne and show that she is not a "blonde airhead". The Kickstarter funding was canceled when not enough funds had been made close to the deadline, but an Indiegogo page for the project was created in its place.


title: Don Bluth

text: On December 14, 2015, the Indiegogo campaign reached its goal of $250,000, 14 days after the campaign launched; the total exceeded $728,000.


title: Don Bluth

text: On March 26, 2020, it was announced that a live-action "Dragon's Lair" film starring Ryan Reynolds would be released on Netflix later in the year, although it ended up being postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Bluth will be listed as a producer.


title: Don Bluth

text: On September 11, 2020, it was announced that Bluth had launched a new animation studio called Don Bluth Studios with animator and vice president of the company Lavalle Lee, founder of traditionalanimation.com. His goal is to bring a "renaissance of hand-drawn animation", in the belief that there is an audience demand for it. His first project is called "Bluth's Fables", an anthology of short stories written, narrated, and drawn by Bluth. The stories will stylistically resemble Aesop's Fables and nursery rhymes. The studio's productions will be live-streamed first, and then uploaded to YouTube. "Bluth's Fables" is done with pencil tests and then traced and colored in Clip Studio Paint.


title: Don Bluth

text: Throughout Don Bluth's career, there were many projects that ended up unproduced or unfinished due to studio closures, Bluth's severed partnership with Steven Spielberg, or the video game crash of 1983. Many art designs, filmed animation tests and videos of these unfinished projects still circulate online.


title: Don Bluth

text: The earliest of Bluth's unfinished film projects is a Disney-produced animated short film adaptation of the fairy tale "The Pied Piper of Hamelin" from the early 1970s.


title: Don Bluth

text: After "The Secret of NIMH", Bluth began developing an animated feature film adaptation of "Beauty and the Beast". While a few scenes were produced in 1984, the film's production was officially cancelled in 1989, when Don Bluth and the film's distributor Columbia Pictures heard the news of Disney beginning work on their own animated adaptation. That same time, Bluth began developing an animated adaptation of "East of the Sun and West of the Moon". Ultimately, the film was never made due to a loss of financial backing. Following Don Bluth's partnership with Steven Spielberg, 1986's "An American Tail" was released as Bluth's second film instead. During production of "East of the Sun and West of the Moon", Bluth also animated a demo reel of "Jawbreaker", a proposed television series by Phil Mendez of a boy who finds a magical tooth. The series however, was not greenlit.


title: Don Bluth

text: After acquiring the rights to The Beatles songs in the mid-1980s, Michael Jackson approached Bluth with a movie idea called "Strawberry Fields Forever". The film would have had animated "Fantasia"-style vignettes featuring Beatles songs, similar to "Yellow Submarine". Bluth agreed to the idea, and even planned to produce the film in computer animation. Had the movie been made, it would have predated the ground-breaking 1995 Pixar film "Toy Story" by about eight years. The project fell through when surviving Beatles members denied permission to use their images in the animated film. Only a scene of test footage featuring a group of "Beatle's gangsters" survives.


title: Don Bluth

text: Two more films were planned during Bluth's partnership with Steven Spielberg and George Lucas. The first film was an animated adaptation of "The Velveteen Rabbit", a story about an abandoned toy rabbit in pursuit of its child owner. The second film was "Satyrday", based on a story by Steven Bauer about a young boy in a fantasy world who defends the moon and sun from evil forces. Some of the film's concepts were later realized as the 2014 French animated film "". After his partnership with Spielberg ended, Bluth began planning another film titled "The Little Blue Whale" with screenwriter Robert Towne. The planned film was about a little girl and her animal friends who try to protect a little whale from evil whalers.


title: Don Bluth

text: Other unrealized projects also included plans for an animated short film centered around a magical talking pencil starring Dom DeLuise, animated film adaptations of the books "Quintaglio Ascension", "The Belgariad", and "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". The latter productions were canceled following the box office failure of "Titan A.E." and subsequent closure of Fox Animation Studios. In 2005, a live-action "Hitchhiker's" film was released by Touchstone Pictures.


title: Don Bluth

text: Following the success of "Dragon's Lair" in 1983, Don Bluth began plans for seven more arcade games: "The Sea Beast", "Jason and the Golden Fleece", "Devil's Island", "Haywire", "Drac", "Cro Magnon", and "Sorceress". Due to the budgeting issues and the 1983 video game crash, these projects were abandoned. The sequel to "Dragon's Lair", "", would be shelved until its eventual release in 1991.


title: Don Bluth

text: Blitz Games planned a video game adaptation of "Titan A.E." to be released for the PlayStation and PC in fall 2000 in North America, following the film's summer release. Development on both platforms had begun in March 1999 under the film's original title "Planet Ice", and an early playable version was showcased at the 2000 Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles. In July 2000, a spokesman from the game's publisher, Fox Interactive, announced that development on the title had been halted largely due to the film's poor box office performance which was "only one of many different factors" that led to its cancellation.


title: Don Bluth

text: A sequel to the 2003 game "I-Ninja" was planned, which had input from Bluth. Work on the sequel started soon after the first game's release, but its studio Argonaut Games had some economic problems and eventually closed down in October 2004. The few aspects remaining from "I-Ninja 2" development are some concept drawings.


title: Don Bluth

text: A project called "Pac-Man Adventures" was originally planned in partnership with Namco around 2003, but was scrapped due to financial problems on Namco's part leading to their merger with Bandai in 2007 and whatever development assets were left over was made into "Pac-Man World 3" with no involvement from Bluth.


title: Don Bluth

text: In 2002, Bluth and video game company Ubisoft developed the video game "", an attempt to recreate the feel of the original "Dragon's Lair" LaserDisc game in a more interactive, three-dimensional environment. Reviews were mixed, with critics both praising and panning the controls and storyline. However, the visuals were noteworthy, using groundbreaking cel-shading techniques that lent the game a hand-animated feel. , Don Bluth and Gary Goldman were seeking funding for a film version of "Dragon's Lair". After apparently sitting in development for over a decade, the project raised over $570,000 via a successful crowdfunding campaign in January 2016.


title: Don Bluth

text: Bluth and Goldman continued to work in video games and were hired to create the in-game cinematics for Namco's "I-Ninja", released in 2003.


title: Don Bluth

text: In 2004, Bluth did the animation for the music video "Mary", by the Scissor Sisters. The band contacted Bluth after having recalled fond memories of the sequence from "Xanadu".


title: Don Bluth

text: In 2009, Bluth was asked to produce storyboards for, and to direct, the 30-minute Saudi Arabian festival film "Gift of the Hoopoe". He ultimately had little say in the animation and content of the film and asked that he not be credited as the director or producer. Nonetheless, he was credited as the director.


title: Don Bluth

text: In 2011, Bluth and his game development company Square One Studios worked with Warner Bros. Digital Distribution to develop a modern reinterpretation of the 1983 arcade classic "Tapper", titled "Tapper World Tour".


title: Don Bluth

text: Bluth has authored a series of books for students of animation: 2004's "The Art of Storyboard", and 2005's "The Art of Animation Drawing". On December 17, 2021, Bluth announced he was publishing a memoir, "Somewhere Out There: My Animated Life", released on July 19, 2022.


title: Don Bluth

text: In the 1990s, Bluth began hosting youth theater productions in the living room of his Scottsdale, Arizona, home. As the popularity of these productions grew and adults expressed their wishes to become involved, Bluth formed an adult and youth theatre troupe called Don Bluth Front Row Theatre. The troupe's productions were presented in Bluth's home until 2012, when their administrative team leased a space off Shea Boulevard in Scottsdale and converted it into a small theater.


title: Panthera

text: Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae that was named and described by Lorenz Oken in 1816 who placed all the spotted cats in this group. Reginald Innes Pocock revised the classification of this genus in 1916 as comprising the tiger ("P. tigris"), lion ("P. leo"), jaguar ("P. onca"), and leopard ("P. pardus") on the basis of common cranial features. Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard (formerly "Uncia uncia") also belongs to the genus "Panthera" ("P. uncia"), a classification that was accepted by IUCN Red List assessors in 2008.


title: Panthera

text: The tiger, lion, jaguar and leopard are the only cat species with anatomical structures that enable them to roar; the snow leopard cannot. The primary reason for this was formerly assumed to be the incomplete ossification of the hyoid bone. However, new studies show the ability to roar is due to other morphological features, especially of the larynx.


title: Panthera

text: The word "panther" derives from classical Latin "panthēra", itself from the ancient Greek "pánthēr" (πάνθηρ).


title: Panthera

text: In "Panthera" species, the dorsal profile of the skull is flattish or evenly convex. The frontal interorbital area is not noticeably elevated, and the area behind the elevation is less steeply sloped. The basicranial axis is nearly horizontal. The inner chamber of the bullae is large, the outer small. The partition between them is close to the external auditory meatus. The convexly rounded chin is sloping.


title: Panthera

text: All "Panthera" species have an incompletely ossified hyoid bone. A specially adapted larynx with proportionally larger vocal folds is covered in a large fibro-elastic pad. These characteristics enable them to roar. Only the snow leopard cannot roar, as it has shorter vocal folds of that provide a lower resistance to airflow; it was therefore proposed to be retained in the genus "Uncia".


title: Panthera

text: "Panthera" species can prusten, which is a short, soft, snorting sound; it is used during contact between friendly individuals. The roar is an especially loud call with a distinctive pattern that depends on the species.


title: Panthera

text: The geographic origin of the "Panthera" is most likely northern Central Asia. "Panthera blytheae", the oldest known "Panthera" species, is similar in skull features to the snow leopard. The tiger, snow leopard, and clouded leopard genetic lineages dispersed in Southeast Asia during the Miocene.


title: Panthera

text: Genetic studies indicate that the pantherine cats diverged from the subfamily Felinae between six and ten million years ago.


title: Panthera

text: The clouded leopard appears to have diverged about . "Panthera" diverged from other cat species about and then evolved into the species tiger about , snow leopard about and leopard about . Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that the American lion ("P. atrox") is a sister lineage to "P. spelaea" that diverged about .


title: Panthera

text: Results of a 2016 study based on analysis of biparental nuclear genomes suggest the following relationships of living "Panthera" species:


title: Panthera

text: The extinct European jaguar ("Panthera gombaszogensis"), was probably closely related to the modern jaguar. The first fossil remains were excavated in Olivola, in Italy, and date to .


title: Panthera

text: Fossil remains found in South Africa that appear to belong within the "Panthera" lineage date to about .


title: Panthera

text: During the 19th and 20th centuries, various explorers and staff of natural history museums suggested numerous subspecies, or at times called "races", for all "Panthera" species. The taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock reviewed skins and skulls in the zoological collection of the Natural History Museum, London, and grouped subspecies described, thus shortening the lists considerably.


title: Panthera

text: Since the mid-1980s, several "Panthera" species became subjects of genetic research, mostly using blood samples of captive individuals. Study results indicate that many of the lion and leopard subspecies are questionable because of insufficient genetic distinction between them.


title: Panthera

text: Subsequently, it was proposed to group all African leopard populations to "P. p. pardus" and retain eight subspecific names for Asian leopard populations.


title: Panthera

text: Based on genetic research, it was suggested to group all living sub-Saharan lion populations into "P. l. leo".


title: Panthera

text: Results of phylogeographic studies indicate that the Western and Central African lion populations are more closely related to those in India and form a different clade than lion populations in Southern and East Africa; southeastern Ethiopia is an admixture region between North African and East African lion populations.


title: Panthera

text: Black panthers do not form a distinct species, but are melanistic specimens of the genus, most often encountered in the leopard and jaguar.


title: Panthera

text: The following list of the genus "Panthera" is based on the taxonomic assessment in "Mammal Species of the World" and reflects the taxonomy revised in 2017 by the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group:


title: Panthera

text: Other, now invalid, species have also been described, such as "Panthera crassidens" from South Africa, which was later found to be based on a mixture of leopard and cheetah fossils.


title: Panthera

text: In 2018, results of a phylogenetic study on living and fossil cats were published. This study was based on the morphological diversity of the mandibles of saber-toothed cats, their speciation and extinction rates. The generated cladogram indicates a different relation of the "Panthera" species, as shown below:


title: Charlotte's Web

text: Charlotte's Web is a book of children's literature by American author E. B. White and illustrated by Garth Williams; it was published on October 15, 1952, by Harper & Brothers. The novel tells the story of a livestock pig named Wilbur and his friendship with a barn spider named Charlotte. When Wilbur is in danger of being slaughtered by the farmer, Charlotte writes messages praising Wilbur such as "Some Pig" and "Humble" in her web in order to persuade the farmer to let him live.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: Written in White's dry, low-key manner, "Charlotte's Web" is considered a classic of children's literature, enjoyed by adults as well as children. The description of the experience of swinging on a rope swing at the farm is an often-cited example of rhythm in writing, as the pace of the sentences reflects the motion of the swing. In 2000, "Publishers Weekly" listed the book as the best-selling children's paperback of all time.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: "Charlotte's Web" was adapted into an animated feature by Hanna-Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions in 1973. Paramount released a direct-to-video sequel, "", in the U.S. in 2003 (Universal released the film internationally). A live-action film version of E. B. White's original story was released in 2006. A video game based on this adaptation was also released in 2006.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: After a little girl named Fern Arable pleads for the life of the runt of a litter of piglets, her father gives her the pig to nurture, and she names him Wilbur. She treats him as a pet, but a month later, Wilbur is no longer small, and is sold to Fern's uncle, Homer Zuckerman. In Zuckerman's barnyard, Wilbur yearns for companionship, but is snubbed by the other animals. He is befriended by a barn spider named Charlotte, whose web sits in a doorway overlooking Wilbur's enclosure. When Wilbur discovers that he is being raised for slaughter, she promises to hatch a plan guaranteed to spare his life. Fern often sits on a stool, listening to the animals' conversation, but over the course of the story, as she starts to mature, she begins to find other interests.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: As the summer passes, Charlotte ponders the question of how to save Wilbur. At last, she comes up with a plan, which she proceeds to implement. Reasoning that Zuckerman would not kill a famous pig, Charlotte weaves words and short phrases in praise of Wilbur into her web. Charlotte weaves the words "Some Pig" into the web, and the next morning Lurvy sees the web and runs to find Mr. Zuckerman. This makes Wilbur, and the barn as a whole, into tourist attractions, as many people believe the webs to be miracles. After that, Charlotte weaves the word "Terrific" into the web, and then the whole thing starts up again. Charlotte then tells Templeton, a barn rat, to get another word for the web. He goes to the dump and finds the word "radiant" which she then weaves into her web. Fern's mother starts to get worried that she is spending too much time around the animals because she is telling her mother stories about the animals talking. Mrs. Arable then goes to visit Dr. Dorian, who assures everything is fine.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: Wilbur is eventually entered into the county fair, and Charlotte, as well as Templeton, accompany him. He fails to win the blue ribbon, but is awarded a special prize by the judges. Charlotte weaves the last words into her web, "Humble." Charlotte hears the presentation of the award over the public address system and realizes that the prize means Zuckerman will cherish Wilbur for as long as the pig lives, and will never slaughter him for his meat. However, Charlotte, being a barn spider with a naturally short lifespan, is already dying of natural causes by the time the award is announced. Knowing that she has saved Wilbur, and satisfied with the outcome of her life, she does not return to the barn with Wilbur and Templeton, and instead remains at the fairgrounds to die. However, she allows Wilbur to take with him her egg sac, from which her children will hatch in the spring. Meanwhile, Fern, who has matured significantly since the beginning of the novel, loses interest in Wilbur and starts paying more attention to boys her age. She misses most of the fair's events in order to go on the Ferris wheel with Henry Fussy, one of her classmates.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: Wilbur waits out the winter, a winter he would not have survived but for Charlotte. He is initially delighted when Charlotte's children hatch, but is later devastated when most leave the barn. Only three remain to take up residence in Charlotte's old doorway. Pleased at finding new friends, Wilbur names one of them Nellie, while the remaining two name themselves Joy and Aranea. Further generations of spiders keep Wilbur company in subsequent years.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: Death is a major theme seen throughout "Charlotte's Web" and is brought forth by that of the spider, Charlotte. According to Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web acts as a barrier that separates two worlds. These worlds are that of life and death. Scholar Amy Ratelle says that through Charlotte's continual killing and eating of flies throughout the novel, White makes the concept of death normal for Wilbur and for the readers. Neither Wilbur nor the rat Templeton see death as a part of their lives; Templeton sees it only as something that will happen at some time in the distant future, while Wilbur views it as the end of everything.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: Wilbur constantly has death on his mind at night when he is worrying over whether or not he will be slaughtered. Even though Wilbur is able to escape his death, Charlotte, the spider who takes care of Wilbur, is not able to escape her own. Charlotte passes away, but according to Trudelle H. Thomas, "Yet even in the face of death, life continues and ultimate goodness wins out". Jordan Anne Deveraux explains that E.B. White discusses a few realities of death. From the novel, readers learn that death can be delayed, but that no one can avoid it forever.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: For Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web also acts as a signifier of change. The change Kinghorn refers to is that of both the human world and the farm/barn world. For both of these worlds change is something that cannot be avoided. Along with the changing of the seasons throughout the novel, the characters also go through their own changes. Jordan Anne Deveraux also explains that Wilbur and Fern each go through their changes to transition from childhood closer to adulthood throughout the novel. This is evidenced by Wilbur accepting death and Fern giving up her dolls. Wilbur grows throughout the novel, allowing him to become the caretaker of Charlotte's children just as she was a caretaker for him, as is explained by scholar Sue Misheff. But rather than accept the changes that are forced upon them, according to Sophie Mills, the characters aim to go beyond the limits of change. In a different way, Wilbur goes through a change when he switches locations. Amy Ratelle explains that when he moves from Fern's house to Homer Zuckerman's farm, Wilbur goes from being a loved pet to a farm animal.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: Fern, the little girl in the novel, goes from being a child to being more of an adult. As she goes through this change, Kinghorn notes that it can also be considered a fall from innocence. Wilbur also starts out young and innocent at the beginning of the novel. A comparison is drawn between the innocence and youth of Fern and Wilbur. Sophie Mills states that the two characters can identify with one another. Both Wilbur and Fern are, at first, horrified by the realization that life must end; however, by the end of the novel, both characters learn to accept that, eventually, everything must die. According to Matthew Scully, the novel presents the difference in the worldview of adults versus the world view of children. Children, such as Fern, believe killing another for food is wrong, while adults have learned that it is natural.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: "Charlotte's Web" was published three years after White began writing it. White's editor Ursula Nordstrom said that one day in 1952, E. B. White arrived at her office and handed her a new manuscript, the only copy of "Charlotte's Web" then in existence, which she read soon after and enjoyed. "Charlotte's Web" was released on October 15, 1952.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: Since White published "Death of a Pig" in 1948, an account of his own failure to save a sick pig (bought for butchering), "Charlotte's Web" can be seen as White's attempt "to save his pig in retrospect". White's overall motivation for the book has not been revealed and he has written "I haven't told why I wrote the book, but I haven't told you why I sneeze, either. A book is a sneeze".


title: Charlotte's Web

text: When White met the spider who originally inspired Charlotte, he called her Charlotte Epeira (after "Epeira sclopetaria", the Grey Cross spider, now known as "Larinioides sclopetarius"), before discovering that the more modern name for that genus was "Aranea". In the novel, Charlotte gives her full name as "Charlotte A. Cavatica", revealing her as a barn spider, an orb-weaver with the scientific name "Araneus cavaticus".


title: Charlotte's Web

text: The arachnid anatomical terms (mentioned in the beginning of chapter nine) and other information that White used, came mostly from "American Spiders" by Willis J. Gertsch and "The Spider Book" by John Henry Comstock, both of which combine a sense of poetry with scientific fact. White incorporated details from Comstock's accounts of baby spiders, most notably the "flight" of the young spiders on silken parachutes. White sent Gertsch's book to illustrator Garth Williams. Williams' initial drawings depicted a spider with a woman's face, and White suggested that he simply draw a realistic spider instead.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: White originally opened the novel with an introduction of Wilbur and the barnyard (which later became the third chapter) but decided to begin the novel by introducing Fern and her family on the first page. White's publishers were at one point concerned with the book's ending and tried to get White to change it.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: "Charlotte's Web" has become White's most famous book; but White treasured his privacy and that of the farmyard and barn that helped inspire the novel, which have been kept off limits to the public according to his wishes.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: "Charlotte's Web" was generally well-reviewed when it was released. In "The New York Times", Eudora Welty wrote, "As a piece of work it is just about perfect, and just about magical in the way it is done." Aside from its paperback sales, "Charlotte's Web" is 78th on the all-time bestselling hardback book list. According to publicity for the 2006 film adaptation (see below), the book has sold more than 45 million copies and been translated into 23 languages. It was a Newbery Honor book for 1953, losing to "Secret of the Andes" by Ann Nolan Clark for the medal. In 1970, White won the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal, a major prize in the field of children's literature, for "Charlotte's Web", along with his first children's book, "Stuart Little", published in 1945.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: Seth Lerer, in his book "Children's Literature", finds that Charlotte represents female authorship and creativity, and compares her to other female characters in children's literature such as Jo March in "Little Women" and Mary Lennox in "The Secret Garden". Nancy Larrick brings to attention the "startling note of realism" in the opening line, "Where's Papa going with that Ax?"


title: Charlotte's Web

text: Illustrator Henry Cole expressed his deep childhood appreciation of the characters and story, and calls Garth Williams' illustrations full of "sensitivity, warmth, humor, and intelligence." Illustrator Diana Cain Bluthenthal states that Williams' illustrations inspired and influenced her.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: There is an unabridged audio book read by White himself which reappeared decades after it had originally been recorded. "Newsweek" writes that White reads the story "without artifice and with a mellow charm," and that "White also has a plangency that will make you weep, so don't listen (at least, not to the sad parts) while driving." Joe Berk, president of Pathway Sound, had recorded "Charlotte's Web" with White in White's neighbor's house in Maine (which Berk describes as an especially memorable experience) and released the book in LP. Bantam released "Charlotte's Web" alongside "Stuart Little" on CD in 1991, digitally remastered, having acquired the two of them for rather a large amount.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: In 2005, a school teacher in California conceived of a project for her class in which they would send out hundreds of drawings of spiders (each representing Charlotte's child Aranea going out into the world so that she can return and tell Wilbur of what she has seen) with accompanying letters; they ended up visiting a large number of parks, monuments, and museums, and were hosted by and/or prompted responses from celebrities and politicians such as John Travolta and then-First Lady Laura Bush.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: In 2003 "Charlotte's Web" was listed at number 170 on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's 200 "best-loved novels." A 2004 study found that "Charlotte's Web" was a common read-aloud book for third-graders in schools in San Diego County, California. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association listed the book as one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children." It was one of the "Top 100 Chapter Books" of all time in a 2012 poll by "School Library Journal".


title: Charlotte's Web

text: In 2010, the New York Public Library reported that "Charlotte's Web" was the sixth most borrowed book in the library's history.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: The book was adapted into an animated feature of the same name in 1973 by Hanna-Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions with a score by the Sherman Brothers. In 2003, a direct-to-video sequel to that film, "," was released by Paramount Pictures.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: In 2006, Paramount Pictures, with Walden Media, Kerner Entertainment Company, and Nickelodeon Movies, produced a live-action adaptation, starring Dakota Fanning as Fern and Julia Roberts as the voice of Charlotte, released on December 15, 2006.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: On March 8, 2022, it was announced that Sesame Workshop was working on an animated miniseries based on the book. It was in production for a few months, and was slated to premiere in 2024 on Cartoon Network and HBO Max. On November 3, 2022, it was announced that the miniseries would not be moving forward.


title: Charlotte's Web

text: A video game of the 2006 film was developed by Backbone Entertainment and published by THQ and Sega, and released on December 12, 2006, for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS and PC. A separate game also based on the film was released a year later for the PlayStation 2 developed by Blast! Entertainment.


title: InfoWars

text: InfoWars is an American far-right conspiracy theory and fake news website owned by Alex Jones. It was founded in 1999, and operates under Free Speech Systems LLC.


title: InfoWars

text: Talk shows and other content for the site are created primarily in studios at an undisclosed location in an industrial area in the outskirts of Austin, Texas. Reports in 2017 stated that the "InfoWars" website received approximately 10 million monthly visits, making its reach greater than some mainstream news websites such as "The Economist" and "Newsweek" at the time.


title: InfoWars

text: The site has regularly published fake stories which have been linked to harassment of victims. In February 2018, Jones, the publisher, director and owner of "InfoWars", was accused of discrimination and sexually harassing employees. "InfoWars", and in particular Jones, advocate numerous conspiracy theories, particularly around purported domestic false flag operations by the U.S. government (which they allege include the 9/11 attacks and Sandy Hook shootings). "InfoWars" has issued retractions various times as a result of legal challenges. Jones has had contentious material removed, and has also been suspended and banned from many platforms for violating their terms of service, including Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, iTunes, and Roku.


title: InfoWars

text: "InfoWars" earns revenue from the sale of products pitched by Jones during the show, including dietary supplements. It has been called as much "an online store that uses Mr. Jones's commentary to move merchandise" as a media outlet.


title: InfoWars

text: On July 30, 2022, amidst a $150 million lawsuit brought against Jones and InfoWars by Sandy Hook families, Free Speech Systems filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.


title: InfoWars

text: "InfoWars" was created in 1999 by American conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, who remains its controlling influence. "InfoWars" features "The Alex Jones Show" on their broadcasts and was established as a public-access television program aired in Austin, Texas in 1999.


title: InfoWars

text: During the 2016 presidential election, the website was promoted by bots connected to the Russian government. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that "InfoWars" was the 13th most shared source by supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the election.


title: InfoWars

text: In 2016, Paul Joseph Watson was hired as editor-at-large. In February 2017, political commentator Jerome Corsi was hired as Washington bureau chief, after "InfoWars" was granted a White House day pass. In June 2018, Corsi's connection to "InfoWars" ended; he received six months of severance payments.


title: InfoWars

text: In May 2017, Mike Cernovich joined the "InfoWars" team as a scheduled guest host for "The Alex Jones Show", with CNN reporting the "elevation to "InfoWars" host represents the meteoric rise in his profile". On July 6, 2017, alongside Paul Joseph Watson, Jones began hosting a contest to create the best "CNN Meme", for which the winner would receive $20,000. They were responding to CNN reporting on a Reddit user who had created a pro-Trump, anti-CNN meme.


title: InfoWars

text: In June 2017, it was announced that Roger Stone, a former campaign advisor for Donald Trump, would be hosting his own "InfoWars" show "five nights a week", with an extra studio being built to accommodate his show.


title: InfoWars

text: In March 2018, a number of major brands in the U.S. suspended their ads from "InfoWars"s YouTube channels, after CNN notified them that their ads were running adjacent to "InfoWars" content.


title: InfoWars

text: In July 2018, YouTube removed four of "InfoWars"s uploaded videos that violated its policy against hate speech and suspended posts for 90 days. Facebook also banned Jones after it determined four videos on his pages violated its community standards in July 2018. In August 2018, YouTube, Apple, and Facebook removed content from Jones and "InfoWars", citing their policies against hate speech and harassment.


title: InfoWars

text: In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of 38 news organizations, "InfoWars" was ranked the second least-trusted news organization by Americans, with "The Daily Caller" being lower-ranked.


title: InfoWars

text: On March 12, 2020, Attorney General of New York Letitia James issued a cease and desist letter to Jones concerning "InfoWars"s sale of unapproved products that the website falsely asserted to be government-approved treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On April 9, the FDA ordered "InfoWars" to discontinue the sale of a number of products marketed as remedies for COVID-19 in violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, including toothpaste, liquids, and gels containing colloidal silver.


title: InfoWars

text: In February 2018, Jones was accused by two former employees of antisemitism, anti-black racism and sexual harassment of both male and female staff members. He denied the allegations. "InfoWars", "Haaretz" reported in 2017, had accused Israel of involvement in the 9/11 attacks, accused the Rothschilds of the promotion of "endless war, debt slavery and a Luciferian agenda" and US health-care of being under the control of a "Jewish mafia."


title: InfoWars

text: Two former employees filed complaints against Jones with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.


title: InfoWars

text: On July 27, 2018, Facebook suspended Alex Jones's official page for thirty days, claiming Jones had participated in hate speech against Robert Mueller. This was swiftly followed by action from other bodies—on August 6, Facebook, Apple, YouTube and Spotify all removed content by Alex Jones and "InfoWars" from their platforms for violating their policies. YouTube removed channels associated with "Infowars", including The Alex Jones Channel, which had gained 2.4 million subscriptions prior to its removal. On Facebook, four pages associated with "InfoWars" and Alex Jones were removed due to repeated violations of the website's policies. Apple removed all podcasts associated with Jones from its iTunes platform and its podcast app. On August 13, Vimeo removed all Jones's videos because they "violated our terms of service prohibitions on discriminatory and hateful content". By February 2019, a total of 89 pages associated with "InfoWars" or Alex Jones had been removed from Facebook due to its recidivism policy, which is designed to prevent circumventing a ban. In May 2019, President Donald Trump tweeted or retweeted defenses of people associated with "InfoWars", including editor Paul Joseph Watson and host Alex Jones, after the Facebook ban.


title: InfoWars

text: Jones's accounts have also been removed from Pinterest, Mailchimp and LinkedIn. As of early August, Jones still had active accounts on Instagram and Twitter. Twitter, however, ultimately decided to permanently deactivate Jones's account as well as the "InfoWars" account in September 2018. The Wikipedia community and blacklisted "InfoWars" as a source by consensus in 2018; the community determined that "InfoWars" is a "conspiracy theorist and fake news website".


title: InfoWars

text: Jones tweeted a Periscope video calling on others "to get their battle rifles ready against antifa, the mainstream media, and Chicom operatives". In the video he also says, "Now is time to act on the enemy before they do a false flag." Twitter cited this as the reason to suspend his account for a week on August 14. On September 6, Twitter permanently banned "InfoWars" and Alex Jones for repeated violations of the site's terms and conditions. Twitter cited abusive behavior, namely a video that "shows Jones shouting at and berating CNN journalist Oliver Darcy for some 10 minutes during congressional hearings about social media."


title: InfoWars

text: On September 7, 2018, the "InfoWars" app was removed from the Apple App Store. On September 20, 2018, PayPal informed "InfoWars" they would cease processing payments in ten days because "promotion of hate and discrimination runs counter to our core value of inclusion." On May 2, 2019, Facebook and Instagram banned Jones and "InfoWars" as part of a larger ban of far-right extremists. The ban covered videos, audio clips, and articles from "InfoWars", but excluded criticism of "InfoWars". Facebook indicated it would take down groups that violated the ban. The "InfoWars" app was pulled from Google Play on March 27, 2020, for violating its policies on spreading "misleading or harmful disinformation", after Jones opposed efforts to contain COVID-19 and said "natural antivirals" could treat the disease.


title: InfoWars

text: "InfoWars" disseminates multiple conspiracy theories, including false claims against the HPV vaccine and claims the 2017 Las Vegas shooting was part of a conspiracy. In 2015 skeptic Brian Dunning listed it a #4 on a "Top 10 Worst Anti-Science Websites" list.


title: InfoWars

text: "InfoWars" advocates New World Order conspiracy theories, 9/11 conspiracy theories, the chemtrail conspiracy theory, conspiracy theories involving Bill Gates, supposed covert government weather control programs, claims of rampant domestic false flag operations by the US Government (including 9/11), and the unsupported claim that millions voted illegally in the 2016 US presidential election. Jones frequently uses "InfoWars" to assert that mass shootings are conspiracies or "false flag" operations; these false claims are often subsequently spread by other fake news outlets and on social media. This has been characterized as Second Amendment "fan fiction".