title: VMware

text: On January 9, 2004, under the terms of the definitive agreement announced on December 15, 2003, EMC (now Dell EMC) acquired the company with $625 million in cash. On August 14, 2007, EMC sold 15% of VMware to the public via an initial public offering. Shares were priced at per share and closed the day at .


title: VMware

text: On July 8, 2008, after disappointing financial performance, the board of directors fired VMware co-founder, president and CEO Diane Greene, who was replaced by Paul Maritz, a retired 14-year Microsoft veteran who was heading EMC's cloud computing business unit. Greene had been CEO since the company's founding, ten years earlier. On September 10, 2008, Mendel Rosenblum, the company's co-founder, chief scientist, and the husband of Diane Greene, resigned.


title: VMware

text: On September 16, 2008, VMware announced a collaboration with Cisco Systems. One result was the Cisco Nexus 1000V, a distributed virtual software switch, an integrated option in the VMware infrastructure.


title: VMware

text: On April 12, 2011, VMware released an open-source platform-as-a-service system called Cloud Foundry, as well as a hosted version of the service. This supported application deployment for Java, Ruby on Rails, Sinatra, Node.js, and Scala, as well as database support for MySQL, MongoDB, Redis, Postgres, RabbitMQ.


title: VMware

text: In August 2012, Pat Gelsinger was appointed as the new CEO of VMware, coming over from EMC. Paul Maritz went over to EMC as Head of Strategy before moving on to lead the Pivotal spin-off.


title: VMware

text: In March 2013, VMware announced the corporate spin-off of Pivotal Software, with General Electric making an investment in the company. All of VMware's application- and developer-oriented products, including Spring, tc Server, Cloud Foundry, RabbitMQ, GemFire, and SQLFire were transferred to this organization.


title: VMware

text: In May 2013, VMware launched its own IaaS service, vCloud Hybrid Service, at its new Palo Alto headquarters (vCloud Hybrid Service was rebranded vCloud Air and subsequently sold to cloud provider OVH), announcing an early access program in a Las Vegas data center. The service is designed to function as an extension of its customer's existing vSphere installations, with full compatibility with existing virtual machines virtualized with VMware software and tightly integrated networking. The service is based on vCloud Director 5.1/vSphere 5.1.


title: VMware

text: In September 2013, at VMworld San Francisco, VMware announced the general availability of vCloud Hybrid Service and expansion to Sterling, Virginia, Santa Clara, California, Dallas, Texas, and a service beta in the UK. It announced the acquisition Desktone in October 2013.


title: VMware

text: In January 2016, in anticipation of Dell's acquisition of EMC, VMware announced a restructuring to reduce about 800 positions, and some executives resigned. The entire development team behind VMware Workstation and Fusion was disbanded and all US developers were immediately fired. On April 24, 2016, maintenance release 12.1.1 was released. On September 8, 2016, VMware announced the release of Workstation 12.5 and Fusion 8.5 as a free upgrade supporting Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016.


title: VMware

text: In April 2016, VMware president and COO Carl Eschenbach left VMware to join Sequoia Capital, and Martin Casado, VMware's general manager for its Networking and Security business, left to join Andreessen Horowitz. Analysts commented that the cultures at Dell and EMC, and at EMC and VMware, are different, and said that they had heard that impending corporate cultural collisions and potentially radical product overlap pruning, would cause many EMC and VMware personnel to leave; VMware CEO Pat Gelsinger, following rumors, categorically denied that he would leave.


title: VMware

text: In April 2017, according to Glassdoor, VMware was ranked 3rd on the list of highest paying companies in the United States.


title: VMware

text: On January 13, 2021, VMware announced that CEO Pat Gelsinger would be leaving to step in at Intel. Intel is where Gelsinger spent 30 years of his career and was Intel's first chief technology officer. CFO Zane Rowe became interim CEO while the board searched for a replacement.


title: VMware

text: On April 15, 2021, it was reported that Dell would spin off its remaining stake in VMware to shareholders and that the two companies would continue to operate without major changes for at least five years. The spinoff was completed on November 1, 2021.


title: VMware

text: In May 2022, VMware announced that the company had partnered with Formula One motor racing team, McLaren Racing.


title: VMware

text: On May 26, 2022, it was announced that Broadcom will acquire VMware for approximately $61 billion in cash and stock in addition to assuming $8 billion of VMware's net debt, and that Broadcom Software Group would rebrand and operate as VMware. The transaction is expected to close during Broadcom’s fiscal year 2023. In November 2022, the UK's Competition and Markets Authority regulator announced it would investigate whether the Broadcom Inc. acquisition of VMware Inc. would ""result in a substantial lessening of competition within any market or markets in the United Kingdom for goods or services"."


title: VMware

text: Beginning in January 2022, hackers infiltrated servers using the Log4Shell vulnerability at organizations who failed to implement available patches released by VMware according to PCMag. ZDNet reported in March 2022 that hackers utilized Log4Shell on some customers' VMware servers to install backdoors and for cryptocurrency mining. In May 2022, Bleeping Computer reported that the Lazarus Group cybercrime group, which is possibly linked to North Korea, was actively using Log4Shell "to inject backdoors that fetch information-stealing payloads on VMware Horizon servers", including VMware Horizon.


title: VMware

text: In March 2015, the Software Freedom Conservancy announced it was funding litigation by Christoph Hellwig in Hamburg, Germany against VMware for alleged violation of his copyrights in its ESXi product.


title: VMware

text: Hellwig's core claim is that ESXi is a derivative work of the GPLv2-licensed Linux kernel 2.4, and therefore VMware is not in compliance


title: VMware

text: with GPLv2 because it does not publish the source code to ESXi. VMware publicly stated that ESXi is not a derivative of the Linux kernel, denying Hellwig's


title: VMware

text: core claim. VMware said it offered a way to use Linux device drivers with ESXi, and that code does use some Linux GPLv2-licensed code and so it had published the source, meeting GPLv2 requirements.


title: VMware

text: The lawsuit was dismissed by the court in July 2016 and Hellwig announced he would file an appeal. The appeal was decided February 2019 and again dismissed by German court, on the basis of not meeting "procedural requirements for the burden of proof of the plaintiff."


title: VMware

text: VMware's most notable products are its hypervisors. VMware became well known for its first type 2 hypervisor known as GSX. This product has since evolved into two hypervisor product lines: VMware's type 1 hypervisors running directly on hardware and their hosted type 2 hypervisors.


title: VMware

text: VMware software provides a completely virtualized set of hardware to the guest operating system. VMware software virtualizes the hardware for a video adapter, a network adapter, and hard disk adapters. The host provides pass-through drivers for guest USB, serial, and parallel devices. In this way, VMware virtual machines become highly portable between computers, because every host looks nearly identical to the guest. In practice, a system administrator can pause operations on a virtual machine guest, move or copy that guest to another physical computer, and there resume execution exactly at the point of suspension. Alternatively, for enterprise servers, a feature called vMotion allows the migration of operational guest virtual machines between similar but separate hardware hosts sharing the same storage (or, with vMotion Storage, separate storage can be used, too). Each of these transitions is completely transparent to any users on the virtual machine at the time it is being migrated.


title: VMware

text: VMware's products predate the virtualization extensions to the x86 instruction set, and do not require virtualization-enabled processors. On newer processors, the hypervisor is now designed to take advantage of the extensions. However, unlike many other hypervisors, VMware still supports older processors. In such cases, it uses the CPU to run code directly whenever possible (as, for example, when running user-mode and virtual 8086 mode code on x86). When direct execution cannot operate, such as with kernel-level and real-mode code, VMware products use binary translation (BT) to re-write the code dynamically. The translated code gets stored in spare memory, typically at the end of the address space, which segmentation mechanisms can protect and make invisible. For these reasons, VMware operates dramatically faster than emulators, running at more than 80% of the speed that the virtual guest operating system would run directly on the same hardware. In one study VMware claims a slowdown over native ranging from 0–6 percent for the VMware ESX Server.


title: VMware

text: VMware ESXi, an enterprise software product, can deliver greater performance than the freeware VMware Server, due to lower system computational overhead. VMware ESXi, as a "bare-metal" product, runs directly on the server hardware, allowing virtual servers to also use hardware more or less directly. In addition, VMware ESXi integrates into VMware vCenter, which offers extra services.


title: Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll

text: Ian Douglas Campbell, 11th and 4th Duke of Argyll (18 June 1903 – 7 April 1973), was a Scottish peer and the Chief of Clan Campbell (). He is chiefly remembered for his unhappy marriage to, and scandalous 1963 divorce from, his third wife, Margaret Whigham.


title: Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll

text: Ian Douglas Campbell was born in Paris, France. He was the son of Douglas Walter Campbell and his wife, Aimee Marie Suzanne Lawrence. His paternal grandfather, Lord Walter Campbell, was the third son of the 8th Duke of Argyll. He was educated at Milton Academy in the United States and Christ Church, Oxford.


title: Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll

text: He served during the Second World War with the rank of captain in the 8th Battalion Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and saw combat during the Fall of France. Along with his commanding officer Maj. Gen. Victor Fortune, the war poet Aonghas Caimbeul, and all surviving members of the 51st (Highland) Division, Captain Campbell surrendered to Wehrmacht General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux in Normandy on June 12, 1940. He was held as a prisoner of war until 1945.


title: Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll

text: He inherited the titles Duke of Argyll and Chief of Clan Campbell () following the death of his first cousin once removed, the 10th Duke, on 20 August 1949.


title: Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll

text: Argyll was married four times. He was known to be addicted to alcohol, gambling, and prescription drugs. The Duke was also accused of physical and emotional abuse by his wives, whose money he tried to use for maintaining Inveraray Castle. His first marriage was to The Honourable Janet Gladys Aitken (1908–1988), daughter of business tycoon and press baron Lord Beaverbrook, on 12 December 1927. They had a daughter, Lady Jeanne Campbell (1928–2007).


title: Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll

text: Ian and Janet divorced in 1934. Argyll's second marriage was to Louise Hollingsworth Morris Vanneck, née Clews (d. 10 February 1970), daughter of Henry Clews Jr. by his wife Louise Hollingsworth Morris (ex-wife 1894–1901 of Frederick Gebhard) of Baltimore, Maryland, and former wife of Hon. Andrew Vanneck (md 1930–1933) on 23 November 1935. This marriage produced two sons:


title: Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll

text: Argyll's third marriage was to Margaret Whigham (1912–1993), mother of Frances, Dowager Duchess of Rutland, from her previous marriage to Charles Francis Sweeny. They were married on 22 March 1951. Margaret was a glittering society figure. While married to the Duke, she had affairs with other men including actor Douglas Fairbanks Jr. and Duncan Sandys, the Minister of Defence. The marriage was childless and they divorced in 1963 after the Duke found Polaroid photographs of her sexual activities with other men. In the divorce proceedings, the Duke produced the photographs, which featured the Duchess wearing only her signature triple-string of pearls while fellating an unidentified man. In hearings which gained much media attention, the divorce was granted, though on grounds of adultery with a different man.


title: Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll

text: Argyll's fourth and final marriage was to Mathilda Coster Mortimer (1925–1997) on 15 June 1963. Mathilda, who was first married to Clemens Heller, founder of the Salzburg Global Seminar, a school in Salzburg, Austria, was the granddaughter of New York banker and clubman William B. Coster. From this marriage he had a daughter:


title: Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll

text: They remained married until the Duke's death on 7 April 1973. He died in a nursing home in Edinburgh. He was succeeded by his son Ian.


title: Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll

text: While most Dukes and Duchesses of Argyll are buried at Kilmun Parish Church, the 11th Duke and his son, the 12th Duke, both chose to be buried on the island of Inishail in Loch Awe.


title: Jason Acuña

text: Jason Shannon Acuña (born May 16, 1973), better known by his stage name Wee Man, is an American stunt performer, television personality, professional skateboarder, and actor. He is one of the stars of "Jackass" and the host of Fox Sports Net's skateboarding show "54321". Acuña has achondroplasia, a form of dwarfism.


title: Jason Acuña

text: Born in Pisa, Italy, Acuña grew up in Torrance, California, and attended North High School. He is of Mexican and German descent. He was the subscription manager for the skateboard magazine "Big Brother". His association with that magazine led him to become involved with the "Jackass" television series in 2000. Acuña's "Jackass" antics include skating as an Oompa-Loompa, kicking himself in the head, dressing as a king while rolling Johnny Knoxville down a staircase in a red carpet, and doing deep-knee bends while holding basketball star Shaquille O'Neal on his back. A recurring gag involves Preston Lacy asking someone to help him with his bags, only to have Acuña pop out, causing Lacy to chase him.


title: Jason Acuña

text: In 2007, Acuña starred in the reality TV series "Armed and Famous" and in July 2007, Acuña appeared on TV as a host of MTV's "Scarred Live".


title: Jason Acuña

text: Acuña appeared on the first season of NBC's "Celebrity Circus". In the fourth week of competition, he became the first contestant to receive a perfect score (a 10-point average). Acuña ended the season in third place.


title: Jason Acuña

text: Acuña is an investor in the Chronic Tacos chain of fast casual Mexican restaurants. His first franchise location opened in 2010 in Redondo Beach, California. After a few years of trying to make this location a success, Acuña closed this location permanently and in February 2018, he opened a Chronic Tacos franchise in Long Beach, California.


title: Jason Acuña

text: In 2012, Acuña starred in the direct-to-video holiday film "Elf-Man" as the title character. This was his first role in a family-friendly feature film.


title: Britt Ekland

text: Britt Ekland (; born Britt-Marie Eklund; 6 October 1942) is a Swedish actress, model and singer. She appeared in numerous films in her heyday throughout the 1960s and 1970s, including roles in "The Double Man" (1967), "The Night They Raided Minsky's" (1968), "Machine Gun McCain" (1969), "Stiletto" (1969) and the British crime film "Get Carter" (1971), which established her as a sex symbol. She also starred in several horror films including the British horror film "The Wicker Man" (1973), and appeared as a Bond girl in "The Man with the Golden Gun" (1974).


title: Britt Ekland

text: Ekland continued to act throughout the remainder of the 1970s, having roles in films such as "The Ultimate Thrill" (1974), "Royal Flash" (1975), "High Velocity" (1976) and "King Solomon's Treasure" (1979), and into the 1980s starring in the likes of "Fraternity Vacation" (1985), "Moon in Scorpio" (1987) and "Scandal" (1989) although since the early 1990s her acting work has mainly consisted of stage shows, one-off roles, cameos or appearances on reality television.


title: Britt Ekland

text: Her high-profile social life, her 1964 marriage to actor Peter Sellers and her relationship with singer Rod Stewart attracted considerable press attention, leading to her being one of the most photographed celebrities in the world during the 1970s.


title: Britt Ekland

text: Ekland was born Britt-Marie Eklund in Stockholm, Sweden to Maj Britt, a secretary, and Sven Axel Eklund, who ran an upmarket clothing store in Stockholm and was captain of the Swedish national curling team. Ekland's mother died of Alzheimer's disease in the 1980s, which had a profound effect on her.


title: Britt Ekland

text: Ekland grew up with three younger brothers, and has said that she was overweight for much of her childhood: "I was very heavy. God, I was brutal-looking. I always tried to be funny to make up for the fact that I was fat and ugly". As a teenager, Ekland left school to travel with a theatre company and was spotted in a coffee shop while in Italy by a talent agent who sent her to London to audition for films.


title: Britt Ekland

text: Ekland began her career with bit parts and uncredited walk-on roles, including her first onscreen role in "G.I. Blues" (1960). This was followed with a small supporting part in "The Happy Thieves" (1960). She had small roles in the Swedish films "Kort är sommaren" (1962) and "Det är hos mig han har varit" (1963), before landing her first major supporting part in the George Marshall Western "Advance to the Rear" (1964).


title: Britt Ekland

text: In 1964 she appeared in the Christmas television film "A Carol for Another Christmas" with her then-husband, Peter Sellers. She followed this with "After the Fox" (1966), also starring Sellers; she made one more film with Sellers, "The Bobo" (1967). This was followed with a lead role as an Amish girl turned New York City burlesque dancer in William Friedkin's musical "The Night They Raided Minsky's" (1968), which earned Ekland critical acclaim. Next came "Stiletto" (1969), a crime drama, based on a novel by Harold Robbins, co-starring Alex Cord. She then starred in a string of Italian films, "Machine Gun McCain" (1969), "The Conspirators" (1969), and as Antigone in "The Cannibals" (1970).


title: Britt Ekland

text: In 1971 she was cast as a leading lady and gun moll in the iconic crime film "Get Carter", opposite Michael Caine, which firmly established her as a blonde bombshell. The 1970s also saw Ekland in several horror films, including "What the Peeper Saw" (1972) as a disturbed bride; the Agatha Christie adaptation "Endless Night" (1972), playing the friend and companion of an American heiress; and as a hallucinatory figure in the anthology film "Asylum" (1972) opposite Charlotte Rampling. Her most iconic horror role came in the 1973 horror film "The Wicker Man", in which she played a Pagan villager and seductress; however, her voice was dubbed in the film to disguise her Swedish-accented English.


title: Britt Ekland

text: Other roles included in the thriller "The Ultimate Thrill" (1974) and the British drama "Baxter!" (1973). On television, she was cast in the TV film "The Six Million Dollar Man: Wine, Women and War" (1973) opposite Lee Majors. Ekland's next prominent role came when she was cast as the lead Bond girl, Mary Goodnight, in the James Bond film "The Man with the Golden Gun" (1974), which received mixed reviews but furthered Ekland's status as a sex symbol. She played a comedy role in "Royal Flash", which has been described as "perhaps her best screen work".


title: Britt Ekland

text: In 1976 Ekland provided the French spoken part at the end of then-boyfriend Rod Stewart's hit single "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)". Ekland also portrayed biographical characters, such as the one based on real-life actress Anny Ondra (boxer Max Schmeling's wife) in the television film "Ring of Passion" (1978). Ekland was also featured in the horror films "The Monster Club" (1980) and "Satan's Mistress" (1982).


title: Britt Ekland

text: In 1978 she hosted a syndicated television series for American International Television called "Jukebox." Directed by Bruce Gowers and produced and written by Paul Flattery for Jon Roseman Productions, the series featured then-nascent music videos, most of which were originally produced by Roseman's companies in the United States and England.


title: Britt Ekland

text: Ekland had supporting roles in independent feature films. She appeared in the comedy film "Fraternity Vacation" (1985), followed by a role in the slasher film "Moon in Scorpio" (1988), and as prostitute Mariella Novotny in the feature "Scandal" (1989) about the Profumo affair.


title: Britt Ekland

text: She has guest-starred on various television series, including an appearance on the popular TV series "Superboy", playing an alien disguised as Lara, Superboy's biological mother, during the show's second season in 1990. Ekland published a beauty and fitness book, "Sensual Beauty: How to Achieve It" (1984), followed by a fitness video in 1992. In the BBC television series "I Love the '70s" (1999), she hosted the 1971 episode in homage to her role as "Anna" in the film "Get Carter".


title: Britt Ekland

text: Ekland's later career has mainly consisted of stage and television, with her last feature film role being in "The Children" (1990). She appeared on stage as a cast member in "Cinderella" at the Regent Theatre, Stoke-on-Trent in December 1999 and January 2000. She also appeared in "Grumpy Old Women Live" and participated in the Swedish reality show "Stjärnorna på slottet" ("The stars at the castle") along with Peter Stormare, Arja Saijonmaa, Jan Malmsjö, and Magnus Härenstam. In December 2007 and January 2008 she starred again in "Cinderella" at the Wyvern Theatre, Swindon. She appeared as a guest on the British daytime television show "Loose Women", in January 2008.


title: Britt Ekland

text: From December 2008 to January 2009 Ekland starred in "Cinderella" at the Shaw Theatre in London. In a rare instance of her singing, she performed the song "My Prince", originally recorded by Lara Pulver on the album "Act One – Songs from the Musicals of Alexander S. Bermange". In 2009–10 she played the Fairy Godmother in "Cinderella" at Princess Theatre, Torquay. In December 2010 she starred as the 'Fairy Pea Pod' in "Jack and the Beanstalk" at the Kings Theatre, Southsea. She starred in further pantomimes at the Theatre Royal, Windsor, in 2011 and 2012.


title: Britt Ekland

text: In 2010 Ekland took part in the reality TV show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", where she was the fourth celebrity to be voted off the show. Ekland was one of the housewives of "Svenska Hollywoodfruar" (English: Swedish Hollywood Wives) on TV3 from 2012 to 2014. In 2018 she participated in "Let's Dance" broadcast on TV4. She was the first to be eliminated on 30 March, placing 11th.


title: Britt Ekland

text: In 2020 Ekland appeared in Season 4 of BBC TV's "The Real Marigold Hotel". Also in 2020, Ekland toured the country in a production of "The Cat and the Canary" playing Mrs. Pleasant. Although the production halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the production resumed touring in late 2021.


title: Britt Ekland

text: Ekland became famous overnight as a result of her 1964 whirlwind romance and marriage to English actor and comedian Peter Sellers, who proposed after seeing her photograph in the paper and then meeting her in London. She stood by him after he suffered a series of heart attacks shortly after their marriage. Ekland was stepmother to Sellers' children Sarah and Michael (who died of a heart attack at about the same age as his father). In January 1965 they had a daughter, Victoria. The couple made three films together, "A Carol for Another Christmas" (1964), "After the Fox" (1966), and "The Bobo" (1967), before divorcing in 1968.


title: Britt Ekland

text: On 17 December 1968, Mr Justice Orr granted Ekland a decree nisi for divorce in the High Court on the grounds of cruelty by Sellers. He did not contest the proceedings.


title: Britt Ekland

text: She also had a much publicised romance with rock star Rod Stewart. They were introduced in 1975 by Joan Collins and lived together for more than two years, with Ekland giving up her career to focus on their relationship.


title: Britt Ekland

text: From 1979 to 1981, she dated and became engaged to singer Phil Lewis of the groups Girl and L.A. Guns.


title: Britt Ekland

text: In 1984, at age 42, she married Stray Cats drummer Slim Jim Phantom, who, at age 23, was 19 years younger. They had a son, Thomas Jefferson (born in 1988). They divorced in 1992.


title: Britt Ekland

text: While Rod Stewart's domestic partner, Ekland inspired his hit song "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)," which was 1977's overall #1 song. The song features a French spoken part from Ekland.


title: Britt Ekland

text: In 2004, Ekland was portrayed by Charlize Theron in "The Life and Death of Peter Sellers". She accompanied Theron to the Cannes Film Festival, where she became highly emotional when she saw the film.


title: Nando's

text: Nando's (; ) is a South African multinational fast casual chain that specialises in flame-grilled peri-peri style chicken. Founded in Johannesburg in 1987, Nando's operates over 1,200 outlets in 30 countries. Their logo (also seen as a sort of mascot) depicts the Rooster of Barcelos, one of Portugal's most common symbols.


title: Nando's

text: The restaurant was founded in 1987 in Rosettenville, Johannesburg by Portuguese-born Fernando Duarte and South African-born Robert Brozin. Upon visiting a Portuguese-Mozambican takeaway named Chickenland and trying the chicken with peri peri, they bought the restaurant for about 80,000 rand (equivalent to about £25,000 at the time). They renamed the restaurant Nando's after Fernando's firstborn son. By 1989, the restaurant had three outlets in Johannesburg and one in Portugal. Capricorn Ventures International acquired the chain in 1992. In 1996 a former Nando's franchisee founded the Portuguese-Mozambican style grilled-chicken restaurant Galito's which competes with Nando's in multiple markets.


title: Nando's

text: In 2010, "Advertising Age" magazine named Nando's one of the world's top 30 hottest marketing brands alongside Tata Nano, MTN and Natura. During the same year, the success of Nando’s in the U.K. led "The Guardian" to write that Nando's was a modern restaurant brand that had “changed the face of British fast food.” Nando's 1,000th store worldwide opened in 2012. As of July 2014, the Nando's restaurant group was ultimately owned by South African businessman Dick Enthoven and his family, through the Luxembourg-domiciled company Yellowwoods. Enthoven's son Robby Enthoven, who took over running the restaurants in 1993, was responsible for expanding the Nando's chain in the United Kingdom.


title: Nando's

text: In 2018, American-based recruitment website Indeed named Nando's as the UK's sixth best private sector employer based on millions of employee ratings and reviews. As of February 2019, there were 936 Nando's branches in 23 countries worldwide.


title: Nando's

text: Fernando Duarte and his friend Robert Brozin, the founders of the first Nando's, bought a restaurant previously called "Chickenland" and renamed it Nando's. They opened it in 1987. By 2018, there were 340 Nando's restaurants throughout its home market of South Africa.


title: Nando's

text: Nando's has been operating in Botswana since 1993. There are 19 restaurants in Botswana; 10 in Gaborone, 2 in Francistown and Palapye, and 1 each in Jwaneng, Maun, Mahalapye, Kasane and Letlhakane.


title: Nando's

text: , there are 4 Nando's restaurant outlets within Mauritius; in Curepipe, Grand-Baie, Moka and Vacoas-Phoenix.


title: Nando's

text: Nando's began operating in Zambia in 2002. , Nando's has 6 restaurants in Zambia; 4 in Lusaka and 1 each in Ndola and Kitwe.


title: Nando's

text: Nando's has been operating in Zimbabwe since 1995. , Nando's has 14 restaurants in Zimbabwe; 9 in Harare and 1 each in Bulawayo, Mutare, Gweru, Kwekwe and Victoria Falls.


title: Nando's

text: Nando's has been established in India since 2010. , Nando's has 12 restaurants throughout the states and union territories of India; 4 in New Delhi, 3 in Bangalore, 2 in Gurgaon, and 1 each in Noida, Chandigarh and Dwarka (Delhi).


title: Nando's

text: Nando's has been established in Malaysia since 1998. The chain is very popular in the country and Malaysia is Nando's third largest market after the United Kingdom and Australia. Nando's is well known for its effective advertising that celebrates or satirises contemporary local issues. , Nando's has 73 restaurants operating throughout the states and federal territories of Malaysia (with the exception of Perlis and Labuan); 27 in Selangor, 19 in Kuala Lumpur, 2 in Putrajaya, 5 in Penang, 4 in Johor, 3 in Malacca, 3 in Perak, 3 in Sarawak, 2 in Negeri Sembilan and 1 each in Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu and Sabah.


title: Nando's

text: Nando's has been established in Pakistan since 2001. , Nando's has 12 restaurants throughout Pakistan; 5 in Karachi, 4 in Lahore and 1 each in Islamabad, Faisalabad and Rawalpindi.


title: Nando's

text: In Qatar, Nando's has been established since 2001, with the first restaurant located on Salwa Road. , Nando's has 8 branches in Qatar, 7 of which are located in Doha while 1 is in Al Wakrah.


title: Nando's

text: In Saudi Arabia, Nando's opened its first restaurant within the country on 12 December 2016 in Riyadh, and opened its first branch in Jeddah on 8 December 2018. , Nando's has 9 branches in Saudi Arabia; 3 in Riyadh, 3 in Jeddah; and 1 each in Dhahran, Dammam and Khobar.


title: Nando's

text: In Singapore, Nando's opened its first restaurant on 9 May 2010; and there are 6 outlets throughout the city of Singapore.


title: Nando's

text: Nando’s opened its first restaurant within the United Arab Emirates in Dubai (along Sheikh Zayed Road) in 2002 and opened its first branch in Abu Dhabi in 2014. , Nando's has 19 branches in the UAE; 13 in Dubai, 3 in Abu Dhabi and 1 each in Sharjah, Al Ain and Ras Al Khaimah.


title: Nando's

text: Nando's was first established in Ireland in 2008. The company opened its flagship restaurant on St Andrew Street in the city centre of Dublin in November 2011, employing sixty staff members to manage a space spread over two floors. , they have expanded to a total of 12 outlets in Ireland, with 9 in Dublin, 2 in Cork, and 1 in Newbridge.


title: Nando's

text: Nando's opened its first restaurants within the United Kingdom, in 1992, in the west London suburbs of Ealing and Earls Court, initially focusing on takeaway food. The UK arm, owned by the Enthoven family via a private equity company, struggled until chairman Dick Enthoven put his son Robert in control. The focus then moved from takeaways to a mixed service (counter ordering and table service) model. This decision was taken after Nando's partnered with Harrison, a world-renowned branding and design agency. They also advised Nando's to design each restaurant individually so no two restaurants were the same, a brand characteristic of the chain. Nando’s expanded in the UK in 1993. The company now employs around 8,000 staff in the UK and as of 2013 had over 280 branches, with some sixty serving food conforming with Islamic dietary laws.


title: Nando's

text: In 2010, Nando's UK won the "Sunday Times"s best place to work award in the big company category. Its sauces and marinades were also retailed in UK supermarkets.


title: Nando's

text: Nando's claims to have the largest collection of South African art in the UK, with over 5,000 works displayed in restaurants; original artworks are commissioned by the company.


title: Nando's

text: In March 2020, all 400 UK restaurants closed temporarily due to nationwide lockdown rules introduced by the government to limit the spread of COVID-19. In late April 2020, Nando's reopened select locations for delivery and collection services, with many more locations opening throughout May. In early July 2020, the restaurant chain started reopening a few of its outlets for eat-in service.


title: Nando's

text: In August 2021, Nando's UK was forced to temporarily close 45 of its 450 restaurants due to Brexit and Covid-related upheaval in the food industry causing a shortage of chicken. A Nando’s spokesperson said: "The UK food industry has been experiencing disruption across its supply chain in recent weeks due to staff shortages and Covid isolations, and a number of our restaurants have been impacted." Nando's UK also told customers online that shortages were a result of staff "isolation periods" and suppliers "struggling to keep up with demand", along with staffing issues at its suppliers' factories as well as the shortage of HGV lorry drivers. Nando's UK also deployed its own staff to support some of its key suppliers onsite and "help get things moving again".


title: Nando's

text: Nando's has operated since 1994 in Canada. , there are 32 branches in Canada, with 4 in Alberta, 17 in British Columbia, and 11 in Ontario.


title: Nando's

text: Nando's opened its first restaurant location within the United States, at Washington, D.C. in 2008. After opening more outlets within the Washington metropolitan area, it expanded into the Chicago metropolitan area, opening its first outlet on 20 May 2015 within the metro area. , there are 43 restaurant outlets in the U.S. (only present within the Washington and Chicago metropolitan areas): 12 in Illinois, 6 in Washington, D.C., 15 in Maryland, and 10 in Virginia.


title: Nando's

text: Nando's has been in continuous operation within Australia since 1990, when the first restaurant opened in Tuart Hill in Western Australia. , there were 155 restaurants in Australia; 63 in Victoria, 36 in Western Australia, 30 in Queensland, 16 in New South Wales, four in South Australia, two in the Northern Territory, two in Tasmania and one in the Australian Capital Territory. Per city, there are 59 in Melbourne, 34 in Perth, 20 in Brisbane, 15 in Sydney, four each in Adelaide and the Gold Coast, three in Ipswich, two each in Hobart and Darwin and one each in Ballarat, Bunbury, Canberra, Geelong, Kalgoorlie, Newcastle, Rockhampton, Shepparton, the Sunshine Coast, Townsville and Traralgon.


title: Nando's

text: Notably, there has been various public battles between the parent company and its Australian franchisees.


title: Nando's

text: Nando's opened their first outlet in New Zealand, at Glenfield in 2000. , there are 23 Nando's outlets throughout New Zealand, located in the regions of Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Christchurch, Hamilton and Wellington.


title: Nando's

text: In Australia, Nando's ran an advertising campaign based around the 2002 political controversy regarding the mandatory detention of refugees. The detainees had been waging a hunger strike campaign, even resorting to sewing their lips closed. Nando's adverts proclaimed that the strikers "decided to unsew their lips after hearing the news that with every Nando's quarter chicken combo, Nando's are giving away an extra quarter chicken free." Melbourne's Sphere Advertising said that the ad was designed to spark controversy, saying that they knew that "there's a section of our audience that's going to be uncomfortable... but we want to evoke a response."


title: Nando's

text: During the South African national elections of 2009, Nando's made an advert lampooning African National Congress Youth League then president Julius Malema by using a puppet that resembled him. Malema's lawyers sued Nando's and the original advert was removed. However, an altered version was released, with the puppet's face pixelated and the voice altered. The puppet used in the advert was later sold at auction for 100,000 rand, which was donated to an educational charity.


title: Nando's

text: In 2011, Nando's launched a "Last dictators" advert in South Africa. The 60-second commercial shows a sad Robert Mugabe dining alone at Christmas in a large mansion while he reminisces about "happier times" with former dictators, such as playing water tag with Muammar Gaddafi, making snow angels in the sand with Saddam Hussein, singing karaoke with Mao Zedong, pushing P. W. Botha on a swing set, and riding a Covenanter cruiser tank with Idi Amin in a similar fashion to Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet embracing each other from the film "Titanic", while the music from "Those Were the Days" is played. Musekiwa Kumbula, holder of the Nando's franchise in Zimbabwe, said his group "strongly feels the advertisement is insensitive and in poor taste." The advert also offended Chipangano, a Zimbabwean youth militia loyal to Mugabe, who then demanded an apology from Nando's, threatened to boycott the South Africa-based chain, and demanded the advert be withdrawn or the restaurant face retribution. Nando's South Africa subsequently withdrew the advert citing threats to its staff in Zimbabwe from a youth group.


title: Nando's

text: Both "The Guardian" newspaper (UK) and the American non-profit publication "ICIJ" received documents in July 2014 revealing the details of past and present offshore clients of wealth managers Kleinwort Benson, including the Nando's restaurant group. "The Guardian" published its belief that, through the use of businesses in Malta, Guernsey and the Netherlands, Enthoven legally reduces the group's UK corporation tax bill by "up to a third." According to the British newspaper, Enthoven's profits eventually accumulate in the Kleinwort Benson-managed "Taro III Trust" that is based in Jersey and contains at least £750 million.


title: Nando's

text: While no member of the Enthoven family agreed to speak with "The Guardian", a company representative explained that UK tax laws are not applicable to Enthoven, as "he is not resident in the US or the UK." The spokesperson also stated that, in the UK, Nando's paid corporation tax of £12.6 million on a profit of £58.2 million for the year ending February 2013.


title: Bosporus

text: The Bosporus Strait (; ; 'Istanbul strait', colloquially "Boğaz") or Bosphorus Strait is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul in northwestern Turkey. It forms part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe, and divides Turkey by separating Anatolia from Thrace. It is the world's narrowest strait used for international navigation.


title: Bosporus

text: Most of the shores of the Bosporus Strait, except for the area to the north, are heavily settled, with the city of Istanbul's metropolitan population of 17 million inhabitants extending inland from both banks.


title: Bosporus

text: The Bosporus Strait and the Dardanelles Strait at the opposite end of the Sea of Marmara are together known as the Turkish Straits.


title: Bosporus

text: Sections of the shore of the Bosporus in Istanbul have been reinforced with concrete or rubble and those sections of the Strait prone to deposition are periodically dredged.


title: Bosporus

text: The name of the strait comes from the Ancient Greek (), which was folk-etymologised as , i.e. "cattle strait" (or "Ox-ford"), from the genitive of 'ox, cattle' + 'passage', thus meaning 'cattle-passage', or 'cow passage'. This is a reference to the Greek mythological story of Io, who was transformed into a cow and condemned to wander the Earth until she crossed the Bosporus, where she met the Titan Prometheus, who comforted her by telling her that she would be restored to human form by Zeus and become the ancestor of the greatest of all heroes, Heracles (Hercules).


title: Bosporus

text: Io supposedly went ashore near Chrysopolis (present-day Üsküdar), which was named 'the Cow'. The same site was also known as Damalis (), as it was where the Athenian general Chares had erected a monument to his wife Damalis, which included a colossal statue of a cow (the name translating to 'heifer').


title: Bosporus

text: The English spelling with "-ph-", "Bosphor" is not justified by the ancient Greek name, and dictionaries prefer the spelling with "-p-" but "-ph-" occurs as a variant in medieval Latin (as "Bosphor", and occasionally "Bosphorus" or "Bospherus)", and in medieval Greek sometimes as , giving rise to the French form , Spanish and Russian . The 12th-century Greek scholar John Tzetzes calls it (after "Damalis"), but he also reports that in popular usage the strait was known as during his day, the name of the most ancient northern harbour of Constantinople. In English English the preferred spelling tends to be Bosphorus.


title: Bosporus

text: Historically, the Bosporus was also known as the "Strait of Constantinople", or the Thracian Bosporus to distinguish it from the Cimmerian Bosporus in Crimea. These are expressed in Herodotus's "Histories", 4.83; as , , and (), respectively. Other names used by Herodotus to refer to the strait include Chalcedonian Bosporus (, [], Herodotus 4.87), or Mysian Bosporus ().


title: Bosporus

text: The term eventually came to be used as the common noun , meaning "a strait", and was also formerly applied to the Hellespont in Classical Greek by Aeschylus and Sophocles.


title: Bosporus

text: As a maritime waterway, the Bosporus specifically connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and thence to the Aegean and Mediterranean seas via the Dardanelles. It also connects various seas along the Eastern Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Near East, and Western Eurasia. Thus, the Bosporus allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and to the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal, making it a crucial international waterway, in particular for the passage of goods coming from Russia.


title: Bosporus

text: There is one very small island in the Bosporus just off Kuruçeşme. Now generally known as Galatasaray Island ("Galatasaray Adası)," this was given to the Armenian architect Sarkis Balyan by Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1880. The house he built on it was later demolished and the island became a walled garden and then a water sports centre before being given to the Galatsaray Sports Club, hence its name. However, in the 2010s it was completely overbuilt with nightclubs which were torn down in 2017. It reopened to the public in the summer of 2022.


title: Bosporus

text: The exact cause and date of the formation of the Bosporus remain a subject of debate among geologists. One recent hypothesis, dubbed the Black Sea deluge hypothesis, which was launched by a study of the same name in 1997 by two scientists from Columbia University, postulates that the Bosporus was flooded around 5600 BCE (revised to 6800 BCE in 2003) when the rising waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Marmara broke through to the Black Sea, which at the time, according to the hypothesis, was a low-lying body of fresh water.


title: Bosporus

text: Many geologists, however, claim that the strait is much older, even if relatively young on a geologic timescale.


title: Bosporus

text: The limits of the Bosporus are defined as the line connecting the lighthouses of Rumeli Feneri and Anadolu Feneri in the north, and between the Ahırkapı Feneri and the Kadıköy İnciburnu Feneri in the south ("Fener" is Turkish for lighthouse). Between these limits, the strait is long, with a width of at the northern entrance and at the southern entrance. Its maximum width is between Umuryeri and Büyükdere Limanı, and minimum width between Kandilli Point and Aşiyan.


title: Bosporus

text: The depth of the Bosporus varies from in midstream with an average of . The deepest point is between Kandilli and Bebek, at . The shallowest locations are off Kadıköy İnciburnu at and off Aşiyan Point at .


title: Bosporus

text: The southbound flow of water is 16 000 m/s (fresh water at the surface) and the northbound flow is 11 000 m/s (salt water near the bottom). Dr. Dan Parsons and researchers at the University of Leeds School of Earth and Environment describe a Black Sea undersea river.


title: Bosporus

text: The Golden Horn is an estuary off the main strait that historically acted as a moat to protect Constantinople from attack, as well as providing sheltered anchorage for the imperial navies of various empires until the 19th century, after which it became a historic neighbourhood at the heart of Istanbul.


title: Bosporus

text: Before the 20th century it was already known that the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara flow into each other in a geographic example of "density flow". Then in August 2010, a continuous 'underwater channel' of suspension composition was discovered flowing along the floor of the Bosporus, which would be the sixth largest river on Earth if it were on land. The 2010 team of scientists, led by the University of Leeds, used a robotic "yellow submarine" to observe detailed flows within this "undersea river", scientifically referred to as a submarine channel, for the first time. Submarine channels are similar to land rivers, but they are formed by density currents—underwater flow mixtures of sand, mud and water that are denser than sea water and so sink and flow along the bottom. These channels are the main transport pathway for sediments to the deep sea where they form sedimentary deposits.


title: Bosporus

text: The central tenet of the Black Sea deluge hypothesis is that as the ocean rose at the end of the last Ice Age when the massive ice sheets melted, the sealed Bosporus was overwhelmed by a spectacular flood that increased the then fresh water Black Sea Lake by 50%, and drove people back from the shores for many months. This hypothesis was supported by the findings of undersea explorer Robert Ballard, who discovered settlements along the old shoreline; scientists dated the flood to 7500 BP or 5500 BC from fresh-salt water microflora. Driven out by the rapidly rising water, which must have been terrifying and inexplicable, people spread to all corners of the Western world carrying the story of a major flood. As the waters surged, they scoured a network of sea-floor channels less resistant to denser suspended solids in liquid, which remains a very active layer today.


title: Bosporus

text: The first images of these submarine channels showing them to be of great size, were obtained in 1999 during a NATO SACLANT Undersea Research project using jointly the NATO RV "Alliance", and the Turkish Navy survey ship "Çubuklu". In 2002, a survey carried out on board the Ifremer RV "Le Suroit" for BlaSON project (Lericolais, et al., 2003) completed the multibeam mapping of this underwater channel fan-delta. A complete map was published in 2009 using these previous results together with high quality mapping obtained in 2006 (by researchers at Memorial University of Newfoundland who were project partners in the study).


title: Bosporus

text: The project was led by Jeff Peakall and Daniel Parsons at the University of Leeds, in collaboration with the University of Southampton, Memorial University of Newfoundland, and the Institute of Marine Sciences. The survey was run and coordinated from the Institute of Marine Sciences research ship, the R/V "Koca Piri Reis".


title: Bosporus

text: The shores of the Bosporus were once lined with small fishing villages that had grown up since Byzantine times but really came into their own in the 19th century. Until the early 20th century most were only accessible by boat (known as caiques) along the Bosporus since there were no coast roads. Today the villages are no more than suburbs of Greater Istanbul but many retain the memory of their original village status in the suffix '-"köy ("village' to their names. e.g Ortaköy, Yeniköy, Arnavutköy, Çengelköy and Vaniköy. These villages often had distinct identities associated with agriculture: Arnavutköy, for example, was associated with strawberry-growing while Çengelköy was famous for its sweet cucumbers.


title: Bosporus

text: As part of the only passage between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, the Bosporus has always been of great importance from a commercial and military point of view, and it remains strategically important today. It is a major sea access route for numerous countries, including Russia and Ukraine. Control over it has been an objective of a number of conflicts in modern history, notably the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), as well as of the attack of the Allied Powers on the Dardanelles during the 1915 Battle of Gallipoli in the course of World War I. In 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine the Bosporus' importance as a route by which grain reached the world was thrown into sharp profile.


title: Bosporus

text: The strategic importance of the Bosporus dates back millennia. In the 5th century BC the Greek city-state of Athens, which depended on grain imports from the Black Sea ports of Scythia, maintained critical alliances with cities which controlled the straits, such as the Megarian colony of Byzantium.


title: Bosporus

text: In an attempt to subdue the Scythian horsemen who roamed across the north of the Black Sea, the Persian King Darius I the Great () crossed the Bosporus, then marched towards the River Danube. His army crossed the Bosporus using an enormous bridge made by connecting boats. This bridge essentially connected the farthest geographic tip of Asia to Europe, encompassing at least some 1,000 metres of open. Years later, Xerxes I would construct a similar boat bridge across the Dardanelles (Hellespont) strait (480 BC), during his invasion of Greece.


title: Bosporus

text: The strategic significance of the Strait was one of the factors in the decision of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great to found his new capital, Constantinople, there in AD 330. This then became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.


title: Bosporus

text: On 29 May 1453, the then-emergent Ottoman Empire conquered the city of Constantinople following a lengthy campaign during which the Ottomans constructed fortifications on each side of the strait, the Anadoluhisarı (Anatolian Castle,1393) and the Rumelihisarı (European Castle, 1451), in preparation for not only the primary battle but to assert long-term control over the Bosporus and surrounding waterways. The final 53-day campaign, which resulted in Ottoman victory, constituted an important turn in world history. Together with Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, the 1453 conquest of Constantinople is commonly noted as among the events that brought an end to the Middle Ages and marked the transition to the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery.


title: Bosporus

text: The event also marked the end of the Byzantines—the final remnants of the Roman Empire—and the transfer of the control of the Bosporus into Ottoman hands. The Ottomans then made Constantinople their new capital, and the base from which they expanded their empire in the centuries that followed.


title: Bosporus

text: At its peak between the 16th and 18th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was able to use the strategic importance of the Bosporus to wrest control of the entire Black Sea area, which they regarded as an "Ottoman lake", from which Russian warships were prohibited.


title: Bosporus

text: Subsequently, several international treaties have governed access to the Strait. Under the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi of 8 July 1833, the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits were to be closed to the naval vessels of other powers on Russian demand. By the terms of the London Straits Convention, concluded on 13 July 1841 between the Great Powers of Europe (Russia, the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia), the "ancient rule" of the Ottoman Empire was re-established by closing the Turkish Straits to all warships, barring those of the Sultan's allies during wartime. This benefited British naval power at the expense of the Russians, as the latter then lacked direct access to the Mediterranean.


title: Bosporus

text: During the 19th century many of the foreign powers represented in Constantinople maintained second embassies up the Bosporus and would relocate their staff there during the hot, humid summer months. Most of these summer embassies were on the European shore at Yeniköy (Austrian), Tarabya (German, English, French, Italian) and Büyükdere (Spanish, Russian). Some of the buildings still survive today although the British Summer Embassy burnt down in 1911 and the Italian Summer Embassy, a fine building by Raimondo d'Aronco, survives in very dilapidated condition.


title: Bosporus

text: Following the First World War, the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres demilitarised the Strait and made it an international territory under the control of the League of Nations. This was amended by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), which restored the straits to Turkey but allowed all foreign warships and commercial shipping to traverse the straits freely. Turkey eventually rejected the terms of that treaty, and remilitarised the straits area. The reversion was formalised under the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits of 20 July 1936. That convention - which is still in force - treats the straits as an international shipping lane except that Turkey retains the right to restrict the naval traffic of non–Black Sea states.


title: Bosporus

text: Turkey was neutral in the Second World War until February 1945, and the straits were closed to the warships of belligerent nations during this time, although some German auxiliary vessels were permitted to transit. In diplomatic conferences, Soviet representatives had expressed an interest in obtaining naval bases on the straits. This, together with Stalin's demands for the restitution of the Turkish provinces of Kars, Artvin and Ardahan to the Soviet Union (which were lost by Turkey in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, but were regained with the Treaty of Kars in 1921), was a consideration in Turkey's decision to abandon neutrality in foreign affairs. Turkey declared war against Germany in February 1945, but did not engage in offensive actions.


title: Bosporus

text: Turkey joined NATO in 1952, thus affording the straits even more strategic importance as a commercial and military waterway.


title: Bosporus

text: During the early 21st century, the Turkish Straits have become particularly important for the oil industry. Russian oil, from ports such as Novorossiysk, was exported by tankers primarily to the U.S. via the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits.


title: Bosporus

text: In 2011, Turkey proposed to build a canal west of the Bosporus, suggesting that it would reduce the risk presented to the Bosporus by oil tankers and other cargo ships.The project proved highly controversial and, , work had not been started on building the canal even though a route for it had been established.


title: Bosporus

text: The Bosphorus takes its name from the Greek mythological story of Io, who was transformed into a cow and, pursued by a gadfly, was condemned to wander the Earth until she reached the Strait. There she met the Titan Prometheus, who comforted her by telling her that she would be restored to human form by Zeus and become the ancestor of the greatest of all heroes, Heracles (Hercules).


title: Bosporus

text: According to ancient Greek mythology, it was said that colossal floating rocks known as the Symplegades, or Clashing Rocks, once guarded both sides of the Bosporus and destroyed any ship that attempted to pass through the strait by crushing them. Their destructive power was finally overcome by the Argonaut hero Jason who managed to pass between them unscathed, whereupon the rocks became fixed, opening Greek access to the Black Sea.


title: Bosporus

text: The Bosporus is traversed by numerous passenger and vehicular ferries daily, as well as by recreational and fishing boats ranging from dinghies to yachts owned by both public and private entities.


title: Bosporus

text: The Strait also serves a significant amount of international commercial shipping traffic in the form of freighters and tankers. Between its northern limits at Rumeli Feneri and Anadolu Feneri and its southern ones at Ahırkapı Feneri and Kadıköy İnciburnu Feneri, there are numerous dangerous points for large-scale maritime traffic that require sharp turns and management of visual obstructions. Famously, the stretch between Kandilli Point and Aşiyan requires a 45-degree course alteration in a location where the currents can reach . To the south, at Yeniköy, the necessary course alteration is 80 degrees. Compounding these difficult changes in trajectory, the rear and forward sight lines at Kandilli and Yeniköy are also completely blocked prior to and during the course alteration, making it impossible for ships approaching from the opposite direction to see around the bends. The risks posed by this geography are further multiplied by the heavy ferry traffic across the Strait, linking the European and Asian sides of the city. As such, all the dangers and obstacles characteristic of narrow waterways are present and acute in this vital sea lane.


title: Bosporus

text: In 2011, the Turkish Government started to discuss creating a man-made canal roughly long that would run north–south through the western edges of Istanbul Province as a second route from the Black Sea to the Marmara. It was suggested that this would reduce the risk from shipping to the Bosporus. The controverislal Kanal İstanbul project continues to be debated.


title: Bosporus

text: In 2022 the dues levied by Turkey for freight ships increased 500% to USD4 per ton, the first change since 1983.


title: Bosporus

text: Two suspension bridges and a cable-stayed bridge cross the Bosporus. The first of these, the long 15th July Martyrs Bridge was completed in 1973 when it was called the Bosporus Bridge. The second, named Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Bosporus II) Bridge, is long, and was completed in 1988 about north of the first bridge. The first Bosporus Bridge forms part of the O1 Motorway, while the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge forms part of the Trans-European Motorway. The third and most recent bridge, the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, is long and was completed in 2016. It is located near the northern end of the Bosporus, between the villages of Garipçe on the European side and Poyrazköy on the Asian side, as part of the "Northern Marmara Motorway", integrated into the existing Black Sea Coastal Highway, and allowing transit traffic to bypass city traffic.


title: Bosporus

text: The Marmaray project, featuring a long undersea railway tunnel, opened on 29 October 2013. Approximately of the tunnel runs under the strait, at a depth of about .


title: Bosporus

text: An undersea water supply tunnel with a length of , named the Bosporus Water Tunnel, was constructed in 2012 to transfer water from the Melen Creek in Düzce Province (to the east of the Bosporus strait, in northwestern Anatolia) to the European side of Istanbul, a distance of .


title: Bosporus

text: The Eurasia Tunnel is a undersea highway tunnel designed for vehicular traffic between Kazlıçeşme on the European side of Istanbul and Göztepe on the Asian side. Construction began in February 2011, and the tunnel opened on 20 December 2016.


title: Bosporus

text: Up to four submarine fibre optics lines (MedNautilus and possibly others) approach Istanbul, coming from the Mediterranean through the Dardanelles.


title: Bosporus

text: The Bosporus is the only way for Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia (south-western part) and Ukraine to reach the Mediterranean Sea and other seas. Thus sovereignty over the straits is an important issue for these countries, as well as Turkey, the state the Bosporus actually flows through.


title: Bosporus

text: Turkey does not receive tolls from ships passing through the strait. Turkey's military has broad powers in accordance with the terms of the Montreux Convention. As of 2021, the Bosporus Command is located on the shores of the Bosporus and the military ships connected to the Command are anchored in the Bosporus waters.


title: Bosporus

text: Located on a peninsula at the intersection of the Black Sea, the Bosporus and the Marmara Sea, Istanbul has historically been one of the most protected and hardest-to-conquer cities from Roman times to the Ottoman Empire. Divided by the Bosporus, is one of very few intercontinental cities in the world.


title: Bosporus

text: The Bosporus has 620 waterfront houses ("yalı") built during the Ottoman period along the Strait's European and Asian shorelines. Ottoman palaces such as the Topkapı Palace, Dolmabahçe Palace, Yıldız Palace, Çırağan Palace, Feriye Palaces, Beylerbeyi Palace, Küçüksu Palace, Ihlamur Palace, Hatice Sultan Palace and Adile Sultan Palace also stand on or near its shores. Other buildings and landmarks on the Bosporus include the Kılıç Egyptian Consulate at Bebek, Bebek Mosque, Boğaziçi University, Robert College,Rumeli Castle (RumelihisarI), Borusan Museum of Contemporary Art, Sakıp Sabancı Museum, Sadberk Hanım Museum,Üsküdar Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, Şemsipaşa Mosque, Maiden's Tower (Kızkulesi), Beylerbeyi Mosque, Anadolu Castle (Anadoluhisarı), Kuleli Military High School, Adile Sultan Palace, Küçüksu Pavilion, Khedive's Villa, Beykoz Mecidiye Pavilion and Yoros Castle (Anadaolu Kavağı).


title: Bosporus

text: Most of the public ferries that traverse the Strait leave from Eminönü on the historic peninsula of Istanbul and travel as far as Anadolu Kavağı near the Black Sea. On the way they call briefly at points on both the European and Asian shores. Private ferries, also leaving from Eminönü, travel only as far as one of the first two Bosporus bridges. Ferries from Eminönü also travel as far as Rumeli Kavaği, stopping only at points on the European shore, while other ferries from Üsküdar travel as far as Anadolu Kavağı, stopping only at points on the Asian shore. Frequent public ferries from Eminõnü, Karaköy, Beşiktaş, Kadıköy and Usküdar offer short hops from one side of the Bosporus to the other throughout the day.


title: Bosporus

text: Catamaran seabuses offer high-speed commuter services between the European and Asian shores of the Bosporus, but they stop at fewer ports and piers in comparison to the public ferries. Both the public ferries and the seabuses also provide commuter services between the Bosporus and the Prince Islands in the Sea of Marmara.


title: Bosporus

text: Tourist cruises are available from various points along the Bosporus, including Ortaköy. The prices vary considerably, and some feature music and dining.


title: Bosporus

text: The many "yalı" (waterside mansions) which were constructed along the shores of the Bosporus during the Ottoman period have long been synonymous with the Strait. Those that still preserve their original form are among the most expensive real estate in Turkey although sadly many have been lost to time, weather and 'accidental' fires. The oldest "yalı" on the European shore is the Şerifler Yalı at Emirgan which was built in the 18th century and belonged for a while to the Şerifs, the hereditary rulers of Mecca. It is still in good condition unlike the oldest "yalı" on the Asan side which is the Köprülü Amcazade Hüseyin Paşa Yalı at Anadolu Hisarı which was built in 1698. Only the central section of this "yalı" survives and it has been behind hoardings promising restoration since 2009.


title: Bosporus

text: Most of the "yalıs" originally sat right on the water's edge and came with private docks and ports where boats (caiques) could be stored. On the Anatolian shore some yalıs are still right beside the water but on the European shore most now stand back behind a coast road built on reclaimed land.


title: Bosporus

text: The original "yalıs" usually had two main sections: the "selamlık" which was the public area and the part of the house used by the men, and the "haremlik" which was the private part of the house reserved for women and the family. These were the luxurious dwellings of the wealthy and some came with their own private hamams (Turkish baths).


title: Bosporus

text: During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Egyptian royal family took a great liking to the Bosporus and often spent their summers on its shores. They left behind a legacy of fine buildings on or overlooking its shores, including the building at Bebek that now houses the Egyptian Consulate and the Khedive's Villa ("Hıdiv Kasrı") high on the hill above Çubuklu.


title: Debbie Allen

text: Deborah Kaye Allen (born January 16, 1950) is an American actress, dancer, choreographer, singer-songwriter, director, producer, and a former member of the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. She has been nominated 20 times for an Emmy Award (winning five), two Tony Awards, and has also won a Golden Globe Award and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1991.


title: Debbie Allen

text: Allen is best known for her work in the musical-drama television series "Fame" (1982-1987), where she portrayed dance teacher Lydia Grant, and served as the series' principal choreographer. For this role in 1983 she received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy and two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography and was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. Allen later began working as director and producer, most notably producing and directing 83 of 144 episodes of NBC comedy series "A Different World" (1988-1993). She returned to acting playing the leading role in the NBC sitcom "In the House" from 1995 to 1996, and in 2011 began playing Dr. Catherine Avery in the ABC medical drama "Grey's Anatomy" also serving as an executive producer/director. She has directed more than 50 television and film productions.


title: Debbie Allen

text: In 2001, Allen opened the Debbie Allen Dance Academy in Los Angeles, where she currently teaches young dancers. She also taught choreography to former Los Angeles Lakers dancer-turned-singer, Paula Abdul. She is the younger sister of actress/director/singer Phylicia Rashad.


title: Debbie Allen

text: Allen was born in Houston, Texas, the third child of orthodontist Andrew Arthur Allen and Pulitzer Prize-nominated artist, poet, playwright, scholar, and publisher, Vivian (née Ayers) Allen. She earned a B.A. degree in classical Greek literature, speech, and theater from Howard University and studied acting at HB Studio in New York City. She was a member of Chi Delta Mu Health Professional Fraternity. She holds "honoris causa" doctorates from Howard University and the University of North Carolina School of the Arts.


title: Debbie Allen

text: Debbie Allen auditioned at the Houston Ballet Academy at the age of twelve. She was denied admission. A year later, Allen was given another chance and admitted by a Russian instructor who accidentally saw Allen perform in a show. Once admission recruiters from the academy became aware of the situation, they allowed Allen to stay because they recognized her talent. While at the academy, she trained under Suzelle Poole.


title: Debbie Allen

text: Her experience at the Houston Ballet Academy is not the only time Allen was refused. When she was sixteen, she had a successful audition for the North Carolina School of the Arts, and was given an opportunity to demonstrate dance techniques to other prospective students applying to the institution. Unfortunately, Allen was refused admission, and was told her body was not suited for ballet. After receiving numerous rejections, Allen decided to mainly focus on her academics and, from then on, was well on her way to the start of her acting career.


title: Debbie Allen

text: Allen began her career appearing on Broadway theatre. Allen had her Broadway debut in the chorus of "Purlie" in 1970. She later created the role of Beneatha in the Tony Award-winning musical "Raisin" (1973), and appeared in "Truckload", and "Ain't Misbehavin'". In 1980, she received critical attention for her performance as Anita in the Broadway revival of "West Side Story" which earned her a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Musical and won her a Drama Desk Award.


title: Debbie Allen

text: In 1976, Allen made her television debut appearing in the CBS sitcom "Good Times" in a memorable 2-part episode titled "J.J.'s Fiancée" as J.J.'s drug-addicted fiancée, Diana. The following year, she went to star in the NBC variety show "3 Girls 3". Allen later was selected to appear in the 1979 miniseries "" by Alex Haley where she plays the wife of Haley. Also that year, she made her big screen debut appearing in a supporting role in the comedy film "The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh". In 1981, she had the important role of Sarah, the lover of Coalhouse Walker (Howard E. Rollins) who is killed while trying to defend him in the movie version of the best-selling novel "Ragtime". The same role earned a Tony Award for Audra McDonald, for her performance in the Broadway musical.


title: Debbie Allen

text: Allen was first introduced as Lydia Grant in the film "Fame" (1980). Although her role in the film was relatively small, Lydia became a central figure in the television adaptation, which ran from 1982 to 1987. During the opening montage of each episode, Grant told her students: "You've got big dreams? You want fame? Well, fame costs. And right here is where you start paying ... in sweat." Allen was nominated for the Emmy Award for Best Actress four times during the show's run. She is the only actress to have appeared in all three screen incarnations of "Fame", playing Lydia Grant in both the 1980 film and 1982 television series and playing the school principal in the 2009 remake. Allen was also lead choreographer for the film and television series, winning two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography and one Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy. She became the first Black woman to win a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Television Series—Musical or Comedy.


title: Debbie Allen

text: In 1986, Allen received a second Tony Award nomination, at that time for Best Actress in a Musical, for her performance in the title role of Bob Fosse's "Sweet Charity". Also that year, she had a supporting role in the comedy-drama film "Jo Jo Dancer, Your Life Is Calling" directed, produced by and starring Richard Pryor.


title: Debbie Allen

text: After "Fame", Allen began focus on working as a choreographer and off-camera. She choreographed the 1988 Broadways adaptation of Stephen King’s “Carrie.” “Carrie” was a collaboration with her fellow “Fame” alumni Michael Gore, Dean Pitchford, and Gene Anthony Ray. The show opened to mixed reviews and closed after only 12 previews and 5 performances. But Allen’s choreography was as energetic and vibrant as it could possibly be.


title: Debbie Allen

text: In an article from the Museum of Broadcast Communications, "The Hollywood Reporter" commented on Allen's impact as the producer-director of the television series, "A Different World". The show dealt with the life of students at the fictional historically black college, Hillman, and ran for six seasons on NBC. "The Hollywood Reporter" is quoted as stating that when Debbie Allen became the producer (and usually director) of "A Different World" after the first season, she transformed it "from a bland "Cosby" spin-off into a lively, socially responsible, ensemble situation comedy." She directed total 83 episodes.


title: Debbie Allen

text: Allen has released two solo albums, "Sweet Charity" (1986) and "Special Look" (1989), which also produced several singles. Also that year, she directed musical film "Polly". She later directed crime drama film "Out-of-Sync" (1995) and well as number of television films. She was choreographer of "The Academy Awards Show" for ten years, six of which were consecutive. In 1995, Allen lent her voice (as well directing the voice cast) to the children's animated series "C Bear and Jamal" for Film Roman and Fox Kids. Also that year, she went to star in the NBC sitcom "In the House" that ran two seasons. She co-produced the 1997 Steven Spielberg historical drama film "Amistad" receiving a Producers Guild of America Award.


title: Debbie Allen

text: In 2001, Allen founded the Debbie Allen Dance Academy, a 501(c)3 non profit organization. Since 2007, Allen was participated as a judge and mentor for the U.S. version of "So You Think You Can Dance". She had to step aside at the end of Vegas week in Season 4 to avoid perception of bias, as one of her former dancers, Will, made it to the top 20.


title: Debbie Allen

text: In 2008, Allen directed the all-African-American Broadway production of Tennessee Williams' Pulitzer Prize-winning drama "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", starring stage veterans James Earl Jones (Big Daddy), her sister Phylicia Rashad (Big Mama) and Anika Noni Rose (Maggie the Cat), as well as film actor Terrence Howard, who made his Broadway debut as Brick. The production, with some roles recast, had a limited run (2009 – April 2010) in London. She also directed and starred in the 2001 play and its television adaptation "The Old Settler".


title: Debbie Allen

text: In 2000s and 2010s, Allen directed television shows, including 44 episodes of "All of Us", as well as "Girlfriends", "Everybody Hates Chris", "How to Get Away with Murder", "Empire", "Scandal" and "Jane the Virgin". In 2011, she joined the cast of ABC medical drama "Grey's Anatomy" playing the role of Dr. Catherine Fox. As of 12th season, she served as an executive producer. In 2020, she directed the musical film "Christmas on the Square" starring Dolly Parton for Netflix.


title: Debbie Allen

text: Allen is married to former NBA player Norm Nixon; the couple have three children: dancer Vivian Nichole Nixon (who played Kalimba in the Broadway production of "Hot Feet") basketball player Norman Ellard Nixon Jr. (Wofford College & Southern University), and DeVaughn Nixon. Allen was previously married to Win Wilford from 1975 to 1983. She is the sister of actress/director/singer Phylicia Rashad (she guest starred in an episode of "The Cosby Show" & Rashad in an episode of "In the House" and also "Greys Anatomy"), and Tex Allen (Andrew Arthur Allen III, born 1945), a jazz composer.


title: Hanover

text: Hanover (; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony. Its 535,932 (2021) inhabitants make it the 13th-largest city in Germany as well as the fourth-largest city in Northern Germany after Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen. Hanover's urban area comprises the towns of Garbsen, Langenhagen and Laatzen and has a population of about 791,000 (2018). The Hanover Region has approximately 1.16 million inhabitants (2019).


title: Hanover

text: The city lies at the confluence of the River Leine and its tributary the Ihme, in the south of the North German Plain, and is the largest city in the Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region. It is the fifth-largest city in the Low German dialect area after Hamburg, Dortmund, Essen and Bremen.


title: Hanover

text: Before it became the capital of Lower Saxony in 1946, Hannover was the capital of the Principality of Calenberg (1636–1692), the Electorate of Hanover (1692–1814), the Kingdom of Hannover (1814–1866), the Province of Hannover of the Kingdom of Prussia (1868–1918), the Province of Hannover of the Free State of Prussia (1918–1946) and of the State of Hanover (1946). From 1714 to 1837 Hannover was by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, under their title of the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later described as the Elector of Hanover).


title: Hanover

text: The city is a major crossing point of railway lines and motorways (Autobahnen), connecting European main lines in both the east–west (Berlin–Ruhr area/Düsseldorf/Cologne) and north–south (Hamburg–Frankfurt/Stuttgart/Munich) directions. Hannover Airport lies north of the city, in Langenhagen, and is Germany's ninth-busiest airport. The city's most notable institutes of higher education are the Hannover Medical School (), one of Germany's leading medical schools, with its university hospital , and the Leibniz University Hannover. The city is also home to International Neuroscience Institute.


title: Hanover

text: The Hanover Fairground, owing to numerous extensions, especially for the Expo 2000, is the largest in the world. Hannover hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hannover Fair and up to 2018 the CeBIT. The IAA Commercial Vehicles show takes place every two years. It is the world's leading trade show for transport, logistics and mobility. Every year Hannover hosts the Schützenfest Hannover, the world's largest marksmen's festival, and the Oktoberfest Hannover.


title: Hanover

text: 'Hanover' is the traditional English spelling. The German spelling (with a double n) has become more popular in English; recent editions of encyclopedias prefer the German spelling, and the local government uses the German spelling on English websites. The English pronunciation, with stress on the first syllable, is applied to both the German and English spellings, which is different from German pronunciation, with stress on the second syllable and a long second vowel. The traditional English spelling is still used in historical contexts, especially when referring to the British House of Hanover.


title: Hanover

text: Hanover was founded in medieval times on the east bank of the River Leine. Its original name "Honovere" may mean 'high (river)bank', though this is debated (cf. "das Hohe Ufer"). Hanover was a small village of ferrymen and fishermen that became a comparatively large town in the 13th century, receiving town privileges in 1241, owing to its position at a natural crossroads. As overland travel was relatively difficult its position on the upper navigable reaches of the river helped it to grow by increasing trade. It was connected to the Hanseatic League city of Bremen by the Leine and was situated near the southern edge of the wide North German Plain and north-west of the Harz mountains, so that east–west traffic such as mule trains passed through it. Hanover was thus a gateway to the Rhine, Ruhr and Saar river valleys, their industrial areas which grew up to the southwest and the plains regions to the east and north, for overland traffic skirting the Harz between the Low Countries and Saxony or Thuringia.


title: Hanover

text: In the 14th century the main churches of Hanover were built, as well as a city wall with three city gates. The beginning of industrialization in Germany led to trade in iron and silver from the northern Harz Mountains, which increased the city's importance.


title: Hanover

text: In 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruler of the Brunswick-Lüneburg principality of Calenberg, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692 and this elevation was confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708. Thus the principality was upgraded to the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, colloquially known as the Electorate of Hanover after Calenberg's capital (see also: House of Hanover). Its Electors later become monarchs of Great Britain (and from 1801 of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland). The first of these was George I Louis, who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who reigned in Hanover was William IV. Semi-Salic law, which required succession by the male line if possible, forbade the accession of Queen Victoria in Hanover. As a male-line descendant of George I, Queen Victoria was herself a member of the House of Hanover. Her descendants, however, bore her husband's titular name of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Three kings of Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, were concurrently also Electoral Princes of Hanover.


title: Hanover

text: During the time of the personal union of the crowns of the United Kingdom and Hanover (1714–1837) the monarchs rarely visited the city. In fact during the reigns of the final three joint rulers (1760–1837) there was only one short visit, by George IV in 1821. From 1816 to 1837 Viceroy Adolphus represented the monarch in Hanover.


title: Hanover

text: During the Seven Years' War the Battle of Hastenbeck was fought near the city on 26 July 1757. The French army defeated the Hanoverian Army of Observation, leading to the city's occupation as part of the Invasion of Hanover. It was recaptured by Anglo-German forces led by Ferdinand of Brunswick the following year.


title: Hanover

text: After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on 5 July 1803, about 35,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. The convention also required disbanding the army of Hanover. However, George III did not recognise the Convention of the Elbe. This resulted in a great number of soldiers from Hanover eventually emigrating to Great Britain, where the King's German Legion was formed. It was only troops from Hanover and Brunswick that consistently opposed France throughout the entire Napoleonic wars. The Legion later played an important role in the Peninsular War and the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In 1814 the electorate became the Kingdom of Hanover.


title: Hanover

text: In 1837, the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because William IV's heir in the United Kingdom was female (Queen Victoria). Hanover could be inherited only by male heirs. Thus, Hanover passed to William IV's brother, Ernest Augustus, and remained a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia during the Austro-Prussian war. Despite Hanover being expected to defeat Prussia at the Battle of Langensalza, Prussia employed Moltke the Elder's Kesselschlacht order of battle to instead destroy the Hanoverian army. The city of Hanover became the capital of the Prussian Province of Hanover.


title: Hanover

text: After 1937 the lord mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP (Nazi party). A large Jewish population then existed in Hanover. In October 1938, 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family. However, Poland refused to accept them, leaving them stranded at the border with thousands of other Polish-Jewish deportees, fed only intermittently by the Polish Red Cross and Jewish welfare organisations. The Grynszpans' son Herschel Grynszpan was in Paris at the time. When he learned of what was happening, he drove to the German embassy in Paris and shot the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath, who died shortly afterwards.


title: Hanover

text: The Nazis took this act as a pretext to stage a nationwide pogrom known as Kristallnacht (9 November 1938). On that day, the synagogue of Hanover, designed in 1870 by Edwin Oppler in neo-romantic style, was burnt by the Nazis.


title: Hanover

text: In September 1941, through the "Action Lauterbacher" plan, a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began. Even before the Wannsee Conference, on 15 December 1941, the first Jews from Hanover were deported to Riga. A total of 2,400 people were deported, and very few survived. During the war seven concentration camps were constructed in Hanover, in which many Jews were confined. Of the approximately 4,800 Jews who had lived in Hannover in 1938, fewer than 100 were still in the city when troops of the United States Army arrived on 10 April 1945 to occupy Hanover at the end of the war. Today, a memorial at the Opera Square is a reminder of the persecution of the Jews in Hanover.


title: Hanover

text: After the war a large group of Orthodox Jewish survivors of the nearby Bergen-Belsen concentration camp settled in Hanover.


title: Hanover

text: As an important railway and road junction and production centre, Hanover was a major target for strategic bombing during World War II, including the Oil Campaign. Targets included the AFA (Stöcken), the Deurag-Nerag refinery (Misburg), the Continental plants (Vahrenwald and Limmer), the United light metal works (VLW) in Ricklingen and Laatzen (today Hanover fairground), the Hanover/Limmer rubber reclamation plant, the Hanomag factory (Linden) and the tank factory "M.N.H. Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen" (Badenstedt). Residential areas were also targeted, and more than 6,000 civilians were killed by the Allied bombing raids. More than 90% of the city centre was destroyed in a total of 88 bombing raids. After the war, the Aegidienkirche was not rebuilt and its ruins were left as a war memorial.


title: Hanover

text: The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Hanover in April 1945. The US 84th Infantry Division captured the city on 10 April 1945.


title: Hanover

text: Hanover was in the British zone of occupation of Germany and became part of the new state (Land) of Lower Saxony in 1946.


title: Hanover

text: Today Hanover is a vice-president city of Mayors for Peace, an international mayoral organisation mobilising cities and citizens worldwide to abolish and eliminate nuclear weapons by 2020.


title: Hanover

text: Hanover has an oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb") independent of the isotherm. Although the city is not on a coastal location, the predominant air masses are still from the ocean, unlike other places further east or south-central Germany.


title: Hanover

text: The current mayor of Hanover is Belit Onay of the Alliance 90/The Greens since 2019. The most recent mayoral election was held on 17 October 2019, with a runoff held on 10 November, and the results were as follows:


title: Hanover

text: The Hanover city council governs the city alongside the mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 12 September 2021, and the results were as follows:


title: Hanover

text: One of Hanover's sights is the Royal Gardens of Herrenhausen. Its Great Garden is an important European baroque garden. The palace itself was largely destroyed by Allied bombing but has been reconstructed and reopened in 2013. Among the points of interest is the Grotto. Its interior was designed by French artist Niki de Saint Phalle). The Great Garden consists of several parts and contains Europe's highest garden fountain. The historic "Garden Theatre" hosted the musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolf Kunze.


title: Hanover

text: Also at Herrenhausen, the "Berggarten" is a botanical garden with the most varied collection of orchids in Europe. Some points of interest are the "Tropical House", the "Cactus House", the "Canary House" and the "Orchid House", and free-flying birds and butterflies. Near the entrance to the Berggarten is the historic "Library Pavillon". The "Mausoleum" of the Guelphs is also located in the Berggarten. Like the Great Garden, the Berggarten also consists of several parts, for example the "Paradies" and the "Prairie Garden". The "Georgengarten" is an English landscape garden. The "Leibniz Temple" and the "Georgen Palace" are two points of interest there.


title: Hanover

text: The landmark of Hanover is the New Town Hall ("Neues Rathaus"). Inside the building are four scale models of the city. A worldwide unique diagonal/arch elevator goes up the large dome at a 17 degree angle to an observation deck.


title: Hanover

text: The "Hanover Zoo" received the Park Scout Award for the fourth year running in 2009/10, placing it among the best zoos in Germany. The zoo consists of several theme areas: Sambesi, Meyers Farm, Gorilla-Mountain, Jungle-Palace, and Mullewapp. Some smaller areas are Australia, the wooded area for wolves, and the so-called swimming area with many seabirds. There is also a tropical house, a jungle house, and a show arena. The new Canadian-themed area, Yukon Bay, opened in 2010. In 2010 the Hanover Zoo had over 1.6 million visitors. There is also the "Sea Life Centre Hanover", which is the first tropical aquarium in Germany.


title: Hanover

text: Another point of interest is the "Old Town". In the centre are the large Marktkirche (Church St. Georgii et Jacobi, preaching venue of the bishop of the Lutheran Landeskirche Hannovers) and the "Old Town Hall". Nearby are the "Leibniz House", the "Nolte House", and the "Beguine Tower". The "Kreuz-Church-Quarter" around the "Kreuz Church" contains many little lanes. Nearby is the old royal sports hall, now called the "Ballhof" theatre. On the edge of the Old Town are the "Market Hall", the "Leine Palace", and the ruin of the "Aegidien Church" which is now a monument to the victims of war and violence. Through the "Marstall Gate" the bank of the river "Leine" can be reached; the "Nanas" of Niki de Saint Phalle are located here. They are part of the "Mile of Sculptures", which starts from Trammplatz, leads along the river bank, crosses Königsworther Square, and ends at the entrance of the Georgengarten. Near the Old Town is the district of Calenberger Neustadt where the Catholic Basilica Minor of "St. Clemens", the "Reformed Church" and the Lutheran Neustädter Hof- und Stadtkirche St. Johannis are located.


title: Hanover

text: Some other popular sights are the "Waterloo Column", the "Laves House", the "Wangenheim Palace", the "Lower Saxony State Archives", the "Hanover Playhouse", the "Kröpcke Clock", the "Anzeiger Tower Block", the "Administration Building of the NORD/LB", the "Cupola Hall" of the Congress Centre, the "Lower Saxony Stock", the "Ministry of Finance", the "Garten Church", the "Luther Church", the "Gehry Tower" (designed by the American architect Frank O. Gehry), the specially designed "Bus Stops", the "Opera House", "the Central Station", the "Maschsee" lake and the city forest "Eilenriede", which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe. With around 40 parks, forests and gardens, a couple of lakes, two rivers and one canal, Hanover offers a large variety of leisure activities.


title: Hanover

text: Since 2007 the historic "Leibniz Letters", which can be viewed in the "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Library", are on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.


title: Hanover

text: Outside the city centre is the "EXPO-Park", the former site of EXPO 2000. Some points of interest are the "Planet M.", the former "German Pavillon", some nations' vacant pavilions, the "Expowale", the "EXPO-Plaza" and the "EXPO-Gardens" (Parc Agricole, EXPO-Park South and the Gardens of change). The fairground can be reached by the "Exponale", one of the largest pedestrian bridges in Europe.


title: Hanover

text: It provides of covered indoor space, of open-air space, 27 halls and pavilions. Many of the Exhibition Centre's halls are architectural highlights. Furthermore, it offers the Convention Center with its 35 function rooms, glassed-in areas between halls, grassy park-like recreation zones and its own heliport. Two important sights on the fairground are the "Hermes Tower" ( high) and the "EXPO Roof", the largest wooden roof in the world.


title: Hanover

text: In the district of Anderten is the "European Cheese Centre", the only Cheese Experience Centre in Europe. Another tourist sight in Anderten is the "Hindenburg Lock", which was the biggest lock in Europe at the time of its construction in 1928. The "Tiergarten" (literally the "animals' garden") in the district of Kirchrode is a large forest originally used for deer and other game for the king's table.


title: Hanover

text: In the district of Groß-Buchholz the "Telemax" is located, which is the tallest building in Lower Saxony and the highest television tower in Northern Germany. Some other notable towers are the "VW-Tower" in the city centre and the old towers of the former middle-age defence belt: "Döhrener Tower", "Lister Tower" and the "Horse Tower".


title: Hanover

text: The 36 most important sights of the city centre are connected with a red line, which is painted on the pavement. This so-called "Red Thread" marks out a walk that starts at the Tourist Information Office and ends on the Ernst-August-Square in front of the central station. There is also a guided sightseeing-bus tour through the city.


title: Hanover

text: Hanover is headquarters for several Protestant organizations, including the World Communion of Reformed Churches, the Evangelical Church in Germany, the Reformed Alliance, the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany, and the Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church.


title: Hanover

text: In 2015, 31.1% of the population were Protestant and 13.4% were Roman Catholic. The majority 55.5% were irreligious or other faith.


title: Hanover

text: The Historisches Museum Hannover (Historic museum) describes the history of Hanover, from the medieval settlement "Honovere" to the city of today. The museum focuses on the period from 1714 to 1834 when Hanover had a strong relationship with the British royal house.


title: Hanover

text: With more than 4,000 members, the Kestnergesellschaft is the largest art society in Germany. The museum hosts exhibitions from classical modernist art to contemporary art. Emphasis is placed on film, video, contemporary music and architecture, room installments and presentations of contemporary paintings, sculptures and video art.


title: Hanover

text: The Kestner-Museum is located in the "House of 5.000 windows". The museum is named after August Kestner and exhibits 6,000 years of applied art in four areas: Ancient cultures, ancient Egypt, applied art and a valuable collection of historic coins.


title: Hanover

text: The KUBUS is a forum for contemporary art. It features mostly exhibitions and projects of artists from Hanover.


title: Hanover

text: The Kunstverein Hannover (Art Society Hanover) shows contemporary art and was established in 1832 as one of the first art societies in Germany. It is located in the "Künstlerhaus" (House of artists). There are around seven international exhibitions each year.


title: Hanover

text: The Landesmuseum Hannover is the largest museum in Hanover. The art gallery shows European art from the 11th to the 20th century, the nature department shows the zoology, geology, botanic, geology and a "vivarium" with fish, insects, reptiles and amphibians. The primeval department shows the primeval history of Lower Saxony, and the folklore department shows cultures from all over the world.


title: Hanover

text: The Sprengel Museum shows the art of the 20th century. It is one of the most notable art museums in Germany. The focus is put on the classical modernist art with the collection of "Kurt Schwitters", works of German expressionism, and French cubism, the cabinet of abstracts, the graphics and the department of photography and media. Furthermore, the museum shows the works of the French artist Niki de Saint-Phalle.


title: Hanover

text: The Theatre Museum shows an exhibition of the history of the theatre in Hanover from the 17th century up to now: opera, concert, drama and ballet. The museum also hosts several touring exhibitions during the year.


title: Hanover

text: The Wilhelm Busch Museum is the "German Museum of Caricature and Critical Graphic Arts". The collection of the works of Wilhelm Busch and the extensive collection of cartoons and critical graphics is unique in Germany. Furthermore, the museum hosts several exhibitions of national and international artists during the year.


title: Hanover

text: A cabinet of coins is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG. The "Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen" is the largest police museum in Germany. Textiles from all over the world can be visited in the "Museum for textile art". The "EXPOseeum" is the museum of the world-exhibition "EXPO 2000 Hannover". Carpets and objects from the orient can be visited in the "Oriental Carpet Museum". The "Museum for the visually impaired" is a rarity in Germany, there is only one other of its kind in Berlin. The "Museum of veterinary medicine" is unique in Germany. The "Museum for Energy History" describes the 150 years old history of the application of energy. The "Heimat-Museum Ahlem" shows the history of the district of Ahlem. The "Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Ahlem" describes the history of the Jewish people in Hanover and the "Stiftung Ahlers Pro Arte / Kestner Pro Arte" shows modern art. Modern art is also the main topic of the "Kunsthalle Faust", the "Nord/LB Art Gallery" and of the "Foro Artistico / Eisfabrik".


title: Hanover

text: Some leading art events in Hanover are the "Long Night of the Museums" and the "Zinnober Kunstvolkslauf" which features all the galleries in Hanover.


title: Hanover

text: People who are interested in astronomy should visit the "Observatory Geschwister Herschel" on the Lindener Mountain or the small planetarium inside of the Bismarck School.


title: Hanover

text: Around 40 theatres are located in Hanover. The "Opera House", the "Schauspielhaus" (Play House), the "Ballhof eins", the "Ballhof zwei" and the "Cumberlandsche Galerie" belong to the "Lower Saxony State Theatre". The Theater am Aegi is Hanover's principal theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances. The "Neues Theater" (New Theatre) is the boulevard theatre of Hanover. The "Theater für Niedersachsen" is another large theatre in Hanover, which also has an own musical company. Some of the most important musical productions are the rock musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolph Kunze, which take place at the "Garden-Theatre" in the Great Garden.


title: Hanover

text: Some important theatre events are the "Tanztheater International", the "Long Night of the Theatres", the "Festival Theaterformen" and the "International Competition for Choreographers".


title: Hanover

text: Hanover's leading cabaret stage is the "GOP Variety theatre" which is located in the "Georgs Palace". Some other cabaret-stages are the "Variety Marlene", the "Uhu-Theatre". the theatre "Die Hinterbühne", the "Rampenlich Variety" and the revue-stage "TAK". The most important cabaret event is the "Kleines Fest im Großen Garten" (Little Festival in the Great Garden) which is the most successful cabaret festival in Germany. It features artists from around the world. Some other important events are the "Calenberger Cabaret Weeks", the "Hanover Cabaret Festival" and the "Wintervariety".