title: Hussein of Jordan

text: Hussein's policy of co-opting the opposition was his most revered. He was the region's longest reigning leader, even though he was subject to dozens of assassination attempts and plots to overthrow him. He was known to pardon political opponents and dissidents, including those who had attempted to assassinate him. He entrusted some of them with senior posts in the government. On one occasion before his death, he gave his fiercest critic a ride home from prison after having ordered his release. He was described as being a "benign authoritarian."


title: Hussein of Jordan

text: During his 46-year-reign, Hussein, who was seen as a charismatic, courageous, and humble leader, became widely known among Jordanians as the "builder king." He turned the Kingdom from a backwater divided polity into a reasonably stable well-governed modern state. By 1999 90% of Jordanians had been born during Hussein's reign. From the very start, Hussein concentrated on building an economic and industrial infrastructure to stimulate the economy and raise the standard of living. During the 1960s, Jordan's main industriesincluding phosphate, potash and cementwere developed, and the very first network of highways was built throughout the kingdom. Social indicators reflect King Hussein's successes. Whereas in 1950 water, sanitation, and electricity were available to only 10% of Jordanians, at the end of his rule these had reached 99% of the population. In 1960 only 33% of Jordanians were literate; by 1996 this number had climbed to 85.5%. In 1961 the average Jordanian consumed a daily intake of 2,198 calories; by 1992 this figure had increased by 37.5% to reach 3,022 calories. UNICEF statistics show that between 1981 and 1991, Jordan had achieved the world's fastest annual rate of decline in infant mortalityfrom 70 deaths per 1,000 births in 1981 to 37 per 1,000 in 1991, a drop of over 47%.


title: Hussein of Jordan

text: Hussein established the Al-Amal medical center in 1997, a clinic specializing in cancer treatment in Jordan. Renamed in 2002 to the King Hussein Cancer Center in honor of the late King, the center is a leading medical facility in the region, treating around 4,000 patients each year.


title: Hussein of Jordan

text: The King disliked paperwork, and had no solid view for the economy. He was dubbed the "fundraiser-in-chief": throughout his reign he managed to obtain foreign aid from different sources, leaving a legacy of a foreign aid-dependent Jordan. British aid in the early 1950s, American aid from 1957 onwards, Gulf aid in the 1960s and 1970s, Arab League and Iraqi aid in the early 1980s, and, after formalizing peace with Israel, American aid in the 1990s.


title: Hussein of Jordan

text: He was also seen as too lenient toward some ministers who were alleged to be corrupt. The price of establishing peace with Israel in 1994 he had to pay domestically, with mounting Jordanian opposition to Israel concentrating its criticism on the King. The King reacted by introducing restrictions on freedom of speech, and changing the parliamentary electoral law into the one-man, one-vote system in a bid to increase representation of independent regime loyalists and tribal groups at the expense of Islamist and partisan candidates. The moves impeded Jordan's path towards democracy that had started in 1956 and resumed in 1989.


title: Hussein of Jordan

text: In 1977, Bob Woodward of "The Washington Post" reported that King Hussein received funds from the CIA for 20 years. This money was used by the King to establish an intelligence service but was nevertheless criticized for being handled away from the government's supervision.


title: Hussein of Jordan

text: Hussein was an enthusiastic ham radio operator and an Honorary Member of The Radio Society of Harrow and a life member of the American Radio Relay League. He was popular in the amateur radio community and insisted that fellow operators refer to him without his title. His call sign was JY1, which inspired the name for Jordan's first cube-sat satellite, the JY1-SAT, which was launched in 2018.


title: Hussein of Jordan

text: Hussein was a trained pilot, flying both airplanes and helicopters as a hobby. In a 1999 interview Henry Kissinger described being flown by Hussein, saying that "...he was a daring pilot, and he would be zooming along at treetop level, and my wife, in order to be politely insistent would say, 'You know I didn't know helicopters could fly so low.' 'Oh!' said the King, 'They can fly lower!' and went below tree top level just skimming along on the ground. That really aged me rapidly."


title: Hussein of Jordan

text: Hussein was also an avid fan of motorcycles. The cover of the paperback version of Queen Noor's book "" features a photo of the King and Queen riding a Harley-Davidson motorcycle. The King was also a fan of race-car driving, water sports, skiing, and tennis.


title: Hussein of Jordan

text: From an affair with the American Jewish actress Susan Cabot Hussein had an alleged illegitimate son, Timothy. Susan and Timothy were supported for many years out of the royal privy purse. In 1986 Timothy killed his mother. Timothy served a prison sentence for involuntary manslaughter and died in 2003.


title: Opel

text: Opel Automobile GmbH (), usually shortened to Opel, is a German automobile manufacturer which has been a subsidiary of Stellantis since 16 January 2021. It was owned by the American automaker General Motors from 1929 until 2017 and the PSA Group, a predecessor of Stellantis, from 2017 until 2021. Opel vehicles are sold in the United Kingdom as Vauxhall. Some Opel vehicles were badge-engineered in Australia under the Holden brand until 2020 and in North America and China under the Buick, Saturn, and Cadillac brands.


title: Opel

text: Opel traces its roots to a sewing machine manufacturer founded by Adam Opel in 1862 in Rüsselsheim am Main. The company began manufacturing bicycles in 1886 and produced its first automobile in 1899. With the Opel RAK program, the world's first rocket program, under the leadership of Fritz von Opel, the company played an important role in the history of aviation and spaceflight: Various land speed records were achieved, and the world's first rocket-powered flights were performed in 1928 and 1929. After listing on the stock market in 1929, General Motors took a majority stake in Opel and then full control in 1931, making the automaker a wholly owned subsidiary, establishing an American ownership of the German automaker for nearly 90 years.


title: Opel

text: In March 2017, PSA agreed to acquire Opel, the English twin sister brand Vauxhall and the European auto lending business from General Motors for €2 billion ($2.3 billion), making the French automaker the second biggest in Europe, after Volkswagen.


title: Opel

text: Opel is still headquartered in Rüsselsheim am Main. The company designs, engineers, manufactures and distributes Opel-branded passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, and vehicle parts; together with its English sister marque Vauxhall, they are present in over 60 countries around the world.


title: Opel

text: The company was founded in Rüsselsheim, Hesse, Germany, on 21 January 1862, by Adam Opel. In the beginning, Opel produced sewing machines. Opel launched a new product in 1886: he began to sell high-wheel bicycles, also known as penny-farthings. Opel's two sons participated in high-wheel bicycle races, thus promoting this means of transportation. In 1888, production was relocated from a cowshed to a more spacious building in Rüsselsheim. The production of high-wheel bicycles soon exceeded the production of sewing machines. At the time of Opel's death in 1895, he was the leader in both markets.


title: Opel

text: The first cars were designed in 1898 after Opel's widow Sophie and their two eldest sons entered into a partnership with Friedrich Lutzmann, a locksmith at the court in Dessau in Saxony-Anhalt, who had been working on automobile designs for some time. The first Opel production Patent Motor Car was built in Rüsselsheim early 1899, although these cars were not very successful (A total of 65 motor cars were delivered: [15] 11 in 1899, 24 copies in 1900 and 30 in 1901) and the partnership was dissolved after two years, following which Opel signed a licensing agreement in 1901 with the French Automobiles Darracq France to manufacture vehicles under the brand name Opel Darracq. These cars consisted of Opel bodies mounted on Darracq chassis, powered by two-cylinder engines.


title: Opel

text: The company first showed cars of its own design at the 1902 Hamburg Motor Show, and started manufacturing them in 1906, with Opel Darracq production being discontinued in 1907.


title: Opel

text: In 1909, the Opel 4/8 PS model, known as the "Doktorwagen" ("Doctor's Car") was produced. Its reliability and robustness were appreciated by physicians, who drove long distances to see their patients back when hard-surfaced roads were still rare. The "Doktorwagen" sold for only 3,950 marks, about half as much as the luxury models of its day.


title: Opel

text: In 1911, the company's factory was virtually destroyed by fire and a new one was built with more up-to-date machinery.


title: Opel

text: Opels cars were initially tested on public roads which then led to complaints about noise and damage to the roads. Under public pressure, Opel began construction of a test oval in 1917. The track was completed in 1919 but not opened to the public until 24 October 1920 under the official name of Opel-Rennbahn, or Opel Race Track in English.


title: Opel

text: In the early 1920s, Opel became the first German car manufacturer to incorporate a mass-production assembly line in the building of their automobiles. In 1924, they used their assembly line to produce a new open two-seater called the "Laubfrosch" (Tree frog). The Laubfrosch was finished exclusively in green lacquer. The car sold for an expensive 3,900 marks (expensive considering the less expensive manufacturing process), but by the 1930s, this type of vehicle would cost a mere 1,930 marks – due in part to the assembly line, but also due to the skyrocketing demand for cars. Adam Opel led the way for motorised transportation to become not just a means for the rich, but also a reliable way for people of all classes to travel.


title: Opel

text: Opel had a 37.5% market share in Germany and was also the country's largest automobile exporter in 1928. The "Regent" – Opel's first eight-cylinder car – was offered. The RAK 1 and RAK 2 rocket-propelled cars made sensational record-breaking runs.


title: Opel

text: Opel as a company and its co-owner Fritz von Opel, grandson of Adam Opel, were instrumental in popularizing rockets as means of propulsion for vehicles and have an important place in the history of spaceflight and rocket technology. In the 1920s, Fritz von Opel initiated together with Max Valier, co-founder of the "Verein für Raumschiffahrt", the world's first rocket program, Opel-RAK, leading to speed records for automobiles, rail vehicles and the first manned rocket-powered flight in September 1929. Months earlier in 1928, one of his rocket-powered prototypes, the Opel RAK2, piloted by von Opel himself at the AVUS speedway in Berlin, reached a record speed of in front of 3,000 spectators and world media representatives, including Fritz Lang, director of "Metropolis" and "Woman in the Moon", world boxing champion Max Schmeling, and many other sports and show business celebrities. A world speed record for rail vehicles was reached with RAK3 at a top speed of . After these successes, von Opel piloted the world's first public rocket-powered flight using Opel RAK.1, a rocket plane designed by Julius Hatry. World media reported these events, including Universal Newsreel in the US, causing "Raketen-Rummel" or "Rocket Rumble" immense global public excitement, particularly in Germany, where, among others, Wernher von Braun was highly influenced.


title: Opel

text: Opel RAK became enthralled with liquid propulsion, building and testing them in the late 1920s in Rüsselsheim. According to Max Valier's account, Opel RAK rocket designer, Friedrich Wilhelm Sander launched two liquid-fuel rockets at Opel Rennbahn in Rüsselsheim on 10 and 12 April 1929. These Opel RAK rockets have been the first European, and after Goddard the world's second, liquid-fuel rockets in history. In his book "Raketenfahrt" Valier describes the size of the rockets as of in diameter and with a length of , weighing empty and with fuel. The maximum thrust was 45 to 50 kp, with a total burning time of 132 seconds. These properties indicate a gas pressure pumping. The first missile rose so quickly that Sander lost sight of it. Two days later, a second unit was ready to go, Sander tied a -long rope to the rocket. After of rope had been unwound, the line broke and this rocket also disappeared in the area, probably near the Opel proving ground and racetrack in Rüsselsheim, the "Rennbahn". Sander and Opel were also working for a novel liquid-propellant rocket engine for an anticipated flight across the English Channel. By May 1929, the engine produced a thrust of 200 kg (440 lb.) "for longer than fifteen minutes and in July 1929, the Opel RAK collaborators were able to attain powered phases of more than thirty minutes for thrusts of 300 kg (660-lb.) at Opel's works in Rüsselsheim," again according to Max Valier's account.


title: Opel

text: The Great Depression led to an end of the Opel-RAK program, but Max Valier continued the efforts. After switching from solid-fuel to liquid-fuel rockets, he died while testing and is considered the first fatality of the dawning space age. Sander's technology was confiscated by German military in 1935, he was forced to sell his company, and was imprisoned for alleged treason. He died in 1938.


title: Opel

text: In March 1929, General Motors (GM), impressed by Opel's modern production facilities, bought 80% of the company. The Opel family gained $33.3 million from the transaction. Subsequently, during 1935, a second factory was built at Brandenburg for the production of "Blitz" light trucks. In 1929 Opel licensed design of the radical Neander motorcycle, and produced it as the Opel Motoclub in 1929 and 1930, using Küchen, J.A.P., and Motosacoche engines. Fritz von Opel famously attached solid-fuel rockets to his Motoclub in a publicity stunt, riding the rocket-boosted motorcycle at the Avus racetrack.


title: Opel

text: In 1931 – after acquiring the rest of the shares – General Motors took over the full ownership of Adam Opel AG, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and later, in 1935, Opel became the first German car manufacturer to produce over 100,000 vehicles a year. This was based on the popular Opel P4 model. The selling price was a mere 1,650 marks and the car had a 1.1 L four-cylinder engine and a top speed of .


title: Opel

text: Opel also produced the first mass-production vehicle in Germany with a self-supporting ("unibody") all-steel body, closely following the 1934 Citroën Traction Avant. This was one of the most important innovations in automotive history. They called the car, launched in 1935, the Olympia. With its small weight and aerodynamics came an improvement in both performance and fuel consumption. Opel received a patent on this technology.


title: Opel

text: The 1930s was a decade of growth, and by 1937, with 130,267 cars produced, Opel's Rüsselsheim plant was Europe's top car plant in terms of output, while ranking seventh worldwide.


title: Opel

text: 1938 saw the presentation of the highly successful Kapitän. With a 2.5 L six-cylinder engine, all-steel body, front independent suspension, hydraulic shock absorbers, hot-water heating (with electric blower), and central speedometer. 25,374 Kapitäns left the factory before the intensification of World War II brought automotive manufacturing to a temporary stop in the autumn of 1940, by order of the government.


title: Opel

text: Opel automobile production ended in October 1940, after the company's American leadership had rejected an "invitation" to switch to munitions manufacture a few months earlier. In 1942 Opel switched to wartime production, making aircraft parts and tanks. They kept manufacturing trucks at the Brandenburg plant, where the 3.6-liter Opel Blitz truck had been built since 1938. These trucks were also built under license by Daimler-Benz in Mannheim.


title: Opel

text: After the end of the war, with the Brandenburg plant dismantled and transported to the Soviet Union, and 47% of the buildings in Rüsselsheim destroyed, former Opel employees began to rebuild the Rüsselsheim plant. The first postwar Opel Blitz truck was completed on 15 July 1946 in the presence of United States Army General Geoffrey Keyes and other local leaders and press reporters. Opel's Rüsselsheim plant also made Frigidaire refrigerators in the early post-war years.


title: Opel

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, the Vauxhall and Opel ranges were rationalised into one consistent range across Europe.


title: Opel

text: The 1973 version of the Opel Kadett was later rebadged in hatchback, saloon and estate form as the Vauxhall Chevette for the UK market, with German factories producing the opel versions. The Opel Ascona of this era was sold on the UK market (and produced in both British and continental factories) as the Vauxhall Cavalier. Both of these cars had mild styling changes, as did the flagship Opel Rekord and Vauxhall Carlton saloon and estate ranges which went on sale towards the end of the 1970s.


title: Opel

text: By the 1970s, Opel had emerged as the stronger of GM's two European brands; Vauxhall was the third-best selling brand in Great Britain after the British Motor Corporation (later British Leyland) but made only a modest impact elsewhere. The two companies were direct competitors outside of each other's respective home markets, but mirroring US automaker Ford's decision to merge its British and German subsidiaries in the late 1960s, GM followed the same precedent. Opel and Vauxhall had loosely collaborated before, but serious efforts to merge the two companies' operations and product families into one did not start until the 1970s – which had Vauxhall's complete product line replaced by vehicles built on Opel-based platforms – the only exception to the rule being the Bedford CF panel van, the only solely Vauxhall design which was marketed as an Opel on the Continent. By the turn of the 1980s, the two brands were in effect, one and the same.


title: Opel

text: Opel's first front-wheel drive car - the new version of the Kadett - entered production in 1979, initially built in Germany and Belgium. It was sold in the UK alongside the stronger selling Vauxhall version - the Astra - which also entered UK production in 1981.


title: Opel

text: During the 1970s, Opel expressed interest in building an additional production facility in Spain, and eventually settled on a location near Zaragoza, with the intention of building a new supermini for the 1980s there. The factory opened in 1982, and its first product was the Opel Corsa (imported to the UK as the Vauxhall Nova from 1983).


title: Opel

text: The Ascona switched to front-wheel drive for an all-new General Motors J-Car global model format in 1981, with the Cavalier nameplate continuing for the UK market. The Kadett was revamped again in 1984, and became the company's first winner of the European Car of the Year accolade. The Rekord's successor, the Opel Omega (still Vauxhall Carlton in the UK), achieved the same success two years later.


title: Opel

text: The long-running Ascona nameplate was discontinued in 1988, with its replacement being sold as the Vectra, although the UK market version was still sold as the Vauxhall Cavalier. The Opel Manta coupe was also discontinued in 1988, with its Vectra-based successor the Calibra being launched the following year. Soon afterwards, Opel launched a high performance version of the Omega - the Lotus Omega (Lotus Carlton in the UK) - which featured Lotus-tuned suspension and had a top speed of 175 mph.


title: Opel

text: In the 1990s, Opel was considered to be GM's cash cow, with profit margins similar to that of Toyota. Opel's profit helped to offset GM's losses in North America and to fund GM's expansion into Asia. 1999 was the last time when Opel was profitable for the full year for almost 20 years.


title: Opel

text: The first major Opel launch of the 1990s was the 1991 Astra, which spelled the end for the Kadett nameplate that had debuted more than 50 years earlier. The company also turned to GM's Japanese division Isuzu for its first SUV, the Frontera, which was also launched in 1991 but produced in Europe despite its Japanese origins. The larger Monterey joined the company's SUV line-up in 1994, but had been dropped from the UK and continental markets by 2000 due to disappointing sales.


title: Opel

text: At the end of 1992, the company unveiled a completely new Corsa, which like the original model was produced at the Zaragoza plant, but this time carried the Corsa nameplate on the UK market as a Vauxhall.


title: Opel

text: A second generation Omega was launched in early 1994 and remained in production for a decade, but when production finished there was no direct successor due to declining sales of executive saloon models from mainstream brands. A Corsa-based coupe, the Tigra, was also launched around this time, and lasted in production for six years.


title: Opel

text: The second generation Opel Vectra was launched in 1995, with the Vectra nameplate now extending to the Vauxhall version in the UK.


title: Opel

text: The first Opel MPV, the Sintra, was launched in Europe in 1996, imported from the USA where it was sold as a Pontiac, but discontinued after three years due to disappointing sales. The Vauxhall-badged UK market version was also slated in motoring surveys for its dismal build quality and reliability.


title: Opel

text: 1997 saw the demise of the Calibra coupe after an eight-year production, with no immediate replacement.


title: Opel

text: The Opel Astra hatchbacks, saloons and estate were completely revamped for 1998, and within two years had also spawned coupe and cabriolet versions, as well as a compact MPV, the Zafira.


title: Opel

text: In 1999, Opel unveiled its first sports car, the Speedster (Vauxhall VX220 in the UK). However, it was not a success, and was axed in 2005. The company moved into the city car market in early 2000 with the launch of the Agila.


title: Opel

text: The third generation Opel Corsa was launched in 2000, followed by a new version of the Vectra in 2002 and the Astra in 2004.


title: Opel

text: Three generations of Vectra gave way to the Insignia in 2008, with the new model becoming the company's first European Car of the Year award winner for 22 years.


title: Opel

text: Following the 2008 global financial crisis, on 10 September 2009, GM agreed to sell a 55% stake in Opel to a consortium including Magna group and Sberbank - with the approval of the German government. The deal was later called off.


title: Opel

text: With ongoing restructuring plans, Opel announced the closure of its Antwerp plant in Belgium by the end of 2010.


title: Opel

text: In 2010, Opel announced that it would invest around €11 billion in the next five years. €1 billion of that was designated solely for the development of innovative and fuel-saving engines and transmissions.


title: Opel

text: On 29 February 2012, Opel announced the creation of a major alliance with PSA Peugeot Citroen resulting in GM taking a 7% share of PSA, becoming PSA's second-largest shareholder after the Peugeot family. The alliance was intended to enable $2 billion per year of cost savings through platform sharing, common purchasing, and other economies of scale. In December 2013, GM sold its 7% interest in PSA for £250 million, after plans of cost savings were not as successful. Opel was said to be among Europe's most aggressive discounters in mass-market. GM reported a 2016 loss of US$257 million from its European operations. It is reported that GM has lost about US$20 billion in Europe since 1999.


title: Opel

text: Opel withdrew from China, where it had a network of 22 dealers, in early 2015 after General Motors decided to withdraw its Chevrolet brand from Europe starting in 2016.


title: Opel

text: In March 2017, the PSA Group agreed to buy Opel, its English twin sister brand Vauxhall and their European auto lending business from General Motors for 2.2 billion. In return, General Motors will pay PSA US$3.2 billion for future European pension obligations and keep managing US$9.8 billion worth of plans for existing retirees. Furthermore, GM is responsible for paying about US$400 million annually for 15 years to fund the existing Great Britain and Germany pension plans.


title: Opel

text: In June 2017, Michael Lohscheller, Opel's chief financial officer replaced Karl-Thomas Neumann as CEO. The acquisition of Opel and Vauxhall was completed in August 2017.


title: Opel

text: In the 2018 financial year, Opel achieved an operating income of €859 million. It was the first positive income since 1999.


title: Opel

text: On 16 January 2021, Opel was sold on to Stellantis following the merger of its Peugeot parent company PSA Group with Italian-American group Fiat Chrysler Automobiles.


title: Opel

text: In September 2021, Stellantis appoints Uwe Hochgeschurtz in Opel's management to replace Michael Lohscheller who left to Vinfast.


title: Opel

text: Opel operates 10 vehicle, powertrain, and component plants and four development and test centres in six countries, and employs around 30,000 people in Europe. The brand sells vehicles in more than 60 markets worldwide. Other plants are in Eisenach and Kaiserslautern, Germany; Szentgotthárd, Hungary; Figueruelas, Spain; Gliwice, and Tychy, Poland; Aspern, Austria; Ellesmere Port, and Luton, United Kingdom. The Dudenhofen Test Center is located near the company's headquarters and is responsible for all technical testing and vehicle validations.


title: Opel

text: Around 6,250 people are responsible for the engineering and design of Opel/Vauxhall vehicles at the International Technical Development Center and European Design Center in Rüsselsheim. All in all, Opel plays an important role in Stellantis' global R&D footprint.


title: Opel

text: As of 2021 "Opel Group GmbH" is the contracted original equipment manufacturer (OEM) of Opel/Vauxhall. "Adam Opel AG" is the main supplier (tier 1) for the OEM, all subsidiaries are tier 2 suppliers.


title: Opel

text: Plant controlled as first-tier subsidiary of "General Motors Europe Limited", second-tier subsidiary of "GM CME Holdings CV" and third-tier subsidiary of "General Motors Corporation (GMC)":


title: Opel

text: The first Opel logo contained the letters "A" and "O" – the initials of the company's founder, Adam Opel. The A was in bronze, the O kept in red.


title: Opel

text: In 1866, Opel expanded and started to produce bicycles. Around 1890, the logo was completely redesigned. The new logo also contained the words "Victoria Blitz" (referring to Lady Victory; they were certain of the triumph of their bicycles). The word "Blitz" (English: lightning) first appeared back then, but without a depiction.


title: Opel

text: Another redesign was commissioned in 1909. The new logo was much more spirited and contained only the company name Opel. It was placed on the motorcycles that they had started to produce in 1902, and on the first cars which were produced in 1909.


title: Opel

text: In 1910, the logo was the shape of an eye, and it was surrounded by laurels, with the text "Opel" in the centre.


title: Opel

text: From the mid-1930s to the 1960s, passenger cars carried a ring which was crossed by some kind of a flying thing pointing to the left, which in some form could be interpreted as a zeppelin, the same flying object being used also as a forward-pointing hood ornament. In some versions, it looked like an arrow; in others, like an aeroplane or a bird.


title: Opel

text: Besides the hood ornament flying through the ring, Opel also used a coat of arms in various forms, which mostly had a combination of white and yellow colours in it, a shade of yellow which is typical for Opel until today. One was oval, half white and half yellow. The Opel writing was black and in the middle of the oval symbol.


title: Opel

text: The origin of the lightning in the Opel logo lies in the truck Opel Blitz (German "Blitz" = English "lightning"), which had been a commercial success, widely used also within the Wehrmacht, Nazi Germany's military. Originally, the logo for this truck consisted of two stripes arranged loosely like a lightning symbol with the words "Opel" and "Blitz" in them, in later, 1950s models simplified to the horizontal form of lightning which appears in the current Opel logo. The jag in the lightning always follows the original from the "Opel Blitz" text stripes, in the form of a horizontally stretched letter "Z".


title: Opel

text: By the end of the 1960s, the two forms merged, and the horizontal lightning replaced the flying thing in the ring, giving way to the basic design which is used since then with variations. Through all its variations, this logo is simple and unique, and both easily recognisable and reproducible with just two strokes of a pen.


title: Opel

text: In the 1964 version, the lightning with a ring was used in a yellow rectangle, with the Opel writing below. The whole logo was again delimited by a black rectangle. The basic form and proportions of the Blitz logo have remained unchanged since the 1970 version, which made the lightning tails shorter so that the logo could fit proportionately within a yellow square, meaning it could be displayed next to the 'blue square' General Motors logo. In the mid-1970s, the Vauxhall "Griffin" logo was, in turn, resized and displayed within a corresponding red square, so that all three logos could be displayed together, thus signifying the unified GM Europe.


title: Opel

text: The SC Opel Rüsselsheim is a football club with over 450 members. RV 1888 Opel Rüsselsheim is a cycling club.


title: Opel

text: Opel's corporate tagline as of June 2017 is "The Future Is Everyone's" (German: "Die Zukunft gehört allen"). The list of Opel's slogans is shown below:


title: Opel

text: Opel currently has partnerships with association football clubs such as Bundesliga clubs Borussia Dortmund and 1. FSV Mainz 05.


title: Opel

text: Opel cooperates with French oil&gas company TotalEnergies on plans for a battery cell factory. From 1994 until 2006, Opel has been partnership with Milan and previously with Fiorentina from 1983 until 1986 in Italy, from 1995 until 2002 with Paris Saint-Germain in France, from 1989 until 2002 with Bayern Munchen in Germany and from 2013 until 2017 with Feyenoord Rotterdam in Netherlands.


title: Opel

text: The Opel brand is present in most of Europe, in parts of North Africa, in South Africa, the Middle East (EMEA), in Chile and in Singapore. Their models have been rebadged and sold in other countries and continents, such as Vauxhall in Great Britain, Chevrolet in Latin America, Holden in Australia and New Zealand, and previously, Saturn in the United States and Canada. Following the demise of General Motors Corporation's Saturn division in North America, Opel cars are currently rebadged and sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and China under the Buick name with models such as the Opel Insignia/Buick Regal, Opel Astra sedan/Buick Verano (both which share underpinnings with the Chevrolet Cruze), and Opel Mokka/Buick Encore.


title: Opel

text: In 2017, GM confirmed plans of a "hybrid global brand" which includes Vauxhall, Opel and Buick to use more synergies between the brands. This plan was overridden by the sale of Vauxhall and Opel brands to PSA Peugeot Citroën.


title: Opel

text: Opel cars appeared under their own name in the US from 1958 to 1975, when they were sold through Buick dealers as captive imports. The best-selling Opel models in the US were the 1964 to 1972 Opel Kadett, the 1971 to 1975 Opel Manta, and the 1968 to 1973 Opel GT. (The name "Opel" was also applied from 1976 to 1980 to vehicles manufactured by Isuzu (similar to the "Isuzu I-Mark"), but mechanically those were entirely different cars).


title: Opel

text: Historically, Opel vehicles have also been sold at various times in the North American market as either heavily modified, or "badge-engineered" models under the Chevrolet, Buick, Pontiac, Saturn, and Cadillac brands – for instance the J-body platform, which was largely developed by Opel – was the basis of North American models such as the Chevrolet Cavalier and Cadillac Cimarron. Below is a list of current or recent Opel models which are sold under GM's North American brands.


title: Opel

text: The last two generations of the Buick Regal have been rebadged versions of the Opel Insignia. The main differences are the modified radiator grill and the altered colour of the passenger compartment illumination (blue instead of red). The Regal GS is comparable to the Insignia OPC. The 5th generation Buick Regal was first assembled alongside the Insignia at the Opel plant in Rüsselsheim. In the first quarter of 2011, it began to be built on the flexible assembly line at the GM plant in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. All 6th generation Buick Regals were built alongside the Insignia at the Opel plant in Rüsselsheim, Germany.


title: Opel

text: The Buick Cascada is a rebadged Opel Cascada, built in Poland and sold in the United States unchanged from the Opel in all but badging.


title: Opel

text: Unlike the vehicles listed above, the Buick LaCrosse is not a rebadged version of an Opel model. However, it is based on a long-wheelbase version of the Opel-developed Epsilon II-platform, so shares many key components with the Opel Insignia and thereby the Buick Regal.


title: Opel

text: The Saturn L-Series was a modified version of the Opel Vectra B. Though the Saturn had different exterior styling and had plastic door panels, it shared the same body shape as the Opel. Both cars rode on the GM2900 platform. The Saturn also had a different interior, yet shared some interior parts, such as the inside of the doors.


title: Opel

text: The second generation of the Saturn VUE, introduced in 2007 for the 2008 model year, was a rebadged version of the German-designed Opel Antara, manufactured in Mexico. After the demise of the Saturn brand, the VUE was discontinued, but the car continued to be produced and sold as Chevrolet Captiva Sport in Mexican and South American markets. The Chevrolet Captiva Sport was introduced for the US commercial and fleet markets in late 2011 for the 2012 model.


title: Opel

text: The 2015 Opel range in South Africa comprises the Opel Adam, Opel Astra, Opel Corsa, Opel Meriva, Opel Mokka, and Opel Vivaro. No diesel versions are offered.


title: Opel

text: From 1986 to 2003, Opel models were produced by Delta Motor Corporation, a company created through a management buyout following of GM's divestment from apartheid South Africa. Delta assembled the Opel Kadett, with the sedan version called the Opel Monza. This was replaced by the Opel Astra, although the Kadett name was retained for the hatchback and considered a separate model. A version of the Rekord Series E remained in production after the model had been replaced by the Omega in Europe, as was a Commodore model unique to South Africa, combining the bodyshell of the Rekord with the front end of the revised Senator. The Opel Corsa was introduced in 1996, with kits of the Brazilian-designed sedan and pick-up (known in South African English as a "bakkie") being locally assembled.


title: Opel

text: Although GM's passenger vehicle line-up in South Africa consisted of Opel-based models by the late 1970s, these were sold under the Chevrolet brand name, with only the Kadett being marketed as an Opel when it was released in 1980. In 1982, the Chevrolet brand name was dropped, with the Ascona, Rekord, Commodore, and Senator being rebadged as Opels.


title: Opel

text: Many Opel models or models based on Opel architectures have been sold in Australia and New Zealand under the Holden marque, such as the Holden Barina (1994–2005), which were rebadged versions of the Opel Corsa, the Holden Astra, a version of the Opel Astra, and the Captiva 5, a version of the Opel Antara. In New Zealand, the Opel Kadett and Ascona were sold as niche models by General Motors New Zealand in the 1980s, while the Opel brand was used on the Opel Vectra until 1994.


title: Opel

text: For the first time ever, the Opel brand was introduced to Australia on 1 September 2012, including the Corsa, Astra, Astra GTC, and Insignia models. On 2 August 2013, Opel announced it was ending exports to Australia due to poor sales, with only 1,530 vehicles sold in the first ten months.


title: Opel

text: After the closure of Opel Australia, Holden imports newer Opel models such as the Astra GTC (ceased 1 May 2017), Astra VXR (Astra OPC), Cascada (ceased 1 May 2017), and Insignia VXR (Insignia OPC, ceased 1 May 2017), under the Holden badge. The 2018 5th-gen Holden Commodore ZB is a badge-engineered Opel Insignia, replacing the Australian-made, rear-wheel-drive Commodore with the German-made front-wheel/all-wheel-drive Insignia platform; however this model is no longer offered since the closure of Holden.


title: Opel

text: Opel's presence in China recommenced in 2012 with the Antara, and added the Insignia estate in 2013. Opel-derived models are also sold as Buick. On 28 March 2014, Opel announced that it would leave China in 2015.


title: Opel

text: Opel was long General Motors' strongest marque in Japan, with sales peaking at 38,000 in 1996. However, the brand was withdrawn from the Japanese market in December 2006, with just 1,800 sales there in 2005. Since then, Opel has not sold any cars or SUVs in Japan. Opel is plan to returning to the Japanese market in 2022.


title: Opel

text: Opel was marketed in Malaysia beginning from the 1970s, and early models exported were Kadett, Gemini, and Manta. Opel had moderate sales from the 1980s until the early 2000s, when Malaysian car buyers favoured Japanese and Korean brand cars such as Toyota, Honda, Hyundai (Inokom) and Kia (Naza), which offered more competitive prices. Sales of Opel cars in Malaysia were dropped then, as Opel's prices were slightly higher than the same-segment Japanese, Korean, and local Proton and Perodua cars, and they were hard to maintain, had bad aftersales services, and spare parts were not readily available.


title: Opel

text: Opel was withdrawn from Malaysian market in 2003, and the last models sold were the Zafira, Astra, and Vectra, and the rebadged Isuzu MU as the Frontera, later replaced by Chevrolet.


title: Opel

text: Opel India Pvt Ltd (OIPL) was founded in 1996 and gave the average Indian car buyers their first choice of (somewhat) affordable German engineering with the Astra sedan. Opel was withdrawn from the Indian market in 2006, replaced by Chevrolet.


title: Opel

text: Since 1938, the country has been producing Opels in a General Motors-owned plant since 1938. The plant was nationalized in 1957. In 1995, General Motors invested a new manufacturing plant in Indonesia, producing the Opel Astra (as Opel Optima), Opel Vectra, and Chevrolet Blazer (as Opel Blazer). The latter was proved a sales success in the country. In 2002, the Opel brand was replaced by the global Chevrolet brand.


title: Opel

text: Since the 1970s Opel cars were imported with Holden cars by Universal Motors Thailand and Asoke Motors. They imported the Opel Rekord, Holden Torana, and the Opel Olympia.


title: Opel

text: In the middle of the era the next importer is Phranakorn Yontrakarn (PNA) which starting importing cars to Thailand in the mid-1980s. PNA imported the Kadett,Astra,Vectra, Opel Omega, and the Opel Calibra to Thailand. On the last era of Opel in Thailand was managed by General Motors Thailand they're planned to build assembly plant in Rayong. They planned to make Opel Zafira in Thailand, the Zafira has shown at BOI Fair in 1998–1999 in Thailand and from the Asian financial crisis on that time they withdrawn from Thailand in 2000 and replaced by Chevrolet.


title: Opel

text: Opel was one of the most popular non-Japanese car brands in the country during the 1970s and the 1980s alongside Ford, but left the Filipino market in 1985 as a result of the economic crisis at that time. GM Philippines returned with the Opel brand in 1997, and started selling the Vectra, Omega and later the Tigra and Astra. Sales were good years after its introduction but Opel still struggled as Japanese manufacturers dominated the local automobile market. GM Philippines withdrew the brand by 2004–2005 due to poor sales. The last cars sold by Opel in the country before leaving the Philippine market were the Astra and the Zafira A (Which was being sold under the Chevrolet brand). The Opel brand was later replaced by Chevrolet's lineup.


title: Opel

text: In the 1980s, Kadett E and Omega A were imported to the Taiwanese market. But the dealers imported base models and modified them with unstable quality. Then CAC company became the sole import agent of Opel in Taiwan. And the Astra F and Vectra B were later manufactured and sold in Taiwan by CAC company. However, CAC went bankrupt in the late 1990s and stopped manufacturing Opel cars. GM Taiwan and then Yulon GM, a joint venture between Yulong and General Motors, kept importing and selling Astra G/H, Corsa B/C, Omega B, and Zafira A/B in Taiwan until 2012. In 2022, Master Win Group announce to relaunch Opel in Taiwan market.


title: Opel

text: Several Opel models were sold across Latin America, mainly Brazil and Argentina, for decades with Chevrolet development badges and its derivatives, including the Corsa, Kadett, Astra, Vectra, Omega, Meriva, and Zafira. In the early 2010s, the Chevrolet line-up changed to adopt North American models such as the Spark, Sonic, and Cruze, or local own Brazilian development models like the Cobalt, Celta, Onix, Spin and Agile, which only Onix is still produced.


title: Opel

text: Opel has exported a wide range of products to Chile since 2011 and Colombia, Ecuador, Uruguay since 2021.


title: Opel

text: In the 1980s, Opel became the sole GM brand name in Ireland, with the Vauxhall brand having been dropped. Vauxhall's Managing Director has also been Opel Ireland's Chief Executive since 2015.


title: Opel

text: There were two Opel-franchised assembly plants in Ireland in the 1960s. One in Ringsend, Dublin, was operated by Reg Armstrong Motors, which also assembled NSU cars and motorcycles. The second assembly plant was based in Cork and operated by O'Shea's, which also assembled Škoda cars and Zetor tractors. The models assembled were the Kadett and the Rekord. From 1966, the Admiral was imported as a fully built unit and became a popular seller.


title: Opel

text: From the late 1930s to the 1980s, terms from the German Navy ("Kapitän, Admiral, Kadett") and from other official sectors ("Diplomat, Senator") were often used as model names. Since the late 1980s, the model names of Opel passenger cars end with an a. As Opels were no longer being sold in Great Britain, the need to have separate model names for essentially identical Vauxhall and Opel cars (although some exceptions were made to suit the British market) was made redundant. The last series to be renamed across the two companies was the Opel Kadett, being the only Opel to take the name of its Vauxhall counterpart, as Opel Astra. Although only two generations of Astra were built prior to the 1991 model, the new car was referred to across Europe as the Astra F, referring to its Kadett lineage. Until 1993, the Opel Corsa was known as the Vauxhall Nova in Great Britain, as Vauxhall had initially felt that Corsa sounded too much like "coarse", and would not catch on.


title: Opel

text: Exceptions to the nomenclature of ending names with an "a" include the under-licence built Monterey, the Speedster (also known as the Vauxhall VX220 in Great Britain), GT (which was not sold at all as a Vauxhall, despite the VX Lightning concept), the Signum, Karl, and the Adam. The Adam was initially supposed to be called, "Junior" as was its developmental codename and because the name 'Adam' had no history/importance to the Vauxhall marque.


title: Opel

text: Similar to the passenger cars, the model names of commercial vehicles end with an o (Combo, Vivaro, Movano), except the Corsavan and Astravan for obvious reasons.


title: Opel

text: Another unique aspect to Opel nomenclature is its use of the "Caravan" (originally styled as 'Car-A-Van') name to denote its station wagon body configuration, (similar to Volkswagen's "Variant" or Audi's "Avant" designations), a practice the company observed for many decades, which finally ceased with the 2008 Insignia and 2009 Astra, where the name "Sports Tourer" is now used for the estate/station wagon versions.


title: Opel

text: Opel Rally Team took part in World Rally Championship in the early 1980s with the Opel Ascona 400 and the Opel Manta 400, developed in conjunction with Irmscher and Cosworth. Walter Röhrl won the 1982 World Rally Championship drivers' title, and the 1983 Safari Rally was won by Ari Vatanen.


title: Opel

text: In the 1990s, Opel took part in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft and the succeeding International Touring Car Championship, and won the 1996 championship with the Calibra. Opel took part in the revived German DTM race series between 2000 and 2005 with the Astra and Vectra models, but after winning several races in 2000, it struggled for results afterwards and never won the championship. However, Opel won the Nürburgring 24 Hours with the Astra in 2003.


title: Opel

text: In 2014, Opel presented a road-legal sport version of the Adam R2 Rally Car – the Opel Adam S – powered by a 1.4 L turbocharged engine which generates 150 HP. The car makes 0–100 km/h in just 8.5 seconds.


title: .357 Magnum

text: The .357 Smith & Wesson Magnum, .357 S&W Magnum, .357 Magnum, or 9×33mmR as it is known in unofficial metric designation, is a smokeless powder cartridge with a bullet diameter. It was created by Elmer Keith, Phillip B. Sharpe, and Douglas B. Wesson of firearm manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester. The .357 Magnum cartridge is notable for its highly effective terminal ballistics.


title: .357 Magnum

text: The .357 Magnum cartridge is based upon Smith & Wesson's earlier .38 Special cartridge. It was introduced in 1935, and its use has since become widespread. This cartridge began the "Magnum era" of handgun ammunition. The "Magnum era" began with the .375 H&H rifle cartridge, spreading to handguns with the .357 Magnum.


title: .357 Magnum

text: The .357 Magnum was collaboratively developed over a period in the early to mid-1930s by a group of individuals in a direct response to Colt's .38 Super Automatic. At the time, the .38 Super was the only American pistol cartridge capable of defeating automobile cover and the early ballistic vests that were just beginning to emerge in the Interwar period. Tests at the time revealed that those vests defeated any handgun bullet traveling less than about . Colt's .38 Super Automatic just edged over that velocity and was able to penetrate car doors and vests that bootleggers and gangsters were employing as cover.


title: .357 Magnum

text: Though .38 Special and .357 Magnum would seem to be different diameter chamberings, they are in fact identical; as at , they both have the same bullet diameter. The .38 Special nomenclature relates to the previous use of heeled bullets (such as the .38 Short Colt and .38 Long Colt), which were the same diameter as the case. The only external dimensional difference between .38 Special and .357 magnum is the difference in case length; this was done to prevent accidentally loading a .357 magnum cartridge in to a .38 Special revolver that is not designed for the .357 magnum's higher chamber pressure. Case volume was not a factor in the increase in case length as the .38 Special cartridge was originally a black powder cartridge, and the .357 magnum was developed using only much denser smokeless powder.


title: .357 Magnum

text: Much credit for the .357's early development is given to hunter and experimenter Elmer Keith. Keith's early work in loading the .38 Special to increasingly higher-pressure levels was made possible by the availability of heavy, target-shooting-oriented revolvers like the Smith & Wesson .38-44 "Heavy Duty" and "Outdoorsman", .38-caliber revolvers built on .44-caliber frames. The .38-44 HV load used the .38-Special cartridge loaded to a much higher velocity than standard .38-Special ammunition. The .38-44 revolvers were made by using a .44 Special size gun with the barrel bored to accept .357-caliber bullets (the true bullet diameter of the .38 Special) and the cylinder bored to accept cartridges (where the name “38 Special” originated). Since the frame, cylinder, and barrel were much stronger than the standard .38 Special components, it was capable of withstanding much higher pressures. The .38-44 HV round, while no longer available, was in most cases the equal of the later .357 Magnum, which works at more than double the pressure of standard .38 Special. The .357 Magnum addresses the safety issues which earlier cartridges had by lengthening the cartridge by approximately , preventing the high-pressure .357 cartridge from chambering (fitting) in a firearm designed for the shorter, lower-pressure .38 Special. Elmer Keith also contributed the Keith-style bullet, which increased the mass of bullet located outside the cartridge case, while leaving more room inside the case for powder. The Keith bullet also employed a large, flat meplat, thus enabling rapid energy transfer for greater wounding properties. At the same time, this bullet design does not deform like a hollow point, and as a result achieves greater penetration. These characteristics of the Keith bullet make it very suitable for hunting applications as well as for target shooting.


title: .357 Magnum

text: To reassert itself as the leading law-enforcement armament provider, Smith & Wesson developed the .357 Magnum, with Douglas B. Wesson (grandson of co-founder Daniel B. Wesson) leading the effort within Smith & Wesson, along with considerable technical assistance from Phillip B. Sharpe, a member of the technical division staff of the National Rifle Association of America. The new round was developed from Smith & Wesson's existing .38 Special round. It used a different powder load, and ultimately the case was extended by . The case extension was more a matter of safety than of necessity. Because the .38 Special and the early experimental .357 Magnum cartridges loaded by Keith were identical in physical attributes, it was possible to load an experimental .357 Magnum cartridge into a .38 Special revolver, with potentially disastrous results. Smith & Wesson's solution, of extending the case slightly, made it impossible to chamber the magnum-power round in a gun not designed for the additional pressure. However, although both .38 Special and .357 Magnum will chamber in Colt New Army revolvers in .38 Long Colt, due to the straight-walled chambers, this creates dangerous pressure levels, up to three times what the New Army is designed to withstand.


title: .357 Magnum

text: The choice of bullet for the .357 Magnum cartridge varied during its development. During the development at Smith & Wesson, the original Keith bullet was modified slightly, to the form of the Sharpe bullet, which itself was based upon the Keith bullet, but which had 5/6 of the bearing surface of the Keith bullet, Keith bullets typically being made oversized and sized down. Winchester, however, upon experimenting further during the cartridge development, modified the Sharpe-bullet shape slightly, while keeping the Sharpe contour of the bullet. The final choice of bullet was hence based upon the earlier Keith and Sharpe bullets, while additionally having slight differences from both.


title: .357 Magnum

text: The cartridge headspaces on the rim of the case. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 476 mm (1 in 18.74 in), six grooves, ø lands = 8.79 mm, ø grooves = 9.02 mm, land width = 2.69 mm and the primer type is small pistol magnum.


title: .357 Magnum

text: According to the C.I.P. rulings, the .357 Magnum cartridge case can handle up to P piezo pressure. In C.I.P.-regulated countries every pistol cartridge combination has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .357 Magnum chambered arms in C.I.P.-regulated countries are currently proof tested at PE piezo pressure.


title: .357 Magnum

text: This cartridge is regarded by many as an excellent hunting, metallic silhouette, and self-defense round. With proper loadings it can also be effective against large or dangerous game, such as bear and ungulates; however, many consider the larger and more powerful magnum cartridges to be more appropriate, such as the .41 Magnum, .44 Magnum .454 Casull, .460 S&W Magnum, .480 Ruger, and .500 S&W Magnum. Comparatively, the .357 Magnum has less energy than the larger magnum revolver loadings but is smaller in diameter with high velocity allowing for excellent penetration properties. It is a fine small- and medium-game round and is sufficient to hunt deer at reasonable ranges if suitable loadings are used by a competent marksman. For further comparison, the .357 Magnum has a higher velocity at than its parent case (.38 Special) has at the muzzle. The .357 Magnum's effectiveness on game is similar to that of the .45 Colt, but with a much flatter trajectory due to its higher velocity. It has been used with success for self-defence, plinking, hunting, or target shooting.


title: .357 Magnum

text: The original 357 load was a 158 grain bullet with an advertised muzzle velocity of 1525 fps. (Muzzle velocity was taken using a revolver with a fairly long barrel of 8.75”) Most of today's loads are fairly mild when compared to the original load.


title: .357 Magnum

text: Revolvers chambered in .357 Magnum have the significant advantage of also being able to chamber and fire the shorter and less-powerful .38 Special cartridge. Compared to the .357 Magnum, .38 Special is also lower in cost, recoil, noise, and muzzle flash. The ability to also fire the .38 Special makes .357 revolvers ideal for novice shooters who are not yet used to firing full-power .357 magnum loads but do not want the expense of buying a second lower-powered gun to train with. However, .38 Special ammunition should not generally be used with any .357 magnum "semiautomatic" handgun or rifle, since such firearms require the larger recoil produced by firing a .357 Magnum round to cycle properly.


title: .357 Magnum

text: It has also become popular as a "dual-use" cartridge in short, light rifles like the American Old West lever-actions. In a rifle, the bullet will exit the barrel at about , making it far more versatile than the .30 Carbine or the .32-20 Winchester. In the 1930s it was found to be very effective against steel car doors and ballistic vests, and metal-penetrating rounds were once popular in the United States among highway patrol and other police organizations. The .357 magnum revolver has been largely replaced by modern, high-capacity semi-automatic pistols for police use, but it is still very popular for backup gun use and among outdoorsmen, security guards, and civilians for hunting, metallic silhouette, target shooting, and self-defense. The 9mm Winchester Magnum, which is also known as the 9×29mm, was developed to duplicate the performance of the .357 Magnum in a semi-automatic pistol, as was the .357 SIG cartridge.


title: .357 Magnum

text: Some common performance parameters are shown in the table below for several .357 Magnum loads. Bullet weights ranging from are common. The jacketed hollow point loads are popular for self-defence, whereas the heavier loads are commonly used for hunting. Loads are available with energies typically from 400 and 800 foot-pounds force (542 and 1,085 joules) and can be selected for various applications based on desired use and risk assessments.


title: .357 Magnum

text: "Expansion" – expanded bullet diameter (ballistic gelatin) "Penetration" – penetration depth (ballistic gelatin)


title: .357 Magnum

text: "PC" – permanent cavity volume (ballistic gelatin, FBI method) "TSC" – temporary stretch cavity volume (ballistic gelatin)


title: .357 Magnum

text: In terms of accuracy, the .357 Magnum has at least the same potential for precision shooting as the benchmark .38 Special wadcutter round—indeed, a good .357 Magnum revolver will shoot .38 Special wadcutter ammunition with good results. It is this accuracy and power, and the versatility of also being capable of using less-expensive, milder .38 Special ammunition, that makes a .357 Magnum revolver an excellent gun for many different disciplines, from precision shooting to long-range falling-plate events. It is an excellent round for those considering handloading ammunition, as it is economical and consistently performs well.


title: .357 Magnum

text: The .357 Magnum was developed from the earlier .38 Special. This was possible because the .38 Special was introduced in 1898 and originally designed to use black powder, which requires two-to-five times as much powder by volume to produce the same velocity with the same bullet as does the much more efficient smokeless powder. Thus, the .38 Special has a relatively large case capacity, and for lower pressures ( P piezo pressure). The 9×19mm Parabellum was introduced in 1902 and was originally designed to use smokeless powder, and for higher pressures ( P piezo pressure). It therefore produces considerably more energy than the .38, despite its case having less than half the powder capacity. Many .38 Special loads use the same powders, in similar charge weights, but because the case is so much larger, light-target loads with fast-burning powders may only fill the case perhaps 1/8 full. Filling the case with slower-burning powders produces much more power, but also much more pressure; far too much pressure for older, smaller-frame revolvers chambered in .38 Special. It was to accommodate these high-pressure, high-power loads that the longer .357 Magnum, together with the stronger revolvers designed to handle it, were developed.


title: .357 Magnum

text: The .357 SIG was developed in 1994 was named "357" to highlight its intended purpose: to duplicate the performance of .357 Magnum loads fired from revolvers, in a cartridge designed to be used in a semi-automatic pistol.


title: Infinity Stones

text: The Infinity Stones are fictional items in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). They play a significant role in the first three phases (also called the "Infinity Saga") of the MCU, including being the MacGuffins of the films "" and "". They also play a major role in the Blip. The Infinity Stones are based on the Infinity Gems from Marvel Comics.


title: Infinity Stones

text: The existence of the Infinity Stones has been described as the "one driving force that unifies all the robot-alien-hero fighting". In "Guardians of the Galaxy" (2014), the Collector explains that the Infinity Stones are the remnants of six singularities that existed before the Big Bang, which were compressed into Stones by cosmic entities after the universe began and which were dispersed throughout the cosmos. In "" (2018), it is further explained by Wong and Stephen Strange that each Infinity Stone embodies and controls an essential aspect of existence.


title: Infinity Stones

text: Thanos seeks to collect all of the Infinity Stones and use them to kill half of all life in the universe, believing that his plan will save it from extinction. At one point, he managed to find the Mind Stone.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In 1942, the Space Stone, encased in a cube-like object called the Tesseract, is discovered to have been brought to Earth by Asgardians years ago and left behind. Hydra later obtained the Tesseract and used it to power their weaponry. After Red Skull was defeated by Steve Rogers, the Tesseract transported Red Skull to the planet Vormir (cursing him to serve as the Soul Stone's keeper) as punishment for abusing its powers and falls into the ocean, but it was later recovered by S.H.I.E.L.D. In 1989, Dr. Wendy Lawson tried to use the Tesseract to unlock light-speed travel, but fails; her actions accidentally gave Carol Danvers superpowers.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In 2012, Thanos enlists the help of Loki to get the Space Stone and gives him a scepter containing the Mind Stone to aid him. He was eventually defeated by the Avengers and the Tesseract was taken back to Asgard while the scepter ended up in Hydra's hands, who used it to give Petro and Wanda Maximoff superpowers. The Avengers eventually took the scepter back, but Tony Stark's experiment on the Mind Stone creates the rogue A.I. Ultron, who tried to use the Stone to create a new body. The body was later stolen from him and used to create the android Vision, with the Mind Stone stored in his forehead.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In 2013, the Reality Stone, converted into a liquid-like substance called the Aether, is found by Jane Foster and it infects her. Malekith later extracts it from her and attempts to use it to plunge the universe into darkness, but was stopped by Thor. The Aether was then given to the Collector by the Asgardians as it was too dangerous to keep it near the Tesseract, but they did not know that the Collector also planned to get the other five.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In 2014, Thanos enlists the help of Ronan the Accuser to collect the Power Stone, which is stored in an orb located on the planet Morag, and has Gamora and Nebula help him, but Star Lord obtains it first. Following a war between Ronan and the Guardians of the Galaxy for the orb, Ronan is defeated and the orb was given to the Nova Corps, who had it sealed in a vault.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In 2018, Thanos starts by stealing the Power Stone from Xander and then obtains the Space Stone (which Loki stole after Asgard's destruction) after destroying Thor's ship and crushing the Tesseract to extract the Stone. The third Stone that Thanos acquires is the Reality Stone (having been converted back into its solid state) and uses its powers to trick the Guardians of the Galaxy and kidnap Gamora. He later reluctantly sacrifices Gamora to get the Soul Stone at Vormir's shrine. After fighting some of the heroes on his homeworld Titan, Dr. Strange surrenders the Time Stone to him to save Tony Stark; he intentionally did this to ensure that the timeline will lead into the future where Thanos is defeated. The Mind Stone is the last Stone to be obtained by Thanos, who kills Vision in the process. After initiating the Blip, Thanos lives in exile and destroys the Stones so that his actions cannot be undone. Thor kills Thanos in retaliation.


title: Infinity Stones

text: Five years later, the surviving Avengers use the Quantum Realm to travel back in time to 1970, 2012, 2013, and 2014 to retrieve Stones that were present in those alternate time periods (their actions in the past don't affect the current timeline; they instead create alternate timelines, though the alternate 2012 is deleted by the Time Variance Authority due to that timeline's Loki making his escape with the Space Stone when the Avengers' attempt to obtain it goes wrong, which the TVA believes wasn't supposed to happen), allowing them to undo Thanos' actions. However, Thanos from the alternate 2014 (having been alerted by their actions thanks to Nebula's cybernetic implants linking with her past self) is able to follow them to the present and, believing that his plan only failed because the survivors were unable to "move on" from the losses, he attempts to use the time-displaced Infinity Stones to destroy the entire universe and create a new one out of revenge for the Blip being undone. During the resulting full-scale battle between the Avengers and the alternate 2014 Thanos, Tony Stark claims the past Infinity Stones and uses them to defeat 2014 Thanos and his forces at the cost of his life. Afterwards, Steve Rogers subsequently returns the alternate past Infinity Stones and an alternate version of Mjolnir that Thor took from the alternate 2013 to their respective time periods (without their containers and with the 2013 Reality Stone in its solid form) to ensure the survival of the alternate timelines.


title: Infinity Stones

text: Originally housed in the Tesseract, the Space Stone (blue) first appears in the mid-credits scene of "Thor", with Nick Fury showing the object to Erik Selvig, not knowing that Loki was also there. In "", the Red Skull steals the Tesseract from a church and uses it to power Hydra's weaponry during World War II. Amidst Steve Rogers's final fight against Red Skull, the Tesseract transported the latter to another location (later revealed to be the planet Vormir in "Avengers: Infinity War") before falling into the Arctic Ocean where it was later recovered by Howard Stark and taken to a secret base.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "Captain Marvel", it is revealed that Dr. Wendy Lawson tried to use the Tesseract in 1989 to unlock light-speed travel in order to help the Skrulls find a new home, but was unsuccessful, although her experiments resulted in Carol Danvers being granted superhuman strength, flight, and the ability to generate energy blasts. Danvers eventually recovers the Tesseract and hands the object over to S.H.I.E.L.D., although it was temporarily swallowed by Goose (a Flerken disguised as a cat), who later vomits it out on Fury's desk.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "The Avengers", the Tesseract is shown to be capable of generating wormholes after Loki steals it from S.H.I.E.L.D. and uses it to transport the Chitauri army to New York City in an attempt to conquer Earth. After the Avengers repel the invasion, Thor returns it to Asgard for safekeeping in Odin's Vault, and it is used to repair the Bifrost.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "", Loki gives Thanos the Tesseract in order to save Thor's life. Thanos then crushes the Tesseract to acquire the Space Stone and uses it to teleport to Knowhere, Vormir, Titan, Wakanda, and the Garden. After Thanos initiates the Blip, the Space Stone is destroyed to prevent further use.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "", Rogers, Tony Stark, Scott Lang, and Bruce Banner travel via Quantum Realm to an alternate 2012, where Stark and Lang attempt to steal the alternate 2012 Tesseract, but the alternate 2012 Hulk accidentally knocks Stark down and the 2012 Tesseract is taken by the alternate 2012 Loki, who uses it to open a wormhole and escape. Stark and Rogers then travel to an alternate 1970 and take the alternate 1970 Tesseract from Camp Lehigh, New Jersey. The 1970 Space Stone (having been removed from the Tesseract) is brought back to the main timeline, used to undo the Blip, and defeat a past version of Thanos from an alternate 2014. Later, Rogers returns the 1970 Space Stone to the alternate 1970.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "Loki", the 2012 Tesseract is confiscated by the Time Variance Authority. Later, Loki tries to retrieve the Tesseract only to find that it is powerless in the Time Variance Authority’s dimension. Loki presumably abandons the Tesseract after he discovers that the Time Variance Authority has captured dozens of powerless Infinity Stones from other timelines.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In the first episode of "What If...?", the Space Stone, still housed in the Tesseract, appears in an alternate timeline that copies the events of "Captain America: The First Avenger", with major differences including Peggy Carter recovering the Tesseract from Hydra over a year after Project Rebirth, Howard Stark using the Tesseract to power an armor called the Hydra Stomper for Rogers to use, Red Skull using the Tesseract to summon an alien creature that subsequently kills him, and the Tesseract opening a portal in modern day that Carter emerges from. In the fifth episode, another alternate version of the Space Stone appears in the possession of a zombified Thanos. In the eighth episode, a third alternate version of the Space Stone appears in another alternate timeline in Thanos' possession before being taken by Ultron (who also briefly appears at the end of the seventh episode). Ultron proceeds to use the Stones to conquer the universe, and eventually the Multiverse, for peace. In the ninth episode, the Space Stone is taken from Ultron by Erik Killmonger after the former was killed by Arnim Zola's analog consciousness. When Zola attempts to take the Stones from Killmonger, they both end up trapped in a pocket dimension along with the Stones.


title: Infinity Stones

text: A 2018 article in "Extreme Mechanics Letters" proposed that Thanos would have needed "a minimum grip strength of over 40,000 tons, which is approximately 750,000 times that of a typical man", to break the Tesseract depicted in the film, presuming that the object was an "all-carbon nano-tesseract or hypercube projected into 3D space".


title: Infinity Stones

text: Originally housed in Loki's scepter, the Mind Stone (yellow) was first seen in "The Avengers" when Loki is given a scepter by Thanos and the Other to help locate the Tesseract and conquer Earth with its ability to control people's minds and project energy blasts. After Loki's defeat, the scepter falls into the hands of Hydra leader Baron Wolfgang von Strucker, who is shown in the mid-credits scene of "" to have been using it to experiment on humans.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "", it is revealed that the only surviving subjects of Strucker's experiments are the siblings Pietro Maximoff and Wanda Maximoff, in whom superhuman abilities were unlocked (in the latter's case, amplifying her innate magic) before Strucker's base is attacked by the Avengers, who take back the scepter. The scepter is later revealed to contain the Mind Stone, which itself contains an artificial intelligence that grants sentience to the computer program Ultron, who steals the scepter and removes the Mind Stone to create a newly upgraded body. The Avengers steal the Mind Stone–infused body from Ultron and upload the A.I. J.A.R.V.I.S. into it, giving birth to the android Vision. The Mind Stone can also enhance the user's intelligence, grant them immense knowledge, and create new life.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "", Vision is injured by the Children of Thanos in their attempts to get the Mind Stone and is taken to Wakanda to have it removed by Shuri, in the hope that Vision would be able to live without it. When the removal operation is interrupted, Wanda is forced to destroy Vision and the Mind Stone, only for Thanos to use the Time Stone to repair them both and collect the latter. After Thanos wipes out half of all life in the universe, the Mind Stone is destroyed to prevent further use.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "", Rogers, having time-traveled to an alternate 2012, retrieves the alternate 2012 scepter. Rogers then uses the scepter to render his alternate 2012 self unconscious after he mistook him for a disguised Loki. The alternate 2012 Mind Stone, after being removed from the scepter, is brought back to the main timeline and used to undo the Blip and defeat a past version of Thanos from an alternate 2014. Afterwards, Rogers returns the 2012 Mind Stone to its respective point in time.


title: Infinity Stones

text: The Mind Stone appears in two series released on the Disney+ streaming service: In the live-action series "WandaVision", Wanda Maximoff uses her connection with the Mind Stone to reanimate a fake Vision, while in the fifth episode of the animated "What If...?" series, set in an alternate universe, Peter Parker, T’Challa, and Scott Lang, who are the survivors of a zombie apocalypse, attempt to use the Mind Stone as a cure for the plague. Another alternate version of the Mind Stone appears at the end of the seventh episode in Ultron's possession. In the eighth episode (which explains the previous episode's ending), Ultron successfully uploads himself to the Mind Stone-infused body, and proceeds to use the Mind Stone to defeat the Avengers, sends Earth into a nuclear winter, kills Thanos by using his beam, and with the rest of the stones conquer the universe and the greater multiverse. In the ninth episode, the Mind Stone is sealed in a pocket dimension with the other Stones, Killmonger, and Arnim Zola following Ultron's defeat. A third alternate version of the Mind Stone appears at the end of the episode, still housed within Loki's scepter, which Romanoff uses to defeat Loki.


title: Infinity Stones

text: The Reality Stone (red) first appears in "" as a fluid-like weapon called the Aether when Malekith the Accursed attempts to use it to destroy the Nine Realms and return the universe to its pre-Big Bang state; only to be thwarted by Bor, who had it hidden. Jane Foster becomes infected by the Aether after coming across its resting place, though Malekith later draws it out of her. After Malekith is defeated by Thor, Sif and Volstagg seal the Aether in a lantern-like container and entrust it to the Collector to keep it separate from the Tesseract; as they consider it unwise to have multiple Infinity Stones close to each other. The Aether, once bonded to a host, can turn anything into dark matter as well as suck the life force out of humans and other mortals. The Aether can also disrupt the laws of physics and repel threats if it senses any.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "", Thanos acquires the Aether from the Collector and turns it back into the Reality Stone off-screen; allowing him to repel the Guardians of the Galaxy's attacks by turning Drax the Destroyer to rocks, Mantis into ribbon strips, and causing Star-Lord's gun to shoot bubbles. Thanos later uses the Stone to create a rock restraint around Natasha Romanoff. After Thanos wipes out half of all life in the universe, the Reality Stone is destroyed to prevent further use.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "", Thor and Rocket travel back in time to Asgard in an alternate 2013 to extract the alternate 2013 Aether from the alternate 2013 Jane Foster. The 2013 Reality Stone (having been converted back into its solid form) is then brought back to 2023 and used to undo the Blip and to disintegrate a past version of Thanos from an alternate 2014. Rogers later returns the 2013 Reality Stone to the alternate 2013 Asgard.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In the fifth episode of "What If...?", an alternate version of the Reality Stone appears in the possession of a zombified Thanos. In the eighth episode, another alternate version of the Reality Stone appears in the possession of Ultron (who also appears at the end of the seventh episode), taking the Reality Stone away from Thanos after killing him in order to conquer the universe and the multiverse. Ultron also uses the Stone to recreate his Ultron Sentries. In the ninth episode, the Reality Stone is taken from Ultron by Killmonger after the former was killed by Arnim Zola. When Zola attempts to take the Stones from Killmonger, they end up trapped in a pocket dimension along with the Stones.


title: Infinity Stones

text: Housed in the Orb hidden on the planet Morag, the Power Stone (purple) can increase the user's strength and destroy entire civilizations with a single blast. However, the stone is too much for most mortal beings to physically handle because its power will destroy them on contact. In "Guardians of the Galaxy", Ronan the Accuser seeks the orb for Thanos, but Star-Lord finds and steals the orb from Morag's resting spot before Korath could. Ronan eventually steals it from the Guardians of the Galaxy. After learning about the Power Stone; however, Ronan betrays Thanos and tries to use its destructive power to destroy the planet Xandar. During the battle to protect Xandar, by sharing the burden of the Power Stone's energy, the Guardians are able to use it to kill Ronan. It's revealed that Peter Quill's half-Celestial physiology was what allowed him to withstand the Stone's power on his own for a brief time before the other Guardians joined with him. They seal the Power Stone in a new orb and entrust it to the Nova Corps for safekeeping.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "", it is revealed that the Power Stone was the first to be obtained by Thanos, who "decimates" Xandar in the process. Thanos uses the Stone to destroy the "Statesman" and during the battle on Titan against Tony Stark and members of the Guardians. After Thanos uses the Stone, along with the other Stones, to wipe out half of all life in the universe, he destroys it to prevent further use.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "", James Rhodes and Nebula quantum time travel to Morag in an alternate 2014, subduing the alternate 2014 Peter Quill before taking the alternate 2014 Power Stone in its Orb. The 2014 Power Stone (having been removed from the Orb) is then brought back to the main timeline and used to undo the Blip. During the battle, the alternate 2014 Thanos removes the Stone from the Nano Gauntlet and uses it to overpower Carol Danvers. The Stone, along with the other past Stones, is then used by Stark to erase the 2014 Thanos and his army. Later, Rogers returns the Stone to the alternate 2014.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In the second episode of "What If...?", the Power Stone, still sealed within the orb, appears in an alternate timeline that copies the events of "Guardians of the Galaxy", but is discovered by T'Challa, which the Ravagers later offer to the Collector. In the fifth episode, another alternate Power Stone appears in the possession of Thanos, who is zombified. In the eighth episode, a third alternate version of the Power Stone appears in the possession of Ultron (who also briefly appears at the end of the seventh episode), who steals the Stone from Thanos and uses it in order to conquer his universe and the Multiverse. In the ninth episode, after Ultron is killed by Arnim Zola, the Power Stone is taken by Erik Killmonger. When Zola attempts to take the Stones from Killmonger, they end up trapped in a pocket dimension along with the Stones.


title: Infinity Stones

text: Housed in the Eye of Agamotto by Earth's first sorcerer Agamotto, a Master of the Mystic Arts can use the Time Stone (green) to alter and manipulate time. In "Doctor Strange", Dr. Stephen Strange finds the Eye of Agamotto and learns how to use it to save the Earth from Dormammu by trapping him in a time loop until the demon abandons his plans for Earth. Strange returns the Eye of Agamotto to the Masters of the Mystic Arts' secret compound Kamar-Taj in Kathmandu, Nepal, though he is seen wearing it again in the mid-credits scene, which takes place during "".


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "", Ebony Maw attempts to steal the Time Stone from Strange, but is foiled by Tony Stark, Peter Parker, and Wong. While on the planet Titan (Thanos' homeworld), Strange uses the Time Stone to look into future timelines; viewing millions of possible outcomes of their conflict and learning of only one future in which they win. To ensure that future comes to pass, Strange surrenders the Stone to Thanos to save Stark. Thanos then uses the Time Stone in Wakanda to reverse Wanda Maximoff’s destruction of the Mind Stone, allowing him to rip that stone from Vision's forehead. After Thanos uses the Stones to erase half the universe, he destroys the Stones.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "", Banner quantum time-travels to 2012 and speaks with the Ancient One to relinquish that timeline’s Time Stone, promising to return it after they are done using it to ensure that the alternate timelines will survive. The alternate 2012 Time Stone is then brought back to the main timeline, used to undo the Blip, and to defeat a past version of Thanos from an alternate 2014. Rogers later returns the Stone to the alternate 2012.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In the ""What If...?"" episode "What If... Doctor Strange Lost His Heart Instead of His Hands?", the Time Stone is shown to have additional abilities beyond those seen previously; an alternate version of Doctor Stephen Strange uses the Eye of Agamotto to travel through time, and try to avert his lover Christine Palmer's death, only to fail again and again due to it being an absolute point. During Strange's centuries-long ordeal of absorbing mystical creatures, he also uses the stone to keep himself from aging, and later offers to use it to de-age an elderly O'Bengh, who declines. After he absorbs his good counterpart, he overrides the stone to break the absolute point, and it subsequently becomes the sole remaining stone in his universe having brought its end on himself. In the fifth episode, another alternate version of the Time Stone appears in the possession of a zombified Thanos. In the eighth episode, a third alternate version of the Time Stone appears in the possession of Ultron (who also briefly appears at the end of the seventh episode), who takes it from Thanos in order to conquer the Multiverse. In the ninth episode, the Time Stone is used by Ultron to freeze time so he can reclaim the Soul Stone from Gamora. Strange then used his universe’s Time Stone to undo Ultron’s actions. After Ultron is killed by Arnim Zola, Erik Killmonger takes the Stones, but Zola tries to take them for himself, leading the two to fight over them. Strange and the Watcher trap them in a pocket dimension to keep the Stones separated.


title: Infinity Stones

text: An object that has the ability to manipulate the soul and essence of a person, control life and death, and contains a pocket dimension called the Soul World. The Soul Stone (orange) is first seen in "". It is revealed that at some time in the past, Thanos tasked Gamora to find the Soul Stone, as there is little record of its existence compared to the other Infinity Stones. Gamora found a map leading to where it was hidden: in a shrine on the planet Vormir, but chose to destroy the map and not to tell Thanos; only telling Nebula of it and swearing her to secrecy (later realizing that Thanos wasn't fooled by their lies). After Thanos captures and tortures Nebula, Gamora agrees to take him to Vormir, where they encounter the Red Skull (having been transported to the planet by the Tesseract and cursed to serve as the Stonekeeper). Thanos reluctantly sacrifices Gamora in order to fulfill the requirements to obtain the Soul Stone once the Red Skull explains to them that the Stone requires the sacrifice of a loved one to earn it. After completing the Infinity Gauntlet, Thanos is briefly transported into the Soul World and encounters a vision of a young Gamora. The Soul Stone is later destroyed to prevent further use.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "", Natasha Romanoff and Clint Barton quantum time-travel to Vormir in an alternate 2014, where each attempts to sacrifice themselves to allow the other to return with the Stone, with Romanoff sacrificing herself so that Barton can receive the Stone. The alternate 2014 Soul Stone is then brought back to the main timeline and used to undo the Blip and to defeat a past version of Thanos from the alternate 2014. According to the film's directors, after completing the Nano Gauntlet to defeat 2014 Thanos and his army, Stark is briefly transported to the Soul World where he meets an older version of his daughter, Morgan. Rogers later returns the 2014 Soul Stone to the alternate 2014.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In the fifth episode of "What If...?", an alternate version of the Soul Stone appears in the possession of a zombified Thanos. In the eighth episode, another alternate version of the Soul Stone appears in the possession of Ultron (who also briefly appears at the end of the seventh episode), who takes it from Thanos. Ultron proceeds to use the Stone along with the others in his conquest of the Multiverse. In the ninth episode, the Soul Stone is temporarily removed from Ultron by T’Challa. Shortly, Romanoff takes the Stone, but it gets knocked away. This leads the Guardians of the Multiverse to pursue it in a chase against Ultron. Eventually, Gamora is able to grab the Stone, but Ultron reclaims the Stone after freezing time with the Time Stone. However, after Arnim Zola kills Ultron, the Stone is taken by Killmonger, which Zola then tries to take from him. In order to keep the Stones separated, Zola, Killmonger, and the Stones are trapped by Strange and the Watcher in a pocket dimension.


title: Infinity Stones

text: The Infinity Gauntlet is a metal gauntlet used to house the six stones. A right-handed gauntlet appears in "Thor", where it's stored in Odin's vault; though this one was later revealed to be a fake by Hela in "Thor: Ragnarok". The mid-credits scene of "Avengers: Age of Ultron" revealed Thanos had acquired a left-handed Infinity Gauntlet (the real one). "" reveals Thanos invaded Nidavellir where he forced Eitri to create the Infinity Gauntlet by threatening to kill his people, though he did so anyway once it was completed, as well as removing Eitri's hands to prevent his making anything else.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In "Avengers: Endgame", after Thanos erases half of all life in the universe from existence with the Infinity Stones and destroys them to prevent his work from being undone, the gauntlet becomes permanently bound to his swollen arm, which is subsequently severed by Thor. However, the Avengers are able to travel through the Quantum Realm to retrieve versions of the Stones from the past and bring them into the present. Tony Stark, Bruce Banner, and Rocket Raccoon subsequently use nanotechnology to create a third, right-handed Nano Gauntlet in order to use the time-displaced Infinity Stones. Banner in his "Smart Hulk" form, due to being the most immune to the gamma radiation the Infinity Stones' combined powers emit, uses the gauntlet to reverse the Blip, although the strain of channeling the combined powers causes him considerable pain and leaves him with a crippled right arm. Later, a time-displaced Thanos tries to use the Nano Gauntlet to recreate the universe, but although he succeeds in acquiring it, Stark removes the time-displaced Infinity Stones from it and, having formed a makeshift gauntlet in his armor, uses them to erase Thanos and his forces, taking the empty Nano Gauntlet with them.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In the comics, Thanos is motivated to retrieve and use the Infinity Gems to impress Lady Death as she believed that the universe was overpopulated and headed for mass extinction. In the films, there is no mention of Lady Death, and Thanos wishes to reduce the population to avoid a repeat of his experience on Titan. Thanos retrieved each gem from a being who held it at the time. The In-Betweener had the Soul Gem, the Champion of the Universe had the Power Gem, the Gardener had the Time Gem, the Collector had the Reality Gem, the Runner had the Space Gem, and the Grandmaster had the Mind Gem. Furthermore, nobody else was even aware of Thanos, therefore no one attempted to stop him.


title: Infinity Stones

text: The colors of the stones were originally different in the comics. They were purple for Space, yellow for Reality, red for Power, blue for Mind, orange for Time, and green for Soul. The stone colors were updated in the "Marvel Legacy" series to match the film versions.


title: Infinity Stones

text: In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the Time Stone is housed in the Eye of Agamotto and the Space Stone is housed in the Tesseract (Cosmic Cube). However, the Marvel Comics versions of these two stones have no connections to these relics.


title: Infinity Stones

text: The use of the Infinity Stones as a plot device led to fan speculation as to the location of as-yet undiscovered stones, and the possible appearance of additional stones. One theory popular with fans was that words describing the nature or location of the stones spelled out the name "THANOS", and that the as-yet undiscovered Soul Stone was somehow associated with the character Heimdall. Another theory proposed prior to the release of "Avengers: Endgame" was that it would involve a seventh Infinity Stone corresponding to an additional Infinity Gem from the comics, the Ego Stone.


title: Janet McTeer

text: Janet McTeer (born 5 August 1961) is an English actress. In 1997, she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play, the Olivier Award for Best Actress, and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play for her role as Nora in "A Doll's House" (1996–1997). She also won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Mary Jo Walker in the 1999 film "Tumbleweeds", and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Hubert Page in the 2011 film "Albert Nobbs".


title: Janet McTeer

text: McTeer made her professional stage debut in 1984, and was nominated for the 1986 Olivier Award for Best Newcomer for "The Grace of Mary Traverse". Her other theatre roles include Yelena in "Uncle Vanya" (London), Veronique in "God of Carnage" (London and New York), and the title role in "Mary Stuart" (London and New York), which won her a second Drama Desk Award in 2009.


title: Janet McTeer

text: On television, she starred in the title role of Lynda La Plante's "The Governor" (1995–1996), and received an Emmy Award nomination for "Into the Storm" (2009) and a Golden Globe nomination for "The White Queen" (2013). She appeared opposite Glenn Close in the final season of the drama series "Damages" (2012). She also played the character Helen Pierce in "Ozark" from 2018 to 2020.


title: Janet McTeer

text: Her other film roles include "Half Moon Street" (1986), "Hawks" (1988), "Wuthering Heights" (1992), "Carrington" (1995), "Velvet Goldmine" (1998), "Songcatcher" (2000), "The Intended" (2002), "As You Like It" (2006), "Tideland" (2005), "Cat Run" (2011), "The Woman in Black" (2012), "Maleficent" (2014), "The Divergent Series" (2015–2016), and "Me Before You" (2016).


title: Janet McTeer

text: McTeer was born in Wallsend, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, and spent her childhood in York. She attended the now defunct Queen Anne Grammar School for Girls, and worked at the Old Starre Inn, at York Minster and at the city's Theatre Royal. She performed locally with the Rowntree Players at Joseph Rowntree Theatre, then trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, beginning a successful theatrical career with the Royal Exchange Theatre after graduating.


title: Janet McTeer

text: McTeer's television work includes the BBC production "Portrait of a Marriage", an adaptation of Nigel Nicolson's biography of the same name in which she played Vita Sackville-West, and the popular ITV series "The Governor" written by Lynda La Plante. She made her screen debut in "Half Moon Street", a 1986 film based on a novel by Paul Theroux. In 1991, she appeared in Catherine Cookson's "The Black Velvet Gown", with Bob Peck and Geraldine Somerville; this won the International Emmy award for best drama. She appeared in the 1992 film version of "Wuthering Heights" (co-starring Juliette Binoche and Ralph Fiennes) and the 1995 film "Carrington" (which starred Emma Thompson and Jonathan Pryce) as Vanessa Bell.


title: Janet McTeer

text: In 1996, McTeer garnered critical acclaim – and both the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award and Critics' Circle Theatre Award – for her performance as Nora in a West End production of Henrik Ibsen's "A Doll's House". The following year, the production transferred to Broadway, and McTeer received a Tony Award, a Theatre World Award, and the Drama Desk Award for Best Actress in a Play.


title: Janet McTeer

text: During the show's run, McTeer was interviewed by Charlie Rose on his PBS talk show, where she was seen by American filmmaker Gavin O'Connor, who, at the time, was working on a screenplay about a single mother's cross-country wanderings with her pre-teenage daughter. He was determined that she star in the film. When prospective backers balked at her relative anonymity in the US, he produced the film himself. "Tumbleweeds" proved to be a 1999 Sundance Film Festival favourite, and McTeer's performance won her a Golden Globe as Best Actress and Academy Award and Screen Actors Guild nominations in the same category.


title: Janet McTeer

text: McTeer's screen credits include "Songcatcher" (with Aidan Quinn), "Waking the Dead" (with Billy Crudup and Jennifer Connelly), the dogme film "The King Is Alive" (with Jennifer Jason Leigh), "The Intended" (with Brenda Fricker and Olympia Dukakis), and "Tideland", written and directed by Terry Gilliam. She also starred in the dramatisation of Mary Webb's "Precious Bane". She has appeared in such British television serials as "The Amazing Mrs Pritchard", "Hunter", and Agatha Christie's "Marple" (episode: "The Murder at the Vicarage").


title: Janet McTeer

text: McTeer played Mary, Queen of Scots in "Mary Stuart", a play by Friedrich Schiller in a new version by Peter Oswald, directed by Phyllida Lloyd. She acted opposite Harriet Walter as Queen Elizabeth I in London's West End in 2005, a role she reprised in the 2009 Broadway transfer. McTeer received a Tony Award nomination for her role in "Mary Stuart", and won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play.


title: Janet McTeer

text: In 2008, she starred in "God of Carnage" in the West End alongside Tamsin Greig, Ken Stott and Ralph Fiennes, at the Gielgud Theatre. She reprised her role on Broadway opposite Jeff Daniels from March to June 2010.


title: Janet McTeer

text: In 2009, she portrayed Clementine Churchill in the HBO feature "Into the Storm" about Sir Winston Churchill's years as Britain's leader during World War II.


title: Janet McTeer

text: In 2011, McTeer starred alongside Glenn Close in "Albert Nobbs" and with Daniel Radcliffe and Ciarán Hinds in "The Woman in Black" (based on the 1983 novel of the same name). Her role as Hubert Page in "Albert Nobbs" won McTeer critical acclaim and numerous award nominations, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. It was announced in November 2011 that McTeer had joined the cast of "Damages" (in the character of Kate Franklin) for its fifth and final season, reuniting her with her "Albert Nobbs" co-star Glenn Close. This was her first American television series. She played American novelist Mary McCarthy in Margarethe von Trotta's film "Hannah Arendt".


title: Janet McTeer

text: In 2013 McTeer was cast as Jacquetta of Luxembourg, the mother of the title character in "The White Queen", a British television drama series based on Philippa Gregory's best-selling historical novel series "The Cousins' War". Her performance was applauded, with Sam Wollaston of "The Guardian" suggesting she stole the show. In December 2013, McTeer was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Jacquetta.


title: Janet McTeer

text: On 29 July 2013, it was announced that McTeer had joined the cast of "The Honourable Woman", a BBC spy-thriller miniseries starring Maggie Gyllenhaal. In 2015, McTeer starred as Commander Kim Guziewicz in CBS comedy-drama "Battle Creek", and filmed "Exception" based on "The Kaiser's Last Kiss" (in which she was due to portray Princess Hermine Reuss of Greiz), set for a 2016 release.


title: Janet McTeer

text: In 2016, McTeer played Petruchio in the New York Public Theater Shakespeare in the Park all-female production of "The Taming of the Shrew", directed again by Phyllida Lloyd. She co-starred alongside Liev Schreiber in "Les Liaisons Dangereuses" on Broadway, with McTeer cast as Marquise de Merteuil. The play ran from October 2016 to January 2017.


title: Janet McTeer

text: In 2018, she played Alisa Jones in the Marvel Television and Netflix production "Jessica Jones". In September 2018, she took on the role of Sarah Bernhardt in Theresa Rebeck's Broadway play "Bernhardt/Hamlet". She was nominated for the 2019 Tony Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Play.


title: Janet McTeer

text: McTeer was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 Queen's Birthday Honours.


title: Janet McTeer

text: McTeer has been married to poet and fashion consultant Joseph Coleman since 2010. They reside in Maine.


title: Susie Wolff

text: Her parents, John and Sally Stoddart, owned a motorcycle dealership in Oban and her father raced bikes competitively. She progressed through the ranks of motorsport, starting off in karting, before graduating to Formula Renault and Formula Three, then moving to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) to compete for Mercedes-Benz. In 2012, she was signed by Williams in Formula One to work as a development driver and made history at the 2014 British Grand Prix at Silverstone, becoming the first woman to take part in a Formula One race weekend in 22 years. On 4 November 2015, Wolff announced her retirement from motorsport, last competing at the Race of Champions held at the end of November. In 2016, Wolff joined Channel 4 in the UK to be an analyst for their Formula One coverage.


title: Susie Wolff

text: In 2018, she joined Venturi Racing in Formula E as Team Principal. In 2021, she was promoted to the role of CEO. In August 2022 following the Season 8 finale in South Korea, she announced her departure from Venturi and Formula E.


title: Susie Wolff

text: Wolff began karting at the early age of eight, and in 1996 she was named the British Woman Kart Racing Driver of the year. In 1997, she competed in a number of different karting categories and succeeded in most. She was first in the 24hr Middle East Kart Championship, champion in both the Scottish Junior Intercontinental "A" and the Scottish Open Junior Intercontinental "A" categories and was again named British Woman Kart Racing Driver of the year.


title: Susie Wolff

text: In 1998, she moved up to the British Junior Intercontinental "A" Championship and was placed 10th overall in her first season in the class. She also competed in the Federation Cup European Intercontinental "A" Championship and placed 11th overall. For the third consecutive season, she was named British Woman Kart Racing Driver of the year.


title: Susie Wolff

text: The following year, she competed in the British Formula "A" Championship and was placed 13th, also achieving 34th overall in the Formula "A" World Championships to receive the accolade of British Woman Kart Racing Driver of the year for a fourth time.


title: Susie Wolff

text: In 2000, Wolff improved on her previous performances to take 10th in British Formula “A” and 15th in the Formula “A” World Championships, later winning an award which named her as the Top Female Kart Driver in the world.