title: Subaru Forester

text: Starting with the 2004 XT, the turbocharged version had Active valve control system cylinder heads. The i-AVLS (active valve lift system) became standard on the naturally aspirated version of the Forester in 2006. This increased horsepower and torque figures to 173 HP and 166 ft-lbs. The 2006 XT received a higher compression ratio to 8.4:1 from 8.2:1. This increased the XT's power to 230 HP and 235 ft-lbs.


title: Subaru Forester

text: For the 2006 model year, Subaru gave the SG Forester a facelift, using redesigned headlights, tail lights, bonnet, grille, front bumper, and side moldings.


title: Subaru Forester

text: MY03-04 Models has a 4-Star ANCAP safety rating. MY05 Forester Model had a mid-life update, which increased its ANCAP safety rating to 5 Stars.


title: Subaru Forester

text: In 2006, the turbocharged engine (powering the Forester XT) was awarded International Engine of the Year. This engine is also used in the Subaru Impreza WRX, as well as the re-badged Saab 9-2X Aero.


title: Subaru Forester

text: All of the 2.5-liter 4-cylinder engines for this generation have a timing belt made of rubber and cord. A belt must be replaced at . These engines are interference engines, meaning that if the timing belt breaks or stretches, the pistons will hit the valves, requiring an engine teardown, and a likely rebuild. Also, if this belt is replaced around 105,000 miles, it is a good idea to change the water pump, thermostat, belt tensioner and all the idler pulleys for this belt. The water pump and thermostat are behind this belt.


title: Subaru Forester

text: In Australia for the Series II (MY06) cars, Subaru changed the recommended service interval for the timing belt replacement from 100,000 kilometers to 125,000 kilometers.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The 2.5-liter 4-cylinder engine in the first-generation Foresters featured head gaskets which were prone to premature failure. For 2003 and later, this problem was addressed with a revised, higher performing design, but is still a problem.


title: Subaru Forester

text: For the U.S. market, the car was offered with either the 2.5 SOHC naturally aspirated engine, or the 2.5 DOHC turbocharged version


title: Subaru Forester

text: added in 2004. In 2005, the L.L. Bean edition was added. In 2006, the styling was updated, Active valve lift system was added to non-turbo engines to improve power and efficiency, the XS model was deleted, and the Premium model was added. In 2007, a bottle holder was added to front door panels, the 'Sports' trim level was added, which changed some interior and exterior features and added the VDT/VDC transmission to the XT Sports turbo Automatic model. In 2008, TPMS was added, the L.L. Bean model deleted rear load-leveling suspension but gained a radio upgrade, and the XT Turbo Limited models got the VDT/VDC Auto transmission.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The Forester had three main models available in Australia until July 2005, which are X, XS and XT. Both the X and XS are equipped with the naturally aspirated 2.5 L engine producing , while the XT received the same engine with higher output of . From the Series II which was released in August 2005, the engine was upgraded to for the X and XS and for the XT grade.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The Forester was sold in India by General Motors India as the Chevrolet Forester. Introduced in 2003, it was the first Chevrolet-badged model released in India, as previous GM models are badged as Opels. Sales of the Chevrolet Forester ended in 2007 since General Motors no longer holds an ownership stake in Subaru's parent company, Fuji Heavy Industries.


title: Subaru Forester

text: A look-alike was produced by Yema Auto and known as the Yema F99 in China. It was a similar design to the pre-facelifted model. Production ran from 2012 to 2014. The engine was a 1.5l 4 cylinder mated to a 5-speed manual gearbox. The car was not related to the Forester even though they look very similar. The Forester was imported to China from 2004 until 2007 in the following models:


title: Subaru Forester

text: In 2004, Subaru launched the Forester STi for the Japanese market only. A "sportier" version of the standard second-gen (SG) Forester, the Forester STi incorporated most of the running components from the WRX STi, with several other changes. It was never sold outside of Japan.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The Forester STi exterior was modified with additions such as a redesigned front fascia with new headlights, front bumper, grille and "STi" badged covered fog lights, like those seen on the Impreza WRX STi. The rear fascia was also redesigned with revised taillights, a revised rear bumper, and an added rear spoiler.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Multiple changes were made to the engine and the mechanical components of the Forester to create the Forester STi. They include the engine, which received the 2.5-liter turbocharged flat-four from the WRX STi, making and 186.0 lb-ft of torque. A six-speed manual gearbox, a larger intercooler, and a low-back-pressure exhaust system were also added. The top three ratios of the gearbox are 14 percent taller to match the engine's torque curve. As the result, the 2006 Forester STi accelerates from 0-60 mph (0-96.6 km/h) in 5.2 seconds, 0-62 mph (0-100 km/h) in 5.4 seconds, and does the quarter mile in 14.1 seconds at 97.0 mph (156.11 km/h). It can reach a top speed of 140 mph (225.3 km/h) and has a power to weight ratio of 174 hp per ton.


title: Subaru Forester

text: To cope with the extra power made by the new engine, the Forester STi got many upgraded suspension components including STi sport springs, revised struts at each corner, and bigger anti-roll bars and cross-members. These changes resulted in a 1.2 inch lower ride height and improved resistance to torsional forces. Rolling resistance was also improved, but the higher center of gravity of the Forester still remained. The Forester STi is also equipped with a new rack with a quicker ratio that leads to a more deliberate turn-in.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The Forester STi got 18-inch, 10-spoke alloy wheels with 225/45R-18 Bridgestone Potenza tires. Four-piston Brembo brakes are employed on the front wheels, and two-piston units are used on the back. It also has special STi bucket seats with red inserts, a smaller leather steering wheel, and a shift knob with red stitching.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The third-generation Forester began to move away from a traditional wagon design towards becoming a crossover SUV. It was larger in nearly every dimension and featured a sloping roofline with more cargo space. Subaru unveiled the model year 2008 Forester in Japan on December 25, 2007. The North American version made its debut at the 2008 North American International Auto Show in Detroit.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Styling was by Subaru Chief Designer Mamoru Ishii. The dimensions derive from engineers using the basic body structure of the Japanese-spec Impreza wagon with the rear platform of the U.S.-spec Impreza sedan. The Forester's wheelbase was increased , with overall increases of in length, in width and in height.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The independent double-wishbone rear suspension was redesigned for better handling and a smoother ride. A "Sportshift" mode was added to the four-speed computer-controlled automatic transmission. The in-dash, touch-screen satellite navigation system became Bluetooth compatible, and integrated with a premium stereo. A six-speaker surround sound enhancement was optional.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The new model added to the Forester's wheelbase, improving interior space and cargo room ( expandable to ). Ground clearance was .


title: Subaru Forester

text: The Forester was available in Europe from 2008 with either the 2.0-liter EJ20 () 196 Nm gasoline engine with Active Valve Control System (AVCS) matched to either five-speed manual or four-speed automatic gearbox, or an all-new diesel-powered horizontally opposed Subaru EE boxer engine, and six-speed manual gearbox. The new model was introduced at the 2008 Paris Motor Show in October. The diesel engine produces a power output of and 350 Nm. The EE20 diesel engine in the Euro 4 guise was plagued by crankshaft failure caused by cracks forming when operated in cold climate. Although Subaru never acknowledged this defect, the engine was reworked for the Euro 5 model in 2011 to eliminate this issue.


title: Subaru Forester

text: In the UK, the gasoline-powered Forester was offered in the popular X and XS models, while the trim levels for the diesel models were X, XC, and XS NavPlus.


title: Subaru Forester

text: In the Netherlands, the Forester is offered with gasoline or diesel engines. The gasoline engine can also be fitted with an additional liquefied petroleum gas installation (LPG), an aftermarket installation provided directly through dealerships. The available equipment levels are Intro (gasoline engine only), Comfort, Luxury, Premium, and XT (gasoline engine turbo). Maximum towing abilities for the gasoline or gasoline with LPG are 2000 kg (manual) or 1500 kg (auto), while the manual-only diesel can tow 2000 kg.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Of note is a serious head gasket issue that remains unresolved by Subaru. Mostly oil and or coolant leaks / cross cylinder failure being the worst. It can be resolved by aftermarket gaskets, however, this is an expensive engine-out job.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The Forester trim levels were the 2.5X Limited, the 2.5X Premium, the 2.5X and the 2.5XT Limited and 2.5XT Premium both with turbo. The interior color was either black or light gray, with three upholstery selections, including leather. Nine exterior colors were offered, with four colors in a pearlescent appearance.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Starting July 2009, Subaru no longer offered a special-edition L.L. Bean trim level on the Forester. The Subaru Elaion is a modified Subaru Forester which was built by Subaru and Elaion (Repsol-YPF).


title: Subaru Forester

text: The USA 2.5X model was certified PZEV emissions (Rated instead ), with a badge attached to the rear of the vehicle on the bottom right-hand side of the tailgate. All other USA models were certified LEV2. The PZEV Forester was available for sale in all fifty states, unlike other manufacturers who only sold PZEV-certified vehicles in states that had adopted California emission standards. The engine without the turbo runs on unleaded gasoline rated at 87 octane, and the turbo engine (EJ255) requires premium fuel rated minimum 91 octane.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Safety equipment included front airbags with side curtain airbags and front passenger-side airbags (for a total of six airbags) and brake assist that detects panic-braking situations and applies maximum braking force more quickly. The five-speed manual transmission was equipped with Incline Start Assist.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Some of the standard equipment found on the 2.5X included Subaru's VDC (Vehicle Dynamics Control), 16 inch steel wheels, and an auxiliary audio jack for MP3 players. Optional equipment included 17 inch alloy wheels, panoramic moonroof, heated front seats, and heated side-view mirrors. The L.L. Bean edition added automatic climate control, leather upholstery, an upgraded stereo with six speakers and a six-disc in-dash CD changer over the four-speaker stereo with single-disc CD player, and an in-dash navigation system, as well as L.L. Bean signature floor mats and rear cargo tray.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The 2.5 XT came with the premium stereo standard, as well as 17-inch alloy wheels, and the panoramic moonroof. The 2.5 XT Limited added leather upholstery with heated front seats, in-dash navigation, a rear spoiler, and automatic climate control. For 2009, XT models came only with a four-speed automatic with Sport Shift.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The Forester XTI concept vehicle used the 2.5-liter inter-cooled turbo engine from the Subaru WRX STI, six-speed manual transmission, 18 × 8-inch S204 forged alloy wheels with Yokohama Advan Neova 255/40R18 performance tires, adjustable coil-over suspension, Brembo brakes with four-piston front calipers, 2-piston rear calipers, SuperSport ABS and Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD), leather and Alcantara sport seats, a special instrument cluster, front dash, and center console and leather-wrapped steering wheel. Engine is rated and torque.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Subaru produced a specialized vehicle for the National Ski Patrol based on the 2.5XT turbo. It includes diamond plate floor, rear steel walls, a 9,500-pound winch and a roof-mounted toboggan. The vehicle was unveiled in the 2008 SEMA Show.


title: Subaru Forester

text: In 2010 (U.S. model year 2011), the Subaru Forester received a minor facelift featuring a new grille insert and several small changes in various trim levels. A new 2.5X Touring trim level was also introduced above the 2.5X Limited. The 2.5X Touring trim added HID lighting, a rearview camera, dual-zone climate control, and silver roof rails. 2.5XT models got a slightly larger rear roof spoiler.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Subaru also quietly switched to the all-new 2.5L DOHC FB25 third-generation boxer engine in naturally aspirated Forester models. The new engine made the same 170 hp (126.8 kW) as the outgoing EJ253, but torque increased by 4 lb-ft to 174 lb-ft (235.9 N⋅m). Fuel economy improved by 1 mpg EPA city/highway to 21/27. 2.5XT models retained the 2.5L DOHC EJ255 turbo engine.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The fourth-generation Forester was unveiled in the 2012 Guangzhou Motor Show, followed by the 2013 New York International Auto Show.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The fourth-generation model had a major revamp of interior comfort. The passenger seat is higher, the sound system has been upgraded, the rear bench seats are higher and the console is re-positioned for the person riding in the center. The manual transmission models were also upgraded to a six-speed transmission instead of the previous generation's five-speed transmission.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Japan models went on sale in November 2012. Early model includes 2.0i, 2.0i-L, 2.0i-L EyeSight, 2.0i-S EyeSight, 2.0XT (280 PS), 2.0XT EyeSight (280 PS). 2.0i engine models include six-speed manual (2.0i, 2.0i-L) or Lineartronic CVT transmission; 2.0XT (280 PS) engine models include Lineartronic CVT transmission.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Asian models went on sale in March 2013 as 2014 model year. Early model includes 2.0i-L, 2.0i Premium and 2.0XT. Association of Southeast Asian Nations production of the Subaru Forester began in February 2016. Malaysia-based Tan Chong Motor Assemblies assembled approximately 10,000 Forester units annually for Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia respectively.


title: Subaru Forester

text: US models went on sale in March 2013 as 2014 model year vehicles. Early models include 2.5i in base, Premium, Limited and top-line Touring versions, and performance-oriented turbocharged 2.0XT (253 PS) in Premium and Touring versions. Base and Premium model 2014 Foresters can be equipped with the manual six-speed transmission or the Lineartronic CVT. All other models are equipped with the Lineartronic CVT. An option on Limited/Touring 2.5i and Premium/Touring 2.0XT is new X-Mode control and Hill Descent Control (HDC) features. These are not available on other models.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The 2014 Forester has a new feature called X Mode that allows owners to go through more extreme conditions both on the road and off. The concept is that any driver, regardless of skill level, can drive safely on wet roads or muddy areas. It works by monitoring wheel-slip on all four wheels; should one or more wheels begin to slip, X Mode kicks in and applies the brakes to the affected wheel which results in a transfer of power to the opposite wheel. After it is engaged by a simple push button, X Mode stays engaged up until the vehicle's speed is about then disengages itself.


title: Subaru Forester

text: It has been awarded "Motor Trend's" 2009 and 2014 SUV of the Year and The Car Connection's Best Car To Buy 2014.


title: Subaru Forester

text: According to IIHS (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety), the 2014 Forester achieved Good crash test ratings in Small Overlap Front, Moderate Overlap Front, Side, Roof Strength, and Head Restraining & Seats categories. The Forester had not been rated Good in the Small Overlap Front test until modifications were made for the 2014 model year. The small overlap test, introduced in 2012 by the IIHS, simulates a frontal collision on 25 percent of the driver's side front corner. Since its adoption, the IIHS has noticed several automakers making non-symmetrical modifications to their vehicles. Another small overlap test was conducted on a number of vehicles, including a 2014 Forester, but was conducted on the passenger side instead. The crash test showed substantially more intrusion into the passenger side than into the driver's side of the Forester, it would have been rated Marginal


title: Subaru Forester

text: The 2014 top-of-the-line Touring model Forester in the U.S. offers Subaru's EyeSight driver assist technology that uses stereoscopic CCD cameras mounted on either side of the rearview mirror. Eyesight offers several driver assist technologies/features which include:


title: Subaru Forester

text: The system can be manually turned on or off. Being an optical, instead of radar, based system, it has limitations in limited visibility situations; driving into the sun, fog, or where the windshield is not cleared (snow, mud, etc.) may cause the system to disengage.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The facelifted fourth-generation Forester was revealed in October 2015 ahead of the 2015 Tokyo Motor Show. Changes include new LED projector headlights with C-shaped positioning lights, new taillights, a redesigned grille and a reprofiled front bumper.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Subaru also introduced improvements to the Forester’s AWD chassis and NVH. It also feature greater front cross member rigidity and optimisation of the rear trailing link bushings which result in better steering response and straight-line stability. The turbo model gets Active Torque Vectoring. Ride comfort has been improved with optimised dampers and spring rates, while thicker door glass, stronger sealing, additional under-floor insulation and improvements to the Lineartronic CVT gearbox result in quieter ride. The FB 2.0-liter naturally-aspirated flat-four petrol engine with has been given more efficient combustion and reduced friction for better fuel efficiency with no loss of performance.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The Forester uses color cameras for the EyeSight system with a wider and longer field of view. Alongside EyeSight which was upgraded to Version 3, Subaru offered a Rear Vehicle Detection package that includes Blind Spot Detection, Lane Change Assist and Rear Cross Traffic Alert. The stereo cameras of Eyesight also double up as the eyes for Adaptive Driving Beam.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The fifth-generation Forester was revealed on March 28, 2018 at the New York International Auto Show. Like contemporary Subaru models, the fifth-generation model moved the Forester to the Subaru Global Platform. The new platform is said to provide greater handling capability, agility, ride comfort and crash protection. It is also claimed to be inherently resistant to noise, vibration and harshness (NVH).


title: Subaru Forester

text: While sporting design cues from the previous generation, the fifth-generation Forester incorporates Subaru’s "Dynamic x Solid" recent design language. Interior space has been increased with the redesign, by lengthening the wheelbase by to . Rear legroom has grown by to , while head, hip and shoulder room have is also increased, improving the overall cabin space. Wider rear door openings and a steeper C-pillar allow for easier entry and egress and also makes installing a child seat easier.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The reworked front seats are claimed to be more comfortable on long trips. Subaru also included an electric parking brake which frees up center console space. Cargo space in the trunk is larger with with the 60:40-split rear seats folded – an increase of – and the maximum width of the tailgate opening is wider at .


title: Subaru Forester

text: Initial trim levels available in the U.S. and Canada are Base, Premium, Sport, Limited and Touring. All Foresters sold in the U.S. come standard with Subaru's Eyesight Driver Assist Technology. Subaru DriverFocus Distraction Mitigation System comes standard on the Touring trim in the U.S., which provides an alert when it detects the driver is distracted or is drowsy. In addition, the DriverFocus system is able to recognize five different drivers and will set seat and mirror positions and climate control settings accordingly.


title: Subaru Forester

text: In North America, the model is only available with one engine type: Subaru's new "FB25 DI". The engine is a naturally aspirated, direct injection flat (boxer) 4 cylinder producing at 5800 rpm and at 4400 rpm, with the Lineartronic CVT as the sole transmission option.


title: Subaru Forester

text: All fifth-generation Foresters have one of three versions of Subaru's Symmetrical All Wheel Drive system. The trim levels in North America determines which system is installed. The Base trim received a Variable Torque Distribution (VTD) using electronically controlled clutches to control torque split. Premium, Sport, Limited and Touring trims receive the driver-selectable X-Mode system with Hill Descent Control, which optimises engine, transmission, AWD system and Vehicle Dynamics Control for maximum traction on slippery conditions. A new dual-mode version with Snow/Dirt and Deep Snow/Mud modes is fitted on Sport, Limited and Touring variants. All models provide a nominal torque split biased 60 front to 40 rear.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Subaru introduced the e-Boxer hybrid powertrain for the European-market Forester and XV at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2019; the e-Boxer integrates an electric motor into the Lineartronic CVT to improve fuel economy and increase power.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The e-Boxer powertrain features a modified FB20 rated at at 5,600–6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm. Like the first-generation XV Crosstrek Hybrid, the Forester e-Boxer adds a single electric motor rated at maximum output. The battery for the traction motor is placed above the rear axle, improving the front/rear weight balance.


title: Subaru Forester

text: A Forester Sport with a "CB18" 1.8-liter direct injection turbocharged flat-4 engine was introduced in October 2020 for the Japanese domestic market. The engine produces at 5,200-5,600 rpm and at 1,600-3,600 rpm. This engine is also present in the JDM-only Subaru Levorg. With the introduction of the Sport, the "FB20D e-BOXER" became the standard engine across the rest of the Forester line in Japan. , there are no reports whether other markets will receive the "CB18".


title: Subaru Forester

text: The Forester Sport is identified by its black grille as well as grey-painted fog lamps covers, side mirrors and rocker panels. The Sport also is equipped with a set of dark 18-inch wheels, while the rear fascia adds additional trim around the tailgate window. It is also equipped with dual exhaust outlets, which are part of a redesigned and sportier lower apron.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The facelifted model was released for North America in September 2021 for the 2022 model year. It had a new front end as well as a slightly tweaked rear bumper while the powertrain was unchanged. All Forester models have Subaru's updated fourth-generation eyesight driver-assist system. An off-road-focused Wilderness model was also introduced.


title: Subaru Forester

text: Alongside the facelift model, Subaru released a new model called the Forester Wilderness for the North American market. It is intended to be a more off-road-oriented version of the Forester, and is positioned between the Limited and Touring trim levels in the Forester lineup. Visually, the Forester has more body cladding, and on the inside, copper-colored accents. It features a lift for a total of of ground clearance, the Wilderness also has all-terrain tires, a modified final drive ratio, and a stronger roof rack than previous models. Subaru's StarTex water-repellent seats are also standard.


title: Subaru Forester

text: The Wilderness is powered by the same 2.5-liter "FB25D" naturally-aspirated four cylinder engine powering other North American market Foresters. The Wilderness uses an Enhanced Dual-Function X-Mode version. The X-Mode is upgraded and re-tuned, with settings for snow, dirt, deep snow and mud. Additional wheel-slip is allowed to occur, which provides an advantage in harsh driving conditions.


title: Bruno Guimarães

text: Bruno Guimarães Rodriguez Moura (born 16 November 1997) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Newcastle United and the Brazil national team.


title: Bruno Guimarães

text: Born in the neighborhood of São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Guimarães finished his formation with Audax. On 9 April 2015, aged just 17, he made his professional debut for the latter by playing the last three minutes in a 2–1 Campeonato Paulista away win against Bragantino.


title: Bruno Guimarães

text: Guimarães was promoted to the main squad in the 2017 campaign, after impressing in the year's Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior.


title: Bruno Guimarães

text: On 11 May 2017, he joined Athletico Paranaense on loan until April 2018, and was initially assigned to the under-23 squad.


title: Bruno Guimarães

text: Guimarães made his Série A debut on 17 June 2017, coming on as a second-half substitute for Deivid in a 1–0 away defeat of Atlético Goianiense. The following 1 March, he was bought outright and signed a contract until 2021.


title: Bruno Guimarães

text: Guimarães scored his first senior goal on 10 March 2018, netting his team's fourth in a 7–1 home routing of Rio Branco-PR, for the year's Campeonato Paranaense. He then became an undisputed starter for the main squad under new manager Tiago Nunes, and renewed his contract until 2023 on 5 February 2019.


title: Bruno Guimarães

text: On 29 January 2020, Guimarães signed with Ligue 1 side Lyon on a four-and-a-half-year contract. The transfer fee paid to Athletico Paranaense was reported as €20 million, who also secured a 20% sell-on clause.


title: Bruno Guimarães

text: On 30 January 2022, Guimarães joined Premier League club Newcastle United on a four-and-a-half year contract for a reported fee of up to £40m. He made his debut on 8 February as a late substitute in a 3–1 win against Everton. He scored his first goal for Newcastle with a "powerful back-heel volley" in a 2–1 victory at Southampton on 10 March, on his full debut game. He scored his first brace for Newcastle in a 2–1 victory against Leicester City on 17 April, with his second coming in the 95th minute, winning the game.


title: Bruno Guimarães

text: Guimarães featured for Brazil's under-23 team in the 2020 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament. On 17 June 2021, he was named in the squad for the 2020 Summer Olympics.


title: Bruno Guimarães

text: In September 2020, Guimarães was called up to the senior Brazil squad for 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Bolivia and Peru on 9 and 13 October 2020, respectively. He had already been named in the Brazilian team call-up in March 2020, but that summoning was postponed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. He debuted in a 2–0 away win over Uruguay on 17 November 2020.


title: Seo Hyun-jin

text: Seo Hyun-jin (born February 27, 1985) is a South Korean actress and singer. Seo debuted as the main vocalist of South Korean girl group M.I.L.K. in 2001 and continued until the group disbanded in 2003. She contributed songs as a solo artist after the group disbandment before she transitioned into acting in 2006.


title: Seo Hyun-jin

text: Seo made her acting debut in the musical "The Sound of Music" (2006) then followed by appearances in several television series and film. She is best known for her leading role as Oh Hae-young in the romantic comedy TV series "Another Miss Oh" (2016), which gained her wider recognition. Seo has since gone on to have main cast billing in medical melodrama "Dr. Romantic" (2016–2017), romance dramas "Temperature of Love" (2017), "The Beauty Inside" (2018), and "You Are My Spring" (2021), and legal drama "Why Her" (2022).


title: Seo Hyun-jin

text: Seo was born on February 27, 1985, in Dobong District (now Nowon District), Seoul, South Korea. She was scouted by S.M. Entertainment and later debuted as the main vocalist of South Korean girl group, M.I.L.K in 2001, under the label's subsidiary BM Entertainment. However, the group soon fell by the wayside due to fierce competition among manufactured bands, which led to one of the members quitting before they completely disbanded in 2003. After M.I.L.K. was dissolved, Seo attended Dongduk Women's University, where she majored in applied musicology to keep her dream of singing career alive. Seo contributed songs to a few soundtracks and SM Town compilations as a solo artist.


title: Seo Hyun-jin

text: Seo had the chance to perform in her first musical, "The Sound of Music" in 2006, which she saw as the turning point in her acting career.


title: Seo Hyun-jin

text: Supporting roles followed in the period drama "Hwang Jini" (2006), TV police procedural "H.I.T" (2007), and the queer film "Ashamed" (2011). Seo first drew attention for her subtler performance in "The Duo" (2011), as a neighborhood tomboy who later becomes a gisaeng. She played her first villain in "Feast of the Gods" (2012), as an overly ambitious chef caught in a rivalry. Seo was then cast in leading roles for two historical dramas "The King's Daughter, Soo Baek-hyang" (2013) and "The Three Musketeers" (2014).


title: Seo Hyun-jin

text: Seo has also frequently appeared in projects directed by her best friend, actress Ku Hye-sun, notably in the short film "The Madonna" and in the feature film "Magic", in which she had her first leading role.


title: Seo Hyun-jin

text: Seo said the character that most resembled her real-life personality was the foodie freelance writer in "Let's Eat 2" (2015), adding that she ""didn't realize how much fun shooting a lively and comical drama could be."" The drama was Seo's first attempt at romantic-comedy genre, in which she got good reviews and it became her career's turning point.


title: Seo Hyun-jin

text: Her popularity grew rapidly after the hit romance comedy drama "Another Miss Oh" (2016), which she starred alongside Eric Mun. She was praised for her portrayal of such an ordinary and relatable character, and won the Baeksang Arts Award for Best Actress. Later in the same year, she starred in SBS hit medical drama "Dr. Romantic" alongside Han Suk-kyu and Yoo Yeon-seok. In 2017, Seo starred in the romance television series "Temperature of Love" penned by Ha Myung-hee.


title: Seo Hyun-jin

text: In 2018, Seo was cast in the fantasy melodrama "The Beauty Inside" which is based on the 2015 romantic comedy film of the same name. She played an actress who spends a week out of each month living in someone else's body. She then starred in the high school television series "" in 2019 and tvN drama series "You Are My Spring" in 2021.


title: Seo Hyun-jin

text: In 2022, Seo starred in the SBS legal drama "Why Her" in the titular role of Oh Soo-jae, a lawyer-turned-professor and in the film "Cassiopeia" as a daughter who is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and slowly turning into a young child due to loss of memory.


title: Seo Hyun-jin

text: In 2019, Seo was recognised as an exemplary tax payer by the National Tax Service of South Korea and was named as an honorary ambassador together with Lee Je-hoon.


title: Imperial, royal and noble ranks

text: Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and among geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke), the following is a reasonably comprehensive list that provides information on both general ranks and specific differences. Distinction should be made between reigning (or formerly reigning) families and the nobility – the latter being a social class subject to and created by the former.


title: Imperial, royal and noble ranks

text: Note that many titles listed may also be used by lesser nobles – non-sovereigns – depending on the historical period and state. The sovereign titles listed below are grouped together into categories roughly according to their degree of dignity; these being: imperial (Emperor/Empress, etc.), royal (King/Queen, Grand Duke, etc.), others (sovereign Prince, sovereign Duke, etc.), and religious.


title: Imperial, royal and noble ranks

text: Several ranks were widely used (for more than a thousand years in Europe alone) for both sovereign rulers and non-sovereigns. Additional knowledge about the territory and historic period is required to know whether the rank holder was a sovereign or non-sovereign. However, joint precedence among rank holders often greatly depended on whether a rank holder was sovereign, whether of the same rank or not. This situation was most widely exemplified by the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) in Europe. Several of the following ranks were commonly both sovereign and non-sovereign within the HRE. Outside of the HRE, the most common sovereign rank of these below was that of Prince. Within the HRE, those holding the following ranks who were also sovereigns had (enjoyed) what was known as an "immediate" relationship with the Emperor. Those holding non-sovereign ranks held only a "mediate" relationship (meaning that the civil hierarchy upwards was mediated by one or more intermediaries between the rank holder and the Emperor).


title: Imperial, royal and noble ranks

text: The distinction between the ranks of the major nobility (listed above) and the minor nobility, listed here, was not always a sharp one in all nations. But the precedence of the ranks of a Baronet or a Knight is quite generally accepted for where this distinction exists for most nations. Here the rank of Baronet (ranking above a Knight) is taken as the highest rank among the ranks of the minor nobility or landed gentry that are listed below.


title: Imperial, royal and noble ranks

text: In Germany, the constitution of the Weimar Republic in 1919 ceased to accord privileges to members of dynastic and noble families. Their titles henceforth became legal parts of the family name, and traditional forms of address (e.g., "Hoheit" or "Durchlaucht") ceased to be accorded to them by governmental entities. The last title was conferred on 12 November 1918 to Kurt von Klefeld. The actual rank of a title-holder in Germany depended not only on the nominal rank of the title, but also the degree of sovereignty exercised, the rank of the title-holder's suzerain, and the length of time the family possessed its status within the nobility ("Uradel, Briefadel, altfürstliche, neufürstliche", see: German nobility). Thus, any reigning sovereign ranks higher than any deposed or mediatized sovereign (e.g., the "Fürst" of Waldeck, sovereign until 1918, was higher than the Duke of Arenberg, head of a mediatized family, although "Herzog" is nominally a higher title than "Fürst"). However, former holders of higher titles in extant monarchies retained their relative rank, i.e., a queen dowager of Belgium outranks the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein. Members of a formerly sovereign or mediatized house rank higher than the nobility. Among the nobility, those whose titles derive from the Holy Roman Empire rank higher than the holder of an equivalent title granted by one of the German monarchs after 1806.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Presidential elections were held in South Korea on 9 March 2022. Under the South Korean constitution, presidents are restricted to a single five-year term, meaning that incumbent president Moon Jae-in was ineligible to run for a second term. Opposition candidate Yoon Suk-yeol of the People Power Party won the election, defeating candidate Lee Jae-myung of the incumbent Democratic Party.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Both main parties had unusually intense primary elections. Upon its nomination of Lee Jae-myung, the second-place Democratic Party candidate Lee Nak-yon called for an appeal of the results, until being forced to concede. In the PPP, frontrunner Yoon and party chairman Lee Jun-seok frequently clashed over Yoon's performance and perceived apathy towards debates with other candidates. The People Party nominated Ahn Cheol-soo and the Justice Party nominated Sim Sang-jung.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Economic inequality, recovery from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, antifeminist sentiment and housing issues were prominent topics during the election. Analysts observed increased political polarization, record low popularity amongst the candidates, infighting within both main political parties, as well as a negative or divisive tone throughout campaigning. After discussing a potential merger for some time, Ahn withdrew his campaign on 3 March, 6 days before the election, and endorsed Yoon.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: In the closest presidential election in South Korean history, Yoon won the most overall votes and the key areas of Seoul, but lost in Gyeonggi and Incheon.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: After a 2016 political scandal, president Park Geun-hye was impeached, and snap elections were called for 2017. Moon Jae-in of the Democratic Party defeated Hong Joon-pyo of the Liberty Korea Party and Ahn Cheol-soo of the People Party by a wide margin in the May 2017 election, bringing the Democrats back to power after nine years. After three years in office, Moon's position was strengthened by his party's victory in the 2020 legislative election, which gave them an absolute majority of 180 out of 300 seats in the National Assembly.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: However, in the 2021 Seoul mayoral by-election, young voters in Seoul, who had traditionally sided with the Democratic Party, voted for the conservative People's Power Party (PPP) by large majorities: by a margin of 55.3 percent to 34.1 percent among voters in their 20s, and 56.5 percent to 38.7 percent among voters in their 30s. The incumbent administration was blamed for the housing crisis in Seoul which affected mostly younger citizens in their 20s and was rooted as the main cause of the Democrats' defeat, along with antifeminism sentiment among young male voters. This is in part because of the gender imbalance in the population of young people in South Korea. The PPP elected 36-year-old Lee Jun-seok as their new party chief in June 2021. Lee's leadership campaign focused on young people and a big tent approach to the electorate, which was seen as a generational shift in South Korean politics. Lee had never held a public office. Several parties selected candidates for the presidential election who similarly lacked legislative or executive experience. Commentators observed that this reflected growing public distrust in South Korea's establishment politicians.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The president of South Korea is elected via a single-round plurality voting system, for a term of five years. Incumbent and former presidents are ineligible to seek re-election.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The Democratic Party (Korean: 더불어민주당) is the ruling political party of South Korea following its victories in the 2017 presidential election, 2018 local elections and the 2020 National Assembly election. It should be understood that the Democratic Party, while technically founded in 2014, is part of a lineage of parties that originated from the conservative 1955 Democratic Party. Parties in this lineage gradually shifted their ideology over the course of decades, and the 2022 Democratic Party is considered to be a big tent party comprising both centrist and liberal factions.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Politicians in this party generally support a social market economy with a strong social safety net, anti-corruption measures, direct democracy, and environmentalist policies. On matters of foreign policy, the party supports reconciliation and eventual reunification with North Korea. The party is particularly strong in Honam region. The incumbent president Moon Jae-in, a member of the party, was ineligible to run for reelection due to term limits.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Following and prior to his victory in the crucial district of Jongno in the 2020 legislative election, former Prime Minister Lee Nak-yeon emerged as the frontrunner for both the Democratic Party's nomination and the general election. Lee, who is celebrated for his expertise on Japanese relations and administrative capabilities he has shown during his time as South Jeolla Provincial Governor and President Moon Jae-in's first Prime minister, received wide support from Moon's faction of the party evinced by his landslide victory in the party leadership contest of August 2020. However, Lee's January 2021 proposal to pardon corrupt former conservative presidents Park Geun-hye and Lee Myung-bak faced backlash and led to a fall in his support. Gyeonggi Governor Lee Jae-Myung, who ran a left-wing populist campaign for president in 2017 while Mayor of Seongnam, has emerged as the most popular prospective candidate across parties as a result of his well-received response to the COVID-19 pandemic and his proposal for a universal basic income. Moon's second prime minister, Chung Sye-kyun, also resigned to run for the presidency.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The primary campaign saw clashes which became increasingly heated between Lee Nak-yeon and Lee Jae-myung.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The nominating primaries were scheduled to be held in September 2021, although representatives of the Lee Nak-yon and Chung Sye-kyun campaigns called for the primaries to be delayed to November. The calls to delay the primary are seen to be attempts to prevent frontrunner Lee Jae-myung from getting the nomination, as he is the most preferred candidate among the public and the party.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 25 June, the party's supreme council decided to hold the primary as scheduled by 10 September. The timetable for the process was as follows:


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 19 July, the party announced a delay in the final selection of candidates to mid-October due to an upsurge in COVID-19 cases in South Korea.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Following the completion of the nationwide primaries on 10 October 2021, Lee Jae-myung was announced as the party's candidate for president.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The votes above only count the votes cast for the four candidates who stayed in the race up to the final round of the primary and does not include votes received by Chung Sye-kyun and Kim Doo-kwan, who both dropped out midway. Before dropping out, Chung had received 23,731 votes and Kim received 4,411 votes.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 10 October, following the announcement of Lee Jae-myung's nomination, Lee Nak-yeon campaign stated they would appeal the results. A day later, the campaign submitted a formal appeal to the party. Rep. Hong Young-pyo, co-chair of the Lee Nak-yeon campaign, said that the votes of Kim and Chung should be included in the final result, in which case Lee Jae-myung's vote share would be reduced to 49.32% and run-off would be required. However, party chairman Song Young-gil told reporters he would reject the appeal and urged the former prime minister to concede. Song added that the specific clause of excluding votes received by withdrawn candidates from the final tally was approved during the party convention of August 2020 when Lee Nak-yeon himself was elected party chairman.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 13 October, the Party Affairs committee, with 64 of the 76 panel members attending, voted by acclamation to dismiss the appeal. Lee Nak-yeon formally conceded and vowed to do his part to ensure the party's victory in the March election.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The following individuals were candidates for the Democratic party primaries until the conclusion of the nomination process on 10 October, in sequence of announcement of candidacy:


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 11 July 2021, Democratic Party of Korea narrowed its primary candidates down to six in the first round of the party primary. As a result, two candidates were eliminated.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The People Power Party (Korean: 국민의힘) is the current iteration of a long line of Korean conservative parties that, throughout modern Korean history, rivaled the long line of parties in the Democratic Party lineage. The party was formally established in 2020 following a merger of multiple conservative parties created in the fallout of the 2016 South Korean corruption scandal that led to the fall of conservative president Park Geun-hye and her Saenuri Party. In the 2017 presidential election, the party's legal predecessor nominated right-wing populist Hong Jun-pyo, who went on to lose the election to liberal Moon Jae-in.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The party lost further ground in the 2020 National Assembly election. However, the party has since regained ground after retaking the mayor's offices of Seoul and Busan in the 2021 South Korean by-elections. On matters of policy, politicians in this party generally support liberal economic policies (including support for "chaebols", the industrial conglomerates that dominate the South Korean economy) and hold conservative positions on national security, including hawkish stances on North Korea. The party is particularly strong in the southeastern Gyeongsang region.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Under new party chairman Lee Jun-seok's plans for a 'big tent' approach for the party's appeal to the electorate and desire to unify opposition forces against the Democratic Party, up to 14 individuals have declared or expressed interest in running for the PPP nomination. Another opposition candidate Ahn Cheol-soo is not a member of the PPP.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Yoon Suk-yeol, was seen as the frontrunner for the party's nomination since early 2020 despite not initially being a member of the party. Yoon led a January 2021 opinion poll as the most favored presidential candidate at 30.4 percent, over the ruling Democratic Party's Lee Jae-myung and Lee Nak-yeon. Yoon had expressed interest in joining the party, but had also not ruled out the possibility of creating his own party and then forging an electoral alliance with the PPP afterwards. After officially declaring his candidacy on 29 June 2021, Yoon officially joined the PPP on 30 July.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: At one point, former Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn, a longtime prosecutor who entered politics as Minister of Justice and later became acting President of South Korea following Park Geun-hye's removal from office, was briefly seen as the most likely right-wing candidate for the 2022 presidential election during a period in 2019. However, his high-profile defeat in the 2020 South Korean legislative election in the crucial Jongno district by Democratic 2022 presidential candidate and former Prime Minister Lee Nak-yeon obliterated his standing in national polling.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Representative Hong Jun-pyo, the conservative opponent of Moon in 2017, is seeking the PPP nomination again for 2022.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Former National Assembly member Yoo Seong-min, one of the most prominent conservative opponents of Park Geun-hye and a co-founder of the breakaway Bareun Party in 2016, announced his candidacy in May 2020.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Choi Jae-hyung, former Chairman of the Board of Audit and Inspection, joined the party on 15 July 2021. On 26 July, Choi officially registered his candidacy with the National Election Commission. On 30 July, upon frontrunner Yoon Suk-yeol's entrance into the People Power Party, Choi personally welcomed Yoon in a small COVID-19-aware media ceremony.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Chang Sŏng-min, former aide to president Kim Dae-jung and former member of the National Assembly (2000–2002) joined PPP on 2 August and announced his candidacy on 15 August 2021.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: In August 2021, the primary campaign was marked by clashes between party chairman Lee and frontrunner Yoon. Yoon was accused of snubbing planned debates between the primary contenders mooted by Lee and the party leadership as Yoon was allegedly unprepared for debate questioning, including scandals involving his family and lacking broad knowledge on various social issues, as evidenced by gaffes made during the campaign. Yoon attacked Lee, calling him "self-righteous" while Lee hit back and said Yoon was uncooperative with the party leadership. In addition, Lee was also accused of being partial and taking sides, regarded as unbecoming of a party chairman's role. Other PPP candidates waded into the issue and criticised Yoon.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Yoon was charged by the Corruption Investigation Office for High-ranking Officials (CIO) on multiple charges, including abuse of power on 10 September, for allegedly prodding the PPP to lodge criminal complaints against pro-government figures ahead of the April 2020 parliamentary elections to possibly influence the polls. By this point, Yoon was no longer a stable frontrunner for the PPP nomination, instead, 2017 candidate Hong Jun-pyo had overtaken Yoon according to several opinion polls.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: During the campaign, Yoon made a series of controversial statements which took a toll on his support:


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The following individuals were candidates until the conclusion of the nomination process on 5 November where Yoon Suk-yeol was announced the winner.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Amid reports of a dossier detailing illegal activities of Yoon Suk-yeol and his family in late June 2021, Seoul Mayor Oh Se-hoon, who had recently won the April 2021 mayoral by-election, was speculated to join the primary race if Yoon dropped out. Ultimately this did not materialize.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Another candidate who intended to run for the PPP nomination was Ahn Cheol-soo, founder and leader of the People Party. Ahn, a former medical doctor, software engineer and National Assembly member who is known for his centrist views, is considered a possible candidate following his performance in the 2017 presidential election. Ahn had also recently run for Mayor of Seoul in the 2021 by-elections, but had pulled out of the race and supported PPP candidate Oh Se-hoon after losing opinion surveys to Oh, who would go on to win the race. On 22 June 2021, Ahn began negotiations with the PPP and its party leader Lee Jun-seok, reportedly considering a merger between his People Party and the PPP and a bid for the presidency on the PPP ticket. These negotiations ended unsuccessfully on 16 August due to disagreements on party-level issues such as proposed changes to the PPP's name and method of picking a 2022 candidate. Ahn later ran as a third-party nominee with the People Party before dropping out and endorsing Yoon Suk-yeol.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The Justice Party (Korean: 정의당) is a centre-left, social democratic and progressive party that was founded in October 2012. The party has been the third largest party in the National Assembly after the 2020 election.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The People Party (Korean: 국민의당) is a conservative liberal, socially conservative and reformist party that was registered in February 2020. The party is considered a minor or third party, as current politics is mostly dominated by the centre-left Democratic Party of Korea and the right-wing People Power Party. It is the most recent party founded by centrist politician Ahn Cheol-soo, a former medical doctor and software executive who ran for president in the 2012 and 2017 presidential elections and emerged at various points as a possible winning contender. In the 2017 election, Ahn emerged as a major threat to eventual winner Moon Jae-in, at one point polling nearly even with Moon before collapsing in polling and finishing behind conservative firebrand candidate Hong Jun-pyo with approximately 21.41% of the vote. In the 2020 National Assembly election, the People Party fared poorly, winning a mere 3 seats; in comparison, Ahn's previous outfit, the identically named People Party, won an unexpectedly large 38 seats in the 2016 National Assembly election. In the 2021 elections, Ahn ran for Mayor of Seoul, but, in a pre-negotiated deal with the PPP, pulled out of the race after losing opinion polls to PPP candidate Oh Se-hoon and supported Oh, who would go on to win the election.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Ahn was considering a candidacy and party merger with the People Power Party. However, the negotiations between Ahn and PPP leader Lee Jun-seok ended with hostilities on 16 August 2021.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 8 October 2021, the Party's "Central Party Election Planning Group" was launched, and it took the first steps in the process of selecting a presidential candidate.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 1 November 2021, Ahn Cheol-soo announced his candidacy in the 2022 presidential election. The People Party's Central Party Election Planning Group stated it would receive applications for other presidential candidates for two days following Ahn's announcement, but it was considered merely a formality and that Ahn would certainly be the People Party's presidential candidate.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 3 November, Ahn publicly rejected the idea of merging the candidacies of the People Party and the People Power Party.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 4 November, Ahn was chosen as the People Party nominee with 92% of the vote, and he accepted the nomination.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 3 March 2022, six days before the presidential election, Ahn dropped out of the presidential race and endorsed PPP candidate Yoon Seok-youl for president. At the time of his dropping out, Ahn was polling at around 10%.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The main priorities that the next president should tackle were solving real estate issues, economic recovery and response to the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a Gallup poll in January 2022.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: During the primary campaign, observers noted that the presidential campaign was going down as the most negative campaign in South Korea's recent history, as the candidates were described to be busy slandering at each other and not competing on the basis of values, platforms or policies.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: A Hankyoreh commentary said PPP candidates like Yoo Seong-min, Won Hee-ryong, and Choi Jae-hyung, and Lee Nak-yeon and Chung Sye-kyun on the Democratic side struggled in their respective party primaries as they were too "elite" and too "respectable". The commentary also attributed to the success of Lee Jae-myung, the Democratic candidate, and Hong Jun-pyo and Yoon Suk-yeol on the PPP side due to the increasing tendency to vote with the heart instead of the brain. A "Voice of America" article reported that South Korea's lax media editorial standards was responsible for playing a role in allowing unsubstantiated allegations being spread. This environment, added with complications by social media, which has fractured the media landscape and sharpened political divides has led to allowing the loudest and most divisive voices to emerge at the top (an example of such a phenomenon was cited as Donald Trump's victory over Hillary Clinton, in the 2016 U.S. election campaign).


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The three main contenders, Lee for the Democratic Party, and Hong Jun-pyo and Yoon on the PPP side, were reported to have record low favorability ratings according to approval ratings compiled by Gallup Korea. Lee, has an approval rating of only 34%, while Yoon's rating was at just 30% and Hong Joon-pyo, at 28%. In contrast, President Moon Jae-in had a positive favorability rating of 47% while running for election in 2017.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: A later poll in the second half of October showed that Lee's rating fell to 32%, while Yoon's rating fell to 28% (after the Chun Doo-hwan controversy) and falling behind Hong who was polled at 31%. The same pollster revealed that minor party candidates fared even worse: Sim Sang-jung from the Justice Party had 24 percent support approval against 62 percent disapproval, and Ahn Cheol-soo, leader of the People Party, had a 19 percent approval rating with 72 percent disapproval.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: However, by January 2022, a Gallup poll showed the favorability ratings of Ahn Cheol-soo, Lee Jae-myung and Sim Sang-jung rose to 38%, 36% and 30% respectively, while Yoon Seok-yeol's rating crashed to 25%.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 21 December 2021, despite conservative People Power Party candidate Yoon Suk-yeol being openly anti-feminist, two famous left-wing women's rights activists, and Lee Soo-jung, joined the conservative camp for president. Yoon's camp most notably recruited , a two time candidate for Seoul Mayor in 2018 under the Green Party and again in 2021 as an independent. Shin stated, "(Yoon) pledged to resolve violence against women, address the climate crisis and create a Republic of Korea that overcomes (the division of) left and right and moves forward, so I decided to take part." Many criticized this move, including:


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 23 December, two days after the recruitment of Shin Ji-ye, party leader Lee Jun-seok, who had a year-long conflict with Shin Ji-ye over gender politics, stepped down from all his roles in the presidential campaign, and called for the campaign committee to be overhauled.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 3 January 2022, after only 14 days, Shin Ji-ye resigned from her position as senior vice-chair of the New Generation Policy Committee, citing conflicts with Lee Jun-seok and plummeting poll numbers for Yoon Suk-yeol.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 19 January 2022, Lee Soo-jung, a criminal psychology professor and feminist, also quit the Yoon campaign. Lee resigned due to Yoon's wife's comments about the MeToo movement during an 8-hour long phone interview with TV broadcaster MBC's investigative news show "Straight", in which she mocked victims of sexual assault.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: By January, as a result of infighting within Yoon's campaign team and Yoon's dispute with party leader Lee Jun-seok, Lee Jae-myung reversed Yoon's poll lead and built a healthy poll lead ranging from 6 to 10 points, outside the margin of error. The centrist Ahn Cheol-soo also ate into Yoon's support, gaining support in the range of 10 to 15%. A Realmeter survey commissioned by YTN with 1,024 voters between the ages of 18 and 39 conducted showed that Yoon had only 18.4 percent support from respondents, trailing Lee Jae-myung at 33.4 percent and Ahn Cheol-soo at 19.1 percent, marking a plunge in support from the youth demographic in contrast to the lead he had when he was nominated for the PPP in this crucial demographic.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Yoon Seok-yeol then disbanded his election campaign committee, following weeks of internal dispute on 5 January. The campaign had recruited former party leader and veteran campaigner Kim Chong-in to be the campaign manager, before the infighting took place and Yoon pointed out that numerous leadership posts including the chief, subcommittee chiefs and standing chairpersons and internal subcommittees slowed down the decision-making process, which was one of Lee Jun-seok's criticisms of his campaign.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 3 January, Kim, the election committee's top chief, had made an announcement of an overhaul of the committee without informing Yoon in advance. As a result, Yoon reportedly sacked Kim and reshuffled his campaign team, while "asking [Kim] to continue giving advice”. However, Kim announced he had quit early on 5 January even before Yoon proposed the disbandment, and said he had disagreements with Yoon's campaign staff, leading to the parting of ways. Yoon appointed Rep. Kwon Yeong-se as his new campaign chief.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: However, on 6 January, PPP members began demanding the party chairman to quit on grounds that he was damaging the party's chances of winning the election, although the majority of the public blamed Yoon for the chaos enveloping his campaign. By the end of the same day however, Yoon and Lee reached an agreement to put their long-running feud behind them.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 12 January 2022, The Justice Party candidate, Sim Sang-jung suspended campaign activities and went into seclusion amid low ratings, to craft "reform plans". A day later, her campaign chief and election committee members decided to resign and the committee was "virtually disbanded," as key campaign leaders tendered their resignations.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 19 January 2022, Sim resumed campaign appearances with a visit to the national office of the Green Party. Together, they discussed their combined plans to combat climate change and pushed for an anti-discrimination law. There is currently no form of anti-discrimination legislation in the Republic of Korea.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 15 February 2022, the first legal day of the presidential campaign, two members of the People's Party presidential campaign died in an apparent accident with the campaign tour bus. The bus driver and the campaign chair for the city of Nonsan died of apparent carbon monoxide poisoning inside the bus in the central city in Cheonan around 5:24 PM local time. One person was also rushed to a local hospital while unconscious. In response, Ahn halted all scheduled appearances for the remainder of the week.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 20 February 2022, Ahn clarified that there won't be further negotiations over unification with Yoon Suk-yeol, a week after he proposed a unified opposition campaign through opinion polls that ask who will be more suitable for the presidency and to defeat Lee Jae-myung, the nominee of the governing Democratic Party.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: However, on the night of 2 March 2022, hours after the last presidential debate, Ahn met Yoon at the house of the brother-in-law of Chang Je-won, assemblymember for the People Power Party, and a close aide to Yoon. On the morning of 3 March, Ahn and Yoon made a joint statement that the two candidates decided to join forces to change the government. Ahn will be involved in the takeover committee, in the case of Yoon's victory, and the two parties will merge weeks after the election.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The unification seemed to be over by most of the commentators, as ballot papers including Ahn's name were already printed. In addition, absentee ballots of overseas residents have already been cast between 23 and 28 February. Those voting on the day of the election will still see Ahn's name on the ballot, even though ballots cast for Ahn will be counted invalid. After the joint statement, the members' board of the People Party went down due to an overflow of complaints of the members of the party.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Ahn also faced criticisms over breaking his promise of achieving Third Way politics and implementing multi-party system in South Korean politics. Just days before the unification, he said "if you vote for Yoon, you'll want to cut your finger after a year".


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Ahn also secured his public image as "withdrawal", which is the Korean word that sounds the same as Ahn's given name, Cheol-soo. This is the fourth election in which Ahn withdrew his candidacy. Ahn withdrew in 2011 and 2021 to Park Won-soon and Oh Se-hoon respectively for the mayoralty of Seoul, and in 2012 and 2022 to Moon Jae-in and Yoon Suk-yeol respectively for the presidency.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: On 7 March 2022, the Democratic Party president Song Young-gil was attacked while campaigning for the presidential candidate, Lee Jae-myung, in Sinchon. He was immediately brought to a nearby hospital, and was reportedly safe. Several Democratic MPs were criticised for labelling the incident as a "far-right terrorism", although the suspect was reportedly a Democratic-friendly YouTuber.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: "News1" reported that the incident is reminiscent of the 2006 local elections, when the then–Grand National Party (GNP) president Park Geun-hye was stabbed while campaigning. The incident reportedly contributed to an overwhelming victory of the GNP, including the Daejeon mayorship election where the GNP was expected to lose but won in the end. Based on this incident, the newspaper also analysed that the attack against Song could possibly bring a positive consequence to the Democratic Party and Lee Jae-myung.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea, changes were made to voting. The pandemic had reached record levels of daily infections in South Korea around the time of the election amidst the arrival of the transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. A record 37% eligible voters voted early, and South Korean electoral law was modified ahead of the election to permit people with COVID-19 who were isolating to vote - estimated at over 1 million people at the time of the election. Polls were open later than usual to allow people with COVID-19 to vote.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: When polls closed, two separate exit polls released at 7:30 p.m. KST gave conflicting results within the margin of error, showing the election was too close to call.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: The Korean Broadcasting System was the first broadcaster to forecast that Yoon would be the winner of the election at 3:22 a.m. KST on the morning of 10 March. Shortly after at 3:50 a.m. KST, Lee conceded defeat and congratulated Yoon for his victory. Yoon's victory margin of 0.73% made this the closest presidential election result in South Korea. Yoon called the result "a victory for the people", and indicated that national unity for Koreans was his top priority.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Lee won Jeju Island, Incheon and Gyeonggi Province (the most populous province in South Korea), where he was a former governor; however, the housing crisis in Seoul swung the city and its suburbs to the conservative Yoon with a 310,000 vote margin (previously, liberal Moon Jae-in won Seoul twice in his two campaigns in 2012 and 2017). This allowed Yoon to overcome Lee nationwide by 247,000 raw votes. Lee won the Honam provinces of Jeolla and the city of Gwangju with over 80% of votes; however Yoon's vote share of >10% was the best result a conservative candidate had achieved in these liberal strongholds.


title: 2022 South Korean presidential election

text: Commentators suggested that the Democrats' defeat, and the comeback of the conservatives was unforeseen given their landslide defeat in the 2017 election after the Park Geun-hye impeachment. The incumbent liberals' failure to provide high-quality housing at affordable prices, double standards in the government's anti-corruption campaign, and limited success in achieving promised reforms to social policy despite an overwhelming majority in the National Assembly, and failure to nurture new political talents unlike the PPP were reasons cited for the defeat of the Democrats.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: Parminder Kaur Nagra (born 5 October 1975) is a British actress of Indian Punjabi descent and Sikh heritage. She is known for portraying Jess Bhamra in the film "Bend It Like Beckham" (2002) and Dr. Neela Rasgotra in the NBC medical drama series "ER" from 2003 to 2009. She has had several other major television roles, including a starring role as Meera Malik in the NBC crime drama series "The Blacklist" for season one and a recurring role on the ABC/Marvel Television series "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." as Ellen Nadeer for season four.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: Nagra was born on 5 October 1975 in Leicester, England, to Sukha and Nashuter Nagra, Sikh factory workers who emigrated from the Punjab region of India in the 1960s. She is the eldest of four children with two brothers and one sister. Nagra attended the Northfield House Primary School in Leicester. At her comprehensive school, Soar Valley College, she played the viola in the youth orchestra and also appeared in her first theatrical productions.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: A few months after sitting her A-levels and leaving school, Nagra was approached by Jez Simons, her former drama instructor, about becoming part of the Leicester-based theatre company Haithizi Productions, for which he served as the artistic director. She accepted and was cast as a chorus member in the 1994 musical "Nimai" presented at the Haymarket Theatre. Only a week into rehearsals, she was switched from the chorus to replace the lead actress, who had dropped out. Simons recalls that Nagra, a good singer and actress, also had a quality that raised her above other actresses which led him to select her as the new lead, despite the inconvenience of performing with her arm in a cast.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: Nagra left Leicester for London and decided not to go to university. Instead she pursued a theatrical career and her childhood ambition of becoming an actress. Nagra's first London theatrical job came in 1994, when she was cast as the Princess in the pantomime "Sleeping Beauty" at the Theatre Royal Stratford East. After "Sleeping Beauty", Nagra worked with small Indian theatre companies such as Tara Arts and Tamasha. These roles eventually led to its radio and television appearances that defined her career throughout most of the 1990s. She also appeared in "The 6th Wonder of the World: The Kali Tutti Story", in 1994. In 1996, Nagra took a small part in Chikamatsu Monzaemon's "Fair Ladies at a Game of Poem Cards" that was performed at Cottesloe, Royal National Theatre.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: Despite lacking formal theatrical training, Nagra signed with Joan Brown, a veteran London-based agent, after which she was cast in minor television roles in the British medical drama series "Casualty", and in the television film "King Girl", in which she played an abusive member of an all-girl gang. In 1997, Nagra appeared in the three-part drama "Turning World" alongside Roshan Seth. The following year, she appeared on "Casualty" again. In 1999, she played a convenience store clerk in the television film "Donovan Quick", opposite Colin Firth. Also of note were appearances on the British comedy "Goodness Gracious Me". Nagra also co-starred in radio plays including, among others, plays by Tanika Gupta. In 1998, Nagra co-starred in the radio play "Dancing Girls of Lahore" which was co-written by her future "Bend It Like Beckham" co-star Shaheen Khan.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: In 2001, Nagra voiced a Muslim girl in the docu-drama "Arena: The Veil" about women who choose to wear the Muslim head scarf. In 1997, not long after "Fair Ladies at a Game of Poem Cards", Nagra was cast in "Oh Sweet Sita", an adaptation of Indian mythology about Rama and his wife Sita, in the title role of Sita. During that time, Nagra caught the attention of director Gurinder Chadha.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: Nagra played the lead role in Gurinder Chadha's 2002 comedy-drama "Bend It Like Beckham", which became her breakthrough film, alongside Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Anupam Kher, Shaheen Khan, and Keira Knightley, for whom this film also became a career breakthrough. It was directed by Chadha. Nagra played Jesminder "Jess" Bhamra, a teenage Sikh football player who idolises football superstar David Beckham and defies her traditional parents to pursue her dreams of playing football. The small-budget film was a critical and financial success in the United Kingdom, eventually making the leap around the world and to Canada and the United States where it earned over $30 million at the box office. The script was written by Chadha with her husband Paul Mayeda Berges and Guljit Bindra with Nagra in mind. While initially indifferent to the game of football, Nagra found the football-centred story to be both funny and touching. She agreed to audition and eventually accepted the role. An intensive ten-week training course in the game "Futebol de Salao", coached by Simon Clifford, put Nagra through rigorous nine-hour-a-day workouts. Nagra learned to "bend" or curve the ball in flight, as she did in a scene in the film. Acknowledging Nagra's actual burn-scarred leg, Chadha wrote it into the film.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: Nagra received critical and professional acclaim for her performance. She was nominated, and won, several awards, including the FIFA Presidential Award (2002), making her the first woman to have done so.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: Not long after filming ended on "Bend It Like Beckham", Nagra co-starred in the fantasy romantic comedy "Ella Enchanted" alongside Anne Hathaway where she played Areida, the best friend of Hathaway’s's title character. In addition, she took on two notable television roles for Channel 4—as Viola/Cesario in a multicultural version of William Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night", and as Heere Sharma in the two-part Anglo-Indian drama "Second Generation", loosely based on Shakespeare's "King Lear", directed by Jon Sen and starring Om Puri. Although "Second Generation" was a ratings flop, it was a critical success, earning a place in "The Observer" newspaper's top 10 British TV programmes of 2003. It garnered Nagra an Ethnic Multicultural Media Academy (EMMA) Award. For the role, Nagra had to gain the courage to do some of the love scenes that she had vowed not to do as an actress. Her visit to Calcutta to film the final scenes set there was Nagra's first visit to India.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: While on a promotional junket in Los Angeles for "Bend It Like Beckham", Nagra was informed by her agent that John Wells, one of the producers of the NBC medical drama series "ER", was interested in meeting her. "Bend It Like Beckham" writer and director Gurinder Chadha revealed during a 2007 episode of BBC's "Movie Connections" that she arranged the meeting, because she had recommended Nagra for the role of the new Indian character in "ER" during a conversation with her friend Wells. Not long after the meeting, Nagra signed a one-year contract that included an option for three additional years. Despite her new status, Nagra said, "I don't think Hollywood has changed me at all. The first thing I did when I arrived was buy chapati flour and lentils."


title: Parminder Nagra

text: Nagra made her first appearance on "ER" on 25 September 2003, in the tenth-season premiere titled "Now What?" as Neela Rasgotra, a new Yale-educated Anglo-Indian medical student at County General Hospital. Wells adapted the role to suit Nagra, so she could use her own English accent while working. Nagra appeared in twenty-one of the season's twenty-two episodes, including the twelfth episode titled "NICU" and the seventeenth episode titled "The Student", episodes in which her character played a central role. Noah Wyle, announcing his departure from the series in 2004, described Nagra as "the future" of "ER", and the media concurred, anointing her as one of the show's "golden girls". In October 2008, following the departures of Goran Visnjic, Maura Tierney, and Mekhi Phifer, Nagra became the longest-serving cast member and lead actor of "ER" and remained so until the series concluded with season 15: episode 22, the two-hour series finale titled "And in the End..." which aired on 2 April 2009.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: When Nagra finished filming the eleventh season of "ER" in 2005, she returned to her native Leicester to star in "Love in Little India" directed by Amit Gupta. She was nominated in 2006 for an Asian Excellence Award, in the category of Outstanding Female Television Performance, for her work in "ER", and won the award the following year. Nagra was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctors of Letters by the University of Leicester on 11 July 2007. In 2008, Nagra voiced Cassandra in the DC animated film "". Later, she co-starred as Dr Lucy Banerjee in the Fox science fiction drama series "Alcatraz" which ran for one season from 16 January to 26 March 2012. Nagra starred as CIA agent Meera Malik in the first season of the NBC crime drama series "The Blacklist" from 2013 to 2014. In 2016, Nagra joined the second season of British arctic psychological thriller "Fortitude". In 2018, Nagra joined the second season of the Netflix web television series "13 Reasons Why" as Priya Singh, the new counsellor of Liberty High.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: While on the set of the "Fair Ladies at a Game of Poem Cards", Nagra met Irish actor Kieran Creggan with whom she later moved into a flat in Kennington, South London. They were in a relationship for five years.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: On 17 January 2009, after a seven-year relationship, Nagra married photographer James Stenson. Her "ER" co-stars Scott Grimes and John Stamos performed at the ceremony, and her friend and former "ER" co-star Maura Tierney officiated. On 19 May 2009, she gave birth to their son Kai David Singh Stenson. On 8 February 2012, it was reported that Nagra had filed for divorce. The divorce was finalised in July 2013.


title: Parminder Nagra

text: Nagra was one of the bearers of the Olympic torch as it passed through London on its way to the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.


title: Lucy Punch

text: Lucy Punch (born 30 December 1977) is a British actress. She has appeared in the films "Ella Enchanted", "Hot Fuzz", "You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger", "Dinner for Schmucks," and "Into the Woods". She is also known for her role as Amy in "Bad Teacher", Amanda in the BBC series "Motherland" and Esmé Squalor in the Netflix series "A Series of Unfortunate Events".


title: Lucy Punch

text: Punch was born on 30 December 1977 in Hammersmith, London, the daughter of Johanna and Michael Punch, who ran a market research company. She was educated privately at Godolphin and Latymer School in Hammersmith, London. She performed with the National Youth Theatre from 1993 to 1997, and began a course at University College London before dropping out to become an actress.


title: Lucy Punch

text: Punch made her acting debut in a 1998 episode of "The New Adventures of Robin Hood". Her other TV credits include the naive daughter of Alison Steadman's character in the short-lived series "Let Them Eat Cake" which starred French and Saunders. She starred as a football player in the children's TV show "Renford Rejects", and played the role of the victim Melissa Townsend in the 19th episode of "Midsomer Murders".


title: Lucy Punch

text: In 2000, Punch appeared in the film "Greenfingers". She made her stage debut as Elaine in Terry Johnson's West End adaptation of "The Graduate". She has worked at the Royal Court and Bush theatres, both in London.


title: Lucy Punch

text: In 2004, Punch played the receptionist Elaine Denham in "Doc Martin". She left the television show "The Class" after appearing in 11 of the first 12 episodes. In 2006, she won the Best Actress award at the Monaco International Film Festival for her performance in "Are You Ready For Love?" She played the murder victim and actress Eve Draper in Edgar Wright's 2007 film "Hot Fuzz".


title: Lucy Punch

text: Punch starred in Woody Allen's 2010 film "You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger". In August 2010, she appeared in BBC Two's three part police comedy-drama "Vexed". In 2011, Punch appeared in "Bad Teacher", portraying the sanctimonious school teacher Amy Squirrel.


title: Lucy Punch

text: Punch was cast as Deena Pilgrim, the female lead in the TV pilot "Powers", but the role was recast. In 2016, she played Amanda, leader of the "Alpha mums" in the BBC comedy series "Motherland".


title: Lucy Punch

text: In 2017, Punch was cast in the role of Esmé Squalor in the second season of the Netflix comedy drama series "A Series of Unfortunate Events", a role that continued through the show's third and final season.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: Sleeping Beauty is a 1959 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney based on the 1697 story "Sleeping Beauty" by Charles Perrault. The 16th Disney animated feature film, it was released to theaters on January 29, 1959, by Buena Vista Distribution. It features the voices of Mary Costa, Eleanor Audley, Verna Felton, Barbara Luddy, Barbara Jo Allen, Bill Shirley, Taylor Holmes, and Bill Thompson.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: The film was directed by Les Clark, Eric Larson, and Wolfgang Reitherman, under the supervision of Clyde Geronimi. The film was written by Erdman Penner with additional story work by Joe Rinaldi, Winston Hibler, Bill Peet, Ted Sears, Ralph Wright, and Milt Banta. The film's musical score and songs, featuring the work of the Graunke Symphony Orchestra under the direction of George Bruns, are arrangements or adaptations of numbers from the 1890 "Sleeping Beauty" ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: "Sleeping Beauty" was the first animated film to be photographed in the Super Technirama 70 widescreen process, as well as the second full-length animated feature film to be filmed in anamorphic widescreen, following Disney's "Lady and the Tramp" four years earlier. The film was presented in Super Technirama 70 and 6-channel stereophonic sound in the first-run engagements.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: In 2019, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: After several years of having no children, the rulers of a European kingdom King Stefan and Queen Leah welcome the birth of their daughter, Princess Aurora. They proclaim a holiday for their subjects to pay homage to the princess, and at her christening she is betrothed to Prince Phillip, the son of King Stefan's friend King Hubert, to unite their kingdoms.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: Among the guests are the three good fairies, Flora, Fauna and Merryweather. Flora and Fauna bless Aurora with beauty and song, respectively, but Merryweather's gift is interrupted by the arrival of an evil sorceress named Maleficent. As revenge for not being invited, Maleficent curses Aurora, proclaiming that Aurora will grow in grace and beauty, but before the sun sets on her sixteenth birthday, she will prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and die. Since her magic is no stronger than Maleficent's to undo the curse, Merryweather uses her blessing to weaken the curse so that instead of dying, Aurora will fall into a deep sleep, only broken by true love's kiss. As a precaution, King Stefan orders all spinning wheels throughout the kingdom be burned. At the fairies' urging, King Stefan and Queen Leah reluctantly bring Aurora to a cottage in the forest to live with the fairies in safety.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: Sixteen years later, Aurora, renamed Briar Rose, grows into a beautiful young woman. On her sixteenth birthday, the fairies ask her to gather berries while they prepare a surprise party. Aurora befriends the animals of the forest and sings them a song, "Once Upon a Dream". Phillip, now a handsome young man, follows Aurora's voice and is instantly struck by her beauty. She is initially frightened, as she is not allowed to talk to strangers, but she and Phillip fall in love, and she invites him to meet her family at the cottage that night.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: Meanwhile, Flora and Merryweather argue over the color of Aurora's gown, attracting the attention of Maleficent's raven who learns Aurora's location. Returning home, Aurora is thrilled to tell her guardians that she has fallen in love. The fairies finally tell Aurora that she is a princess, already betrothed to a prince, and she must never see the man she met again. Heartbroken, Aurora cries in her room. Phillip tells his father of the peasant girl he met and wishes to marry, in spite of his prearranged marriage. King Hubert fails to convince his son otherwise, leaving him devastated.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: The fairies take Aurora to the castle to await her birthday celebrations, where she will finally see her parents. Maleficent appears and lures Aurora into a dark tower away from the fairies, and tricks her into touching the spindle of a cursed spinning wheel. Aurora pricks her finger, fulfilling the curse. The three fairies place the sleeping Aurora on a bed in the highest tower and place a powerful spell on all the people in the kingdom, causing them to sleep until the spell on their princess is broken. They overhear a sleepy conversation between the two kings, and realize that Phillip is the man with whom Aurora has fallen in love. They rush to find him, but he is abducted by Maleficent and her minions at the cottage. She reveals to Phillip the enchanted princess and her plan to lock him away for a century until he is on the verge of death, then release him to meet his love, who will not have aged a single day.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: The fairies rescue Phillip, arming him with the magical Sword of Truth and the Shield of Virtue. An enraged Maleficent surrounds the castle with thorns but fails to stop Phillip. She teleports in front of him and transforms into a gigantic dragon. They battle, and Phillip throws the sword, blessed by the fairies, directly into Maleficent's heart, causing her to fall to her death.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: Phillip awakens Aurora with a kiss, breaking the spell and waking the kingdom. The royal couple descends to the ballroom, where Aurora is reunited with her parents. Flora and Merryweather continue their argument over Aurora's gown while the happy couple dances, living happily ever after.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: Eric Larson did not animate any of the characters for the film; instead, he directed several sequences, including the forest sequence which stretches from Briar Rose ( Aurora) wandering through the forest with her animal friends all the way to Princess Aurora renamed Briar Rose running back home, promising Phillip they will meet again later in the evening. This was the only time Larson directed a sequence or a film during his tenure at Walt Disney Productions.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: Walt Disney first considered making a film based on Charles Perrault's fairy tale "Sleeping Beauty" in 1938. Preliminary artwork was submitted by story artist Joe Grant, but the project did not move forward. In November 1950, Disney announced that he was developing "Sleeping Beauty" as an animated feature film, although the production title was registered months earlier on January 19, 1950. This was prompted by a preview audience's positive reaction to "Cinderella" (1950). Disney envisioned "Sleeping Beauty" as his "masterpiece", a film that he felt would be the pinnacle of his studio's achievements in the field of animation. He also realized the risk of producing another fairy tale feature film due to the story's similarity to his previous films, particularly, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937) and "Cinderella" (1950).


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: Bill Peet, Ted Sears, Winston Hibler, and Ralph Wright were assigned to develop the story. They decided to discard the "bizarre" second half of the Perrault's story, which tells about the life of a sleeping beauty married to a strange prince. Instead, they would focus on its first half, ensuring the development of a more convincing romantic relationship between the characters. In April 1951, the earliest known story outline included a wake-up kiss as a climactic moment, as well as the meeting between the prince and princess in the forest before the latter falls asleep. It also indicated the names of the fairies, the number of which was reduced from eight to four, and their corresponding magical abilities: Tranquility, the Fairy of the Dreams; Fernadell, the Fairy of the Forest; Merryweather, the Fairy of the Elements; and Maleficent, the Fairy of Darkness. To strengthen the conflict in the story, the story team expanded the role of the evil fairy, who was also rewritten as more menacing character than her "old hag-like" counterpart from the original tale, while the good fairies were made into comical companions and guardians of the princess. Several story ideas from that period also included Maleficent's indestructible spinning wheel, the fairies' attempt to surround the castle with a protective circle, through which "no evil thing that walks, or flies, or crawls could ever pass", and Maleficent's comically incompetent vulture sidekick (although the outline depicted him as a sinister huge falcon).


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: In June 1952, the full storyboard presentation was completed but Disney rejected it, concluding the story approach was too similar to the studio's earlier films. Because of this, the story team threw out this version and worked from scratch while deciding to retain several story points from earlier suggestions. These included the prince's acquaintance with the princess before the curse is fulfilled, and, consequently, a shorter duration of her sleep, which lasted a hundred years in the original fairy tale. Part of the difficulty was trying to differentiate Disney's third princess, who was named Aurora, from Snow White and Cinderella. To do that, the story artists came up with an idea to have the fairies rear her up in a forest cottage, with Aurora being completely unaware of her background or the danger she was in. She also was given a different personality style—"a freshness and a modern sensibility" to make her more appealing to audiences.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: At the same time, Disney, inspired by the improvement of his animators' skills in draftsmanship of a realistic male figure since "Snow White", considered it important to expand the role and the character of the prince, who was named Phillip. Initially, the storyboard artists worked out an elaborate sequence in which Aurora and Phillip would have met during a treasure hunt, organized by the king, but the idea was eventually dropped when it became too drawn out and drifted from the central storyline. Instead, it was written that prince and princess would meet in the forest by random chance, an idea previously introduced in the 1951 outline. Also, to further establish Phillip's role as Aurora's "true love", story artists came up with an idea to have Maleficent kidnap him and plot to keep him prisoner in her castle for a century, which would also serve as a twist on the centennial slumber from the original fairy tale.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: Striving for a more serious direction of storytelling, Disney also personally removed several gags and comical scenes involving the Three Good Fairies, who by that time had been renamed Flora, Fauna and Merryweather, feeling that they were too "slapsticky" and more appropriate for Donald Duck cartoons. One of these was a sequence in which Flora, Fauna and Merryweather unsuccessfully try to bake a birthday cake for Aurora, but in the end they accidentally blow up the oven. Also, in the early versions of the story, Aurora was supposed to directly encounter with Maleficent, who would have tricked her into pricking the finger on the spindle. However, Disney felt that the "eerie, haunting presentation of a victim powerless in the hands of evil" would be the "strongest and best statement for the film", so the scene was changed to have Maleficent lure Aurora to her doom under hypnosis, without interacting with her directly. Despite Disney's desire to not repeat themselves, several story elements originated from discarded ideas for "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" and "Cinderella", including Maleficent's capture of Phillip and his escape from her fortress, as well as Disney's favorite concept—prince and princess dancing on a cloud.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: By mid-1952, Disney had planned to release "Sleeping Beauty" on Christmas 1955. However, production did not start until July 1953. By the middle of the same year, director Wilfred Jackson had recorded the dialogue, assembled a story reel, and was to commence preliminary animation work where Princess Aurora and Prince Philip were to meet in the forest and dance. In December 1953, Jackson suffered a heart attack, after which directing animator Eric Larson of Disney's Nine Old Men took over as director, whose unit would animate the forest sequence.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: By April 1954, "Sleeping Beauty" was scheduled for a February 1957 release, although it was subsequently postponed to Christmas. Later that same year, Disney began constructing the Disneyland theme park and developing the television series "Disneyland" and "The Mickey Mouse Club". He assigned most of the studio personnel, who were working on "Sleeping Beauty" at that time, to develop those projects, and "Sleeping Beauty" was temporarily suspended. During its dormancy, the project was handed to Erdman Penner and Joe Rinaldi for further story development, while the castle built at Disneyland was specifically named Sleeping Beauty Castle to promote the film.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: Production of "Sleeping Beauty" resumed in December 1956, and by that time the release date was scheduled for Christmas 1958. Disney wanted to oversee every aspect of the film or otherwise "he wouldn't accept it"; nevertheless, he remained very focused on Disneyland. Animator Milt Kahl would blame him for the numerous delays because "he wouldn't have story meetings. He wouldn't get the damn thing moving". According to studio executive Harry Tytle, after a screening of the finished footage in August 1957, Disney also expressed the disinterest in the project, "giving more general comments, rather than specific." Constant production delays led to a significant increase in its costs, which Disney was unhappy with. Relatively late in production, he removed Larson as supervising director and replaced him with Clyde Geronimi. Wolfgang Reitherman, an animator from the Nine Old Men, joined Geronimi as sequence director over the climactic dragon battle sequence, commenting: "We took the approach that we were going to kill that damned prince!" Les Clark, another animator from the Nine Old Men, served as the sequence director of the elaborate opening scene where crowds of the citizens in the kingdom arrive at the palace for the presentation of Princess Aurora.


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: Kay Nielsen—whose sketches were the basis for the "Night on Bald Mountain" segment in "Fantasia" (1940)—was the first to produce styling sketches for the film in 1952. Production designer Ken Anderson was impressed with Nielsen's artwork, but felt his soft pastel paintings would be difficult to translate into animation. Disney then tasked John Hench to help interpret Nielsen's artwork without losing their charm by using opaque cel paint. Additionally, Hench observed "The Hunt of the Unicorn" at the Cloisters located at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. When Hench returned to the Disney studios, he brought reproductions of the tapestries and showed them to Disney, who replied, "Yeah, we could use that style for "Sleeping Beauty"."


title: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)

text: Eyvind Earle joined Walt Disney Productions in 1951, first employed as an assistant background painter for "Peter Pan" (1953). He was then promoted to a full-fledged background painter for the Goofy cartoon "For Whom the Bulls Toil" and the color stylist for the Academy Award-winning short "Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom" (1953). For "Sleeping Beauty", Earle said that he "felt totally free to put my own style" into the paintings he based on Hench's drawings, stating, "Where his trees might have curved, I straightened them out ... I took a Hench and took the same subject, and the composition he had, and just turned in into my style." Furthermore, Earle found inspiration in the French Renaissance, utilizing works from Albrecht Dürer, Limbourg Brothers, Pieter Bruegel, Nicolaas van Eyck and Sandro Botticelli, as well as Persian art and Japanese prints.