title: Documentary film

text: Films in the documentary form without words have been made. "Listen to Britain", directed by Humphrey Jennings and Stuart McAllister in 1942, is a wordless meditation on wartime Britain. From 1982, the Qatsi trilogy and the similar "Baraka" could be described as visual tone poems, with music related to the images, but no spoken content. "Koyaanisqatsi" (part of the Qatsi trilogy) consists primarily of slow motion and time-lapse photography of cities and many natural landscapes across the United States. "Baraka" tries to capture the great pulse of humanity as it flocks and swarms in daily activity and religious ceremonies.


title: Documentary film

text: The 2004 film "Genesis" shows animal and plant life in states of expansion, decay, sex, and death, with some, but little, narration.


title: Documentary film

text: The traditional style for narration is to have a dedicated narrator read a script which is dubbed onto the audio track. The narrator never appears on camera and may not necessarily have knowledge of the subject matter or involvement in the writing of the script.


title: Documentary film

text: This style of narration uses title screens to visually narrate the documentary. The screens are held for about 5–10 seconds to allow adequate time for the viewer to read them. They are similar to the ones shown at the end of movies based on true stories, but they are shown throughout, typically between scenes.


title: Documentary film

text: In this style, there is a host who appears on camera, conducts interviews, and who also does voice-overs.


title: Documentary film

text: The release of "The Act of Killing" (2012) directed by Joshua Oppenheimer has introduced possibilities for emerging forms of the hybrid documentary. Traditional documentary filmmaking typically removes signs of fictionalization to distinguish itself from fictional film genres. Audiences have recently become more distrustful of the media's traditional fact production, making them more receptive to experimental ways of telling facts. The hybrid documentary implements truth games to challenge traditional fact production. Although it is fact-based, the hybrid documentary is not explicit about what should be understood, creating an open dialogue between subject and audience. Clio Barnard's "The Arbor" (2010), Joshua Oppenheimer's "The Act of Killing" (2012), Mads Brügger's "The Ambassador", and Alma Har'el's "Bombay Beach" (2011) are a few notable examples.


title: Documentary film

text: Docufiction is a hybrid genre from two basic ones, fiction film and documentary, practiced since the first documentary films were made.


title: Documentary film

text: Fake-fiction is a genre which deliberately presents real, unscripted events in the form of a fiction film, making them appear as staged. The concept was introduced by Pierre Bismuth to describe his 2016 film "Where is Rocky II?"


title: Documentary film

text: A DVD documentary is a documentary film of indeterminate length that has been produced with the sole intent of releasing it for direct sale to the public on DVD, as different from a documentary being made and released first on television or on a cinema screen (a.k.a. theatrical release) and subsequently on DVD for public consumption.


title: Documentary film

text: This form of documentary release is becoming more popular and accepted as costs and difficulty with finding TV or theatrical release slots increases. It is also commonly used for more "specialist" documentaries, which might not have general interest to a wider TV audience. Examples are military, cultural arts, transport, sports, etc.


title: Documentary film

text: Compilation films were pioneered in 1927 by Esfir Schub with "The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty". More recent examples include "Point of Order!" (1964), directed by Emile de Antonio about the McCarthy hearings. Similarly, "The Last Cigarette" combines the testimony of various tobacco company executives before the U.S. Congress with archival propaganda extolling the virtues of smoking.


title: Documentary film

text: Poetic documentaries, which first appeared in the 1920s, were a sort of reaction against both the content and the rapidly crystallizing grammar of the early fiction film. The poetic mode moved away from continuity editing and instead organized images of the material world by means of associations and patterns, both in terms of time and space. Well-rounded characters—"lifelike people"—were absent; instead, people appeared in these films as entities, just like any other, that are found in the material world. The films were fragmentary, impressionistic, lyrical. Their disruption of the coherence of time and space—a coherence favored by the fiction films of the day—can also be seen as an element of the modernist counter-model of cinematic narrative. The "real world"—Nichols calls it the "historical world"—was broken up into fragments and aesthetically reconstituted using film form. Examples of this style include Joris Ivens' "Rain" (1928), which records a passing summer shower over Amsterdam; László Moholy-Nagy's "Play of Light: Black, White, Grey (1930)", in which he films one of his own kinetic sculptures, emphasizing not the sculpture itself but the play of light around it; Oskar Fischinger's abstract animated films; Francis Thompson's "N.Y., N.Y." (1957), a city symphony film; and Chris Marker's "Sans Soleil" (1982).


title: Documentary film

text: Expository documentaries speak directly to the viewer, often in the form of an authoritative commentary employing voiceover or titles, proposing a strong argument and point of view. These films are rhetorical, and try to persuade the viewer. (They may use a rich and sonorous male voice.) The (voice-of-God) commentary often sounds "objective" and omniscient. Images are often not paramount; they exist to advance the argument. The rhetoric insistently presses upon us to read the images in a certain fashion. Historical documentaries in this mode deliver an unproblematic and "objective" account and interpretation of past events.


title: Documentary film

text: Examples: TV shows and films like "Biography", "America's Most Wanted", many science and nature documentaries, Ken Burns' "The Civil War" (1990), Robert Hughes' "The Shock of the New" (1980), John Berger's "Ways Of Seeing" (1974), Frank Capra's wartime "Why We Fight" series, and Pare Lorentz's "The Plow That Broke The Plains" (1936).


title: Documentary film

text: Observational documentaries attempt to spontaneously observe their subjects with minimal intervention. Filmmakers who worked in this subgenre often saw the poetic mode as too abstract and the expository mode as too didactic. The first observational docs date back to the 1960s; the technological developments which made them possible include mobile lightweight cameras and portable sound recording equipment for synchronized sound. Often, this mode of film eschewed voice-over commentary, post-synchronized dialogue and music, or re-enactments. The films aimed for immediacy, intimacy, and revelation of individual human character in ordinary life situations.


title: Documentary film

text: Participatory documentaries believe that it is impossible for the act of filmmaking to not influence or alter the events being filmed. What these films do is emulate the approach of the anthropologist: participant-observation. Not only is the filmmaker part of the film, we also get a sense of how situations in the film are affected or altered by their presence. Nichols: "The filmmaker steps out from behind the cloak of voice-over commentary, steps away from poetic meditation, steps down from a fly-on-the-wall perch, and becomes a social actor (almost) like any other. (Almost like any other because the filmmaker retains the camera, and with it, a certain degree of potential power and control over events.)" The encounter between filmmaker and subject becomes a critical element of the film. Rouch and Morin named the approach cinéma vérité, translating Dziga Vertov's kinopravda into French; the "truth" refers to the truth of the encounter rather than some absolute truth.


title: Documentary film

text: Reflexive documentaries do not see themselves as a transparent window on the world; instead, they draw attention to their own constructedness, and the fact that they are representations. How does the world get represented by documentary films? This question is central to this subgenre of films. They prompt us to "question the authenticity of documentary in general." It is the most self-conscious of all the modes, and is highly skeptical of "realism". It may use Brechtian alienation strategies to jar us, in order to "defamiliarize" what we are seeing and how we are seeing it.


title: Documentary film

text: Performative documentaries stress subjective experience and emotional response to the world. They are strongly personal, unconventional, perhaps poetic and/or experimental, and might include hypothetical enactments of events designed to make us experience what it might be like for us to possess a certain specific perspective on the world that is not our own, e.g. that of black, gay men in Marlon Riggs's "Tongues Untied" (1989) or Jenny Livingston's "Paris Is Burning" (1991). This subgenre might also lend itself to certain groups (e.g. women, ethnic minorities, gays and lesbians, etc.) to "speak about themselves". Often, a battery of techniques, many borrowed from fiction or avant-garde films, are used. Performative docs often link up personal accounts or experiences with larger political or historical realities.


title: Documentary film

text: Documentaries are shown in schools around the world in order to educate students. Used to introduce various topics to children, they are often used with a school lesson or shown many times to reinforce an idea.


title: Documentary film

text: There are several challenges associated with translation of documentaries. The main two are working conditions and problems with terminology.


title: Documentary film

text: Documentary translators very often have to meet tight deadlines. Normally, the translator has between five and seven days to hand over the translation of a 90-minute programme. Dubbing studios typically give translators a week to translate a documentary, but in order to earn a good salary, translators have to deliver their translations in a much shorter period, usually when the studio decides to deliver the final programme to the client sooner or when the broadcasting channel sets a tight deadline, e.g. on documentaries discussing the latest news.


title: Documentary film

text: Another problem is the lack of postproduction script or the poor quality of the transcription. A correct transcription is essential for a translator to do their work properly, however many times the script is not even given to the translator, which is a major impediment since documentaries are characterised by "the abundance of terminological units and very specific proper names". When the script is given to the translator, it is usually poorly transcribed or outright incorrect making the translation unnecessarily difficult and demanding because all of the proper names and specific terminology have to be correct in a documentary programme in order for it to be a reliable source of information, hence the translator has to check every term on their own. Such mistakes in proper names are for instance: "Jungle Reinhard instead of Django Reinhart, Jorn Asten instead of Jane Austen, and Magnus Axle instead of Aldous Huxley".


title: Documentary film

text: The process of translation of a documentary programme requires working with very specific, often scientific terminology. Documentary translators are not usually specialists in a given field. Therefore, they are compelled to undertake extensive research whenever asked to make a translation of a specific documentary programme in order to understand it correctly and deliver the final product free of mistakes and inaccuracies. Generally, documentaries contain a large number of specific terms, with which translators have to familiarise themselves on their own, for example:


title: Documentary film

text: The documentary "Beetles, Record Breakers" makes use of 15 different terms to refer to beetles in less than 30 minutes (longhorn beetle, cellar beetle, stag beetle, burying beetle or gravediggers, sexton beetle, tiger beetle, bloody nose beetle, tortoise beetle, diving beetle, devil's coach horse, weevil, click beetle, malachite beetle, oil beetle, cockchafer), apart from mentioning other animals such as horseshoe bats or meadow brown butterflies.


title: Documentary film

text: This poses a real challenge for the translators because they have to render the meaning, i.e. find an equivalent, of a very specific, scientific term in the target language and frequently the narrator uses a more general name instead of a specific term and the translator has to rely on the image presented in the programme to understand which term is being discussed in order to transpose it in the target language accordingly. Additionally, translators of minorised languages often have to face another problem: some terms may not even exist in the target language. In such cases, they have to create new terminology or consult specialists to find proper solutions. Also, sometimes the official nomenclature differs from the terminology used by actual specialists, which leaves the translator to decide between using the official vocabulary that can be found in the dictionary, or rather opting for spontaneous expressions used by real experts in real life situations.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: Minions () are a male species of fictional yellow creatures that appear in Illumination's "Despicable Me" franchise. They are characterized by their childlike behavior and their language, which is largely unintelligible.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: The Minions serve as the official mascots for Illumination, and have also been described by "The New York Times" as "corporate icons" for Comcast in the years since their 2013 purchase of Illumination's parent company NBCUniversal; similar to Mickey Mouse for The Walt Disney Company, Bugs Bunny for Warner Bros. Discovery, SpongeBob SquarePants for Paramount Global, or Woody Woodpecker for Universal Studios.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: Kevin, Stuart, and Bob are three of the most familiar minions, who appear as stars in the film "Minions" (2015) and its sequel "" (2022). Many other Minions are mentioned by name in the films and other media in the franchise. They were created by art director Eric Guillon, who worked on several Illumination films.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: The Minions are small, yellow capsule-shaped creatures with round gray glasses. They are depicted as being roughly one-third to one-half the height of humans but they were later revealed to be tall. They have one or two eyes, and their irises are almost always brown (except for Bob, who has one green and one brown eye). There appears to be no other difference between the two types beyond the number and color of eyes, and their height. They have no discernible noses but seem capable of smelling, as they are shown smelling fruit and are affected by the Fart Gun. They are also shown without ears but can hear and respond to sounds. Most Minions appear either bald or with a few wispy strands of black hair on their heads. After leaving their home country of Switzerland in favor of a new life in America during the late 1960s, their clothing consists of blue overalls emblazoned with Gru's logo, black rubber gloves, shoes, and goggles.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: While shown as somewhat absent-minded and having very mischievous streaks, they also possess exceptional engineering abilities, being able to design and construct spaceships and playthings for Gru's adopted daughters, particularly the youngest, Agnes. "Minions", the 2015 animated feature film, shows that they have existed since the beginning of life on Earth. Minions are biologically wired to seek out and serve the most terrible of villains; when they have no "boss" to serve, they become depressed and listless. They are also shown to have a degree of invulnerability, as Kevin, Stuart and Bob are able to survive a European torture chamber without any injuries, even playing with the torture devices. In the 2010 short film "Banana", the Minions are revealed to have an almost uncontrollable craving for fruit, especially bananas.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: Minions mostly speak incomprehensible (to the audience, but understandable to the human characters in the films) gibberish, which is partly derived from other languages, including French, English, Japanese, Korean, Italian, Spanish, and German. Although seemingly nonsensical, the English-sounding dialogue is dubbed differently for every country, in order to make the sounds somewhat recognizable. They have common English-language names, such as Dave (one of the first known minions in the franchise), Kevin, Stuart, Bob (the lead trio in "Minions" and ""), Mel (the leader of the Minions in "Despicable Me 3"), and Otto (the fourth lead Minion in "Minions: The Rise of Gru").


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: Since the release of the "Despicable Me" films, the Minions' popularity has been rising. The Minions have been regularly featured in cross-promotions for other Comcast/NBCUniversal properties, including Universal theme parks, NBC primetime TV series and an Xfinity remote control.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: "Minion versions" of the Simpson family appeared at the end of "The Simpsons" episode "Treehouse of Horror XXV", which aired on October 19, 2014.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: The Minions appeared in three episodes of "Family Guy". In "Inside Family Guy", which aired on October 23, 2016, Peter Griffin gets to take part in his true passion of weaving sexually explicit tapestries featuring the Minions. In "Peter's Lost Youth", which aired on March 26, 2017, to look like a big spender while on a baseball fantasy camp weekend with Lois Griffin, Peter offers to loan her his Minions Discover card. In "Bri, Robot" which aired on February 10, 2019, Peter gives Brian Griffin a DVD copy of "Minions 3" for his birthday, in which Gru has been replaced by Harvey Weinstein. This cuts to Harvey facing a Minion. Peter also asks for a Minions cake for his birthday but insists that it come from the store.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: In 2015, the village of Minions, Cornwall in the United Kingdom built a road sign paid for by Universal Studios featuring Minions. In October of that year, they removed it due to safety concerns that resulted from people stopping their cars to take photos although villagers have campaigned to get the sign put back up in another location.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: On April Fool's Day 2016, Google created a button on its Gmail service that sent a "mic drop" along with a GIF image of a Minion. However, the feature received backlash in which many people complained about accidentally sending the image during job searches which resulted in some people being dropped from job consideration or being fired. Google removed the feature not long after, citing those reasons as well as a bug that caused the image to be sent after hitting the regular send button.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: The Minions appeared in an advertisement for the Cinemark theater chain, in which several Minions try to change a lamp while another Minion mocks them. The mocking Minion drops the replacement lamp during one of his laughing fits so the others stick him in the socket so that his eye can serve as the lamp. The ad promoted the chain's claim that they had the brightest 3D projection system of any theater chain. At first, the clip played before showings of "Despicable Me 2" (2013), but Cinemark uses the ad freely before any 3D film.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: Three statues of Minions appear in "Mortal Engines" (2018), in which they are assumed to be idols of "ancient deities" from the time before the emergence of traction cities.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: In Brazil, Minions were used as a reference to nickname the most devoted followers of politician Jair Bolsonaro, called by supporters of the left, in an ironic and offensive tone, "bolsominions". In an April 2016 "Extra" website article, journalist Felipe Pena compared Bolsonaro fans to Minions, saying that "they follow the leader, whom they call myth, and vent narcissistic repression by attacking the differences of groups they elect as rivals." Since then, the term has been widely used by the population in Brazilian and international media, across multiple languages, appearing in BBC, "The Guardian", and Open Democracy articles.


title: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: The Minions were voiced by Pierre Coffin, Chris Renaud, and Jemaine Clement in the first film. Coffin voiced Kevin, Tim, Bob, Mark, Phil, and Stuart, Renaud voiced Dave, and Clement voiced Jerry. Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud later reprised their roles in "Despicable Me 2", while Coffin assumed sole duties in "Minions" (2015), "Despicable Me 3" (2017), and "" (2022).


title: Family Ties

text: Family Ties is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC for seven seasons, premiering on September 22, 1982, and concluding on May 14, 1989. The series, created by Gary David Goldberg, reflected the move in the United States from the cultural liberalism of the 1960s and 1970s to the conservatism of the 1980s. This culture was particularly expressed through the relationship between young Republican Alex P. Keaton (portrayed by Michael J. Fox) and his ex-hippie parents, Steven and Elyse Keaton (portrayed by Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter-Birney).


title: Family Ties

text: The show won multiple awards, including three consecutive Emmy Awards for Michael J. Fox as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series.


title: Family Ties

text: Set in suburban Columbus, Ohio during the Reagan administration, Steven and Elyse Keaton (Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter) are baby boomers, liberals and former hippies, raising their three children: ambitious, would-be millionaire entrepreneur Alex (Michael J. Fox); fashion-conscious, gossipy Mallory (Justine Bateman); and tomboy Jennifer (Tina Yothers). Married in 1964, Elyse is an independent architect and Steven, a native of Buffalo, New York, is the station manager of WKS, a local public television station.


title: Family Ties

text: Much of the humor of the series focuses on the cultural divide during the 1980s when younger generations rejected the counterculture of the 1960s and embraced the materialism and conservative politics which came to define the 1980s. Alex, the eldest, is a Young Republican who embraces Reaganomics and exhibits conservative attitudes. In contrast to her feminist mother, Mallory is an apolitical and materialistic young woman presented as a vacuous airhead, fodder for jokes and teasing from her brother. Jennifer, an athletic tomboy and the second youngest child, shares more of the values of her parents and just wants to be a normal kid. Steven and Elyse have a fourth child, Andrew, who is born in early 1985. Alex dotes on his young brother and molds Andy in his conservative image.


title: Family Ties

text: Regarding the concept, show creator Goldberg observed, "It really was just an observation of what was going on in my own life with my own friends. We were these old kind of radical people and all of a sudden you're in the mainstream ... but now you've got these kids and you've empowered them, and they're super intelligent, and they're definitely to the right of where you are. They don't understand what's wrong with having money and moving forward." A recurring theme involved Alex hatching a scheme involving some amount of greedy money-making, which led to a humorous misadventure and ended with Alex being forced to apologize for his choices. According to Goldberg, "We actually had this structure that we'd inherited from Jim Brooks and Allan [Burns], which was six scenes and a tag ... And then the last scene became Alex apologizes, in every show, we just left it up. Alex apologizes. Some version of it." Nevertheless, Fox's portrayal of a likeable Alex proved to be an important part of the show's success. Goldberg again stated, "With Alex, I did not think I was creating a sympathetic character. Those were not traits that I aspired to and didn't want my kids to aspire to, actually ... But at the end of "Family Ties", when we went off the air, then "The New York Times" had done a piece and they said, 'Greed with the face of an angel.' And I think that's true ... [Michael J. Fox] would make things work, and the audience would simply not access the darker side of what he's actually saying."


title: Family Ties

text: The show had been sold to the network using the pitch "hip parents, square kids." Originally, Elyse and Steven were intended to be the main characters. However, the audience reacted so positively to Alex during the taping of the fourth episode that he became the focus on the show. Fox had received the role after Matthew Broderick turned it down. Laura Dern was considered for the role of Mallory Keaton. Ed O'Neill auditioned for Steven Keaton.


title: Family Ties

text: Supporting cast and characters include neighbor Irwin "Skippy" Handelman (Marc Price), who has an eternal crush on Mallory; Nick Moore (Scott Valentine), Mallory's Sylvester Stallone-esque artist boyfriend; Lauren Miller (Courteney Cox); and Alex's feminist, artist girlfriend Ellen Reed (Tracy Pollan, whom Michael J. Fox later married, in 1988). In season 3, episode 17, Elyse gave birth to her fourth child, Andrew (who was played by Brian Bonsall from season 5 onward). Twins Garrett and Tyler Merriman played baby Andrew.


title: Family Ties

text: Main stars Meredith Baxter and Michael Gross are exactly the same age, sharing the same birthday on June 21, 1947. In the series, their characters were intended to be approximately five or six years older, given that their on-screen son, played by Michael J. Fox, was in fact only fourteen years younger than Baxter and Gross in real life.


title: Family Ties

text: The show had several similarities or parallels to Baxter's prior series, "Family". In addition to similar names for both series, the shows both initially featured three children, the youngest a tomboy, and later added another child to the cast. Baxter played the eldest child on the earlier show, and assumed the role of mother in "Family Ties".


title: Family Ties

text: The theme song "Without Us" (credited in season one as "Us") was composed by Jeff Barry and Tom Scott in 1982. During the first ten episodes of the first season it was performed by Dennis Tufano and Mindy Sterling. From episode 11 onward the song was performed by Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams, as producers were displeased with Tufano's and Sterling's version. A full-length version of "Without Us" is featured on Mathis and Williams' duet album "That's What Friends Are For," released by Columbia Records on the 2003 CD release of the album.


title: Family Ties

text: "At This Moment" was a 1981 single written by songwriter and recording artist Billy Vera and recorded live by Vera and his band, Billy Vera & The Beaters. Five years after its original release, a studio recording of "At This Moment" was featured at the beginning of several episodes of the fourth and early fifth seasons as the love song associated with Alex P. Keaton (Michael J. Fox) and his girlfriend Ellen Reed (Tracy Pollan). Its exposure on "Family Ties" renewed a huge interest in the song. People called and wrote NBC asking for the name of the song and its singer. The tune then began a revived chart run, eventually hitting #1 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts in January 1987. It also hit the Billboard R&B Chart and the Billboard Hot Country Chart. "At This Moment" quickly sold over a million copies in the United States, becoming one of the last Gold-certified singles in the 45 RPM format. The song crossed over to the R&B and Country formats, reaching #42 Country; as country was moving away from pop influence at the time, "At This Moment" would be the last song to appear on the country charts and reach number one on the pop charts for 13 years.


title: Family Ties

text: The first Billy Vera & The Beaters album was recorded live, so when "At This Moment" was used in "Family Ties", only the live version existed. Vera later explained: "We re-recorded pieces of the song. In other words, they'd need 12 seconds here, or 20 seconds there in the show. So we went in and recorded just those pieces in the studio without the audience, because the audience would have been annoying, to the TV viewer. The thing that made it work better the second time was that the story of the song, boy-loses-girl, was the story of the episode "Boy Loses Girl." The first time they used the song, it was when he met the girl."


title: Family Ties

text: "Family Ties" writer Michael Weithorn would later recall: "In 1985, I had written an episode of "Family Ties" to start the fourth season, and we needed a sort of a sad romantic song. I just happened to go into a bar in Los Angeles and saw Billy and the Beaters. That was the perfect song, and the rest was history." In an interview, Vera talked about his meeting with "Family Ties" writer Michael Weithorn: "One afternoon I got a phone call, and this guy said, 'Hey I produce a show called "Family Ties", and some of us were at your show the other night, and we heard you do this song that we thought would be perfect for an episode that we have coming up.' I got my publisher to make a deal for that with them and America responded like crazy." "NBC called us up, they said, 'My God, we've never had any response like this in the history of the network for a song. The switchboards are lighting up, we're getting letters, telegrams, where can we find this song?' People started calling radio stations, which never happens. I mean, it was a total organic hit."


title: Family Ties

text: On the DVD releases of both "Family Ties"' fourth and fifth seasons, "At This Moment" is still included and heard in those episodes.


title: Family Ties

text: In an interview with Rachael Ray in 2007, Michael J. Fox good-naturedly said, "Tracy and I couldn't get on the dance floor anywhere in the world for like ten years without them playing 'What did you think..."


title: Family Ties

text: At the 2011 TV Land Awards held in New York City, Billy Vera performed "At This Moment" with the main "Family Ties" cast in attendance that also included Michael J. Fox and Tracy Pollan, as the show had been nominated for and won Outstanding Fan Favorite.


title: Family Ties

text: During its final two seasons, "Family Ties" was scheduled on Sunday nights, often followed by "Day by Day", another series from Ubu Productions. Michael Gross and Brian Bonsall brought their respective roles of Steven and Andy Keaton to the "Day by Day" episode "Trading Places," which reveals that Steven went to college with Brian Harper (Doug Sheehan). This episode is included on a bonus special-features disc in the "Family Ties: The Complete Series Deluxe Family Album Collection Edition Box Set" DVD.


title: Family Ties

text: Some characters were featured on "Mickey's 60th Birthday", broadcast on November 13, 1988, on NBC, and featured Justine Bateman, Tina Yothers, and Brian Bonsall as their "Family Ties" characters, trying to help Mickey Mouse when everybody fails to recognize him due to a spell. Michael J. Fox additionally had a cameo in a flashback using archive footage.


title: Family Ties

text: NBC aired reruns of "Family Ties" weekday mornings from December 1985 until January 1987 before it was replaced by the Bill Rafferty version of "Blockbusters". In the fall of 1987, the series went into syndication in the United States. Currently, reruns air on Antenna TV, Rewind TV and Pluto TV. Reruns previously aired on FamilyNet, TBS, Nick at Nite, TV Land, Hallmark Channel, The Hub and Pop.


title: Family Ties

text: In Canada, reruns of "Family Ties" began airing on CTS, a Christian-based network, on September 6, 2010. On May 15, 2011, Netflix began to stream season 1–7 on its "watch instantly" streaming service.


title: Family Ties

text: In Australia, "Family Ties" originally screened on the Seven Network from 1983 onwards. It became a perennial favourite repeated many times before being bought by the Nine Network which screened it up until 2008. It later screened on pay TV network TV1 before airing on 10 Peach (then known as Eleven) in the afternoons and late night until June 2013. As of June 2020, two episodes are shown on Saturday afternoons between 1 PM and 2 PM.


title: Family Ties

text: In the Philippines, the show aired on GMA Network and was simulcast on RPN-9 IBC-13 PTV-4 & ABS-CBN in 1983–1991. It moved to ABC-5 Pilipino and was dubbed in 1998–2000.


title: Family Ties

text: CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released all seven seasons of "Family Ties" on DVD in Region 1, . The second through fifth season releases contain special features, gag reels and episodic promos. The second season contains interviews with Michael Gross and Michael J. Fox along with other cast members. The fourth season contains the made-for-TV-movie, "Family Ties Vacation". Paramount has also released the first three seasons on DVD in Region 4.


title: Family Ties

text: On November 5, 2013, CBS Home Entertainment released "Family Ties - The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1.


title: Family Ties

text: On November 11, 2014, CBS Home Entertainment re-released a repackaged version of the complete series set, at a lower price, but did not include the bonus disc that was part of the original complete series set.


title: Family Ties

text: In Australia, Region 4, after the first 3 seasons were released, no further release came to light. In 2016, Via Vision Entertainment obtained the rights to the series and re-released the first three seasons along with season four on July 6, 2016. The remaining seasons were released each month after including a Complete Series boxset.


title: Family Ties

text: As of February 2019, all seven seasons are available on Amazon Prime Video (included with Amazon Prime membership), and also available on Paramount+, but no longer available on Netflix or Hulu. The first ten episodes of the series are also available for free (with commercials) on the CBS website. Episodes are also available on Pluto TV.


title: Family Ties

text: Over a decade after the end of "Family Ties", Michael J. Fox's final episodes on "Spin City" featured numerous allusions to the show. In these episodes, Michael Gross played a therapist for Fox's character Michael Patrick Flaherty and the episode contained a reference to an off-screen character named "Mallory". In the episode, after Flaherty becomes an environmental lobbyist in Washington D.C., he meets a "conservative junior senator named Alex P. Keaton." Meredith Baxter also portrayed Mike Flaherty's mother, Macy Flaherty, in the episodes "Family Affair" (Parts 1 and 2).


title: Family Ties

text: The main cast of "Family Ties" (minus a few other recurring cast members) has reunited publicly on three occasions (along with series creator/producer Gary David Goldberg on two occasions). They first reunited on February 7, 2008 (minus Tracy Pollan, Scott Valentine, Marc Price, Brian Bonsall and Courteney Cox) for an interview on "The Today Show" to help promote Goldberg's memoir "Sit, Ubu, Sit". The cast reunited again (minus Valentine, Bonsall and Cox) for a second time for the 2011 "TV Land Awards" in March of that year, which included Pollan alongside her husband Fox. That awards show would be the final appearance of Goldberg with the entire group. In October 2015, the main cast reunited for a third time with a second appearance (which included Pollan alongside Fox, but minus Price, Valentine, Bonsall and Cox) on "The Today Show", and the first cast reunion since the 2013 death of Goldberg from cancer.


title: Family Ties

text: The 2021 Marvel Cinematic Universe series for the Disney+ video streaming service, references the series in the fifth episode, "On a Very Special Episode...," such as a stylized title sequence partially parodying the "Family Ties" opening that depicted the family first as a penciled sketch before finishing as a painted portrait, along with an upbeat theme song praising the family's love and closeness. In the episode, Wanda Maximoff and Vision are attempting to navigate raising their new children Tommy and Billy, both of whom are developing superhero abilities of their own.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Paulo Henrique Costa (born 21 April 1991) is a Brazilian professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Middleweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of August 1, 2022, he is #6 in the UFC middleweight rankings.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa, the son of odd-jobber Carlos Roberto and Maria Augusta, was born in 1991. He has an older brother, Carlos Costa, who is a former mixed martial artist and one of Paulo's coaches. Paulo grew up in Contagem playing football and eventually picking up Muay Thai at the age of nine in order to learn discipline and avoid street fights he was constantly getting into. As a teenager, Paulo joined a jiu-jitsu gym with his brother only to quit the sport after their father died of throat cancer when Paulo was 17. A couple of years later, Costa returned to jiu-jitsu and started competing under the tutelage of his brother who was already a purple belt at the time.


title: Paulo Costa

text: In order to help his mother with bills, Costa worked in real estate and as an IT teacher teaching Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa made his professional MMA debut in his native country of Brazil in February 2012. Eventually, his brother convinced their mother to support Paulo monetarily for a year in order to pursue his professional martial arts career. Over the next five years, he amassed a record of 8–0 with 7 knockouts and 1 submission.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa was chosen to be a fighter on "". In the opening elimination round, he defeated José Roberto via submission (guillotine choke) in the second round. Costa was the second middleweight fighter chosen by coach Wanderlei Silva. His next fight was against Márcio Alexandre Jr., and Costa lost via split decision after three rounds.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa made his promotional debut on 11 March 2017, at UFC Fight Night 106 against Garreth McLellan. He won the fight via TKO in the first round, earning his first Performance of the Night award.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa faced Oluwale Bamgbose on 3 June 2017, at UFC 212. He won the fight via TKO in the second round.


title: Paulo Costa

text: After the fight with Bamgbose, UFC offered a new contract but the parties did not come to an agreement with the financial terms. The UFC then proposed a fight with former welterweight champion Johny Hendricks, with a promise to renegotiate after the bout. Costa faced Hendricks on 4 November 2017, at UFC 217. He won the fight via TKO in the second round. After the bout Costa signed a new, multi-fight contract.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa was expected to face Uriah Hall on 21 April 2018, at UFC Fight Night 128. However, Costa pulled out of the fight in mid-March with an arm injury. In turn, promotion officials elected to pull Hall from that event entirely and reschedule the pairing for 7 July 2018, at UFC 226. Costa won the fight via technical knockout in round two. The win earned him his second Performance of the Night award.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa was scheduled to face Yoel Romero on 3 November 2018, at UFC 230. However, Romero indicated in mid-August that, while he had been cleared to fight, his medics had recommended that he wait another four to five months to allow facial injuries incurred during his most recent fight to fully heal.


title: Paulo Costa

text: The bout was rescheduled again, and was expected to take place on 27 April 2019, at UFC on ESPN+ 8. Costa was removed from the card for an undisclosed reason. He was replaced by Ronaldo Souza. Romero then pulled out of the fight due to pneumonia, and Costa was scheduled to face Souza, but a United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) investigation prevented Costa from participating, so neither Romero nor Costa competed in the event.


title: Paulo Costa

text: It was revealed that Costa had been suspended for six months by USADA and Comissão Atlética Brasileira de MMA (CABMMA) for receiving prohibited intravenous infusions (IV) more than 100 mL in 12 hours after the weigh-ins in June 2017 at UFC 212 against Oluwale Bamgbose and November 2017 at UFC 217 against Johny Hendricks. Costa was fined a third of his purse of the fights, which were reverted to his opponents. The suspension was retroactive to 10 August 2018, and Costa was eligible to fight again in February 2019. On 23 March 2020, Lucas Penchel MSc, who provided the infusions in question, accepted a two-year ban from USADA, starting on 13 March 2020.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa finally faced Romero on 17 August 2019, at UFC 241. He won the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award.


title: Paulo Costa

text: On the strength of his five fight win streak in the UFC, Costa faced Israel Adesanya for the UFC Middleweight Championship on 27 September 2020 at UFC 253. He lost the fight via technical knockout in the second round, making this his first professional loss.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa was scheduled to face Robert Whittaker on 17 April 2021 at UFC on ESPN 22. However, on 16 March Costa withdrew from the fight due to illness.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa was scheduled to face Jared Cannonier on 21 August 2021 at UFC on ESPN 28. However, on 4 June, Costa withdrew from the bout due to unknown reasons. Costa later claimed he never signed the bout agreement and cited issues with his payment, while not confirming them as the reason for his withdrawal.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa faced Marvin Vettori in a light heavyweight bout on 23 October 2021 at UFC Fight Night 196, which was originally scheduled as a middleweight contest and briefly changed to a catchweight bout. Costa received widespread criticism for showing up twenty-five pounds over the middleweight limit. Costa lost the fight via unanimous decision. In the post-fight press conference, UFC President Dana White said that Costa would no longer compete at Middleweight.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa was scheduled to face former UFC Middleweight Champion Luke Rockhold on July 30, 2022, at UFC 277. However, the bout was postponed to UFC 278 for unknown reasons. Costa won the fight via unanimous decision. The fight earned him the" Fight of the Night" award.


title: Paulo Costa

text: Costa was scheduled to face Robert Whittaker on February 12, 2023, at UFC 284. However, Costa disputed the official announcement by the promotion indicating he had never signed a contract and the fight would not take place.


title: Paulo Costa

text: On May 31, 2022, Costa was questioned by the police in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil regarding an incident in which he allegedly assaulted a nurse with an elbow during a dispute over a COVID-19 vaccination card. Costa claims he was already vaccinated but had not had it recorded on his vaccination card, and that he asked the nurse to sign his card. The nurse, however, claims that Costa was not vaccinated and he refused the vaccination, and that he attempted to flee with the filled-out vaccination card without the shot being administered. She went on to say that in a measure to prevent him from leaving, she grabbed Costa by the arm and she was hit with an elbow, which caused her lips to become swollen. No charges were filed.


title: Paulo Costa

text: In response to a challenge put forth by former UFC fighter Mike Perry, Costa responded via Twitter with a tweet that said "This nigga really wants that smoke. Mike Platinum Black Perry. Wakanda". Costa came under fire from many fans for his use of the racial slur, and has since deleted the tweet, but posted a mock apology, and tweeted a picture of himself in photoshopped blackface.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: Wrong Turn, originally known as Wrong Turn: The Foundation, is a 2021 horror film directed by Mike P. Nelson and written by franchise creator Alan McElroy. The film, being a reboot, is the seventh installment of the "Wrong Turn" film series, stars Charlotte Vega, Adain Bradley, Emma Dumont, Dylan McTee, Daisy Head, Bill Sage, and Matthew Modine. It is an international co-production between the United States, Germany, and Canada.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: The project was announced in October 2018, with Nelson signed as director, from a screenplay written by McElroy, who wrote the original film. Principal photography began on September 9, 2019, and wrapped on November 2, 2019, in Felicity, Ohio.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: "Wrong Turn" was theatrically released for one day, January 26, 2021, by Saban Films. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $5 million at the box office.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: Jen Shaw, her boyfriend Darius, and couples Adam and Milla, and Gary and Luis, arrive in a small town in rural Virginia to hike the Appalachian Trail. They encounter hostility from locals in the bar, especially from Nate. Jen also meets a strange woman called Edith; with her is a young mute girl, Ruthie.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: They begin their hike and despite warnings, go off the trail to find an old fort. A huge tree trunk rolls down the hill and fatally crushes Gary. Bruised, disoriented and lost, the group sets up camp for the night. The following day, Milla goes missing, as well as their cellphones. They find a plaque dated 1859 commemorating the creation of a group of settlers in the mountains called the "Foundation", who believed the end of the United States was near.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: While looking for Milla, Adam triggers a trap and is dragged into a pit. Jen, Darius and Luis come across a barn full of backpacks and clothing, then see Adam trussed to a pole, carried between two men wearing strange costumes and animal skull masks. The friends confront the men, who talk in a language they can't understand. Adam breaks free and manically beats one of them to death while the other escapes. Milla appears, having earlier gone for a bathroom break and evaded the two men. The friends encounter other traps and are surrounded by more masked men. Milla falls into a pit and is impaled on stakes. She is killed with an arrow by a member of the Foundation. Jen, Adam, Darius and Luis are all captured.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: The group is taken to a primitive settlement deep in the forest, the headquarters of the Foundation, and put before a "court". Edith is one of their captors. Morgan, the brother of the man Adam killed, testifies how Adam murdered his brother, Samuel. The group is charged with murder. The leader, Venable, sentences Adam to death. The others are sentenced to "darkness". Adam breaks free and holds Ruthie hostage, demanding the release of his friends. Ruthie uses a concealed blade to stab Adam in the leg; he is then executed in front of his friends by Venable, who beats him to death using the log he used to kill Samuel.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: Luis tries to flee and Venable blinds him with a hot poker. Jen begs Venable for mercy. Venable agrees, and she and Darius are initiated into the community. Jen reluctantly becomes Venable's sexual partner.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: Six weeks later, Scott Shaw, Jen's father, arrives the town to search for his daughter. He pays a local tracker to take him through the forest. After a trap kills the tracker and his son, Scott finds the settlement but is captured. Jen, now married to Venable, shoots her father with an arrow. Venable sentences Scott to "darkness" for trespassing and imprisons him. That night, Jen releases her father, revealing she only shot him so as not to raise suspicion. She tries to get Darius to run away with her and Scott, but he refuses to leave. Ruthie helps them escape before Venable and the other cultists pursue them. They discover an underground chamber full of blinded and shambling prisoners, including Luis. Jen mercy kills him and flees with Scott, killing several cultists, including Edith. They encounter Nate and other armed townsmen who offer to help. The cultists attack them, wounding Jen, but Scott and Jen escape.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: Several months later, Jen and her father have returned to their normal lives. Jen visits her stepmother, but finds her in the process of welcoming Venable and Ruthie to the neighborhood. Jen confronts Venable, who notices that she is pregnant with his child. He asks Jen to return with him to the Foundation. Jen agrees on the condition that Venable never again interfere with her family. She, Venable, and Ruthie leave, driving away in a recreational vehicle (RV). As the end credits roll, Jen causes the RV to crash into a parked car. Jen stabs Venable to death and kills the other cultist, the RV driver as well. She then takes Ruthie's hand as they walk back towards her family home.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: In October 2018, a reboot of the "Wrong Turn" film series was announced. The film was directed by Mike P. Nelson and written by Alan B. McElroy, who wrote the original film in 2003. In May 2019, it was announced that Charlotte Vega would star in the film.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: The film was composed by Stephen Lukach. The soundtrack album, which was titled "Wrong Turn: The Foundation", and was released by Konigskinder Music on February 25, 2021.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: "Wrong Turn" was originally scheduled for release in 2020, but was pushed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On December 16, 2020, it was announced that the film would premiere in American theaters for one night only on January 26, 2021.


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: On Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the site gave the film a 65% approval rating based on 65 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's consensus reads, ""Wrong Turn" is a cut below more effective horror outings, but viewers in the mood for some gory chills will find that this franchise reboot does more than a few things right". On Metacritic, it assigned the film a weighted average score of 46 out of 100 based on seven critics who gave the film "mixed or average reviews".


title: Wrong Turn (2021 film)

text: Nick Allen of "RogerEbert.com" gave the film three out of four stars, writing that "McElroy and Nelson evolve "Wrong Turn" into a bizarre, winding odyssey, albeit with a lot more on its mind than just a cool kill."


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Gabrielle Mary Antonia Hoffmann (born January 8, 1982) is an American actress. She initially found success as a child actress, appearing in "Field of Dreams," "Uncle Buck," and "Sleepless in Seattle", and then later as a teenager with "Now and Then," "Volcano," "All I Wanna Do," and "200 Cigarettes".


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: After a hiatus, Hoffmann returned to film acting in 2007, appearing in various independent projects that garnered critical acclaim. This has been described as a career "resurgence", due to her roles in "Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus" with Michael Cera, "Wild" with Reese Witherspoon, and her leading role in "C'mon C'mon" alongside Joaquin Phoenix. On television, she starred as Ali Pfefferman in "Transparent" (2014–2019), and appeared as Caroline Sackler in "Girls" (2014–2017), which garnered her three Primetime Emmy Award nominations.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Hoffmann was born in New York City. Her mother Viva (born Janet Susan Mary Hoffmann) is an actress, writer and former Warhol superstar, and her father, Anthony Herrera, was a soap opera actor best known for his role as James Stenbeck in "As the World Turns". Viva and Herrera were estranged shortly after Hoffmann's birth; she was raised by her mother at the Chelsea Hotel in New York. Her father did not have a significant presence in her life. Hoffmann's birth is documented in Pat Hackett's "The Andy Warhol Diaries". An entry dated January 10, 1982, two days after Hoffmann was born, says a friend telephoned Warhol and told him they were going to the Chelsea Hotel to see Viva and her new baby.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Hoffmann's mother, the daughter of an attorney, was raised in a conservative and devoutly Catholic family in New York State. Viva was previously married to director Michel Auder in 1969, by which union Gaby Hoffmann has an elder half-sister, Alexandra "Alex" Auder, who teaches yoga in New York City. Herrera was raised in Wiggins, Mississippi by his maternal grandparents; his own father, Gaby's paternal grandfather, was of French and Spanish descent. Herrera died in 2011 from cancer.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Hoffmann attended elementary school in Manhattan at P.S. 3 on Hudson Street in the West Village, then another school in Hell's Kitchen. After she moved to Los Angeles in 1994, she attended the Buckley School, before finally graduating from Calabasas High School in 1999.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Until July 1993, Hoffmann lived in Manhattan's Chelsea Hotel, which Hoffmann later said she enjoyed. According to Hoffmann, she and her best friend Talya Shomron roller-skated in the hallways, spied on the drug dealer across the hall, and persuaded the bellman to go to the neighborhood delicatessen at night to fetch them ice cream.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Hoffmann recalled, "I grew up in downtown New York in the '80s. I have a friend who grew up with me, and she puts it well. She says, 'If you grew up where we grew up, if you weren't an artist, a drag queen, queer, or a drug addict, then you were the freak.' I grew up in a world where I guess what is considered unusual or abnormal for the rest of America was very much considered the norm."<ref name="Vulture-Girls/Trans-2014"></ref> She also reported in an interview that there had been gunfire and a rape at the hotel shortly before they moved out.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Hoffmann and her mother left the Chelsea Hotel after a long-standing dispute with the management that ended in eviction. Regardless, Hoffmann's connection to the hotel had a significant effect on her future. The idea for the 1994 sitcom "Someone Like Me" originated after Gail Berman (former president of Viacom's Paramount Pictures) read a "New York Times" article about the hotel which referred to a children's book that Viva and friend Jane Lancellotti wrote, "Gaby at the Chelsea" (a take on Kay Thompson's 1950s classic Eloise books). Berman became the show's producer.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: After leaving the Chelsea when Hoffmann was 12, she and her mother moved to the west coast to a two-bedroom rented house in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, which was badly damaged in the January 17, 1994 Northridge earthquake. While regrouping their living situation, Hoffmann and her mother temporarily lived at The Oceana Suites Hotel in Santa Monica, California.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: After she graduated from Calabasas High School in 1999, Hoffmann followed her half-sister Alex's example and entered New York's Bard College to pursue a degree in literature and writing. Around 2001, she temporarily left her acting career to complete her studies and graduated in 2004; her senior thesis was a documentary film.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: After college, she spent much of her 20s drifting. She interned with a chef in Italy, then trained to be a doula after helping deliver Alex's children. For a time, Hoffmann and a boyfriend lived in an old trailer in the Catskill Mountains.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Hoffmann began acting in commercials at the age of four to help pay the family bills. In 1989, she starred in her first movie, "Field of Dreams," with Kevin Costner. 1989's "Uncle Buck" followed, working beside John Candy and up-and-coming child star Macaulay Culkin. However, she grew tired of the rigors of screen performance and temporarily retired. Nevertheless, upon hearing that Culkin (whom she disliked when they worked together) was making a lot of money in feature films, her "competitive spirit got the best of her", as she later put it, and she reentered the profession. She starred in "This Is My Life" (1992), "Sleepless in Seattle" (1993) with Tom Hanks, and "The Man Without a Face" with Mel Gibson. According to Hoffmann, the praise she received for her performance in "This is My Life" encouraged her to pursue a full-time acting career in Hollywood as it gave her the confidence she needed to handle major roles.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: In 1994, Hoffmann starred in her own sitcom "Someone Like Me" (on NBC) about a young girl, Gaby, and her dysfunctional family. To promote it, Hoffmann appeared on late-night talk shows like "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" and "Late Show with David Letterman." Although generally well received, the series lasted only six episodes.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: After "Someone Like Me", Hoffmann won the lead role opposite Shelley Long in the 1995 TV film "Freaky Friday", a remake of the 1976 film of the same name starring Jodie Foster and Barbara Harris. In the same year as "Freaky Friday", Hoffmann starred as Young Samantha, the childhood counterpart to Demi Moore's character, in the coming-of-age feature film "Now and Then".


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Between 1996 and 2001, Hoffmann landed roles in several films including "Everyone Says I Love You" (1996), "Volcano" (1997), "Snapped" (1998), "The Hairy Bird" (1998), "200 Cigarettes" (1999), "Coming Soon" (1999), "Black & White" (1999), "You Can Count on Me" (2000), and "Perfume" (2001).


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Between 2003 and 2007, Hoffmann largely concentrated on a theatre career in New York. Roles included "24 Hour Plays" (as Denise at the American Airlines Theatre), "The Sugar Syndrome" (Williamstown Theatre Festival – July/August 2005), and "Third" (Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater/Lincoln Center Theater – September – December 2005). In late 2005, she starred in an episode of "". She also appeared in the Broadway play "Suburbia", alongside Kieran Culkin and Jessica Capshaw at the Second Stage Theatre on 43rd Street in New York City, which ran from September to October 2006. Hoffmann then returned to the "24 Hours Plays" where she acted alongside Jennifer Aniston.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Since 2007, Hoffmann has made a gradual return to film acting. In 2007, she starred in the film "Severed Ways: The Norse Discovery of America". In 2008, she appeared in "Guest of Cindy Sherman", a documentary on art-scene commentator Paul Hasegawa-Overacker's relationship with enigmatic photographer Cindy Sherman. Sherman was married to Hoffman's stepfather, Michel Auder, from 1984 to 1999. Later in 2008, Hoffmann appeared in the documentary "Chelsea on the Rocks", which is a tribute to the Chelsea Hotel where she grew up. Directed by Abel Ferrara, the documentary highlights the many personalities and artistic voices that have emerged from the legendary residence.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: In 2009, Hoffmann had a supporting role in Todd Solondz's "Life During Wartime", and the thriller "13" with Mickey Rourke (released in 2010).


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Several years later, Hoffmann starred alongside Michael Cera in "Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus" (2013). While shooting the film in Chile, she and Cera took mescaline for her performance in a climactic scene.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Hoffmann has made guest appearances have been in the television series "Louie" and "Girls" in Season 3. Hoffmann also appeared in seasons 4 and 5 of "Girls."


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: In 2013, she completed work on the lead role of a Web series entitled "Lyle", created by Stewart Thorndike and Jill Soloway. It was shot in NYC. She subsequently acquired an apartment in Brooklyn's Fort Greene section. In October 2013, she starred in the 1910s installment of "Vanity Fair"'s "The Decades Series", "The First March", directed by Gilly Barnes.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Hoffmann has discussed her full frontal nude scenes in a few of her projects including "Crystal Fairy", "Girls" and the Amazon series "Transparent." On nudity, Hoffmann said: "People are obsessed with actresses being hairless, fatless Barbie dolls. They can’t imagine that people would want to be anything other than that. When they are, it's looked at as almost a political statement. Look at Lena Dunham. She is a gorgeous woman and people can't stop talking about how brave she is to show herself naked, which I find totally condescending and ridiculous. If Angelina Jolie was naked onscreen no one would say she was brave. The implication is that Lena's brave because she doesn't look the way she's supposed to look. I think that's a shame."


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Jill Soloway wrote the role Hoffmann plays in "Transparent" for her after seeing her performance on Louis C.K.'s third season of "Louie."


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: In 2016, she appeared in pre-recorded video as an onstage "stand-in" during Sia's Nostalgic for the Present concert tour, for the song "Unstoppable." Her performance is featured on the song's official music video, released in 2021.


title: Gaby Hoffmann

text: Hoffmann has a daughter, born in 2014, with longtime boyfriend, cinematographer Chris Dapkins (born November 19, 1980). She lives in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn.


title: Servant of the People

text: It was formed in late 2017 and was officially registered on 31 March 2018 on the basis of the previously registered Party of Decisive Changes. The party is named after the Ukrainian TV series "Servant of the People". In the 2019 parliamentary election the party won 124 seats on the nationwide party list and 130 constituency seats. The current president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy (who starred in "Servant of the People") is a member of the party.


title: Servant of the People

text: Legally, the party is the successor of the Party of Decisive Change () that existed since April 2016 and was founded by Eugene Yurdiga.


title: Servant of the People

text: The party was renamed in December 2017 after the eponymous Ukrainian hit TV series "Servant of the People" that starred Volodymyr Zelenskyy and was made by his TV production company "Kvartal 95". The rebranded/renamed party's first leader was the CEO of Kvartal 95 Ivan Bakanov. At the time Kvartal 95 created the party, they claimed it was important to do so to prevent others from stealing the name of the eponymous series for "cynical political purposes". According to Zelenskyy in the summer of 2017 "some rogues" had almost registered a party called "Servant of the People" and that because of this Kvartal 95 had registered their "Servant of the People" party so voters would not be misled to think they would vote for a party that was not related to the TV series of the same name. Early 2018 Zelenskyy stated that the party was "not yet a political project", and said about its future: "Let's see."


title: Servant of the People

text: In December 2017 4% of Ukrainians polled by the Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation and the Razumkov Center declared their readiness to vote for a party named "Servant of the People" in parliamentary elections, and in May 2018 this number had grown to 5% (the minimum necessary to pass Ukraine's election threshold). When democracy watchdog "Chesno" tried to contact Zelenskyy and party representatives in September 2018 in an attempt to ask if the party would take part in elections a spokeswoman for Kvartal 95 responded "Unfortunately, party representatives are unable to comment on your request. There is currently no information that might be of interest to you." The press service of Kvartal 95 could (also) not provide "Chesno" a picture of party leader Bakanov. "Chesno" was able to find out that the leadership of the party only consisted of people related to Kvartal-95.


title: Servant of the People

text: Billboards advertising "Servants of the People" appeared on the streets of Ukrainian cities in November 2018. Zelenskyy later admitted that these billboards were legally only advertising the third season of the TV series "Servant of the People" but were also part of his election campaign so his campaign could "save a lot of money." The party's first financiers were either NGO's that did not have to report the origins of their donations or companies that all changed their addresses in the same week, this led Chesno to believe these companies were interconnected. Almost all of the 2018 funds were received on the eve of Zelenskyy's 2019 New Year's speech in which he announced his candidacy in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election.


title: Servant of the People

text: In late December 2018 Zelenskyy was declared a presidential candidate from the party at the 2019 presidential election. While lagging behind in January 2019, Zelenskyy began to lead the polls by March. He would go on to win the first round of the presidential elections, taking first place and moving on to the run off against incumbent President Poroshenko on 21 April 2019, winning the election with over 73% of the votes cast. Zelenskyy stated that the party would enter a coalition government with neither the Petro Poroshenko Bloc nor Opposition Platform — For Life.


title: Servant of the People

text: In his inauguration speech to parliament on 20 May 2019 President Zelenskyy dissolved parliament and decreed an early election to be held on 21 July 2019. On 27 May 2019 Dmytro Razumkov was appointed as party chairman in place of Ivan Bakanov. Oleksandr Kornienko had been made head of the party's election headquarters, and Mykhailo Fedorov was installed as the party's chief of digital strategies.<ref name="elections/29965703">Ukrainian President's Party Names New Head, Will 'Interview' Candidates For July Elections, Radio Free Europe (27 May 2019)</ref> On 2 June 2019, the registration of potential candidates to run for the party in majority constituencies during the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election ended. Party leader Razumkov assured on 7 June 2019 that no incumbent MPs would be on the party list for the 2019 parliamentary election, but that the election list would consist of "new ambitious politicians."


title: Servant of the People

text: The party held its first congress on 9 June 2019. It took place in Kyiv's Hryshko National Botanical Garden and was attended by President Zelenskyy and party leader Razumkov, among others. During the congress the first names of the party's majority constituency candidates and the 97 candidates of the nationwide closed party list were made public. Well-known names in the nationwide party list were: Olympic athletes Olha Saladukha, Vadym Gutzeit and Zhan Beleniuk and long-term CEO of 1+1 Media Group Oleksandr Tkachenko. Three days later Gutzeit and two other candidates had withdrawn themselves from the election, whilst a fourth was excluded from the list "after additional checks". During the post-primaries, press and activists highlighted the most controversial representatives of the party, such as Oleksandr Dubinsky and Max Buzhanskiy. Neither of them was withdrawn from the final list of the party after the registration deadlines. The party excluded seven candidates from its list on 7 July 2019; five candidates were removed “as a result of information submitted [to the party] via the website and chat bot”, whilst two others requested to be removed from the list, including the No. 31 candidate. On 19 July 2019, the leader of the Movement of New Forces party Mikheil Saakashvili called on his supporters to vote for the Servant of the People party at the parliamentary election.


title: Servant of the People

text: In the (21 July) 2019 parliamentary election the top ten party candidates were Dmytro Razumkov, Ruslan Stefanchuk, Iryna Venediktova, Davyd Arakhamia, Halyna Yanchenko, Mykhailo Fedorov, Oleksandr Kornienko, Anastasia Krasnosilska, Oleksandr Tkachenko and Zhan Beleniuk. In the election the party won 124 seats on the nationwide party list (43.16% of the votes) and 130 constituency seats. Several members of the political party UKROP (a party that has openly been supported by Ukrainian oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi) won constituency seats as candidates for Servant of the People (the two parties had no formal allegiance). In parliament Davyd Arakhamia became the party's faction leader.


title: Servant of the People

text: The party won about 25% of the votes in December 2019 local United territorial community elections (non-aligned candidates gained 44% of the votes).


title: Servant of the People

text: In June 2020 the party started to create its local organisation by appointing "Cell leaders". In May 2020 the party had no official registered local branch.


title: Servant of the People

text: In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections the party won more seats than the other parties participating, 17.59% of local seats were won by the party. In total, the party nominated more than 23,000 candidates for local councils. Observers pointed out that the party (as other national parties) did suffer setbacks in Ukraine's largest cities across the country, including the capital Kyiv. In Kyiv, the party's mayoral candidate Iryna Vereshchuk and the party itself finished in fifth place. This was despite the fact that in the 2019 parliamentary election Servant of the People was the most popular party among Kyivites with 36.46%. 225 Servant of the People candidates (30.74% of all elected mayors nominated by a political party) were elected village, town or city mayors. Independent candidates won 661 mayoral elections. Although the party had not allowed incumbent MPs but only "new ambitious politicians" to be their candidate in the 2019 parliamentary election, in the 2020 Ukrainian local elections Servant of the People candidates were incumbent mayors and local council members and (other) former members of Party of Regions, Batkivshchyna, Petro Poroshenko Bloc and other political parties. In elections held in places with a population of less than 10,000 voters, the party won two seats.


title: Servant of the People

text: The party did not nominate a candidate for the October 2021 snap mayoral election in Kharkiv (the second-largest city of Ukraine).


title: Servant of the People

text: According to "Ukrayinska Pravda" in December 2021 the party de-facto had no majority in parliament anymore since it could only rely on 210 of its deputies during important votes, while any bill required 226 votes to pass. Since 2019, nine deputies had been expelled from the faction and Dmytro Razumkov did not return to the faction after his removal from post as Chairman of parliament on 7 October 2021. (Razumkov was replaced by Servant of the People member Ruslan Stefanchuk.)


title: Servant of the People

text: On 28 February 2022, the party was granted affiliate status by the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.


title: Servant of the People

text: It is positioned in the centre on the political spectrum, while its political ideology has been described as populist and liberal.


title: Servant of the People

text: On 23 May 2019, Ruslan Stefanchuk, Zelenskyy's representative in the Verkhovna Rada, announced that the party had chosen libertarianism as its core ideology. On 3 June 2019, however, the head of the party's election office Oleksandr Kornienko claimed, "go 20km or 100km out of Kyiv, and nobody will understand the issue of ideology there, who is right, left or centre here. The party will have its manifesto on its website, it will explain everything." After Kornienko was elected as head the party in early November 2019, he stated that the then party ideology of "libertarianism" would be changed, which was "needed to find a compromise within the party." He claimed that the new party ideology "will be something between liberal and socialist views." At the February 2020 Party Congress, Kornienko stated that the party's ideology is "Ukrainian centrism." According to him, this is an ideology that "denies political extremes and radicalism. But it is creative centrism."


title: Servant of the People

text: In the election program for the 2019 parliamentary election, the party stated, "we will introduce the most favored regime for foreign investors of Ukrainian origin". It also promised to introduce "a mechanism for withdrawing deputies who have lost the confidence of the voters". The program also puts forward a number of direct democracy and anti-corruption proposals. The party has also vowed to expand Ukraine's cooperation with the European Union and NATO. The party also claimed that its key goal is to achieve a higher than average European income and quality of life for Ukrainians.


title: Servant of the People

text: In early July 2019, Ruslan Stefanchuk, number 2 in the party's election list, expressed his belief that Ukrainian language should be promoted (in a process of the so-called "Ukrainization") but only "quite mildly" and that "one needs to fight for the language to provide quality." "Neither by bans, nor by persecution, but only by equality. When Ukrainian language content becomes more interesting and higher quality, then we will absolutely have another attitude. Meanwhile, the state should work out all mechanisms for that," he said.


title: Servant of the People

text: In March 2019, Ukrainian writer and intellectual Yurii Andrukhovych believed that Volodymyr Zelenskyy's team was a light version of the Party of Regions.


title: Servant of the People

text: In December 2018, political commentator Mykhailo Basarab wrote on "Den" that Zelenskyy would "bring the most trouble to pro-Russian politicians and populists" because "he is their closest competitor" and will attract "part of the pro-Russian and demagogic voters."


title: Lee Jae-wook

text: Lee Jae-wook (; born May 10, 1998) is a South Korean actor and model. He made his acting debut in the science fiction thriller "Memories of the Alhambra" (2018–2019) and gained popularity after starring in the office romance "" (2019). This project was quickly followed by a big screen debut in the war film "The Battle of Jangsari" (2019), and significant appearances in the school series "Extraordinary You" (2019) and melodrama "When The Weather Is Fine" (2020), which further boosted his fame. After playing his first lead character in the romantic comedy "Do Do Sol Sol La La Sol" (2020), he rose to prominence with a notable role in the hit fantasy period drama "Alchemy of Souls" (2022).


title: Lee Jae-wook

text: In December 2018, Lee started his acting career as a supporting character in the hit tvN television series "Memories of the Alhambra" as a hacker-programmer, starring Hyun Bin, whose agency VAST Entertainment recruited him immediately. In 2020, his photoshoot for the magazine "THE MASTERPIECE'" with actress Park Lee-hyun and fellow labelmate went viral. It was taken in the summer of 2018, before his official acting debut.


title: Lee Jae-wook

text: In June 2019, Lee joined the main cast of tvN's "" opposite Lee Da-hee, which became a hot topic every episode. The sales of Cine21's over-the-month issue of "2019 Rising Star" surged because of Lee, who gained popularity for his role in the drama. In September of the same year, he made a successful big screen debut in the war film "The Battle of Jangsari". In October of the same year, he played as the second male lead in MBC's "Extraordinary You" as the female lead's childhood friend-fiancé. The show's success earned Lee the title of Best New Actor at the 2019 MBC Drama Awards, and he was also nominated for Best New Actor – Television at the 56th Baeksang Arts Awards.


title: Lee Jae-wook

text: In February 2020, Lee was cast in a supporting role in the JTBC television series "When The Weather Is Fine" alongside Yang Hye-ji. In May of the same year, he was cast as the main male lead in the KBS2 television series "Do Do Sol Sol La La Sol" as the male counterpart of the main protagonist, played by Go Ara. He won the Excellence Award for Actor in a Miniseries for his outstanding performance in this drama at the KBS Drama Awards. He was also awarded Rookie of the Year and Actor of the Year – Rookie at the Asia Artist Awards and the 18th Brand of the Year Awards, respectively. Lee is recognized and commended for his serious and diverse acting range. Before the year ended, he appeared in a cameo role as his former drama character from "Extraordinary You" in tvN's "True Beauty" alongside Kim Hye-yoon.


title: Lee Jae-wook

text: In April 2021, Lee signed with C-JeS Entertainment, after his contract with the previous agency had expired. In May of the same year, he made a special appearance in the Netflix series "Move to Heaven".


title: Lee Jae-wook

text: In June 2022, Lee returned to the small screen with the hit tvN drama "Alchemy of Souls" with Jung So-min. In the same month, he appeared in a cameo role as an actor in the pre-produced Disney+ series "Kiss Sixth Sense". In October, he was awarded the Global Excellence Award at the Korea Drama Awards for his contribution globally to the Hallyu wave. He was also honored with the Asia Special Award at the 17th Asia Model Awards. The award is granted to world stars who are loved and recognized throughout Asia outside of South Korea. Lee was selected as one of the Best Actors of 2022 by industry professionals in South Korea. Later in November, Lee's agency announced that he will be holding the "2023 Lee Jae-wook Asia Tour Fan Meeting <First>", which will begin in Seoul in January of next year. More cities will be released sequentially later. The tickets for his Seoul fan meeting were reportedly sold out within one minute after sales opened. He returned to the small screen in December of the same year in the second part of the hit tvN drama "Alchemy of Souls: Light and Shadow", with Go Yoon-jung.


title: Lee Jae-wook

text: In February 2020, Lee became the new model for the contemporary casual brand AD HOC and the street casual brand N DOZEN. He is also one of the most popular models who is signed with high-end fashion brands like Prada, Lancôme, Dior, Nike, Berluti, Armani, Zegna, EX NIHILO, and Fendi. He has been featured in many prominent fashion publications.


title: The Birds (film)

text: The Birds is a 1963 American natural horror-thriller film produced and directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Loosely based on the 1952 short story of the same name by Daphne du Maurier, it focuses on a series of sudden and unexplained violent bird attacks on the people of Bodega Bay, California, over the course of a few days.


title: The Birds (film)

text: The film stars Rod Taylor and Tippi Hedren in her screen debut, alongside Jessica Tandy, Suzanne Pleshette, and Veronica Cartwright. The screenplay is by Evan Hunter, who was told by Hitchcock to develop new characters and a more elaborate plot while keeping du Maurier's title and concept of unexplained bird attacks.


title: The Birds (film)

text: At the 36th Academy Awards, Ub Iwerks was nominated for Best Special Effects for his work on the film. The award, however, went to the only other nominee, Emil Kosa Jr. for "Cleopatra".


title: The Birds (film)

text: In 2016, "The Birds" was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in its National Film Registry.


title: The Birds (film)

text: At a San Francisco pet store, socialite Melanie Daniels meets lawyer Mitch Brenner who is looking to buy lovebirds for his sister Cathy's 11th birthday. Recognizing Melanie from her court appearance regarding a practical joke gone awry, Mitch pretends to mistake her for a shop employee. Mitch tests Melanie's knowledge of birds, which she fails. He discloses his prior knowledge of her and that his ruse was intended to make her appreciate being on the other end of a joke. Mitch leaves without buying anything. Finding him attractive, Melanie buys the lovebirds to make amends and drives to Bodega Bay after she learns Mitch has gone to his family's farm for the weekend. Melanie is directed to the local teacher, Annie Hayworth, to learn Cathy's name. Annie previously dated Mitch but ended it due to Mitch's cold, overbearing mother, Lydia, who dislikes any woman in Mitch's life.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Melanie rents a boat in town and crosses the bay to leave the lovebirds at the Brenner farm discreetly. Mitch spots Melanie during her retreat and drives into town to meet her at the dock. As Melanie approaches the wharf, a gull attacks her. Mitch tends to her head wound inside a diner. Lydia arrives, meets Melanie, and Mitch announces to Lydia that he is inviting Melanie to dinner. Melanie returns to Annie's house and asks to spend the night. At the farm, Lydia's hens are suddenly refusing to eat. Lydia expresses her disapproval of Melanie to Mitch due to her exaggerated reputation, as reported in gossip columns. Mitch calls Melanie and invites her to Cathy's birthday party being held the next day. Shortly after, there is a violent thud at Annie's front door. A dead gull is found at the threshold.


title: The Birds (film)

text: At Cathy's party, Melanie privately tells Mitch about her troubled past and her mother running off with another man when Melanie was Cathy's age. During a game, the children are attacked and some injured by gulls. Later that evening, as Melanie dines with the Brenners, sparrows swarm the house through the chimney. Later, Mitch insists she delay driving back to San Francisco and stay the night. The next morning, Lydia visits her neighbor to discuss why their chickens will not eat. She discovers his eyeless corpse, pecked lifeless by birds, and flees in horror. As Lydia recovers at home, she fears for Cathy's safety, and Melanie offers to pick her up at school. As Melanie waits outside the schoolhouse, a large flock of crows slowly engulfs the jungle gym behind her. Anticipating an attack, she warns Annie. As they evacuate the children, the crows attack, injuring several children. Mitch finds Melanie at the diner. When gulls attack a gas station attendant, Mitch and several other men assist him outside. Spilled gasoline ignites, causing an explosion. During the escalating fire, Melanie and others rush out. More gulls attack, and Melanie takes refuge in a telephone booth. Mitch rescues her, and they get back inside the diner. A distraught woman blames Melanie for the attacks, claiming they began with her arrival.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Mitch and Melanie go to Annie's house to fetch Cathy. They find Annie's body outside, killed by the crows while protecting Cathy. That night, Melanie and the Brenners barricade themselves in the family home, which is attacked by waves of birds that nearly breach the boarded-up doors and windows. During a lull, Melanie investigates a fluttering sound in the attic bedroom. After discovering that the birds have pecked their way in through the roof, Melanie is violently attacked, trapping her until Mitch pulls her out. Melanie is badly injured and traumatized; Mitch insists they all drive to San Francisco to take Melanie to a hospital. As Mitch readies Melanie's car for their escape, a menacing sea of birds has quietly gathered around the Brenner house. The car radio reports bird attacks on nearby communities such as Santa Rosa, and the military may intervene. Cathy retrieves her lovebirds (the only birds who do not attack) from the house and joins Mitch and Lydia as they carefully escort Melanie past a mass of birds and into the car. The car slowly drives away as thousands of birds are ominously perching.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Alfred Hitchcock makes his signature cameo as a man walking dogs out of the pet shop at the beginning of the film. They were two of his own Sealyham Terriers, Geoffrey and Stanley.


title: The Birds (film)

text: "The Birds" film was partly inspired by the true events of a mass bird attack on the seaside town of Capitola in California on August 18, 1961, when "Capitola residents awoke to a scene that seemed straight out of a horror movie. Hordes of seabirds were dive-bombing their homes, crashing into cars and spewing half-digested anchovies onto lawns". Alfred Hitchcock heard of this event and used it as research material for this film which was then in progress. The real cause of the birds' behavior was toxic algae, but that was not known back in the 1960s.


title: The Birds (film)

text: The screenplay for the film is based on Daphne du Maurier's novella "The Birds", which was first published in her 1952 short story collection "The Apple Tree". The protagonist of the novella is a farm hand living in Cornwall, and the conclusion of the story is far more pessimistic than that of the film. It was adapted by Evan Hunter, who had written previously for "Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine", and the television anthology series "Alfred Hitchcock Presents". The relationship between Hunter and Hitchcock during the creation of "The Birds" was documented by the writer in his 1997 autobiography, "Me and Hitch", which contains a variety of correspondence between the writer, director and Hitchcock's assistant, Peggy Robertson.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Hunter began working on the screenplay in September 1961. He and Hitchcock developed the story, suggesting foundations such as the townspeople having a guilty secret to hide, and the birds an instrument of punishment. He suggested that the film begin using some elements borrowed from the screwball comedy genre, then have it evolve into "stark terror". This appealed to Hitchcock, according to the writer, because it conformed to his love of suspense: the title and the publicity would have already informed the audience that birds attack, but they do not know when. The initial humor followed by horror would turn the suspense into shock. At first, Hunter wanted the protagonist to be a school teacher, but this ended up being the basis for Annie Hayworth's character instead. Hunter organised his scripts by shots instead of scenes, although this did not affect the final film.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Hitchcock solicited comments from several people regarding the first draft of Hunter's screenplay. Consolidating their criticisms, Hitchcock wrote to Hunter, suggesting that the script (particularly the first part) was too long, contained insufficient characterization in the two leads, and that some scenes lacked drama and audience interest. Hitchcock, at later stages, consulted with his friends, Hume Cronyn (whose wife Jessica Tandy was playing Lydia), and V. S. Pritchett, who both offered lengthy reflections on the work. This is something that Hunter found difficult. Hitchcock cut the last 10 pages of the screenplay, although some sources say possibly more, in order to create a more ambiguous ending. Originally, he wanted the film to end without a "The End" card, but he was forced to include one before the film's full release.


title: The Birds (film)

text: The majority of the birds seen in the film are real, although it is estimated that more than $200,000 was spent on the creation of mechanical birds for the film. Ray Berwick was in charge of the live birds used in the production, training and catching many of them himself. Some of the "crows" were actually ravens. The gulls were caught in the San Francisco garbage dump and the sparrows were caught by John "Bud" Cardos. However, the captured sparrows had to be used alongside birds from pet shops to achieve full effect in the scene where they invade the house.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Hitchcock decided to do without any conventional incidental score. Instead, he made use of sound effects and sparse source music in counterpoint to calculated silences. He wanted to use the electroacoustic Mixtur-Trautonium to create the bird calls and noises. He had first encountered this predecessor to the synthesizer on Berlin radio in the late 1920s. It was invented by Friedrich Trautwein, and further developed by Oskar Sala into the Trautonium, which would create some of the bird sounds for this film.


title: The Birds (film)

text: The director commissioned Sala and Remi Gassmann to design an electronic soundtrack. They are credited with "electronic sound production and composition", and Hitchcock's previous musical collaborator, Bernard Herrmann, is credited as "sound consultant".


title: The Birds (film)

text: Source music includes the first of Claude Debussy's "Deux arabesques", which Tippi Hedren's character plays on piano, and "Nickety Nackety Now Now Now" by folk musician Chubby Parker, which is sung by the schoolchildren.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Once the crow attack and attic scenes were assembled by the film's editor, George Tomasini, they were sent to the special effects department for enhancement. The film required myriad special effects and Hitchcock commissioned the help of various studios. The special effects shots of the attacking birds were completed at Walt Disney Studios by animator/technician Ub Iwerks, who used the sodium vapor process ("yellow screen"), which he had helped to develop. The SV process films the subject against a screen lit with narrow-spectrum sodium vapor lights. Unlike most compositing processes, SVP shoots two separate elements of the footage simultaneously using a beam-splitter. One reel is regular film stock and the other a film stock with emulsion sensitive only to the sodium vapor wavelength. This results in very precise matte shots compared to blue screen special effects, necessary due to "fringing" of the image from the birds' rapid wing flapping. At Disney, Iwerks worked on the following scenes: the children's party, Melanie driving to Bodega Bay, and the first two cuts of the crow attack sequence. One of the biggest challenges facing Iwerks was the scene where a number of sparrows fly in through the chimney of the family home. Utilizing an optical printer, his superposition of a group of small birds flying inside an enclosed glass booth made it possible to multiply the birds in the living room. Most of the special effects work done at Disney was completed in the Process Lab on printer 10, which was made from Iwerks' own original design.


title: The Birds (film)

text: At MGM, Bob Hoag was put in charge of the optical effects for the sequence where Melanie hides inside a telephone booth as it is attacked by the birds. Hitchcock had requested that Hoag remove any shot where Melanie looked placid and urged that she be in constant movement instead. Hoag, along with a team of 30, worked together on the blue backing and sodium matte shots. Linwood Dunn, a founder of Film Effects of Hollywood, was commissioned to work on the attic scene. He was asked to produce a rough cut of the sequence before Hitchcock left for Berlin in December 1962. Bill Abbott, at Fox, was in charge of the optical effects for the crow attack sequence, which would take six weeks to finish. Abbott organised two teams—both working 11 hours a day—to work on the sequence simultaneously. Abbott's biggest challenge was size ratio, as he had to ensure that the birds looked like they were attacking the children. He achieved this by placing the birds within frame and zooming in on them to make them the correct size in proportion to the children. At Universal-International Pictures, associate editor Ross Hoffman and matte artist Albert Whitlock both worked on designing the town's backdrop, including the birds in the trees and the scenery for the river shots of Melanie's car arriving in Bodega Bay. "The Birds" featured 370 effects shots, the final shot being a composite of 32 separate elements.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Among the central themes explored in "The Birds" are those of love and violence. The representation of the birds in the film constantly changes to reflect the development of these themes, and the story itself. At first, the lovebirds in the pet store signify the blossoming love between Melanie and Mitch, and the sexual tension between the two. However, the birds' symbolism changes once they begin to attack Bodega Bay. Hitchcock stated in an interview that the birds in the film rise up against the humans to punish them for taking nature for granted.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Another theme explored within the film is the entrapment of civilians. This is because the birds attack anyone who goes outside, consequently leaving people trapped inside their homes.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Humanities scholar Camille Paglia wrote a monograph about the film for the BFI Film Classics series. She interprets it as an ode to the many facets of female sexuality and, by extension, nature itself. She notes that women play pivotal roles in it. Mitch is defined by his relationships with his mother, sister, and ex-lover—a careful balance that is disrupted by his attraction to the beautiful Melanie.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Montage editing and slow pacing are used within the film to build suspense and elicit a greater emotional response from the audience during the attack scenes: "The pattern of "The Birds" was deliberately to go slow". This is exemplified in the scene where the birds gradually gather outside of the school, while an unobservant Melanie sits and waits on the bench. The camera then cuts between her and the increasing number of birds that swoop down onto the jungle gym behind her until they finally attack.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Eyeline matches and point-of-view (POV) shots within the film encourage audience identification with particular characters and their subjective experiences. This is achieved by cutting between the character and the object of their gaze. For example, when Melanie crosses the bay near the beginning of the film, the camera cuts between close-ups of her face and shots of the Brenner house from her perspective, as she watches Mitch fall for her prank.


title: The Birds (film)

text: The focus on editing and visuals rather than dialogue is also an element of pure cinema that Hitchcock largely uses throughout his work.


title: The Birds (film)

text: The film premiered March 28, 1963, in New York City. The Museum of Modern Art hosted an invitation-only screening as part of a 50-film retrospective of Hitchcock's film work. The MOMA series had a booklet with a monograph on the director written by Peter Bogdanovich. The film was screened out of competition in May at a prestigious invitational showing at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival with Hitchcock and Hedren in attendance.


title: The Birds (film)

text: As a special favor to Hedren, Hitchcock allowed her to take a copy of the film with her when she visited her hometown of Minneapolis after the film premiered in New York City. On April 1, Hedren hosted her parents and about 130 residents of Lafayette, Minnesota, where her parents lived when she was born, to an exclusive screening of the film at the local neighborhood theater Hedren frequented in her youth, The Westgate, in Morningside, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis, where Hedren grew up. The theater was demolished in 2019.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Ub Iwerks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Special Effects. The winner that year was "Cleopatra". Tippi Hedren received the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress in 1964, sharing it with Ursula Andress and Elke Sommer. She also received the Photoplay Award as Most Promising Newcomer. The film ranked No. 1 of the top 10 foreign films selected by the Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards. Hitchcock also received the Association's Director Award for the film.


title: The Birds (film)

text: "The Birds" received mixed reviews upon its initial release. Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" was positive, calling it "a horror film that should raise the hackles on the most courageous and put goose-pimples on the toughest hide". Crowther was unsure whether the birds were meant to be an allegory because "it isn't in Mr. Hitchcock's style to inject allegorical meanings or social significance in his films", but he suggested that they could represent the Furies of Greek mythology who pursued the wicked upon the earth.


title: The Birds (film)

text: Stanley Kauffmann of "The New Republic" called "The Birds" "the worst thriller of his [Hitchcock's] that I can remember".


title: The Birds (film)

text: Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" called it "gorgeous good fun" in the vein of Hitchcock's earlier black comedy "The Trouble with Harry", adding: "I haven't had this kind of merriment since King Kong toppled from the Empire State Building". "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote: "For all the brilliance of scenes like the attack down the chimney, one rarely has a chance to suspend disbelief", but the review still thought that "there is still a great deal more to enjoy than carp at". The film ranked second on Cahiers du Cinéma's Top 10 Films of the Year List in 1963. Andrew Sarris of The Village Voice praised the film, writing: "Drawing from the relatively invisible literary talents of Daphne DuMaurier and Evan Hunter, Alfred Hitchcock has fashioned a major work of cinematic art".


title: The Birds (film)

text: Philip K. Scheuer of the "Los Angeles Times" was among the critics who panned the film, writing that Hitchcock "was once widely quoted as saying he hated actors. After his 1960 'Psycho' and now "The Birds", it must be fairly obvious that he has extended his abhorrence to the whole human race. For reasons hardly justified either dramatically or aesthetically, the old master has become a master of the perverse. He has gone all out for shock for shock's sake, and it is too bad". "Variety" published a mixed assessment, writing that while the film was "slickly executed and fortified with his characteristic tongue-in-cheek touches", Hitchcock "deals more provocatively and effectively in human menace. A fantasy framework dilutes the toxic content of his patented terror-tension formula, and gives the picture a kind of sci-fi exploitation feel, albeit with a touch of production gloss". Brendan Gill of "The New Yorker" called the film "a sorry failure. Hard as it may be to believe of Hitchcock, it doesn't arouse suspense, which is, of course, what justifies and transforms the sadism that lies at the heart of every thriller. Here the sadism is all too nakedly, repellently present".