title: History of the British farthing

text: In 1896, a new obverse was introduced to the bronze coinage showing Victoria as an elderly woman. The obverse was designed by Thomas Brock and engraved by George William de Saulles. The farthing continued to display it until the year of the Queen's death, 1901. De Saulles also revised the reverse; the most significant change was the deletion of the lighthouse and ship on either side of Britannia; they would never return to the farthing. The inscription on the Old Head farthing was . Beginning in 1897, farthings were issued artificially darkened; this was to avoid confusion of bright new farthings with the half sovereign; the bronze farthing and the gold piece were the same size.


title: History of the British farthing

text: The farthing of King Edward VII (1901–1910), Victoria's son and successor, was struck in every year from 1902 to 1910; it was still artificially darkened. Mintages ranged from 2.6 million (1910) to 8.9 million (1908) at a time when the penny's mintage never dropped below 12 million and rose to 47 million in 1907. A total of £1,021,013 in pennies were struck bearing Edward's portrait, and £222,790 in halfpennies, but only £45,429 in farthings. But for the statement of the coin's value, the designs on the penny, halfpenny and farthing are effectively identical as De Saulles used a Janvier reducing lathe to convert models to dies. The new obverse was his work, showing the king's right-facing bust, with the inscription .


title: History of the British farthing

text: The farthings of Edward's son and successor, King George V, resulted in a new left-facing portrait by Sir Bertram Mackennal and the continuation of the Britannia design. Farthings bearing King George's portrait were produced every year of his reign but 1910. Other than substituting (George V) for , no change was made to the inscription. In 1917, the Mint ceased to darken farthings as the half sovereign was no longer being minted. In common with the penny and halfpenny, the King's head was made slightly smaller in 1926. The depiction of Britannia was also slightly adjusted in that year. A total of £5,710,748 in pennies, £1,039,704 in halfpennies and £222,643 in farthings were struck for the reign.


title: History of the British farthing

text: The Edward VIII farthing is a pattern which was awaiting royal approval at the time of the abdication in December 1936. There was a movement afoot for more modern coinage designs; the Irish Free State had in 1927 adopted a series of coins depicting animals and some of the colonies had redesigned their coinages. King Edward was also interested in a move away from the heraldry that marked British coinage, showing foreign coins on his watch chain to the Deputy Master of the Mint, Robert Johnson, and asking for more like those. King Edward eventually gave in on the question, fearing that such designs would be unacceptable to the British people, but non-heraldic themes for the halfpenny (a sailing ship) and farthing survived. The selected design for the farthing, a wren, placed the smallest British bird on the British coin smallest in value. In an attempt to break the deadlock between King Edward and the Mint, artist Wilson Parker had prepared a series of coinage designs based on what were loosely deemed royal animals: eagle, dove, stag, sturgeon, swan and wren, which though liked by the advisory committee (including a young Kenneth Clark) did not receive their endorsement due to the committee's preference for heraldry. Another reason for the change was that the Britannia design, reduced from a model, was difficult to appreciate given the coin's small size. The obverse was designed by Humphrey Paget. King Edward got his way on one matter; his portrait faced left on the patterns, whereas by tradition a monarch faces in the opposite direction from the last reign, and George V had faced left. Edward insisted as he considered his left profile his better side. The only change to the inscription was the substitution of (Edward VIII) for .


title: History of the British farthing

text: The wren design was approved for the coinage of Edward's brother and successor, King George VI (1936–1952); it stayed on the coin for its remaining twenty years. Paget redesigned his obverse to include the new king's left-facing bust, and the wording was adjusted to include . The coin was struck each year from 1937. In 1949, following the independence of India, was removed from the obverse. The accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 brought a new portrait to the farthing the following year, designed by Mary Gillick. The obverse inscription was in 1953, and thereafter. This change was a recognition that some of the nations of the British Commonwealth were republics.


title: History of the British farthing

text: In the years after the Second World War, the farthing had seen more use, as the standard one-pound (454 g) bread loaf had its price set by government, and the price included an odd halfpenny; thus a cash transaction for the purchase of a half-pound loaf by itself required the use of a farthing, either with the payment or as change. By the 1950s, due to inflation, the purchasing power of the farthing had dropped, as had commercial demand. Letters to "The Times" reflected this reality: one correspondent reported being refused when offering eight farthings to a bus conductor for a twopenny fare, and a vendor becoming abusive when offered six farthings for a newspaper. This occurred even though, as a later letter noted, the coin was still legal tender to a shilling. Demand continued to dwindle, and production of the farthing was discontinued after 1956. Eliminating the farthing from commerce also made way for a possible smaller penny and halfpenny that Royal Mint officials contemplated proposing. The farthing ceased to be legal tender after 31 December 1960.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Sue-Ellen Cassiana "Suella" Braverman (; "née" Fernandes, born 3 April 1980) is a British barrister and politician who has served as Home Secretary since 25 October 2022. She previously held the position from 6 September to 19 October 2022 under Liz Truss. A member of the Conservative Party, she was chair of the European Research Group from 2017 to 2018 and attorney general for England and Wales from 2020 to 2022. She has been the member of Parliament (MP) for Fareham in Hampshire since 2015.


title: Suella Braverman

text: In the January 2018 cabinet reshuffle, she was appointed parliamentary under-secretary of state for exiting the European Union by Theresa May. She resigned in protest against May's draft Brexit withdrawal agreement. Braverman was appointed attorney general for England and Wales and advocate general for Northern Ireland by Boris Johnson in the February 2020 cabinet reshuffle; she was appointed as Queen's Counsel automatically on her appointment.


title: Suella Braverman

text: After Johnson resigned in July 2022, Braverman stood as a candidate to succeed him in the July–September Conservative Party leadership election, but was eliminated from the ballot after the second round of voting. She subsequently supported Liz Truss's bid to become Conservative leader, and was appointed Home Secretary on 6 September 2022 when Truss became Prime Minister. Braverman resigned as Home Secretary on 19 October 2022 after she breached the Ministerial Code by sending sensitive information using her personal email address. She was reinstated as Home Secretary six days later by Truss's successor as Prime Minister, Rishi Sunak.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman was born in Harrow, Greater London, and raised in Wembley. She is the daughter of Uma ("née" Mootien-Pillay) and Christie Fernandes, both of Indian origin, who emigrated to Britain in the 1960s from Mauritius and Kenya respectively. She is named after the character Sue Ellen Ewing from the American television soap opera "Dallas" which was popular at the time of her birth. Her mother, of Hindu Tamil Mauritian descent, was a nurse and a councillor in Brent, as well as the Conservative candidate in Tottenham in the 2001 general election and the 2003 Brent East by-election. Her father, of Goan ancestry (who formerly was an Indian in Kenya), worked for a housing association. She is the niece of Mahen Kundasamy, a former Mauritian High Commissioner to London.


title: Suella Braverman

text: She attended the Uxendon Manor Primary School in Brent and the fee-paying Heathfield School, Pinner, on a partial scholarship, after which she read law at Queens' College, Cambridge. During her undergraduate studies, she was president of the Cambridge University Conservative Association.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman lived in France for two years, as an Erasmus Programme student and then as an Entente Cordiale Scholar, where she studied a master's degree in European and French law at Panthéon-Sorbonne University.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 2005. She completed pupillage at 2–3 Gray's Inn Square (now Cornerstone Barristers) but did not start tenancy there, beginning practice at the London branch of a large Birmingham set, No5 Chambers. She worked in litigation including the judicial review "basics" for a government practitioner of immigration and planning law. She passed the New York bar exam in 2006 and was thereafter licensed to practice law in the state. That licence was suspended in 2021 after she did not re-register as an attorney. She was appointed to the Attorney General's C panel of counsel, the entry level, undertaking basic government cases, in 2010.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman's name was already on the list of Conservative parliamentary candidates at the time of the 2003 Brent East by-election, and she had to be persuaded not to seek the nomination. Her mother, Uma Fernandes, a Conservative councillor, was selected to fight the seat, and Braverman campaigned for her. During the campaign, Braverman was featured in "The Guardian" in an article titled "The road to No 10".


title: Suella Braverman

text: At the 2005 general election, Braverman contested Leicester East, finishing in second place behind Labour's Keith Vaz, who won with a 15,876-vote (38.4%) majority. She sought selection as the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle, but was unsuccessful, and was eventually selected to be the Conservative candidate in Fareham. Braverman also sought election to the London Assembly at the 2012 Assembly elections and was placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list; only the first three Conservative candidates were elected.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman was elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Fareham in 2015 with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262. She gave her maiden speech on 1 June 2015. She has taken a particular interest in education, home affairs and justice and has written for "The Daily Telegraph", Bright Blue, "i News", "HuffPost", "Brexit Central" and "ConservativeHome".


title: Suella Braverman

text: From 2015 to 2017, Braverman was a member of the Education Select Committee and the Education, Skills and the Economy Sub-Committee. Between November 2015 and February 2016, she was a member of the Joint Committee on the Draft Investigatory Powers Bill. Braverman chaired the all-party parliamentary group (APPG) on Financial Education for Young People from September 2016 to May 2017. Working with the charity Young Enterprise and the "money-saving expert" journalist Martin Lewis, she led the APPG's inquiry into the provision of financial education in schools and launched its report, "Financial Education in Schools: Two Years On – Job Done?", which called for better financial education in schools. Braverman was also a commissioner on the Social Market Foundation Commission on Inequality in Education, a cross-party initiative examining the causes and effects of inequality in education at primary and secondary levels in England and Wales.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman joined the Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme in 2016, graduating from the scheme in 2017. Braverman opened a Westminster Hall debate in the House of Commons on the failings of Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and has chaired meetings with the Trust's executives along with other MPs on the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Hampshire in which instances of poor care quality and the deaths of patients were investigated.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman was a member of the panel of an inquiry, led by the think-tank British Future, to examine how the government could protect the rights of EU citizens in the UK. Braverman campaigned to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU membership referendum; a majority (55%) of votes in her constituency were for leaving. She was chair of the European Research Group, a pro-Leave group of Conservative MPs, until her promotion to ministerial office; she was replaced by Jacob Rees-Mogg. Following the 2017 general election, Braverman was appointed parliamentary private secretary to the ministers of the Treasury.


title: Suella Braverman

text: During the January 2018 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed as parliamentary under-secretary of state at the Department for Exiting the European Union. On 15 November 2018, Braverman resigned on the same day that Davis' successor, Dominic Raab, resigned as Brexit secretary in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft Brexit deal, which was released the day before.


title: Suella Braverman

text: In March 2019, Braverman stated in a speech for the Bruges Group that "[a]s Conservatives, we are engaged in a battle against Cultural Marxism". Journalist Dawn Foster challenged Braverman's use of the term "cultural Marxism", highlighting its anti-Semitic history and stating it was a theory in the manifesto of the mass murderer Anders Breivik. Braverman's use of the term was initially condemned as hate speech by other MPs, the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the anti-racist organisation Hope Not Hate, among other anti-racist charities. Braverman denied that the term was an antisemitic trope, saying, "We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought. ... I'm very aware of that ongoing creep of cultural Marxism, which has come from Jeremy Corbyn." After meeting with her later, the Board of Deputies of British Jews said in a subsequent statement that she is "not in any way antisemitic", saying it believed that she did not "intentionally use antisemitic language", while finding that she "is clearly a good friend of the Jewish community" and that they were "sorry to see that the whole matter has caused distress".


title: Suella Braverman

text: In the 13 February 2020 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed attorney general for England and Wales and advocate general for Northern Ireland, succeeding Geoffrey Cox who had been dismissed from government. Braverman was made QC at the time of this appointment as a courtesy. She was later criticised by members of the Bar Council for her poor choices in the role.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman was designated as a minister on leave while pregnant on 2 March 2021, shortly after the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 was enacted to allow this arrangement. Michael Ellis became acting attorney general until she resumed office on 11 September 2021.


title: Suella Braverman

text: During the July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis, Braverman remained a minister, though on 6 July 2022, she called for Boris Johnson to resign. She stood in the ensuing Conservative Party leadership election, but was eliminated from the race in the second round of ballots, winning 27 votes, a reduction on her vote in the first round and the lowest of the remaining candidates. She then endorsed Liz Truss.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Had she succeeded in being appointed prime minister, Braverman said her priorities would have been to deliver tax cuts, cut government spending, tackle the cost of living challenges, "solve the problem of boats crossing the Channel", deliver "Brexit opportunities", withdraw the UK from the European Convention of Human Rights and to "get rid of all of this woke rubbish". She also vowed to suspend the UK's target of net zero carbon emissions by 2050. In August 2022, "The Guardian" reported that Braverman's leadership campaign had received a £10,000 donation from a company owned by the climate change denier Terence Mordaunt.


title: Suella Braverman

text: In October 2022, Braverman said that she would love to see a front page of "The Daily Telegraph" sending asylum seekers to Rwanda and described it as her "dream" and "obsession". The first attempted flight by the UK to send asylum seekers to Rwanda in June 2022 resulted in asylum seekers being restrained and attached to plane seats after self-harming and threatening suicide. On the matter, the UN Refugee Agency have said that the "arrangement, which amongst other concerns seeks to shift responsibility and lacks necessary safeguards, is incompatible with the letter and spirit of the 1951 Convention" in regards to the rights of refugees. Later Amber Rudd, a former Conservative Home Secretary, criticised the plans to send some asylum seekers to Rwanda as "brutal" and "impractical".


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman left her cabinet position as Home Secretary on 19 October 2022. She said that her departure was because she had made an "honest mistake" by sharing an official document from her personal email address with a colleague in Parliament, an action which breached the Ministerial Code. Braverman was also highly critical of Truss's leadership in her resignation letter.


title: Suella Braverman

text: On 25 October, Braverman was reappointed as the home secretary by the prime minister Rishi Sunak upon the formation of the Sunak ministry. Braverman's reappointment was challenged by Labour Party MPs, Liberal Democrats, Scottish National Party MPs and some Conservatives. The Labour leader and Leader of the Opposition, Keir Starmer, raised it as the subject of his first question to Rishi Sunak at Sunak's first Prime Minister's questions on 26 October 2022. Sunak said Braverman "made an error of judgment but she recognised that she raised the matter and she accepted her mistake". Jake Berry, who was dismissed by Sunak after becoming PM, said that "from my own knowledge, there were multiple breaches of the ministerial code".


title: Suella Braverman

text: There are demands by Labour and the Liberal Democrats, as well as Conservative MP Caroline Nokes, for an inquiry into Braverman's return to the cabinet despite the alleged security breach. The government announced there will not be an inquiry into Braverman. The Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee was strongly critical of the decision to reappoint Braverman. The committee stated reappointing Braverman created a dangerous precedent. Leaking restricted material "is worthy of significant sanction under the new graduated sanctions regime (...) including resignation and a significant period out of office." The committee also stated a later change in prime minister should not allow a minister to return to office in a shorter period. "To allow this (...) does not inspire confidence in the integrity of government nor offer much incentive to proper conduct in future."


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman stands on the right wing of the Conservative Party, was a supporter of Brexit, supports the withdrawal of the UK from the European Convention on Human Rights and supports sending cross-Channel migrants to Rwanda. She has said, "If I get trolled and I provoke a bad response on Twitter I know I'm doing the right thing. Twitter is a sewer of left-wing bile. The extreme left pile on is often a consequence of sound conservative values."


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman has described herself as a "child of the British Empire". Her parents, who were from Mauritius and Kenya, came to the UK "with an admiration and gratitude for what Britain did for Mauritius and Kenya, and India". She believes that on the whole, "the British Empire was a force for good", and described herself as being "proud of the British Empire".


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman was the founding chair of governors at the Michaela Community School, and supports plans to create a free school in Fareham. She sits on the advisory board of the New Schools Network, a charity which aims to support groups setting up free schools within the English state education sector.


title: Suella Braverman

text: In a December 2015 op-ed, Braverman wrote, "In essence, rights have come to fill the space once occupied by generosity." She quoted Eric Posner's theories on what the Brazilian state sees as its right to use torture by "the police in the name of crime prevention. They justify this by putting a general right to live free from crime and intimidation above their rights of those who are tortured." She closed,


title: Suella Braverman

text: In an interview with "The Times", Braverman said that schools do not have to accommodate requests from students who wish to change how others recognise their gender, including the use of the pronouns, uniforms, lavatories and changing facilities of their identified gender if it differs from their sex. She argued that, legally, under-18s are entitled to be treated only by the gender corresponding to their sex and that the "unquestioning approach" adopted by some teachers and schools is the reason different parts of the country have very different rates of children presenting as transgender.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman, who is of Indian heritage, said that she feared a trade deal with India would increase migration to the UK when Indians already represented the largest group of people who overstayed their visa.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman's details on the No5 Chambers website said that she "is a contributor to Philip Kolvin QC's book "Gambling for Local Authorities, Licensing, Planning and Regeneration"". "The Observer" had questioned this in 2020 and, in October 2022, "The Big Issue" reported Kolvin saying that she "did not make a written or editorial contribution to the book", but simply "on one occasion I asked her to do some photocopying for the book". Braverman's parliamentary office, the Home Office and No5 Chambers all declined to comment, but the claim was removed from the website after "The Big Issue" had enquired. "The Secret Barrister" told "The Big Issue", "For a practising barrister to include on a chambers profile something which is not merely an exaggeration but knowing false, is the type of dishonest conduct that should rightly attract the attention of the Bar Standards Board." It was later reported by "Private Eye" that the Bar Standards Board was investigating a complaint that she had made a "dishonest statement out of self-interest to promote her career".


title: Suella Braverman

text: The "Eye" also reported that her MP's website had said that she was involved "in the lengthy Guantanamo Bay Inquiry into the treatment of detainees by US and UK forces", although her name does not appear in the inquiry report, and suggested she may merely have been one of scores of lawyers who had sifted through documents.


title: Suella Braverman

text: She married Rael Braverman, a manager of the Mercedes-Benz Group in February 2018 at the House of Commons. Speaking to a meeting of the Asian-Jewish Business Network in 2021, Braverman described her husband as a "very proud member of the Jewish community" and stated his family are contributors to the Bushey synagogue. They have two children, born in 2019 and 2021.


title: Suella Braverman

text: Braverman is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order) and attends the London Buddhist Centre monthly. She took her oath of office on the "Dhammapada".


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: The prime minister of Pakistan (, romanized: Wazīr ē Aʿẓam , ) is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet, despite the president of Pakistan serving as the nominal head of executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan, the National Assembly where he serves as " Leader of the House". Prime minister holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the National Assembly. The prime minister is designated as the "Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic".


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: Pakistan's prime minister leads the executive branch of the federal government, oversees the state economy, leads the National Assembly, heads the Council of Common Interests as well as the Cabinet, and is charged with leading the National Command Authority over Pakistan's nuclear weapons arsenal. This position places its holder in leadership of the nation and in control over all matters, both internal affairs and foreign policy. The prime minister is elected by the members of the National Assembly and is therefore usually the leader of the majority party in the parliament. The Constitution of Pakistan vests executive powers in the prime minister, who is responsible for appointing the Cabinet as well as running the executive branch, taking and authorizing executive decisions, appointments, and recommendations that require prime ministerial confirmation.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: Constitutionally, the prime minister serves as the chief adviser to the president of Pakistan on critical matters; and plays an influential role in appointment in each branch of the military leadership as well as ensuring civilian control of the military through chairman joint chiefs, although this does not necessarily happen in tandem. Prime ministerial powers have significantly grown with a delicate system of check and balance by each branch. The position was absent during the years of 1958–1973, 1977–1985, and 1999–2002 due to imposed martial law. In each of these periods, the military junta led by the president had the powers of the prime minister.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: The office of the prime minister was created on immediate effect after the partition and the establishment of Pakistan in 1947; the prime minister existed alongside the governor-general who was the representative of the British monarchy. The first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, exercised central executive powers until his assassination in 1951. The powers slowly began to be reduced as a result of constant intervention by the governor-general. Despite the first set of the Constitution giving central power in 1956, the next six prime ministers were dismissed by the governor-general from 1951 till 1957. The first set of the Constitution had evolved the governor-general into the president of Pakistan whilst declaring the country an "Islamic republic". In 1958, President Iskandar Mirza dismissed the seventh prime minister to impose martial law in a mere two weeks, President Mirza was ousted by army chief General Ayub Khan who had for a brief period held the post of Prime Minister.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: In 1962, the second set of the Constitution completely dissolved the office of prime minister as all powers were transferred to the president of Pakistan. Criticism over the presidency after the presidential election held in 1965 over the centralizing of powers. After the general elections held in 1970, the office was established with Nurul Amin becoming the prime minister who was also the vice-president. Negotiations that fall apart between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Mujibur Rehman, and Yahya Khan that prompted to liberation movement in the East Pakistan. With India intervening in East Pakistan and Pakistan conceding defeat to end the war led to the collapse of the presidential system in 1971.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: As the comprehensive Constitution reinstated in 1973, the post was reestablished with more central powers as the constitution provided a parliamentary system with President of Pakistan as figurehead. Amid agitation instigated by the right-wing alliance invited the military intervention in 1977 which suspended the post.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: The general elections held in 1985 restored the post, with Muhammad Junejo becoming the prime minister. Later that year, the National Assembly passed the controversial eighth amendment to the Constitution, giving the president the power to dismiss the prime minister and the National Assembly without prior consultation. The general elections in 1988 resulted in the Pakistan Peoples Party's Benazir Bhutto becoming the first woman prime minister elected in a Muslim country.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: From 1988 to 1993, the power struggle between the prime minister and presidency continued with the president dismissing the National Assembly on three different occasions. At the 1997 elections, the PML(N) secured a two-thirds majority in the Parliament and drafted the XIII and XIV Amendments to reverse the eighth amendment to the Constitution; this allowed Nawaz Sharif to centralize more executive powers. After the draw down of civil-military relations in 1999, Chairman joint chiefs General Pervez Musharraf staged a coup d'état against the PML(N)'s government and held nationwide elections in 2002.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: With no party gaining a majority, a coalition was formed with the PML(Q) – a breakaway of the PML(N) and a pro-Musharraf party – leading with MQM. After some political wrangling, Zafarullah Jamali became the prime minister, and passed the XVII amendment which partially restored the power of the president to dissolve the National Assembly, but made the dissolution subject to the Supreme Court of Pakistan's approval.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: Over the authority issues, Prime Minister Jamali resigned in 2004 and Shaukat Aziz was eventually appointed as Prime Minister, securing 151 out of 191 votes in the National Assembly. The XVII amendment featured a semi-presidential system allowing the presidency to keep the interference executive and the judiciary. The general elections in 2008 resulted in the PPP coming to power and supporting the movement to oust Pervez Musharraf. A populist intellectual movement leading to the departure of Pervez Musharraf allowed Asif Zardari to become president. In 2010, the XVIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan was passed to reverse the XVII amendment; it returned the country to being a parliamentary democratic republic. The XVIII Amendment removed all powers of the presidency to dissolve the Parliament unilaterally and sweep away the powers amassed by the former presidents Pervez Musharraf and Zia-ul-Haq to maintain a delicate check and balance.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: Following a contempt of court case, the Supreme Court permanently disqualified Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gillani. Originally, the PPP nomination was Makhdoom Shahbuddin, but he was forced to withdraw after the ANF issued non-bailable arrest warrants against him. Raja Pervaiz Ashraf became the prime minister and remained in office until 2013. The general election held in 2013 saw the PML(N) almost achieve a supermajority. Following this, Nawaz Sharif was elected as Prime Minister, returning to the post for the third time after a fourteen-year absence, in a democratic transition. In July 2017, Nawaz Sharif disqualified as prime minister following corruption charges against him resulting from Panama papers leak which also forced Iceland prime minister to resign.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: On 18 August 2018, Imran Khan was sworn in as the country's 22nd prime minister. On 10 April 2022, a constitutional crisis culminated in Khan losing a motion of no confidence with 174 votes cast against him, ending his premiership and making him the first Prime Minister of Pakistan to be removed from office through a motion of no confidence.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: On 11th April 2022, Shehbaz Sharif was elected as the country's 23rd Prime Minister. He won by majority 174 votes in the National Assembly of Pakistan. Sharif will serve a term, at most of almost one year to fulfill Imran Khan's term until the 2023 Pakistani General Election, though the election may be called earlier.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: The Constitution envisages a scheme of affairs in which the president of Pakistan is the head of state who represents the "unity of the Republic." The system of government in Pakistan is based on codified constitution which sees the prime minister as "chief executive of the Republic."


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: As in most of the parliamentary democracies, a head of state's duties are mostly ceremonial. The prime minister of Pakistan is the head of government and has the responsibility for executive power. With Pakistan following a parliamentary system of government, the Prime minister is generally the leader of a party (or coalition of parties) that has a majority in the National Assembly —the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan. The prime minister, in common with all other ministers, has to be a member of National Assembly.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: The principal workplace of the prime minister is the Prime Minister's Office located in northeast Islamabad. The official residence, known as Prime Minister Enclave, is near the Prime Minister's Office. The prime minister is the chief executive who heads and exercises the authority of the Government of Pakistan. After obtaining a vote of confidence, the prime minister is invited by the president to take the oath of office and form the government. In practice, the prime minister nominates the members of the Cabinet who supervise the important functions and ministries of the Government of Pakistan and communicates to the president all decisions of the Cabinet relating to the administration of affairs of state and proposals for legislation.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: The prime minister, in consultation with the Cabinet, schedules and attends the sessions of the Parliament and is required to answer questions from members of parliament to the ministers.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: The prime minister is vested with command authority over the Pakistani nuclear arsenals and represents the country in various delegations, high-level meetings, and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office and also addresses the nation on various issues of national importance.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: The Constitution of Pakistan requires that the prime minister be a member of the National Assembly. As well as this, one must:


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: The candidates for the prime minister are members of the National Assembly who were chosen through direct elections by popular vote following campaigning on the party platforms. Usually, the leader of the majority party in the parliament retains the office of prime minister, and forms the government either by coalition or by simple majority. The candidate must retain the vote of confidence of the members of the parliament before being invited by the president to form the government.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: The prime minister can be removed before the expiry of the term through a vote of no confidence in the parliament. If the vote of no confidence is passed by the National Assembly by a simple majority, the prime minister ceases to retain the office. In the past, prime ministers (and their governments) have been dismissed by the president exercising the VIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (1985), but this was repealed by the XVIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (2010). The prime minister has absolute constitutional immunity from criminal and civil proceedings, and no proceedings can be initiated or continued against him during the term of his office.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: In 2012, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has ceased at least one prime minister from retaining the office due to contempt of court after retroactively disqualifying the membership of the parliament permanently.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: On 28 July 2017, the Supreme Court of Pakistan disqualified the prime minister Nawaz Sharif from retaining the office due to his failure in fulfilling the eligibility requirements as enshrined in Articles 62 of the Constitution. This was in the aftermath of the Supreme Court hearing regarding the Panama Papers Case. This also resulted in him being permanently disqualified from membership of the parliament.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: The prime minister is elected by the National Assembly. The National Assembly meets on the twenty-first day after a general election (at least every five years) unless the president calls for a vote of no confidence. Whichever member of the National assembly is chosen serves as the prime minister until the next election or until he fails to maintain the confidence of the National Assembly.


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: The prime minister is required to make and subscribe to, in the presence of the president, an oath or affirmation that they shall protect, preserve and defend the Constitution as follows:


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: That's My Boy is a 2012 American satirical black comedy film directed by Sean Anders and starring Adam Sandler and Andy Samberg. The film follows Donny Berger (Sandler), a middle-aged alcoholic who once enjoyed celebrity status for being at the center of a teacher-student statutory rape case, as he tries to rekindle his relationship with his adult son, Todd Peterson/Han Solo Berger (Samberg), born as the result of that illicit relationship, in hopes that their televised reunion will earn him enough money to avoid going to prison for tax evasion.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: The film was released on June 15, 2012, by Columbia Pictures. It was panned by critics, only grossed $57 million against a $57–70 million budget, becoming a box-office bomb, and has been considered to be one of the worst films ever made.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: In Massachusetts in 1984, young Donald "Donny" Berger flirts with his middle school teacher, Mary McGarricle, who is repulsed by his actions and gives him a month's detention. However, in detention, she seduces Donny and they begin a sexual relationship.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: Mary and Donny's relationship is discovered during an auditorium speech. Subsequently, Mary is arrested and sentenced to 30 years in prison for statutory rape, but the scandal makes Donny famous. She is also revealed to be pregnant, and custody of their unborn son is given to Donny's abusive father. When Donny turns 18, he will take full custody.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: In the present, Donny is an alcoholic and broke slacker who owes $43,000 to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in back taxes. To avoid going to jail, he places a $20 bet on an 8000:1 runner in an upcoming race, but decides to make a backup plan should the runner lose.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: Meanwhile, Donny has also been estranged from his now 28-year-old son for the past 10 years. To avoid contact with his parents and others discovering the family connection, their son changed his name from Han Solo Berger to Todd Peterson and tells others that his parents died in an explosion. Now a successful businessman, Todd has recently arrived at the Cape Cod house of his boss, Steve Spirou, where he is to marry his fiancée, Jamie.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: Randall Morgan, a television producer who worked with Donny during his time as a celebrity, offers him $50,000 to organize a reunion with Todd and Mary. Informed of his son's upcoming wedding in a newspaper, Donny arrives at Cape Cod. Todd, who did not expect the visit, pretends Donny is an old friend, and his father's popularity with the guests annoys him.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: Todd initially refuses to see his mother. However, after Donny convinces Jamie's family to have the wedding rehearsal away from churches and Todd's friends to have the bachelor party at a strip club, Todd reconciles with him and agrees to the prison meeting. But, when a television crew arrives to film in the middle of Todd and Mary's encounter, Todd leaves in disgust without signing a release form.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: Donny then finds out Jamie is having affairs with Steve and her brother, Chad, which she hides by giving Todd a cover story and paying Donny $50,000 to not tell anyone. However, Donny feels guilty for withholding the truth, and he disrupts the wedding to reveal his bloodline relation to Todd and Jamie's infidelity and incest.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: Todd breaks up with Jamie, accepts Donny as his father, quits his job, and reclaims his birth name, Han Solo. Han later begins dating strip worker Brie and offers Donny the money, but he declines, insisting on taking responsibility for his actions. While preparing to go to prison to rekindle his relationship with Mary after his sentence is over, the bet he placed on the marathon wins him $160,000, satisfying the IRS.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: The film was originally titled "I Hate You, Dad", and then changed to "Donny's Boy" before the producers finally settled on "That's My Boy". Filming began on May 2, 2011, and ended on July 15, 2011.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: Filming took place in Massachusetts, with studio filming at Columbia Pictures in Culver City, California.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: "That's My Boy" opened on June 15, 2012, grossing $13,453,714 in its opening weekend, ranking #4 behind the second weekends of "" and "Prometheus", and the opening of "Rock of Ages".


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: The film grossed $36.9 million in the US and $57.7 million worldwide, failing to recoup its $57–70 million budget, making it a financial failure.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "That's My Boy" has an approval rating of 20% based on 115 reviews and an average rating of 3.80/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "While it does represent a new foray into raunch for the normally PG-13 Sandler, "That's My Boy" finds him repeating himself to diminishing effect – and dragging Andy Samberg down with him." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100 based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A to F scale.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: Film critic Richard Roeper gave the film an F, calling it "an ugly, tasteless, deadly and mean-spirited piece of filmmaking," and would later call it the worst film of 2012. Justin Chang of "Variety" called it "a shameless celebration of degenerate behavior, a work of relentless vulgarity and staggering moral idiocy." "Half in the Bag" called the film "pathetic" and "painful", and went on to criticize Sandler as a comic, suggesting he was unable to create humor that was not based on childish jokes.


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: Jake McGowan, writing for "The Daily Targum", took a different approach. He evaluated the film as a "postmodern, absurdist deconstruction of irony and its impact on critical issues," further stating that Sandler's work "was an artistic reminder that we cannot tackle our traumas or prevent future despair without confronting society's dirty underbelly head-on. We cannot move forward with quips and irony. Critics felt sick after watching the movie because Sandler wanted them to."


title: That's My Boy (2012 film)

text: "That's My Boy" was released to DVD and Blu-ray on October 16, 2012 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.


title: African wild dog

text: The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), also called the painted dog or Cape hunting dog, is a wild canine which is a native species to sub-Saharan Africa. It is the largest wild canine in Africa, and the only extant member of the genus "Lycaon", which is distinguished from "Canis" by dentition highly specialised for a hypercarnivorous diet, and by a lack of dewclaws. It is estimated that about 6,600 adults (including 1,400 mature individuals) live in 39 subpopulations that are all threatened by habitat fragmentation, human persecution, and outbreaks of disease. As the largest subpopulation probably comprises fewer than 250 individuals, the African wild dog has been listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1990.


title: African wild dog

text: The species is a specialised diurnal hunter of antelopes, which it catches by chasing them to exhaustion. Its natural enemies are lions and spotted hyenas: the former will kill the dogs where possible, whilst hyenas are frequent kleptoparasites.


title: African wild dog

text: Like other canids, the African wild dog regurgitates food for its young, but also extends this action to adults, as a central part of the pack's social life. The young are allowed to feed first on carcasses.


title: African wild dog

text: The African wild dog has been respected in several hunter-gatherer societies, particularly those of the San people and Prehistoric Egypt.


title: African wild dog

text: The English language has several names for the African wild dog, including African hunting dog, Cape hunting dog, painted hunting dog, painted dog, and painted lycaon. One conservation organisation is promoting the name 'painted wolf' as a way of rebranding the species, as wild dog has several negative connotations that could be detrimental to its image. Nevertheless, the name "African wild dog" is still widely used,


title: African wild dog

text: However, the name "painted dog" was found to be the most likely to counteract negative perceptions of the species.


title: African wild dog

text: The earliest written reference to the species appears to be from Oppian, who wrote of the "thoa", a hybrid between the wolf and leopard, which resembles the former in shape and the latter in colour. Solinus's "Collea rerum memorabilium" from the third century AD describes a multicoloured wolf-like animal with a mane native to Ethiopia.


title: African wild dog

text: The African wild dog was first described scientifically in 1820 by Coenraad Jacob Temminck, after examining a specimen from the coast of Mozambique. He named the animal "Hyaena picta", erroneously classifying it as a species of hyena. It was later recognised as a canid by Joshua Brookes in 1827, and renamed "Lycaon tricolor". The root word of "Lycaon" is the Greek λυκαίος ("lykaios"), meaning "wolf-like". The specific epithet "pictus" (Latin for "painted"), which derived from the original "picta", was later returned to it, in conformity with the International Rules on Taxonomic Nomenclature.


title: African wild dog

text: Paleontologist George G. Simpson placed the African wild dog, the dhole, and the bush dog together in the subfamily Simocyoninae on the basis of all three species having similarly trenchant carnassials. This grouping was disputed by Juliet Clutton-Brock, who argued that, other than dentition, too many differences exist between the three species to warrant classifying them in a single subfamily.


title: African wild dog

text: The African wild dog possesses the most specialized adaptations among the canids for coat colour, diet, and for pursuing its prey through its cursorial (running) ability. It possesses a graceful skeleton, and the loss of the first digit on its forefeet increases its stride and speed. This adaptation allows it to pursue prey across open plains for long distances. The teeth are generally carnassial-shaped, and its premolars are the largest relative to body size of any living carnivoran except for the spotted hyena. On the lower carnassials (first lower molars), the talonid has evolved to become a cutting blade for flesh-slicing, with a reduction or loss of the post-carnassial molars. This adaptation also occurs in two other hypercarnivores – the dhole and the bush dog. The African wild dog exhibits one of the most varied coat colours among the mammals. Individuals differ in patterns and colours, indicating a diversity of the underlying genes. The purpose of these coat patterns may be an adaptation for communication, concealment, or temperature regulation. In 2019, a study indicated that the "lycaon" lineage diverged from "Cuon" and "Canis" 1.7 million years ago through this suite of adaptations, and these occurred at the same time as large ungulates (its prey) diversified.


title: African wild dog

text: The oldest "L. pictus" fossil dates back to 200,000 years ago and was found in HaYonim Cave, Israel. The evolution of the African wild dog is poorly understood due to the scarcity of fossil finds. Some authors consider the extinct "Canis" subgenus "Xenocyon" as ancestral to both the genus "Lycaon" and the genus "Cuon", which lived throughout Eurasia and Africa from the Early Pleistocene to the early Middle Pleistocene. Others propose that "Xenocyon" should be reclassified as "Lycaon". The species "Canis" ("Xenocyon") "falconeri" shared the African wild dog's absent first metacarpal (dewclaw), though its dentition was still relatively unspecialised. This connection was rejected by one author because "C". ("X".) "falconeri" lacks metacarpal, which is a poor indication of phylogenetic closeness to the African wild dog, and the dentition was too different to imply ancestry.


title: African wild dog

text: Another ancestral candidate is the Plio-Pleistocene "L. sekowei" of South Africa on the basis of distinct accessory cusps on its premolars and anterior accessory cuspids on its lower premolars. These adaptions are found only in "Lycaon" among living canids, which shows the same adaptations to a hypercarnivorous diet. "L. sekowei" had not yet lost the first metacarpal absent in "L. pictus" and was more robust than the modern species, having 10% larger teeth.


title: African wild dog

text: The African wild dog genetically diverged from other canid lineages between and is thought to be isolated from gene transfer with other canid species.


title: African wild dog

text: In 2018, whole genome sequencing was used to compare the dhole ("Cuon alpinus") with the African wild dog. There was strong evidence of ancient genetic admixture between the two. Today, their ranges are remote from each other; however, during the Pleistocene era the dhole could be found as far west as Europe. The study proposes that the dhole's distribution may have once included the Middle East, from where it may have admixed with the African wild dog in North Africa. However, there is no evidence of the dhole having existed in the Middle East or North Africa.


title: African wild dog

text: Nevertheless, although the species is genetically diverse, these subspecific designations are not universally accepted. East African and Southern African wild dog populations were once thought to be genetically distinct, based on a small number of samples. More recent studies with a larger number of samples showed that extensive intermixing has occurred between East African and Southern African populations in the past. Some unique nuclear and mitochondrial alleles are found in Southern African and northeastern African populations, with a transition zone encompassing Botswana, Zimbabwe and southeastern Tanzania between the two. The West African wild dog population may possess a unique haplotype, thus possibly constituting a truly distinct subspecies. The original Serengeti and Maasai Mara population of painted dogs is known to have possessed a unique genotypes, but these genotypes may be extinct.


title: African wild dog

text: The African wild dog is the bulkiest and most solidly built of African canids. The species stands in shoulder height, measures in head-and-body length and has a tail length of . Body weight of adults range from . On average, dogs from East Africa weigh around while in southern Africa, males reportedly weighed a mean of and females a mean of . By body mass, they are only outsized amongst other extant canids by the gray wolf species complex. Females are generally 3–7% smaller than males. Compared to members of the genus "Canis", the African wild dog is comparatively lean and tall, with outsized ears and lacking dewclaws. The middle two toepads are usually fused. Its dentition also differs from that of "Canis" by the degeneration of the last lower molar, the narrowness of the canines and proportionately large premolars, which are the largest relative to body size of any carnivore other than hyenas. The heel of the lower carnassial M1 is crested with a single, blade-like cusp, which enhances the shearing capacity of the teeth, thus the speed at which prey can be consumed. This feature, termed "trenchant heel", is shared with two other canids: the Asian dhole and the South American bush dog. The skull is relatively shorter and broader than those of other canids.


title: African wild dog

text: The fur of the African wild dog differs significantly from that of other canids, consisting entirely of stiff bristle-hairs with no underfur. It gradually loses its fur as it ages, with older individuals being almost naked. Colour variation is extreme, and may serve in visual identification, as African wild dogs can recognise each other at distances of . Some geographic variation is seen in coat colour, with northeastern African specimens tending to be predominantly black with small white and yellow patches, while southern African ones are more brightly coloured, sporting a mix of brown, black and white coats. Much of the species' coat patterning occurs on the trunk and legs. Little variation in facial markings occurs, with the muzzle being black, gradually shading into brown on the cheeks and forehead. A black line extends up the forehead, turning blackish-brown on the back of the ears. A few specimens sport a brown teardrop-shaped mark below the eyes. The back of the head and neck are either brown or yellow. A white patch occasionally occurs behind the fore legs, with some specimens having completely white fore legs, chests and throats. The tail is usually white at the tip, black in the middle and brown at the base. Some specimens lack the white tip entirely, or may have black fur below the white tip. These coat patterns can be asymmetrical, with the left side of the body often having different markings from that of the right.


title: African wild dog

text: The African wild dog has very strong social bonds, stronger than those of sympatric lions and spotted hyenas; thus, solitary living and hunting are extremely rare in the species. It lives in permanent packs consisting of two to 27 adults and yearling pups. The typical pack size in Kruger National Park and the Maasai Mara is four or five adults, while packs in Moremi and Selous contain eight or nine. However, larger packs have been observed and temporary aggregations of hundreds of individuals may have gathered in response to the seasonal migration of vast springbok herds in Southern Africa. Males and females have separate dominance hierarchies, with the latter usually being led by the oldest female. Males may be led by the oldest male, but these can be supplanted by younger specimens; thus, some packs may contain elderly male former pack leaders. The dominant pair typically monopolises breeding. The species differs from most other social species in that males remain in the natal pack, while females disperse (a pattern also found in primates such as gorillas, chimpanzees, and red colobuses). Furthermore, males in any given pack tend to outnumber females 3:1. Dispersing females join other packs and evict some of the resident females related to the other pack members, thus preventing inbreeding and allowing the evicted individuals to find new packs of their own and breed. Males rarely disperse, and when they do, they are invariably rejected by other packs already containing males. Although arguably the most social canid, the species lacks the elaborate facial expressions and body language found in the gray wolf, likely because of the African wild dog's less hierarchical social structure. Furthermore, while elaborate facial expressions are important for wolves in re-establishing bonds after long periods of separation from their family groups, they are not as necessary to African wild dogs, which remain together for much longer periods.


title: African wild dog

text: African wild dog populations in East Africa appear to have no fixed breeding season, whereas those in Southern Africa usually breed during the April–July period. During estrus, the female is closely accompanied by a single male, which keeps other members of the same sex at bay. The copulatory tie characteristic of mating in most canids has been reported to be absent or very brief (less than one minute) in African wild dog, possibly an adaptation to the prevalence of larger predators in its environment. The gestation period lasts 69–73 days, with the interval between each pregnancy being 12–14 months typically. The African wild dog produces more pups than any other canid, with litters containing around six to 16 pups, with an average of 10, thus indicating that a single female can produce enough young to form a new pack every year. Because the amount of food necessary to feed more than two litters would be impossible to acquire by the average pack, breeding is strictly limited to the dominant female, which may kill the pups of subordinates. After giving birth, the mother stays close to the pups in the den, while the rest of the pack hunts. She typically drives away pack members approaching the pups until the latter are old enough to eat solid food at three to four weeks of age. The pups leave the den around the age of three weeks and are suckled outside. The pups are weaned at the age of five weeks, when they are fed regurgitated meat by the other pack members. By seven weeks, the pups begin to take on an adult appearance, with noticeable lengthening in the legs, muzzle, and ears. Once the pups reach the age of eight to 10 weeks, the pack abandons the den and the young follow the adults during hunts. The youngest pack members are permitted to eat first on kills, a privilege which ends once they become yearlings.


title: African wild dog

text: Packs of African wild dogs have a high ratio of males to females. This is a consequence of the males mostly staying with the pack whilst female offspring disperse and is supported by a changing sex-ratio in consecutive litters. Those born to maiden females contain a higher proportion of males, second litters are half and half and subsequent litters biased towards females with this trend increasing as females get older. As a result, the earlier litters provide stable hunters whilst the higher ratio of dispersals amongst the females stops a pack from getting too big.


title: African wild dog

text: African wild dog populations in the Okavango Delta have been observed "rallying" before they set out to hunt. Not every rally results in a departure, but departure becomes more likely when more individual dogs "sneeze". These sneezes are characterized by a short, sharp exhale through the nostrils. When members of dominant mating pairs sneeze first, the group is much more likely to depart. If a dominant dog initiates, around three sneezes guarantee departure. When less dominant dogs sneeze first, if enough others also sneeze (about 10), then the group will go hunting. Researchers assert that wild dogs in Botswana, "use a specific vocalization (the sneeze) along with a variable quorum response mechanism in the decision-making process [to go hunting at a particular moment]".


title: African wild dog

text: Because the African wild dog largely exists in fragmented, small populations, its existence is endangered. Inbreeding avoidance by mate selection is characteristic of the species and has important potential consequences for population persistence. Inbreeding is rare within natal packs. Inbreeding behavior may have been selected against evolutionarily because it leads to the expression of recessive deleterious alleles. Computer simulations indicate that all populations continuing to avoid incestuous mating will become extinct within 100 years due to the unavailability of unrelated mates. Thus, the impact of reduced numbers of suitable unrelated mates will likely have a severe demographic impact on the future viability of small wild dog populations.


title: African wild dog

text: The African wild dog is a specialised pack hunter of common medium-sized antelopes. It and the cheetah are the only primarily diurnal African large predators. The African wild dog hunts by approaching prey silently, then chasing it in a pursuit clocking at up to for 10–60 minutes. The average chase covers some , during which the prey animal, if large, is repeatedly bitten on the legs, belly, and rump until it stops running, while smaller prey is simply pulled down and torn apart.


title: African wild dog

text: African wild dogs adjust their hunting strategy to the particular prey species. They will rush at wildebeest to panic the herd and isolate a vulnerable individual, but pursue territorial antelope species (which defend themselves by running in wide circles) by cutting across the arc to foil their escape. Medium-sized prey is often killed in 2–5 minutes, whereas larger prey such as wildebeest may take half an hour to pull down. Male wild dogs usually perform the task of grabbing dangerous prey, such as warthogs, by the nose.


title: African wild dog

text: Hunting success varies with prey type, vegetation cover and pack size, but African wild dogs tend to be very successful: often more than 60% of their chases end in a kill, sometimes up to 90%. Despite their smaller size, they are much more consistently successful than lion (27–30%) and hyena (25–30%), but African wild dogs commonly lose their kills to these two large predators. An analysis of 1,119 chases by a pack of six Okavango wild dogs showed that most were short distance uncoordinated chases, and the "individual" kill rate was only 15.5 percent. Because kills are shared, each dog enjoyed an efficient benefit–cost ratio.


title: African wild dog

text: Small prey such as rodents, hares and birds are hunted singly, with dangerous prey such as cane rats and porcupines being killed with a quick and well-placed bite to avoid injury. Small prey is eaten entirely, while large animals are stripped of their meat and organs, leaving the skin, head, and skeleton intact. The African wild dog is a fast eater, with a pack being able to consume a Thomson's gazelle in 15 minutes. In the wild, the species' consumption is per African wild dog a day, with one pack of 17–43 individuals in East Africa having been recorded to kill three animals per day on average.


title: African wild dog

text: Unlike most social predators, African wild dogs will regurgitate food for other adults as well as young family members. Pups old enough to eat solid food are given first priority at kills, eating even before the dominant pair; subordinate adult dogs help feed and protect the pups.


title: African wild dog

text: The African wild dog is mostly found in savanna and arid zones, generally avoiding forested areas. This preference is likely linked to the animal's hunting habits, which require open areas that do not obstruct vision or impede pursuit. Nevertheless, it will travel through scrub, woodland and montane areas in pursuit of prey. Forest-dwelling populations of African wild dogs have been identified, including one in the Harenna Forest, a wet montane forest up to in altitude in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia. At least one record exists of a pack being sighted on the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro. In Zimbabwe, the species has been recorded at altitudes of . In Ethiopia, this species has been found at great altitudes; several live wild dog packs have been sighted at altitudes of from 1,900 to 2,800 m, and a dead individual was found in June 1995 at on the Sanetti Plateau.


title: African wild dog

text: A species-wide study showed that by preference, where available, five species were the most regularly selected prey, namely the greater kudu, Thomson's gazelle, impala, Cape bushbuck and blue wildebeest. More specifically, in East Africa, its most common prey is Thomson's gazelle, while in Central and Southern Africa, it targets impala, reedbuck, kob, lechwe and springbok. and smaller prey such as dik-dik, hares, spring hares, insects and cane rats. Staple prey sizes are usually between , though some local studies put upper prey sizes as variously . In the case of larger species such as kudu and wildebeest, calves are largely but not exclusively targeted. However, certain packs in the Serengeti specialized in hunting adult plains zebras weighing up to quite frequently. Another study claimed that some prey taken by wild dogs could weigh up to . One pack was recorded to occasionally prey on bat-eared foxes, rolling on the carcasses before eating them. African wild dogs rarely scavenge, but have on occasion been observed to appropriate carcasses from spotted hyenas, leopards, cheetahs, lions, and animals caught in snares.


title: African wild dog

text: Lions dominate African wild dogs and are a major source of mortality for both adults and pups. Population densities of African wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant. One pack reintroduced into Etosha National Park was destroyed by lions. A population crash in lions in the Ngorongoro Crater during the 1960s resulted in an increase in African wild dog sightings, only for their numbers to decline once the lions recovered. As with other large predators killed by lion prides, the dogs are usually killed and left uneaten by the lions, indicating the competitive rather than predatory nature of the larger species' dominance. However, a few cases have been reported of old and wounded lions falling prey to African wild dogs. On occasion, packs of wild dogs have been observed defending pack members attacked by single lions, sometimes successfully. One pack in the Okavango in March 2016 was photographed by safari guides waging "an incredible fight" against a lioness that attacked a subadult dog at an impala kill, which forced the lioness to retreat, although the subadult dog died. A pack of four wild dogs was observed furiously defending an old adult male dog from a male lion that attacked it at a kill; the dog survived and rejoined the pack.


title: African wild dog

text: Spotted hyenas are important kleptoparasites and follow packs of African wild dogs to appropriate their kills. They typically inspect areas where African wild dogs have rested and eat any food remains they find. When approaching African wild dogs at a kill, solitary hyenas approach cautiously and attempt to take off with a piece of meat unnoticed, though they may be mobbed in the attempt. When operating in groups, spotted hyenas are more successful in pirating African wild dog kills, though the latter's greater tendency to assist each other puts them at an advantage against spotted hyenas, which rarely work cooperatively. Cases of African wild dogs scavenging from spotted hyenas are rare. Although African wild dog packs can easily repel solitary hyenas, on the whole, the relationship between the two species is a one-sided benefit for the hyenas, with African wild dog densities being negatively correlated with high hyena populations. Beyond piracy, cases of interspecific killing of African wild dogs by spotted hyenas are documented. African wild dogs are apex predators, normally only fatally losing contests to larger social carnivores, although anecdotally Nile crocodiles may opportunistically and rarely prey upon a wild dog. When briefly unprotected, wild dog pups may occasionally be vulnerable to large eagles, such as the martial eagle, when they venture out of their dens.


title: African wild dog

text: African wild dogs once ranged across much of sub-Saharan Africa, being absent only in the driest desert regions and lowland forests. The species has been largely exterminated in North and West Africa, and has been greatly reduced in number in Central Africa and northeast Africa. The majority of the species' population now occurs in Southern Africa and southern East Africa; more specifically in countries such as Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. However, it is hard to track where they are and how many there are because of the loss of habitat.


title: African wild dog

text: The species is very rare in North Africa, and whatever populations remain may be of high conservation value, as they are likely to be genetically distinct from other "L. pictus" populations.


title: African wild dog

text: The species is faring poorly in most of West Africa, with the only potentially viable population occurring in Senegal's Niokolo-Koba National Park. African wild dogs are occasionally sighted in other parts of Senegal, Guinea and Mali.


title: African wild dog

text: The species is doing poorly in Central Africa, being extinct in Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of Congo. The only viable populations occur in the Central African Republic, Chad and especially Cameroon.


title: African wild dog

text: The African wild dog's range in East Africa is patchy, having been eradicated in Uganda and much of Kenya. A small population occupies an area encompassing southern Ethiopia, South Sudan, northern Kenya and probably northern Uganda. The species may still occur in small numbers in southern Somalia and it is almost certainly extinct in Rwanda, Burundi and Eritrea. Nevertheless, it remains somewhat numerous in southern Tanzania, particularly in the Selous Game Reserve and Mikumi National Park, both of which are occupied by what could be Africa's largest African wild dog population.


title: African wild dog

text: Southern Africa contains numerous viable African wild dog populations, one of which encompasses northern Botswana, northeastern Namibia and western Zimbabwe. In South Africa, around 400 specimens occur in the country's Kruger National Park. Zambia holds two large populations, one in Kafue National Park and another in the Luangwa Valley. However, the species is rare in Malawi and probably extinct in Mozambique.


title: African wild dog

text: The African wild dog is primarily threatened by habitat fragmentation, which results in human–wildlife conflict, transmission of infectious diseases and high mortality rates.


title: African wild dog

text: Surveys in the Central African Republic's Chinko area revealed that the African wild dog population decreased from 160 individuals in 2012 to 26 individuals in 2017. At the same time, transhumant pastoralists from the border area with Sudan moved in the area with their livestock. Rangers confiscated large amounts of poison and found multiple lion cadavers in the camps of livestock herders. They were accompanied by armed merchants who also engage in poaching large herbivores, sale of bushmeat and trading lion skins.


title: African wild dog

text: Artistic depictions of African wild dogs are prominent on cosmetic palettes and other objects from Egypt's predynastic period, likely symbolising order over chaos and the transition between the wild and the domestic dog. Predynastic hunters may have also identified with the African wild dog, as the Hunters Palette shows them wearing the animals' tails on their belts. By the dynastic period, African wild dog illustrations became much less represented, and the animal's symbolic role was largely taken over by the wolf.


title: African wild dog

text: According to Enno Littmann, the people of Ethiopia's Tigray Region believed that injuring a wild dog with a spear would result in the animal dipping its tail in its wounds and flicking the blood at its assailant, causing instant death. For this reason, Tigrean shepherds would repel wild dog attacks with pebbles rather than with edged weapons.


title: African wild dog

text: The African wild dog also plays a prominent role in the mythology of Southern Africa's San people. In one story, the wild dog is indirectly linked to the origin of death, as the hare is cursed by the moon to be forever hunted by African wild dogs after the hare rebuffs the moon's promise to allow all living things to be reborn after death. Another story has the god Cagn taking revenge on the other gods by sending a group of men transformed into African wild dogs to attack them, though who won the battle is never revealed. The San of Botswana see the African wild dog as the ultimate hunter and traditionally believe that shamans and medicine men can transform themselves into wild dogs. Some San hunters will smear African wild dog bodily fluids on their feet before a hunt, believing that doing so will give them the animal's boldness and agility. Nevertheless, the species does not figure prominently in San rock art, with the only notable example being a frieze in Mount Erongo showing a pack hunting two antelopes.


title: African wild dog

text: The Ndebele have a story explaining why the African wild dog hunts in packs: in the beginning, when the first wild dog's wife was sick, the other animals were concerned. An impala went to Hare, who was a medicine man. Hare gave Impala a calabash of medicine, warning him not to turn back on the way to Wild Dog's den. Impala was startled by the scent of a leopard and turned back, spilling the medicine. A zebra then went to Hare, who gave him the same medicine along with the same advice. On the way, Zebra turned back when he saw a black mamba, thus breaking the gourd. A moment later, a terrible howling is heard: Wild Dog's wife had died. Wild Dog went outside and saw Zebra standing over the broken gourd of medicine, so Wild Dog and his family chased Zebra and tore him to shreds. To this day, African wild dogs hunt zebras and impalas as revenge for their failure to deliver the medicine which could have saved Wild Dog's wife.


title: Robert Loggia

text: Salvatore "Robert" Loggia ( , ; January 3, 1930 – December 4, 2015) was an American actor. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for "Jagged Edge" (1985) and won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor for "Big" (1988).


title: Robert Loggia

text: In a career spanning over sixty years, Loggia performed in many films, including "The Greatest Story Ever Told" (1965), three "Pink Panther" films, "An Officer and a Gentleman" (1982), "Scarface" (1982), "Prizzi's Honor" (1985), "Oliver & Company" (1988), "Innocent Blood" (1992), "Independence Day" (1996), "Lost Highway" (1997), "Return to Me" (2000), and "Tim and Eric's Billion Dollar Movie" (2012). He also appeared on television series including


title: Robert Loggia

text: the Walt Disney limited series, "The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca" (starring role-1958), "Mancuso, FBI" (in which he starred-1989–1990), "Malcolm in the Middle" (2001), "The Sopranos" (2004), "Men of a Certain Age" (2011), and was also the star of the groundbreaking 1966–67 NBC martial arts / action series, "T.H.E. Cat".


title: Robert Loggia

text: Loggia was born in Staten Island, New York, on January 3, 1930, to Biagio Loggia, a shoemaker born in Palma di Montechiaro, Province of Agrigento, Sicily, and Elena Blandino, a homemaker born in Vittoria, Province of Ragusa, Sicily. He grew up in the Little Italy neighborhood, where the family spoke Italian at home. He graduated from New Dorp High School before taking courses at Wagner College. In 1951, he earned a degree in journalism from University of Missouri. He later studied acting with Alvina Krause at Northwestern University.


title: Robert Loggia

text: After serving in the United States Army during the Korean War, he married Marjorie Sloan in 1954 and began a long career at the Actors Studio, studying under Stella Adler.


title: Robert Loggia

text: Although Loggia made his first film, "Somebody Up There Likes Me" (1956), in an uncredited appearance, it was not until he was cast as a New Mexico lawman Elfego Baca, two years later, that he made a breakthrough in Hollywood. Loggia was a radio and TV anchor on the Southern Command Network in the Panama Canal Zone, and he came to prominence playing a real-life sheriff in "The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca", a series of Walt Disney TV shows. He later starred as the proverbial cat-burglar-turned-good circus artist Thomas Hewitt Edward Cat in a short-lived detective series called "T.H.E. Cat", first broadcast in 1966. At first, "T.H.E. Cat" appeared to be a success, Loggia said: "We're drawing about a 30 per cent share of the audience, which NBC considers fine for a new show with a new star." After NBC cancelled the series when viewing figures failed to deliver, Loggia went into a mid-life crisis—a "Dante-esque descent into the inferno", as he called it later. For six years his career foundered, and his marriage fell apart. Restless and unnerved, constantly riddled with self-doubt, a chance meeting with Audrey O'Brien was his saving grace. She helped him out of the crisis, and they later married. Despite playing Frank Carver on the CBS soap opera "The Secret Storm" in 1972, he took a new course when he decided to begin a career in directing.


title: Robert Loggia

text: He also carried on acting and amassed many television credits in a variety of roles, including appearances on "Overland Trail", "", "The Untouchables", "The Eleventh Hour", "Breaking Point", "Combat!", "Custer", "Columbo", "Ellery Queen", "The High Chaparral", "Gunsmoke", "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", "The Big Valley", "The Wild Wild West", "Rawhide", "Little House on the Prairie", "The Rockford Files", "Starsky & Hutch", "Charlie's Angels", "Magnum, P.I.", "Quincy, M.E.", "Kojak", "Hawaii Five-0", "The Six Million Dollar Man", "The Bionic Woman", "Falcon Crest", "Frasier", "The Sopranos", "Monk", and Oliver Stone's miniseries "Wild Palms".


title: Robert Loggia

text: The director Blake Edwards often cast Loggia in his films in minor or supporting roles. These included "Revenge of the Pink Panther" (1978) and other Pink Panther sequels, and "S.O.B." (1981), which was a satire about Hollywood.


title: Robert Loggia

text: In 1983, Loggia played Frank Lopez, a drug dealer who was one of the main supporting characters and antagonists in the film "Scarface", which is often considered a Hollywood classic film.


title: Robert Loggia

text: Loggia also acted in several widely acclaimed films such as "An Officer and a Gentleman" (1982), "Prizzi's Honor" (1985), and "Independence Day" (1996). Other films starring Loggia include "Over The Top" (1987), "Necessary Roughness" (1991), and "Return to Me" (2000).


title: Robert Loggia

text: Loggia was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of crusty private detective Sam Ransom in the crime thriller "Jagged Edge" (1985). He was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, his first such honor, for portraying FBI agent Nick Mancuso in the TV series "Mancuso, FBI" (1989–1990), a follow-up to the previous year's miniseries "Favorite Son" (1988). Loggia appeared as a mobster in multiple films, including Bill Sykes, the immoral loanshark and shipyard agent in Disney's animated film "Oliver & Company" (1988), Salvatore "The Shark" Macelli in John Landis' "Innocent Blood" (1992), Mr. Eddy in David Lynch's "Lost Highway" (1997), and Don Vito Leoni in David Jablin's "The Don's Analyst" (1997). Additionally, he played violent mobster Feech La Manna in several episodes of "The Sopranos".


title: Robert Loggia

text: In 1998, Loggia appeared in a television commercial lampooning obscure celebrity endorsements. In it, a young boy names Loggia as someone he would trust to recommend Minute Maid orange-tangerine blend. Loggia instantly appears and endorses the drink, to which the boy exclaims, "Whoa, Robert Loggia!" The commercial was later referenced in a "Malcolm in the Middle" episode in which Loggia made a guest appearance as "Grandpa Victor" (for which he received his second Emmy nomination); in it, Loggia drinks some orange juice, then spits it out and complains about the presence of pulp.


title: Robert Loggia

text: In addition to voicing Sykes in Disney's "Oliver & Company", Loggia had several other voice acting roles, in multiple media, including: Admiral Petrarch in the computer game "FreeSpace 2" (1999) and the anime movie "The Dog of Flanders" (1997), crooked cop Ray Machowski in the video game "Grand Theft Auto III" (2001), and a recurring role on the Adult Swim animated TV comedy series "Tom Goes to the Mayor" (2004–2006).


title: Robert Loggia

text: In August 2009, Loggia appeared in one of Apple's "Get a Mac" advertisements. The advertisement features Loggia as a personal trainer hired by PC to get him back on top of his game. On October 26, 2009, TVGuide.com announced Loggia had joined the cast of the TNT series "Men of a Certain Age".


title: Robert Loggia

text: Loggia also appeared in two episodes of the animated series "Family Guy" as himself; in the episode ""Brothers and Sisters"", after Mayor West tells his fiancé Carol he has "aides" (which Carol mistakes for AIDS), before he clarifies that he is referring to his assistants; West then remarks that they both have AIDS, and the scene cuts to Loggia, angrily responding "NOT OKAY!". In the episode ""Call Girl"", he is seen twice denoting the passage of time in boring events. The script would cut away to Loggia saying "Eight f***ing hours later", then back to the story, further along in the plot. In 2012, Loggia portrayed Saint Peter during his final imprisonment in "The Apostle Peter and the Last Supper". Loggia partnered with Canadian entrepreneur Frank D'Angelo from 2013, appearing in three films ("Real Gangsters", "The Big Fat Stone", and "No Depo$it"), with a fourth film in production ("Sicilian Vampire") at the time of Loggia's death.


title: Robert Loggia

text: Loggia reprised his role from "Independence Day", General William Grey, in a cameo appearance alongside his wife, Audrey, in the 2016 sequel "", filmed shortly before his death. The film was released posthumously and dedicated to him.


title: Robert Loggia

text: Loggia was married to Marjorie Sloan from 1954 to 1981, with whom he had three children. Loggia and Sloan were divorced in 1981. In 1982, Loggia married Audrey O'Brien, a business executive and the mother of his stepdaughter Cynthia Marlette. Loggia and O'Brien remained married until his death in 2015.


title: Robert Loggia

text: In 2010, Loggia was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died on December 4, 2015, due to complications from the disease, at his home in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, at the age of 85. He is interred at the Westwood Memorial Park.


title: Robert Loggia

text: In 2010, Loggia was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in recognition of his humanitarian efforts.


title: Robert Loggia

text: On December 17, 2011, Loggia was honored by his alma mater, the University of Missouri, with an honorary degree for his career and his humanitarian efforts.


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Harry Jon Benjamin (born May 23, 1966) is an American actor, comedian, writer, producer and musician. Benjamin is primarily known for his voice roles in adult animated series, such as Sterling Archer in "Archer", Bob Belcher in "Bob's Burgers", Carl in "Family Guy", Ben in "Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist", Kevin in "O'Grady", Satan in "Lucy, the Daughter of the Devil" and Coach McGuirk and Jason Penopolis in "Home Movies". Benjamin was named 2014's male comedy performer of the year at "Vulture"'s TV Awards for his work in "Bob's Burgers" and "Archer". He also performs in the 2001 satirical comedy film, "Wet Hot American Summer", its subsequent 2015 television series, "" and the final installment of the franchise, the 2017 mini series, "".


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Benjamin was born on May 23, 1966, to a Jewish family in Worcester, Massachusetts. His father, Howard, was CEO of an electric company, and his mother, Shirley, was a former ballet dancer who taught dance at a studio. He graduated from Worcester Academy in 1984 and Connecticut College in 1988.


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Benjamin's comedy career began in Boston, where he was in a comedy duo with Sam Seder, then a member of Cross Comedy, a comedy team led by David Cross. For the first seven years of his career, Benjamin almost exclusively worked in groups rather than independently. Afterward, his independent work remained more experimental, rejecting traditional styles of stand-up comedy.


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Benjamin's live projects include the "Midnight Pajama Jam", a show performed in New York City with Jon Glaser and "Tinkle," a show combining stand-up comedy and live music, co-hosted by Todd Barry and David Cross. A "Midnight Pajama Jam" DVD is currently in production. Benjamin and Cross appear together on the album "Invite Them Up".


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: He was the guest on "Space Ghost Coast to Coast" in its eighty-first episode, "King Dead" on December 17, 1999, where Zorak and Moltar kidnapped him. He has appeared in the television show "Cheap Seats", on ESPN Classic, as "Gene Stapleton" and "Rabbi Marc Shalowitz". He co-starred in Todd Barry's short film "Borrowing Saffron" and portrayed a talking can of vegetables with a shameful habit of autofellatio in the film "Wet Hot American Summer". He made short cameos in "Not Another Teen Movie" as the football trainer and on the FX Network comedy drama "Rescue Me" as the pimp "F-bomb" in season two. He can be seen in "Turbocharge-the Unauthorized Story of the Cars", a comedy biopic about the '80s rock band The Cars, playing the role of Cars' manager Elliot Roberts in his usual deadpan comedic delivery.


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Benjamin has done extensive voice work in animated TV shows. His credits include starring roles in several Soup2Nuts cartoon shows, such as "Science Court", "Home Movies", "O'Grady", "Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist" and "Assy McGee". He co-created "Freak Show" with David Cross. Benjamin starred as the Devil and multiple other roles in "Lucy, the Daughter of the Devil", which ran for one season on Adult Swim beginning September 9, 2007. Benjamin plays a recurring character on the PBS Kids series "WordGirl" and is the announcer for "The Sam Seder Show" and "The Majority Report." He did the voice of "Shelly," Sam Seder's accountant, on "Breakroom Live with Maron & Seder".


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Benjamin has made guest appearances in several animated shows. He was in the "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" episodes "Bus of the Undead" and "The Last One" as Mothmonsterman, in "Broodwich" as Mr. Sticks, in "Bible Fruit" as Mortimer Mango and played the live-action role of Master Shake in "Last Last One Forever and Ever," credited as Capt. Turd Mahoy. He made a cameo appearance as a government agent in the film "Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters" alongside frequent collaborator Jon Glaser. He has appeared in "Family Guy" as Carl, a movie trivia obsessed convenience store clerk who portrayed Yoda in the "Star Wars" parody episode "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side."


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Other appearances include "The Venture Bros.", in the episodes "Escape to the House of Mummies Part II," "I Know Why the Caged Bird Kills" and "The Better Man," in which he played Dr. Orpheus's master—who appears in the form of Cerberus, Catherine the Great's horse and, in "The Better Man," both Dr. Orpheus's ex-wife and a future Dean Venture, respectively. He appeared in the "Stella" short "Bar," which can be found as an easter egg on the Season 1 DVD. Benjamin appeared on the Comedy Central sketch/variety show "Important Things with Demetri Martin".


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: In 2009, Benjamin and David Cross created and wrote for "Paid Programming", a live-action pilot for Cartoon Network's late night programing block, Adult Swim. "Paid Programming" was not picked up for a full series and Benjamin referred to it as an "abject failure".


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Benjamin was featured in a Super Bowl XLIII Bud Light commercial with Conan O'Brien and was responsible for the McCain Girls videos on YouTube. He voices Sterling Archer, a secret agent in the FX series "Archer" that first aired January 14, 2010. He has appeared in several segments of the television show "Human Giant" and had a cameo in the "American Dad!" episode "License to Till" as a talking head of cabbage.


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Benjamin starred in the Comedy Central series "Jon Benjamin Has a Van", which he co-created with comedian Leo Allen. The series debuted on May 14, 2011; a total of 10 episodes aired, the last on August 10, 2011.


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Beginning in 2013, Benjamin's voice can be heard as the narrator of a series of TV commercials for Coke Zero, including some with tie-ins to ESPN's "College Game Day" program.


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: In 2014, Benjamin was named as the year's best male comedy performer for his work on "Bob's Burgers" and "Archer" by the Vulture TV Awards, a digital expansion of "New York" magazine.


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: In 2015, despite not knowing how to play any instrument, Benjamin released his first jazz album, "Well, I Should Have...". Benjamin "played" piano and was joined by Scott Kreitzer on sax, David Finck on bass and Jonathan Preitz on drums.


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Benjamin wrote a comedic autobiography "Failure is an Option: An Attempted Memoir", which was published by Penguin Random House in May 2018. He also narrated the audiobook.


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: In March 2020, Benjamin was the voice of Saddam Hussein in "Blowback", a podcast about the Iraq War created and hosted by Brendan James and Noah Kulwin.


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Benjamin was named "Harry" after his paternal grandfather, but his family has always called him by his middle name "Jon"; in his early years, he was unaware of his actual first name. He has said that the inclusion of his first initial in the credits on "Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist" was done without his consent by co-star Laura Silverman "just to make fun of me."


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: Benjamin's longtime partner is set decorator Amy Beth Silver. They have a son, Judah, and live in Brooklyn.


title: H. Jon Benjamin

text: In January 2020, Benjamin endorsed Bernie Sanders for president and narrated a series of videos on Sanders's health care proposals. In September 2020, Benjamin voiced an animated version of himself to promote the launch video for the Gravel Institute's YouTube channel.


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: Pistol is a British biographical drama miniseries created by Craig Pearce for FX that follows Sex Pistols guitarist Steve Jones and the band's rise to prominence and notoriety. The series was announced in January 2021, and was directed by Danny Boyle. It premiered on Hulu on May 31, 2022.


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: The six-part series follows Sex Pistols guitarist Steve Jones and the band's rise to prominence and notoriety.


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: The series, created by Craig Pearce, was given a six-episode order from FX in January 2021, with Danny Boyle directing all six episodes. Toby Wallace was cast to play Jones, with Maisie Williams among the supporting cast. Thomas Brodie-Sangster, Talulah Riley and Iris Law would join in March as filming began. Production occurred in Hemel Hempstead, Folkestone (and nearby village of Sandgate), Dover, Deal, and London.


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: The limited series premiered with all six episodes on Hulu on May 31, 2022, and Disney+ (Star) in the UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. The limited series is also planned for Star+ in Latin America and Disney+ (Star) in all other territories.


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: The concert footage and musical scenes were recorded live, without overdubbing or studio effects, and the actors portraying the Sex Pistols and Chrissie Hynde played the instruments and performed their own vocals. Since they were neophytes (Slater (Cook) had experience fronting bands but not drumming), they had to quickly become proficient.


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: Wallace (Jones), Slater (Cook), and Chandler (Hynde) had the benefit of meeting with their counterparts. Boon could not meet with Rotten due to the latter's disavowal of the project, but he closely studied Rotten's stage presence in order to replicate, and also read the books authored by Rotten. Jones also met with creator and writer Pearce to answer questions and provide his input. Cook was actively involved in the series, and gave his input as needed.


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: Production designer Kave Quinn studied Julien Temple's documentary "The Filth and the Fury" as well as Andrew Marr's BBC docuseries "The Making of Modern Britain" in order to portray London as it was in the 1970s.


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: "Esquire" magazine said that "the commitment to the punk ethos of the Sex Pistols comes through in the making of the film itself." Director Boyle would let the actors run through scenes and entire performances, not using a traditional shot list. He matched the energy of punk by using cinema techniques such as split-screen editing, flashbacks, archival footage, freeze-frames, gaudy dreamscapes, and slow-motion.


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: In 2021, while the series was still in production, Sex Pistols frontman John Lydon criticized the series, branding it as "The most disrespectful shit I've ever had to endure". Former bandmates Steve Jones and Paul Cook sued Lydon to allow Sex Pistols music to be used in the series despite Lydon's objections. They said they had the support of Glen Matlock, the estate of Sid Vicious, and cited a 1998 agreement that allowed a majority decision among band members. Lydon lost the legal battle that August.


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 54% approval rating based on 24 critic reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Danny Boyle's frenzied direction brings plenty of energy to this punk biography, but the rote conventions of a band's rise and fall make "Pistol" something of a misfire." On Metacritic, the series has a score of 59 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: Angie Han from "Hollywood Reporter" wrote positively that ""Pistol" does do better than some in breathing a bit of life into that formula, first and foremost through a pair of exceptional performances...by Anson Boon, the intense 22-year old playing front man Johnny Rotten. If John is its [the show's] soul, Malcolm McClaren is its calculating brain. As played by Thomas Brodie-Sanger, he's a Svengali so relentlessly charming, that...[he] turns manipulation into an art form itself."


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: "Empire"s Beth Webb felt that "the performances vary in strength - but the collective scrappy energy of the ensemble under the director's guidance is undeniable."


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: "NME"s El Hunt gave a mixed review: ""Pistol" could've gone further - as much as it explores the pitfalls of rock'n'roll mythology, it occasionally falls into the very same trappings that it tries to scrutinize. But, taken at face value, this is a high-energy and creatively pieced-together look back on how punk rock, with Sex Pistols at the vanguard, swept the UK and beyond.


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: Jim Sullivan of "Book and Film Globe" wrote that "there's a verisimilitude here. Most of the time, you can suspend disbelief and feel like you're in on the scheme, observing the band as they stumble, scrap and score. There was a cartoonish element to the Pistols. But there's a richness and complexity to them as well and Boyle mines that. Boyle puts the Pistols at the forefront of the punk movement and I've got no quarrel with that, but he fails, by and large, to place them into the larger context of the punk explosion happening all around England: The Clash, The Jam, The Damned, many more. Yes, you get the sense that there's a wave of punk rock going on, but the Pistols seem insular and far more isolated from it than they were in reality.


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: Madison Bloom from "Pitchfork" was negative: ""Pistol"s script is full of grand manifestos and pep talks that turn flashes of rebellion into rote history lessons ... the screenwriter seems petrified that the audience will miss something...certain phrases are repeated to a comical degree...Boyle commits the same crime of over-explaining... With its ham-fisted dialogue and gaudy editing, the new FX/Hulu show "Pistol" offers a sanitized kind of anarchy."


title: Pistol (miniseries)

text: "Deadline Hollywood"s Dominic Patter asserted that "Even with sneering classics like "God Save the Queen" in the well-crafted soundtrack mix...[the film] limps along when it should roar ... [it] gets jammed up in the contradictions of the Sex Pistols where it could have reveled in them with revolutionary enthusiasm and clear eyes."


title: Linux kernel

text: The Linux kernel is a free and open-source, monolithic, modular, multitasking, Unix-like operating system kernel. It was originally authored in 1991 by Linus Torvalds for his i386-based PC, and it was soon adopted as the kernel for the GNU operating system, which was written to be a free (libre) replacement for Unix.


title: Linux kernel

text: Linux is provided under the GNU General Public License version 2 only, but it contains files under other compatible licenses.


title: Linux kernel

text: Since the late 1990s, it has been included as part of a large number of operating system distributions, many of which are commonly also called Linux.