title: Park Chung-hee

text: Park's eldest daughter from his second marriage (with Yuk Young-soo), Park Geun-hye, was elected the chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party in 2004. She was elected as South Korea's 11th president and first female president in 2012 and took office in February 2013. Park Geun-hye's association to her father's legacy has served as a double-edged sword. She had previously been labeled as the daughter of a dictator; however she has been quoted as saying "I want to be judged on my own merits." Her presidency ended in her impeachment in 2016 and removal from office in 2017. She was sentenced to 24 years in prison on 6 April 2018. Park was released in 2021 from the Seoul Detention Center.


title: Park Chung-hee

text: Park Chung-hee remains a controversial figure in South Korea. The eighteen-year Park era is considered to be one of the most controversial topics for the Korean public, politicians, and scholars. Opinion is split regarding his legacy, between those who credit Park for his reforms and those who condemn his authoritarian way of ruling the country, especially after 1971. Older generations who spent their adulthood during Park's rule tend to credit Park for building the economic foundation of the country and protecting the country from North Korea, as well as leading Korea to economic and global prominence. Although Park was listed as one of the top ten "Asians of the Century" by "Time" magazine in 1999, the newer generations of Koreans and those who fought for democratization tend to believe his authoritarian rule was unjustified, and that he hindered South Korea's transition to democracy.


title: Park Chung-hee

text: Park has been recognized and respected by many South Koreans as an exceptionally efficient leader, credited with making South Korea economically what it is today. Park led the Miracle on the Han River, a period of rapid economic growth in South Korea. Under Park's rule, South Korea possessed one of the fastest growing national economies during the 1960s and 1970s. According to the Gapminder Foundation, extreme poverty was reduced from 66.9 percent in 1961 to 11.2 percent in 1979, making one of the fastest and largest reductions in poverty in human history. This growth also encompassed declines in child mortality and increases in life expectancy. From 1961 to 1979 child mortality declined by 64%, the third-fastest decrease in child mortality of any country with over 10 million inhabitants during the same period. Economic growth continued after Park's death and after considerable political turmoil in the wake of his assassination and the military Coup d'état of December Twelfth.


title: Park Chung-hee

text: However, Park is regarded as a highly repressive dictator who curtailed freedoms and committed human rights abuses during his rule. Dissolving the constitution to allow him unopposed rule. Park's blackmailing, arresting, jailing, and murdering of opposition figures are well documented. The new constitution President Park implemented after declaring the state of emergency in 1971 gave him the power to appoint one third of the members of the National Assembly and even outlawed criticism of the constitution and of the president. There were also many economic feats established during Park's regime, including the Gyeongbu Expressway, POSCO, the famous Five-Year Plans of South Korea, and the New Community Movement. In 1987, South Korea eventually democratized as a result of the June Struggle movement.


title: Park Chung-hee

text: Park was accused of having pro-Japanese tendencies by some. Park is responsible for the beginning of a normalized relationship with Japan and today Japan is one of South Korea's top trading partners, surpassed only by the People's Republic of China and the United States.


title: Park Chung-hee

text: Park's rule is also believed to be one of the main causes of regionalism which is a serious problem in Korea today.


title: Park Chung-hee

text: Kim Dae-jung, a pro-democracy chief opponent of Park who was kidnapped, arrested, and sentenced to death by the Park administration, later served as the 8th president of South Korea. On 24 October 2007, following an internal inquiry, South Korea's National Intelligence Service (NIS) admitted that its precursor, the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), undertook the kidnapping of opposition leader and future President Kim Dae-jung, saying it had at least tacit backing from then-leader Park Chung-hee.


title: Park Chung-hee

text: Park Geun-hye, Park's eldest daughter, became the 11th president of South Korea and the first female president of South Korea. Park Geun-hye's parentage served as a considerable source of controversy during the 2012 presidential election and throughout her administration, as detractors described her as the daughter of a dictator. Park was impeached, removed from office, and later sentenced to 27 years in prison as a result of an influence-peddling scandal.


title: Park Chung-hee

text: An October 2021 Gallup Korea public opinion poll showed Park Chung-hee, Roh Moo-hyun, and Kim Dae-jung as the most highly rated presidents of South Korean history. The poll showed Park received a favorability rating of 72% and 82% from citizens in the age range of 50–60 and 60+ years respectively, and a favorability rating of 43% and 64% from citizens in the age range of 20–30 and 30–40 years respectively.


title: Park Chung-hee

text: Park was a member of the Goryeong Park clan (), and he was a 29th generation descendant of the clan; among its various family branches, Park was from the Jikganggong Branch (). One of his great-great-grandmothers was from the Jeonju Yi clan, the former ruling family of Joseon and the Korean Empire.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Commander James Bond is a character created by the British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1953. He is the protagonist of the "James Bond" series of novels, films, comics and video games. Fleming wrote twelve Bond novels and two short story collections. His final two books—"The Man with the Golden Gun" (1965) and "Octopussy and The Living Daylights" (1966)—were published posthumously.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: The character is a Secret Service agent, code number 007, residing in London but active internationally. Bond was a composite character who was based on a number of commandos whom Fleming knew during his service in the Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War, to whom Fleming added his own style and a number of his own tastes. Bond's name may have been appropriated from the American ornithologist of the same name, although it is possible that Fleming took the name from a Welsh agent with whom he served, James C. Bond. Bond has a number of consistent character traits which run throughout the books, including an enjoyment of cars, a love of food, drink and love-making, and an average intake of sixty custom-made cigarettes a day.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Since Fleming's death in 1964, there have been other authorised writers of Bond material, including John Gardner, who wrote fourteen novels and two novelizations; Raymond Benson, who wrote six novels, three novelizations and three short stories; and Anthony Horowitz, who has written two novels and has a third to be published in 2022. There have also been other authors who wrote one book each: Kingsley Amis (under the pseudonym Robert Markham), Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver and William Boyd. Additionally, a series of novels based on Bond's youth—"Young Bond"—was written by Charlie Higson and later Stephen Cole.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: As a spin-off from the original literary work, "Casino Royale", a television adaptation was made, "Casino Royale", in which Bond was depicted as an American agent. A comic strip series also ran in the "Daily Express" newspaper. There have been twenty-seven Bond films; seven actors have played Bond in these films.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: The central figure in Ian Fleming's work is the fictional character of James Bond, an intelligence officer in the "Secret Service". Bond is also known by his code number, 007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: During the Second World War, Ian Fleming had mentioned to friends that he wanted to write a spy novel. It was not until 1952, however, shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, that Fleming began to write his first book, "Casino Royale", to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials. Fleming started writing the novel at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica on 17 February 1952, typing out 2,000 words in the morning, directly from his own experiences and imagination. He finished work on the manuscript in just over a month, completing it on 18 March 1952. Describing the work as his "dreadful oafish opus", Fleming showed it to an ex-girlfriend, Clare Blanchard, who advised him not to publish it at all, but that if he did so, it should be under another name. Despite that advice, Fleming went on to write a total of twelve Bond novels and two short story collections before his death on 12 August 1964. The last two books—"The Man with the Golden Gun" and "Octopussy and The Living Daylights"—were published posthumously.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Fleming based his creation on a number of individuals which he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war". Among those types were his brother, Peter, whom Fleming worshipped and who had been involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond's make up, including Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, a skiing spy whom Fleming had met in Kitzbühel in the 1930s, Patrick Dalzel-Job, who served with distinction in 30 AU during the war, and Bill "Biffy" Dunderdale, station head of MI6 in Paris, who wore cuff-links and handmade suits and was chauffeured around Paris in a Rolls-Royce. Sir Fitzroy Maclean was another figure mentioned as a possibility, based on his wartime work behind enemy lines in the Balkans, as was the MI6 double agent Dušan Popov.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In 2016, a BBC Radio 4 documentary explored the possibility that the character of Bond was created by 20th Century author and mentor to Fleming, Phyllis Bottome in her 1946 novel, "The Lifeline". Distinct similarities between the protagonist in "The Lifeline", Mark Chalmers, and Bond have been highlighted by spy writer Nigel West.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Fleming took the name for his character from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide "Birds of the West Indies"; Fleming, a keen birdwatcher himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: On another occasion Fleming said: "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers'. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department." After Fleming met the ornithologist and his wife, he described them as "a charming couple who are amused by the whole joke". In the first draft of "Casino Royale" he decided to use the name James Secretan as Bond's cover name while on missions.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In 2018, it was reported that the name could have emerged from a former member of the Special Operations Executive, James Charles Bond, who had, according to released military records, served under Fleming.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Bond's code number—007—was assigned by Fleming in reference to one of British naval intelligence's key achievements of First World War: the breaking of the German diplomatic code. One of the German documents cracked and read by the British was the Zimmermann Telegram, which was coded 0075, and which was one of the factors that led to the US entering the war.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Facially, Bond resembles the composer, singer and actor Hoagy Carmichael. In "Casino Royale", Vesper Lynd remarks, "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Likewise, in "Moonraker," Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is "certainly good-looking ... Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold." Others, such as journalist Ben Macintyre, identify aspects of Fleming's own looks in his description of Bond. General references in the novels describe Bond as having "dark, rather cruel good looks".


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In the novels (notably "From Russia, with Love"), Bond's physical description has generally been consistent: slim build; a long, thin vertical scar on his right cheek; blue-grey eyes; a "cruel" mouth; short, black hair, a comma of which rests on his forehead. Physically he is described as in height and in weight. During "Casino Royale", a SMERSH agent carves the Russian Cyrillic letter "Ш" (SH) (for "Shpion": "Spy") into the back of Bond's right hand; by the start of "Live and Let Die", Bond has had a skin graft to hide the scars.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In Fleming's stories, Bond is in his mid-to-late thirties, but does not age. In "Moonraker", he admits to being eight years shy of mandatory retirement age from the 00 section—45—which would mean he was 37 at the time. Fleming did not provide Bond's date of birth, but John Pearson's fictional biography of Bond, "", gives him a birth date of 11 November 1920, while a study by Bond scholar John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921. According to Griswold, the Fleming novels take place between around May 1951, to February 1964, by which time Bond was aged 42.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Fleming wrote "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" while "Dr. No" was being filmed in Jamaica and was influenced by the casting of Scottish actor Sean Connery to give Bond Scottish ancestry. It was not until the penultimate novel, "You Only Live Twice", that Fleming gave Bond a more complete sense of family background, using a fictional obituary, purportedly from "The Times". The novel reveals Bond’s parents were Andrew Bond, of Glencoe, and Monique Delacroix, of the Canton de Vaud. The book was the first to be written after the release of "Dr. No" in cinemas and Connery's depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, to give Bond a sense of humour that was not present in the previous stories. Bond spends much of his early life abroad, becoming multilingual in German and French because of his father's work as a Vickers armaments company representative. Bond is orphaned at age 11 after his parents are killed in a mountain climbing accident in the Aiguilles Rouges near Chamonix.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: After the death of his parents, Bond went to live with his aunt, Miss Charmian Bond, in the village of Pett Bottom, where he completed his early education. Later, he briefly attended Eton College at "12 or thereabouts", but was expelled after two halves because of girl trouble with a maid. After being sent down from Eton, Bond was sent to Fettes College in Scotland, his father's school. On his first visit to Paris at the age of 16, Bond lost his virginity, later reminiscing about the event in "From a View to a Kill". Fleming referenced his own upbringing for his creation, with Bond alluding to briefly attending the University of Geneva (as did Fleming), before being taught to ski in Kitzbühel (as was Fleming) by Hannes Oberhauser, who is later killed in "Octopussy".


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Bond joined the Secret Service in 1938–as described by a Russian dossier about him in "From Russia, with Love". He spent two months in 1939 at the Monte Carlo Casino watching a Romanian group cheating before he and the Deuxième Bureau closed them down. Bond's obituary in "You Only Live Twice" states that he joined "a branch of what was subsequently to become the Ministry of Defence" in 1941, where he rose to the rank of principal officer. The same year he became a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, ending the war as a commander.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: At the start of Fleming's first book, "Casino Royale", Bond is already a 00 agent, having been given the position after killing two enemy agents, a Japanese spy on the thirty-sixth floor of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center (then housing the headquarters of British Security Co-ordination - BSC) in New York City and a Norwegian double agent who had betrayed two British agents; it is suggested by Bond scholar John Griswold that these were part of Bond's wartime service with Special Operations Executive, a British Second World War covert military organisation. Bond is made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in either 1953–as described by a Russian dossier about Bond in "From Russia, with Love"—or 1954, as described by Bond's obituary in "You Only Live Twice".


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Bond lives in a flat off the King's Road in Chelsea. Continuation authors John Pearson and William Boyd both identify the location as Wellington Square. The former believed the address was No. 30, and the latter No. 25. His flat is looked after by an elderly Scottish housekeeper named May. May's name was taken from May Maxwell, the housekeeper of Fleming's close friend, the American Ivar Bryce. In 1955 Bond earned around £2,000 a year net (); although when on assignment, he worked on an unlimited expense account. Much of Fleming's own daily routine while working at "The Sunday Times" was woven into the Bond stories, and he summarised it at the beginning of "Moonraker":


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Only once in the series does Fleming have a partner for Bond in his flat, with the arrival of Tiffany Case, following Bond's mission to the US in "Diamonds Are Forever". By the start of the following book, "From Russia, With Love", Case has left to marry an American. Bond is married only once, in "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", to Teresa "Tracy" di Vicenzo, but their marriage ends tragically when she is killed on their wedding day by Bond's nemesis Ernst Stavro Blofeld.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In the penultimate novel of the series, "You Only Live Twice", Bond suffers from amnesia and has a relationship with an Ama diving girl, Kissy Suzuki. As a result of the relationship, Kissy becomes pregnant, although she does not reveal this to Bond before he leaves the island.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett noted that, "within the first few pages [of "Casino Royale"] Ian had introduced most of Bond's idiosyncrasies and trademarks", which included his looks, his Bentley and his smoking and drinking habits. The full details of Bond's martini were kept until chapter seven of the book and Bond eventually named it "The Vesper", after his love interest Vesper Lynd.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Bond's drinking habits run throughout the series of books. During the course of "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" alone, Bond consumes forty-six drinks: Pouilly-Fuissé, Riquewihr and Marsala wines, most of a bottle of Algerian wine, some 1953 Château Mouton Rothschild claret, along with Taittinger and Krug champagnes and Babycham; for whiskies he consumes three bourbon and waters, half a pint of I.W. Harper bourbon, Jack Daniel's whiskey, two double bourbons on the rocks, two whisky and sodas, two neat scotches and one glass of neat whisky; vodka consumption totalled four vodka and tonics and three double vodka martinis; other spirits included two double brandies with ginger ale, a flask of Enzian schnaps and a double gin: he also washes this down with four steins of German beer. Bond's alcohol intake does not seem to affect his performance.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Regarding non-alcoholic drinks, Bond eschews tea, calling it "mud" and blaming it for the downfall of the British Empire. He instead prefers to drink strong coffee.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: When in England and not on a mission, Bond dines as simply as Fleming did on dishes such as grilled sole, "oeufs en cocotte" and cold roast beef with potato salad. When on a mission, however, Bond eats more extravagantly. This was partly because in 1953, when "Casino Royale" was published, many items of food were still rationed in the UK, and Bond was "the ideal antidote to Britain's postwar austerity, rationing and the looming premonition of lost power". This extravagance was more noteworthy with his contemporary readers for Bond eating exotic, local foods when abroad, at a time when most of his readership did not travel abroad.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: On 1 April 1958 Fleming wrote to "The Manchester Guardian" in defence of his work, referring to that paper's review of "Dr. No". While referring to Bond's food and wine consumption as "gimmickery", Fleming bemoaned that "it has become an unfortunate trade-mark. I myself abhor Wine-and-Foodmanship. My own favourite food is scrambled eggs." Fleming was so keen on scrambled eggs that he used his short story, "007 in New York", to provide his favourite recipe for the dish: in the story, this came from the housekeeper of Fleming's friend Ivar Bryce, May, who gave her name to Bond's own housekeeper. Academic Edward Biddulph observed that Fleming fully described seventy meals within the book series and that while a number of these had items in common—such as scrambled eggs and steaks—each meal was different from the others.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Bond is a heavy smoker, at one point smoking 70 cigarettes a day. Bond has his cigarettes custom-made by Morland of Grosvenor Street, mixing Balkan and Turkish tobacco and having a higher nicotine content than normal; the cigarettes have three gold bands on the filter. Bond carried his cigarettes in a wide gunmetal cigarette case which carried fifty; he also used a black oxidised Ronson lighter. The cigarettes were the same as Fleming's, who had been buying his at Morland since the 1930s; the three gold bands on the filter were added during the war to mirror his naval Commander's rank. On average, Bond smokes sixty cigarettes a day, although he cut back to around twenty-five a day after his visit to a health farm in "Thunderball": Fleming himself smoked up to 80 cigarettes a day.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Bond occasionally supplements his alcohol consumption with the use of other drugs, for both functional and recreational reasons: "Moonraker" sees Bond consume a quantity of the amphetamine benzedrine accompanied by champagne, before his bridge game with Sir Hugo Drax (also consuming a carafe of vintage Riga vodka and a vodka martini); he also uses the drug for stimulation on missions, such as swimming across Shark Bay in "Live and Let Die", or remaining awake and alert when threatened in the Dreamy Pines Motor Court in "The Spy Who Loved Me".


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Bond was an car enthusiast and took great interest in his vehicles. In "Moonraker", Fleming writes that "Bond had once dabbled on the fringe of the racing world", implying Bond had raced in the past. Over the course of the 14 books, Bond owns three cars, all Bentleys. For the first three books of the series, Bond drives a supercharged 1930 Bentley 4½ Litre, painted battleship grey, that he bought in 1933. During the War he kept the car in storage. He wrecks this car in May 1954 during the events of "Moonraker".


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Bond subsequently purchases a Bentley Mark VI drophead coupé, using the money he won from Hugo Drax at Blades. This car is also painted battleship grey and has dark blue upholstery. Fleming refers to this car as a 1953 model, even though the last year for the mark was 1952. It is possible the 1953 year refers to the coachwork, which in this case would probably make it a Graber-bodied car.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In "Thunderball", Bond buys the wreck of a Bentley R-Type Continental with a sports saloon body and 4.5 L engine. Produced between 1952 and 1955, Bentley built 208 of these cars, 193 of which had H. J. Mulliner bodies. Bond's car would have been built before July 1954, as the engines fitted after this time were 4.9 L. Fleming curiously calls this car a "Mark II," a term which was never used. Bond replaces the engine with a Mark IV 4.9 L and commissions a body from Mulliners that was a "rather square convertible two-seater affair." He paints this car battleship grey and upholsters it in black. Later, against the advice of Bentley, he adds an Arnott supercharger. In 1957 Fleming had written to Rolls-Royce's Chairman, Whitney Straight, to get information about a new car for Bond. Fleming wanted the car to be a cross between a Bentley Continental and a Ford Thunderbird. Straight pointed Fleming to chassis number BC63LC, which was probably the inspiration for the vehicle that ended up in the book. This car had been delivered in May 1954 to a Mr Silva as a Mulliner-bodied coupé. After he rolled the car and wrecked the body, Silva commissioned Mulliner to convert it to a drophead. However, Mulliner's price was too high and Silva eventually had the body built by Henri Chapron, with the work completed in July 1958. In 2008 the coachwork on this car was modified to match the proposed Mulliner conversion more closely.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: According to academic Jeremy Black, Bond is written as a complex character, even though he was also often the voice of Fleming's prejudices. Throughout Fleming's books, Bond expresses racist, sexist and homophobic attitudes. The output of these prejudices, combined with the tales of Bond's actions, led journalist Yuri Zhukov to write an article in 1965 for the Soviet daily newspaper "Pravda", describing Bond's values:


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Black does not consider Bond to be the unthinking wild beast Zhukov writes about, however. In "From Russia, with Love", Bond watches Kerim Bey shoot the Bulgarian killer Krilencu and Bond observes that he had never killed anyone in cold blood. In "The Living Daylights" Bond deliberately misses his target, realising the sniper he has been sent to kill is not a professional, but simply a beautiful female cello player. Bond settles this in his mind by thinking that "It wasn't "exactly" murder. Pretty near it, though." "Goldfinger" opens with Bond thinking through the experience of killing a Mexican assassin days earlier. He is philosophical about it:


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In response to a reviewer's criticism of Bond as villainous, Fleming said in a 1964 "Playboy" interview that he did not consider his character to be particularly evil or good: "I don't think that he is necessarily a good guy or a bad guy. Who is? He's got his vices and very few perceptible virtues except patriotism and courage, which are probably not virtues anyway ... But I didn't intend for him to be a particularly likeable person." Fleming agreed with some critics' characterisation of Bond as an unthinking killer, but expressed that he was a product of his time: "James Bond is a healthy, violent, noncerebral man in his middle-thirties, and a creature of his era. I wouldn't say he's particularly typical of our times, but he's certainly "of" the times."


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Another general attitude and prejudice of Fleming's that Bond gives voice to includes his approach to homosexuality. While Fleming had a number of gay friends, including Noël Coward and his editor, William Plomer, he said that his books were "written for warm-blooded heterosexuals". His attitude went further, with Bond opining that homosexuals were "a herd of unhappy sexual misfits – barren and full of frustrations, the women wanting to dominate and the men to be nannied", adding that "he was sorry for them, but he had no time for them."


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: From "Casino Royale" to "From Russia, with Love" Bond's preferred weapon is a .25 ACP Beretta automatic pistol carried in a light-weight chamois leather holster. However, Fleming was contacted by a Bond enthusiast and gun expert, Geoffrey Boothroyd, who criticised Fleming's choice of firearm for Bond and suggested a Walther PPK 7.65mm instead. Fleming used the suggestion in "Dr. No", also taking advice that it should be used with the Berns-Martin triple draw shoulder holster. By way of thanks, the Secret Service Armourer who gives Bond his gun was given the name Major Boothroyd, and is introduced by M, Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service, as "the greatest small-arms expert in the world".


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Kingsley Amis, in "The James Bond Dossier", noted that although Bond is a very good shot and the best in the Secret Service, he is still beaten by the instructor, something that added realism to Bond's character. Amis identified a number of skills where Bond is very good, but is still beatable by others. These included skiing, hand-to-hand combat (elaborated in the SMERSH dossier on Bond in "From Russia, With Love" as proficiency in boxing with a good practical knowledge of judo holds), underwater swimming and golf. Driving was also an ability Amis identified where Bond was good, but others were better; one of those who is a better driver than Bond is Sir Hugo Drax, who causes Bond to write off his battleship-grey supercharged Bentley 4½ Litre. Bond subsequently drives a Mark II Continental Bentley, which he uses in the remaining books of the series, although he is issued an Aston Martin DB Mark III with a homing device during the course of "Goldfinger".


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In 1981, writer John Gardner was approached by the Fleming estate and asked to write a continuation novel for Bond. Although he initially almost turned the series down, Gardner subsequently wrote 14 original novels and two novelizations of the films between "Licence Renewed" in 1981 and "COLD" in 1996. With the influence of the American publishers, Putnam's, the Gardner novels showed an increase in the number of Americanisms used in the book, such as a waiter wearing "pants", rather than trousers, in "The Man from Barbarossa". James Harker, writing in "The Guardian", considered that the Gardner books were "dogged by silliness", giving examples of "Scorpius", where much of the action is set in Chippenham, and "Win, Lose or Die", where "Bond gets chummy with an unconvincing Maggie Thatcher". Ill health forced Gardner to retire from writing the Bond novels in 1996.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Gardner stated that he wanted "to bring Mr Bond into the 1980s", although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them. Even though Gardner kept the ages the same, he made Bond grey at the temples as a nod to the passing of the years. Other 1980s effects also took place, with Bond smoking low-tar cigarettes and becoming increasingly health conscious.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: The return of Bond in 1981 saw media reports on the more politically correct Bond and his choice of car—a Saab 900 Turbo; Gardner later put him in a Bentley Mulsanne Turbo. Gardner also updated Bond's firearm: under Gardner, Bond is initially issued with the Browning 9mm before changing to a Heckler & Koch VP70 and then a Heckler & Koch P7. Bond is also revealed to have taken part in the 1982 Falklands War. Gardner updated Fleming's characters and used contemporary political leaders in his novels; he also used the high-tech apparatus of Q Branch from the films, although Jeremy Black observed that Bond is more reliant on technology than his own individual abilities. Gardner's series linked Bond to the Fleming novels rather than the film incarnations and referred to events covered in the Fleming stories.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Following the retirement of John Gardner, Raymond Benson took over as Bond author in 1996; as the first American author of Bond it was a controversial choice. Benson had previously written the non-fiction "The James Bond Bedside Companion", first published in 1984. Benson's first work was a short story, "Blast From the Past", published in 1997. By the time he moved on to other projects in 2002, Benson had written six Bond novels, three novelizations and three short stories. His final Bond work was "The Man with the Red Tattoo", published in 2002.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Benson followed Gardner's pattern of setting Bond in the contemporary timeframe of the 1990s and, according to Jeremy Black, had more echoes of Fleming's style than John Gardner, he also changed Bond's gun back to the Walther PPK, put him behind the wheel of a Jaguar XK8 and made him swear more. James Harker noted that "whilst Fleming's Bond had been an "Express" reader; Benson's is positively red top. He's the first to have group sex ... and the first to visit a prostitute", whilst Black notes an increased level of crudity lacking in either Fleming or Gardner. In a 1998 interview Benson described his version of Bond as a more ruthless and darker character, stating that "Bond is not a nice guy. Bond is a killer ... He is an anti-hero."


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In 1967, four years after Fleming's death, his literary executors, Glidrose Productions, approached Kingsley Amis and offered him £10,000 (£ in pounds) to write the first continuation Bond novel. The result was "Colonel Sun" published in 1968 under the pen-name Robert Markham. Journalist James Harker noted that although the book was not literary, it was stylish. Raymond Benson noted that Bond's character and events from previous novels were all maintained in "Colonel Sun", saying "he is the same darkly handsome man first introduced in "Casino Royale"".


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: After Gardner and Benson had followed Amis, there was a gap of six years until Sebastian Faulks was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May 2008, the one hundredth anniversary of Ian Fleming's birth. The book—entitled "Devil May Care"—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Faulks ignored the timeframe established by Gardner and Benson and instead reverted to that used by Fleming and Amis, basing his novel in the 1960s; he also managed to use a number of the cultural touchstones of the sixties in the book. Faulks was true to Bond's original character and background too, and provided "a Flemingesque hero" who drove a battleship grey 1967 T-series Bentley.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: On 26 May 2011 American writer Jeffery Deaver, commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications, released "Carte Blanche". Deaver restarted the chronology of Bond, separate from the timelines of any of the previous authors, by stating he was born in 1980; the novel also saw Bond in a post-9/11 agency, independent of either MI5 or MI6.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Whilst the chronology changed, Deaver included a number of elements from the Fleming novels, including Bond's tastes for food and wine, his gadgets and "the rather preposterous names of some of the female characters".


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In 2013 the William Boyd-written continuation novel "Solo" was released; it ignored Deaver's new timeframe and was set in 1969.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In September 2015 the author Anthony Horowitz released "Trigger Mortis"; a novel containing material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming. It is set in 1957, two weeks after the events of Fleming's novel "Goldfinger".


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In May 2018 Horowitz released "Forever and a Day"; again containing unreleased material from Fleming. It is set in 1950, before the events of "Casino Royale", and thoroughly details the events leading up to Bond's promotion to 00-status, and becoming the character he is by the original Fleming novel.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Horowitz released a third Bond novel, "With a Mind to Kill", in 2022. This novel is set after the events of "The Man with the Golden Gun" and features MI6 sending Bond back to Russia to infiltrate the same group that brainwashed him to try and kill M, planting fake evidence that Bond succeeded in his mission. Bond is able to eliminate the head of the group and thwart a planned assassination, but the novel ends with him deciding to leave the service as he has grown jaded with his own role in the work, to the extent that he is in a position where he could be the target of a sniper and he expresses no concern about his fate.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In 2005, the author and comedian Charlie Higson released "SilverFin", the first of five novels and one short story in the life of a young James Bond; his final work was the short story "A Hard Man to Kill", released as part of the non-fiction work "", the companion book to the Young Bond series. Young Bond is set in the 1930s, which would fit the chronology with that of Fleming.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Higson stated that he was instructed by the Fleming estate to ignore all other interpretations of Bond, except the original Fleming version. As the background to Bond's childhood, Higson used Bond's obituary in "You Only Live Twice" as well as his own and Fleming's childhoods. In forming the early Bond character, Higson created the origins of some of Bond's character traits, including his love of cars and fine wine.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: Adaptations of Bond started early in Fleming's writings, with CBS paying him $1,000 ($ in dollars) to adapt his first novel, "Casino Royale", into a one-hour television adventure; this was broadcast on 21 October 1954. The Bond character, played by Barry Nelson, was changed to "Card Sense" Jimmy Bond, an American agent working for "Combined Intelligence".


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In 1957 the "Daily Express" newspaper adapted Fleming's stories into comic strip format. In order to help the artists, Fleming commissioned a sketch to show how he saw Bond; illustrator John McLusky considered Fleming's version too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.


title: James Bond (literary character)

text: In 1962 Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli released the first cinema adaptation of a Fleming novel, "Dr. No", featuring Sean Connery as 007. Connery was the first of seven actors to play Bond on the cinema screen, six of whom appeared in the Eon series of films. As well as looking different, each of the actors has interpreted the role of Bond in a different way. Besides Connery, Bond has been portrayed on film by David Niven, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: Phillipa Anne Soo (born May 31, 1990) is an American actress and singer. Soo gained prominence for originating the role of Eliza Hamilton in the Broadway musical "Hamilton". She earned nominations for the 2016 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical and a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album that same year. Her performance was captured in the Disney+ live stage recording of "Hamilton" which was released in 2020 for which she earned a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: Soo's other Broadway credits include the title role in "Amélie" (2017), Rebecca in "The Parisian Woman" (2017–18), and Cinderella in "Into the Woods" (2022). She also originated the role of Natasha Rostova in the off-Broadway production of "Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812" (2012) as well as the role of suffragist Inez Milholland in "Suffs" (2022). She is set to star as Guinevere in the Broadway revival of "Camelot" in 2023.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: Soo has appeared in the films "Over the Moon", "The Broken Hearts Gallery" (both 2020), and "Tick, Tick...Boom!" (2021). In 2013, she made her television debut in the NBC series "Smash" and has since acted in Hulu miniseries "Dopesick" (2021) and the Apple TV+ series "Shining Girls" (2022).


title: Phillipa Soo

text: Soo was born in Libertyville, Illinois. She is of half-Chinese descent; her paternal grandparents emigrated from China to the United States. Her father is a doctor and her mother, who is from Southern Illinois, is involved in the arts.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: Phillipa attended Libertyville High School in suburban Chicago from 2004 to 2008. Soo graduated from The Juilliard School's acting program in 2012.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: After graduating from Juilliard in 2012, Soo was cast as Natasha Rostova in the Ars Nova production of Dave Malloy's "Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812", based on Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace". The show went on to transfer from Ars Nova to another Off-Broadway space, Kazino, a tent custom-built for the show.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: After seeing her performance in "Great Comet", director Thomas Kail and composer and writer Lin-Manuel Miranda asked her to take part in an early 2014 reading of the musical "Hamilton", where she read as the leading female role, "Eliza" (Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton). Soo remained with the show through its Off-Broadway and Broadway debuts. She received a 2016 Tony Award nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical, along with Laura Benanti, Carmen Cusack, Jessie Mueller, and winner Cynthia Erivo. Soo played her final performance in "Hamilton" on July 9, 2016, and the role of Eliza was taken over by Lexi Lawson.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: Soo appeared in the title role in the pre-Broadway engagement of "Amélie" at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles from December 2016 to January 2017. "Amélie" then began preview performances on Broadway at the Walter Kerr Theatre on March 9, 2017, opening officially on April 3. The show closed on May 21, 2017. That same year Soo returned on Broadway as Rebecca in "The Parisian Woman", an original play by Beau Willimon. The production began preview performances at the Hudson Theatre on November 7, 2017, and opened on November 30 for a limited run through March 11, 2018.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: In 2022, Soo portrayed suffragist Inez Milholland in Shaina Taub's musical "Suffs". The production premiered Off-Broadway at The Public Theatre to positive reviews. "Entertainment Weekly" declared, "Soo, best known for originating the role of Eliza Schuyler in Hamilton, grounds the story with her poignant voice, infusing Inez Milholland with emotion and vulnerability so striking, you're reminded of why she's so closely associated with another woman who wrote herself into the narrative." The production opened on April 6 and ran a limited run through May 29, 2022.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: On May 26, it was announced Soo would play Cinderella in the Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim's "Into the Woods" at the St. James Theatre. Soo starred opposite Sara Bareilles, Brian D'Arcy James, Joshua Henry, and Patina Miller. She received acclaim for her role with "The Hollywood Reporter" critic David Rooney describing her performance as, "one of her best roles since her shattering performance as the original Eliza in "Hamilton"." She remained with the show through September 4, 2022.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: On August 2, 2022, it was announced that Soo would play Sarah Brown in a revival of "Guys and Dolls" at The Kennedy Center. In the production she will star opposite her husband, Steven Pasquale, their first collaboration, as well as James Monroe Iglehart, Jessie Mueller, Rachel Dratch, and Kevin Chamberlin. In "The New York Times" article on the Best Theatre of 2022, Scott Heller of praised Soo as "a gift to the musical theater" and that in that year she "showed more sides to her talent than ever".


title: Phillipa Soo

text: On November 1, 2022 it was announced Soo would star as Guenevere in the Broadway revival of "Camelot" opposite Andrew Burnap, and Jordan Donica. The production will debut in March at the Vivian Beaumont Theatre at Lincoln Center with Bartlett Sher as director and Aaron Sorkin with a revised book.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: In 2013, she was cast in a small recurring role in the NBC television series "Smash" as the character Lexi. She appeared in five episodes in the second season before the show's cancellation. She had a small supporting role as Nia in the 2014 television pilot "Dangerous Liaisons", but it did not get picked up to series.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: In 2018, it was announced that Soo had been cast in the CBS series "The Code". The show aired for one season before its cancellation in July 2019. In 2021, she received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie nomination for her performance in the Disney+ live stage recording of "Hamilton" which was released in 2020.


title: Phillipa Soo

text: Inspired by Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, the character she played in "Hamilton", Soo started the Eliza Project initiative in partnership with Graham Windham, the first private orphanage in New York City that is mentioned in the last song at the end of the show. Through the program, Soo plans to provide students at the Graham School with acting, dancing, and rap workshops. According to Soo, the core mission of "The Eliza Project" is "to use the arts as a means of expression, as an outlet for personal experience, and to uplift the creative spirit."


title: Phillipa Soo

text: Soo became engaged to actor Steven Pasquale in February 2016. They married on September 24, 2017. In 2019, the two starred opposite each other in an episode of "The Code". She has a dog named Billie, which she adopted for her 30th birthday in 2020. She and her husband practice Transcendental Meditation.


title: Kyle Walker

text: Kyle Andrew Walker (born 28 May 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as a right-back for club Manchester City and the England national team.


title: Kyle Walker

text: Walker started his career at his boyhood club Sheffield United which he had joined at the age of seven. He was promoted to the first-team where he made his full Sheffield United debut at 18 years old against Leyton Orient after a loan spell at Northampton Town. He impressed whilst playing for the Blades and played in the 2009 Championship play-off final in their defeat against Burnley. His performances earned him a move to Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur, before being immediately loaned back to Sheffield United. After further loan spells at Queens Park Rangers and Aston Villa, he cemented his place in Tottenham's first team. His performances earned him a call-up to the England national team where he made his debut against Spain. After five more seasons at Tottenham, Walker joined Manchester City for a fee of £45 million. He has since won four Premier League titles, four EFL Cup trophies and one FA Cup whilst at City. He has also played for England at UEFA Euro 2016, the 2018 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2020. He has been named in the PFA Team of the Year three times in: 2011–12, 2016–17 and 2017–18.


title: Kyle Walker

text: Walker was born in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, and is of Jamaican descent. He grew up in the Sharrow area of the city, and attended Porter Croft Infant & Junior School, followed by High Storrs School until 2006.


title: Kyle Walker

text: Walker joined boyhood club Sheffield United, at the age of seven after being recommended by coach Paul Archer at Football Unites, Racism Divides and progressed through the ranks to become a regular fixture in the reserves by 2008. In November 2008, he was allowed to join League One club Northampton Town on a one-month loan to gain first-team experience, making his debut on 15 November 2008 in a defeat by Oldham Athletic. His one-month loan was later extended into January, before he eventually returned to Bramall Lane having played nine matches for the Cobblers.


title: Kyle Walker

text: Soon after returning to his parent club, Walker made his full debut for Sheffield United on 13 January 2009, starting in a third round FA Cup tie against Leyton Orient. With the Blades losing a number of players to injury in the closing weeks of the season, Walker was a surprise inclusion in the starting line up for the crucial last two matches of the season, making his full league debut for the club on 25 April 2009 against Swansea City. After two outstanding performances he retained his place as Sheffield United entered the play–offs, starting both matches against Preston North End and the final against Burnley at the end of May 2009. By playing in the final, Walker became the youngest Sheffield United player ever to play at Wembley Stadium.


title: Kyle Walker

text: On 22 July 2009, Walker left Sheffield United to join Tottenham Hotspur along with fellow defender Kyle Naughton for a combined fee of £9 million, but was loaned back to United for the duration of the 2009–10 season as part of the deal. While at Bramall Lane he was virtually ever-present at right-back for the first half of the season but was unexpectedly recalled back to Spurs on 1 February 2010, just before the close of the January 2010 transfer window, after Alan Hutton was loaned out to Sunderland. Walker made his debut for Tottenham on Saturday 27 March 2010, in a 2–0 victory over Portsmouth and went on to make one more league appearance that season.


title: Kyle Walker

text: At the start of the following season, Walker went out on loan once more signing an initial six-month deal with Queens Park Rangers (QPR) due to injuries at the club in the right-back position. In mid-October, his loan was extended until 3 January 2011.


title: Kyle Walker

text: After he had left QPR, Walker joined Aston Villa on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season. He scored on his debut only nine minutes into the match against former club Sheffield United in the third round of the FA Cup in January 2011. At the start of February, Walker scored his first Premier League goal and first senior league goal, a 30-yard strike low into the left corner against Fulham. He returned to his parent club at the end of the 2010–11 season after scoring two goals in 18 appearances in all competitions for Aston Villa.


title: Kyle Walker

text: On leaving Villa Park, Walker suggested that he would be happy to return to the club the next season, for his first-team opportunities at Spurs were limited, but Tottenham Hotspur manager Harry Redknapp had already stated that he did not wish to sell the defender. Walker subsequently agreed to a contract extension at Tottenham until 2016. Walker was chosen in the starting eleven for Tottenham's opening match of the 2011–12 season, against Manchester United at Old Trafford on 22 August 2011. On 2 October, he scored the winning goal in the North London derby against Arsenal from 25-yards out. Tottenham won the match 2–1.


title: Kyle Walker

text: On 22 April 2012, Walker was named as the PFA Young Player of the Year, beating the likes of Sergio Agüero, Danny Welbeck, Daniel Sturridge, Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain and teammate Gareth Bale to the award, as well as being named in the PFA Team of the Year. On 29 April, he scored a free kick from 25 yards to help Tottenham beat Blackburn Rovers 2–0 at White Hart Lane. On 3 May 2012, Walker was awarded with a new five-year contract, that ran until 2017.


title: Kyle Walker

text: Walker's performance against Manchester United in March 2012 saw him at fault for two of the opposition's goals in a 3–1 defeat. He began his next season in a similar vein; he was at fault for Chelsea's 4th goal in the 4–2 defeat at White Hart Lane, getting shrugged off the ball easily by Juan Mata. He was ever-present in the first half of the season in the Premier League, with the exception of the 3–0 victory over Fulham at Craven Cottage; this included playing 90 minutes in the 3–2 win over Manchester United, which was Tottenham's first victory at Old Trafford in 23 years.


title: Kyle Walker

text: On 28 October 2013, it was announced that Walker had signed a new contract with Tottenham, keeping him at the club until 2019.


title: Kyle Walker

text: Walker was part of the team that lost 2–0 to Chelsea at Wembley Stadium in the 2015 League Cup Final on 1 March.


title: Kyle Walker

text: On 8 August 2015, Walker was involved in an own goal which led to Tottenham suffering a defeat in the hands of Manchester United in the season opener and it also became the first goal of the new season.


title: Kyle Walker

text: On 14 July 2017, Walker signed a five-year contract with Tottenham's Premier League rivals Manchester City, in a transfer reported to be worth an initial £45 million fee, rising to £50 million with add-ons, making it one of the most expensive football transfers.


title: Kyle Walker

text: He made his competitive debut for City against Brighton on 12 August 2017, a game where many media outlets labelled him as the best player. However, during Walker's home debut for Manchester City he was sent off for two yellow card offences against Everton, which was thought to be a harsh decision by referee Bobby Madley. Walker was selected and part of the squad that beat Arsenal 3–0 at Wembley Stadium in the 2018 EFL Cup Final to claim his and City's first trophy of the 2017–18 season.


title: Kyle Walker

text: On 6 November 2019, in a Champions League away match against Atalanta, Walker volunteered to go in goal for the last 10 minutes after substitute goalkeeper Claudio Bravo was sent off; he did not concede as the match ended 1–1.


title: Kyle Walker

text: On 5 April 2020, the club began a disciplinary procedure against Walker after it was reported that he had broken national lockdown rules and invited two sex workers to his home amid the global coronavirus pandemic. On 7 May 2020, it was again reported that he had broken lockdown rules by travelling to Sheffield to give a present to his sister and hugging her. He later admitted that he also visited his parents to pick up food. Manchester City said they would not discipline him for this, citing the trips being for personal reasons. He later tweeted that he felt he and his family were being harassed and that the reports were affecting the mental health of his whole family.


title: Kyle Walker

text: Before having even made a league appearance for Sheffield United, Walker was called up to the England U19s in February 2009. He made his début on 10 February, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 loss to Spain U19s. Following his first run of regular Premier League starts, Walker was called up to the full England squad in February 2011 and again in March 2011. However, he did not feature in any of the matches played, and pulled out of the squad in March due to an injury.


title: Kyle Walker

text: At the end of the 2010–11 season, Walker was named as part of the England squad that competed in the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship competition in Denmark. Despite the poor showing of the team, who were knocked out in the first round, Walker was named in the Team of the Tournament.


title: Kyle Walker

text: His good form in the 2011–12 season saw him make his senior England début in the 1–0 win over Spain, coming on for Scott Parker as a substitute in the 85th minute. He made his first start on 15 November, in a 1–0 win against Sweden, after which he was the man-of-the-match. He missed the 2012 European Championships because of a toe injury, suffered in a league match against Fulham.


title: Kyle Walker

text: He was named in the 23-man England national team squad for the 2018 World Cup. Walker was deployed as a centre-back in a back three by England's manager Gareth Southgate.


title: Kyle Walker

text: In June 2019, he scored an own goal against the Netherlands national team as England went out at the semi-final stage of the 2019 UEFA Nations League. He was not selected for England's squad for the European Championship qualifiers at the start of the 2019–20 season. On 5 September 2020, he was sent off in a 1–0 Nations League win away to Iceland, the first Englishman to get an international red card since Raheem Sterling in June 2014.


title: Kyle Walker

text: On 1 June 2021. Walker was named in the 26-man squad for the rescheduled UEFA Euro 2020. His performances during the tournament earned him a place in the UEFA Euro 2020 Team of the Tournament as England made it to their first final in a major tournament since 1966.


title: Kyle Walker

text: In December 2012, Walker signed a boot deal with Nike to wear the T90 Laser IV which were also worn by Wayne Rooney. From 2009 to 2012, he wore the SX Valor, SX Flare, Stealth Pro, Speciali, Stealth Pro II, GT Pro, and GT Pro II boots by Umbro.


title: Amy Grant

text: Amy Lee Grant (born November 25, 1960) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. She began in contemporary Christian music (CCM) before crossing over to pop music in the 1980s and 1990s. She has been referred to as "The Queen of Christian Pop".


title: Amy Grant

text: Grant made her debut in her twenties, gaining fame in Christian music during the 1980s with such hits as "Father's Eyes", "El Shaddai", and "Angels". In the mid-1980s, she began broadening her audience and soon became one of the first CCM artists to cross over into mainstream pop on the heels of her successful albums "Unguarded" and "Lead Me On".


title: Amy Grant

text: In 1986, she scored her first "Billboard" Hot 100 No. 1 song in a duet with Peter Cetera, "The Next Time I Fall". In 1991, she released the blockbuster album "Heart in Motion" which became her best-selling album to date, topping the "Billboard" Christian album chart for 32 weeks, selling five million copies in the U.S. and producing her second No. 1 pop single "Baby Baby" and produced another three top 10 on Billboard Hot 100; “That's What Love Is For”, “Every Heartbeat” and “Good for Me”.


title: Amy Grant

text: She is the author of several books, including a memoir, "Mosaic: Pieces of My Life So Far", and a book based on the popular Christmas song "Breath of Heaven (Mary's Song)" that she co-wrote.


title: Amy Grant

text: Born in Augusta, Georgia, Grant is the youngest of four sisters. Her family settled in Nashville in 1967. She is a great-granddaughter of Nashville philanthropist A. M. Burton (founder of Life and Casualty Insurance Company, eponym of Nashville's Life & Casualty Tower, WLAC Radio, and WLAC-TV) and Lillie Burton. She has acknowledged the influence of the Burtons on her development as a musician, starting with their common membership in Nashville's Ashwood Church of Christ.


title: Amy Grant

text: In 1976, Grant wrote her first song ("Mountain Top"), performed in public for the first time at Harpeth Hall School, the all-girls school she attended in Nashville. She recorded a demo tape for her parents with church youth-leader Brown Bannister. While Bannister was dubbing a copy of the tape, Chris Christian, the owner of the recording studio heard the demo and called Word Records. He played it over the phone and she was offered a recording contract, five weeks before her 16th birthday.


title: Amy Grant

text: In 1977, she recorded her first album, "Amy Grant", produced by Brown Bannister, who would also produce her next 11 albums. It was released in early 1978, one month before her high-school graduation. Toward the end of 1978 she performed her first ticketed concert after beginning her first year at Furman University.


title: Amy Grant

text: In May 1979, while at the album-release party for her second album, "My Father's Eyes", Grant met Gary Chapman, who had written the title track and would become her first husband. Grant and Chapman toured together in mid-1979. In late 1980, she transferred to Vanderbilt University where she was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta. Grant then made a few more albums before dropping out of college to pursue a career in music—"Never Alone", followed by a pair of live albums in 1981 ("In Concert" and "In Concert Volume Two"), both backed by an augmented edition of the DeGarmo & Key band. It was during these early shows that Grant also established one of her concert trademarks: performing barefoot. To date, Grant continues to take off her shoes midway through performances, as she has said, "it is just more comfortable."


title: Amy Grant

text: 1982 saw the release of her breakthrough album "Age to Age". The album contains the signature track, "El Shaddai" (written by Michael Card) and the Grant-Chapman penned song, "In a Little While". "El Shaddai" was later awarded one of the "Songs of the Century" by the RIAA in 2001. Grant received her first Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Gospel Performance, as well as two GMA Dove Awards for Gospel Artist of the Year and Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year. "Age to Age" became the first Christian album by a solo artist to be certified gold (1983) and the first Christian album to be certified platinum (1985).


title: Amy Grant

text: In the mid-1980s, Grant began touring and recording with young up-and-coming songwriter Michael W. Smith. Grant and Smith continue to have a strong friendship and creative relationship, often writing songs for or contributing vocals to each other's albums, and as of 2019, often touring together annually during November and December putting on Christmas concerts. During the 1980s, Grant was also a backup singer for Bill Gaither.


title: Amy Grant

text: Grant followed this album with the first of her Christmas albums, which would later be the basis for her holiday shows. In 1984, she released another pop-oriented Christian hit, "Straight Ahead", earning Grant her first appearance at the Grammy Awards show in 1985. The head of NBC took notice of Grant's performance and called her manager to book her for her own Christmas special.


title: Amy Grant

text: Hardly had Grant established herself as the "Queen of Christian Pop" when she changed directions to widen her fan base (and hence her musical message). Her goal was to become the first Christian singer-songwriter who was also successful as a contemporary pop singer. "Unguarded" (1985) surprised some fans for its very mainstream sound (and Grant's leopard-print jacket, in four poses for four different covers). "Find a Way", from "Unguarded", became one of the few non-Christmas Christian songs to hit the "Billboard" Top 40 list, also reaching No. 7 on the Adult Contemporary chart. She also scored No. 18 on "Billboard" AC in 1986 with "Stay for Awhile". Grant scored her first "Billboard" No. 1 song in 1986 with "The Next Time I Fall", a duet with former Chicago singer/bassist Peter Cetera. That year, she also recorded a duet with singer Randy Stonehill for his "Love Beyond Reason" album, titled "I Could Never Say Goodbye", and recorded "The Animals' Christmas" with Art Garfunkel.


title: Amy Grant

text: "Lead Me On" (1988) contained many songs which were about Christianity and love relationships, but some interpreted it as not being enough of a "Christian" record. Years later "Lead Me On" would be chosen as the greatest Contemporary Christian album of all time by "CCM Magazine". The mainstream song "Saved by Love" was a minor hit, receiving airplay on radio stations featuring the newly emerging Adult Contemporary format. The album's title song received some pop radio airplay and crossed over to No. 96 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and "1974 (We Were Young)" and "Saved By Love" also charted as Adult Contemporary songs. In 1989, she appeared in a Target ad campaign, performing songs off the album.


title: Amy Grant

text: When "Heart in Motion" was released in 1991, many fans were surprised that the album was so clearly one of contemporary pop music. Grant's desire to widen her audience was frowned upon by the confines of the popular definitions of ministry at the time. The track "Baby Baby" (written for Grant's newborn daughter Millie, of whom Grant wrote, her "six-week-old face was my inspiration") became a pop hit (hitting No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100), and Grant was established as a name in the mainstream music world. "Baby Baby" received Grammy nominations for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and Record and Song of the Year (although it failed to win in any of those categories).


title: Amy Grant

text: Four other hits from the album made the Pop top 20: "Every Heartbeat" (No. 2), "That's What Love Is For" (No. 7), "Good for Me" (No. 8), and "I Will Remember You" (No. 20). On the Adult Contemporary chart, all five songs were top 10 hits, with two of the five ("Baby Baby" and "That's What Love Is For") reaching No. 1. Many Christian fans remained loyal, putting the album atop "Billboard" Contemporary Christian Chart for 32 weeks. "Heart in Motion" is Grant's best-selling album, having sold over five million copies according to the RIAA. Grant followed the album with her second Christmas album, "Home For Christmas" in 1992, which included the song "Breath of Heaven (Mary's Song)", written by Chris Eaton and Grant, and would later be covered by many artists, including Donna Summer, Jessica Simpson (who acknowledged Grant as one of her favorite artists), Vince Gill, Sara Groves, Point of Grace, Gladys Knight, and Broadway star Barbara Cook.


title: Amy Grant

text: "House of Love" in 1994 continued in the same vein, boasting catchy pop songs mingled with spiritual lyrics. The album was a multi-platinum success and produced the pop hit "Lucky One" (No. 18 pop and No. 2 AC; No. 1 on Radio & Records) as well as the title track (a duet with country music star and future husband Vince Gill) (No. 37 pop) and a cover of Joni Mitchell's frequently covered "Big Yellow Taxi" (No. 67 pop) (in which she changed the line "And they charged the people "a dollar and a half" just to see'em" to "And then they charged the people "25 bucks" just to see'em").


title: Amy Grant

text: After she covered the 10cc song "The Things We Do for Love" for the "Mr. Wrong" soundtrack, "Behind the Eyes" was released in September 1997. The album struck a much darker note, leaning more towards downtempo, acoustic soft-rock songs, with more mature (yet still optimistic) lyrics. She called it her "razor blades and Prozac" album. Although "Takes a Little Time" was a moderate hit single, the album failed to sell like the previous two albums, which had both gone multi-platinum. "Behind The Eyes" was eventually certified Gold by the RIAA. The video for "Takes a Little Time" was a new direction for Grant; with a blue light filter, acoustic guitar, the streets and characters of New York City, and a plot, Grant was re-cast as an adult light rocker. She followed up "Behind The Eyes" with "A Christmas To Remember", her third Christmas album, in 1999. The album was certified gold in 2000.


title: Amy Grant

text: Following the 9/11 attacks Grant's "I Will Remember You" saw a resurgence in popularity as many radio DJs mixed a special tribute version of the song. In the same year Grant won $125,000 for charity on the "Rock Star Edition" of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?"


title: Amy Grant

text: Grant returned to Christian pop with the 2002 release of an album of hymns titled "Legacy... Hymns and Faith". The album featured a Vince Gill-influenced mix of bluegrass and pop and marked Grant's 25th anniversary in the music industry. Grant followed this up with "Simple Things" in 2003. The album did not have the success of her previous pop or gospel efforts. Soon after "Simple Things", Grant and Interscope/A&M parted ways. The same year, Grant was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame by the Gospel Music Association, an industry trade organization of which she is a longstanding member, in her first year of eligibility. Grant released a sequel in 2005 titled "Rock of Ages...Hymns and Faith".


title: Amy Grant

text: Grant joined the reality television phenomenon by hosting "Three Wishes", a show in which she and a team of helpers make wishes come true for small-town residents. The show debuted on NBC in the fall of 2005 however it was canceled at the end of its first season due to high production costs. After "Three Wishes" was canceled, Grant won her 6th Grammy Award for "Rock of Ages... Hymns & Faith". In a February 2006 webchat, Grant said she believes her "best music is still ahead".


title: Amy Grant

text: In April 2006, a live CD/DVD titled "Time Again... Amy Grant Live" was recorded in Fort Worth, Texas, at Bass Performance Hall. (Grant's first paid public performance was at the Will Rogers Auditorium in Fort Worth.) The concert was released on September 26, 2006. In addition to receiving a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, media appearances included write-ups in "CCM Magazine", and a performance on "The View".


title: Amy Grant

text: In a February 2007 web chat on her web site, Grant discussed a book she was working on titled "Mosaic: Pieces of My Life So Far", saying, "It's not an autobiography, but more a collection of memories, song lyrics, poetry and a few pictures." The book was released on October 16, 2007. In November, it debuted at No. 35 on the "New York Times" Best Seller list. In the same web chat, Grant noted that she is "anxious to get back in the studio after the book is finished, and reinvent myself as an almost-50 performing woman".


title: Amy Grant

text: 2007 was Grant's 30th year in music. She left Word/Warner, and contracted with EMI CMG who re-released her regular studio albums as remastered versions on August 14, 2007. Marking the start of Grant's new contract is a career-spanning greatest hits album, with all the songs digitally remastered. The album was released as both a single-disc CD edition, and a two-disc CD/DVD Special Edition, the DVD featuring music videos and interviews.


title: Amy Grant

text: Grant appeared with Gill on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" for a holiday special in December 2007. Grant has plans to appear on CMT, a Food Network special, the Gospel Music Channel, and "The Hour of Power".


title: Amy Grant

text: In February 2008, Grant joined the writing team from Compassionart as a guest vocalist at the Abbey Road studios, London, to record a song called "Highly Favoured", which was included on the album "CompassionArt".


title: Amy Grant

text: On June 24, 2008, Grant re-released her 1988 album, "Lead Me On", in honor of its 20th anniversary. The two-disc release includes the original album and a second disc with new acoustic recordings, live performances from 1989, and interviews with Amy. Grant recreated the "Lead Me On" tour in the fall of 2008.


title: Amy Grant

text: On June 27, 2008, at Creation Festival Northeast she performed "Lead Me On" and a few other songs backed by Hawk Nelson. At the end of the concert, Grant returned to the stage and sang "Thy Word". She appeared on the 2008 album "" singing "Could I Have This Dance".


title: Amy Grant

text: On May 5, 2009, Grant released an EP containing two new songs, "She Colors My Day", and "Unafraid", as well as the previously released songs "Baby Baby" and "Oh How the Years Go By". The EP, exclusively through iTunes, benefited the Entertainment Industry Foundation's (EIF) Women's Cancer Research Fund.


title: Amy Grant

text: In 2010, Grant released "Somewhere Down the Road", featuring the hit single "Better Than a Hallelujah", which peaked at No. 8 on "Billboard" Top Christian Songs chart. When asked about the new album during an interview with CBN.com, Grant says, "... my hope is just for those songs to provide companionship, remind myself and whoever else is listening what's important. I feel like songs have the ability to connect us to ourselves and to each other, and to our faith, to the love of Jesus, in a way that conversation doesn't do. Songs kind of slip in and move you before you realize it."


title: Amy Grant

text: In September 2012, Grant took part in a campaign called "30 Songs / 30 Days" to support "", a multi-platform media project inspired by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn's book.


title: Amy Grant

text: Grant's next album, "How Mercy Looks from Here", was released on May 14, 2013, and was produced by Marshall Altman. The album reached No. 12 on the "Billboard" 200 chart, making it her highest-charting album since 1997's "Behind the Eyes". Two singles were released from the album: "Don't Try So Hard" and "If I Could See", both of which charted on the US "Billboard" Hot Christian Songs chart.


title: Amy Grant

text: On August 19, 2014, she released an album of hits remixed by well known engineers and DJs. The album was titled "". It charted at 110 on the US "Billboard" 200 chart and at No. 5 on the US Dance chart. To promote the album, several new remix EPs were released on iTunes the following month including "Find a Way, "Stay for Awhile", "Baby Baby, "Every Heartbeat" and "That's What Love Is For". Due to club play of the remixes of "Baby Baby" and "Every Heartbeat", they charted at No. 3 and 13, respectively on the U.S. Dance Chart. This marked her first appearance on that chart in 23 years. On September 30, 2014, Grant released a new single titled "Welcome Yourself". In honor of Breast Cancer Awareness Month, proceeds of the single go to breast cancer research.


title: Amy Grant

text: On February 12, 2015, she announced a new compilation album titled "Be Still and Know... Hymns & Faith", to be released. The album was released on April 14, 2015, and charted at No. 7 in the U.S. on the "Billboard" Christian Albums chart. .


title: Amy Grant

text: Grant released a Christmas album on October 21, 2016, "Tennessee Christmas", which is a combination of classic Christmas songs and original material. It charted in the U.S. at No. 31 on the "Billboard" 200 and at No. 3 on the "Billboard" Top Holiday Albums chart. The single from the album, "To Be Together", reached No. 32 on the Hot Christian Songs chart and No. 19 on the Holiday Digital Song Sales chart. She supported the album with a series of Christmas concerts with Vince Gill at the Ryman Auditorium. She also toured the U.S. and Canada with Christmas concerts accompanied by Michael W. Smith and season 9 winner of "The Voice", Jordan Smith.


title: Amy Grant

text: In February 2017, she released a new song, "Say It With a Kiss", with accompanying video. During November and December 2017, Grant performed another series of Christmas concerts with Vince Gill at the Ryman and embarked on another U.S. and Canada Christmas tour with Michael W. Smith and Jordan Smith.


title: Amy Grant

text: On June 19, 1982, Grant married fellow Christian musician Gary Chapman. Their marriage produced three children. In March 1999 she filed for divorce from Chapman.


title: Amy Grant

text: On March 10, 2000, Grant married country singer-songwriter Vince Gill, who had been previously married to country singer Janis Oliver of Sweethearts of the Rodeo. Grant and Gill have one daughter together, Corrina Grant Gill, born March 12, 2001.


title: Amy Grant

text: In June 2020, Grant had an open-heart surgery to repair partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), a congenital heart condition.


title: Amy Grant

text: On July 27, 2022, Grant was injured and briefly hospitalized when she fell from her bicycle while riding near Nashville's Harpeth Hills Golf Course. She sustained cuts and abrasions.


title: Amy Grant

text: Along with praise for her contributions to the contemporary Christian genre, Grant has also generated controversy within the Christian community, from "complaints that she was too worldly and too sexy" to a "barrage of condemnation" following her divorce and remarriage.


title: Amy Grant

text: In an interview early in her career, Grant stated, "I have a healthy sense of right and wrong, but sometimes, for example, using foul, exclamation-point words among friends can be good for a laugh." The article which was based on that interview was constructed in such a manner so as to make it appear as though Grant condoned premarital sex. Later Grant reflected on how the article misrepresented her views, stating: "We probably talked for two hours about sexual purity, but when the interview finally came out he worded it in such a way that it sounded like I condoned premarital sex. So I picked up that article and thought, 'You've made me say something I've never said, and you've totally disregarded two hours of Bible put in one flippant comment that I made about a moan.'"


title: Raymond Cruz

text: Raymond Cruz (born July 9, 1961) is an American actor, best known for his starring role as Detective Julio Sanchez in the series "The Closer" and its spinoff "Major Crimes", as well as his recurring role as drug lord Tuco Salamanca in the crime drama "Breaking Bad" and its prequel series "Better Call Saul".


title: Raymond Cruz

text: Cruz was born in Los Angeles, and attended East Los Angeles College. He is of Mexican descent and grew up in East Los Angeles, a neighborhood that regularly saw gang activity, and has relatives in such street gangs as Maravilla and Barrio South Gate. In an interview with "The Daily Beast", Cruz stated he witnessed someone shot in front of him when he was 12 years old, noting that "his brains came out the back of his head." For his portrayal of Tuco Salamanca, he was able to relate to his experiences witnessing people who were high on meth.


title: Raymond Cruz

text: Cruz has said that becoming interested in American literature early in life helped him avoid joining such gangs himself. His favorite novel is Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird".


title: Raymond Cruz

text: Cruz's film roles include sniper Ding Chavez in "Clear and Present Danger", Hector in "Out For Justice", Tom Berenger's second-in-command Joey Six in "The Substitute", U.S. Marine Sergeant Rojas in "The Rock", as Jesus in "", USM Private Vincent DiStephano in "", and Ramirez in "Under Siege". He appeared as Chuey, a gang member from the Vatos Locos, in the gang film "Blood In Blood Out". In 2005, he played Chino in "Havoc". He appeared in "", credited as "The Messenger," and in "Training Day" as a gang member named Sniper. He played a Los Angeles firefighter in "Collateral Damage". He had guest roles in the "" episode "The Siege of AR-558", the "X-Files" episode "El Mundo Gira", and the second season of "24". He also made an appearance as the father of a murdered girl in "CSI". He played a short-lived but well-known role as Tuco Salamanca, a sadistic and psychopathic meth dealer in "Breaking Bad" in 2008 and 2009, a role he reprised in the first two seasons of the "Breaking Bad" spin-off, "Better Call Saul". He had a recurring role as Paco on "My Name Is Earl", and as Alejandro Perez on "Nip/Tuck".


title: Peter Craig

text: Craig grew up in Southern California and Oregon. He is one of two children of Steve Craig and actress Sally Field, since divorced. Craig's half-brother, John Craig, is a musician; while his full-brother, Eli Craig, is a film director. Peter Craig attended the Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa and studied under authors Tobias Wolff and Marilynne Robinson.


title: Peter Craig

text: As a screenwriter, Craig has written the Warner Bros. picture "The Town" (based on the novel "Prince of Thieves" by Chuck Hogan) with Ben Affleck and Aaron Stockard. He adapted the screenplays for "" and "" with Danny Strong. The films were directed by Francis Lawrence.


title: Peter Craig

text: In 2016, Craig adapted his own novel, "Blood Father", into a film of the same name directed by Jean-François Richet and released by Lions Gate Entertainment. In 2018, Craig adapted the novel "Horse Soldiers", Doug Stanton's nonfiction account of the war in Afghanistan, into the film "12 Strong", produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. Craig co-wrote "Bad Boys for Life", with Chris Bremner and Joe Carnahan, for which he also received "story by" credit. He also wrote the original screenplay for another sequel, "", with Justin Marks, for which he also received a "story by" credit. The film is set for release on May 27, 2022. Both films were also produced by Jerry Bruckheimer.


title: Peter Craig

text: With Matt Reeves he co-wrote the screenplay for "The Batman", released on March 4, 2022. Craig also co-wrote the screenplay for "The Mother" with Andrea Berloff and Misha Green. Directed by Niki Caro, that film is scheduled for release on Netflix in late 2022.<ref name="Hollywood North Buzz"/


title: Peter Craig

text: Craig has been nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award and a Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. At the worldwide box office, he is among the 25 highest-grossing screenwriters of all time.


title: Peter Craig

text: Craig has been married and divorced twice: first to Amy Scattergood, the "Los Angeles Times" food writer, and then to actress Jennifer DeFrancisco. He has two daughters with Scattergood, and a son with DeFrancisco.


title: Latrodectus

text: Latrodectus is a broadly distributed genus of spiders with several species that are commonly known as the true widows. This group is composed of those often loosely called black widow spiders, brown widow spiders, and similar spiders. However, the diversity of species is much greater. A member of the family Theridiidae, this genus contains 34 species, which include several North American "black widows" (southern black widow "Latrodectus mactans", western black widow "Latrodectus hesperus", and northern black widow "Latrodectus variolus"). Besides these, North America also has the red widow "Latrodectus bishopi" and the brown widow "Latrodectus geometricus", which, in addition to North America, has a much wider geographic distribution. Elsewhere, others include the European black widow ("Latrodectus tredecimguttatus"), the Australian redback black widow ("Latrodectus hasseltii") and the closely related New Zealand katipō ("Latrodectus katipo"), several different species in Southern Africa that can be called button spiders, and the South American black-widow spiders ("Latrodectus corallinus" and "Latrodectus curacaviensis"). Species vary widely in size. In most cases, the females are dark-coloured and can be readily identified by reddish markings on the central underside (ventral) abdomen, which are often hourglass-shaped.


title: Latrodectus

text: These small spiders have an unusually potent venom containing the neurotoxin latrotoxin, which causes the condition latrodectism, both named after the genus. Female widow spiders have unusually large venom glands, and their bite can be particularly harmful to large vertebrates, including humans. However, despite their notoriety, "Latrodectus" bites rarely cause death or produce serious complications. Only the bites of the females are dangerous to humans.


title: Latrodectus

text: Female widow spiders are typically dark brown or a shiny black in colour when they are full grown, usually exhibiting a red or orange hourglass on the ventral surface (underside) of the abdomen; some may have a pair of red spots or have no marking at all. The male widow spiders often exhibit various red or red and white markings on the dorsal surface (upper side) of the abdomen, ranging from a single stripe to bars or spots, and juveniles are often similar to the male pattern. Females of a few species are paler brown and some have no bright markings. The bodies of black widow spiders range from in size; some females can measure in their body length (not including legs). Including legs, female adult black widows generally measure .


title: Latrodectus

text: The prevalence of sexual cannibalism, a behaviour in which the female eats the male after mating, has inspired the common name "widow spiders". This behaviour may promote the survival odds of the offspring; however, females of some species only rarely show this behaviour, and much of the documented evidence for sexual cannibalism has been observed in laboratory cages where the males could not escape. Male black widow spiders tend to select their mates by determining if the female has eaten already to avoid being eaten themselves. They are able to tell if the female has fed by sensing chemicals in the web. "Latrodectus hesperus" is referred to as an "opportunistic cannibal" because in dire situations it will resort to cannibalism. In addition to sexual cannibalism, "Latrodectus hesperus" are also known to engage in sibling cannibalism.


title: Latrodectus

text: Like other members of the Theridiidae, widow spiders construct a web of irregular, tangled, sticky silken fibres. Black widow spiders prefer to nest near the ground in dark and undisturbed areas, usually in small holes produced by animals, or around construction openings or woodpiles. Indoor nests are in dark, undisturbed places such as under desks or furniture or in a basement. The spider frequently hangs upside down near the centre of its web and waits for insects to blunder in and get stuck. Then, before the insect can extricate itself, the spider rushes over to envenomate and wrap it in silk. To feed, the spider's mouth pulses digestive juices over the prey, which liquifies, which the spider internalizes by capillary action, sucking the slurry into its mouth. Their prey consists of small insects such as flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars. If the spider perceives a threat, it quickly lets itself down to the ground on a safety line of silk.


title: Latrodectus

text: As with other web-weavers, these spiders have very poor eyesight and depend on vibrations reaching them through their webs to find trapped prey or warn them of larger threats. When a widow spider is trapped, it is unlikely to bite, preferring to play dead or flick silk at the potential threat; bites occur when they cannot escape. Many injuries to humans are due to defensive bites delivered when a spider gets unintentionally squeezed or pinched. The blue mud dauber species, "Chalybion californicum", is a wasp that, in western North America, is the primary predator of black widow spiders.


title: Latrodectus

text: The ultimate tensile strength and other physical properties of "Latrodectus hesperus" (western black widow) silk are similar to the properties of silk from orb-weaving spiders that had been tested in other studies. The tensile strength for the three kinds of silk measured in the Blackledge study was about 1,000 MPa. The ultimate strength reported in a previous study for "Trichonephila edulis" was 1,290 ± 160 MPa. The tensile strength of spider silk is comparable to that of steel wire of the same thickness. However, as the density of steel is about six times that of silk, silk is correspondingly stronger than steel wire of the same weight.


title: Latrodectus

text: Spiders of the genus "Steatoda" (also of the Theridiidae) are often mistaken for widow spiders, and are known as "false widow spiders"; while their bite can be painful, they are significantly less harmful to humans.


title: Latrodectus

text: The genus "Latrodectus" was erected by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805, for the species "Latrodectus tredecimguttatus" and "Latrodectus mactans". Arachnologist Herbert Walter Levi revised the genus in 1959, studying the female sexual organs and noting their similarity across described species. He concluded the colour variations were variable across the world and were not sufficient to warrant species status, and reclassified the redback and several other species as subspecies of the black widow spider.


title: Latrodectus

text: Levi also noted that study of the genus had been contentious; in 1902, both F. O. Pickard-Cambridge and Friedrich Dahl had revised the genus, with each criticising the other. Cambridge questioned Dahl's separating species on what he considered minor anatomical details, and the latter dismissed the former as an "ignoramus".


title: Latrodectus

text: Widow spiders are found on every continent of the world except Antarctica. In North America, the black widows commonly known as southern ("Latrodectus mactans"), western ("Latrodectus hesperus"), and northern ("Latrodectus variolus") are found in the United States, as well as parts of southern Canada – particularly in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, as can the "grey" or "brown widow spiders" ("Latrodectus geometricus") and the "red widow spiders" ("Latrodectus bishopi").


title: Latrodectus

text: The most prevalent species occurring in eastern Asia and Australia is commonly called the redback ("Latrodectus hasselti").


title: Latrodectus

text: They are often confused with spiders in the genus "Steatoda", known as false widow spiders, due to their similar appearance.


title: Latrodectus

text: Due to the presence of latrotoxin in their venom, black widow bites are potentially dangerous and may result in systemic effects (latrodectism) including severe muscle pain, abdominal cramps, hyperhidrosis, tachycardia, and muscle spasms. Symptoms usually last for 3–7 days, but may persist for several weeks. In 1933, a University of Alabama medical faculty, Allan Blair conducted an experiment on himself to document the symptoms of a black widow bite, and to test whether someone can build immunity after being bitten. The effects of the bite were so painful and harsh that Blair failed to complete the experiment and did not follow through with being bitten a second time.


title: Latrodectus

text: In the United States each year, about 2,200 people report being bitten by a black widow, but most do not need medical treatment. Some bites have no venom injected—a "dry" bite. In the United States, no deaths due to black widows have been reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers since 1983. Black widows are not especially aggressive spiders, and they rarely bite humans unless startled or otherwise threatened.


title: Latrodectus

text: Contrary to popular belief, most people who are bitten suffer no serious damage, let alone death. Fatal bites were reported in the early 20th century mostly with "Latrodectus tredecimguttatus", the Mediterranean black widow.


title: Latrodectus

text: Since the venom is not usually life-threatening, antivenom has been used as pain relief and not to save lives. However, a study demonstrated that standardized pain medication, when combined with either antivenom or a placebo, had similar improvements in pain and resolution of symptoms.


title: Zoho Corporation

text: Zoho Corporation is an Indian multinational technology company that makes computer software and web-based business tools. It is best known for the online office suite offering Zoho Office Suite. The company was founded in 1996 by Sridhar Vembu and Tony Thomas and has a presence in seven locations with global headquarters in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, and corporate headquarters outside of Austin in Del Valle, Texas. Radha Vembu, Sridhar Vembu's sister, owns a majority stake in the company.


title: Zoho Corporation

text: From 1996 to 2009, the company was known as AdventNet, Inc. and initially provided network management software.


title: Zoho Corporation

text: AdventNet expanded operations into Japan in 2001 and shifted focus to small and medium businesses (SMBs).


title: Zoho Corporation

text: Zoho CRM was released in 2005, along with Zoho Writer, the company's first Office suite product. Zoho Projects, Creator, Sheet, and Show were released in 2006. Zoho expanded into the collaboration space with the release of Zoho Docs and Zoho Meeting in 2007. In 2008, the company added invoicing and mail applications, reaching one million users by August of that year.


title: Zoho Corporation

text: In 2009, the company was renamed Zoho Corporation after its online office suite. The company remains privately owned.


title: Zoho Corporation

text: In 2017, Zoho launched Zoho One, a comprehensive suite of over forty applications. As of October 2021, Zoho One has been expanded to 50 applications. The following year, in November 2022, Zoho worked with more than 50,000 organizations in more than 160 countries.


title: Zoho Corporation

text: Zoho reached more than 50 million customers in January 2020. In July 2022, the company announced it had more than 80 million users.


title: Zoho Corporation

text: Other products include Zoho Books, an accounting software, Zoho Workplace, an enterprise collaboration platform, and Zoho People, an HR management platform.


title: Zoho Corporation

text: Zoho is headquartered in Chennai, India. As of 2021, it has 12 offices operating in nine countries around the world. The company operates in China and also has offices in Singapore and Japan. The bulk of its support operations are carried out from its office in Chennai. Zoho also has an office in Renigunta, Andhra Pradesh and has been operating from this office since 2018.


title: Zoho Corporation

text: Its US headquarters was in Pleasanton, California until it was moved to Del Valle, Texas in 2019. In April 2019, Zoho purchased the land outside of Austin that was intended for their new headquarters. Instead, in February 2020, they built an organic farm as a food source and place for rest and recreation for its employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. There, employees work out of existing structures. Unused food is shared with the Central Texas Food Bank and other organizations.


title: Zoho Corporation

text: The research and development campus is in Estancia IT Park, Chennai. Zoho opened an office in Tenkasi in 2011, where their product Zoho Desk was built and launched.


title: Zoho Corporation

text: After the outbreak of COVID-19 Zoho planned to open branches in rural areas in southern Tamil Nadu including Madurai and Theni. In February 2022, Zoho opened an office in New Braunfels, Texas, United States. In July of that year, that location had 30 employees.


title: Zoho Corporation

text: In April 2022, Zoho opened an office in McAllen, Texas in the Rio Grande Valley, the company's third location in Texas. In July 2022, the company announced plans to open an office in Lagos, Nigeria, its third African office.


title: Margo Martindale

text: Margo Martindale (born July 18, 1951) is an American character actress who has appeared on television, film, and stage. In 2011, she won a Primetime Emmy Award and a Critics' Choice Television Award for her recurring role as Mags Bennett on "Justified". Martindale was nominated for an Emmy Award four times for her recurring role as Claudia on "The Americans", winning the award in 2015 and 2016. She has played supporting roles in a number of films, including Secretariat, "", "The Hours", "Million Dollar Baby", "Uncle Frank", "Dead Man Walking", "The Firm", "Lorenzo's Oil", "The Rocketeer", "...First Do No Harm", "Eye of God", "Win Win", "Marvin's Room", "Forged", "Orphan", "The Savages", "", "", and "Paris, je t'aime". Martindale was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in 2004 for her performance in the play "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof". She also voiced a fictionalized version of herself in the Netflix adult-animated show "BoJack Horseman".


title: Margo Martindale

text: Martindale was born July 18, 1951 in Jacksonville, Texas, the youngest of three children and only daughter of William Everett and Margaret ( Pruitt) Martindale. In addition to owning and operating a lumber company in Jacksonville, her father was known as a champion dog handler in Texas and throughout the Southern United States.


title: Margo Martindale

text: Her oldest brother is the professional golfer and golf course designer Billy Martindale. The middle child, brother Bobby Tim, died in 2004. Margo participated in golf, cheerleading and drama while in school, and was crowned "Football Sweetheart" as well as "Miss Jacksonville High School 1969."


title: Margo Martindale

text: Following graduation from Jacksonville High School in 1969, Martindale attended Lon Morris College, then transferred to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. While at Michigan, she attended summer courses at Harvard University, appearing onstage with future movie and TV stars Jonathan Frakes and Christopher Reeve.


title: Margo Martindale

text: In the early 1980s, Martindale worked for four years at the Actors Theatre, Louisville, Kentucky. While there she became good friends with fellow actress Kathy Bates.


title: Margo Martindale

text: Martindale made her Broadway debut in 2004 as Big Mama in "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof". She received a Tony Award nomination, for Best Featured Actress in a Play, for her work in the role.


title: Margo Martindale

text: Prior to that, Martindale had starred in several Off-Broadway stage productions, most notably originating the role of Truvy Jones in the first production of "Steel Magnolias" Off-Broadway, as well as starring in the first national tour of the play. Other Off-Broadway appearances include "Always...Patsy Cline" and "The Sugar Bean Sisters".


title: Margo Martindale

text: Martindale's film roles include turns as Susan Sarandon's character's fellow nun in "Dead Man Walking", and, again with Sarandon, in "Lorenzo's Oil". She appeared as Leonardo DiCaprio's character's doctor in "Marvin's Room"; and as Hilary Swank's character's selfish mother in "Million Dollar Baby". Other films include "The Human Stain" with Anthony Hopkins and Nicole Kidman, "Nobody's Fool" with Paul Newman, "28 Days" with Sandra Bullock, "Proof of Life" with Russell Crowe and Meg Ryan, and "Practical Magic", again with Nicole Kidman and Sandra Bullock. She was featured in "Paris, je t'aime". She played Mama Cox in the 2007 film "Walk Hard", played Ruby in "" and played Miss Elizabeth Ham in the movie "Secretariat".


title: Margo Martindale

text: Martindale had a role in "" (2013), a film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning play by Tracy Letts. She played Mattie Fae Aiken, the sister of lead character Violet Weston (Meryl Streep). Filming took place in the fall and winter of 2012.