title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: "The Flintstones" featured a feud between the Hatrocks and the Flintstones in the episode "The Flintstone Hillbillies" (aired January 16, 1964), which was loosely based upon the Hatfield–McCoy feud.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: The Ghost of Witch McCoy appears as the main villain in "The Scooby-Doo Show" episode “The Ozark Witch Switch.” A fictional member of the McCoy family hanged for witchcraft, she exacts her vengeance by turning Hatfields into frogs.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: The 1960 episode of "The Andy Griffith Show" titled "A Feud is a Feud" has a Wakefield and a Carter trying to prevent Andy, in his role as Justice of the Peace, from marrying two young lovers on opposite sides of the feud. Andy calls the two feuding fathers to a duel when he finds out that "not nary a shot had ever been fired during this feud". Both prove to be cowards in comparison with their courageous children, and the feuding fathers order Andy, at gunpoint: "Sheriff, get to marryin'!"


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: The 1968 "Merrie Melodies" cartoon "Feud with a Dude" has the character Merlin the Magic Mouse trying to make peace with the two families, only to end up as the new target. This short has Hatfield claiming McCoy stole his hen, while McCoy claims Hatfield stole his pig.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: A 1975 television movie titled "The Hatfields and the McCoys" told a fictionalized version of the story. It starred Jack Palance as "Devil Anse" Hatfield and Steve Forrest as "Randall" McCoy.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: An episode of the Cartoon Network time travel animated series "Time Squad", titled 'Feud For Thought' (aired October 26, 2001), features the Time Squad going back to the time of the Hatfields and the McCoys, where they find that the McCoys are being peaceful rather than fighting. This poses a threat to established history, leading the titular team to try and restore the feud.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: A fifth-season episode of "The West Wing" has the Communications Director describe the feud between Israelis and Palestinians as "Hatfield and McCoy".


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: The second-season episode "Vanished" of "NCIS" takes place in a rural valley in Virginia, the two sides of which are feuding in a manner that Leroy Jethro Gibbs compares to the Hatfields and McCoys.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: The eleventh episode of "Bones" season 7, entitled "The Family in the Feud", is about a long-running family feud that main character Seeley Booth likens to the Hatfield–McCoy feud.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: From May 28–30, 2012, U.S. television network The History Channel aired a three-part miniseries titled "Hatfields & McCoys", starring Kevin Costner as William Anderson "Devil Anse" Hatfield and co-starring Bill Paxton as Randolph "Ole Ran'l" McCoy, Tom Berenger as Jim Vance, and Powers Boothe as Judge Valentine "Wall" Hatfield. The miniseries set the record as the most-watched entertainment telecast in the history of advertising-supported basic cable.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: A pair of rifles owned by the Hatfields and the McCoys appeared as a pair of artifacts in the fourth season of the Syfy original show "Warehouse 13". Within the show, the rifles have the ability to attract each other like magnets but open fire when they get close enough to each other.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: In 2013, NBC commissioned a pilot for a television show updating the feud to present-day Pittsburgh with Rebecca De Mornay, Virginia Madsen, Sophia Bush, and James Remar but it was not picked up.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: On August 1, 2013, the reality television series "Hatfields & McCoys: White Lightning" premiered on the History channel. The series begins with an investor offering to set up the feuding families into business making moonshine, and follows the families' attempt to run the business together.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: In an episode of "Modern Family" originally aired January 15, 2014, titled "Under Pressure," Cam is working as a gym teacher who has plans to let parents play dodgeball with each other at the school's open house, and wants to divide the two teams into Hatfields and McCoys. The school principal frowns upon this idea, however, Gloria and a competitive mother played by Jane Krakowski decide to settle their score with such a game. Hurriedly Cam proclaims Hatfields for one side and McCoys for the other.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: The of "" featured an episode titled "The Hooffields and McColts", in which two clans have a longstanding feud over whether to use land for farming or construction. A similar theme was covered in Season 3, episode 9 of "Littlest Pet Shop", "Feud for Thought", in which two koalas are at odds with each other but don't know why, other than that their owners are in a feud.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: In the "Bonanza" episode "The Gunmen" (season 1, episode 19) Joe and Hoss were mistaken for two gunmen called Sladeboys that were hired by Mcfadden (McCoy) to take out the Hatfields in the small Texas town of Kiowa Flats.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: In the "Ben 10" reboot, a season 3 episode called "Them's Fighting Words!" features a parody of the feud, where the Hartfields and McJoys have been trying to claim ownership over a missing corn flute, accusing the other family of stealing it. The villain Hex actually finds it and starts summoning in the family's ancestors, finding out the flute's power increases the more the two families fight each other, though Ben and Gwen are able to quell them and stop Hex's plans to create an army of ghost soldiers by revealing that it was meant to be shared by them as a marriage gift, ending the feud.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: WGBH Boston's Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) American Experience episode "The Feud" (season 32, episode 1) originally aired on September 10, 2019, documenting the Hatfield-McCoy family feud 1863-1891.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: The song "The Hatfield and the McCoy's" was written and sung by Eddie Martin, a Bristol-based musician and regular at the Famous Old Duke. It is track 8 on "Pillowcase Blues."


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: In 2018, Mountain Fever Records released a single from their album from Dave Adkins, "Right Or Wrong". The song, "Blood Feud", written by Dave Adkins and Larry Cordle, is a retelling of the familiar story of the deadly discord between the Hatfield and McCoy families during the Civil War era.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: Ice Cube’s 1991 song “My Summer Vacation” includes a reference “Feudin', like the Hatfields and McCoys”


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: In the song “Black Cowboys” from Jeru the Damaja's 1996 album "Wrath of the Math", he includes a reference “We shoot sh*t up like the Hatfields and McCoys”.


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: Waylon Jennings' 1977 song "Luckenbach Texas (Back To The Basics Of Love)" includes the reference "... this successful life we're livin', got us feudin' like the Hatfields and McCoys"


title: Hatfield–McCoy feud

text: Names in red indicate those who were killed as a direct result of the feud.Names in orange highlight intermarriages between Hatfield and McCoy.


title: Hypothermia

text: Hypothermia is defined as a body core temperature below in humans. Symptoms depend on the temperature. In mild hypothermia, there is shivering and mental confusion. In moderate hypothermia, shivering stops and confusion increases. In severe hypothermia, there may be hallucinations and paradoxical undressing, in which a person removes their clothing, as well as an increased risk of the heart stopping.


title: Hypothermia

text: Hypothermia has two main types of causes. It classically occurs from exposure to cold weather and cold water immersion. It may also occur from any condition that decreases heat production or increases heat loss. Commonly, this includes alcohol intoxication but may also include low blood sugar, anorexia and advanced age. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of through thermoregulation. Efforts to increase body temperature involve shivering, increased voluntary activity, and putting on warmer clothing. Hypothermia may be diagnosed based on either a person's symptoms in the presence of risk factors or by measuring a person's core temperature.


title: Hypothermia

text: The treatment of mild hypothermia involves warm drinks, warm clothing, and voluntary physical activity. In those with moderate hypothermia, heating blankets and warmed intravenous fluids are recommended. People with moderate or severe hypothermia should be moved gently. In severe hypothermia, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or cardiopulmonary bypass may be useful. In those without a pulse, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is indicated along with the above measures. Rewarming is typically continued until a person's temperature is greater than . If there is no improvement at this point or the blood potassium level is greater than 12 mmol/liter at any time, resuscitation may be discontinued.


title: Hypothermia

text: Hypothermia is the cause of at least 1,500 deaths a year in the United States. It is more common in older people and males. One of the lowest documented body temperatures from which someone with accidental hypothermia has survived is in a 2-year-old boy from Poland named Adam. Survival after more than six hours of CPR has been described. In individuals for whom ECMO or bypass is used, survival is around 50%. Deaths due to hypothermia have played an important role in many wars.


title: Hypothermia

text: The term is from Greek ῠ̔πο (ypo), meaning "under", and θέρμη ("thérmē"), meaning "heat". The opposite of hypothermia is hyperthermia, an increased body temperature due to failed thermoregulation.


title: Hypothermia

text: Hypothermia is often defined as any body temperature below . With this method it is divided into degrees of severity based on the core temperature.


title: Hypothermia

text: Another classification system, the Swiss staging system, divides hypothermia based on the presenting symptoms which is preferred when it is not possible to determine an accurate core temperature.


title: Hypothermia

text: Other cold-related injuries that can be present either alone or in combination with hypothermia include:


title: Hypothermia

text: The normal human body temperature is often stated as . Hyperthermia and fever, are defined as a temperature of greater than .


title: Hypothermia

text: Signs and symptoms vary depending on the degree of hypothermia, and may be divided by the three stages of severity. People with hypothermia may appear pale and feel cold to touch.


title: Hypothermia

text: Infants with hypothermia may feel cold when touched, with bright red skin and an unusual lack of energy.


title: Hypothermia

text: Cold stress refers to a near-normal body temperature with low skin temperature, signs include shivering. Cold stress is caused by cold exposure and it can lead to hypothermia and frostbite if not treated.


title: Hypothermia

text: Individuals with hypothermia often have impaired judgement, impaired sense of time and place, unusual aggression and numbness. A person with hypothermia can be euphoric and hallucinating.


title: Hypothermia

text: Symptoms of mild hypothermia may be vague, with sympathetic nervous system excitation (shivering, high blood pressure, fast heart rate, fast respiratory rate, and contraction of blood vessels). These are all physiological responses to preserve heat. Increased urine production due to cold, mental confusion, and liver dysfunction may also be present. Hyperglycemia may be present, as glucose consumption by cells and insulin secretion both decrease, and tissue sensitivity to insulin may be blunted. Sympathetic activation also releases glucose from the liver. In many cases, however, especially in people with alcoholic intoxication, hypoglycemia appears to be a more common cause. Hypoglycemia is also found in many people with hypothermia, as hypothermia may be a result of hypoglycemia.


title: Hypothermia

text: As hypothermia progresses, symptoms include: mental status changes such as amnesia, confusion, slurred speech, decreased reflexes, and loss of fine motor skills.


title: Hypothermia

text: As the temperature decreases, further physiological systems falter and heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure all decrease. This results in an expected heart rate in the 30s at a temperature of .


title: Hypothermia

text: There is often cold, inflamed skin, hallucinations, lack of reflexes, fixed dilated pupils, low blood pressure, pulmonary edema, and shivering is often absent. Pulse and respiration rates decrease significantly, but fast heart rates (ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation) can also occur. Atrial fibrillation is not typically a concern in and of itself.


title: Hypothermia

text: Twenty to fifty percent of hypothermia deaths are associated with paradoxical undressing. This typically occurs during moderate and severe hypothermia, as the person becomes disoriented, confused, and combative. They may begin discarding their clothing, which, in turn, increases the rate of heat loss.


title: Hypothermia

text: Rescuers who are trained in mountain survival techniques are taught to expect this; however, people who die from hypothermia in urban environments who are found in an undressed state are sometimes incorrectly assumed to have been subjected to sexual assault.


title: Hypothermia

text: One explanation for the effect is a cold-induced malfunction of the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates body temperature. Another explanation is that the muscles contracting peripheral blood vessels become exhausted (known as a loss of vasomotor tone) and relax, leading to a sudden surge of blood (and heat) to the extremities, causing the person to feel overheated.


title: Hypothermia

text: An apparent self-protective behaviour, known as "terminal burrowing", or "hide-and-die syndrome", occurs in the final stages of hypothermia. Those affected will enter small, enclosed spaces, such as underneath beds or behind wardrobes. It is often associated with paradoxical undressing. Researchers in Germany claim this is "obviously an autonomous process of the brain stem, which is triggered in the final state of hypothermia and produces a primitive and burrowing-like behavior of protection, as seen in hibernating mammals". This happens mostly in cases where temperature drops slowly.


title: Hypothermia

text: Hypothermia usually occurs from exposure to low temperatures, and is frequently complicated by alcohol consumption. Any condition that decreases heat production, increases heat loss, or impairs thermoregulation, however, may contribute. Thus, hypothermia risk factors include: substance use disorders (including alcohol use disorder), homelessness, any condition that affects judgment (such as hypoglycemia), the extremes of age, poor clothing, chronic medical conditions (such as hypothyroidism and sepsis), and living in a cold environment. Hypothermia occurs frequently in major trauma, and is also observed in severe cases of anorexia nervosa. Hypothermia is also associated with worse outcomes in people with sepsis. While most people with sepsis develop fevers (elevated body temperature), some develop hypothermia.


title: Hypothermia

text: In urban areas, hypothermia frequently occurs with chronic cold exposure, such as in cases of homelessness, as well as with immersion accidents involving drugs, alcohol or mental illness. While studies have shown that people experiencing homelessness are at risk of premature death from hypothermia, the true incidence of hypothermia-related deaths in this population is difficult to determine. In more rural environments, the incidence of hypothermia is higher among people with significant comorbidities and less able to move independently. With rising interest in wilderness exploration, and outdoor and water sports, the incidence of hypothermia secondary to accidental exposure may become more frequent in the general population.


title: Hypothermia

text: Alcohol consumption increases the risk of hypothermia in two ways: vasodilation and temperature controlling systems in the brain. Vasodilation increases blood flow to the skin, resulting in heat being lost to the environment. This produces the effect of feeling warm, when one is actually losing heat. Alcohol also affects the temperature-regulating system in the brain, decreasing the body's ability to shiver and use energy that would normally aid the body in generating heat. The overall effects of alcohol lead to a decrease in body temperature and a decreased ability to generate body heat in response to cold environments. Alcohol is a common risk factor for death due to hypothermia. Between 33% and 73% of hypothermia cases are complicated by alcohol.


title: Hypothermia

text: Hypothermia continues to be a major limitation to swimming or diving in cold water. The reduction in finger dexterity due to pain or numbness decreases general safety and work capacity, which consequently increases the risk of other injuries.


title: Hypothermia

text: Other factors predisposing to immersion hypothermia include dehydration, inadequate rewarming between repetitive dives, starting a dive while wearing cold, wet dry suit undergarments, sweating with work, inadequate thermal insulation (for example, thin dry suit undergarment), and poor physical conditioning.


title: Hypothermia

text: Heat is lost much more quickly in water than in air. Thus, water temperatures that would be quite reasonable as outdoor air temperatures can lead to hypothermia in survivors, although this is not usually the direct clinical cause of death for those who are not rescued. A water temperature of can lead to death in as little as one hour, and water temperatures near freezing can cause death in as little as 15 minutes. During the sinking of the "Titanic", most people who entered the water died in 15–30 minutes.


title: Hypothermia

text: The actual cause of death in cold water is usually the bodily reactions to heat loss and to freezing water, rather than hypothermia (loss of core temperature) itself. For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15–30 minutes from cold incapacitation: inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body "protectively" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core. Exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning, claiming the rest within a similar time.


title: Hypothermia

text: Heat is primarily generated in muscle tissue, including the heart, and in the liver, while it is lost through the skin (90%) and lungs (10%). Heat production may be increased two- to four-fold through muscle contractions (i.e. exercise and shivering). The rate of heat loss is determined, as with any object, by convection, conduction, and radiation. The rates of these can be affected by body mass index, body surface area to volume ratios, clothing and other environmental conditions.


title: Hypothermia

text: Many changes to physiology occur as body temperatures decrease. These occur in the cardiovascular system leading to the Osborn J wave and other dysrhythmias, decreased central nervous system electrical activity, cold diuresis, and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.


title: Hypothermia

text: Research has shown that glomerular filtration rates (GFR) decrease as a result of hypothermia. In essence, hypothermia increases preglomerular vasoconstriction, thus decreasing both renal blood flow (RBF) and GFR.


title: Hypothermia

text: Accurate determination of core temperature often requires a special low temperature thermometer, as most clinical thermometers do not measure accurately below . A low temperature thermometer can be placed in the rectum, esophagus or bladder. Esophageal measurements are the most accurate and are recommended once a person is intubated. Other methods of measurement such as in the mouth, under the arm, or using an infrared ear thermometer are often not accurate.


title: Hypothermia

text: As a hypothermic person's heart rate may be very slow, prolonged feeling for a pulse could be required before detecting. In 2005, the American Heart Association recommended at least 30–45 seconds to verify the absence of a pulse before initiating CPR. Others recommend a 60-second check.


title: Hypothermia

text: The classical ECG finding of hypothermia is the Osborn J wave. Also, ventricular fibrillation frequently occurs below and asystole below . The Osborn J may look very similar to those of an acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis as a reaction to the presence of Osborn J waves is not indicated, as it would only worsen the underlying coagulopathy caused by hypothermia.


title: Hypothermia

text: Proper clothing helps to prevent hypothermia. Synthetic and wool fabrics are superior to cotton as they provide better insulation when wet and dry. Some synthetic fabrics, such as polypropylene and polyester, are used in clothing designed to wick perspiration away from the body, such as liner socks and moisture-wicking undergarments. Clothing should be loose fitting, as tight clothing reduces the circulation of warm blood. In planning outdoor activity, prepare appropriately for possible cold weather. Those who drink alcohol before or during outdoor activity should ensure at least one sober person is present responsible for safety.


title: Hypothermia

text: Covering the head is effective, but no more effective than covering any other part of the body. While common folklore says that people lose most of their heat through their heads, heat loss from the head is no more significant than that from other uncovered parts of the body. However, heat loss from the head is significant in infants, whose head is larger relative to the rest of the body than in adults. Several studies have shown that for uncovered infants, lined hats significantly reduce heat loss and thermal stress. Children have a larger surface area per unit mass, and other things being equal should have one more layer of clothing than adults in similar conditions, and the time they spend in cold environments should be limited. However children are often more active than adults, and may generate more heat. In both adults and children, overexertion causes sweating and thus increases heat loss.


title: Hypothermia

text: Building a shelter can aid survival where there is danger of death from exposure. Shelters can be of many different types, metal can conduct heat away from the occupants and is sometimes best avoided. The shelter should not be too big so body warmth stays near the occupants. Good ventilation is essential especially if a fire will be lit in the shelter. Fires should be put out before the occupants sleep to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. People caught in very cold, snowy conditions can build an igloo or snow cave to shelter.


title: Hypothermia

text: The United States Coast Guard promotes using life vests to protect against hypothermia through the 50/50/50 rule: If someone is in water for 50 minutes, he/she has a 50 percent better chance of survival if wearing a life jacket. A heat escape lessening position can be used to increase survival in cold water.


title: Hypothermia

text: Babies should sleep at 16–20 °C (61–68 °F) and housebound people should be checked regularly to make sure the temperature of the home is at least 18 °C (64 °F).


title: Hypothermia

text: Aggressiveness of treatment is matched to the degree of hypothermia. Treatment ranges from noninvasive, passive external warming to active external rewarming, to active core rewarming. In severe cases resuscitation begins with simultaneous removal from the cold environment and management of the airway, breathing, and circulation. Rapid rewarming is then commenced. Moving the person as little and as gently as possible is recommended as aggressive handling may increase risks of a dysrhythmia.


title: Hypothermia

text: Hypoglycemia is a frequent complication and needs to be tested for and treated. Intravenous thiamine and glucose is often recommended, as many causes of hypothermia are complicated by Wernicke's encephalopathy.


title: Hypothermia

text: The UK National Health Service advises against putting a person in a hot bath, massaging their arms and legs, using a heating pad, or giving them alcohol. These measures can cause a rapid fall in blood pressure and potential cardiac arrest.


title: Hypothermia

text: Rewarming can be done with a number of methods including passive external rewarming, active external rewarming, and active internal rewarming. Passive external rewarming involves the use of a person's own ability to generate heat by providing properly insulated dry clothing and moving to a warm environment. Passive external rewarming is recommended for those with mild hypothermia.


title: Hypothermia

text: Active external rewarming involves applying warming devices externally, such as a heating blanket. These may function by warmed forced air (Bair Hugger is a commonly used device), chemical reactions, or electricity. In wilderness environments, hypothermia may be helped by placing hot water bottles in both armpits and in the groin. Active external rewarming is recommended for moderate hypothermia. Active core rewarming involves the use of intravenous warmed fluids, irrigation of body cavities with warmed fluids (the chest or abdomen), use of warm humidified inhaled air, or use of extracorporeal rewarming such as via a heart lung machine or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Extracorporeal rewarming is the fastest method for those with severe hypothermia. When severe hypothermia has led to cardiac arrest, effective extracorporeal warming results in survival with normal mental function about 50% of the time. Chest irrigation is recommended if bypass or ECMO is not possible.


title: Hypothermia

text: Rewarming shock (or rewarming collapse) is a sudden drop in blood pressure in combination with a low cardiac output which may occur during active treatment of a severely hypothermic person. There was a theoretical concern that external rewarming rather than internal rewarming may increase the risk. These concerns were partly believed to be due to afterdrop, a situation detected during laboratory experiments where there is a continued decrease in core temperature after rewarming has been started. Recent studies have not supported these concerns, and problems are not found with active external rewarming.


title: Hypothermia

text: For people who are alert and able to swallow, drinking warm sweetened liquids can help raise the temperature. Many recommend alcohol and caffeinated drinks be avoided. As most people are moderately dehydrated due to cold-induced diuresis, warmed intravenous fluids to a temperature of are often recommended.


title: Hypothermia

text: In those without signs of life, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be continued during active rewarming. For ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, a single defibrillation should be attempted. However, people with severe hypothermia may not respond to pacing or defibrillation. It is not known if further defibrillation should be withheld until the core temperature reaches . In Europe, epinephrine is not recommended until the person's core temperature reaches , while the American Heart Association recommends up to three doses of epinephrine before a core temperature of is reached. Once a temperature of has been reached, normal ACLS protocols should be followed.


title: Hypothermia

text: It is usually recommended not to declare a person dead until their body is warmed to a near normal body temperature of greater than , since extreme hypothermia can suppress heart and brain function. This is summarized in the common saying "You're not dead until you're warm and dead." Exceptions include if there are obvious fatal injuries or the chest is frozen so that it cannot be compressed. If a person was buried in an avalanche for more than 35 minutes and is found with a mouth packed full of snow without a pulse, stopping early may also be reasonable. This is also the case if a person's blood potassium is greater than 12 mmol/L.


title: Hypothermia

text: Those who are stiff with pupils that do not move may survive if treated aggressively. Survival with good function also occasionally occurs even after the need for hours of CPR. Children who have near-drowning accidents in water near can occasionally be revived, even over an hour after losing consciousness. The cold water lowers the metabolism, allowing the brain to withstand a much longer period of hypoxia. While survival is possible, mortality from severe or profound hypothermia remains high despite optimal treatment. Studies estimate mortality at between 38% and 75%.


title: Hypothermia

text: In those who have hypothermia due to another underlying health problem, when death occurs it is frequently from that underlying health problem.


title: Hypothermia

text: Between 1995 and 2004 in the United States, an average of 1560 cold-related emergency department visits occurred per year and in the years 1999 to 2004, an average of 647 people died per year due to hypothermia. Of deaths reported between 1999 and 2002 in the US, 49% of those affected were 65 years or older and two-thirds were male. Most deaths were not work related (63%) and 23% of affected people were at home. Hypothermia was most common during the autumn and winter months of October through March. In the United Kingdom, an estimated 300 deaths per year are due to hypothermia, whereas the annual incidence of hypothermia-related deaths in Canada is 8000.


title: Hypothermia

text: Hypothermia has played a major role in the success or failure of many military campaigns, from Hannibal's loss of nearly half his men in the Second Punic War (218 B.C.) to the near destruction of Napoleon's armies in Russia in 1812. Men wandered around confused by hypothermia, some lost consciousness and died, others shivered, later developed torpor, and tended to sleep. Others too weak to walk fell on their knees; some stayed that way for some time resisting death. The pulse of some was weak and hard to detect; others groaned; yet others had eyes open and wild with quiet delirium. Deaths from hypothermia in Russian regions continued through the first and second world wars, especially in the Battle of Stalingrad.


title: Hypothermia

text: Civilian examples of deaths caused by hypothermia occurred during the sinkings of the RMS "Titanic" and RMS "Lusitania", and more recently of the MS "Estonia".


title: Hypothermia

text: Antarctic explorers developed hypothermia; Ernest Shackleton and his team measured body temperatures "below 94.2°, which spells death at home", though this probably referred to oral temperatures rather than core temperature and corresponded to mild hypothermia. One of Scott's team, Atkinson, became confused through hypothermia.


title: Hypothermia

text: Nazi human experimentation during World War II amounting to medical torture included hypothermia experiments, which killed many victims. There were 360 to 400 experiments and 280 to 300 subjects, indicating some had more than one experiment performed on them. Various methods of rewarming were attempted: "One assistant later testified that some victims were thrown into boiling water for rewarming".


title: Hypothermia

text: Various degrees of hypothermia may be deliberately induced in medicine for purposes of treatment of brain injury, or lowering metabolism so that total brain ischemia can be tolerated for a short time. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is a medical technique in which the brain is cooled as low as 10 °C, which allows the heart to be stopped and blood pressure to be lowered to zero, for the treatment of aneurysms and other circulatory problems that do not tolerate arterial pressure or blood flow. The time limit for this technique, as also for accidental arrest in ice water (which internal temperatures may drop to as low as 15 °C), is about one hour.


title: Hypothermia

text: Hypothermia can happen in most mammals in cold weather and can be fatal. Baby mammals, kittens for example, are unable to regulate their body temperatures and have great risk of hypothermia if they are not kept warm by their mothers.


title: Hypothermia

text: Water bears (Tardigrade), microscopic multicellular organisms, can survive freezing at low temperatures by replacing most of their internal water with the sugar trehalose, preventing the crystallization that otherwise damages cell membranes.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: Maaran is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Karthick Naren, with the screenplay and dialogues were co-written by Suhas-Sharfu and Vivek. Produced by T. G. Thyagarajan, Sendhil Thyagarajan and Arjun Thyagarajan of Sathya Jyothi Films, the film stars Dhanush, Smruthi Venkat and Malavika Mohanan, with Samuthirakani, Ramki, Mahendran and Krishnakumar Balasubramanian appearing in supporting roles. The music is composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar, with cinematography handled by Vivekanand Santhosham and editing handled by Prasanna G. K.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: "Maaran" released directly for streaming on Disney+ Hotstar on 11 March 2022. The film received mostly negative reviews from critics and audience, with critisism directed towards the screenplay, plot, writing and direction but Dhanush's performance, cinematography, music and background score received some praise.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: Maaran is an honest investigative journalist, who follows his father Sathyamoorthy's footsteps to be honest and smart in his profession. He butts heads with senior editor Aravindan over his uncompromising principles. Though the Managing Director, Kesavan, who had been Sathyamoorthy's acquaintance, supports Maaran, he also cautions Maaran to be careful. One day, Maaran is contacted by his friend, police Inspector Arjun, who asks him to investigate the activities of prominent politician Pazhani. Maaran and his colleagues expose Pazhani’s plan to rig an upcoming election by changing the EVM machines. Shortly thereafter, Maaran, his colleague and love interest, Thara, and Shweta are attacked by thugs searching for Maaran's evidence against Pazhani, but overcome them. Shweta and Maaran's uncle worry about his safety, but Maaran dismisses their concerns.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: Soon after, Maaran receives a video of his sister terrified and tied to chair, then coordinates to an abandoned building. When he arrives, he finds the chair and his sister burning. Shocked and traumatised, Maaran falls into depression, until Thara urges him to take revenge for Shweta's death. Maaran reads his sister's autopsy report and visits her boyfriend, who reveals that he had been with Shweta when she had been abducted. His description of the attacker and his car leads Maaran to suspect Pazhani, but Arjun refuses to investigate as the evidence is purely circumstantial. Maaran and his uncle fake the kidnapping of another girl and plant evidence against Pazhani to instigate the police to search his home.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: Pazhani confronts Maaran during the search, and tells him that he only wanted Maaran's evidence from the EVM case and that he wasn't responsible for Shweta's death. Maaran, realising that there was another person involved with the EVM scheme, He investigates further and finds a link to Parthiban. Arjun, having realised that Maaran had faked the kidnapping that led to Pazhani, refuses to listen to Maaran's conjecture. Parthiban lures Maaran to an empty building and attacks him. Maaran reveals that he knows that Shweta is still alive. Shweta had had a steel plate inserted into her right arm following a childhood surgery, but the corpse that had been set alight showed no signs of such a plate. Parthiban reveals that he had been entrusted by Pazhani's aide to switch out the fake EVM machines with the real machines.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: After Maaran's story broke, his daughter had found his involvement and confronted him. When Parthiban tells her that he only committed misdeeds in order to fund her education, the girl commits suicide by setting herself alight. Parthiban tells Maaran that he will only release Shweta, if Maaran compromises his unrelenting honesty and claims that he faked the EVM story. Maaran agrees, but before he can do so, Pazhani and his henchmen arrive and shoot Parthiban in an attempt to clean up the loose ends on the EVM case. Maaran narrowly stops Pazhani from killing Parthiban. When Arjun and his policemen arrive, Maaran remembers his father's advice and claims that Pazhani had kidnapped Shweta and that Parthiban had been helping him find her. Pazhani is arrested and Parthiban reveals Shweta's location. With Parthiban's testimony, Pazhani is arrested for both the EVM scheme and the attempted murder. Meanwhile, Maaran and Shweta share an emotional reunion, supported by Maaran's colleagues.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: In February 2020, Sathya Jyothi Films announced a project with Dhanush, with the tentative title "#D43" (the actor's 43rd film in leading role). Karthick Naren was hired to direct, and G. V. Prakash Kumar was announced as the composer. The film marked Dhanush's third project with the production company after "Thodari" (2016) and "Pattas" (2020). Arjun Thyagarajan, one of the producers, stated, "We were working with Dhanush on another film that was being directed by Ramkumar. But it's a big-scale venture and we needed a lot of time for pre-production work. So, we thought we'd do another film with Dhanush in the interim and that's how this movie came about". Arjun had discussed with several directors for the project, before finalising Karthick Naren as the director. About Naren's inclusion, he stated: "We've been in talks for six months. Karthick has grown from film to film, and this one will take him to the next level".


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: In March 2020, screenwriter duo Suhas–Sharfu who worked in Malayalam films: "Varathan" (2018) and "Virus" (2019), were brought on board for co-writing screenplay of the film with Naren. Lyricist Vivek joined the technical team as the additional screenplay and dialogues writer; thereby making his debut in both the fields. The film was intended to start from May 2020, but the COVID-19 lockdown in India delayed the prospects of the launch. This resulted Naren to work on the pre-production during the extended period owing to the lockdown. The film's title "Maaran" was officially announced with a poster release on 28 July 2021, coinciding with Dhanush's birthday. An earlier film with the same title was released in 2002, and the makers had to obtain a no-objection certificate from that film's producer.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: In an interview with "Ananda Vikatan", Naren stated that the film is an action thriller based on the backdrop of journalism, and he made the film due to his personal interest on the subject. His belief on social media being the greatest weapon used by people further motivated to make this film. Naren stated that apart from the social context, the film will also have commercial elements. In March 2022, Vivek had announced that he left the project as a screenplay writer due to creative differences, while had contributed for two songs in the film as lyricist.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: In February 2020, Prasanna was reported to act in a pivotal role but he denied his inclusion in the film. On 31 October 2020, the makers announced that Malavika Mohanan will play the female lead opposite Dhanush. Initially, she was approached by Naren before the pandemic, when the film was about to begin shooting during mid-2020. Mohanan had earlier signed two-three films, including #D43. But as the other projects were shifted to the following year, as these films involved bigger teams, she had dates available for the project. Both the lead actors play journalists working for a news channel. About Dhanush's character, Naren stated that "he never played the role of a journalist in his long-time career, and his character will be loved by audience".


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: Smruthi Venkat was cast in supporting role, playing Dhanush's sister in the film. Samuthirakani was brought on board to the film, where he will be seen in an negative role. Further additions to the cast were revealed in mid-January 2021, with theatre actor Krishnakumar Balasubramanian, who rose to fame, by playing a supporting role in "Soorarai Pottru" (2020), was chosen for the film. In mid-February, actor Mahendran was announced as a part of the cast, along with actors Ramki, Bose Venkat, Aadukalam Naren, Jayaprakash and Ilavarasu appear in supporting roles. Director Ameer was further cast in the film, in his second collaboration with Dhanush after "Vada Chennai" (2018). The film's crew members include: cinematographer Vivekanand Santhosham, editor Prasanna G. K., art director A. Amaran and action choreographers Stunt Silva.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: The film was launched on 8 January 2021, with the principal photography began the same day. A song was shot in Chennai, which was choreographed by Jani Master that took place within 7 days. Naren began location scouting for the film, before the shooting began, where he finalised Hyderabad as the principal location for the film, since he demanded a stylish backdrop for the film, and locations such as the HITEC City had some rich architecture. On 17 January, Dhanush and Malavika Mohanan headed to Hyderabad for the important schedule, that is expected to take place for 50 days. The team shot for 30 days in several locations across the city. By early-February 2021, the first schedule of the film was completed. The second schedule of the film began during mid-February and early-March, where several sequences featuring the supporting actors have been canned, excluding Dhanush's portions, as the actor went to United States to participate in the shooting for "The Gray Man". While, the team decided to resume shooting for the portions, featuring Dhanush, in May 2021, filming was interrupted due to COVID-19 second wave and the statewide lockdown in Tamil Nadu.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: After Dhanush's return from United States, the production house, on 25 June 2021, announced that the filming of the final schedule will begin in July 2021. A source from The Times of India reported that: "In the schedule, all important scenes, including high-octane action sequences, will be shot in the final schedule, which will go on for over a month". The source further added that, the production team will conduct shooting adhering to the safety precautions set for preventing COVID-19 spread. The final schedule began on 5 July 2021, with Dhanush and Mohanan resuming the shooting in Hyderabad. During the production of the film, Naren was reported to quit the project and Dhanush will direct the remaining portions with Subramaniam Siva assisting him. However, the producers denied the claims and stated that Naren is still a part of the film. Dhanush completed the shooting of the final schedule in Hyderabad by August 2021, while Mohanan returned to Chennai to shoot her pending portions for the film, which continued during October 2021.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: The music is composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar who is working with Dhanush for the fifth time, followed by "Polladhavan" (2007), "Aadukalam", "Mayakkam Enna" (2011) and "Asuran" (2019), and his first collaboration with Karthick Naren. The songs were written by Dhanush and Vivek, who served as the primary lyricist for the album, featuring five tracks, and Prakash began composing for the soundtrack by March 2020 with two songs being completed. The composition process were completed within December. He was excited about the way, the songs were shaped up, and assured the fans that, the film will have a "solid album". Prakash started working on the film score by December 2021.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: It was reported that the film's introductory track was ready by November 2021, which was considered as a "stylish and massy number". In January 2022, Prakash reported that he is working on the mixing and mastering of the introductory track. The track is written by Vivek, which will be sung by Dhanush and rap vocals written and sung by Arivu. The aforementioned track was titled "Polladha Ulagam" that was released as a single on 26 January 2022. The track was released as a video song on YouTube, the same day, and became the most viewed Tamil song in 24 hours, garnering over 7.8 million views until it was broken by "Arabic Kuthu". The tracks "Annana Thaalaattum" and "Chittu Kuruvi" were released as singles on 18 February and 4 March, and the full soundtrack album was released by Lahari Music on 5 March 2022.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: On 28 February 2022, the film's trailer was launched by the fans of the actor, through Twitter and YouTube. The film received its Twitter emoji on the same day, being Dhanush's second film to get Twitter emoji after "Jagame Thandhiram" (2021). Before the film's release, few selfie standees were set up at Express Avenue, Chennai, and a bioscope showcasing the snippets of few songs and the trailer was made available for public viewing at the venue.


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: M Suganth of "The Times of India" who gave 2.0 out of 5 stars stated that "Just half-an-hour or so into the film, the plot structure starts to feels too straight forward for a Karthick Naren film and we somehow sense a twist coming — and it does! But it hardly creates an impact, for the film never gets us immersed in its world. The world-building is quite weak and the characterizaton one-note. All we get is a lean narrative that moves from point A to point B without really making us care. And this spareness of the narrative does not seem to be by design. Instead, it comes across as an effort to make a movie out of whatever footage was shot after the team realised that the film was not turning out as intended." Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" gave the film a rating of 2/5 and wrote " Barring Dhanush and, to an extent Smruthi Venkat, the actors have little to do in film. Malavika Mohanan gets the worst deal". Balakrishna Ganeshan of "The News Minute" gave the film a rating of 2/5 and wrote "Dhanush, who had just recovered with Atrangi Re after the disastrous Jagame Thanthiram, delivers another poor outing with Maaran. And for Karthick Naren, this film joins the list of . Bhavana Sharma of "Pinkvilla" after reviewing the film, gave a rating of 2 out of 5 stating that "The final ten minutes of the climax are very engaging. But for the rest of the film, you will be able to predict most of what was going to happen. In the two hours ten minutes of runtime, a lot could have happened if the story was written properly." Manoj Kumar R of "The Indian Express" gave the film a rating of 2/5 and wrote "The scenes are so bland that even the presence of Dhanush can't lift our spirits. Karthick puts two bright actors, Ameer and Dhanush in a scene, and yet fails to create any sort of impact".


title: Maaran (2022 film)

text: Nidhima Taneja of "The Print" gave the film 2/5 and wrote "The best scenes in this over two-hour-long film are some of the interactions between Smruthi Venkat and Dhanush". Janani K of "India Today" gave a rating of 1.5 out of 5 stating that "With a runtime of two hours and 10 minutes, Maaran should have been a taut thriller. But, you feel like an eternity has passed." Haricharan Pudipeddi of "Hindustan Times" after reviewing the film stated that "For Dhanush’s decent performance alone, Maaran is watchable. He tries his best to hold the film together. Samuthirakani, who is arguably one of the busiest character-actors in Tamil cinema today, gets wasted in a role that's underwritten. Nobody else, as part of the supporting cast, makes any impact with their presence. The sporadic use of English dialogue sticks out like sore thumb too."


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: Ark: Survival Evolved (stylized as ARK) is a 2017 action-adventure survival video game developed by Studio Wildcard. In the game, players must survive being stranded on one of several maps filled with roaming dinosaurs, fictional fantasy monsters, and other prehistoric animals, natural hazards, and potentially hostile human players.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: The game is played from either a third-person or first-person perspective and its open world is navigated by foot or by riding a prehistoric animal. Players can use firearms and improvised weapons to defend against hostile humans and creatures, with the ability to build bases as a defense on the ground and on some creatures. The game has both single-player and multiplayer options. Multiplayer allows the option to form tribes of Players in a server. The max number of tribe mates varies from each server. In this mode, all tamed dinosaurs and building structures are usually shared between the members. There is a PvE mode where players cannot fight each other unless a specific war even agreed upon by both parties is triggered.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: Development began in October 2014, when it was first released on PC as an early access title in the middle of 2015. The development team conducted research into the physical appearance of the animals but took a creative license for gameplay purposes. Instinct Games, Efecto Studios, and Virtual Basement were hired to facilitate the game's development. The game was officially released in August 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux, with versions for Android, iOS, and Nintendo Switch in 2018, a version for Stadia in 2021, and a second, separate Nintendo Switch version in 2022.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: "Ark: Survival Evolved" received generally mixed reviews, with criticism for its "punishing" difficulty, reliance on grinding, and performance issues, particularly on the original Nintendo Switch version. Several expansions to the game have been released as downloadable content. The game received two spin-off games in March 2018—virtual reality game "Ark Park" and sandbox survival game "PixArk"—and two companion apps: "A-Calc" in October 2015, and "Dododex" in August 2017.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: "Ark: Survival Evolved" is an action-adventure survival game set in an open world environment with a dynamic day-night cycle and played either from a third-person or first-person perspective. To survive, players must establish a base, with a fire and weapons; additional activities, such as taming and feeding dinosaurs, require more resources. The game's world, known as the "Ark", is approximately in size: there is approximately of land with of ocean.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: There are currently 176 creatures that populate the world of "Ark." In the early versions of the game, nearly all creatures were real dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures, however, as the storyline progressed, mythical creatures such as the wyvern, griffin, golem, and phoenix was added. As expansions were released, completely original creatures, such as the Karkinos and the Velonasaur also made their way into the game as well as original robotic creatures such as the Enforcer and Scout.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: One of the primary game mechanics of the game is taming creatures. The majority of creatures can be tamed by the player, though some, such as "Meganeura" or "Titanomyrma," cannot. The taming method varies from creature to creature. Most creatures are "violent" tames, meaning the players must knock the creature out using tranquilizer projectiles like tranq darts or by using blunt weapons, such as a club. Oftentimes players will need to keep the dinosaur sedated for the duration of the tame. Some dinosaurs take longer than others to tame, therefore require more narcotics. Players are able to use narco berries, or craft narcotics from narco berries and spoiled meat. Once knocked out, the player must feed the creature their preferred food, such as berries for herbivores or raw meat for carnivores. Different foods help tame animals at varying speeds. Most creatures tame most effectively — and quickest — with a food called Kibble, which is an item crafted using eggs from another creature. Some creatures can also be tamed passively, by approaching them and carefully giving them food. Once a creature is tamed, it will follow the commands of the player who tamed them. As well, most creatures can be ridden, and therefore allow the player to utilize the creature's abilities, such as flight or fast underwater movement. When riding atop certain creatures, players may still be able to use weapons. They can also be used to carry items, and players can issue offensive and defensive commands to them; for example, a pack of "Utahraptors" can be assigned to defend the base, or a group of "Triceratops" can be ordered to attack an enemy's base. Some of the larger creatures, such as a "Brontosaurus" or "Mosasaurus",


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: can have a building platform placed on their back, giving players a mobile, though small, base. The game also features various other animals, such as the dodo, saber-toothed tiger, woolly mammoth, "Meganeura", "Titanomyrma", and "Doedicurus". Every creature in the game has living ecosystems and predator hierarchies.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: Players must keep track of various meters, such as health, stamina, oxygen, hunger, thirst, and "weight", or how much they can carry. Should players take damage, their health meter will gradually regenerate if they have consumed the necessary food, or if they craft items that regenerate the health meter at a faster pace. Otherwise, a player's health meter will gradually regenerate slowly over time. Players can gain experience through harvesting materials, crafting, killing, or discovering explorer notes. Once the player has obtained enough experience, they will gain a level point, which can be spent improving one of the player's stats, which include max health, max stamina, max oxygen, max food meter, max water meter, max carry weight, melee damage, movement speed, and crafting speed. As of June 2020, the maximum player level is 105, an additional 60 levels to be gained by defeating end-game bosses, 5 acquired by leveling up a chibi (cosmetic pet obtain through an in-game event), and 10 extra levels through obtaining all of the explorer notes throughout the base game and all the DLC. Tamed creatures can also gain experience and level points, which can be spent on similar stats. Creatures spawn into the game at levels ranging from 1 to 150, and, when tamed, can gain up to 75 more levels by gaining experience. There are also dinosaurs that can be tamed at a higher level, the teck dinosaurs. These spawn at a maximum level of 180. There are specific varieties of creatures, for instance, the Rock Drake, or the Wyvern variants, which are able to spawn up to level 190, but they are untameable in the wild, and instead must be hatched from their respective egg.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: Players can build structures throughout the world. To build a base, players must acquire structure components—such as floors, doors, and windows built with the resources littered throughout the world—which are earned as they progress and gain levels, then collect the necessary materials to make them. These components can then be crafted and placed in the world. Players can create any structure, as long as they have the logistics and resources; the structural integrity of the building is compromised when the pillars and foundations are destroyed. Structures can be built from various tiers of materials, with better tiers providing more protection, but costing more resources to create. Players start out by creating thatch structures, then moving on to wood, stone, metal, and finally tek, a futuristic and late-game material. There are also glass structures that can be used to gain a greenhouse effect on plants grown inside. Adobe structures block heat from outside for an ideal temperature in the building. Players can also craft items in the game, such as weapons, by collecting the resources and technology required for crafting. In addition, players can craft and attach accessories to their weapons, such as a scope or flashlight for a pistol or assault rifle.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: Preliminary work on "Ark: Survival Evolved" began in October 2014. Studio Wildcard, the Seattle-based team behind the game, co-opted Egypt-based developer Instinct Games to facilitate development; Efecto Studios and Virtual Basement later assisted development. When researching for information about the game's prehistoric species, the development team read "general audience books" and online articles, and sought assistance from friends who studied in the fields in biological sciences. When creating the species and world, the team took creative license for gameplay purposes, although there is an in-game reason that the species have diverged from their historical counterparts. Many of the development team members were inspired by dinosaur films such as "Jurassic Park" and "The Land Before Time".


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: The team added features to the game that would appeal to all players, as opposed to specific players of the survival genre, such as the ability to simply explore the island and compete against large bosses, as a reward for uncovering secrets of the island. They also added an end-game for players to strive towards, as they felt that most survival games lack a final goal. They wanted to "provide a depth and scope that allows for the world to not just be a means to an end [...] but also a place to explore", said creative director Jesse Rapczak.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: The game, powered by Unreal Engine 4, contains "tens of thousands" of artificial intelligence entities, according to Rapczak. It also features support for virtual reality (VR) gameplay; Rapczak, who has almost three years of experience with head-mounted displays, described the game as being designed with VR in mind from the beginning.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: The game was initially released through Steam Early Access for Microsoft Windows on June 2, 2015, shortly before the theatrical release of "Jurassic World" later that month. Rapczak said that the game's release was scheduled to take advantage of the "dino fever" that was present with the film's imminent release. The game subsequently received an Early Access release for Linux and OS X on July 1, 2015, and through the Xbox Game Preview Program for Xbox One on December 16, 2015; Initially Sony was not going to allow a PlayStation 4 release due to the lack of any type of early access program on the console, however a PS4 version was eventually released on December 6, 2016. The final game launched on August 29, 2017, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One; it was originally intended for release in June 2016, but was delayed in April. The game launched with support for Oculus Rift and PlayStation VR, and the Xbox One version was released via the ID@Xbox program. The standard version was released alongside an "Explorer's Edition", which included a season pass with three expansions, and the "Collector's Edition", which included a season pass as well as, a necklace, a map, a notebook, a development team poster, a wooden chest packaging, and the game's official soundtrack. Android and iOS versions were released on June 14, 2018, and a Nintendo Switch version was released on November 30, 2018. A Stadia version was announced by Google in October 2020, originally scheduled for release in early 2021; it was released on September 1. An enhanced version of the game will be accessible on Xbox Series X and Series S, featuring increased details, resolution, and draw distance. Following the poor reception of the original Nintendo Switch release, "Ark: Ultimate Survivor Edition" was announced as a new port rebuilt from the ground up, developed by Grove Street Games. It was initially planned for release in September 2022, but was delayed to November 1, 2022. A free upgrade is available for existing owners of the Nintendo Switch version.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: On March 16, 2016, the "Survival of the Fittest" game mode was released in early access as a free standalone game with no microtransactions; it was scheduled to fully launch in mid 2016, but was eventually merged back to the main game as the development team did not wish to monetize on its release, and wanted to ensure that modders can apply the development kit of "Survival Evolved" to create mods for "Survival of the Fittest". There will be various esports tournaments of the game mode, with a prize pool of US$50,000. Players who played "Survival of the Fittest" before it was merged back into the main game can continue to play the game without paying an extra cost, while new players must pay before getting access to it. It will be available for every player who purchases the main game.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: On March 25, 2019, game developers announced a new mode of gameplay: Classic PVP. The new game mode was made available on PC April 2, 2019. The update aims to revert the PVP meta back to the younger days of Ark via clustered servers with limitations such as: no official tribe alliances, limits to tribe size, lack of evolution events, un-tame-able Tek dinos, no access to Aberration and Extinction content, no Tek Engrams and reduced scaling of weapon damage.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: On September 1, 2016, Studio Wildcard released the paid downloadable content (DLC) "Scorched Earth". The expansion includes a new, desert map as well as several desert-themed resources and items. It also features new creatures, some of which are fictional, like the Wyvern and the Rock Elemental (based on the Golem). Some of the new creatures are not tameable, such as the Jug Bug, a fictional grasshopper-like insect equipped with a fluid-storing pouch on its back that stores water or oil. Scorched Earth has three unique weather patterns: Sandstorms radically reduce visibility and drain stamina, Superheat will drain your water at a much faster rate than normal heat and induce Heat Stroke fairly quickly, while electrical storms will temporarily shut down electrical devices and prevent firearms (and Tek Saddles) from firing.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: The release of paid DLC for a game still in early access caused a negative reaction among players of the game, resulting in many negative reviews on Steam right after the expansion launch.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: On December 12, 2017, the paid DLC "Aberration" was released, adding a new underground/alien-themed map and 15 new alien/underground themed creatures, such as a feathered dragon like creature known as a Rock Drake, which is capable of turning itself and its rider invisible. The Reaper, a xenomorph like creature with acidic abilities and "chest buster" like a reproductive cycle. The Ravager, a hairless canine predator that is capable of climbing up zip lines and vines. And the Nameless, chupacabra like creatures that are not tameable but act as enemies. The Nameless are hard to kill but they have some weaknesses, a weapon known as a "Charge Lantern" which can fend them off and "Light Pets" shoulder-mounted creatures that weaken the Nameless. new items are also added, such as climbing hooks and glider suits to navigate the hostile terrain. The largest map in terms of playable area, "Aberration" also allowed players to continue the story line of "Ark" and discover more of the truth about the "Ark" worlds.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: On November 6, 2018, the third paid DLC expansion, "Extinction" was published by Snail Games USA. The expansion takes place on a future, dystopian Earth that has been corrupted by "Element"; various creatures have been infected by this Element and will attack the player regardless of their normal behavior. The DLC introduced a new mechanic to the game: PVE events in which the player must defend either orbital supply drops from space or Element mineral veins for loot and resources, respectively. New creatures are also introduced, both organic and technological, such as the Gasbags; an evolved tardigrade that can inflate itself and blast gas, or take flight. The Enforcer; a robotic lizard that is capable of teleportation. The final bosses of Extinction are called "Titans", powerful, giant, fictional creatures that are several magnitudes larger than any other creature in the game, and that can either be killed or temporarily tamed.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: On February 25, 2020, the fourth paid DLC expansion, "Genesis Part 1" was published by Snail Games USA. This expansion takes place in a simulation allowing the player to travel to 5 mini maps. Each mini map will be a different biome. The different biomes include an alien bog, A large frigid arctic landscape, A very large ocean biome, A large volcanic hellscape, home to an active volcano, and the high orbit of outer space itself with low gravity. The new expansion adds new resources, items, and 5 new tameable creatures. This includes creatures such as the Magmasaur, a bearded dragon fused with magma that can use fire-based attacks, as well as the Ferox, a four-armed, lemur-like creature that transforms into a larger, more aggressive version of itself (similar to a werewolf). During Genesis Part 1, players will discover the story with a new AI like companion, HLN-A (Helena). The Genesis DLC adds new missions for players across the simulations that grants graded loots.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: The fifth and final paid DLC expansion, "Genesis Part 2" was teased on November 7, 2020. It was released on June 3, 2021.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: The map is set aboard the massive Genesis-Ship, a colony ship that is traveling through deep space looking for a new habitable planet for humanity. The ship has two rings; on the right side is a regular ring filled with plateaus, mountains, rivers, and waterfalls, providing all necessary resources needed for survival. The left side is a corrupted ring that is an aberrant and twisted alien like-region. The expansion features six new tameable creatures, such as the Shadowmane, a lion/lionfish hybrid that can teleport and can turn itself invisible. The Noglin, a small, alien like-creature that has a split jaw that is capable of controlling the minds of survivors and other creatures. And the Stryder, is a robotic hoofed animal that has many attachments that can be used for harvesting or for combat. New missions, weapons, and structures also appear.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: Unlike other maps, Genesis: Part 2 is more story-oriented, which follows the player and HLN-A(voiced by Madeleine Madden) protecting the Genesis ship from Sir Edmund Rockwell (voiced by David Tennant), a mutated survivor who is trying to take over the colony ship for his own intentions.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: "Ark: Survival Evolved" received "mixed or average" reviews for the Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One versions, while the Switch version received "generally unfavorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: TJ Hafer's 7.7/10 review on "IGN" stated that "When I'm having a good time in "Ark", I'm having a really good time. The problem is that those moments are usually one part to every nine parts of menial grinding and crafting – especially at the later tech tiers. Having to repeat so much work after failing an attempt at a boss feels far too punishing, and some really dumb dinosaurs can take a lot of the challenge and sense of danger out of the many primal locations. Even with all of those quirks, however, I'm still hungry to play more after the 60 hours I've spent so far. There aren't a lot of survival games that have legitimately held my attention that long."


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: "GameSpot" gave the game a 6/10, saying: "This outstanding sense of place and mood is offset by the sheer difficulty of everything that you have to do, the spectacular amounts of time necessary to experience even a tenth of what the game has to offer, and the randomness of death constantly destroying everything that you have built." Ian Birnbaum of "PC Gamer" gave the game a score of 72/100, stating it to be "a bloated, greedy mess, but so packed with options that a better game is hidden inside it."


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: The Switch version was panned by critics for being notably downgraded in order for it to adequately run on the console, being criticized for its low resolution and frame rate, minimal level of detail, blurry texturing, low poly models, stability issues, and loading times. John Linneman of "Eurogamer" likened the port to a "poorly compressed JPEG version of an impressionist painting". However, the rebuilt 2022 Switch version developed by Grove Street Games was praised by Linneman as "one of the biggest improvements we've ever seen, turning the game from a hideous, unplayable mess into one of the more impressive Unreal Engine 4 titles we've seen on Nintendo Switch. It's been rebuilt from the ground up and addresses virtually every criticism we had of the original game."


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: Within a month of its early access release on Steam, "Ark" had sold over one million copies. By August 2016, the game had over 5.5 million sales across both Windows and Xbox One, with about 1.5 million from the Xbox One platform.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: Co-founder Jesse Rapczak explained that the release of the Genesis expansions was partially due to the unexpected market success of Extinction and the season pass, and partially due to his belief that the storyline of ARK could be expanded upon.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: Two spin-off games developed by Snail Games' Peacock Studio and Snail Games USA, respectively, were released in March 2018: "Ark Park", a virtual reality game, and "PixARK", a sandbox survival game.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: A sequel, "Ark 2", was announced at The Game Awards 2020. The game will star Vin Diesel and Auliʻi Cravalho. Co-developed with Grove Street Games, "Ark 2" is set to enter early access on Microsoft Windows and Xbox Series X/S in 2023. The game will be released using Unreal Engine 5, instead of Unreal Engine 4 used in the original game.


title: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: An animated series based on the game was announced at The Game Awards 2020. It will feature Madeleine Madden, Michelle Yeoh, Gerard Butler, Jeffrey Wright, David Tennant, Zahn McClarnon, Devery Jacobs, Ragga Ragnars, Elliot Page, Karl Urban, Malcolm McDowell, Deborah Mailman, Juliet Mills, Alan Tudyk, Ron Yuan, Russell Crowe and Vin Diesel.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Shooter is a 2007 American action thriller film directed by Antoine Fuqua and written by Jonathan Lemkin, based on the 1993 novel "Point of Impact" by Stephen Hunter. The film follows Force Recon Marine Scout Sniper veteran Bob Lee Swagger (Mark Wahlberg), who is framed for murder by a mercenary unit operating for a private military firm. The film also stars Michael Peña, Danny Glover, Kate Mara, Levon Helm, and Ned Beatty. It was produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura through Di Bonaventura Pictures, and released by Paramount Pictures in the United States on March 23, 2007. It grossed $95.7 million on a $61 million budget.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Force Recon sniper Gunnery Sergeant Bob Lee Swagger and his spotter Corporal Donnie Fenn are in Eritrea to cover the retreat of an allied convoy after a mission. However, enemy militia vehicles and a helicopter gunship ambush Swagger and Fenn, and the Marines' CIA support team abandons them, resulting in Fenn's death.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Three years later, a retired Swagger lives in isolation in the mountains of Wyoming. At the office of a private military company in Langley,Virginia, retired US Army Colonel Isaac Johnson and his associates, Payne and Dobbler, review Swagger's file. Swagger is approached by Johnson, who requests him for his skills and expertise, in hopes of thwarting an attempt on the President's life that intelligence sources have uncovered.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Swagger helps them determine where and how the attempt will likely be made, in Philadelphia. On the day, Swagger accompanies Johnson and his men to a room overlooking the site. However, the situation turns out to be a setup: the shot is fired according to Swagger's plan, killing the President’s guest, Ethiopian Archbishop Desmond Mutumbo. Swagger is shot by a Philadelphia police officer on Johnson's payroll, and one of his rifles and ammunition are left at the scene to frame him for the assassination. Swagger narrowly escapes, incapacitating rookie FBI Agent Nick Memphis and stealing his bureau vehicle.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Swagger manages to stay alive long enough to track down Fenn's widow, Sarah, who treats his wounds. After recovering, Swagger goes after Johnson and his associates. Agent Memphis, who had been skeptical of Swagger's guilt from the beginning after doing a deep dive on Swagger's background and the circumstances surrounding the shooting, is abducted by Johnson’s men and tortured for information. Swagger kills them, frees Memphis and asks for his help.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: The duo drive to Tennessee where they meet with a firearms expert, Mr. Rate, who tells them that it is possible for a bullet to be fired from one rifle but made to look like it came from another, through a technique called paper patching, in this case a round Swagger fired from his rifle at a can of stew a week before the assassination. Dobbler informs Johnson of Swagger's annual correspondence with Sarah, arranging for her kidnapping by Payne to be used as leverage.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Rate advises that Bosnian sniper using the alias Michael Sandor is the only working sniper capable of the shot. Swagger and Memphis eliminate the contractors guarding Sandor's rural Virginia home. Sczerbiak informs Swagger that Johnson works for U.S. Senator Charles Meachum, who leads a conglomerate exploiting economic assets in developing countries. The Archbishop was assassinated as he was about to speak about the atrocities committed in Ethiopia by the organization, such as wiping out an entire village so an oil pipeline could be laid. Swagger discovers he unwittingly provided overwatch to the men who killed the villagers during the mission that killed Fenn. After revealing Sarah's abduction, Sandor commits suicide.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Swagger arranges a meet with Johnson and Meachum in Montana, while also tipping off the FBI. The two arrive with Payne holding Sarah at gunpoint. Memphis acts as a decoy to draw fire from Johnson's snipers, allowing Swagger to eliminate them and free Sarah, who shoots and kills Payne. Swagger confronts Meachum, replaying the recording of Sandor's confession. However, after Meachum further alludes to how big the corruption is, Swagger burns the recording, realizing it will only get him killed.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: The FBI arrive and take Swagger into custody. Later, he is allowed a private meeting with Attorney General Russert, Johnson, and personnel from the FBI, including Memphis. Swagger's rifle, left at the assassination, is brought in. He proves to them that the rifle will not fire because he installs incorrect firing pins in his guns whenever he leaves home. Though the evidence proves Swagger's innocence, Russert is unable to charge Johnson for crimes perpetrated outside of American jurisdiction.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Russert privately intimates to Swagger that extrajudicial means may be necessary to clean up the corruption. Sometime after the meeting, Johnson is visiting with Meachum in the latter's mountain cabin. Swagger kills everyone inside, destroys the cabin, then hikes several miles to Sarah, waiting with a vehicle.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: The novel "Point of Impact" was in development first at Universal and later at Paramount for twelve years, with seven screenwriters attempting many adaptations. The author Stephen Hunter also tried to adapt the book but was put off by the experience and disconnected himself from the process.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Jonathan Lemkin read the book and some of the previous drafts and was able to avoid repeating some of the same mistakes. Lemkin updated the story away from the original post Vietnam setting, and restructured the story bringing the main event to the end of the first act, and to cut the multiple plot lines down to just the A story. His page 1 rewrite of the screenplay attracted Wahlberg and Fuqua, and on his second draft, the film got the green light to go into production. Unusual for a screenplay with such a long development process and multiple rewrites, Lemkin retained sole credit after Writers Guild of America arbitration.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Most of the film was shot on location in New Westminster, Kamloops, Mission, Ashcroft and Cache Creek in British Columbia, Canada. For example, Swagger's escape was filmed in New Westminster along the Fraser River, standing in for the Delaware River. The car chase that ends when it plunged into the river was filmed down 6th Street and off the Westminster Quay. The following scene of Swagger clinging to the side of a dredger was also filmed on the Fraser River near the Pattullo Bridge.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: The assassination scenes were filmed in Independence National Historical Park in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia. The sniper location was created from using the exteriors of the church steeple at the junction of New Street and North 4th Street and combining them with an elevated view from another building to create a fictional vista of the park. The final scene was in Mammoth Lakes, California, in the lakes basin.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: The mountaintop confrontation was shot on the glaciers of Rainbow Mountain, near the resort town of Whistler, British Columbia.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: "Shooter" depicts a number of sniper tactics, thanks to the guidance of former US Marine scout sniper Patrick Garrity, who trained Mark Wahlberg for the film. Garrity taught Wahlberg to shoot both left- and right-handed (the actor is left-handed), as he had to switch shooting posture throughout the movie, due to Swagger's sustained injuries. He was also trained to adjust a weapon's scope, judge effects of wind on a shot, do rapid bolt manipulation, and develop special breathing skills. His training included extreme distance shooting (up to , and the use of camouflage ghillie suits. Fuqua appointed Garrity as the film's military-technical advisor.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: In the special features of the DVD, Garrity is interviewed pointing out that the shot fired in the assassination would not have hit the archbishop straight on, as in the film. When a round is fired it will fall from depending on the distance of the shot. To compensate, the round is fired at an arc calibrated by how far the round is going to fall, the distance of the shot, temperature, humidity, and wind. In his interview, Garrity said "At , because of the hydrostatic shock that follows a large-caliber, high-velocity round such as the .408 Chey Tac (which is used in the shot), the target would literally be peeled apart and limbs would be flying away." The exit wound on the archbishop's head would have been too extreme to show in movie theaters. Instead, the movie depicts a much less graphic representation of the assassination.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Throughout the film, Swagger uses an array of sniper rifles, including the USMC M40A3, the CheyTac Intervention, and the Barrett M82.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: The score to the film was composed by Mark Mancina, who recorded the music at the Todd-AO Scoring Stage in Studio City, Los Angeles, using a 77-piece orchestra conducted by Don Harper. A score soundtrack was released by Lakeshore Records and co-published by Shoelace Music on March 27, 2007. The song "Nasty Letter" by Otis Taylor plays over the end of the film and credits.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: "Shooter" grossed $47 million in the US and Canada and $48.7 million in other territories, for a total gross of $95.7 million against its $61 million production budget.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: The film grossed $14.5 million in its opening weekend, finishing in 3rd at the box office behind "TMNT" ($24.3 million) and "300" ($19.9 million).


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 47% based on 147 reviews and an average rating of 5.6/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "With an implausible story and numerous plot holes, "Shooter" fails to distinguish itself from other mindless action-thrillers." Metacritic assigns the film a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" called the film "a thoroughly reprehensible, satisfyingly violent entertainment about men and guns and things that go boom." Dargis described director Fuqua's technique as overshot and overedited, but said he has a knack for chaos and the result is "pretty enjoyable."


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Kirk Honeycutt of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave a positive review but was critical of the weak characterization: "If the movie only lavished as much thought and care on its characters as it does on each intricate set piece, Shooter might have been a classic." Honeycutt says the problem is the screenplay by Jonathan Lemkin, and the source novel "Point of Impact" by film critic and author Stephen Hunter. He highlighted Peña for his performance, and praised the technical aspects of the film, particularly the stunt work, and the camera work of Peter Menzies Jr.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Tony Horkins of "Empire" magazine praised the movie: "The sequel-ready Swagger challenges Bourne's supremacy with an impressive shoot-'em-up, work-it-out action drama".


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: Some film critics saw the film as left-leaning in its politics, including arguing that the main villain (Senator Meachum) is an analogy for then Vice President Dick Cheney.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: The DVD was released on June 26, 2007, reaching the top of the US sales charts. The film earned $57.6 million in DVD sales in the North America. Paramount Movies released an upgraded version of the film to 4k Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 15, 2022.


title: Shooter (2007 film)

text: In 2016, USA Network picked up a series of the same name based on the movie, with Wahlberg as a producer and Ryan Phillippe as Swagger.


title: History of the British farthing

text: The British farthing (derived from the Old English , a fourth part) was a British coin worth a quarter of an old penny ( of a pound sterling). It ceased to be struck after 1956 and was demonetised from 1 January 1961.


title: History of the British farthing

text: The British farthing is a continuation of the English farthing, struck by English monarchs prior to the Act of Union 1707 which unified the crowns of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain. Only pattern farthings were struck under Queen Anne as there was a glut of farthings from previous reigns. The coin was struck intermittently under George I and George II, but by the reign of George III, counterfeits were so prevalent the Royal Mint ceased striking copper coinage after 1775. The next farthings were the first struck by steam power, in 1799 by Matthew Boulton at his Soho Mint under licence. Boulton coined more in 1806, and the Royal Mint resumed production in 1821. The farthing was struck fairly regularly under George IV and William IV. By then it carried a scaled-down version of the penny's design, and would continue to mirror the penny and halfpenny until after 1936.


title: History of the British farthing

text: Farthings were struck in most years of Queen Victoria's long reign. The coin continued to be issued in most years of the first half of the 20th century, and in 1937 it finally received its own reverse design, a wren. By the time the coin bore the portrait of Elizabeth II from 1953 to 1956, inflation had eroded its value. A fall in commercial demand also contributed to its demise.


title: History of the British farthing

text: The British farthing is a continuation of the farthing series begun in silver under the English king Henry III in the 13th century.


title: History of the British farthing

text: It was first struck in copper in the early 17th century under James I of England. The right to make the coin was granted by a lifetime royal patent, first to Lord John Harington of Exton (minted briefly from 1613 to his death in 1614) and then later to Ludovic Stewart, Duke of Lennox (minted from 1614 until his death in 1624). Britannia first appeared on the coin in 1672, under Charles II.


title: History of the British farthing

text: Issuance of farthings had not been necessary during most of the reign of Queen Anne (1701–1714) due to a surplus of English farthings, which continued in circulation. But beginning in 1713, there was a shortage of copper coin (the halfpenny and farthing). The Royal Mint planned to issue farthings in 1714, but this was thwarted by the death of the Queen that year. The 1714 farthing, weighing 4.8–5.8 grams and of 21–22 millimetres diameter, is deemed a pattern. It contained about a farthing's worth of copper, as Sir Isaac Newton was Master of the Mint, and he believed coins should contain their value in metal. Some Anne farthings escaped into circulation, and there was a persistent and incorrect legend that they were of immensely high value. Britannia is said to bear the likeness of Queen Anne, and according to the numismatic writer Kerry Rodgers, "it was at this point that the blending of the female personification of Britain with the image of the reigning Queen takes firm hold." Newton had strong views about the quality of the coinage, and the Anne farthing displays advances, such as greater consistency in striking, over that of William III.


title: History of the British farthing

text: The need for a copper coinage was no less after the accession of King George I (1714–1727), but the Anne halfpennies and farthings (made with metal prepared at the Royal Mint) had failed tests for purity. It was not until 1717 that Newton tried to coin those two denominations again, this time from copper strip purchased from a contractor. The price of metal had risen, so the new farthings were lighter than the Anne coins, at 4.5–5.3 grams. The farthings struck in 1717 were smaller and thicker than the 1714 coins, with a diameter of 20–21 millimetres, and they are known as "dump" farthings. Farthings of 1719–1724 are slightly larger, at 22–23 millimetres, but are of the same weight. The coins were in high relief, and the Royal Mint had trouble transferring the design to the blanks, resulting in myriad flaws. The coin features the right-facing head of King George and the inscription on the obverse, and for the reverse a design identical to that of the Anne farthings: Britannia with the inscription and the date in the exergue below. Farthings were for sale at the Mint's premises at the Tower of London in packets of five and ten shillings; the Treasury refused to allocate funds for provincial distribution. The farthing's designs were by John Croker, possibly assisted by Johann Rudolph Ochs Sr, and were struck in every year from 1717–1724. The Mint had contracted for strip for seven years; when the contract ended, the coinage stopped.


title: History of the British farthing

text: George I died in 1727, the same year as Newton, and the king's son King George II succeeded to the throne, reigning until 1760. Croker engraved the new king's head for the coinage; the Britannia design was not changed. Farthings with Croker's design for George's head were minted in 1730–1737 and 1739. A bust showing an older king by John Sigismund Tanner was used on the farthing in 1741, 1744, 1746, 1749, 1750, and 1754, though the 1754 coin was probably minted at least until 1763. All George II farthings weighed 4.5–5.3 grams and had a diameter of 22–23 millimetres. Both obverses showed left-facing heads of King George and the inscription , and on the reverse, Britannia with the inscription and the date in the exergue. The farthing was made in relatively small number compared to the halfpenny (struck every year from 1730–1754); in no year were even half as many farthings coined, and in most years, far fewer.


title: History of the British farthing

text: The 1754 stoppage was due to a glut of coppers, and was done at the urgent request of merchants. Even then, a different problem—counterfeiting—had emerged. Lightweight counterfeit halfpennies and farthings (the penny was then made of silver) had been seen as early as 1725, and in the following decades, they became a flood. The laws at the time made counterfeiting copper coin merely a misdemeanour, punishable by a fine or a short term in gaol, while counterfeiting of gold and silver was dealt with severely. The counterfeits were especially prevalent in rural areas where regal issues, with no organised plan of distribution, were rarely seen. No farthings were coined after 1754, with the exception of 1754-dated later issues which may have been due to the Royal Mint using up stocks of copper. To make the counterfeiting uneconomical, in 1755 the Mint Board proposed reducing the value of the farthing to pence and the halfpenny to , but the Government refused.


title: History of the British farthing

text: The first halfpennies and farthings with the head of George II's grandson and successor, King George III (1760–1820), were issued in 1771, the year Parliament made it a felony to counterfeit copper coin. This had little effect; large quantities were melted down for lightweight imitations, though the farthing was less counterfeited than the halfpenny. This first series of George III farthings, struck in 1771 and 1773–1775, had a weight of 4.3–5.3 grams, with diameter 23–24 millimetres. The obverse, designed by Richard Yeo or Thomas Pingo depicts a right-facing bust of the king, with the inscription , while no significant change was made to the reverse. Despite the counterfeiting, the Mint ceased striking coppers in 1775 on the ground that there were sufficient legal farthings and halfpennies in commerce. The farthing would not be struck again by the Royal Mint until 1821.


title: History of the British farthing

text: From 1775, most copper coins in circulation were counterfeit. The private sector eventually reacted, filling the gap with private tokens starting in 1787, and the Treasury awarded a contract to Matthew Boulton to strike copper coins in 1797. At his Soho Mint near Birmingham, Boulton produced the well-known Cartwheel pennies and twopences, so named for their appearance, the first official British coins struck by steam. The contract did not include producing farthings, though Boulton prepared several patterns. In 1799, Boulton was given a licence to produce halfpennies and farthings. In the meantime the price of copper had risen, and a more conventional coin was struck.


title: History of the British farthing

text: The 1799 farthing broke new ground in two areas: the reverse was inscribed , the first time the name of a denomination had ever appeared on an English or British coin, and it was also the first British coin to have the date on the same side as the monarch's head. The inscription on the obverse became , and the reverse depicts a redesigned left-facing seated Britannia holding a spray and spear, with the inscription . In 1806–1807 a further 22.5 tons (23 tonnes) of copper was struck into farthings by Boulton, but the price of copper had risen again and the weight was less than the 1799 issue. Farthings of the 1799 issue weigh , with a diameter , while the later Boulton issue weighs 4.7–4.8 grammes (0.17 oz) with a diameter . For the 1806–1807 issues, the denomination was removed from the coin, was abbreviated as , and the image of Britannia was slightly modified. Copper farthings and halfpennies from before 1797 were called in by proclamation dated 5 December 1817, and were redeemed by weight.


title: History of the British farthing

text: The currency was reformed in the 1810s with the Great Recoinage of 1816. The production of copper coins did not resume until after George III's death in 1820 and the accession of King George IV (1820–1830). Farthings were produced in 1821, Britannia maintaining her place on the reverse. These pieces were made current by a proclamation of 14 November of that year, that made them legal tender to sixpence. The original coinage portrait of the King, by Benedetto Pistrucci, attracted strong royal dislike, but was used on the farthing in 1821 and in 1823–26. By then, Pistrucci had been barred from work on the coinage for refusing to copy the work of another artist. William Wyon was given the task of engraving what became the more flattering "bare head" type of 1826. The issue of coppers in 1826 was because of the withdrawal of separate issues for Ireland; the Irish penny had been valued at of its British equivalent. The reverse was redesigned slightly, but remained more or less the same. The Pistrucci-designed farthings weighed , with a diameter of ; the later ones by Wyon (issued each year from 1826–1830) weighed with a diameter of 22 millimetres. Both Pistrucci's and Wyon's designs were produced in 1826. The Pistrucci obverse shows a left-facing bust of King George IV with the inscription , while the reverse shows a right-facing helmeted Britannia seated to the left of the coin, holding a shield and trident, with the inscription and the date in the exergue under Britannia. The Wyon obverse shows a laureate bust of King George IV, facing left, with the inscription , while the reverse inscription is unchanged.


title: History of the British farthing

text: The death of King George in 1830 brought his brother, King William IV (1830–1837) to the throne. Wyon, by then Chief Engraver, left the reverse of the farthing unchanged, and for the obverse engraved a portrait of King William by Sir Francis Chantrey. The inscriptions were unchanged, except that (William IV) was substituted for on the obverse. The farthing was produced in 1831, and 1834–1837, the final issue being struck during the year of King William's death.


title: History of the British farthing

text: Farthings bearing the portrait of Queen Victoria, by Wyon, were struck beginning in 1838; no change was made to the reverse other than substituting the abbreviation (Regina, or Queen) for (King), indicating there was now a reigning Queen. The farthing remained the same size it had been since 1826. From 1838, the farthing was struck every year of Victoria's long reign except 1870, 1871 and 1889 (the 1877 issue was only in proof and may have been made at a later date). The same obverse dies were used for the copper farthing and the sovereign and most likely were used for the gold coin first. This contributed to a high level of defects in the farthing series, but ensured that they were struck every year, as was the popular gold coin. In Victorian times, a farthing could buy three oysters, with bread and butter, from an oyster-seller walking the streets of London. The coin would be enough to purchase a sparrow at a market in London's East End.


title: History of the British farthing

text: In 1859, the Government decided the poor state of the copper coinage demanded its withdrawal. The farthing was in particular need of replenishment; an 1857 survey had found that farthings made up only about 3 percent of the copper coins in circulation, though about 20 percent of the coppers struck since 1821 had been farthings. Bronze was deemed a suitable replacement. Parliament passed legislation in 1860 that allowed the penny, halfpenny and farthing to be struck from an alloy of metals. Large quantity of bronze pennies, halfpennies and farthings were struck beginning in 1860 not only by the Royal Mint but by two Birmingham firms under contract. Although the weight of the penny was halved, the farthing was lightened by a bit less than that lest it be too small. The farthing was virtually identical to the penny and halfpenny but for minor details. The new bronze coinage went into circulation in December 1860; the old copper pieces were demonetised after 31 December 1869 in Britain (though the Mint would still accept them until 1873) and at the end of 1877 for the colonies.


title: History of the British farthing

text: The new bronze farthings weighed 2.8–3.0 grams, were 20 millimetres in diameter, and were made of an alloy of 95% copper, 4% tin and 1% zinc. Disregarding minor changes in alloy, these would remain the farthing's specifications until abolition after 1956. They read on the reverse, with the date in the exergue beneath Britannia. The obverse features the "Bun head" or "Young head" of Victoria; both sides of the coin were designed by Leonard Charles Wyon, William's son. The inscription on the obverse was . An "H" mintmark underneath the date can be seen on some 1874–1876 and 1881–1882 farthings; they were struck at the Heaton Mint in Birmingham. Although the Bun farthing series produced several varieties, they are not as extensive as for the penny and halfpenny. The farthing tended to have the lowest mintages of the three bronze coins, between 1 and 6 million being struck in most years in the late Victorian era; more halfpennies were struck than farthings, and mintages of the penny were regularly exceeding 10 million by the 1890s. Although fewer farthings were struck, a larger percentage has survived due to the sentimental attachment of the British people to the coin lowest in denomination.