title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Serb politicians around Radic regarded Serbia as the standard bearer of Yugoslav unity, as the state of Piedmont had been for Italy, or Prussia for the German Empire; a kind of "Greater Serbia". Over the following years, Croatian resistance against a Serbo-centric policy increased.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: In the early 1920s, the Yugoslav government of prime minister Nikola Pašić used police pressure over voters and ethnic minorities, confiscation of opposition pamphlets and other measure to rig elections. This was ineffective against the Croatian Peasant Party (formerly the Croatian Republican Peasant Party), whose members continued to win election to the Yugoslav parliament in large numbers, but did harm the Radicals' main Serbian rivals, the Democrats.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Stjepan Radić, the head of the Croatian Peasant Party, was imprisoned many times for political reasons. He was released in 1925 and returned to parliament.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: In the spring of 1928, Radić and Svetozar Pribićević waged a bitter parliamentary battle against the ratification of the Nettuno Convention with Italy. In this they mobilised nationalist opposition in Serbia but provoked a violent reaction from the governing majority including death threats. On 20 June 1928, a member of the government majority, the Serb deputy Puniša Račić, shot five members of the Croatian Peasant Party, including their leader Stjepan Radić, after Radić refused to apologize for earlier offense in which he accused Račić of stealing from civilian population. Two died on the floor of the Assembly while the life of Radić hung in the balance.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: The opposition now completely withdrew from parliament, declaring that they would not return to a parliament in which several of their representatives had been killed, and insisting on new elections. On 1 August, at a meeting in Zagreb, they renounced 1 December Declaration of 1920. They demanded that the negotiations for unification should begin from scratch. On 8 August Stjepan Radić died.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: On 6 January 1929, using as a pretext the political crisis triggered by the shooting, King Alexander abolished the Constitution, prorogued the Parliament and introduced a personal dictatorship (known as the "January 6 Dictatorship", "Šestosiječanjska diktatura", "Šestojanuarska diktatura") with the aim of establishing the Yugoslav ideology and single Yugoslav nation. He changed the name of the country to "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", and changed the internal divisions from the 33 oblasts to nine new "banovinas" on 3 October. This decision was made following a proposal by the British ambassador to better decentralize the country, modeled on Czechoslovakia. A Court for the Protection of the State was soon established to act as the new regime's tool for putting down any dissent. Opposition politicians Vladko Maček and Svetozar Pribićević were arrested under charges by the court. Pribićević later went into exile, whereas over the course of the 1930s Maček would become the leader of the entire opposition bloc.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Immediately after the dictatorship was proclaimed, Croatian deputy Ante Pavelić left for exile from the country. The following years Pavelić worked to establish a revolutionary organization, the Ustaše, allied with the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) against the state.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: In 1931, Alexander decreed a new Constitution which made executive power the gift of the King. Elections were to be by universal male suffrage. The provision for a secret ballot was dropped, and pressure on public employees to vote for the governing party was to be a feature of all elections held under Alexander's constitution. Further, half the upper house was directly appointed by the King, and legislation could become law with the approval of one of the houses alone if also approved by the King.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: That same year, Croatian historian and anti-Yugoslavist intellectual Milan Šufflay was assassinated in Zagreb. As a response, Albert Einstein and Heinrich Mann sent an appeal to the International League of Human Rights in Paris condemning the murder, accusing the Yugoslav government. The letter states of a "horrible brutality which is being practiced upon the Croatian People". The appeal was addressed to the Paris-based "Ligue des droits de l'homme" (Human Rights League). In their letter Einstein and Mann held the Yugoslav king Aleksandar explicitly responsible for these circumstances.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Croat opposition to the new régime was strong and, in late 1932, the Croatian Peasant Party issued the "Zagreb Manifesto" which sought an end to Serb hegemony and dictatorship. The government reacted by imprisoning many political opponents including the new Croatian Peasant Party leader Vladko Maček. Despite these measures, opposition to the dictatorship continued, with Croats calling for a solution to what was called the "Croatian question". In late 1934, the King planned to release Maček from prison, introduce democratic reforms, and attempt find common ground between Serbs and Croats.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: However, on 9 October 1934, the king was assassinated in Marseille, France, by Bulgarian Veličko Kerin (also known by his revolutionary pseudonym Vlado Chernozemski), an activist of IMRO, in a conspiracy with Yugoslav exiles and radical members of banned political parties in cooperation with the Croatian extreme nationalist Ustaše organisation.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Because Alexander's eldest son, Peter II, was a minor, a regency council of three, specified in Alexander's will, took over the new king's royal powers and duties. The council was dominated by the 11-year-old king's first cousin once removed Prince Paul.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: In the late 1930s, internal tensions continued to increase with Serbs and Croats seeking to establish ethnic federal subdivisions. Serbs wanted Vardar Banovina (later known within Yugoslavia as Vardar Macedonia), Vojvodina, Montenegro united with the Serb lands, and Croatia wanted Dalmatia and some of Vojvodina. Both sides claimed territory in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina populated also by Bosnian Muslims. The expansion of Nazi Germany in 1938 gave new momentum to efforts to solve these problems and, in 1939, Prince Paul appointed Dragiša Cvetković as prime minister, with the goal of reaching an agreement with the Croatian opposition. Accordingly, on 26 August 1939, Vladko Maček became vice premier of Yugoslavia and an autonomous Banovina of Croatia was established with its own parliament.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: These changes satisfied neither Serbs who were concerned with the status of the Serb minority in the new Banovina of Croatia and who wanted more of Bosnia and Herzegovina as Serbian territory, nor the Croatian nationalist Ustaše who were also angered by any settlement short of full independence for a Greater Croatia including all of Bosnia and Herzegovina.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Fearing an invasion by the Axis powers, Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March 1941, pledging cooperation with the Axis. Massive anti-Axis demonstrations followed in Belgrade.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: On 27 March, the regime of Prince Paul was overthrown by a military coup d'état with British support. The 17-year-old Peter II was declared to be of age and placed in power. General Dušan Simović became his Prime Minister. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia withdrew its support for the Axis "de facto" without formally renouncing the Tripartite Pact. Although the new rulers opposed Nazi Germany, they also feared that if German dictator Adolf Hitler attacked Yugoslavia, the United Kingdom was not in any real position to help. Regardless of this, on 6 April 1941, the Axis powers launched the invasion of Yugoslavia and quickly conquered it. The royal family, including Prince Paul, escaped abroad and were kept under house arrest in British Kenya.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was soon divided by the Axis into several entities. Germany, Italy, Hungary, and Bulgaria annexed some border areas outright. A Greater Germany was expanded to include most of Slovenia. Italy added the Governorship of Dalmatia, part of Macedonia and Kosovo, Montenegro, southerly part of Croatia, and more than a third of western Slovenia to the Italian Empire. An expanded Croatia was recognized by the Axis as the Independent State of Croatia ("Nezavisna Država Hrvatska", NDH). On paper, the NDH was a kingdom and the 4th Duke of Aosta was crowned as King Tomislav II of Croatia, but in reality the King was merely a figurehead and the real power was held by "Poglavnik" Ante Pavelić. The rump Serbian territory became a military administration of Germany run by military governors and a Serb civil government led by Milan Nedić. Nedić attempted to gain German recognition of Serbia as a successor state to Yugoslavia and claimed King Peter II as Serbia's monarch. Hungary occupied several northern regions.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Following the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, Tomislav II abdicated from his Croatian throne and Pavelić assumed direct control over the NDH, annexing the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia in the process. After the invasion of Italy by the Axis powers in September 1943, the Italian governorates in Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia and Slovenia were occupied by the Germans and placed under direct Reich control.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: King Peter II, who had escaped into exile, was still recognized as King of the whole state of Yugoslavia by the Allies. From 13 May 1941, the largely Serbian "Yugoslav Army of the Fatherland" ("Jugoslovenska vojska u otadžbini", or JVUO, or Chetniks) resisted the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia. This resistance movement, which was both anti-German and anti-communist, was commanded by Royalist General Draža Mihailović. For a long time, the Chetniks were supported by the British, the United States, and the Yugoslavian royal government in exile of King Peter II.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: However, over the course of the war, effective power changed to the hands of Josip Broz Tito's Communist Partisans. In 1943, Tito proclaimed the creation of the Democratic Federative Yugoslavia ("Demokratska federativna Jugoslavija"). The Allies gradually recognized Tito's forces as the stronger opposition forces to the German occupation. They began to send most of their aid to Tito's Partisans, rather than to the Royalist Chetniks. On 16 June 1944, the Tito–Šubašić agreement was signed which merged the "de facto" and the "de jure" government of Yugoslavia.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: In early 1945, after the Germans had been driven out, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was formally restored, however real political power was held by Tito's Communist Partisans. On 29 November, King Peter II was deposed (and the monarchy abolished) by Yugoslavia's Communist Constituent Assembly while he was still in exile. On 2 December, the Communist authorities claimed the entire territory as part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. The new Yugoslavia covered roughly the same territory as the Kingdom had, now a federal republic ruled by the Communist Party rather than a unitary monarchy.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: The Kingdom nourished a close relationship with the Allies of World War I. This was especially the case between 1920 and 1934 with Yugoslavia's traditional supporters of Britain and France.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: From 1920, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia had formed the "Little Entente" with Czechoslovakia and Romania, with the support of France. The primary aim of the alliance was to prevent Hungary from regaining the territories it had lost after the First World War. The alliance lost its significance in 1937 when Yugoslavia and Romania refused to support Czechoslovakia, then threatened by Germany, in the event of military aggression.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: In 1924, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia formed a "Balkan Bloc" with Greece, Romania, and Turkey that was intent on keeping balance on the Balkan peninsula. The alliance was formalized and entrenched on 9 February 1934 when it became the "Balkan Entente". In 1934, with the assassination of King Alexander I by Vlado Chernozemski in Marseille and the shifting of Yugoslav foreign policy, the alliance crumbled.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: The Kingdom of Italy had territorial ambitions against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Relations between Italy and the kingdom's predecessors, the Kingdom of Serbia and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs became sour and hostile during World War I, as Italian and Yugoslav politicians were in dispute over the region of Dalmatia which Italy demanded as part of Italy. These hostile relations were demonstrated on 1 November 1918, when Italian forces sunk the recently captured Austro-Hungarian battleship SMS Viribus Unitis being used by the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Italy formed a coalition against it with states with similar state designs, heavily influenced by Italy and/or fascism: Albania, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria which lasted from 1924 to 1927.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: The 1927 cooperation with Britain and France made Italy withdraw from its anti-Yugoslav alliance. Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini accepted the extreme Croatian nationalist Ustase movement of Ante Pavelić to reside in Italy and use training grounds in Italy to prepare for war with Yugoslavia. Hungary also permitted such Ustase training camps as well. Mussolini allowed Pavelić to reside in Rome.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: In 1927, in response to the growing Italian expansionism, the royal government of Yugoslavia signed an agreement of friendship and cooperation with the United Kingdom and France.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Officially, the last words of King Aleksandar had been "Save Yugoslavia, and the friendship with France". His successors were well aware of the need to try and do the first, but the second, maintaining close ties with France, was increasingly difficult. There were several reasons for this. By the mid-1930s, France, internally divided, was increasingly unable to play an important role in Eastern Europe and support its allies, many of whom had suffered badly from the economic crisis of that period. By contrast, Germany was increasingly willing to get into barter agreements with the countries of south east Europe. In the process those countries felt it was against their interests to closely follow France. An additional motive to improve relations with Italy and Germany was Italy's support of the Ustase movement. As Maček intimated Italy would support Croatian secession from Yugoslavia, First Regent Prince Paul judged closer relations with Italy were inevitable. In an effort to rob the HSS from potential Italian support, a treaty of friendship was signed between the two countries in 1937. This diminished the Ustasa threat somewhat since Mussolini imprisoned some of their leaders and temporarily withdrew financial support. In 1938, Germany, annexing Austria, became a neighbour of Yugoslavia. The feeble reaction of France and Britain, later that year, during the Sudeten Crisis convinced Belgrade that a European war was inevitable and that it would be unwise to support France and Britain. Instead, Yugoslavia tried to stay aloof, this in spite of Paul's personal sympathies for Britain and Serbia's establishment's predilections for France. In the meantime, Germany and Italy tried to exploit Yugoslavia's domestic problems, and so did Maček. In the end, the regency agreed to the formation of the Banovina of Croatia in August 1939. This did not put an end to the pressures from Germany and Italy, and Yugoslavia's strategic position deteriorated by the day. It was increasingly dependent on the German market, about 90% of its exports went to Germany, and in April 1939 Italy invaded and annexed Albania. In October 1940 it attacked Greece, by when France had already been eliminated from the scene, leaving Britain as Yugoslavia's only potential ally – given that Belgrade had not recognized the Soviet Union. London however wanted to involve Yugoslavia in the war, which it rejected.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: From late 1940, Hitler wanted Belgrade to unequivocally choose sides. Pressure intensified, culminating in the signing of the Tripartite Pact on 25 March 1941. Two days later, Prince Paul was deposed in a coup d'état and his nephew Peter II was proclaimed of age, but the new government, headed by General Simović, assured Germany it would adhere to the Pact. Hitler nonetheless ordered the invasion of Yugoslavia. On 6 April 1941, Belgrade was bombed; on 10 April, the Independent State of Croatia was proclaimed; and on 17 April, the weak Yugoslav Army capitulated.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: After the invasion, the Yugoslav royal government went into exile and local Yugoslav forces rose up in resistance to the occupying Axis powers. Initially the monarchy preferred Draža Mihailović and his Serb-dominated Četnik resistance. However, in 1944, the Tito–Šubašić agreement recognised the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as a provisional government, with the status of the monarchy to be decided at a later date. Three regentsSrđan Budisavljević, a Serb; Ante Mandić, a Croat; and Dušan Sernec, a Slovenewere sworn in at Belgrade on 3 March 1945. They appointed the new government, to be headed by Tito as prime minister and minister of war, with Šubašić as foreign minister, on 7 March.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: On 29 November 1945, while still in exile, King Peter II was deposed by the constituent assembly. The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was internationally recognized as Yugoslavia and Peter II became a pretender.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: The small middle class occupied the major population centers and almost everyone else were peasants engaged in subsistence agriculture. The largest ethnic group were Serbs followed by Croats and Slovenes, as three constitutive peoples of the Kingdom, while Montenegrins, Bosnian Muslims and Macedonians were not recognized as distinctive ethnic groups; further historical minority groups included Germans, Italians, Hungarians, Slovaks, Jews and Rusyns. Religion followed the same pattern with half the population following Orthodox Christianity, around 40% Roman Catholicism and most the rest Sunni Islam. Beside "Serbo-Croato-Slovene", the most widely spoken languages by number of speakers were Macedonian, Albanian, Italian, Hungarian, German, Slovak and Rusyn.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: In a multiethnic, multireligious and multilinguistic society, ethnic tensions and regional interests commonly surfaced in both politics and daily life, especially between the two largest and most influential groups who monopolized all political power in the country, the Serbs and Croats. Other quarrels were those between Serbs and Macedonians, as the Yugoslav government had as its official position that the latter were ethnic Serbs from "Old Serbia" (). In the early 20th century the international community viewed the Macedonians predominantly as regional variety of Bulgarians on the basis on linguistics and cultural similarities, but during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Allies sanctioned the Serbian control of Vardar Macedonia and its view, that Macedonian Slavs were in fact Southern Serbs. Bulgarian politicians later interpreted the decision as punishment for it being a Central Power during World War I and as sanctioned Serbian irredentism.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Rights of the Muslim minority were never enshrined in law but concessions were made to accommodate for religious relativism. Some regions of the country were allowed to exist as enclaves of Islamic law.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Aside from Vlachs, the Yugoslav government awarded no special treatment to non-Slavic ethnic minorities in terms of respect for their language, culture, or political autonomy.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: With the language of the country being institutionalized and mandatory, ethnic minorities were expected to gradually assimilate into the Yugoslav panethnic identity.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Until 1929, Serbs, Croats and Slovenes were the constitutional nations, when they were merged into a single "Yugoslav" nationality.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Based on language, the Yugoslavs (collectively Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and other South-Slavic groups in the kingdom) constituted 82.9% of the country's population.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: The Kingdom had three universities: the University of Belgrade, University of Zagreb and the University of Ljubljana, located in what were then the most developed cities in the country.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: The subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia existed successively in three different forms. From 1918 to 1922, the kingdom maintained the pre–World War I subdivisions of Yugoslavia's predecessor states. In 1922, the state was divided into thirty-three "oblasts" (provinces). In 1929, after the establishment of the January 6 Dictatorship, a new system of nine "banovinas" (regions) was implemented by royal decree. In 1939, as an accommodation to Yugoslav Croats in the Cvetković-Maček Agreement, a single Banovina of Croatia was formed from two of these "banovinas" (and from sections of others).


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: The most popular sport in the Kingdom was association football. The Yugoslav Football Association was founded in Zagreb in 1919. It was based in Zagreb until the 6 January Dictatorship, when the association was moved to Belgrade. From 1923, a national championship was held annually. The national team played its first match at the 1920 Summer Olympics. It also participated in the inaugural FIFA World Cup, finishing fourth.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Other popular sports included water polo, which was dominated nationally by the Croatian side VK Jug.


title: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: The Kingdom participated at the Olympic Games from 1920 until 1936. During this time, the country won eight medals, all in gymnastics and six of these were won by Leon Štukelj, a Slovene who was the most nominated gymnast of that time.


title: Sinister Six

text: The Sinister Six are a group of supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, mainly those featuring Spider-Man. The members are drawn from the character's list of enemies, with the original members forming the team in "The Amazing Spider-Man Annual" #1 (October 1964). Led by Doctor Octopus (introduced in issue number 3), the team in its premiere followed swiftly the very early appearances of many of the most enduring members of Spidey's rogue's gallery: Vulture (the title's first super-villain, in issue #2), Sandman (issue #4), Electro (#9), Mysterio (from #13), and Kraven the Hunter (#15). While Doctor Octopus has generally remained its leader, the Sinister Six has had multiple variations of composition.


title: Sinister Six

text: The team has been adapted into various forms of media, mainly in animated series and video games. A film based on the team is in development as part of Sony's Spider-Man Universe.


title: Sinister Six

text: After suffering two defeats from Spider-Man, Doctor Octopus is separated from his tentacle pack. After his tentacle pack breaks free and helps Doctor Octopus get out of prison, he contacts every known supervillain who had crossed paths with Spider-Man. Only Electro, Kraven the Hunter, the original Mysterio, the Sandman, and the original Vulture respond. As none of the members are willing to relinquish the honor of killing Spider-Man themselves, they decide to challenge Spider-Man individually with the order in which they face him determined by a random drawing. The Sinister Six kidnap Aunt May and "Daily Bugle" secretary Betty Brant, holding them hostage in order to force Spider-Man to confront them. Spider-Man defeats the Sinister Six members one-by-one, mocking their decision to battle him individually instead of as a team in front of Doctor Octopus, the last one to be defeated.


title: Sinister Six

text: In "The Amazing Spider-Man" #334–339, Doctor Octopus recruits Electro, Sandman, Mysterio, and Vulture, along with the demonic Hobgoblin, since Kraven the Hunter had died, as part of his plan to take over the world. However, this was a trick, part of a larger plan by which Doc Ock alone would be the master of the world, by releasing a chemical into the atmosphere that would cause pain in anyone who attempted to use cocaine; he would then sell his cure for the chemical to the rich and powerful. Sandman, who at this point in his career had reformed and was blackmailed into joining, aids Spider-Man in defeating the Sinister Six, and ultimately stopping Doc Ock's plans to conquer the world. Because Octopus' chemical is eating away the ozone layer, Spider-Man has no choice but to release the cure into the atmosphere.


title: Sinister Six

text: In "Spider-Man" #18-23, Electro, Mysterio, Vulture, and Hobgoblin reunite in a bid to take revenge on Doctor Octopus. To trick Sandman into joining them, they hit his foster family with a bomb, leading him to believe Doctor Octopus attacked them as punishment for betraying him. Sandman contacts Spider-Man and asks him to shadow the group as insurance against him being double-crossed. Doctor Octopus easily defeats the other members of the six with his newly reacquired adamantium arms, then zaps Sandman with a weapon that transforms his body into glass and beats Spider-Man nearly to death. When police surround the building, the other members of the Sinister Six agree to serve Doctor Octopus in exchange for his helping them escape. The assembled Sinister Six go off on a rampage, stealing advanced weapons and technology from several sources, including an alien dimension and a facility specializing in cybernetics. To again complete their quorum of six, they recruit Gog. Eventually, Spider-Man and several other heroes (including the Ghost Rider, Deathlok, Nova, the Hulk, and Solo) confront the villains as they are seizing a HYDRA base to gain access to deadly, world-devastating weapons. Most of the members are again incarcerated, but Vulture and Hobgoblin escape.


title: Sinister Six

text: A variation known as the Sinister Seven is formed by Hobgoblin to fight Kaine after he killed Doctor Octopus and the Grim Hunter (Kraven's son Vladimir). Hobgoblin's Sinister Seven includes the Beetle, Electro, Mysterio, Scorpia, the Shocker, and the Vulture. They finally find Kaine and a battle erupts. Spider-Man saves Kaine from being executed; the two then work together and defeat the Sinister Seven.


title: Sinister Six

text: Eventually, the Sandman (who had been turned back into a villain by his former ally the Wizard) and the second Mysterio (the original had committed suicide following his fight with Daredevil) form a new version of the Sinister Six, with Venom temporarily replacing Doctor Octopus and the other members consisting of Electro, the second Kraven the Hunter (another son of the dead original), and the Vulture. Sandman uses the Sinister Six in order to get revenge on Doctor Octopus for turning him into glass in "The Return of the Sinister Six" storyline. The Sinister Six are defeated again, and Venom subsequently attacks the various members of the group after being betrayed by them. He nearly kills the Sandman and badly injures Electro and Kraven the Hunter before he and his symbiote are briefly separated from each other by the mysterious Senator Ward.


title: Sinister Six

text: In "Marvel Knights Spider-Man", Norman Osborn is unmasked to the public as the Green Goblin and imprisoned. Osborn contacts a group of supervillains who also bear grudges against Spider-Man, all of whom had been financed by Osborn's fortunes for years. Eager to retaliate, the villains agree to band together, and the Sinister Twelve is formed.


title: Sinister Six

text: Mac Gargan is the de facto leader of the Twelve while Osborn is in prison, and he kidnaps Peter Parker's Aunt May and threatens to kill her if Spider-Man does not help Osborn escape from jail. Spider-Man, with help from Black Cat, breaks Osborn out only to be confronted by the Vulture, the Sandman, Electro, the Chameleon, the Lizard, Hydro-Man, the Shocker, Hammerhead, Boomerang and Tombstone. Osborn, now in the guise of the Goblin, introduces them as the Sinister Twelve.


title: Sinister Six

text: Spider-Man and Black Cat are rescued by Captain America, Iron Man, Daredevil, Yellowjacket and the Fantastic Four. Furious, Goblin rockets away and kidnaps Mary Jane Watson and Spider-Man pursues him. Spider-Man and the Goblin clash upon a bridge (not the one where Gwen Stacy was killed). Finally, Osborn gives a vital clue as to Aunt May's whereabouts before being knocked into the river below. In the aftermath, Aunt May is found and saved. The rest of the Sinister Twelve are subdued by the other heroes and arrested.


title: Sinister Six

text: A new version of the Sinister Six apparently bands together during the "Civil War" storyline. The line-up consists of Doctor Octopus, Grim Reaper, Lizard, Shocker, Trapster and Vulture. They are stopped by Captain America and his Secret Avengers off-panel and discovered bound and subdued by S.H.I.E.L.D.


title: Sinister Six

text: Following the events of the "Origin of the Species" storyline which involves Doctor Octopus assembling Spider-Man's enemies into targeting Harry Osborn's baby (who Doctor Octopus thought had some of Norman Osborn's DNA), only the Chameleon, Electro, Mysterio, the Rhino, and the Sandman remain with Doctor Octopus to reform the Sinister Six when the baby does not inherit Norman Osborn's DNA. Their first plot involves sending Micro-Octobots to blow up an Air Force base. This is prevented by Spider-Man, the Avengers, and the Fantastic Four.


title: Sinister Six

text: Spider-Man and the Future Foundation stumble on a plot on a Caribbean Island by the Sinister Six which involves the use of a zombie pirate crew. During the fight with the Sinister Six, Spider-Man realizes that the Doctor Octopus, Electro, Rhino and Sandman that they are fighting are robots, while Mysterio and the Chameleon are the only real ones present. Meanwhile, the real Doctor Octopus infiltrates the Baxter Building to look for specific technology plans.


title: Sinister Six

text: While the adult Avengers are dealing with the eruption of Mount Etna, Tigra and the Avengers Academy students learn that Electro has broken into a French laboratory. Once on the scene, the students discover that Electro is accompanied by the rest of the Sinister Six. The Sinister Six overpower the students and Doctor Octopus steals a device containing self-sustaining power. Doctor Octopus and the Sinister Six later fight the Intelligencia where the Chameleon had infiltrated the group disguised as Klaw. After the Intelligencia members are defeated, the Sinister Six steal their Zero Cannon (a weapon which changes Earth's gravity field to send specific objects into space). Doctor Octopus later appears in a robot suit which would help to keep him alive.


title: Sinister Six

text: Doctor Octopus and Mysterio coordinate the Octobots that have infiltrated the Apogee 1 Space Station and taken over some of the crew members. When Mysterio notices that some of the Octobots were disabled, Doctor Octopus orders the Octobots to finish their mission and then destroy the space station. When Spider-Man arrives on the Apogee 1 Space Station, Doctor Octopus pushes a button that starts to move the Apogee 1 Space Station close to Earth. After Apogee 1 Space Station is destroyed and the crew is evacuated by Spider-Man, the Human Torch and John Jameson, Doctor Octopus tells the rest of the Sinister Six that his master plan is about to begin.


title: Sinister Six

text: In the "Ends of the Earth" storyline, all of Doctor Octopus' preparations come to fruition in a plan to conquer the world. Doctor Octopus activates a giant antenna array called the "Octahedral" which, in turn, activates Earth-orbiting satellites he calls the "Octavian Lens". The Lens works to speed up the greenhouse effect, which in turn heats up the Earth. Upon hacking into televisions around the world, Doctor Octopus describes what his satellites are doing, and shuts them down. He says he can save the world "at a price". At Palazzo Senatorio, an international gathering of world leaders and the planet's greatest minds meet to discuss Doctor Octopus's supposed offer to save the world. The Avengers crash the assembly and Spider-Man captures the Chameleon, who is at the meeting disguised as, of all people...Vice President Al Gore. Spider-Man lets the Chameleon go, but he secretly places a Spider-Tracer on him, which allows Spider-Man and the Avengers to follow the Chameleon to the Mediterranean Coast where the rest of the Sinister Six is waiting. The Six subdue the Avengers, leaving only Spider-Man standing. Spider-Man is taken down when trying to gain control of Doctor Octopus's tentacles with his helmet.


title: Sinister Six

text: The Sinister Six then leave the area, and Doctor Octopus issues his demands: control of 200 missile facilities (for use in his plan), as well as 2 billion dollars for each of the members of the Sinister Six. In response, Spider-Man contacts Horizon Labs for help. Doctor Octopus sends the Sandman to guard one of the missile facilities in the Sahara Desert. After Spider-Man, the Black Widow, and Silver Sable enter the facility and defeat the Sandman, Doctor Octopus contacts the U.N. once again and orders them to kill Spider-Man in retaliation. In a subsequent missile facility raid, Spider-Man and his allies manage to defeat the Rhino, but they are unable to capture him because they are attacked by S.H.I.E.L.D (under orders from the U.N., via Doctor Octopus's demands). Forced to flee, Spider-Man and his allies then attempt to rally support from Earth's other heroes after the Titanium Man alerts them to the fact that Doctor Octopus has been recruiting other villains. Tracking down a final facility, Spider-Man learns that Doctor Octopus has already launched all of his satellites. However, this is revealed to be a deception created by Mysterio and the Chameleon. Spider-Man defeats the Chameleon when he attempts to attack them in a "Doc-Ock" suit of armor. Spider-Man and his allies then convince Mysterio to help them track down Doctor Octopus's base. While they find the base, they also find themselves pitted against the 'new' Sinister Six—in the form of the mind-controlled Avengers.


title: Sinister Six

text: Despite Doctor Octopus's confidence, the heroes prevail against their mind-controlled teammates; the Black Widow and Hawkeye are knocked out by Iron Man while he is still under Doctor Octopus's control. Spider-Man's new training, combined with Captain America subconsciously holding back, allows Spider-Man and Silver Sable to defeat Spider-Woman and Captain America, respectively. Finally, Mysterio uses an EMP generator to negate the Octobots controlling Thor, Iron Man and the Red Hulk. Now "Octobot" free, these remaining three Avengers set out to take out Doctor Octopus's missiles, while Spider-Man and Silver Sable confront Doctor Octopus in his base. The two are first met by the Rhino, who decides to drown himself and take Sable with him in an attempt to psychologically beat Spider-Man into submission, but Spider-Man musters his strength, manages to destroy Doctor Octopus's arms and equipment and ultimately hauls his foe away to a doctor.


title: Sinister Six

text: As part of the "Marvel NOW!" event, the Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus's mind in Peter Parker's body) encounters a new Sinister Six consisting of Boomerang, Overdrive, the Shocker, the Speed Demon, the Living Brain and the female Beetle that previously fought Captain America and the Black Widow. The group of villains attacks Horizon Labs, but the Superior Spider-Man defeats them, using a power-dampening field to disable their equipment. He is preparing to kill Boomerang when the still-living consciousness of Peter Parker stops him. Otto gives the villains to the NYPD and EMTs upon their arrival.


title: Sinister Six

text: This version of the Sinister Six (minus the Living Brain) appears in its own series "Superior Foes of Spider-Man". The Sinister Six later assaulted the Owl's base. Overdrive and the Speed Demon were captured by the Owl and interrogated. The Beetle tried to blackmail the Owl into releasing them, while covertly dialing for back-up. Unimpressed, the Owl got ready to execute her when reinforcements arrived in the form of Tombstone (who was revealed to be the Beetle's father). At one point to steal valuables from the Chameleon, including a portrait of Doctor Doom, the Sinister Six allied with the Owl, where they expand the group into a "Sinister Sixteen". Besides Boomerang, the Beetle, Overdrive, the Owl, and the Speed Demon, the group consists of the Armadillo, the Bi-Beast, the Clown, the Cyclone, the Human Fly, the Kangaroo, Man Mountain Marko, Mirage, Scorcher, Shriek, the Spot and the Squid. The team eventually broke up after Boomerang had thoroughly screwed everyone over, including himself.


title: Sinister Six

text: Following the deletion of Peter Parker's memories and acquiring the Raft as his new base which he renamed Spider-Island II, the Superior Spider-Man begins to collect former Sinister Six members and store them in his underwater lab with the implied intention to create a new team as the Superior Spider-Man. First, he acquired the sand grain that contained the Sandman's consciousness. When Electro returned to Earth after being hurled into space by Thor, the Superior Spider-Man enlisted Thor to help defeat Electro. The Superior Spider-Man then confiscated the Chameleon from S.H.I.E.L.D. custody. The Superior Spider-Man came across Mysterion (a villain that is dressed like Mysterio) robbing the bank. Upon defeating Mysterion, the Superior Spider-Man discovered that the villain he thought was Mysterio was not Quentin Beck, but an unnamed man who bought the Mysterio gear from the Hobgoblin. Finally, the Superior Spider-Man went up against the Vulture, who seeks to get even with the Superior Spider-Man for beating him up twice. The Superior Spider-Man managed to defeat the Vulture.


title: Sinister Six

text: The Superior Spider-Man debuts with mind-controlled members as the supposedly-reformed "Superior Six" at the time when Lightmaster invades Alchemax to obtain an invention that would work in sync with his own light powers. The Superior Six ended up fighting the Wrecking Crew (who were hired by Lightmaster to assist him). Due to the second Sun Girl's widespread attack, the Superior Spider-Man lost control of the Superior Six and they attacked him. The Superior Spider-Man and Sun Girl had to team up to defeat them.


title: Sinister Six

text: Mojo and the Chameleon abduct Spider-Man and his X-Men students and force them to star in a show which pits them against the Sinister Sixty-Six. The group, which is not seen in its entirety, consists of holographic stand-ins of various enemies of Spider-Man like the Beetle, Carnage, the Demogoblin, Doctor Octopus, the Duster, Electro, the Gibbon, the Green Goblin, the Grizzly, Hammerhead, the Hobgoblin, the Jackal, Jack O'Lantern, the Kingpin, Kraven the Hunter, the Lizard, Morbius the Living Vampire, Mysterio, the Puma, the Rhino, the Ringer, the Sandman, the Scorpion, the Shocker, Shriek, Tombstone, Vermin and the Vulture.


title: Sinister Six

text: Spider-Man and the students of the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning encounter the eighth incarnation of the Sinister Six led by Swarm and consisting of the third 8-Ball, Delilah, Killer Shrike, the third Melter and the Squid. After Hellion defeated Swarm, the other members of the Sinister Six surrendered.


title: Sinister Six

text: Purchasing a recolored and modified version of the Iron Spider armor, Miles Morales' uncle Aaron Davis forms his incarnation of the Sinister Six consisting of Bombshell, the Francine Frye version of Electro, the Roderick Kingsley version of the Hobgoblin, Sandman, and Spot. Their first mission was to steal a decommissioned S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier.


title: Sinister Six

text: Spider-Man plays with a cancer patient named Nathan, where they envision that Nathan becomes Spider-Bite and they "fight" Stilt-Man's Sinister Sixty who wish to obtain Spider-Bite's action figure of Spider-Man. The line-up consists of Absorbing Man, Big Man, Black Cat, Black Tarantula, Boomerang, Calypso, Carrion, Carnage, Chameleon, Demogoblin, Doctor Octopus, Doppelganger, Electro, the Enforcers, Fusion, Green Goblin, Grey Goblin, Hammerhead, Hobgoblin, Hydro-Man, Jack O'Lantern, Jackal, Joystick, Juggernaut, Kaine, Kingpin, Kraven the Hunter, Kraven the Hunter II, Kraven the Hunter III, Lady Octopus, Lizard, Mephisto, Mister Negative, Molten Man, Morbius, the Living Vampire, Morlun, Mysterio, Raptor, Rhino, Sandman, Sasha Kravinoff, Scorpia, Scorpion, Scream, Screwball, Shocker, Shriek, Silvermane, Sin-Eater, Alistair Smythe, Stunner, Swarm, Tarantula, Venom, Vermin, and Vulture. Spider-Man and Spider-Bite defeat the Sinister Sixty at Grand Central Station and keep Stilt-Man from claiming the Spider-Man action figure.


title: Sinister Six

text: While Doctor Octopus is discovering clues to some of his missing memories, he exhumes an unexpectedly empty casket in a cemetery. Kindred sends one of his centipedes to enter Doctor Octopus' ear, rendering him unconscious.


title: Sinister Six

text: In a lead-up to "Sinister War", Kindred tells Doctor Octopus that he can help him with his memories, but he will need to gather five more people. At an unknown beach, Doctor Octopus helps Sandman with his loss of direction and promises to solve Sandman's immortality problem. Upon building a special machine, Doctor Octopus resurrects Electro with his powers intact as Kindred comments on Electro's abilities while stating that Doctor Octopus is getting closer to his true self. Doctor Octopus and Electro find Kraven the Hunter in the Savage Land hunting a dinosaur. Electro shocks the dinosaur, and Doctor Octopus recruits Kraven the Hunter into the Sinister Six by promising him to hunt down the Lizard. Doctor Octopus coerces Curt Connors into using the Isotope Genome Accelerator on himself which separates him from his Lizard side. Kindred then completes the Sinister Six by having Mysterio join him as Kindred notes that his endgame with Spider-Man is approaching.


title: Sinister Six

text: When the Savage Six attacks the world premiere of a movie that Mary Jane Watson and a disguised Mysterio were involved in, the Sinister Six intervenes in order to get Mysterio in their ranks despite Spider-Man's intervention. Mysterio complies with Doctor Octopus and teleports Mary Jane away while Doctor Octopus knocks out Spider-Man. Kindred kept the Savage Six on the reserve should Foreigner's group, the Superior Foes, and the Sinister Syndicate fail to eliminate Spider-Man. Badly wounded, Peter is relieved to find the Black Cat, Wolverine, and Human Torch have arrived to help, unaware they are Mysterio, Lizard, and Electro in illusion disguises created by the former. Lizard springs their trap too early by attacking Peter, much to Mysterio's annoyance. Peter fends off the Sinister Six until Doctor Octopus snares him with his tentacles. Peter attempts to appeal to Doctor Octopus' better nature, telling him he is not like this anymore. Doctor Octopus briefly hesitates, but mounting pressure from the rest of the Sinister Six compels him to act though this buys Peter enough time to break free. The Savage Six then attack the Sinister Six, giving Peter time to escape.


title: Sinister Six

text: In the "Age of Apocalypse" 10th anniversary limited series, Mister Sinister assembles his own group dubbed the Sinister Six. However, this group is unrelated to the more established lineup of criminals. It includes Cloak and Dagger, Sonique, Sauron, Blob and Phoenix.


title: Sinister Six

text: On the planet created by the Shaper of Worlds, the Sinister Six are known as the Six Most Sinister, a group of criminals operating a tollbooth in the Webwood who are led by the Goblin King and consist of Huntsman, Jolt, Mysterium, Sandstorm, Talon, and Tentaclus. When the Champions of the Realm attempt to pass through the Webwoods, they are attacked by the Six Most Sinister, who they easily deal with and leave defeated as they move on.


title: Sinister Six

text: The Sinister Sextet of Earth-311 is formed by the universe's version of Carnage with Electro, Hobgoblin, Karnov (Earth-311's version of Kraven the Hunter), Magus (Earth-311's version of Mysterio), and Serpent (who is similar to Lizard) as its members. The dimension hopping Web-Warriors who aides dimensions who lost its Spider-Man defeated Sinister Sextet and as they round up their captives they notice that Electro escaped, unbeknown to the group, followed them to the Great Web.


title: Sinister Six

text: An unidentified reality's version of 2099 was created after Miguel time-traveled into the past. There, he encountered its version of the Sinister Six including Venom (Kron Stone), the Goblin, Doctor Octopus (an Atlantean with octopus tentacles coming out of his back), Vulture, Electro (an android that gained sentience following a lightning strike), and Sandwoman (whose sand causes nightmares). The Sinister Six capture Miguel when he is returned to his time, but he manages to escape with the aid of his brother Gabriel who generates an illusion of a demon to distract them. After the Sinister Six caught the Goblin who secretly was helping Gabriel, Miguel saves Goblin (Father Jennifer) and escapes back into present time. As the portal opened, Doctor Octopus 2099 kills Goblin and escapes. Now that the Sinister Six is no more, Venture enters and joins the team where he plans to recruit them to Fist.


title: Sinister Six

text: A zombified version of the Sinister Six appears in "Marvel Zombies: Dead Days". They are seen attacking innocent civilians upon the S.H.I.E.L.D. helicarrier, but are repelled by Wolverine and Magneto. These infected members each include Doctor Octopus, Green Goblin, Vulture, Sandman, Electro and Mysterio.


title: Sinister Six

text: In the "Marvel Zombies" series, the Sinister Six appear in an alternative universe that Zombie Spider-Man enters, working for the Kingpin and consisting of Doctor Octopus, Sandman, Vulture, Mysterio, Electro and Kraven the Hunter. They are quickly and violently ripped apart, bitten and zombified (except Sandman who hopefully flees by turning into sand and disguising himself as the dirt Zombie Spider-Man stood on), and end up eating Spider-Man's friends, which causes them to be killed in retaliation. The only uninfected person who could help the zombie Spider-Man avenge Aunt May and Mary Jane is Sandman. Upon him leaving and dead, Zombie Spider-Man thanked Sandman, to which Sandman replies "Good riddance, ya disgusting freak". Later, Sandman was congratulated by Uatu the Watcher for the wipeout help


title: Sinister Six

text: Two versions of the Sinister Six appears in the "Secret Wars" storyline where they each reside in their part of Battleworld:


title: Sinister Six

text: In the miniseries "Spider-Man: Spider's Shadow" where the symbiote is able to more fully bond with Peter, Spider-Man's darker actions under the influence of the symbiote prompt Jameson to form a new Sinister Six in the form of Doctor Octopus, Rhino, Electro, Mysterio, Kraven and Jameson himself using a Spider-Slayer, after, the wall-crawler kills Hobgoblin, Shocker and Scorpion and assaults Jameson and the Kingpin. Eddie Brock attempts to join the group by killing Octavius and taking the tentacles for himself, but the symbiote Spider-Man still manages to kill Rhino, Electro and Mysterio and seriously injure Brock before a burning building near the battle site drives the symbiote off Peter, forcing Jameson to acknowledge that he's wrong about the wall-crawler and saves his life while Kraven retreats.


title: Sinister Six

text: An older version of the Sinister Six, dubbed the "Sinner Six" appeared in "". This version of the team (composed of Scorpion, Electro, Mysterio, Kraven the Hunter, Sandman, and Hydro-Man) are forced into the employ of New York's fascist mayor Mayor Waters via microchips placed inside them that would detonate if they attempted to leave the city. If they succeeded in killing Spider-Man, they would be given their freedom.


title: Sinister Six

text: Scorpion was tossed out a window and presumably killed by Spider-Man. Electro and Hydro-Man were killed when Spider-Man caused the two to fall onto each other. Spider-Man defeated both Kraven and Mysterio and left them webbed up.


title: Sinister Six

text: After his long-lost daughter was killed by the Reign (policemen under Waters' control), Sandman confronts Waters who gives him the detonator. As Spider-Man is battling a series of Venom symbiotes, Sandman gives him the detonator before allowing himself to be devoured by the symbiotes. Spider-Man presses the detonator, causing the rest of the Six to presumably explode.


title: Sinister Six

text: In the "Spider-Man Adventures" magazine, a version of the Sinister Six appears, formed by Doctor Doom. It consisted of Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Electro, Rhino, Sandman, and Venom (Eddie Brock). They appear in a multi-part storyline with Spider-Man fighting each member in a different time period. In the final part, the Sinister Six and Doctor Doom fight Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four. All are defeated, though Vulture went into the Baxter Building and tried to steal some gold statues only to be pummeled by the heroes.


title: Sinister Six

text: During the "Spider-Verse" storyline, a version of the Sinister Six called the Six Men of Sinestry resides on Earth-803 where it is set in Industrial Age New York in 1895. The team is led by the Green Goblin and composed of Doctor Octopus, Electro, Kraven the Hunter, Mysterio, and Vulture. Their objective was to steal the Mayor's plans. They battled Lady Spider and were forced to retreat after they were overwhelmed, yet they were able to accomplish their task. The Six Men of Sinestry appeared once more attacking Lady Spider and Spider-Man 2099 when they were fixing up Leopardon, but end up beaten by the two spiders (with Lady Spider exclaiming in passing that Sinestry is not a real word). Spider-Man 2099 would later exclaim that their technology was first class despite the era's limitations.


title: Sinister Six

text: In the "Spider-Ham 25th Anniversary Special", Peter Porker, a.k.a. Spider-Ham faces the Swinester Six. The group consists of Green Gobbler, Doctor Octopuss, Sandmanatee, Eelectro, Buzzard and Mysteriape.


title: Sinister Six

text: The Sinister Six's Ultimate Marvel version was an Ultimate Six consisting of Sandman, Doctor Octopus, Kraven the Hunter, Electro and the Green Goblin. The group went up against Nick Fury and the Ultimates after the villains escaped a S.H.I.E.L.D. prison they were held in after each had been defeated by Spider-Man and arrested by S.H.I.E.L.D. for illegally altering their own genetic codes. Spider-Man temporarily became the sixth member as he believed that Aunt May had been kidnapped. When Spider-Man is informed by Captain America that his aunt was safe in S.H.I.E.L.D custody, Spider-Man turned on the Ultimate Six and helped the Ultimates defeat the Ultimate Six where Iron Man defeats Sandman, Wasp defeats Doctor Octopus, and Thor defeats Electro and Kraven as the Ultimates help Spider-Man defeat Green Goblin.


title: Sinister Six

text: The Ultimate Six return in "The Death of Spider-Man" storyline. It is revealed that Norman Osborn did "not" die as originally thought, but had survived. The Goblin transforms and escapes at the first chance, breaking out fellow prisoners Doctor Octopus, Sandman, Electro, and Kraven the Hunter with Vulture as a new addition to the team. The Six steal a helicopter which Electro pilots and escape before taking refuge in someone's apartment. It is their luck that they have escaped at the same time the Ultimates fight the New Avengers as there will be no one to stop them from attacking Spider-Man. However, Doctor Octopus does not want to kill Spider-Man stating that he and Osborn were responsible for Spider-Man's creation. Osborn retaliates by turning into the Goblin and killing Doctor Octopus in the resulting fight. The remaining five villains make their way to Elijah Stern's lair where Vulture's suit is upgraded and Kraven gets a set of blasters and knives. The five go to Peter Parker's house in Queens and confront Johnny Storm and Bobby Drake. Johnny defeats Osborn with a powerful blast but is quickly defeated by Sandman while Bobby is defeated by Electro. Peter arrives on the scene and dispatches Vulture and quickly defeats the other three with ease. Sandman gets back up and assists Vulture into knocking down Peter. Electro regains consciousness and is prepared to deal the final blow. Aunt May suddenly arrives on the scene, shooting Electro multiple times. This causes Electro to unleash a huge amount of electricity which renders Kraven, Sandman, and Vulture unconscious. As May and Peter embrace, the Goblin gets back on his feet and prepares to attack. After a brutal battle through Queens, Peter finally kills the Goblin with a flaming van as he is caught in its explosion. Culminated with a bullet wound upon protecting Captain America from Punisher during the fight earlier, Peter dies in his aunt's arms as Osborn seemingly dies with a smile in victory.


title: Sinister Six

text: In December 2013, Sony announced two spin-offs of "The Amazing Spider-Man" franchise, "The Sinister Six" and "Venom", with Drew Goddard attached to write and direct the former. Throughout the live-action film "The Amazing Spider-Man 2", a line-up for the team was teased. During the end credits, weapons and technology belonging to Rhino, Vulture, Doctor Octopus, Mysterio, and Kraven the Hunter were revealed, confirming them as members, with the Green Goblin serving as the leader. However, this line-up is left to be debated as Goddard stated he wanted to adopt a more classic adaptation of the group which would have included Sandman and Doc Ock as the leader. The film was said to be a redemption story for the characters, and would probably not feature Spider-Man. As the Sinister Six's original goal, however, was to kill him, there would seem to be a chance that he would appear. The film was originally scheduled for release on November 11, 2016. However, following the announcement in February 2015 of a new Spider-Man franchise with Marvel Studios, the spin-offs were postponed and eventually canceled.


title: Sinister Six

text: In an email from Amy Pascal leaked during the Sony Pictures hack, Pascal revealed that she planned for Tom Holland's Spider-Man to appear in a "Sinister Six" film set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe dependent on the success of the then-upcoming licensing agreement with Marvel Studios.


title: Sinister Six

text: Following the collaboration between Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures, many spin-offs that had been in development before were revived, with the first of these, the live-action film "Venom", being released on October 5, 2018. Sony's December 2013 plans for their own expanded universe included a film based on the Sinister Six, with Drew Goddard attached to write and potentially direct. Goddard was confirmed to be directing the film in April 2014. The film was believed to have been canceled by November 2015 when Sony was focusing on its new reboot with Marvel. In October 2018, Goddard acknowledged that his script could eventually be used for a film. By December of the same year, producer Amy Pascal confirmed that the studio intends to use the script in an upcoming project and expressed the company's desire for the filmmaker to direct the film as well.


title: Sinister Six

text: In the post-credits scene of "Morbius" (2022), Adrian Toomes from the MCU approaches Dr. Michael Morbius, in an effort to form a team. The team is intended to be the Sinister Six, with director Daniel Espinosa expressing interest in having Norman Osborn be part of the group.


title: Arielle Kebbel

text: Arielle Caroline Kebbel (born February 19, 1985) is an American actress and model. She has appeared in various television series, including "Gilmore Girls" (2003–2004), "The Vampire Diaries" (2009–2017), "Life Unexpected" (2010), "90210" (2011–2013), "Ballers" (2015–2016, 2019), "Midnight Texas" (2017–2018), and "" (2019–2020). Kebbel has also appeared in films such as "" (2005), "John Tucker Must Die" (2006), "The Grudge 2" (2006), "Forever Strong" (2008), "The Uninvited" (2009), "Think Like a Man" (2012), "Fifty Shades Freed" (2018) and After Ever Happy (2022).


title: Arielle Kebbel

text: Kebbel was born on February 19, 1985, in Winter Park, Florida. She is mostly of German and Swiss German descent. Her mother, Sheri, is a talent manager and owns a production company. Kebbel graduated from Crenshaw School in Winter Garden. She was the first runner-up at the 2002 Miss Florida Teen USA beauty pageant. Before pursuing a career in acting, Kebbel was a full-time model. She was trained at the Lisa Maile Image, Modeling & Acting School in Florida. She has since appeared in numerous magazines such as "Maxim", "H", "Lucky", "Men's Health", "Stuff", "FHM"."Vegas, Bello" and "Razor."


title: Arielle Kebbel

text: Within the first week of moving to Los Angeles, California, Kebbel successfully auditioned for her first major role portraying Lindsay Lister on The CW's "Gilmore Girls". She went on to become a recurring role throughout the third, fourth, and fifth seasons. She worked in television programming such as "Entourage", "Grounded for Life", "", and "The Vampire Diaries". She worked in two pilots, "Football Wives" and "No Heroics" for ABC.


title: Arielle Kebbel

text: In 2004, Kebbel worked with Kevin Hart, Tom Arnold, and Snoop Dogg in the hip-hop comedy "Soul Plane". She worked in films such as "Be Cool", "The Kid & I", "", and "Reeker". Kebbel played the role of Carrie Schaeffer in 20th Century Fox's romantic comedy film "John Tucker Must Die" (2006). It was released in North America on July 28, 2006, earning US$68 million worldwide. Kebbel signed on for another 20th Century Fox film titled "Aquamarine" (2006) starring Sara Paxton, Emma Roberts, and JoJo. Kebbel portrayed the role of the film's villain, Cecilia Banks. The film was released in March 2006 with moderate success, earning US$23 million worldwide.


title: Arielle Kebbel

text: In February 2006, Kebbel was confirmed to be starring alongside Sarah Michelle Gellar and Teresa Palmer in "The Grudge 2". The film is a sequel to the 2004 Horror film, "The Grudge", a re-make of the Japanese original. Kebbel described her role of schoolgirl Allison Flemming as "The girl you see in the background of all the pictures that wants to be a part of everything but never is". Filming took place in Tokyo, Japan, in April that same year. The film was released on October 13, 2006 and was a box office success, grossing over $70 million worldwide.


title: Arielle Kebbel

text: She portrayed Emily Owens in the sports drama film "Forever Strong" (2008) alongside Penn Badgley, Sean Faris, and Neal McDonough. Filming took place in August 2006 in Salt Lake City. This is Badgley and Kebbel's second film together after "John Tucker Must Die". The film was released straight-to-DVD on September 26, 2008.


title: Arielle Kebbel

text: In February 2008, Kebbel was announced to star as the central character Katherine in the horror film "Freakdog" alongside Sarah Carter. The film received a limited theatrical release on August 22, 2008, and was quickly released to DVD in February 2009. Reception was universally negative.


title: Arielle Kebbel

text: In March 2008, Paramount Pictures announced Kebbel was portraying the role of Alex Ivers in the American remake of the 2003 South Korean Horror film "A Tale of Two Sisters". Emily Browning and Elizabeth Banks were confirmed to be co-starring. Filming took place in late 2008 in Vancouver, British Columbia. Despite performances of the cast, reception was 'mixed-to-negative'. The film earned US$40 million worldwide. Kebbel also starred in the comedy "The Brooklyn Brothers Beat the Best", premiering on September 9, 2011, at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival. The film, widely release in 2012, is the directorial debut for writer/director/star Ryan O'Nan, and features Michael Weston, Andrew McCarthy, and Jason Ritter.


title: Arielle Kebbel

text: In December 2011, Kebbel worked in season four of "90210" portraying Vanessa. In October 2012, Kebbel appeared on "Hawaii Five-0", in the season three episode "Popilikia".


title: Expected value

text: In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, mathematical expectation, mean, average, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average. Informally, the expected value is the arithmetic mean of a large number of independently selected outcomes of a random variable.


title: Expected value

text: The expected value of a random variable with a finite number of outcomes is a weighted average of all possible outcomes. In the case of a continuum of possible outcomes, the expectation is defined by integration. In the axiomatic foundation for probability provided by measure theory, the expectation is given by Lebesgue integration.


title: Expected value

text: The expected value of a random variable is often denoted by , , or , with also often stylized as or formula_1


title: Expected value

text: The idea of the expected value originated in the middle of the 17th century from the study of the so-called problem of points, which seeks to divide the stakes "in a fair way" between two players, who have to end their game before it is properly finished. This problem had been debated for centuries. Many conflicting proposals and solutions had been suggested over the years when it was posed to Blaise Pascal by French writer and amateur mathematician Chevalier de Méré in 1654. Méré claimed that this problem couldn't be solved and that it showed just how flawed mathematics was when it came to its application to the real world. Pascal, being a mathematician, was provoked and determined to solve the problem once and for all.


title: Expected value

text: He began to discuss the problem in the famous series of letters to Pierre de Fermat. Soon enough, they both independently came up with a solution. They solved the problem in different computational ways, but their results were identical because their computations were based on the same fundamental principle. The principle is that the value of a future gain should be directly proportional to the chance of getting it. This principle seemed to have come naturally to both of them. They were very pleased by the fact that they had found essentially the same solution, and this in turn made them absolutely convinced that they had solved the problem conclusively; however, they did not publish their findings. They only informed a small circle of mutual scientific friends in Paris about it.


title: Expected value

text: In Dutch mathematician Christiaan Huygens' book, he considered the problem of points, and presented a solution based on the same principle as the solutions of Pascal and Fermat. Huygens published his treatise in 1657, (see Huygens (1657)) ""De ratiociniis in ludo aleæ"" on probability theory just after visiting Paris. The book extended the concept of expectation by adding rules for how to calculate expectations in more complicated situations than the original problem (e.g., for three or more players), and can be seen as the first successful attempt at laying down the foundations of the theory of probability.


title: Expected value

text: During his visit to France in 1655, Huygens learned about de Méré's Problem. From his correspondence with Carcavine a year later (in 1656), he realized his method was essentially the same as Pascal's. Therefore, he knew about Pascal's priority in this subject before his book went to press in 1657.


title: Expected value

text: In the mid-nineteenth century, Pafnuty Chebyshev became the first person to think systematically in terms of the expectations of random variables.


title: Expected value

text: Neither Pascal nor Huygens used the term "expectation" in its modern sense. In particular, Huygens writes:


title: Expected value

text: More than a hundred years later, in 1814, Pierre-Simon Laplace published his tract ""Théorie analytique des probabilités"", where the concept of expected value was defined explicitly:


title: Expected value

text: The use of the letter to denote expected value goes back to W. A. Whitworth in 1901. The symbol has become popular since then for English writers. In German, stands for "Erwartungswert", in Spanish for "Esperanza matemática", and in French for "Espérance mathématique".


title: Expected value

text: When "E" is used to denote expected value, authors use a variety of stylization: the expectation operator can be stylized as (upright), (italic), or formula_2 (in blackboard bold), while a variety of bracket notations (such as , , and ) are all used.


title: Expected value

text: Another popular notation is , whereas , , and formula_3 are commonly used in physics, and in Russian-language literature.


title: Expected value

text: As discussed below, there are several context-dependent ways of defining the expected value. The simplest and original definition deals with the case of finitely many possible outcomes, such as in the flip of a coin. With the theory of infinite series, this can be extended to the case of countably many possible outcomes. It is also very common to consider the distinct case of random variables dictated by (piecewise-)continuous probability density functions, as these arise in many natural contexts. All of these specific definitions may be viewed as special cases of the general definition based upon the mathematical tools of measure theory and Lebesgue integration, which provide these different contexts with an axiomatic foundation and common language.


title: Expected value

text: Any definition of expected value may be extended to define an expected value of a multidimensional random variable, i.e. a random vector . It is defined component by component, as . Similarly, one may define the expected value of a random matrix with components by .


title: Expected value

text: Consider a random variable with a "finite" list of possible outcomes, each of which (respectively) has probability of occurring. The expectation of is defined as


title: Expected value

text: Since the probabilities must satisfy , it is natural to interpret as a weighted average of the values, with weights given by their probabilities .


title: Expected value

text: In the special case that all possible outcomes are equiprobable (that is, ), the weighted average is given by the standard average. In the general case, the expected value takes into account the fact that some outcomes are more likely than others.


title: Expected value

text: Informally, the expectation of a random variable with a countable set of possible outcomes is defined analogously as the weighted average of all possible outcomes, where the weights are given by the probabilities of realizing each given value. This is to say that


title: Expected value

text: where are the possible outcomes of the random variable and are their corresponding probabilities. In many non-mathematical textbooks, this is presented as the full definition of expected values in this context.


title: Expected value

text: However, there are some subtleties with infinite summation, so the above formula is not suitable as a mathematical definition. In particular, the Riemann series theorem of mathematical analysis illustrates that the value of certain infinite sums involving positive and negative summands depends on the order in which the summands are given. Since the outcomes of a random variable have no naturally given order, this creates a difficulty in defining expected value precisely.


title: Expected value

text: For this reason, many mathematical textbooks only consider the case that the infinite sum given above converges absolutely, which implies that the infinite sum is a finite number independent of the ordering of summands. In the alternative case that the infinite sum does not converge absolutely, one says the random variable "does not have finite expectation."


title: Expected value

text: Now consider a random variable which has a probability density function given by a function on the real number line. This means that the probability of taking on a value in any given open interval is given by the integral of over that interval. The expectation of is then given by the integral


title: Expected value

text: A general and mathematically precise formulation of this definition uses measure theory and Lebesgue integration, and the corresponding theory of "absolutely continuous random variables" is described in the next section. The density functions of many common distributions are piecewise continuous, and as such the theory is often developed in this restricted setting. For such functions, it is sufficient to only consider the standard Riemann integration. Sometimes "continuous random variables" are defined as those corresponding to this special class of densities, although the term is used differently by various authors.


title: Expected value

text: Analogously to the countably-infinite case above, there are subtleties with this expression due to the infinite region of integration. Such subtleties can be seen concretely if the distribution of is given by the Cauchy distribution , so that . It is straightforward to compute in this case that


title: Expected value

text: The limit of this expression as and does not exist: if the limits are taken so that , then the limit is zero, while if the constraint is taken, then the limit is .


title: Expected value

text: To avoid such ambiguities, in mathematical textbooks it is common to require that the given integral converges absolutely, with left undefined otherwise. However, measure-theoretic notions as given below can be used to give a systematic definition of for more general random variables .


title: Expected value

text: All definitions of the expected value may be expressed in the language of measure theory. In general, if is a real-valued random variable defined on a probability space , then the expected value of , denoted by , is defined as the Lebesgue integral


title: Expected value

text: Despite the newly abstract situation, this definition is extremely similar in nature to the very simplest definition of expected values, given above, as certain weighted averages. This is because, in measure theory, the value of the Lebesgue integral of is defined via weighted averages of "approximations" of which take on finitely many values. Moreover, if given a random variable with finitely or countably many possible values, the Lebesgue theory of expectation is identical with the summation formulas given above. However, the Lebesgue theory clarifies the scope of the theory of probability density functions. A random variable is said to be "absolutely continuous" if any of the following conditions are satisfied:


title: Expected value

text: These conditions are all equivalent, although this is nontrivial to establish. In this definition, is called the "probability density function" of (relative to Lebesgue measure). According to the change-of-variables formula for Lebesgue integration, combined with the law of the unconscious statistician, it follows that


title: Expected value

text: for any absolutely continuous random variable . The above discussion of continuous random variables is thus a special case of the general Lebesgue theory, due to the fact that every piecewise-continuous function is measurable.


title: Expected value

text: Expected values as defined above are automatically finite numbers. However, in many cases it is fundamental to be able to consider expected values of . This is intuitive, for example, in the case of the St. Petersburg paradox, in which one considers a random variable with possible outcomes , with associated probabilities , for ranging over all positive integers. According to the summation formula in the case of random variables with countably many outcomes, one has


title: Expected value

text: There is a rigorous mathematical theory underlying such ideas, which is often taken as part of the definition of the Lebesgue integral. The first fundamental observation is that, whichever of the above definitions are followed, any "nonnegative" random variable whatsoever can be given an unambiguous expected value; whenever absolute convergence fails, then the expected value can be defined as . The second fundamental observation is that any random variable can be written as the difference of two nonnegative random variables. Given a random variable , one defines the positive and negative parts by and . These are nonnegative random variables, and it can be directly checked that . Since and are both then defined as either nonnegative numbers or , it is then natural to define:


title: Expected value

text: According to this definition, exists and is finite if and only if and are both finite. Due to the formula , this is the case if and only if is finite, and this is equivalent to the absolute convergence conditions in the definitions above. As such, the present considerations do not define finite expected values in any cases not previously considered; they are only useful for infinite expectations.


title: Expected value

text: The following table gives the expected values of some commonly occurring probability distributions. The third column gives the expected values both in the form immediately given by the definition, as well as in the simplified form obtained by computation therefrom. The details of these computations, which are not always straightforward, can be found in the indicated references.


title: Expected value

text: The basic properties below (and their names in bold) replicate or follow immediately from those of Lebesgue integral. Note that the letters "a.s." stand for "almost surely"—a central property of the Lebesgue integral. Basically, one says that an inequality like formula_27 is true almost surely, when the probability measure attributes zero-mass to the complementary event formula_28.


title: Expected value

text: Concentration inequalities control the likelihood of a random variable taking on large values. Markov's inequality is among the best-known and simplest to prove: for a "nonnegative" random variable and any positive number , it states that formula_75


title: Expected value

text: If is any random variable with finite expectation, then Markov's inequality may be applied to the random variable to obtain Chebyshev's inequality formula_76


title: Expected value

text: where is the variance. These inequalities are significant for their nearly complete lack of conditional assumptions. For example, for any random variable with finite expectation, the Chebyshev inequality implies that there is at least a 75% probability of an outcome being within two standard deviations of the expected value. However, in special cases the Markov and Chebyshev inequalities often give much weaker information than is otherwise available. For example, in the case of an unweighted dice, Chebyshev's inequality says that odds of rolling between 1 and 6 is at least 53%; in reality, the odds are of course 100%. The Kolmogorov inequality extends the Chebyshev inequality to the context of sums of random variables.


title: Expected value

text: The following three inequalities are of fundamental importance in the field of mathematical analysis and its applications to probability theory.


title: Expected value

text: The Hölder and Minkowski inequalities can be extended to general measure spaces, and are often given in that context. By contrast, the Jensen inequality is special to the case of probability spaces.


title: Expected value

text: In general, it is not the case that formula_81 even if formula_82 pointwise. Thus, one cannot interchange limits and expectation, without additional conditions on the random variables. To see this, let formula_83 be a random variable distributed uniformly on formula_84. For formula_85 define a sequence of random variables


title: Expected value

text: with formula_87 being the indicator function of the event formula_88. Then, it follows that formula_89 pointwise. But, formula_90 for each formula_10. Hence, formula_92


title: Expected value

text: Analogously, for general sequence of random variables formula_93, the expected value operator is not formula_94-additive, i.e.


title: Expected value

text: An example is easily obtained by setting formula_96 and formula_97 for formula_98, where formula_99 is as in the previous example.


title: Expected value

text: A number of convergence results specify exact conditions which allow one to interchange limits and expectations, as specified below.


title: Expected value

text: The probability density function formula_124 of a scalar random variable formula_5 is related to its characteristic function formula_126 by the inversion formula:


title: Expected value

text: For the expected value of formula_67 (where formula_129 is a Borel function), we can use this inversion formula to obtain


title: Expected value

text: If formula_131 is finite, changing the order of integration, we get, in accordance with Fubini–Tonelli theorem,


title: Expected value

text: is the Fourier transform of formula_134 The expression for formula_131 also follows directly from Plancherel theorem.


title: Expected value

text: The expectation of a random variable plays an important role in a variety of contexts. For example, in decision theory, an agent making an optimal choice in the context of incomplete information is often assumed to maximize the expected value of their utility function.


title: Expected value

text: For a different example, in statistics, where one seeks estimates for unknown parameters based on available data, the estimate itself is a random variable. In such settings, a desirable criterion for a "good" estimator is that it is "unbiased"; that is, the expected value of the estimate is equal to the true value of the underlying parameter.


title: Expected value

text: It is possible to construct an expected value equal to the probability of an event, by taking the expectation of an indicator function that is one if the event has occurred and zero otherwise. This relationship can be used to translate properties of expected values into properties of probabilities, e.g. using the law of large numbers to justify estimating probabilities by frequencies.


title: Expected value

text: The expected values of the powers of "X" are called the moments of "X"; the moments about the mean of "X" are expected values of powers of . The moments of some random variables can be used to specify their distributions, via their moment generating functions.


title: Expected value

text: To empirically estimate the expected value of a random variable, one repeatedly measures observations of the variable and computes the arithmetic mean of the results. If the expected value exists, this procedure estimates the true expected value in an unbiased manner and has the property of minimizing the sum of the squares of the residuals (the sum of the squared differences between the observations and the estimate). The law of large numbers demonstrates (under fairly mild conditions) that, as the size of the sample gets larger, the variance of this estimate gets smaller.


title: Expected value

text: This property is often exploited in a wide variety of applications, including general problems of statistical estimation and machine learning, to estimate (probabilistic) quantities of interest via Monte Carlo methods, since most quantities of interest can be written in terms of expectation, e.g. formula_136, where formula_137 is the indicator function of the set formula_138.


title: Expected value

text: Expected values can also be used to compute the variance, by means of the computational formula for the variance


title: Expected value

text: A very important application of the expectation value is in the field of quantum mechanics. The expectation value of a quantum mechanical operator formula_140 operating on a quantum state vector formula_141 is written as formula_142. The uncertainty in formula_140 can be calculated by the formula formula_144.


title: Lili Taylor

text: Lili Anne Taylor (born February 20, 1967) is an American actress. She came to prominence with supporting parts in the films "Mystic Pizza" (1988) and "Say Anything..." (1989), before establishing herself as one of the key figures of 1990s independent cinema with starring roles in "Bright Angel" (1990), "Dogfight" (1991), "Household Saints", "Short Cuts" (both 1993), "The Addiction", "Cold Fever" (both 1995), "I Shot Andy Warhol", "Girls Town" (both 1996), "Pecker" (1998), and "A Slipping-Down Life" (1999). She is the recipient of four Independent Spirit nominations, winning once in the category of Best Supporting Female. Her accolades also include a Golden Globe, an NBR Award, a Volpi Cup, a Sant Jordi, a Golden Space Needle, a Chlotrudis Award, an SDFCS Award, a Sundance Special Jury Prize, and a Fangoria Chainsaw Award.


title: Lili Taylor

text: Alongside her work on smaller-scale projects, Taylor has encountered mainstream success with parts in films such as "Born on the Fourth of July" (1989), "Rudy" (1993), "Ransom" (1996), "The Haunting" (1999), "High Fidelity" (2000), "Brooklyn's Finest", "Public Enemies" (both 2009), "The Conjuring" (2013), and "" (2015). Her other credits include "Julie Johnson" (2001), "Factotum", "The Notorious Bettie Page" (both 2005), "Starting Out in the Evening" (2007), "The Promotion" (2008), "Being Flynn" (2012), "To the Bone", "Leatherface" (both 2017), "Eli" (2019), and "Paper Spiders" (2020).


title: Lili Taylor

text: Outside of film, Taylor has starred in the television series "State of Mind" (2007), "Almost Human" (2013–2014), "Hemlock Grove" (2013–2014), "Chambers" (2019) and "Perry Mason" (2020), as well as all three seasons of the ABC drama "American Crime" (2015–2017), earning a nomination for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress for her portrayal of Anne Blaine in the latter. For her guest roles on "The X-Files" (Marty Glenn; 1998) and "Six Feet Under" (Lisa Kimmel; 2002–2005), she received a further two Emmy nominations in the category of Outstanding Guest Actress. Taylor's stage credits include Broadway productions of Anton Chekhov's "Three Sisters" (1997) and Scott McPherson's "Marvin's Room" (2017). She is married to playwright Nick Flynn, with whom she has a daughter.


title: Lili Taylor

text: Taylor, the fifth of six children, was born in Glencoe, Illinois, a north suburb of Chicago, to Marie (née Lecour) and George Park Taylor, an artist and hardware store operator. She grew up in a "warm family environment", and has described herself as being "a bit of a searcher" during her childhood. She graduated from New Trier High School in Winnetka, Illinois in 1985. Thereafter, she attended The Theatre School at DePaul University before being cut from the acting program, and the Piven Theatre Workshop.


title: Lili Taylor

text: Taylor has appeared in dozens of films since 1988, including "Dogfight", "Mystic Pizza", and "Rudy". Her work has mostly been in independent films and theater. She played Lisa Kimmel Fisher (mostly in the second and third seasons) in the HBO drama "Six Feet Under" for which she was nominated for an Emmy Award. Taylor played supporting roles in "Mystic Pizza" (1988) and "Say Anything..." (1989). She starred in "Dogfight" (1991) directed by Nancy Savoca, in which she played an unattractive young woman who is taken to a cruel contest by a Marine (played by River Phoenix) under the pretense of a date. In 1991, she played Grace, the witty and romantic step-daughter of Faye Dunaway, in "Arizona Dream" (released 1993), directed by Emir Kusturica, co-starring Johnny Depp, Vincent Gallo and Jerry Lewis. In 1993 too, she re-teamed with Savoca for "Household Saints". Director Robert Altman hired Taylor in 1993 for his epic Los Angeles drama "Short Cuts", in which Taylor shared scenes with Lily Tomlin. Taylor portrayed Valerie Solanas in Mary Harron's "I Shot Andy Warhol" (1996). The same year, she co-starred in "Girls Town" with Bruklin Harris and Aunjanue Ellis, where three inner-city friends dealt with a friend's suicide, and later in "Ransom", as caterer who helps her corrupt policeman boyfriend kidnap a rich man's son.


title: Lili Taylor

text: In 1998 she appeared in the "X-Files" episode "Mind's Eye", and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. The same year, she appeared in John Waters' film "Pecker", alongside Edward Furlong, Christina Ricci and Mary Kay Place. In 1999, Taylor starred in Jan de Bont's remake of "The Haunting". In 2001, Taylor appeared in the independent feature "Julie Johnson". The film, co-starring Courtney Love, centered on a Long Island mother and housewife who leaves her husband to pursue her dream of studying science. In early 2004, Taylor made her New York City stage debut in Wallace Shawn's "Aunt Dan and Lemon" in the role of Lemon.


title: Lili Taylor

text: Taylor won the 2005 Best Actress award at the Copenhagen International Film Festival for her role in "Factotum". In 2006, Taylor worked again with Mary Harron in "The Notorious Bettie Page". She starred in the Lifetime cable network's hour-long comedy-drama series "State of Mind", as a New Haven therapist dealing with a divorce and a parade of quirky clients. She played the daughter of Frank Langella's character in Andrew Wagner's 2007 drama "Starting Out in the Evening". In the 2008 film "The Promotion", Taylor played Lori Wehlner, the wife of John C. Reilly's character. In 2009, Taylor played Sheriff Lillian Holley of Lake County, Indiana, who incarcerates John Dillinger (played by Johnny Depp), in Michael Mann's "Public Enemies". In 2011, Fence Books released Taylor's audio recording of poet Ariana Reines' "Save The World". In 2013, Taylor starred in the horror hit The Conjuring.


title: Lili Taylor

text: In 2014, Taylor starred alongside Chloë Grace Moretz in the off-Broadway play "The Library" directed by Steven Soderbergh. The following year she co-starred in "", as Dr. Mary Cooper, "a doctor who helps Thomas and his fellow Gladers". Filming began at the end of October, and the movie was released on September 18, 2015. In 2020, Taylor starred opposite Stefania LaVie Owen in "Paper Spiders."


title: Lili Taylor

text: In May 1997, Taylor's former boyfriend, actor Michael Rapaport, was arrested for harassing Taylor and charged with two counts of aggravated harassment. He pleaded guilty to the charges. New York Supreme Court Justice Arlene Goldberg issued a protection order forbidding him from contacting Taylor and requiring him to undergo counseling.


title: Lili Taylor

text: Taylor is an activist for conservation issues, particularly those having to do with birds, and sits on the boards of the American Birding Association and National Audubon Society. She introduced Louise Post and Nina Gordon, founding members of 1990s alternative band Veruca Salt, in the early 1990s.


title: Lili Taylor

text: Taylor is a three-time Primetime Emmy Award nominee. Also recognized for her extensive work in American independent film, she has been nominated for four Independent Spirit Awards, winning Best Supporting Female for her performance in "Household Saints" (1993). She was nominated for Best Female Lead for "Bright Angel" (1990) and "The Addiction" (1995), and again for Best Supporting Female for "Girls Town" (1996). In 1996, she received a Special Recognition award from the Sundance Film Festival for her performance in Mary Harron's "I Shot Andy Warhol", in which she portrayed Valerie Solanas. Ten years later, in 2006, she was honored with the Excellence in Acting Award at the Provincetown International Film Festival.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: Helios Airways Flight 522 was a scheduled passenger flight from Larnaca, Cyprus, to Prague, Czech Republic, with a stopover in Athens, Greece. Shortly after take-off on 14 August 2005, air traffic control (ATC) lost contact with the aircraft operating the flight, named "Olympia"; it eventually crashed near Grammatiko, Greece, killing all 121 passengers and crew on board. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Greek history.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: An investigation into the crash by the Air Accident Investigation and Aviation Safety Board (AAIASB) concluded that the crew had neglected to set the pressurization system to automatic during the take-off checks. This caused the plane not to be pressurized during the flight and resulted in nearly everyone on board suffering from hypoxia, thus resulting in a "ghost flight". The negligent nature of the accident led to lawsuits being filed against Helios Airways and Boeing, with the former also being shut down by the government of Cyprus the following year.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: The aircraft involved in this accident, initially registered as D-ADBQ, was first flown on 29 December 1997, and was operated by DBA from 1998. It was leased by Helios Airways on 16 April 2004, whereupon it was re-registered 5B-DBY with the nickname "Olympia". Besides the downed aircraft, the Helios fleet also included two leased Boeing 737-800s and an Airbus A319-100, which were delivered on 14 May 2005.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: The plane had arrived at Larnaca International Airport at 01:25 local time on the day of the accident. It was scheduled to leave Larnaca at 09:00 and fly to Prague Ruzyně International Airport, with a stop off at Athens International Airport, where it was due to arrive at 10:45. The captain of the flight was Hans-Jürgen Merten, a 58-year-old German contract pilot hired by Helios for holiday flights, who had been flying for 35 years (previously for Interflug from 1970 to 1991), and had accrued a total of 16,900 flight hours (including 5,500 hours on the Boeing 737). The first officer was Pampos Charalambous, a 51-year-old Cypriot pilot who had flown exclusively for Helios for the past five years, accruing 7,549 flight hours throughout his career (3,991 of them on the Boeing 737). Louisa Vouteri, a 32-year-old Greek national living in Cyprus, had replaced a sick colleague as the chief flight attendant.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: When the aircraft arrived at Larnaca from London earlier that morning, the previous flight crew had reported a frozen door seal, and abnormal noises coming from the right aft service door. They requested a full inspection of the door. The inspection was carried out by a ground engineer, who then performed a pressurization leak check. In order to carry out this check without requiring the aircraft's engines, the pressurization system was set to "manual". However, the engineer failed to reset it to "auto" on completion of the test.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: After the aircraft was returned into service, the flight crew overlooked the pressurization system state on three occasions: during the pre-flight procedure, the after-start check, and the after take-off check. During these checks, no one on the flight deck noticed the incorrect setting. The aircraft took off at 09:07 with the pressurization system still set to "manual", and the aft outflow valve partially open.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: As the aircraft climbed, the pressure inside the cabin gradually decreased. As it passed through an altitude of , the cabin altitude warning horn sounded. The warning should have prompted the crew to stop climbing, but it was misidentified by the crew as a take-off configuration warning, which signals that the aircraft is not ready for take-off, and can only sound on the ground. The alert sound is identical for both warnings.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: In the next few minutes, several warning lights on the overhead panel in the cockpit illuminated. One or both of the equipment cooling warning lights came on to indicate low airflow through the cooling fans (a result of the decreased air density), accompanied by the master caution light. The passenger oxygen light illuminated when, at an altitude of approximately , the oxygen masks in the passenger cabin automatically deployed.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: Shortly after the cabin altitude warning sounded, the captain radioed the Helios operations centre and reported "the take-off configuration warning on" and "cooling equipment normal and alternate off line." He then spoke to the ground engineer, and repeatedly stated that the "cooling ventilation fan lights were off." The engineer (the one who had conducted the pressurization leak check) asked: "Can you confirm that the pressurization panel is set to AUTO?" However, the captain, already experiencing the onset of hypoxia's initial symptoms, disregarded the question, and instead asked in reply, "Where are my equipment cooling circuit breakers?" This was the last communication with the aircraft.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: The aircraft continued to climb until it leveled off at FL340, approximately . Between 09:30 and 09:40, Nicosia ATC repeatedly attempted to contact the aircraft, without success. At 09:37, the aircraft passed from Cyprus flight information region (FIR) into Athens FIR, without making contact with Athens ATC. Nineteen attempts to contact the aircraft between 10:12 and 10:50 also met with no response, and at 10:40, the aircraft entered the holding pattern for Athens Airport, at the KEA VOR, still at FL340. It remained in the holding pattern, under control of the auto-pilot, for the next 70 minutes.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: At 11:05, two F-16 fighter aircraft from the Hellenic Air Force 111th Combat Wing were scrambled from Nea Anchialos Air Base to establish visual contact. They intercepted the passenger jet at 11:24, and observed that the first officer was slumped motionless at the controls, and the captain's seat was empty. They also reported that oxygen masks were dangling in the passenger cabin.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: At 11:49, flight attendant Andreas Prodromou entered the cockpit and sat down in the captain's seat, having remained conscious by using a portable oxygen supply. His girlfriend, Haris Charalambous, was also seen in the cockpit helping Prodromou try to control the aircraft. Prodromou held a UK Commercial Pilot Licence, but was not qualified to fly the Boeing 737. Prodromou waved at the F-16s very briefly, but almost as soon as he entered the cockpit, the left engine flamed out due to fuel exhaustion, and the plane left the holding pattern and started to descend. Crash investigators concluded that Prodromou's experience was insufficient for him to be able to gain control of the aircraft under the circumstances. However, Prodromou succeeded in banking the plane away from Athens and towards a rural area as the engines flamed out. There were no ground casualties. Ten minutes after the loss of power from the left engine, the right engine also flamed out, and just before 12:04, the aircraft crashed into hills near Grammatiko, from Athens, killing all 121 passengers and crew on board.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: The aircraft was carrying 115 passengers and a crew of six. The passengers included 67 due to disembark at Athens, with the remainder continuing to Prague. The bodies of 118 people were recovered. The passenger list included 93 adults and 22 children. The passengers comprised 103 Cypriot nationals and 12 Greek nationals.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder were sent to the Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety in Paris. The CVR recording enabled investigators to identify Prodromou as the flight attendant who entered the cockpit in order to try to save the plane. He called "mayday" five times, but because the radio was still tuned to Larnaca and not Athens, he was not heard by ATC. His voice was recognized by colleagues who listened to the CVR recording.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: Many of the bodies recovered were burned beyond recognition by the post-impact fire. Autopsies on the crash victims showed that all were alive at the time of impact, but it could not be determined whether they were conscious as well.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: The emergency oxygen supply in the passenger cabin of this model of Boeing 737 is provided by chemical generators that provide enough oxygen, through breathing masks, to sustain consciousness for about 12 minutes, normally sufficient for an emergency descent to 10,000 feet (3,000 m), where atmospheric pressure is sufficient for humans to sustain consciousness without supplemental oxygen. Cabin crew have access to portable oxygen sets with considerably longer duration.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: The Hellenic Air Accident Investigation and Aviation Safety Board (AAIASB) listed the direct causal chain of events that led to the accident as:


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: On 16 December 2004, during an earlier flight from Warsaw, the same aircraft experienced a rapid loss of cabin pressure and the crew made an emergency descent. The cabin crew reported to the captain that there had been a bang from the aft service door, and that there was a hand-sized hole in the door's seal. The Air Accident and Incident Investigation Board (AAIIB) of Cyprus could not conclusively determine the causes of the incident, but indicated two possibilities: an electrical malfunction causing the opening of the outflow valve, or the inadvertent opening of the aft service door.


title: Helios Airways Flight 522

text: The mother of the first officer killed in this crash claimed that her son had repeatedly complained to the captain about the aircraft getting cold. Passengers also reported problems with air conditioning on Helios flights. During the 10 weeks before the crash, the aircraft's environmental control system was repaired or inspected seven times.