title: Thai language

text: Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern and the northeastern (Isaan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects due to the fact that (Central) Thai is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of the Northern Thai language (or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and seasoning their speech only with "kham mueang" accent. Standard Thai is based on the register of the educated classes in Bangkok.


title: Thai language

text: In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages. Although some linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As a dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as a second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect.


title: Thai language

text: Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Tai Lanna, Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern branch of Tai languages. The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family, which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border.


title: Thai language

text: Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script.


title: Thai language

text: According to a Chinese source, during the Ming Dynasty, Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Hsien Lo, saying that it somewhat resembled the local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of the most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography.


title: Thai language

text: Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel).


title: Thai language

text: There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to a four-way distinction among stops and affricates. The maximal four-way occurred in labials () and dentals (); the three-way distinction among velars () and palatals (), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing.


title: Thai language

text: The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split. This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of the Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction:


title: Thai language

text: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3.


title: Thai language

text: The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and the terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as the two marks termed "mai ek" and "mai tho") represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after the three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone.


title: Thai language

text: Early Old Thai also apparently had velar fricatives as distinct phonemes. These were represented by the now-obsolete letters ฃ "kho khuat" and ฅ "kho khon", respectively. During the Old Thai period, these sounds merged into the corresponding stops , and as a result the use of these letters became unstable.


title: Thai language

text: At some point in the history of Thai, a palatal nasal phoneme also existed, inherited from Proto-Tai. A letter ญ "yo ying" also exists, which is used to represent a palatal nasal in words borrowed from Sanskrit and Pali, and is currently pronounced at the beginning of a syllable but at the end of a syllable. Most native Thai words that are reconstructed as beginning with are also pronounced in modern Thai, but generally spelled with ย "yo yak", which consistently represents . This suggests that > in native words occurred in the pre-literary period. It is unclear whether Sanskrit and Pali words beginning with were borrowed directly with a , or whether a was re-introduced, followed by a second change > .


title: Thai language

text: Proto-Tai also had a glottalized palatal sound, reconstructed as in Li Fang-Kuei (1977). Corresponding Thai words are generally spelled หย, which implies an Old Thai pronunciation of (or ), but a few such words are spelled อย, which implies a pronunciation of and suggests that the glottalization may have persisted through to the early literary period.


title: Thai language

text: The vowel system of modern Thai contains nine pure vowels and three centering diphthongs, each of which can occur short or long. According to Li (1977), however, many Thai dialects have only one such short–long pair (), and in general it is difficult or impossible to find minimal short–long pairs in Thai that involve vowels other than and where both members have frequent correspondences throughout the Tai languages. More specifically, he notes the following facts about Thai:


title: Thai language

text: Furthermore, the vowel that corresponds to short Thai has a different and often higher quality in many of the Tai languages compared with the vowel corresponding to Thai .


title: Thai language

text: Note that not all researchers agree with Li. Pittayaporn (2009), for example, reconstructs a similar system for Proto-Southwestern-Tai, but believes that there was also a mid back unrounded vowel (which he describes as ), occurring only before final velar . He also seems to believe that the Proto-Southwestern-Tai vowel length distinctions can be reconstructed back to similar distinctions in Proto-Tai.


title: Thai language

text: Where English makes a distinction between voiced and unvoiced aspirated , Thai distinguishes a third sound – the unvoiced, unaspirated that occurs in English only as an allophone of , for example after an as in the sound of the "p" in "spin". There is similarly an alveolar , , triplet in Thai. In the velar series there is a , pair and in the postalveolar series a , pair, but the language lacks the corresponding voiced sounds and . (In loanwords from English, English and are borrowed as the tenuis stops and .)


title: Thai language

text: In each cell below, the first line indicates (IPA), the second indicates the Thai characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation). The letter ห, one of the two "h" letters, is also used to help write certain tones (described below).


title: Thai language

text: Although the overall 44 Thai consonant letters provide 21 sounds in case of initials, the case for finals is different. For finals, only eight sounds, as well as no sound, called "mātrā" () are used. To demonstrate, at the end of a syllable, บ () and ด () are devoiced, becoming pronounced as and respectively. Additionally, all plosive sounds are unreleased. Hence, final , , and sounds are pronounced as , , and respectively.


title: Thai language

text: Of the consonant letters, excluding the disused ฃ and ฅ, six (ฉ ผ ฝ ห อ ฮ) cannot be used as a final and the other 36 are grouped as following.


title: Thai language

text: In Thai, each syllable in a word is articulated independently, so consonants from adjacent syllables (i.e. heterosyllabic) show no sign of articulation as a cluster. Thai has specific phonotactical patterns that describe its syllable structure, including tautosyllabic consonant clusters, and vowel sequences. In core Thai words (i.e. excluding loanwords), only clusters of two consonants occur, of which there are 11 combinations:


title: Thai language

text: The number of clusters increases in loanwords such as (ทร) in (, from Sanskrit "indrā") or (ฟร) in (, from English "free"); however, these usually only occur in initial position, with either , , or as the second consonant sound and not more than two sounds at a time.


title: Thai language

text: The vowel nuclei of the Thai language are given in the following table. The top entry in every cell is the symbol from the , the second entry gives the spelling in the Thai script, where a dash (–) indicates the position of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A second dash indicates that a final consonant follows.


title: Thai language

text: Each vowel quality occurs in long-short pairs: these are distinct phonemes forming distinct words in Thai.


title: Thai language

text: There are also opening and closing diphthongs in Thai, which analyze as and . For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long:


title: Thai language

text: Additionally, there are three triphthongs. For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long:


title: Thai language

text: There are five phonemic tones: mid, low, falling, high, and rising, sometimes referred to in older reference works as "rectus, gravis, circumflexus, altus," and "demissus," respectively. The table shows an example of both the phonemic tones and their phonetic realization, in the IPA. Moren & Zsiga (2006) and Zsiga & Nitisaroj (2007) provide phonetic and phonological analyses of Thai tone realization.


title: Thai language

text: In some English loanwords, closed syllables with a long vowel ending in an obstruent sound have a high tone, and closed syllables with a short vowel ending in an obstruent sound have a falling tone.


title: Thai language

text: From the perspective of linguistic typology, Thai can be considered to be an analytic language. The word order is subject–verb–object, although the subject is often omitted. Additionally, Thai is an isolating language lacking any form of inflectional morphology whatsoever. Thai pronouns are selected according to the gender and relative status of speaker and audience.


title: Thai language

text: There is no morphological distinction between adverbs and adjectives. Many words can be used in either function. They follow the word they modify, which may be a noun, verb, or another adjective or adverb.


title: Thai language

text: Comparatives take the form "A X B" (, ), 'A is more X than B'. The superlative is expressed as "A X " (, ), 'A is most X'.


title: Thai language

text: Adjectives in Thai can be used as complete predicates. Because of this, many words used to indicate tense in verbs (see Verbs:Tense below) may be used to describe adjectives.


title: Thai language

text: Verbs do not inflect. They do not change with person, tense, voice, mood, or number; nor are there any participles. The language being analytic and case-less, the relationship between subject, direct and indirect object is conveyed through word order and auxiliary verbs. Transitive verbs follow the pattern "subject-verb-object".


title: Thai language

text: In order to convey tense, aspect and mood (TAM), the Thai verbal system employs auxiliaries and verb serialization. TAM markers are however not obligatory and often left out in colloquial use. In such cases, the precise meaning is determined through context. This results in sentences lacking both TAM markers and overt context being ambiguous and subject to various interpretations.


title: Thai language

text: The sentence can thus be interpreted as 'I am eating there', 'I eat there habitually', 'I will eat there' or 'I ate there'. Aspect markers in Thai have been divided into four distinct groups based on their usage. These markers could appear either before or after the verb. The following list describes some of the most commonly used aspect markers. A number of these aspect markers are also full verbs on their own and carry a distinct meaning. For example () as a full verb means 'to stay, to live or to remain at'. However, as an auxiliary it can be described as a "temporary aspect" or "continuative marker".


title: Thai language

text: The imperfective aspect marker (, , currently) is used before the verb to denote an ongoing action (similar to the "-ing" suffix in English). is commonly interpreted as a progressive aspect marker. Similarly, (, ) is a post-verbal aspect marker which corresponds to the continuative or temporary aspect.


title: Thai language

text: The marker (, ) is usually analyzed as a past tense marker when it occurs before the verb. As a full verb, means 'to get or receive'. However, when used after a verb, takes on a meaning of potentiality or successful outcome of the main verb.


title: Thai language

text: Future can be indicated by (, , 'will') before the verb or by a time expression indicating the future. For example:


title: Thai language

text: Thai exhibits serial verb constructions, where verbs are strung together. Some word combinations are common and may be considered set phrases.


title: Thai language

text: Nouns are uninflected and have no gender; there are no articles. Thai nouns are bare nouns and can be interpreted as singular, plural, definite or indefinite. Some specific nouns are reduplicated to form collectives: (, 'child') is often repeated as () to refer to a group of children. The word (, ) may be used as a prefix of a noun or pronoun as a collective to pluralize or emphasise the following word. (, , , 'we', masculine; , , emphasised 'we'; , '(the) dogs'). Plurals are expressed by adding classifiers, used as measure words (), in the form of noun-number-classifier:


title: Thai language

text: While in English, such classifiers are usually absent ("four chairs") or optional ("two bottles of beer" "or" "two beers"), a classifier is almost always used in Thai (hence "chair four item" and "beer two bottle").


title: Thai language

text: Possession in Thai is indicated by adding the word () in front of the noun or pronoun, but it may often be omitted. For example:


title: Thai language

text: Nominal phrases in Thai often use a special class of words classifiers. As previously mentioned, these classifiers are obligatory for noun phrases containing numerals e.g.


title: Thai language

text: In the previous example () acts as the classifier in the nominal phrase. This follows the form of noun-cardinal-classifier mentioned above. Classifiers are also required to form quantified noun phrases in Thai with some quantifiers such as ('all'), ('some'). The examples below are demonstrated using the classifier , which is used for people.


title: Thai language

text: However, classifiers are not utilized for negative quantification. Negative quantification is expressed by the pattern (, ) + NOUN. Classifiers are also used for demonstratives such as (, 'this/these') and (, 'that/those'). The syntax for demonstrative phrases, however, differ from that of cardinals and follow the pattern "noun-classifier-demonstrative". For example, the noun phrase "this dog" would be expressed in Thai as (literally 'dog (classifier) this'). Classifiers in Thai


title: Thai language

text: Subject pronouns are often omitted, with nicknames used where English would use a pronoun. See Thai names#Formal and informal names for more details. Pronouns, when used, are ranked in honorific registers, and may also make a T–V distinction in relation to kinship and social status. Specialised pronouns are used for royalty, and for Buddhist monks. The following are appropriate for conversational use:


title: Thai language

text: The reflexive pronoun is (), which can mean any of: myself, yourself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves. This can be mixed with another pronoun to create an intensive pronoun, such as (, lit: I myself) or (, lit: you yourself). Thai also does not have a separate possessive pronoun. Instead, possession is indicated by the particle (). For example, "my mother" is (, lit: mother of I). This particle is often implicit, so the phrase is shortened to (). Plural pronouns can be easily constructed by adding the word () in front of a singular pronoun as in () meaning 'they' or () meaning the plural sense of 'you'. The only exception to this is (), which can be used as singular (informal) or plural, but can also be used in the form of (), which is only plural.


title: Thai language

text: The particles are often untranslatable words added to the end of a sentence to indicate respect, a request, encouragement or other moods (similar to the use of intonation in English), as well as varying the level of formality. They are not used in elegant (written) Thai. The most common particles indicating respect are (, , with a high tone) when the speaker is male, and (, , with a falling tone) when the speaker is female. Used in a question or a request, the particle (falling tone) is changed to a (high tone).


title: Thai language

text: Most Thais can speak and understand all of these contexts. Street and Elegant Thai are the basis of all conversations. Rhetorical, religious, and royal Thai are taught in schools as part of the national curriculum.


title: Thai language

text: As noted above, Thai has several registers, each having certain usages, such as colloquial, formal, literary, and poetic. Thus, the word 'eat' can be (; common), (; vulgar), (; vulgar), (; formal), (; formal), (; religious), or (; royal), as illustrated below:


title: Thai language

text: Chinese-language influence was strong until the 13th century when the use of Chinese characters was abandoned, and replaced by Sanskrit and Pali scripts. However, the vocabulary of Thai retains many words borrowed from Middle Chinese.


title: Thai language

text: Later most vocabulary was borrowed from Sanskrit and Pāli; Buddhist terminology is particularly indebted to these. Indic words have a more formal register, and may be compared to Latin and French borrowings in English. Old Khmer has also contributed its share, especially in regard to royal court terminology. Since the beginning of the 20th century, however, the English language has had the greatest influence, especially for scientific, technical, international, and other modern terms.


title: Thai language

text: The Portuguese were the first Western nation to arrive in what is modern-day Thailand in the 16th century during the Ayutthaya period. Their influence in trade, especially weaponry, allowed them to establish a community just outside the capital and practise their faith, as well as exposing and converting the locals to Christianity. Thus, Portuguese words involving trade and religion were introduced and used by the locals.


title: Thai language

text: Thai is written in the Thai script, an abugida written from left to right. Many scholars believe that it is derived from the Khmer script. Certainly the numbers were lifted directly from Khmer. The language and its script are closely related to the Lao language and script. Most literate Lao are able to read and understand Thai, as more than half of the Thai vocabulary, grammar, intonation, vowels and so forth are common with the Lao language.


title: Thai language

text: The Thais adopted and modified the Khmer script to create their own writing system. While in Thai the pronunciation can largely be inferred from the script, the orthography is complex, with silent letters to preserve original spellings and many letters representing the same sound. While the oldest known inscription in the Khmer language dates from 611 CE, inscriptions in Thai writing began to appear around 1292 CE. Notable features include:


title: Thai language

text: There is no universally applied method for transcribing Thai into the Latin alphabet. For example, the name of the main airport is transcribed variably as Suvarnabhumi, Suwannaphum, or Suwunnapoom. Guide books, textbooks and dictionaries may each follow different systems. For this reason, many language courses recommend that learners master the Thai script.


title: Thai language

text: Official standards are the Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS), published by the Royal Institute of Thailand, and the almost identical defined by the International Organization for Standardization. The RTGS system is increasingly used in Thailand by central and local governments, especially for road signs. Its main drawbacks are that it does not indicate tone or vowel length. As the system is based on pronunciation, not orthography, reconstruction of Thai spelling from RTGS romanisation is not possible.


title: Thai language

text: The ISO published an international standard for the transliteration of Thai into Roman script in September 2003 (ISO 11940). By adding diacritics to the Latin letters it makes the transcription reversible, making it a true transliteration. Notably, this system is used by Google Translate, although it does not seem to appear in many other contexts, such as textbooks and other instructional media.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: Justin Joshua Jefferson (born June 16, 1999) is an American football wide receiver for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at LSU and was drafted by the Vikings in the first round of the 2020 NFL Draft. He then set an NFL rookie record for receiving yards with 1,400 (a record that was broken in 2021 by his former LSU teammate Ja'Marr Chase) and was named to the Pro Bowl. Jefferson has been a Pro Bowler and a second-team All-Pro in each of his first two seasons.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: Jefferson attended Destrehan High School in Destrehan, Louisiana. A low three-star prospect, ranked by 247Sports as the nation's 308th best wide receiver coming out of high school, he committed to Louisiana State University (LSU) to play college football.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: After appearing in two games and not recording a catch his first year at LSU in 2017, Jefferson was their leading receiver in 2018 with 54 catches for 875 yards and six touchdowns. He scored his first collegiate touchdown on a 65-yard reception from Joe Burrow against Ole Miss on September 29, 2018. He had two games going over the 100-yard mark with 108 in a victory over Georgia and 117 in a victory over Arkansas.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: In the Tigers' second game of the 2019 season, Jefferson had nine receptions for 163 yards and three touchdowns in a 45–38 victory on the road against Texas. On October 12, against Florida, he had ten receptions for 123 yards and a touchdown in the 42–28 victory. In the SEC Championship, against Georgia, he had seven receptions for 115 yards and a touchdown in the 37–10 victory. Jefferson and the Tigers qualified for the College Football Playoffs with an undefeated record in the 2019 season. He had a historic performance in the Peach Bowl, catching 14 passes for 227 yards and four touchdowns against the Oklahoma Sooners in the College Football Playoff Semifinals. All four touchdowns came in the first half, and set a College Football Playoff game record and tied the record for any bowl game. In the National Championship against Clemson, he had nine receptions for 106 yards in the 42–25 victory. In his junior season, Jefferson led the country with 111 receptions. His 18 receiving touchdowns ranked second in the country—behind only teammate Ja'Marr Chase—and his 1,540 receiving yards were third most. He had eight games going over the 100-yard mark. On January 15, 2020, Jefferson announced that he would forgo his senior season and enter the NFL Draft.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: Jefferson was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round with the 22nd overall pick in the 2020 NFL Draft. The Vikings previously obtained the 22nd selection as part of a blockbuster trade that sent wide receiver Stefon Diggs to the Buffalo Bills. Jefferson signed a four-year, $13.12 million contract with the team, with a $7.1 million signing bonus. Jefferson was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on July 27, 2020, before being cleared and activated a week later.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: Jefferson made his debut in Week 1 against the Green Bay Packers, recording two receptions for 26 yards. He made his first start of the season in a Week 3 game against the Tennessee Titans, where he had his first big breakthrough by finishing with 175 receiving yards and a touchdown on seven receptions, but the Vikings lost 30–31. He followed up that performance the next week with four receptions for 103 yards in a 31–23 win over the Houston Texans. In doing so, he became just the fifth rookie wide receiver in Vikings history to have back-to-back games with at least 100 yards receiving. During Week 6 against the Atlanta Falcons, Jefferson finished with nine receptions for 166 receiving yards and two touchdowns .


title: Justin Jefferson

text: In Week 13 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Jefferson recorded nine catches for 121 yards and a touchdown during a 27–24 overtime win, in this game he broke the 1,000 receiving yard mark. In Week 15 against the Chicago Bears, Jefferson broke Randy Moss's Vikings rookie receiving record by catching eight passes, putting him at 74 receptions, surpassing the 69 catches Moss had in 1998.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: By the season's end, Jefferson had set the NFL record for most receiving yards (1,400) by a rookie in NFL history after surpassing Anquan Boldin's 1,377 yards in 2003 (although his record would be broken by his former LSU teammate Ja'Marr Chase the following season). He was one of only two rookies named to the 2021 Pro Bowl, alongside defensive end Chase Young of the Washington Football Team. He was named Rookie of the Year by the "Sporting News". He was named to the NFL All-Rookie Team. He was ranked 53rd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2021.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: Jefferson's season started strong, putting up over 100 receiving yards against Seattle, Detroit, and the Chargers over the first eight games of the season. In Week 11, Jefferson had eight catches for 169 yards and two touchdowns in a 34–31 win over the Green Bay Packers, earning NFC Offensive Player of the Week. In Week 13, Jefferson caught 11 passes for 182 yards and a touchdown in a 29–27 loss to the Detroit Lions. Jefferson's 464 yards and three touchdowns through four games in the month of November earned him NFC Offensive Player of the Month, the first of his career. During Week 16, Jefferson passed Odell Beckham Jr. for most receiving yards by a player in his first two NFL seasons.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: Jefferson finished the season with 1,616 receiving yards, good for second-most in the NFL in 2021, and just 16 yards short of Randy Moss's single-season franchise record. Jefferson was named to the 2022 Pro Bowl, joining Randy Moss and Sammy White as the only three Vikings wide receivers to make Pro Bowls in each of their first two professional seasons. For the second consecutive year, Jefferson was named a second-team member of the AP All-Pro team, missing a spot on the first-team by a single vote. He was ranked 17th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2022.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: Against the Green Bay Packers in Week 1, Jefferson caught nine passes for 184 yards and two touchdowns in the 23–7 win. During Week 4 against the New Orleans Saints at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, Jefferson finished with 147 receiving yards and a rushing touchdown as the Vikings won 28–25. The following week against Chicago Bears, Jefferson caught a career-high 12 catches resulting in 154 yards receiving in the 29–22 win. Jefferson's third catch of the game marked 227 career receptions, surpassing Randy Moss for the franchise record of the most receptions in the first three years of a career.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: Against the Buffalo Bills in Week 10, Jefferson caught 10 passes for a career-high 193 yards and a touchdown. One of these catches came with two minutes left in the fourth quarter where on 4th down and 18, Jefferson made a one-handed catch for 32 yards, wrestling the ball away from Bills cornerback Cam Lewis on the way to the ground. The catch was widely heralded as one of the greatest of all time, and his arm sleeves and gloves from the game were put on display in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Vikings went on to win 33–30 in overtime.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: In Week 12, against the New England Patriots, he had nine receptions for 139 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown in the 33–26 victory. In the game against the Patriots, Jefferson passed Moss for the most receiving yards in a player's first three seasons. In Week 14 against the Detroit Lions, Jefferson recorded 11 receptions for 223 yards, setting the Vikings single-game record for receiving yards, in the 34–23 road loss. Additionally, in week 15 against the Indianapolis Colts, Jefferson recorded 12 receptions for 123 yards and a touchdown, setting his season total to 1,623 yards, a new career high.


title: Justin Jefferson

text: His brothers, Jordan and Rickey, also played college football at LSU. Their father, John, played Division II college basketball. On April 27, 2021, Jefferson was the first NFL player to be added to Fortnite with his dance, the Griddy.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 24, 2021, at approximately 1:22 a.m. EDT, Champlain Towers South, a 12-story beachfront condominium in the Miami suburb of Surfside, Florida, United States, partially collapsed, causing the death of 98 people. Four people were rescued from the rubble, but one died of injuries shortly after arriving at the hospital. Eleven others were injured. Approximately thirty-five were rescued the same day from the un-collapsed portion of the building, which was demolished ten days later.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: A contributing factor under investigation is long-term degradation of reinforced concrete structural support in the basement-level parking garage under the pool deck, due to water penetration and corrosion of the reinforcing steel. The problems had been reported in 2018 and noted as "much worse" in April 2021. A $15 million program of remedial works had been approved before the collapse, but the main structural work had not started. Other possible factors include land subsidence, insufficient reinforcing steel, and corruption during construction. NIST is investigating almost two dozen potential causes for the collapse. It is likely they will determine several factors happened simultaneously to cause the collapse.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The Surfside collapse is tied with the Knickerbocker Theatre collapse as the third-deadliest structural engineering failure in United States history, behind the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse and the collapse of the Pemberton Mill.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The residential condominium building, Champlain Towers South, was located at 8777 Collins Avenue (Florida State Road A1A) in the town of Surfside, just north of Miami Beach, Florida. Champlain Towers South (completed in 1981) was part of a three-building complex along with Champlain Towers North (completed in 1982), and Champlain Towers East (built between the North and South buildings in 1994). All three were L-shaped structures with 12 stories, but as of 2021, the South building contained the most units at 136 including a rooftop penthouse, varying in size from and from one to four bedrooms. The penthouse was a controversial part of Champlain Towers South's design, as an exemption was needed to exceed Surfside's height limit. The penthouses were also not part of the original building permits.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: William M. Friedman & Associates Architects, Inc., was the architect for the project's 1979 contract drawings. Breiterman Jurado & Associates, consulting engineers, were responsible for engineering aspects and the 1979 contract drawings, with Breiterman and associates covering structural items and Jurado and associates covering electrical and mechanical.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The project was the first new construction in Surfside following a moratorium on new development imposed by Miami-Dade County due to water and sewer infrastructure problems in Surfside during the 1970s. In 1979, developers paid the city $200,000 () to fund the replacement of the sewer system and secure approval for the construction of the condos.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The pool deck of Champlain Towers South suddenly suffered a partial collapse at about 1:14 a.m, followed by the progressive collapse of the central section and eastern wing of the building at 1:22 a.m. EDT on June 24, 2021. The collapse of the building lasted less than 12 seconds. Surveillance video footage indicates that a large north-central section of the building abruptly collapsed first. This isolated and destabilized part of the northeast corner of the building, which also collapsed approximately nine seconds later. Of the 136 units in the building, at least half were destroyed.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: A total of 98 people have been confirmed dead, all of whom have been identified. On July 6, it was reported that there were 126 survivors.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The sister of Silvana López Moreira, the First Lady of Paraguay, died in the collapse along with her husband and their three children.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: June 24, more than 80 rescue units responded to the collapse, according to the Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department. Surfside mayor Charles Burkett said in a news conference that ten people were treated at the scene, one person was dead, and two people were hospitalized. Both hospitalized victims – a mother and her daughter – survived with serious injuries, having fallen from the ninth floor to the fifth floor. They were pulled from the rubble by Miami Dade Fire-Rescue Aerial 19; it was originally erroneously reported by CBS 4 that the mother rescued herself. Her husband did not survive. Their family cat was later found wandering near the collapsed building. At least 35 people were rescued on June 24 and up to 159 were unaccounted for. A woman's voice was heard until around 11:00 a.m., but rescuers were not able to reach her. Miami-Dade County mayor Daniella Levine Cava signed a state of emergency declaration at 4:33 p.m. on June 24 and called on Florida governor Ron DeSantis to do so at the state level. Governor DeSantis viewed the site on the same day, and issued a state of emergency. The White House and Federal Emergency Management Agency stated that they were in contact with local officials and providing assistance. President Joe Biden was briefed on the event, and spoke with Miami-Dade County mayor Levine Cava.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: Two FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams, Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 1 based in the Miami-Dade Fire Rescue and Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 2 based in the Miami Fire-Rescue Department, were activated. An additional three teams, one in Ohio and two in Virginia, were put on standby. Members of Hatzalah of South Florida, a Jewish faith-based ambulance service which was authorized to transport patients as part of a law signed the previous week in Surfside, were among the first to respond, setting up an onsite triage station.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: Israel offered clothes, medication, food, water, and other aid to the victims of the collapse. At least 35 of the missing were Jewish, but it was not yet clear whether any were Israeli citizens, according to Israeli consul general Maor Elbaz-Starinsky, who came to the scene and conveyed an official offer from the Israeli government to send the Israel Defense Forces' Home Front Command search and rescue team to assist in the rescue efforts. The Command has assisted in many other disasters, such as the 2017 Puebla earthquake, 2010 Haitian earthquake, and Typhoon Haiyan. Israel's President Reuven Rivlin, Prime Minister Naftali Bennett and Foreign Minister Yair Lapid offered condolences and support. A unit specializing in providing psychological and emotional stabilization following traumatic incidents was dispatched from United Hatzalah.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The National Basketball Association's Miami Heat staff handed out water and snacks to state emergency workers. World Central Kitchen and Direct Relief, both of which are beneficiaries of the Heat's charitable arm, were also helping. American Red Cross volunteers assisted people displaced by the collapse.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 25, Mayor Levine Cava announced that rescue teams from Israel and Mexico had joined the search and rescue effort, rotating in two daily 12-hour shifts of sifting through the rubble.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 26, in a news conference, Mayor Levine Cava explained that a fire deep within the rubble, and subsequent smoke, were impeding the ability of fire and rescue personnel to search for survivors. She indicated that the fire "spread laterally throughout the pile", making it difficult to isolate the source. Officials said rescuers were in the tower's heavily damaged underground parking garage, under constantly changing conditions. Levine Cava advised that "No further victims have been found, as you've heard. The numbers are the same as they were yesterday; 127 have been accounted for... One hundred and fifty-nine unaccounted for. Four confirmed dead." Later that afternoon, the official toll was revised without elaboration to five dead and 156 missing.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: Surfside Mayor Burkett advised residents of the Champlain Towers North building, located about north of the fallen structure, to evacuate with Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) assistance "pending a thorough structural investigation", noting that the North and South buildings had been constructed by the same developer at about the same time, and likely using similar plans and materials. He did not immediately order the evacuation of the building or declare it unsafe. By late afternoon, voluntary evacuations were occurring at both Champlain Tower North and Champlain Tower East.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: Florida officials announced that THOR, a mobile command center, was being deployed from Escambia County to help coordinate teams and operations. THOR, which includes cellular, satellite, and VOIP wireless systems and UHF and VHF radio systems, with built-in generators, were deployed for at least 10 days.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 27, FEMA administrator Deanne Criswell announced that the US Army Corps of Engineers, which has significant experience with complex construction, demolition, stabilization, and forensic engineering projects, is providing onsite assistance. A search-and-rescue team from the Israeli Defense Forces' Home Front Command arrived in the morning, along with a six-person psycho-trauma unit from the Israel-based United Hatzalah including the K9 AACR therapy unit (with a first response therapy dog and her therapist handler), and members of ZAKA, a volunteer team that specializes in rescues and gathering body parts for Jewish burial. In the evening, Mayor Levine Cava advised that nine people had been confirmed dead and 152 were missing. Four more names were released later that night, leaving only one of those confirmed dead not publicly identified. Two of the victims named were Venezuelan nationals.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 28, an additional fatality was confirmed, bringing the number of dead to 10, with 151 people still missing. Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Chief Ray Jadallah stressed that, while the operation entered its fifth day, the effort was still focused on the search for and potential rescue of survivors rather than shifting to recovery. In the afternoon, Levine Cava announced that an eleventh body had been found, reducing the number of missing to 150. The names of three additional victims were released later in the evening, making all of the 11 known fatalities then publicly identified. An international nonprofit group of volunteers trained in Israel called Cadena International ("cadena" being a Spanish word meaning "chain") was assisting the rescue mission.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The Miami Marlins, along with the Miami Marlins Foundation, announced that the team had created the Marlins Surfside Relief Fund. Matching $50,000 donations were made by Marlins majority owner and chairman Bruce Sherman and Anthony Hsieh, founder and CEO of Marlins naming-rights partner LoanDepot. The Marlins organization and Marlins ownership group collectively contributed an additional $25,000, as did LoanDepot, which said they would match the next $50,000 contribution.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 29, Mayor Levine Cava reported that no more survivors or victims had yet been found, but that 210 search and rescue workers were on site, each working 12-hour shifts. Workers were being medically evaluated regularly to ensure their fitness to work at the site. A massive fire deep in the rubble pile, which had hampered search and rescue efforts since the collapse, was finally extinguished. Small, radio-controlled robots equipped with thermal sensors and 360-degree cameras were being deployed to assist in search and recovery efforts. President Biden was expected to visit the site on July 1, having not done so earlier to avoid disrupting rescue operations.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: In the evening, Mayor Levine Cava advised that 12 people had been confirmed dead and 149 were missing. Levine Cava said that authorities would audit the names of the missing to ensure none are duplicates, particularly because of provided Hebrew names. Miami-Dade Fire Chief Alan Cominsky said of concrete had been removed from the site of the collapse. He said rescue workers would not reenter the west section of the building facing Collins Avenue, which was still standing, because it was unstable, making it too dangerous to do so. Rescuers could not enter a large area under the rubble on the eastern side of the site because of the same risk.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: Florida Division of Emergency Management Director Kevin Guthrie and Miami-Dade Fire Chief Cominsky requested that FEMA deploy an additional Urban Search and Rescue Task Force team, anticipating that emergency response to the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season would otherwise have an adverse impact on the number of rescue and recovery personnel available for deployment at Surfside.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 30, an additional six bodies were found on Wednesday, including the wife and two children of a man whose body was found on June 26. This brought the death toll to 18 and reduced the number of missing to 145. In the afternoon, the rescuers discovered void spaces, including one described as "a big tunnel", in the rubble.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 1, search and rescue efforts were halted at the site at approximately 2:00 a.m. due to concerns that the western portion of the structure, which had not collapsed, was increasingly likely to do so, creating unsafe conditions for workers. President Biden visited the site after meeting with Governor DeSantis, Mayor Levine Cava, other elected leaders, and uniformed first responders in a conference room at the nearby St. Regis Bal Harbour resort. Biden suggested that the federal government could possibly cover the full cost of the first 30 days of rescue and recovery efforts. Concern also mounted that Tropical Storm Elsa could make landfall in south Florida, further destabilizing the standing portion of the structure and the debris field and interfering with rescue operations. The search resumed in the early evening after a 15-hour delay, and authorities announced the identity of an additional fatality, leaving one victim publicly unidentified.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which sent scientists and engineers to the site on June 25 under the authority of the National Construction Safety Team Act, announced that it would launch a full investigation into the collapse, with an eye to determining best practices to prevent similar disasters in the future. Debbie Wasserman Schultz, the U.S. representative from Florida's 23rd congressional district which includes Surfside, tweeted, "There are millions of high-rise condo units like those in Champlain Towers all across Florida... The NIST investigation is a major announcement and will be key to learning not only the cause of the tragedy in Surfside, but the potential danger posed to other structures across FL."


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 2, the bodies of two more victims were found in the wreckage, according to comments at a morning news conference by Mayor Levine Cava, bringing the known death toll to 20. The mayor also revised the number of missing downward to 128, explaining that officials "originally received a report [regarding] a potentially missing person... That report was only marked as one person, but when the detectives were able to reach and verify... we discovered that there are in fact, several family members who could have been [ac]counted for... and now we can mark them as safe."


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: Due to the large influx of search and rescue personnel, officials, and investigators from around the country and outside the US, and a resulting shortage of hotel rooms, accommodations were being provided to some workers on a cruise ship, Royal Caribbean Group's "Explorer of the Seas", docked at PortMiami.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: At an evening news conference, Mayor Levine Cava announced the recovery of two additional bodies, bringing the death toll to 22. The mayor then ordered the remaining structure to be demolished as soon as it was feasible. Ongoing structural engineering assessments indicated that the standing portion of the structure was dangerously unstable, presenting a hazard to rescue and recovery teams working on site. She said the demolition would "take, most likely, weeks".


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: A Chilean man, first cousin of Chilean Air Force general Alberto Bachelet and uncle to the general's daughter Michelle Bachelet (who served as President of Chile from 2006 to 2010 and 2014 to 2018), and his Filipino American wife, a retired senior budget officer at the International Monetary Fund, were formally identified by authorities on Friday night among four previously recovered victims.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 3, two more bodies were found at the site, bringing the known death toll to 24, and the number of missing was revised downward to 121. Demolition of the remaining structure was moved to an earlier date, due to Tropical Storm Elsa, which was expected to arrive in Florida the following week. The search was suspended as a result. Rescuers used visual searches, thermal cameras, drones, and animal traps to try to locate pets left behind in the standing portion of the building, but did not find any.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 4, authorities announced that the still-standing western portion of Champlain Towers South would be demolished by Controlled Demolition, Inc. between 10:00 p.m. EDT Sunday night and 3:00 a.m. EDT Monday morning, after accelerating planning and placement of explosives in the building's foundation to complete the demolition prior to the arrival of Tropical Storm Elsa. The controlled demolition was expected to cause the standing structure to collapse mostly into the current footprint of the building, with debris outside that perimeter expected to fall on the west (Collins Avenue) side to avoid disturbing the existing search and rescue zone on the east. The search for survivors of the initial collapse was set to resume almost immediately after the demolition was completed.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: A petition with over 18,000 people were signed to halt the demolition plans until all pets are found in the standing portion of the building. An hour before demolition, a county judge denied an attorney's emergency motion to delay demolition and allow people to retrieve their pets.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The demolition took place at approximately 10:30 p.m. EDT on July 4, and the search for survivors resumed 20 minutes later.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 6, the death toll continued to increase as workers searched portions of the rubble that they had previously not been able to access. At a morning news conference, Mayor Levine Cava said there are "only around 70 [people] that we can confirm were in the building at the time of collapse", acknowledging doubt about the official estimate of 113 missing. Tropical Storm Elsa increased in strength in the Florida Straits north of Cuba, prompting authorities to predict that it would be a Category 1 hurricane when it made landfall along Florida's west coast.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: In the late afternoon, officials announced that an additional 12 bodies had been located since the search resumed after the demolition of the western portion of the structure on Sunday, including 4 on Tuesday. This brought the death toll to 36, with as many as 109 people still considered missing. Of the 36 confirmed dead, 29 have been publicly identified.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 7, In a private morning briefing with families, and a later briefing for reporters, authorities announced the recovery of an additional 10 bodies, the largest number thus far found in any 24-hour period. This brought the number of known deaths to 46. According to Mayor Levine Cava, 94 were still believed missing. Miami-Dade Fire Chief Jadallah said that families of 32 of the victims have been notified, and stated that "we haven't transitioned" to a purely recovery operation, as would occur when rescue of additional survivors was deemed no longer possible. He said they had so far not detected any voids in the rubble that would be likely to shelter survivors. Tropical Storm Elsa weakened and made landfall significantly north and west of Miami, greatly reducing its impact on the ongoing operations at the site versus earlier predictions.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: Later in the day, authorities announced in another private briefing for family members that operations, now in their 14th day, were shifting from search and rescue to search and recovery.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 9, the death toll rose to 79 after workers found an additional 15 victims. Binx, a cat who lived with the Gonzalez family on the ninth floor, was found alive. The survival of the cat gave relatives hope for additional human survivors. Seven more victims were found the following day, bringing the death toll to 86. 43 people remained missing.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 11, four more victims were found, bringing the death toll to 90, while the number of missing was revised to 31.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 12, four more victims were found, bringing the death toll to 94, while the number of missing was revised to 22.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 14, the number of missing was revised to 14. Another body was found, bringing the death toll to 96.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 15, the total confirmed deaths rose to 97, of whom all but 7 had been positively identified. The number of missing persons was reduced to 8.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 26, the final missing person was identified. The death count stands at 98, all positively identified.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 25, the National Institute of Standards and Technology assigned a team of scientists and engineers to investigate the collapse and, on June 30, it launched a full technical investigation that could take years to complete.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 26, Miami-Dade Mayor Daniella Levine Cava ordered an immediate audit of all high-rise buildings in Miami-Dade County older than 40 years and taller than five stories, and all those built by the developer of the Champlain Towers condominium complex, to be completed within the next 30 days. The editorial board of the "Miami Herald" called for a grand jury investigation of the collapse. Miami-Dade County state attorney Katherine Fernandez Rundle told the board, "Historically, this is the sort of thing grand jurors look at." The audit led to the immediate closure and evacuation of Crestview Towers, a 156-unit condominium building at North Miami Beach ( away from Champlain Towers South), following the submission of a report dated January 2021 but not received by the city until July 2, which determined the structure was unsafe electrically and structurally. It also led to the closure of the historic Miami-Dade County Courthouse on July 9 after an engineer reported "safety concerns with various floors"; staff members were directed to work remotely.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The town of Surfside announced on June 27 that it had contracted with Allyn Kilsheimer, founder and chief executive of KCE Structural Engineers, to study the partial collapse of the Champlain Towers South, assess the condition of adjacent and similar buildings, and provide geotechnical and original-design evaluations. The firm was involved in the forensic analysis of both the aftermath of the attack on the Pentagon during 9/11 and the Florida International University pedestrian bridge collapse in 2018. Surfside mayor Charles Burkett said that the town government would locate every document, including all correspondence sent or received, related to the Champlain Towers South building and post it on its web site in the interest of public transparency.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 5, "The New York Times" published an in-depth report saying that the collapse of Champlain Towers South prompted a review of hundreds of older high-rises in southeast Florida, as the management of other buildings "ignored or delayed action on serious maintenance issues". The article includes three annotated color-coded maps identifying buildings which are under scrutiny due to their date of construction and their height.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: In the weeks following the tragedy, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis promised to review condo association regulations.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: Gov. DeSantis signed into law legislation to require stricter inspections for condominiums codifying a deal legislators reached in response to the deadly condo collapse.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 14, the Miami-Dade Police Department released 911 calls from the collapsed Champlain Towers South.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: In what was termed a show of respect for victims and their families, the City of Miami Beach canceled its annual Fire on the Fourth festival, which was scheduled to be held blocks away at 72nd Street and Collins Avenue at the North Beach Bandshell. Other Independence Day events were canceled in the metro Miami area, both to show respect to those affected by the collapse and to avoid worsening an already bad traffic situation due to road closures and detours associated with rescue efforts in Surfside.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: Some of the structural elements from the rubble were transported to a warehouse at an undisclosed location for analysis and testing. Additional debris, including concrete, personal belongings, and damaged cars from the parking garage, was transported to an empty field near the intersection of Interstate 95 and Florida's Turnpike (SR 91), approximately from the building collapse.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: By July 7, with the emergency response only just transitioning from rescue to recovery, discussions were already underway about the future use of the site. Some called for it to become a memorial park rather than be redeveloped for housing. On July 14, Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Michael Hanzman approved the sale of the property to developers, on the condition that proceeds are used to benefit the victims and their families.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The site of the collapse was sold in May 2022 for $120 million to Dubai-based developer Damac owned by billionaire Hussain Sajwani. Damac was the only bidder in the auction conducted by Avison Young, the commercial real estate firm appointed by the court. The new properties will be branded as Cavalli luxury residences.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 24, 2021, a lawsuit was filed by a resident of the building against the Champlain Towers South Condominium Association, seeking $5 million in damages "due to defendant's acts and omissions and their failure to properly protect the lives and property of plaintiff and class members".


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 2, the Champlain Towers South condominium board issued a statement to the press following a judge's decision directing a receiver to release emergency assistance funds to residents of the building. The full statement read:


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 23, 2022, one day before the 1 year anniversary of the collapse, a $1.02 billion settlement was approved by Judge Michael Hanzman for victims of the collapse. Families of the condominium complex had brought a class action lawsuit against various entities responsible for the development and maintenance of the property and neighboring developments. The 40 defendants in the case chose to settle quickly to avoid long delays from litigation. Roughly half the amount came from a single defendant, Securitas AB, in relation to the on-duty security guard not triggering a building-wide alarm.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: A 2018 inspection performed by the engineering firm Morabito Consultants pointed out a "major error" in the construction of the pool deck, whereby the waterproofing layer was not sloped. Rainwater that collected on the waterproofing therefore remained until it could evaporate. Over the years, the concrete slabs below the pool deck had been severely damaged by this water. The report noted the waterproofing below the pool deck was beyond its useful life and needed to be completely removed and replaced. The firm wrote that "failure to replace waterproofing in the near future will cause the extent of the concrete deterioration to expand exponentially", and that the repair would be "extremely expensive". The ceiling slabs of the parking garage, which sat below the pool deck, showed several sizable hairline cracks and cases of exposed reinforcing bar or rebar from spalling.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: In October 2020, initial repairs around the pool could not be completed because (according to engineers) the deterioration had penetrated so deeply that repairs would have risked destabilizing that area.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On April 9, 2021, a letter to residents had outlined a $15-million remedial-works program, noting that concrete deterioration was accelerating and had become "much worse" since the 2018 report. Although the roof repairs pursuant to the consultant's report were underway at the time of the collapse, remedial concrete works had not yet begun.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: According to Surfside town commissioner Eliana Salzhauer, at the time of the disaster, the building had been undergoing inspection for its 40-year recertification, which typically takes one year to complete. Morabito Consultants, the engineering firm who performed the 2018 inspection, were retained by the condominium association to perform the inspection for the condominium's 40-year recertification.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: In addition to the freshwater infiltrations from the defectively constructed pool deck, a maintenance manager had reported a possible excessive ingress of salt water, which can cause more aggressive spalling.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 28, 2021, the "Miami Herald" published images from an anonymous pool contractor, who claimed that they showed portions of the pool equipment room, located next to the pool on the south side of the underground garage, just 36 hours before the collapse. According to that contractor, the images showed standing water, cracking concrete, and severely corroded rebar next to the pool.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 30, WLS-TV in Chicago publicized a bystander's video of water pouring into the parking garage from above near its entrance, and apparent concrete rubble lying on the floor, reportedly taken at 1:18 a.m., seven minutes before the north-central portion of the building collapsed.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On July 3, "The New York Times" reported that investigators had found less rebar than specified in the building's construction plans in its footing neck and starter columns. The report cautioned that some may have been dislodged in the collapse, and that reduction of rebar alone would not necessarily cause failure because steel requirements can change during the construction process, and designs often specify more than is strictly needed as a safety precaution. Construction contractors using less rebar than required is a very common cause of structural failure. There is no way to inspect that the proper amount of rebar has been used in reinforced concrete except during construction or with extremely expensive and destructive replacement. There is some evidence that proper inspections were not performed during and after construction.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 27, 2021, the "Miami Herald" reported on the consensus of six engineering experts it interviewed. Based on publicly available evidence, the experts believed that a structural column or concrete slab beneath the pool deck likely gave way, causing the deck to collapse into the garage below. This formed a crater beneath the bulky midsection of the tower, which then caved in. This is a type of progressive collapse, in which one structural part gives way, destabilizing and removing support from other parts, which in turn collapse and rapidly remove structural support. Evidence includes the report that moments before the building collapsed, a resident of a fourth-floor unit called her husband to say that a crater had appeared in the pool deck. She went missing in the collapse and was later found dead. A surviving resident also stated that part of the pool deck and street-level parking area had collapsed into the parking garage minutes before the collapse.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: Corruption during construction has been cited by multiple local media sources as a potential contributing cause of the collapse.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: Distinct from possible construction defects, an analysis of European Remote-Sensing Satellite data by Florida International University indicates that the building had been sinking during the 1990s at a significant rate of about per year. While 97 percent of Miami Beach had been stable, 1,555 of 18,949 points in Miami Beach had been sinking, at a rate of less than per year. A building collapse due to sinking is likely only if parts are sinking at different rates, creating tensions that weaken the structure, known as differential settlement. The researchers noted that other overbuilt areas were sinking at a significantly faster rate, such as on the artificial islands in Biscayne Bay – up to per year.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: On June 28, 2021, "The New York Times" reported that the secretary of the resident-led association that managed Champlain Towers South contacted the town building department in early 2019 about resident concerns that their building's structural integrity was affected by the construction next door at the Eighty Seven Park condo development. The project broke ground in early 2016 and was completed in late 2019. No known engineering records suggest a connection between Eighty Seven Park construction and any damage at Champlain Towers.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The collective 37-person staff of the "Miami Herald" received the 2022 Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News for its investigative reporting of the collapse and its causes.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: The Florida legislature passed condo reform legislation in a May 2022 special session addressing issues highlighted in the aftermath of the Surfside collapse. The bill creates a state-wide inspection program for condo buildings taller than three stories. Starting in 2025, the buildings will go through a "milestone inspection" certification process when reaching 30 years of age, or 25 years if the building is located within three miles of the coast, and will be inspected again every 10 years afterward. The inspection records must be posted online and shared with tenants, and condo associations will no longer be able to waive the requirement that they keep a reserve fund large enough to maintain the structural integrity of the building.


title: Surfside condominium collapse

text: After the collapse, the Puerto Rico Professional College of Engineers and Land Surveyors (Spanish: "Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrimensores de Puerto Rico," CIAPR) sought to convince the Puerto Rican government to legally adopt the International Property Maintenance Code of 2018 (IPMC 2018) and require periodic inspection and maintenance of buildings. CIAPR Earthquake Commission president Félix L. Rivera cited concerns that "many buildings [in Puerto Rico] are built on sandy terrain, in the maritime-land zone, exposed to water and corrosion."


title: Jorginho (footballer, born December 1991)

text: Jorge Luiz Frello Filho (born 20 December 1991), known as Jorginho, is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Chelsea and the Italy national team. He operates as a defensive midfielder or a deep-lying playmaker, also known as a "regista" in Italian football.


text: Born in Brazil, Jorginho moved to Italy at the age of 15, and began his professional career with the Verona youth team, before being promoted to the senior team. During the 2010–11 season, he was sent on loan to Sambonifacese. In January 2014, he moved to Napoli, where he soon after won the Coppa Italia and the Supercoppa Italiana. He totaled 160 games for the club before a £50 million move to Chelsea in 2018, where he won the UEFA Europa League in his first season, followed by the UEFA Champions League during the 2020–21 season.


text: At international level, he has represented Italy, making his senior debut in 2016, while his competitive debut came the following year. He was part of the Italy squad which won UEFA Euro 2020, and was named in the Team of the Tournament for his performances. In 2021, he was named UEFA Men's Player of the Year and placed third in the Ballon d'Or.


text: Jorginho was born in Imbituba in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina but moved to Italy at the age of 15. He is of Italian descent through his paternal great-grandfather Giacomo Frello who is from Lusiana, Veneto, and thus earned Italian citizenship as a result.


text: He has credited his mother with encouraging his love of football. After discovering that he was being financially exploited by his agent while playing for the Verona youth team, Jorginho almost quit the game and wanted to move back to Brazil, but credits an emotional phone call with his mother for inspiring him to persist and continue playing.


text: His childhood idol was Romanian player Gheorghe Hagi, which led to his friends nicknaming him "Haginho".


text: Jorginho was a youth player of Hellas Verona. In June 2010, Jorginho was loaned out to Serie C2 side, Sambonifacese, where he played his first full senior season for the Veneto club – appearing 31 times and scoring one goal whilst providing ten assists from his central midfield position.


text: He made his Verona debut on 4 September 2011, in a match against Sassuolo as a substitute in the 76th minute.


text: On 18 January 2014, he joined Napoli in a co-ownership deal with Verona for four and a half years. On 12 February, he scored the last goal as Napoli overturned a 3–2 first-leg deficit to beat Roma and reach the 2014 Coppa Italia Final. In the final, on 3 May, Jorginho played the full 90 minutes as Napoli defeated Fiorentina 3–1.


text: In the 2014 Supercoppa Italiana in Doha on 22 December 2014, Jorginho entered the game against Juventus in the second half of extra time in place of Jonathan de Guzmán. He took Napoli's first spot-kick in the penalty shootout, and although Gianluigi Buffon saved it, Napoli were eventually victorious. While initially struggling to get into manager Rafael Benítez's lineup, Jorginho's fortunes changed with the appointment of Maurizio Sarri who was key to his development, deploying him in a deep-lying midfield role from which he could dictate play with his passing. In 2017–18, Jorginho had a breakthrough season with Napoli and was integral to their Serie A title challenge.


text: On 14 July 2018, Jorginho signed for English team Chelsea on a five-year contract on the same day as Sarri was hired at the club. He joined for a transfer fee of £50m with £7m in potential add-ons, and was assigned the number 5 shirt. According to Napoli president Aurelio De Laurentiis, he was previously close to joining Manchester City. Jorginho made his debut on 5 August in the 2018 FA Community Shield at Wembley Stadium against that very opponent, and was booed by City fans in Chelsea's 2–0 loss. Six days later, he played his first Premier League match, in which he scored a penalty in a 3–0 win at Huddersfield Town. In Chelsea's third league match of the campaign, a 2–1 win away at Newcastle United, Jorginho completed 158 passes, which was a new record for most successful passes by a Chelsea player in a single match in the Premier League, and the second all-time in the league, behind İlkay Gündoğan's 167 completed passes for Manchester City against Chelsea from the prior season. Jorginho went on to break the attempted passes record in Chelsea's sixth league match of the season on 23 September, attempting 180 passes in a 0–0 draw away at West Ham United, breaking the record of 173 attempted passes again set by Gündoğan in the same Manchester City–Chelsea match the year before. On 24 February 2019, following a 0–0 draw after extra-time in the 2019 EFL Cup Final against cup holders Manchester City, Jorginho missed Chelsea's first penalty in the resulting shoot-out, which ultimately saw Manchester City triumph 4–3. On 29 May, Jorginho featured in Chelsea's 4–1 victory over Arsenal in the 2019 UEFA Europa League Final.


text: In the 2019 UEFA Super Cup against Liverpool on 14 August, Jorginho scored the equalising goal from the penalty spot in extra-time an eventual 2–2 draw. The match subsequently went to a penalty shoot-out; although Jorginho was able to net Chelsea's first penalty, Liverpool ultimately won the shoot-out 5–4. He scored his first league goal of the season, also from the penalty spot, in a 2–0 home win over Brighton & Hove Albion on 28 September. On 5 November, he scored twice from the penalty spot as Chelsea came from behind to earn a 4–4 home draw against Ajax in the Champions League.


text: Jorginho scored Chelsea's first goal of the season from the penalty spot in an eventual 3–1 league win against Brighton & Hove Albion on 14 September at Falmer Stadium. On 20 September, Jorginho missed his first penalty for Chelsea in the same match in which he made his 100th appearance for the club; the game ended 2–0 to Liverpool. On 3 October, he scored two penalties as Chelsea ran out 4–0 winners at home to Crystal Palace. He also led the team in goals in the Premier League, all coming from penalties.


text: On 29 May 2021, Jorginho won his first-ever Champions League with Chelsea, beating Manchester City 1–0 in the final.


text: Jorginho came on as a substitute during the 2021 UEFA Super Cup against Villarreal on 12 August, which Chelsea won 6–5 on penalties. He took and scored the fifth penalty in the shoot-out. On 26 August 2021, Jorginho was named UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award beating out his Chelsea teammate, and UEFA Men's Midfielder of the year, N'Golo Kanté, as well as Manchester City midfielder, Kevin De Bruyne.


text: On 8 October, Jorginho was one of five Chelsea players included in the final 30-man shortlist for the 2021 Ballon d'Or. On 30 October, he converted a penalty in a 3–0 win away to Newcastle. In doing so, he became the first player in Premier League history to have 10 consecutive goals from the penalty spot. On 29 November, he placed third in the Ballon d'Or, behind winner Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski.


text: Jorginho started for Chelsea in the 1–0 semi-final victory over Al–Hilal in the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup on 9 February 2022, playing the first-half before coming off for N'Golo Kante. He was an unused substitute as Chelsea beat Palmeiras in the final three days later to claim the Club World Cup title for the first time in the club's history.


text: In October 2022, Jorginho and Chelsea got locked in an unusual uncompromising contract renegotiation. The Italy international is reported to be demanding increased wages around £150,000 per week in the new deal.


text: As Jorginho holds both Italian and Brazilian citizenship, he was eligible to play for both the Italian and Brazilian national teams. In 2012, he was called up for the first time for Italy U21.


text: In 2014, Jorginho expressed his desire to represent Italy rather than Brazil internationally, and he received his first call up to the Italy senior squad in March 2016, under manager Antonio Conte, for the team's international friendlies against Spain and Germany. He made his international debut for Italy on 24 March, coming on as a last-minute substitute for Marco Parolo in a 1–1 draw against Spain at the Stadio Friuli in Udine. After initially being included in Conte's preliminary 30-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016, on 31 May, Jorginho was later excluded from the final 23-man squad.


text: In spite of his positive club form for Napoli, Jorginho was not initially called up to the Italian side under Conte's successor, Gian Piero Ventura. Although rumours circled in the media regarding the possibility of Brazil's coach Tite calling Jorginho up to his squad in autumn 2017, as he had not yet appeared for Italy in a competitive match, Jorginho denied rumours that he wanted to switch to the Brazilian national team. He later made his first competitive appearance for Italy under manager Ventura in a 0–0 home draw against Sweden on 13 November, in the second leg of the World Cup play-offs against Sweden, at the San Siro in Milan; however, Italy's 1–0 away loss in the first leg on 10 November saw Sweden advance on aggregate, meaning that Italy had failed to qualify for the World Cup for the first time in 60 years.


text: On 7 September 2018, in Italy's first UEFA Nations League match at home to Poland in Bologna, Jorginho scored his first international goal from the penalty spot to secure a 1–1 draw. On 8 September 2019, he scored his second international goal, from the penalty spot once again, in a 2–1 away win over Finland, in a Euro 2020 qualifier. On 12 October, Jorginho scored his third international goal, once again from the penalty spot, in a 2–0 home win over Greece, which sealed Italy's qualification for Euro 2020. He scored his fourth international goal from the penalty spot once again on 18 November, in a 9–1 home win over Armenia in Italy's final Euro 2020 qualifier, also assisting Nicolò Zaniolo's second goal during the match.


text: In June 2021, he was included in Italy's squad for UEFA Euro 2020 by manager Roberto Mancini. On 6 July, following a 1–1 draw after extra-time against Spain in the semi-final of the competition, Jorginho scored the decisive penalty kick in the resulting shoot-out to send Italy to the final; during the match, he completed a tournament high of eight interceptions. In the final on 11 July against England at Wembley Stadium, after a 1–1 draw following extra time, his spot-kick was saved in the penalty shootout by Jordan Pickford, but Italy would go on to win 3–2 in the shootout after Bukayo Saka missed his penalty. Throughout the tournament, he covered the most ground of any player (86.6 km in total), made the most recoveries alongside Manuel Akanji (46), and completed the second most passes of any player after Aymeric Laporte (497 out of 529 attempted, with a 93% passing accuracy); he also won the most fouls (19) and made the most interceptions (25) of any other player, breaking Marcel Desailly's record of 24 interceptions in a single tournament from UEFA Euro 1996, since these statistics first began to be recorded at UEFA Euro 1980. For his performances, he was included in the "team of the tournament".


text: Jorginho is known for his composure and versatility as a footballer, which allows him to be fielded in any midfield position. Due to his work-rate, technique, football intelligence, ability to break down possession, vision, and passing accuracy, he is usually deployed as central midfielder in a three-man midfield in a 4–3–3 formation. Although he is not imposing physically, due to his slender build and average height, he is also capable of playing both in a box-to-box role or in a defensive midfield role as a ball winner, courtesy of his tactical intelligence, positional sense, awareness, and ability to read the game, which enables him to cover ground, press opponents further up the pitch to retrieve the ball, intercept passes, and start attacking plays after winning back the ball. However, he usually operates in a more withdrawn creative role, as a deep-lying playmaker in front of the back-line, a position known as the "regista" role in Italian football jargon, which allows him more time on the ball to control the tempo of his team's play with his short, precise, horizontal passing game on the ground. Despite not being particularly quick and lacking significant pace, he is also known for his movement off the ball and ability to lose his markers, which allows him to find gaps from where he can receive his teammates' passes and link-up with them in tight spaces.


text: His role has also been likened to that of a "metodista" ("centre-half," in Italian football jargon), due to his ability to dictate play in midfield as well as assist his team defensively, in a similar manner to Xabi Alonso or Sergio Busquets. Although he is not known for his offensive capabilities, and has occasionally drawn criticism over his goalscoring and assist record, he is also an accurate penalty taker, who often performs trademark hop when taking spot kicks, with most of his goals coming from the penalty spot.


text: Jorginho's nicknamed 'Il Professore' ('The Professor,' in Italian) or 'Radio Jorginho' by the players of the Italian national team, in reference to his leadership and organizational qualities, as well as for the way he directs the team and continuously talks during games.


text: For his performances with Chelsea and the Italian team in the 2021 season, Jorginho won both Best Fifa Men's Player and UEFA Player of the Year. His Chelsea manager Thomas Tuchel described him as one of "the very best midfielders in the world."


title: Scott Stapp

text: Scott Stapp (born Anthony Scott Flippen, August 8, 1973) is an American singer, best known as the lead vocalist and lyricist of the rock band Creed. He has also fronted the band Art of Anarchy and has released three solo albums: "The Great Divide" (2005), "Proof of Life" (2013), and "The Space Between the Shadows" (2019).


title: Scott Stapp

text: Stapp has received several accolades, including numerous RIAA certifications. Stapp and Creed bandmate Mark Tremonti won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Song in 2001 as the writers of the Creed song "With Arms Wide Open". In 2006, "Hit Parader" ranked Stapp as the 68th-greatest heavy metal vocalist.


title: Scott Stapp

text: Stapp was a founding member and the original lead vocalist of American rock band Creed. After meeting his future bandmate Mark Tremonti at Lake Highland Preparatory School in Orlando, Stapp reunited with Tremonti while both attended Florida State University. The two quickly developed a friendship based on their mutual passion for music. Stapp formed Creed with Tremonti in 1994, with fellow members Brian Marshall and Scott Phillips joining as bassist and drummer, respectively.


title: Scott Stapp

text: The band released its debut album "My Own Prison" in 1997 to mainstream success, selling over six million copies. Four singles were released from the album: "My Own Prison", "Torn", "What's This Life For", and "One". All four singles reached the Top Three on "Billboard's" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The album was followed in 1999 by "Human Clay", which was an immediate success and certified diamond and eleven times platinum by the RIAA.


title: Scott Stapp

text: The band released another multi-platinum selling album, "Weathered", in 2001. The tour to support this record was overwhelmingly successful but ended with a controversial concert in Chicago. This concert ultimately led to the band's breakup.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In 2004, Creed announced that it had disbanded, citing tension between Stapp and the other members. Creed released its "Greatest Hits" album in November 2004.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In 2009, it was announced that Creed had reunited. The band's fourth record, "Full Circle", was released in October 2009. Creed supported the album by touring throughout North and South America, Canada, Europe, and Australia during the summers of 2009 and 2010.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In March 2012, Stapp reconvened with his Creed bandmates to rehearse for their "2 Nights" tour, during which the band performed its first two albums, "My Own Prison" and "Human Clay", back to back in their entirety. It was announced that Stapp and Mark Tremonti would enter the studio to start recording new songs in June, but no progress was made. In October 2013, Stapp noted in an interview that extensive work was done on the new album throughout 2011 and 2012. However, the project was suddenly abandoned, and Stapp stated he was unaware of the reason. Stapp also hinted that the relationship between himself and Tremonti had once again broken down, leaving the future of the band uncertain. In 2014, Stapp maintained that the band was still together (if inactive).


title: Scott Stapp

text: After Creed announced its breakup in 2004, Stapp recorded the song "Relearn Love" with 7 Aurelius and The Tea Party for the album "", a collection of tracks inspired by the 2004 Mel Gibson film "The Passion of the Christ". He then began working on his debut solo album. Titled "The Great Divide", the record was released in the U.S. on November 22, 2005, peaking at No. 19 on the "Billboard" 200. "The Great Divide", "Justify", and "Surround Me" were released as singles. The album was certified platinum on December 14, 2005. "The Great Divide" has since reached double platinum.


title: Scott Stapp

text: On August 18, 2010, Stapp wrote: "I'm stripping down all the Creed hits, as well as my solo material, in a manner fans have never heard before but have long been screaming for." Creed's touring rhythm guitarist Eric Friedman joined Stapp on the acoustic tour. The short solo acoustic tour began September 28, 2010, and concluded November 20, 2010.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In the spring of 2010, Stapp recorded an anthem for the National League baseball team the Florida Marlins entitled "Marlins Will Soar". The song was a rewrite of Stapp's song "You Will Soar," using different lyrics and a slightly different melody in the verses. According to "The Huffington Post", "Marlins Will Soar" was met with extremely negative reviews.


title: Scott Stapp

text: Stapp appeared on Carlos Santana's solo album "", a cover album on which Stapp sings on the cover of the Creedence Clearwater Revival song "Fortunate Son". The album was released on September 21, 2010.


title: Scott Stapp

text: Stapp confirmed in 2010 that his next solo album would be devoted to the topics of lust and love. Eleven tracks from the album were recorded in late 2010. The album was later shelved indefinitely. A song from this unreleased album, "A Prayer for Sunrise", was released in 2012 to promote Stapp's autobiography.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In 2013, Stapp released his second solo album, "Proof of Life". On October 8, 2013, the song "Slow Suicide" went to radio.


title: Scott Stapp

text: On March 22, 2019, Stapp released the single "Purpose for Pain". His album "The Space Between the Shadows" was released on July 19, 2019. Stapp began touring in support of the album in June 2019. In mid-2019, Stapp planned to tour the United States with American rock band Messer.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In 2021, Stapp collaborated with electronic dance music artists Wooli and Trivecta on their song "Light Up The Sky", which was released on Ophelia Records.


title: Scott Stapp

text: On May 3, 2016, Scott Stapp announced that he would replace Scott Weiland (who died on December 3, 2015) as the lead singer of Art of Anarchy. "The Madness", the band's first single with Stapp as lead singer, was released in August 2016. The band released its second album (and first with Stapp), also called "The Madness", on March 24, 2017. The album has received critical accolades. The album also received a 10/10 rating from Amps and Green Screens.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In February 2018, it was reported that Stapp was being sued by Art of Anarchy for allegedly refusing to promote "The Madness" or tour in support of the album, having breached contractual obligations in the process.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In December 2020, it was announced that Stapp would portray Frank Sinatra in a 2023 biopic film based on the life of U.S. President Ronald Reagan.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In 2000, Stapp founded the With Arms Wide Open Foundation, a nonprofit organization "dedicated to helping underprivileged children and families around the world." The foundation has donated over $1 million to various causes.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In early 2012, to promote fundraising for victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Stapp and his wife, in cooperation with the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo, IsraAid, the U.S. Armed Forces, and the United Service Organizations, traveled to Japan and visited with victims of the tsunami in affected towns including Sendai and Ishinomaki along Japan's northeast coastline. Stapp also performed an acoustic show on board the USS "George Washington" at the Yokosuka Naval Base for U.S. troops stationed in Japan to thank and express his appreciation for them.


title: Scott Stapp

text: Stapp was born Anthony Scott Flippen on August 8, 1973, in Orlando, Florida. He was raised by his mother, Lynda, and his stepfather, Steven Stapp, a dentist, whose surname he took. Bands that influenced him to pursue a music career included Def Leppard and U2. His first show that he ever performed in was when he was nine years old and he performed "Yesterday" by The Beatles at Bear Lake Elementary School in the auditorium. He graduated from Lake Highland Preparatory School.


title: Scott Stapp

text: Stapp is a Christian. "I would feel a connection with God when I wrote the words and then when I would sing the songs, learning the songs, I would feel the Holy Spirit," confirmed Stapp in a 2013 interview. He wrote a memoir, "Sinner's Creed", which was released by Tyndale House on October 2, 2012. He has Native American ancestry. He has a baritone voice.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In 1997, Stapp married Hillaree Burns. They were married for sixteen months and divorced in 1998. Stapp has a son, Jagger, with Burns. After the couple's divorce, Stapp retained full custody of Jagger.


title: Scott Stapp

text: On February 11, 2006, Stapp married Miss New York USA 2004 winner and model Jaclyn Nesheiwat. Together they have a daughter and a son. In November 2014, Jaclyn filed for divorce. The couple eventually sought help and continued together. The couple had their third child, a son, in November 2017.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In July 2002, Stapp was detained by Florida police and charged with reckless driving after he drove his SUV off the road before swerving back into the proper lane. He was released from custody after posting $500 bail.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In 2003, Stapp contemplated suicide after drinking a bottle of Jack Daniel's whiskey. He retrieved two MP5s from his collection and put the guns to his head, but did not pull the triggers after looking at a picture of his son, Jagger. He later said he had been convinced that anyone involved with Creed wanted him dead so he would become a "Kurt Cobain martyr-type" and increase record sales. Says Scott, "I had crazy thoughts going through my head." He later said that instead of killing himself, he fired a few rounds in his home. He said, "I was in the throes of prednisone coming out of my body [...] I shot a few rounds off and instantly was like, 'What the hell am I doing?' So I put the guns away and ran out to the garage and got the putty and patched the holes."


title: Scott Stapp

text: On Thanksgiving night of 2005, Stapp was involved in a fight with members of the band 311 at the Harbor Court Hotel in Baltimore. Members of 311 have said Stapp started the fight. After five minutes, hotel security broke up the fight and removed Stapp from the hotel. Stapp claimed that he did not instigate the altercation.


title: Scott Stapp

text: Stapp was arrested on February 12, 2006 (one day after his second wedding), for suspected intoxication.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In March 2006, Stapp filed a lawsuit to block the release of a sex video involving himself, Kid Rock, and four women. The suit was settled in 2007, with the defendant agreeing to pay Stapp an undisclosed sum and to refrain from distributing the video.


title: Scott Stapp

text: Stapp has said he attempted suicide in Miami in 2006. According to Stapp, he jumped over a balcony and fell 40 feet, fracturing his skull and breaking his hip and nose. He credited rapper T.I. with saving his life, stating, "I laid out there for two and a half hours and my guardian angel showed up. He immediately took care of the situation and saved my life."


title: Scott Stapp

text: In a 2006 "Rolling Stone" interview, Stapp acknowledged that he had become addicted to Percocet, Xanax and prednisone during Creed's tour in support of "Weathered".


title: Scott Stapp

text: On May 20, 2007, Stapp was charged with one count of felony assault stemming from a domestic violence incident. Stapp was later set free on supervised release. Stapp apologized to his wife and the public on May 23, 2007, and the charge was later dropped.


title: Scott Stapp

text: In 2015, Stapp told "People" he had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder following a psychotic break. He commented that the diagnosis was "a big sign of relief, because finally, we had an answer" about the reasons for his mental health difficulties. In the same interview, Stapp indicated that he was sober and working through a 12-step program.


title: Sohail Khan

text: Sohail Salim Abdul Rashid Khan (born 20 December 1969) is an Indian actor, writer, film director and producer who works mainly in Hindi cinema. He is the younger brother of actors Salman Khan and Arbaaz Khan. He has an elder sister, Alvira Khan Agnihotri. He produces films under his banner Sohail Khan Productions.


title: Sohail Khan

text: Khan was born in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) to screenwriter Salim Khan and his wife Sushila Charak who later changed her name to Salma Khan. He is the brother of actors Salman Khan and Arbaaz Khan. His paternal family is Muslim and is settled in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, while his mother is a Maharashtrian. His stepmother, Salim Khan's second wife, is actress Helen. His older brothers are Salman Khan and Arbaaz Khan, who was married to actress, VJ and host Malaika Arora. His sister Alvira Khan, is married to Bollywood director Atul Agnihotri, and his younger sister Arpita Khan collaborated with Sneha Ullal for his movie, which he produced with Sohail Khan Productions. Arpita is married to film actor Aayush Sharma.


title: Sohail Khan

text: Khan started his career as a film producer and director making his directorial debut with the 1997 action thriller "Auzaar", starring his brother Salman and Sanjay Kapoor. He then directed both of his brothers Salman and Arbaaz in the film "Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya" (1998) and the less successful "Hello Brother" (1999) under his earlier banner "G.S. Entertainment".


title: Sohail Khan

text: In 2002, he wrote, produced, directed and made his acting debut in "Maine Dil Tujhko Diya", which did average business at the box office. He then appeared in a few more films, none of which sold well. He had his first success with the film "Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?" (2005) in which he co-starred with his brother Salman Khan. He also wrote the story, produced and starred in the multi-starrer "Fight Club - Members Only", which again did not do well at the box office. In 2006, due to a delayed release, the boxing drama "Aryan", for which his performance was appreciated, failed to do well. In 2007, he produced another film "Partner", which starred his brother Salman Khan and Govinda in the lead roles along with Lara Dutta and Katrina Kaif playing their love-interests, respectively.


title: Sohail Khan

text: Khan has also produced live stage shows in India and all over the world featuring various Indian film stars. His company also produced music videos and even made a foray into television with "Chehre Pe Chehra", which was directed by Rishi Vohra. In 2008, he appeared in "Hello" and "Heroes". In 2009, he co-starred with brother Arbaaz in "Kisaan" and featured in "Main Aur Mrs Khanna" and "Do Knot Disturb". In 2010, he featured in "Veer" with brother Salman, released on 22 January 2010.


title: Sohail Khan

text: He returned to direction with the film "Jai Ho", starring Salman Khan in the lead, which released in January 2014 to mixed reviews. In 2016, he directed "Freaky Ali", starring Nawazuddin Siddiqui in the lead and brother Arbaaz in supporting role. In 2017, he returned to acting after seven years appearing alongside brother Salman once again in "Tubelight".


title: Sohail Khan

text: Khan was married to Seema Sajdeh, a Punjabi Hindu, from 1998 to 2022. They had an Arya Samaj wedding before the nikkah. They have two sons, Nirvan and Yohan, (through surrogacy) sometimes also known as Aslam Khan (born June 2011).


title: David Silva

text: David Josué Jiménez Silva (born 8 January 1986) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for La Liga club Real Sociedad. Silva plays mainly as a central or an attacking midfielder but can also play as a winger or second striker. He is predominantly a left-footed player and his passing ability and possession-retaining qualities have earned him the nicknames "Merlin" and "El Mago" from his teammates and fans. He is considered to be one of the greatest midfielders of his generation.


title: David Silva

text: Silva spent seven years of his professional career with Valencia CF, appearing in more than 160 games and winning a Copa del Rey in 2008. In the summer of 2010, he moved to Manchester City and has since appeared in over 400 matches. With them he has won two FA Cups, five League Cups and four Premier League titles. He is regarded as one of Manchester City's greatest ever players alongside Billy Meredith, Bert Trautmann, Colin Bell and Sergio Agüero. Silva has been named in the PFA Team of the Year three times. On 26 June 2019, Silva announced that he would leave Manchester City at the end of the 2019–20 season, ending his ten-season tenure at the club. On 28 September 2019, he became the youngest player to reach 200 wins in the Premier league, breaking the record set by Chelsea defender John Terry.