title: Lorna Shore

text: On April 29, 2022, the band debuted a new song, "Sun//Eater", during a concert from their upcoming full length album, titled "Pain Remains". The song, along with a music video, was officially released on May 13. As well as the album announcement, the new single was the first to feature new bassist Michael Yager, who joined the band during the recording sessions for "Pain Remains". On June 22, Lorna Shore debuted their second single from their upcoming album titled "Into the Earth" with an accompanying music video. On July 26, the band released the third single from the album, "Cursed to Die", and also revealed "Pain Remains" would be released on October 14. On September 14, the band released the first part of the album's title track titled "Pain Remains I: Dancing Like Flames". On September 29, the band released the second part of the album's title track titled "Pain Remains II: After All I've Done, I'll Disappear" along with a music video. The music video for "Pain Remains III: In a Sea of Fire" was released October 14, 2022, coinciding with the album release.


title: Lorna Shore

text: Lorna Shore's musical style has been mainly described as deathcore, blackened death metal, blackened deathcore, and symphonic metal. The band's music contains influences from black metal and utilizes symphonic elements. The band's early work showed one-time experiments in other metal genres outside their primary sound; their debut EP "Triumph" has been described as metalcore, their second EP "Bone Kingdom" moved into a progressive deathcore sound, and their debut album "Psalms" is referred to as more of a technical death metal album with the breakdowns expected in deathcore.


title: Chris Diamantopoulos

text: Chris Diamantopoulos (born May 9, 1975) is a Canadian actor. He played Russ Hanneman in the HBO series "Silicon Valley" and starred in the film "The Three Stooges", and the TV series "Good Girls Revolt". He currently voices Mickey Mouse in the eponymous television series and "The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse".


title: Chris Diamantopoulos

text: Diamantopoulos grew up splitting his time between Canada and Greece. He is of Greek descent, a practicing member of the Greek Orthodox church, and a fluent Greek speaker.


title: Chris Diamantopoulos

text: Diamantopoulos worked on television commercials and professional theatre productions at the age of nine. By the time he turned eighteen, he left home to partake in a series of American national tours. A short time later, he worked on Broadway, where he played leading parts in "The Full Monty" (2002) and "Les Misérables" (2003). Diamantopoulos attended East York Collegiate Institute.


title: Chris Diamantopoulos

text: He played Robin Williams in "Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Mork & Mindy" alongside Erinn Hayes. He has guest-starred in several series, including "Kevin Hill", "Charmed", "The Sopranos", "Nip/Tuck" and "Boston Legal". He played the interior decorator in the miniseries "The Starter Wife".


title: Chris Diamantopoulos

text: On the eighth season of "24", he played U.S. president Allison Taylor's Chief of Staff Rob Weiss. He played Frank Sinatra in "The Kennedys". Diamantopoulos played Moe Howard in the 2012 film "The Three Stooges".


title: Chris Diamantopoulos

text: Since 2013, Diamantopoulos voiced Mickey Mouse, as well as the Vampire and a Mummy in "Mickey Mouse", and its follow-up series "The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse", in which he also voiced a laughing fish and a weasel. Although Bret Iwan has voiced Mickey in most media after Wayne Allwine, Diamantopoulos voices the character in retro-styled productions, giving Mickey Mouse a voice similar to that of Walt Disney.


title: Chris Diamantopoulos

text: He had recurring roles on the NBC sitcoms "Up All Night", as Maya Rudolph's on and off lover, Julian; "The Office", as Brian, a former member of the show's documentary film crew (alongside Zach Woods), and on "Arrested Development", as Marky, Lindsay's face-blind environmentalist boyfriend.


title: Chris Diamantopoulos

text: He appeared in the television sitcom "Episodes" playing the part of TV network boss Castor Sotto, and Mr. Chris in the television adaptation of "About a Boy".


title: Chris Diamantopoulos

text: On October 11, 2018, it was revealed by TVLine that he would have a role in the spin-off pilot for the situation comedy "The Middle" playing Sue Heck's mercurial, charming and rich boss Nick.


title: Chris Diamantopoulos

text: Diamantopoulos voiced Frank Heffley in the 2021 animated film "Diary of a Wimpy Kid", released on Disney+.


title: Chris Diamantopoulos

text: He met Becki Newton at a subway station in New York City. They married in 2005. Newton gave birth to their first child, a boy, in November 2010. In 2014, they had a girl.


title: Chicago Seven

text: The Chicago Seven, originally the Chicago Eight and also known as the Conspiracy Eight or Conspiracy Seven, were seven defendants—Rennie Davis, David Dellinger, John Froines, Tom Hayden, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, and Lee Weiner—charged by the United States federal government with conspiracy, crossing state lines with intent to incite a riot, and other charges related to anti-Vietnam War and 1960s counterculture protests in Chicago, Illinois, during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. The Chicago Eight became the Chicago Seven after the case against co-defendant Bobby Seale was declared a mistrial.


title: Chicago Seven

text: All of the defendants were charged with and acquitted of conspiracy; Davis, Dellinger, Hayden, Hoffman, and Rubin were charged with and convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite a riot; Froines and Weiner were charged with teaching demonstrators how to construct incendiary devices and acquitted of those charges. All of the convictions were later reversed on appeal and the government declined to retry the case. While the jury deliberated, Judge Julius Hoffman convicted the defendants and their attorneys for contempt of court and sentenced them to jail sentences ranging from less than three months to more than four years. The contempt convictions were also appealed, and some were retried before a different judge.


title: Chicago Seven

text: Since the beginning of the trial in 1969, the defendants and their attorneys have been depicted in a variety of art forms, including film, music, and theater.


title: Chicago Seven

text: In the fall of 1967, David Dellinger was the director of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (the Mobe), and planning began during Mobe meetings for an anti-war demonstration at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. In early 1968, the Tet Offensive against American forces in Vietnam started, and in February, Walter Cronkite said the war was "lost." In March, Johnson ended his campaign for the nomination.


title: Chicago Seven

text: Protests against the war continued, and Rennie Davis and Tom Hayden became directors of the Mobe office in Chicago. A counterculture group known as Yippies, including Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman, also planned a "Festival of Life", announced at a press conference on March 17, as a response to what they described as the Democratic "Convention of Death". In January, the Yippies had issued a statement that included: "Join us in Chicago in August for an international festival of youth music and theater ... Come all you rebels, youth spirits, rock minstrels, truth seekers, peacock freaks, poets, barricade jumpers, dancers, lovers and artists ... We are there! There are 500,000 of us dancing in the streets, throbbing with amplifiers and harmony. We are making love in the parks ..." In a March meeting at Lake Villa, Illinois, coordination of demonstrations was discussed by representatives from various groups; Hayden and Davis drafted a proposal that included "the campaign should not plan violence and disruption against the Democratic National Convention. It should be nonviolent and legal."


title: Chicago Seven

text: Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968, there were riots in Chicago and other cities. In June 1968, Robert Kennedy was assassinated.


title: Chicago Seven

text: Most of the permits applied for by the Mobe and the Yippies for protest-related activities were denied. Rennie Davis sought help from the Justice Department, and argued permits would lower the risk of violence between protesters and police, but was unsuccessful. A week before the start of the convention, Mobe organizers sued in federal court to obtain permits to use the parks, but were denied on August 23.


title: Chicago Seven

text: A variety of groups convened in Chicago to protest during the convention week, including the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (the Mobe) and the Yippies. The Black Panther Party and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference also sent representatives to protest racism.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On Friday, August 23, the Yippies nominated their own candidate for president: a 145-pound pig they called Pigasus, who according to Frank Kusch, was "released to the public" at the Civic Center Plaza and promptly "arrested" by police as he was "interviewed" by journalists. Five Yippies were taken to jail, including Jerry Rubin and Phil Ochs, while Pigasus was released to the Chicago Humane Society, and the Yippies were released after they each posted a $25 bond.


title: Chicago Seven

text: By the weekend before the convention, about 2,000 demonstrators had set up camp in Lincoln Park. On Saturday, August 24, Lincoln Park was cleared almost without incident, with Allen Ginsberg leading many protesters out of the park before the 11 p.m. curfew. According to Frank Kusch, police cleared the park and arrested eleven people for failing to disperse, while a crowd outside of the park suddenly ran toward the main street in Old Town yelling "Peace now! Peace now! Peace now!" and then marched for ten blocks before police arrived and the demonstrators quickly blended into the regular crowds on the sidewalks.


title: Chicago Seven

text: For the convention, the 11,900 members of the Chicago Police Department were put on twelve-hour shifts, and nearly 6,000 members of the National Guard were sent to the city, with an additional 5,000 National Guard on alert, and approximately 1,000 FBI and military intelligence officers, and 1,000 Secret Service agents were in the city. The 4,865 city firefighters were ordered to work extra shifts beginning on the Sunday before the convention, and the Chicago Police Department placed 1,500 uniformed officers outside the International Amphitheatre, where the Democratic convention was held, including snipers.


title: Chicago Seven

text: The number of demonstrators in Chicago was estimated to be about 10,000. From inside the International Amphitheatre, CBS evening news anchor Walter Cronkite reported: "The Democratic convention is about to begin in a police state. There just doesn't seem to be any other way to say it."


title: Chicago Seven

text: On Sunday, August 25, protest leaders allegedly told people to "test the curfew", while there were several thousand people in Lincoln Park, around bonfires, beating drums, and chanting. When the park was officially closed at 11 p.m., Chicago police used tear gas and moved in with billy-clubs to forcibly remove them from the park. Police formed a skirmish line and cleared the park, ending up on Stockton Drive, with about 200 police facing about 2,000 protesters. Protesters, journalists, photographers, and bystanders were clubbed and beaten by the police.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On August 26, demonstrators gathered in Grant Park and climbed on a statue of General Logan on a horse, which led to violent skirmishes with police. Police hauled a young man down and arrested him, breaking his arm in the process. The only permit granted to the Mobe for the convention week was for a rally at the Grant Park band shell for the afternoon of August 28, and it was granted on August 27, after the convention began. David Dellinger told members of the media, "We'll march with or without a permit", and that Grant Park was only a "staging area for the march".


title: Chicago Seven

text: On the morning of August 28, Abbie Hoffman was arrested for writing the word "FUCK" on his forehead. In the afternoon, Dellinger, Seale, Davis, and Hayden addressed thousands of demonstrators at the band shell in Grant Park. After the rally at the Grant Park bandshell, several thousand protesters attempted to march to the International Amphitheatre, but were stopped in front of the Conrad Hilton Hotel, where the presidential candidates and campaigns were headquartered, by what David Taylor and Sam Morris of "The Guardian" describe as "a phalanx of National Guard armed with M1 rifles, backed by machine guns and jeeps with cages on top and barbed wire frames in front." In a sit down protest, the crowd chanted "the whole world is watching".


title: Chicago Seven

text: "The Battle of Michigan Avenue", described by Neil Steinberg of the "Chicago Sun-Times" as "a 17-minute melee in front of the Conrad Hilton", was broadcast on television, along with footage from the floor of the convention. The police violence extended to protesters, bystanders, reporters and photographers, while tear gas reached Hubert Humphrey in his hotel suite. Police pushed protesters through plate-glass windows, then pursued them inside and beat them as they sprawled on the broken glass. 100 protesters and 119 police officers were treated for injuries, and 600 protesters were arrested. Police brutality and demonstrators chanting "The whole world is watching" were filmed by national news outlets and broadcast on the same night that Humphrey won the presidential nomination.


title: Chicago Seven

text: Paul Cowan of "The Village Voice" reports that by Thursday, Tom Hayden was in disguise by Grant Park, Jerry Rubin was in jail, and Rennie Davis was recovering from a beating by the police. After a speech by Eugene McCarthy in Grant Park that afternoon, a march was joined by delegates and McCarthy supporters but was stopped at 18th Street and Michigan Avenue by the National Guard. Arrests were followed by tear gas and mace, while marchers chanted "The whole world is watching" and retreated to Grant Park. In the park, demonstrators sang "God Bless America", "This Land Is Your Land", and "The Star-Spangled Banner", and waved "V" signs above their heads, asking soldiers to join in. They never did. Phil Ochs sang "I Ain't Marchin' Any More", and demonstrators chanted "join us" softly. Five hours later, police officers raided a party organized by McCarthy workers in the Hilton hotel, and beat them viciously. According to the McCarthy workers, all telephones on their floor had been disconnected a half hour before, and they had no way to call for help.


title: Chicago Seven

text: Investigations were conducted by the City of Chicago, the U.S. Department of Justice, the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), and the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. On September 6, 1968, the Daley administration issued a report that focused on "outside agitators" with an "avowed purpose of a hostile confrontation with law enforcement."


title: Chicago Seven

text: Bruce Ragsdale writes that the HUAC chair, Richard Ichord, "suspected communist involvement in the demonstrations", but the hearings "devolved into a bizarre preview of the conspiracy trial when a shirtless, barefooted Jerry Rubin burst into the hearing room with a bandolier of bullets and a toy gun." In October 1968, Abbie Hoffman was arrested for wearing an American flag shirt while trying to attend a HUAC meeting after being subpoenaed to appear. Tom Hayden also testified during the hearings.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On September 4, 1968, Milton Eisenhower, chair of the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, announced the commission would investigate and report its findings to President Lyndon Johnson. Supervised by Daniel Walker, more than 200 investigators conducted interviews of more than 1,400 witnesses and reviewed FBI reports and film. The Walker Report was released on December 1, 1968, and described the violence as a "police riot". The report summary included:


title: Chicago Seven

text: The Walker Report also acknowledged provocation and violence by some protesters and stated the "vast majority of the demonstrators were intent on expressing by peaceful means their dissent."


title: Chicago Seven

text: The Department of Justice investigation did not support prosecution of demonstrators. Attorney General Ramsey Clark asked the U.S. attorney in Chicago to investigate the Chicago police.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On September 9, 1968, a grand jury in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois began to investigate demonstration organizers for federal law violations and police officers for civil rights violations. On March 20, 1969, the grand jury indictments of eight demonstrators and eight police officers were publicly announced. Seven police officers were charged with assault and one police officer was charged with perjury.


title: Chicago Seven

text: The charges against the demonstrators were the first prosecutions under the anti-riot provisions of . All were charged with conspiring to use interstate commerce with intent to incite a riot. David Dellinger, Rennie Davis, Tom Hayden, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, and Bobby Seale were also charged with crossing state lines with the intent to incite a riot. John Froines and Lee Weiner, were charged with teaching demonstrators how to construct incendiary devices that would be used in civil disturbances.


title: Chicago Seven

text: Sixteen others were named by the grand jury as alleged co-conspirators, but not indicted: Wolfe B. Lowenthal, Stewart E. Albert, Sidney M. Peck, Kathy Boudin, Corina F. Fales, Benjamin Radford, Thomas W. Neumann, Craig Shimabukuro, Bo Taylor, David A. Baker, Richard Bosciano, Terry Gross, Donna Gripe, Benjamin Ortiz, Joseph Toornabene, and Richard Palmer.


title: Chicago Seven

text: The original eight defendants were Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, David Dellinger, Tom Hayden, Rennie Davis, John Froines, Lee Weiner, and Bobby Seale. The defense attorneys were William Kunstler, Leonard Weinglass of the Center for Constitutional Rights, as well as Michael Kennedy, Michael Tigar, Charles Garry, Gerald Lefcourt, and Dennis Roberts. The presiding judge was Julius Hoffman (no relation to Abbie), and the prosecutors were Richard Schultz and Tom Foran.


title: Chicago Seven

text: The trial began on September 24, 1969. In his opening statement, when prosecutor Richard Schultz mentioned Abbie Hoffman, Abbie Hoffman stood up and blew the jury a kiss, and the judge said, "The jury is directed to disregard the kiss from Mr. Hoffman."


title: Chicago Seven

text: The government called 53 witnesses, including undercover police officer Robert Pierson, who worked as a bodyguard for Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, and testified that on August 26, 1968, he heard Abbie Hoffman say "If they push us out of the park tonight, we're going to break windows", and about statements made by Rubin, Seale, and Davis. Police officer William Frapolly testified about his undercover work, which included joining Students for a Democratic Society and the National Mobilization Committee. Frapolly testified he heard most of the defendants say they intended to incite police confrontations and other disturbances; he also testified that Weiner and Froines discussed incendiary devices and chemical bombs.


title: Chicago Seven

text: Seale was initially represented by Charles Garry, who appeared at the April 9 arraignment. Before the trial began, Seale had been indicted in Connecticut on charges of conspiracy to murder a suspected police informant and was therefore denied bail during the trial. Garry became unable to travel due to his need to recover from a surgery, and Judge Hoffman denied the request to postpone the trial start date. The judge also refused to allow Seale to represent himself, in part because Kunstler had signed an appearance for Seale on September 24 to be able to visit him in jail, so Kunstler's request to withdraw as Seale's attorney was an "absolutely discretionary" decision by the judge, and Judge Hoffman decided Seale was represented by Kunstler.


title: Chicago Seven

text: Seale protested the judge's actions, arguing that they were not only illegal, but also racist, telling the court on September 26, "If I am consistently denied this right of legal defense counsel of my choice, who is effective, by the judge of this court, then I can only see the judge as a blatant racist of the United States court." Seale had been in Chicago for less than 24 hours over two days of the convention week and had been invited shortly before the convention began as a substitute for Eldridge Cleaver, so the evidence against him was testimony from undercover police officer Robert Pierson, about a speech by Seale in Lincoln Park, where according to Pierson, Seale had urged his audience to "barbecue some pork", and Judge Hoffman, over the objection of the defense, allowed Pierson to give his opinion that this meant "to burn some pigs", i.e., police officers.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On the morning of October 29, after Seale called Judge Hoffman a "rotten racist pig, fascist liar", the judge responded: "Let the record show the tone of Mr. Seale's voice was one of shrieking and pounding on the table and shouting", and Seale replied, "If a witness is on the stand and testifies against me and I stand up and speak out in behalf of my right to have my lawyer and to defend myself and you deny me that, I have a right to make those requests. I have a right to make those demands on my constitutional rights. I have a constitutional right to speak, and if you try to suppress my constitutional right to speak out in behalf of my constitutional rights, then I can only see you as a bigot, a racist, and a fascist, and I have said before and clearly indicated on the record."


title: Chicago Seven

text: In the afternoon session of October 29, Judge Hoffman ordered Seale to be bound, gagged, and chained to a chair. According to John Schultz, when the jury was allowed into the courtroom, juror Jean Fritz began weeping, and other jurors "squirmed hard in their seats at the sight."


title: Chicago Seven

text: On three days, Seale appeared in court bound and gagged before the jury, struggling to get free, and at times managing to loudly insist on his right to defend himself. On October 30, in open court, Kunstler declared, "This is no longer a court of order, your Honor; this is a medieval torture chamber." On November 5, the judge declared a mistrial for Seale, and the Chicago Eight became the Chicago Seven, with Seale's case severed for a later trial that never occurred.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On October 15, when the first Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam was observed across the country, the defendants attempted to place American and South Vietnamese flags on the defense table, but Judge Hoffman demanded them removed, stating, "Whatever decoration there is the courtroom will be furnished by the government and I think things look alright in this courtroom." On November 15, the second day of the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam, Abbie Hoffman brought a Viet Cong flag into the courtroom and then wrestled over it with deputy marshal Ronald Dobroski.


title: Chicago Seven

text: Abbie Hoffman and Rennie Davis testified at the trial. On December 29, when asked about his arrest on August 28 for writing "FUCK" on his forehead, Abbie Hoffman testified, "I put it on for a couple of reasons, one was that I was tired of seeing my picture in the paper and having newsmen come around, and I know if you got that word on your forehead they ain't going to print your picture in the paper. Secondly, it sort of summed up my attitude about the whole thing—what was going on in Chicago." When asked whether he entered into an agreement with Dellinger, Froines, Hayden, Rubin, Weiner or Davis, to come to Chicago for the purpose of encouraging and promoting violence during the Convention week, Abbie Hoffman replied, "We couldn't agree on lunch." When asked by the prosecution about whether it was "a fact that one of the reasons why you came to Chicago was simply to wreck American society", he replied:


title: Chicago Seven

text: The trial lasted for months, with over 100 witnesses called by the defense, including singers Phil Ochs, Judy Collins, Arlo Guthrie, and Country Joe McDonald; comedian Dick Gregory; writers Norman Mailer and Allen Ginsberg; and activists Timothy Leary and Jesse Jackson.


title: Chicago Seven

text: Phil Ochs, who helped organize some of the demonstrations, told the court he had acquired the pig, called Pigasus, to nominate as the Yippie presidential candidate before being arrested with Rubin and other participants. Judy Collins attempted to sing "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" during her testimony, before Judge Hoffman forbade it, so Collins recited the lyrics instead. Allen Ginsberg recited poetry and chants, including O-o-m-m-m-m-m, while providing testimony about his participation in the demonstrations.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On January 28, 1970, Ramsey Clark, the U.S. Attorney General under President Lyndon Johnson during the 1968 Democratic Convention, was barred by the judge from testifying before the jury after Clark testified outside the presence of the jury. Judge Hoffman upheld the prosecution's objections to 14 of Kunstler's 38 questions, but Clark did testify that he had told Foran to investigate through Justice Department lawyers "as is generally done in civil rights cases", rather than through a grand jury.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On February 5, Abbie Hoffman shouted, "Your idea of justice is the only obscenity in this court, Julie", at Judge Hoffman and then yelled "shande fur de goyim" at him, after Rubin told the judge, "Every kid in the world hates you because they know what you represent. You are synonymous with Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler equals Julius Hitler." These insults had followed Judge Hoffman stating that he intended to continue using the revocation of bail in response to the use of "vile epithets" in the courtroom, while the defense attorneys were arguing against the revocation of Dellinger's bail the day before, after Dellinger shouted a "barnyard vulgarity" at a government witness.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On February 6, Abbie Hoffman and Rubin wore judicial robes to court, then threw them down and stepped on them.


title: Chicago Seven

text: During the proceedings, all of the defendants and nearly all of their attorneys were cited for contempt of court by Judge Hoffman.


title: Chicago Seven

text: Attorneys Michael Kennedy, Dennis Roberts, Michael Tigar, and Gerald Lefcourt assisted the defense with pretrial motions. Before the trial began, Judge Hoffman held them all in contempt after they attempted to withdraw from the case, issued bench warrants for their arrest, and had Tigar and Lefcourt jailed. After two of the warrants were invalidated by the United States District Court in San Francisco, and while the court was being picketed by protesting attorneys, Judge Hoffman permitted the withdrawal of the attorneys from the case.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On November 5, 1969, after declaring a mistrial in the prosecution of Bobby Seale, Judge Hoffman convicted Seale on 16 charges of contempt, and sentenced Seale to three months in prison on each count — a total of four years, which may have been the longest contempt sentence in U.S. history at the time.


title: Chicago Seven

text: While the jury deliberated on the verdict for the remaining defendants, Judge Hoffman convicted all the defendants—and their attorneys Kunstler and Weinglass—on a total of 159 counts of criminal contempt.


title: Chicago Seven

text: Six of the seven defendants remanded to jail received haircuts in the Cook County Jail; John Kifner of "The New York Times" reports that David Dellinger did not, and the others were "shorn of their long hair for what jail officials announced were 'sanitary reasons, while the lawyers' sentences were stayed until May 4, to allow them to work on the appeal. After the haircuts, Cook County Sheriff Joseph I. Woods showed pictures of the defendants to an audience on February 23, 1970, that Kifner reports consisted of "about 100 laughing and applauding members of the Elk Grove Township Republican organization at a meeting in the suburban Mount Prospect Country Club."


title: Chicago Seven

text: On February 18, 1970, the jury acquitted all seven defendants of conspiracy and acquitted Froines and Weiner on all charges. The jury found Davis, Dellinger, Hayden, Hoffman, and Rubin guilty of traveling across state lines with intent to incite a riot.


title: Chicago Seven

text: In a separate trial, seven of the police officers were acquitted by the jury, and the case against the eighth was dismissed by the prosecution.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On February 20, 1970, in the sentencing phase of the trial, the defendants made statements, including David Dellinger, whose statement included:


title: Chicago Seven

text: Rennie Davis told Judge Hoffman, "You represent all that is old, ugly, bigoted, and repressive in this country, and I will tell you that the spirit of this defense table will devour your sickness in the next generation."


title: Chicago Seven

text: Judge Hoffman sentenced each convicted defendant to five years in prison, as well as a $5,000 fine and costs of prosecution.


title: Chicago Seven

text: A United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit panel composed of Walter Cummings, Thomas Fairchild, and Wilbur Pell heard the appeals related to the criminal convictions and contempt convictions.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On May 11, 1972, the panel dismissed some contempt charges against the lawyers, and reversed all of the other contempt convictions for retrial with a different judge. Judge Edward Gignoux presided over the retrial and found Dellinger, Hoffman, Kunstler, and Rubin guilty of some of the charges but did not sentence any of them to jail or fines. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit dismissed four of the contempt convictions against Bobby Seale, remanded the other 12 for retrial before another judge, and the government declined to prosecute the remaining contempt charges.


title: Chicago Seven

text: On November 21, 1972, all of the criminal convictions were reversed by the panel. The majority opinion of the court unanimously found several errors by Judge Hoffman and censured Judge Hoffman and the prosecutors for their conduct during the trial. The court noted, "the demeanor of the judge and the prosecutors would require reversal even if errors did not." Pell wrote a separate opinion concurring with the reversal of the convictions, and finding Title X of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, known as the Anti-Riot Act, to be an unconstitutional infringement of freedom of speech; this was not part of the majority opinion and therefore did not invalidate the statute. The U.S. Department of Justice announced in January 1973 that it would not retry the defendants.


title: MakeMyTrip

text: MakeMyTrip is an Indian online travel company founded in 2000. Headquartered in Gurugram, Haryana, the company provides online travel services including airline tickets, domestic and international holiday packages, hotel reservations, rail, and bus tickets. As of 31 March 2018, they have 14 company-owned travel stores in 14 cities, over 30 franchisee-owned travel stores in 28 cities, and counters in four major airports in India. MakeMyTrip has also numerous international offices in New York, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Phuket, Bangkok, and Dubai.


title: MakeMyTrip

text: In 2016, MakeMyTrip and Ibibo Group, India's largest travel booking portals, merged through a stock transaction. Through this transaction, MakeMyTrip acquired its rival, Ibibo Group, in one of the biggest acquisition in India's online travel space. Post merger, MakeMyTrip shareholders own a 60% stake and Ibibo Group shareholders get a 40% stake. Naspers and Tencent, who jointly owned Ibibo Group, became the single largest shareholder in MakeMyTrip.


title: MakeMyTrip

text: MakeMyTrip offers flight tickets to many, villas and apartments, rail and bus tickets, cab service, and hotel booking services on its portal. In 2012, MakeMyTrip launched travel mobile applications for Windows Phone, iPhone, Android, and Blackberry devices. MakeMyTrip route planner provides all the basic required information on more than 10 lakh (1 million) routes in India. MakeMyTrip also offer metro train tickets for Hyderabad Metro.


title: MakeMyTrip

text: The Organization has also undertaken certain steps to make travelling stress-free, appropriate and pliable.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: Father Brown is a detective period comedy drama television series loosely based on the Father Brown short stories by G. K. Chesterton, starring Mark Williams as the crime-solving Roman Catholic priest. Broadcast began on BBC One on 14 January 2013. The ninth series premiered on BBC One on 3 January 2022. The show has been renewed for a 10th season which will premiere January 2023.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: The series is set in England during the early 1950s. Father Brown is the priest at St Mary's Catholic Church in the fictional village of Kembleford, located in Gloucestershire in the Cotswolds. Britain is struggling with the aftermath of World War II, and rationing is still in effect. An empathetic man of keen intelligence, Father Brown solves murder cases when members of his parish are involved, when circumstances are strange enough to gain his interest, or when he is directly asked for help. During his investigations, Father Brown occasionally neglects his more mundane parish duties.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: He is often helped by the parish secretary, Bridgette McCarthy (all series), and his housekeeper, Susie Jasinski (Series 1 only). He is also sometimes aided by socialite Lady Felicia Montague; her driver, Sid Carter (a former criminal); and her niece, Bunty Windermere.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: Father Brown's interest in local cases and his habit of offering advice and pointing out clues often annoy the local police inspector. Father Brown holds no animosity towards the police, but he often embarrasses them with his investigations.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: During World War I, Father Brown served in the British Army. His experiences as a veteran, along with his vocation as a priest, give him great insight into human nature as well as a desire to offer forgiveness and redemption, wishing to serve his concept of justice rather than strictly following the letter of the law and condemning the guilty. Father Brown is obedient to the Seal of confession in the Catholic Church. When confronting criminals, he sometimes offers to hear their explanations and confessions without judgment. While he then urges them to admit their crimes to the authorities and accept responsibility, he also promises he won't reveal their actions or prevent their escape if they choose otherwise.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: "For series 9, only Mark Williams and John Burton appear in all episodes. Nancy Carroll (2 episodes), Sorcha Cusack (8 episodes), Jack Deam (9 episodes), Emer Kenny (2 episodes) and Alex Price (6 episodes) only receive Main Cast credits in the opening credits for the episodes in which they appear."


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: Barry Sloane, Fern Deacon, Julian Wadham, Ruth Gemmell, Sam Jackson, Louise Brealey, Ryan Hawley, Poppy Drayton, Caroline Blakiston, Angus Imrie, Susannah Fielding, Marcia Warren, David Troughton, Laura Main, Nick Moran, Emma Stansfield, Frank Grimes, Annette Badland, Guy Henry, Kiruna Stamell, Penny Downie, Roberta Taylor, Lorna Watson, James Fleet, Robert Cavanah, Emma Fielding, Anton Lesser, Claudia Jessie, Steffan Rhodri, Poppy Corby-Tuech, Nicholas Farrell, Dominic Mafham, Camilla Power, Steven Miller, Clare Higgins, Selina Cadell, Tracy-Ann Oberman, Jamie Glover, Holly Earl, Stephen Boxer, Flora Spencer-Longhurst, Gareth Hale, Christopher Villiers, Katie Leung, Adrian Scarborough, Pip Torrens, Vincenzo Nicoli, Frances Barber, Adrian Rawlins, Ronni Ancona, Oliver Ford Davies, Georgina Leonidas, Roger Ashton-Griffiths, Arthur Bostrom, John Sessions, Sara Martins, Martin Kemp, Mark Benton, Jemima Rooper, Richard Harrington, John Thomson, Miles Jupp, Jessie Cave, Sheila Reid, Nigel Planer, Annabelle Apsion, Tom Chadbon, Haydn Gwynne, Dudley Sutton, Simon Williams, Michael Culkin, Emma Cunniffe, James Dreyfus, Mark Lewis Jones, Will Attenborough, Richard Hawley, William Gaminara, Aden Gillett, David Schofield, Sean Blowers, John Duttine, Toby Longworth, Jo Stone-Fewings, Gillian Bevan, Rupert Vansittart, Pooky Quesnel, Robert Daws, Paul Thornley, Isla Blair, Ray Coulthard, Dean Andrews, Nicola Thorp, Sam Cox, Vicky Entwistle, David Yelland, Hannah Yelland, Mariah Gale, Alex Sawyer, Emily Atack, Elizabeth Berrington, Danny Webb, Simon Shepherd, Jon Glover, John Henshaw, Gary Oliver, Nick Dunning, Callum Dixon, Lucy Briers, Orlando Wells, John Bowler, Karen Meagher, Wanda Ventham, Chris Larkin, Clive Wood, Jacqueline Defferary, Diana Kent, Holly Weston, James Wilby, Ty Glaser, Cecilia Noble, Selina Griffiths, Maggie Steed, Jeff Rawle, Amanda Drew, Billy Postlethwaite, Samuel Anderson, Sean Gallagher, Amy Robbins, Jennifer Hennessy, Miranda Hennessy, Mark Umbers, Hugh Sachs, Pippa Haywood, Robert Portal, Paul Copley, Neil Pearson, Emily Joyce, Niamh Cusack, Ian Puleston-Davies, Harriet Thorpe, George Webster, Amanda Lawrence, Cal MacAninch, Craig Conway, Robert Hands, Penny Layden, Steven Elder, Diana Quick, Aneirin Hughes, Matthew Marsh, Lesley Nicol, Clare Lawrence Moody, Laura Rollins, Ryan Gage, Richard Dillane, Alexander Hanson.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: Jo Stone-Fewings is the real-life husband of Nancy Carroll. The pair did not share any scenes in the 2016 episode "The Daughter of Autolycus".


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: Niamh Cusack, who is the sister of Sorcha Cusack, played Mrs McCarthy's sister Roisin in the 2020 episode "The Numbers of the Beast".


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: BBC Daytime wanted a home-grown detective series for the weekday afternoons on BBC One. Original ideas from writers were pitched, but the BBC wanted something that was less risky and already well known. Father Brown had not been filmed for British television since the 1970s with Kenneth More. Executive Producer John Yorke came up with the idea after hearing a radio documentary about G. K. Chesterton presented by Ann Widdecombe.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: Writers were given the choice of adapting an existing story or coming up with an original idea. The Chesterton stories were set all over the world and at different times. Although half of the episodes in the first series were loosely based on the Chesterton stories, a decision was made to restrict the programme's location and date.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: The Cotswolds was chosen because it had few modern buildings and was close to the production base in Birmingham. The 1950s were chosen because the detective could solve puzzles using his mind and knowledge of human nature instead of relying on modern technology. Despite this, the script sometimes includes anachronistic language (e.g., "secure the crime scene", "mojo"). The lead writers, Rachel Flowerday and Tahsin Guner, created the supporting characters. Other writers contributed stand-alone scripts that were not part of a story arc.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: The series is a BBC Studios Birmingham Drama Village production and filming for the first series of ten episodes of "Father Brown" began in the Cotswolds in summer 2012. The BBC renewed "Father Brown" for a second series of ten episodes in 2013. A third series of 15 episodes was commissioned in 2014. A fourth series of ten episodes was commissioned in 2015.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: Filming takes place in the Gloucestershire village of Blockley using the Church of St Peter and St Paul, Blockley (Church of England) as the St Mary Roman Catholic church of the series and the vicarage transformed into the presbytery for Father Brown's residence. Other villages used are Winchcombe, Upper Slaughter, Kemerton and Guiting Power. Filming also took place at Winchcombe railway station and Toddington railway station on the heritage Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway. Sudeley Castle was the main location for "The Eye of Apollo". Princethorpe College, once a Catholic convent, now a secondary school, was used to film "St Agnes Convent" in Series One Episode 6.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: Filming for the second series included the Warwickshire village of Ilmington. Chastleton House and Berkeley Castle were used to portray Pryde Castle in the episode broadcast on 8 January 2014. Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire provided the location for the final resting place of the famed rosary in the episode "Mysteries of the Rosary" airing 10 January 2014. The gardens at Snowshill Manor featured in the same episode. "The Time Machine" episode, in series 3, was based around the Warwickshire estate of Alscot Park.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: Filming has also taken place at Ashdown WW2 Camp, Evesham, Worcestershire where the TV series the "Land Girls" was also filmed. Laid out as a WW2 camp, Ashdown Camp is made up of 11 Nissen huts, air raid shelters, and outbuildings. Also used were the 1930s portion of Shire Hall, Warwick, headquarters of Warwickshire County Council, Bloxham School in Oxfordshire and Worcester Guildhall. The former hospital at Moreton-in-Marsh was used for the new police station and for Father Brown's kitchen, study and presbytery.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: BBC Worldwide has sold "Father Brown" to 232 territories, including, Australia (ABC), Belgium (VRT), the Netherlands (KRO-NCRV), BBC First (Dutch TV channel), Spain (Paramount Network), Finland (YLE), Sweden (TV8), Denmark (DR), Norway (NRK), Estonia (ETV), Iceland (RÚV), Italy (Paramount Network), Croatia (HRT), and Brazil (TV Cultura). In the United States, "Father Brown" has been sold to 40 public television stations with a reach of 30% of all U.S. television households. The first four series were added to the Netflix streaming service on 31 March 2017. Series five and six were added later in 2019.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: In January 2020, it was announced that production had begun for a ten-episode series entitled "Sister Boniface Mysteries" for BritBox, the streaming service. Lorna Watson returns as Sister Boniface. She played the character in 2013 in the "Father Brown" episode, "The Bride of Christ". It was confirmed this series would air in early 2022, with the ninth series of the parent. After debuting on BritBox, 'The Sister Boniface Mysteries' aired on Drama, with the DVD available from 16 May 2022.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: The series has also been released on DVD (but not Blu-ray) in the U.S., Australia, the Netherlands, and Germany.


title: Father Brown (2013 TV series)

text: Since 2019, the series has been prominently featured on the Britbox streaming service in North America.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Sayyid Ebrahim Raisolsadati (; born 14 December 1960), commonly known as Ebrahim Raisi ( ), is an Iranian principlist politician, Muslim jurist, and the eighth and current president of Iran since 3 August 2021, having been elected to the presidency in the 2021 election.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi has served in several positions in Iran's judicial system, such as Deputy Chief Justice (2004–2014), Attorney General (2014–2016), and Chief Justice (2019–2021). He was also Prosecutor and Deputy Prosecutor of Tehran in the 1980s and 1990s. He was Custodian and Chairman of Astan Quds Razavi, a bonyad, from 2016 until 2019. He is a member of Assembly of Experts from South Khorasan Province, being elected for the first time in the 2006 election. He is the son-in-law of Mashhad Friday prayer leader and Grand Imam of Imam Reza shrine, Ahmad Alamolhoda.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi ran for president in 2017 as the candidate of the conservative Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces, losing to moderate incumbent President Hassan Rouhani, 57% to 38.3%. He was one of the four people on the prosecution committee, which was responsible for the execution of thousands of political prisoners in Iran in 1988 and is hence labeled the "death committee". He is sanctioned by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control in accordance with Executive Order 13876. He is accused of crimes against humanity by international human rights organizations and United Nations special rapporteurs. Raisi successfully ran for president a second time in 2021 with 62.9% of the votes, succeeding Hassan Rouhani. According to many observers, the 2021 Iranian presidential election was rigged in favour of Raisi, who is considered a hardline ally of Ali Khamenei. Raisi is often seen as a frontrunner to succeed Khamenei as Supreme Leader.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Ebrahim Raisi was born on 14 December 1960 to a clerical family in the Noghan district of Mashhad. His father, Seyed Haji, died when he was 5.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Ancestrally, Raisi is among Husayn ibn Ali (Hussaini) Sayyids, and he is connected to Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin Sayyids.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi passed his primary-education in "Javadiyeh school"; then started studying in the Hawza (Islamic seminary). In 1975, he went to "Ayatollah Boroujerdi School" in order to continue his education in Qom Seminary. He has claimed to have received a doctorate degree in Private law from Motahari University; however, this has been disputed.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: He began his studies at the Qom Seminary at the age of 15. He then decided to study in the Navvab school for a short time. After that, he went to Ayatollah Sayyed Muhammad Mousavi Nezhad school, where he studied while also teaching other students. In 1976, he went to Qom to continue his studies at the Ayatollah Borujerdi school. He was a student of Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, Morteza Motahhari, Abolghasem Khazali, Hossein Noori Hamedani, Ali Meshkini and Morteza Pasandideh. Raisi also passed his "KharejeFeqh" (external-Fiqh) to Seyyed Ali Khamenei and Mojtaba Tehrani. According to Alex Vatanka of the Middle East Institute, Raisi's "exact religious qualification" is a "sore point". "For a while" prior to investigation by the Iranian media, he "referred to himself" as "Ayatollah" on his personal website. However, according to Vatanka, the media "publicized his lack of formal religious education" and credentials, after which Raisi ceased claiming to hold the aforementioned rank. After this investigation and criticism he "refer[ed] to himself as "hojat-ol-eslam"", a clerical rank immediately beneath that of Ayatollah. Raisi subsequently again declared himself an Ayatollah shortly before the 2021 presidential election. The decree by Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei appointing him as President, refers to him as a "hojat-ol-eslam".


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: In 1981, he was appointed the prosecutor of Karaj. Later on, he was also appointed as Prosecutor of Hamadan and served both positions together. He was simultaneously active in two cities more than 300 km away from each other. After four months, he was appointed as Prosecutor of Hamadan Province.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: He was appointed as Deputy prosecutor of Tehran in 1985 and moved to the capital. After three years and in early 1988, he was placed in the attention of Ruhollah Khomeini and received special provisions (independent from judiciary) from him to address legal issues in some provinces like Lorestan, Semnan and Kermanshah.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Hussein-Ali Montazeri named Raisi as one of the four persons involved in the 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners. Other persons were Morteza Eshraghi (Prosecutor of Tehran), Hossein-Ali Nayeri (Judge) and Mostafa Pourmohammadi (MOI representative in Evin). Names of first two persons are mentioned in Khomeini's order. Pourmohammadi has denied his role but Raisi has not commented publicly on the matter yet.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: The 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners were a series of state-sponsored executions of political prisoners across Iran, starting on 19 July 1988 and lasting for approximately five months. The majority of those killed were supporters of the People's Mujahedin of Iran, although supporters of other leftist factions, including the Fedaian and the Tudeh Party of Iran (Communist Party), were executed as well. According to Amnesty International, "thousands of political dissidents were systematically subjected to enforced disappearance in Iranian detention facilities across the country and extrajudicially executed pursuant to an order issued by the Supreme Leader of Iran and implemented across prisons in the country. Many of those killed during this time were subjected to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in the process."


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: The killings have been described as a political purge without precedent in modern Iranian history, both in terms of scope and coverup. However, the exact number of prisoners executed remains a point of contention. Amnesty International, after interviewing dozens of relatives, puts the number in thousands; and then-Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini's deputy, Hussein-Ali Montazeri put the number between 2,800 and 3,800 in his memoirs, but an alternative estimation suggests that the number exceeded 30,000. Because of the large number, prisoners were loaded into forklift trucks in groups of six and hanged from cranes in half-hour intervals.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: After Khomeini's death and election of Ali Khamenei as the new Supreme Leader, Raisi was appointed as Tehran prosecutor by newly appointed Chief-Justice Mohammad Yazdi. He held the office for five years from 1989 to 1994. In 1994, he was appointed as head of General Inspection Office.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: From 2004 until 2014, Raisi served as First Deputy Chief Justice of Iran, being appointed by Chief Justice Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi. He kept his position in Sadeq Larijani's first term as Chief Justice. He was later appointed as Attorney-General of Iran in 2014, a position that he held until 2016, when he resigned to become Chairman of Astan Quds Razavi. He has also served as Special Clerical Court prosecutor by the order of the Supreme Leader, Seyyed Ali Khamenei since 2012.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi was a member of the board of trustees of Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order for ten years by order of Seyyed Ali Khamenei. He was also a member of the "Supreme Selection Board". He is the founder of "Fatemeh Al-Zahra Seminary" (in Tehran) and the first secretary of the headquarters for reviving the enjoining good and forbidding wrong in the country. He was appointed as the prosecutor of Hamedan province, and was active there for three years since 1982 to 1984.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: His other executive and oversight responsibilities include the positions such as: membership in the "Supreme Council of Cyberspace", "the Monetary and Credit Council", and "the Anti-Corruption Headquarters".


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: He became Chairman of Astan Quds Razavi on 7 March 2016 after the death of his predecessor Abbas Vaez-Tabasi. He is the second person to serve this office from 1979. Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei enumerated serving the pilgrims of the holy shrine, especially poor people and also serve nearby, especially the poor and dispossessed as two important responsibilities of Raisi in his appointment order.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi was named as one of the Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces (JAMNA)'s presidential candidates in February 2017. His candidacy was also supported by the Front of Islamic Revolution Stability. He officially announced his nomination in a statement published on 6 April, and called it his “religious and revolutionary responsibility to run”, citing the need for a “fundamental change in the executive management of the country” and a government that “fights poverty and corruption.”


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: He registered on 14 April 2017 at Ministry of Interior with saying it's time to perform citizenship rights, not only writing act.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: On 15 May 2017, conservative candidate Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf withdrew his candidacy in favor of Raisi. It was speculated that Ghalibaf would be Raisi's first vice president if he was elected. They also joined in a campaign rally in Tehran with each other.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi has been described as "a favorite and possible successor" to Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, by several sources, (at least before his electoral defeat).


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: After election results were announced, Raisi received 15,786,449 out of 42,382,390 (38.30% of the votes). He lost to incumbent President Rouhani and ranked second. He did not congratulate Rouhani on his re-election as the president, and asked the Guardian Council to look into "violations of the law" before and during the elections, with 100 pages of attached documentation.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: In 2021, Raisi ran again for the presidency and won the election. The election had a 48.8% turnout, and 62% went to Raisi.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Out of 28.9 million votes, around 3.7 million votes were not counted, likely because they were blank or otherwise invalid protest votes.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Almost 600 candidates, 40 of which were female, registered in the election, of which 7 men were approved a month before the election by the 12 jurists and theologians on the "Guardian Council" (an unelected body that has the final decision on candidate validity based on the strength of 'the candidates' qualifications'). Three of those seven candidates were subsequently pulled out before polling day. Before he withdrew, reformist candidate Mohsen Mehralizadeh hinted that the vote would be a foregone conclusion, saying during a candidates' TV debate that the ruling clerics had aligned "sun, moon and the heavens to make one particular person the president," according to The Economist. Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, among those barred from running, said in a video message that he would not vote, declaring: "I do not want to have a part in this sin."


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi was appointed as the incumbent President of Iran on 3 August 2021, through a decree issued by the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. During his inauguration speech, Raisi stated that his government would seek to lift the sanctions on Iran imposed by the United States, but added that it would not let foreigners dictate how its economy is run.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: He was sworn-in before the Islamic Consultative Assembly on 5 August during a ceremony attended by around 260 officials, both from Iran and other countries. In his speech, he stated that Iran was actually responsible for stabilising the Middle East, that he would resist foreign pressure on Iran but widen its external relations, especially with Iran's neighbours, promised to support any diplomatic move to lift the American sanctions and assured that Iran's nuclear programme was only meant for peaceful purposes. He also promised that he would try to improve the quality of life for Iranians and defend human rights.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi appointed Mohammad Mokhber, the head of the Execution of Imam Khomeini’s Order foundation, as the First Vice President of Iran on 8 August. , a former spokesman for the judiciary, was also appointed as Raisi's chief of staff.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi's nomination of Ahmad Vahidi as Minister of Interior among his cabinet nominations was quickly strongly condemned by both Argentina and Israel, with the former having requested his arrest through a red notice of Interpol for his alleged involvement in the 1994 AMIA bombing in Buenos Aires. The Argentine foreign ministry stated that Vahidi's designation was an "affront to the Argentine justice and the victims of the terrorist attack".


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: After the fall of Kabul to the Taliban, Raisi stated on 16 August that the withdrawal of American forces from Afghanistan offered a chance for stabilising the country, which Iran would support. He also called on all parties to form an inclusive government. On 4 September, he urged that elections be held to elect a new Afghan government as soon as possible. On 18 September, he stated that Iran will not allow establishment of any terrorist group, including the Islamic State, along its border with Afghanistan and use it for attacks on other nations. In addition, he called on Taliban to form an inclusive government.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: On 20 August, Raisi appointed former Minister of Culture Mohammad Hosseini as Vice President for Parliamentary Affairs. 18 out of 19 of his cabinet picks were approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly on 25 August, except Hossein Baghgoli, whom Raisi had chosen as the Minister of Education. Many of the ministerial choices are sanctioned by the United States and several are veterans of the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi meanwhile appointed former IRGC commander-in-chief Mohsen Rezaee as the Vice President for Economic Affairs on 25 August. He also appointed him as the Secretary of the , as well as the Secretary of the Iranian government's Economic Committee. On 26 August, Iran had a renewed diplomatic clash with Argentina, when the latter condemned the appointment of Rezaee. Rezaee is also wanted by Argentina for alleged involvement in the AMIA bombing. Argentina "energetically" condemned his designation and added that "Iran must cooperate with the investigation" and added again that Rezaee's designation was another "affront to the Argentine justice".


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: On 1 September, Raisi appointed former President of Al-Zahra University Ensieh Khazali as Vice President for Women and Family Affairs and Mohammad Dehghan as Vice President for Legal Affairs. On 4 September, he stated that Iran would resume talks over its nuclear programme, which have been stalled since his election victory, but not under pressure from Western countries.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: On 5 September, Raisi appointed Meysam Latifi, former dean of Islamic education and management at Imam Sadiq University, as a Vice President and Head of the Administrative and Recruitment Affairs Organization, while Sowlat Mortazavi was appointed as Vice President for Executive Affairs and Head of the Presidential Administration. In addition, former Head of Management and Planning Organization Farhad Rahbar was appointed as the President's Assistant for Economic Affairs. Amir-Hossein Ghazizadeh Hashemi was appointed as a Vice President and the Head of the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs on 12 September.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Importation of COVID-19 vaccine meanwhile surged since Raisi took office, with over 30 million doses being imported during the Iranian month of Shahrivar, more than the vaccine imports since February 2021, while 13.4 million were imported during the month of Mordad in which Raisi was sworn-in. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced importation of 60 million more vaccines on 19 September. In a pre-recorded speech before the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly on 21 September, Raisi stated that Iran wanted to resume talks over its nuclear programme. He also stated that the hegemony of the United States was being rejected across the world and criticised its sanctions on Iran as unjust.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: A formal request had been made to arrest Raisi for crimes against humanity, if he attended the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Scotland.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: In March 2022, according to Foreign Policy, Raisi pledged alliance in favor of Russia when the conflict surrounding the Russo-Ukrainian War started.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: On September 17, protests erupted after the death of Mahsa Amini, and unrest spreaded all over the country. President Raisi promised to set up a commission to investigate the murder, but this didn't affect the protests at all, as law-enforcement agencies are allegedly retreating from small cities due to uncontrollable rioting.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: In 2019, Saeid Golkar of Al Jazeera called Raisi "the most likely successor of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei" as Supreme Leader of Iran. In 2020, Dexter Filkins described him as "frequently mentioned" as a successor to Khamenei.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi strongly supports sex segregation. He said in a 2014 interview about a planned segregation in Tehran Municipality that "I think this is a good move because the majority of women do a better job in a totally relaxed atmosphere and fit are required." He is also a supporter of Islamization of universities, revision of the Internet and censorship of Western culture. Raisi claims he sees economic sanctions as an opportunity. Raisi said: "We will have guidance patrols, but for managers." He also said: "If the government does well, the people will do well." He has said that the amputation of thieves' hands, which is based on a very strict interpretation of Sharia, is one of "our honours" and that such punishments will not be limited to now and will be continued in the future. He has said that he should be honoured and esteemed for his role in the 1988 Iranian mass executions of political prisoners.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: In 2017, Raisi reported "I see the activation of a resistance economy as the only way to end poverty and deprivation in the country." He supports development of the agricultural sector over commercial retail, which "will eventually benefit foreign brands."


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: In 2017, he promised to triple the monthly state benefits, currently Rls.450,000 per citizen, in order to tackle corruption and create six million jobs. He said (about sanctions against Iran): "Sanctions should be seen as an opportunity for economic empowerment, and we should strengthen ourselves instead of falling short."


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi said in regards to the issue of lifting sanctions: "every government that takes office (to be elected), should lift the oppressive sanctions, and it must be pursued seriously; and the neutralization of sanctions should be on the agenda and we should not condition the economy; Neither the corona nor the flood nor the sanctions should have an impact."


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: In April 2022, Raisi warned that Israel will be targeted by his country's armed forces if it makes "the slightest move" against Iran. During an interview in September of that year, he denounced the Abraham Accords, called Israel a "false regime" and questioned whether the Holocaust happened.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi said that his government's priority in the meeting with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad was to strengthen strategic ties between Iran and Syria.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: According to Raisi: No one has the right to violate the freedom and rights of girls and women; he said: "It is incomplete to talk about culture and economy without the role of women"; "Women's rights are God-given, and the government should not only not lose this right, but it should also create the conditions for it to flourish." He mentioned: in many spaces, women's role-playing is empty and women's talent, creativity, initiative and innovation can be used a lot.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi stated: "The intellectual of the society understands before the others and watches the threats of the society and soon warns the society with his poetry and art and saves the society from falling asleep like a muezzin"; According to him, supporting the people of culture and art should not be verbal and should lead to action. He said: Teachers are the true intellectuals of society and must observe and warn of harm; Teachers are the identifiers and civilizers of society.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi is married to Jamileh Alamolhoda, daughter of Mashhad Friday Prayers Imam, Ahmad Alamolhoda. She is an associate professor at Tehran's Shahid Beheshti University and also president of the university's Institute of Fundamental Studies of Science and Technology. They have two daughters and two grandchildren. One of their daughters studied at Sharif University and the other one at Tehran University.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Raisi is one of nine Iranian officials listed in November 2019 subjected to sanctions by the United States Department of State due to alleged human rights abuses.


title: Ebrahim Raisi

text: Among Raisi's works are as follows: The books of "Lectures on the rules of jurisprudence" including 3 volumes (in judicial, economic and religious sections); Erse-Bi-Wares (Inheritance without heirs); Conflict of principle and appearance in jurisprudence and law.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Bondage in the BDSM subculture, is the practice of consensually tying, binding, or restraining a partner for erotic, aesthetic, or somatosensory stimulation. A partner may be physically restrained in a variety of ways, including the use of rope, cuffs, bondage tape, or self-adhering bandage.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Bondage itself does not necessarily imply sadomasochism. Bondage may be used as an end in itself, as in the case of rope bondage and breast bondage. It may also be used as a part of sex or in conjunction with other BDSM activities. The letter "B" in the acronym "BDSM" comes from the word "bondage". Sexuality and erotica are an important aspect in bondage, but are often not the end in itself. Aesthetics also plays an important role in bondage.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: A common reason for the active partner to tie up their partner is so both may gain pleasure from the restrained partner's submission and the feeling of the temporary transfer of control and power. For sadomasochistic people, bondage is often used as a means to an end, where the restrained partner is more accessible to other sadomasochistic behaviour. However, bondage can also be used for its own sake. The restrained partner can derive sensual pleasure from the feeling of helplessness and immobility, and the active partner can derive visual pleasure and satisfaction from seeing their partner tied up.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Many couples incorporate bondage into their sex lives, often sporadically but sometimes more regularly, and find sexual bondage to be relationship-affirming. This sometimes takes the form of a sex game or sexual fantasy enactment. Bedroom bondage games may be used for sexual arousal or as a form of foreplay, that requires and implies a level of trust and a surrender of control by the restrained to the active partner. The restrained partner (called a "submissive") surrenders control to the other partner (called a "dominant"). This surrender of control happens voluntarily and under mutual understanding and consent.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: The main feature of sexual bondage is that it renders the restrained person vulnerable to a variety of sex acts, including some that they may be inhibited from otherwise engaging. The restrained partner is dependent for their sexual satisfaction on the actions of their partner, who may treat the restrained partner as their sex object.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: There are many reasons why people allow themselves to be bound. Some people feel a kind of freedom during corporal passivity, they can concentrate on their inner spirituality and feel at peace, as a participant in a study about motivation for bondage explained: "Some people have to be tied up to be free". Others experience helplessness, struggle against their bonds, and feel a degree of masochistic pleasure from the restraint and pain, as well as being unobstructed for erotic stimulation by their partner.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Bondage can be relatively simple to apply, enabling improvisation using household items and little experience, though sophisticated commercial apparatus is available. Bedroom bondage is usually mild bondage, with one partner voluntarily being put into restraints by being tied up or handcuffed. It may involve simple hand ties, bed restraints, being tied to a chair, etc. Blindfolds are a common part of bedroom play. The restrained partner may then be sexually stimulated by masturbation, fingering, handjob, oral sex, a vibrator, intercourse or other sex acts. Bondage can also be used for purposes other than sexual foreplay, for example, it may be used in erotic tickling or for sexual teasing.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: The free partner may derive erotic pleasure or achieve sexual arousal from being in a dominant situation, while the tied partner may achieve arousal from being in a largely "helpless" position in the hands of a trusted partner. Either way, the partners are usually playing out bondage games to act out their sexual fantasies.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: In 1995, psychologists Kurt Ernulf and Sune Innala from Sweden published an analysis based on answers from members of the bondage-oriented Usenet group "alt.sex.bondage". Most of the answers (76%) were from men. In 71% of the answers the active (restraining) role in bondage was played by heterosexual men, in 11% by heterosexual women and in 12% by homosexual men. 29% of the heterosexual men, 89% of the heterosexual women and 88% of the homosexual men played the passive (restrained) role. A third of the people who answered said they practised bondage in connection with sadomasochistic activities or at least thought bondage and sadomasochism belonged together.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: In a survey of American students conducted by a magazine in 1996, 24% of the people who replied claimed to have sexual fantasies involving bondage. This was claimed by 40% of the homosexual and bisexual men, 32% of the lesbian and bisexual women, 24% of the heterosexual women and 21% of the heterosexual men. 48% of the lesbian and bisexual women, 34% of the homosexual and bisexual men, and 25% of the heterosexual men and women had had practical experiences of bondage. In a survey conducted in the US in 1985, about half of the men considered bondage erotic, but according to the 1993 publication "Janus Report on Sexual Behavior", only 11% of the representatives had had practical experiences of bondage.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Because of the diversity in its forms, bondage can be divided into various different types based on its motivation.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: This form of bondage is the best known in BDSM, and denotes restraining the passive partner for an ulterior purpose, such as making them more accessible for a spanking session. Bondage for its own sake is not considered in this category.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: In this form of bondage, the restrained partner is bound for a decorative purpose, to be used as an aesthetic object, for example for erotic photography, or a form of human furniture in a BDSM party.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: In this form of bondage, the restrained partner is purposefully bound in an uncomfortable or painful position, for example as a punishment in connection of a dominant/submissive sexual play. Almost any form of bondage, when the restrained partner is left tied up long enough, can be used as torture bondage. How long this punitive form of bondage is used for varies greatly, however in bondage erotica such as John Willie's "Sweet Gwendoline" or Japanese bondage photography, it is often extensive and long-lasting.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Film bondage is a form of completely non-violent bondage for aesthetic purposes only. In this form of bondage, the restrained partner is bound lightly and is capable of escaping without great effort.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: This form of bondage is seldom used in western bondage. However, in Japanese bondage (), it is an important aspect, possibly originally having evolved from a religious tradition, where the interest is in the restrained partner's spiritual situation rather than their corporal situation.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: A subculture of gay men, sometimes called leathermen, were among the first groups to make obvious hints of their tastes of bondage into public spaces. Other groups, including pansexual and heterosexual BDSM enthusiasts, later followed suit. Early public displays were mainly limited to the wearing of certain fashion items, such as collars and cuffs.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Over time, more explicit public displays arose. The most prominent examples are LGBT street fairs, such as the famous Folsom Street Fair. These events are few in number and highly controversial in most regions.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Exhibitionist displays are another manifestation of public bondage. They are typically undertaken by individuals who fetishize public displays of sex and sexuality. However, some exhibitionist bondage is done as a social or political statement. This could be an effort to raise awareness of alternative sexuality or a political metaphor for oppression.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: BDSM clubs feature semi-public bondage. While the clubs and events are considered private, play parties feature open spaces where play occurs that allows other attendees to watch scenes in progress. Public play of this variety is more rooted in social activity and the safe space afforded by such clubs than exhibitionist fetishism.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Bondage features prominently in BDSM scenes and sexual roleplay. It is the best known aspect of BDSM even outside the BDSM scene, and does not require a BDSM-oriented sexual identity to practice. Even so-called "vanilla" people can become masters of the technical aspects of tying their partners up.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Bondage has a sexual appeal to people of all sexes and all sexual orientations, in a switch, dominant (top) or submissive (bottom) role.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Self-bondage is more complex, and may involve special techniques to apply bondage to oneself, and also to effect a release after a lapsed period of time. Self-bondage is also notably risky: see the safety notes below.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: A large variety of bondage equipment is available for use in BDSM scenes for a number of results. These include rope, straps, or harnesses which can be used to hold limbs together; spreader bars, X-frames which can be used to keep limbs apart; the body or limbs can be tied to an object, such as to chairs or stocks; the body may be suspended from another object, as in suspension bondage; or it may used to restrict normal movement, such as use of hobble skirts, handcuffs, or pony harness. Bondage may also be used to wrap the whole body or a part of it in bindings, such as cloth or plastic (saran wrap or cling film "mummification") as well as sleepsack bondage.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: One of the purposes of bondage in BDSM is to restrain a person (typically called the bottom) in a BDSM position. This may involve simply tying the hands together in front or behind. Other positions involve the use of a waist belt to anchor the hands to the front, back or sides. Other popular positions are the spread eagle, with the limbs splayed out and fastened by wrists and ankles to bedposts, door frame or some other anchoring point; the hogtie, which secures each wrist to its corresponding ankle behind the back (wider, padded restraints such as bondage cuffs are recommended for this); the balltie, which secures wrists to ankles, in front, with the knees drawn up to the chest; the crotch rope, which involves pulling a rope between the labia to apply pressure to the female genitals. Sometimes a knot is placed in the rope at the position of the clitoris to intensify the sensation. A crotch rope can also be used on males, either placing pressure directly on the scrotum or including a tie to capture the scrotum. Other positions include the reverse prayer position (not recommended unless the subject has flexible shoulders), and an over-arm tie, in which the arms are brought over the head, and the wrists fastened together behind the head and then by a length of rope, chain or strapping to a belt at the waist.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: The types of restraints used in bondage include rope, which is often preferred because of its flexibility. Rigging, however, requires considerable skill and practice to do safely. Other types of restraints include chains, handcuffs, thumbcuffs and belly chains. Institutional restraints, such as straitjackets may be used in some roleplays, and purpose-made bondage gear, such as monogloves, sleepsacks, bondage hooks and bondage tables, are also available.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Some BDSM play parties offer "bondage workshops", where couples, or people otherwise consenting with each other, can practice tying under the instruction and supervision of an experienced bondage rigger.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Bondage is safer when conducted between sober, trusted partners who are fully aware of the risks involved and the precautions necessary to ensure safety, such as informed consent. Partners who are in committed relationships may have a greater basis for trusting each other. Performing acts in a supervised location, such as a dungeon, or with a group of trusted friends may also increase safety.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: There is also a subculture of people who seek out others interested in bondage and pursue such activities with people who they do not know well. This subculture has given rise to Safe, Sane & Consensual.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Accidents and lasting damage can generally be avoided by very simple security precautions and a rudimentary knowledge of the human anatomy. One very simple safety measure is to ask the subject every so often if they are all right. Another is to check body parts like hands and feet for numbness or coldness, which can happen if nerves have been pinched or blood circulation has been blocked. Another is to check for skin discoloration. Skin that does not get enough oxygen turns bluish. If blood can get in, but cannot get out because one of the veins has been blocked, that part of the body turns purple.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: If the subject has been gagged or can otherwise not verbally communicate, a different form of the safeword is needed. For instance, they may hum a simple tune, or opening and closing one or both hands repeatedly, or releasing an object held in one hand (such as a rubber ball, or a scarf).


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Suspension bondage by hanging upside-down can be especially risky. The danger most often associated with it is falling on your head. Other dangers include nerve compression, circulation problems and fainting due to increase in blood pressure.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Scenes depicted in bondage photographs and videos are chosen for their visual appeal and fantasy value. Sometimes these positions are dangerous or cannot be maintained for more than a few minutes (i.e., "don't try this at home") such as inverted bondage or suspension from the wrists and ankles. In many cases they cannot be "acted out" with good results and are only for extremely physically fit and very experienced BDSM participants. Especially in highly artistic Japanese bondage, years of experience of bondage is required to avoid the risks.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Self-bondage carries a higher risk, particularly because it violates an important principle of bondage safety; to never leave a bound person alone. For the feeling of being tied up to be as authentic as possible, practitioners of self-bondage can use time-limit clocks, freeze their keys in blocks of ice, or use self-invented devices, in order to temporarily abandon power over their own restraint and freedom (called "tunnel play").


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Without someone to release them in the event of an emergency or medical crisis, self-bondage can lead to severe and permanent physical damage. Especially in combination with asphyxiation, self-bondage can be lethal to its practitioners.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Many people feel that bondage must be "rough and tough", as seen in many images of bondage erotica, but this is not always true. In so-called "soft bondage", the active partner can simply hold the restrained partner's hands together with their own hands, handcuff the restrained partner, or simply order the restrained partner not to move their hands, without using any physical restraint. This latter case, called "verbal bondage", appeals to many people and is far more common than most people think.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: A popular variant of bondage considers the artistic and aesthetic part of tying a person up more than the transfer of power and control, or the sexual pleasure. This type of bondage is called "shibari" or "kinbaku", and comes originally from Japanese bondage. Shibari / kinbaku can be practiced either in the traditional Japanese way or in conjunction with western bondage.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: In the American-European bondage scene, specific terms have developed for different kinds of bondage. The terms most often used in the European bondage subculture are in English, although some bondage term come from the Japanese language, such as "kata" (bondage position) or "musubime" (bondage knot). Examples of simple bondage techniques are the "spread eagle", where the restrained partner's each limb is tied to a different corner of a bed, or the "hogtie", where the restrained partner's hands and feet are both tied, and the ropes tying these are connected with each other, holding the restrained partner in a bent position. A "crotch rope" is sometimes used, where a rope is passed between the partner's legs, applying pressure to the genitals.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Just about any material that can be used to hinder or restrain a person's movement can be used in bondage. Bondage can be performed with everyday objects or specially designed BDSM equipment.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: In less BDSM-oriented vanilla bondage everyday objects, such as silk scarves, stockings, neckties and belts are often used. Soft objects such as these can also be used for binding in front of the restrained partner's eyes, temporarily blinding them.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: "Verbal bondage" is bondage without physical restraint, the subject is simply given orders not to move, or only move in a restrained fashion. The technique is sometimes known as "honor bondage".


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Rope bondage is perhaps the best known and most used form of bondage, and rope is very often used in bondage as a material for physical restraint. In the western world, almost any kind of rope can be used for bondage, such as cotton, artificial fibers, or other materials. However, in Japanese bondage (shibari), only ropes made of hemp or jute are usually used. In Japanese bondage, the rope is usually well prepared before it can be used, so that it becomes soft and easily bendable. Between bondage sessions, the rope is cleaned by washing it.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Regardless of the type of rope used for bondage, temporary superficial damage to the skin can appear where the rope has applied pressure, this is called "rope burns". In emergency situations, EMT scissors provide a quick way to free the restrained partner, however this destroys the rope.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Metal bondage is bondage involving the use of metal apparatus to restrain a submissive as part of BDSM activities. In contrast to the use of rope to secure a body, metal bondage normally requires careful preparation, since more extravagant devices have either to be built or bought from a specialist. The range of devices can vary significantly, from simple handcuffs or chains to specifically designed chairs or complex bar linkages. Chains are occasionally preferred for suspension due to their strong nature and ability to hold large amounts of weight including various other objects on top of the person being suspended. Because they feel cold to touch and rattle and clank chains add auditory and tactile sensory stimulation to the bondage scene, and can similarly be used to enhance the atmosphere of a dungeon.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Metal (especially steel) is often used in bondage, most often in handcuffs, legcuffs, thumbcuffs, hooks and chains, and is often combined with other materials. Apart from the durability of metal and the flexibility of metal items, metal appeals to many people because of its tough image and the sheer toughness of being bound by metal items. Metal is practically immune to struggling and escape. In BDSM erotica, metal chains are often associated with historical torture and prison scenarios.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Products made of leather are often used in bondage because of their flexibility and resistance to tearing. Because leather is easy to acquire, care for and work upon, it is one of the most popular materials for home-made bondage items. Many people have a fetish for leather, latex and polish and use these materials in connection with bondage, for example for cuffs, belts or neck bands. There are special bondage skirts, trousers or sacks made of these materials, as well as clothing and equipment for BDSM role play that can be used in connection with bondage. For example, harnesses are used in pony play, but would not be used without the corresponding role play.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Plastic cable ties are also sometimes used as a quick way to tie someone up securely. These ties can leave burn marks on the skin when applied too tightly, and because of their durability and resistance to struggling, must be handled carefully when applied to joints or being left in place for a longer time.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Some people regard bondage to be erotically stimulating or sexually arousing. Bondage features in some sexual fantasy scenarios. Bondage themes are present in some erotica and pornography.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Bondage pornography for heterosexual men almost overwhelmingly depicts bound women, rather than bound men, despite the fact that one of the most common fantasies in both sexes is being bound.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Bondage fantasies often involve dressing in a role outfit. Typical outfits for the submissive person invoke common icons of passivity or sexual innocence (e.g. a shepherdess, nun or schoolgirl outfit for women, or a leather slave harness and cuffs, thong, or ancient slave outfit for men). In a similar respect, the dominant person's attire often reflect images of power, control, and extreme discipline (a Nazi officer, military officer, police or prison warden uniform).


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Bondage is also presented in erotic and mainstream literary forms, including cartoons and magazines, and depicted in erotic art, such as some of the works of Gustave Doré and John Everett Millais. The mythical Andromeda was a popular subject for bondage in art by painters including Rembrandt's "Andromeda Chained to the Rocks" (1630), Théodore Chassériau (1840), Edward Poynter (1869) and Gustave Doré (1869).


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Other popular scenarios for bondage in art was that of Angelica from the 15th century epic poem "Orlando Innamorato", which is itself a continuation of the romantic epic saga "Orlando Furioso", which is similar to that of Andromeda in that the heroine is offered as a sacrifice to the sea gods; and the damsel in distress theme. The damsel in distress theme was also used in the motion picture serial "The Perils of Pauline" (1914), which found Pearl White in mortal danger on a weekly basis.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Depictions of bondage in art may be erotic, in which case they follow a heteronormative model and tend to depict a young woman in danger and fear. Examples can be found in "Bizarre", which was a fetish and bondage magazine published between 1946 and 1959 by bondage artist John Willie. It included drawings and photographs using professional models in bondage or sadomasochistic scenes.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Sweet Gwendoline was the main female character in John Willie's works, and possibly the most famous bondage icon after Bettie Page. Sweet Gwendoline was repeatedly depicted as the stereotypical naïve blonde damsel in distress. A serial about that character was published in Robert Harrison’s mainstream girlie magazine "Wink" from June 1947 to February 1950 and later in several other magazines over the years. Bettie Page was the first famous bondage model. Specifically, from late 1951 or early 1952 through 1957, she posed for photographer Irving Klaw for mail-order photographs with pin-up and BDSM themes, making her the first famous bondage model.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Bondage received a positive (if brief) treatment in "The Joy of Sex", a mainstream sex manual popular in the 1970s.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: "The Claiming of Sleeping Beauty" was an erotic trilogy published in the 1980s by Anne Rice which contained bondage scenarios, as part of a wide range of BDSM acts.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: A table in Larry Townsend's "The Leatherman's Handbook II" (the 1983 second edition; the 1972 first edition did not include this list) which is generally considered authoritative states that a grey handkerchief is a symbol for bondage in the handkerchief code, which is employed usually among gay male casual-sex seekers or BDSM practitioners in the United States, Canada, Australia and Europe. Wearing the handkerchief on the left indicates the top, dominant, or active partner; right the bottom, submissive, or passive partner. However, negotiation with a prospective partner remains important because, as Townsend noted, people may wear hankies of any color "only because the idea of the hankie turns them on" or "may not even know what it means".


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: By the 1990s, references to bondage could be found in mainstream prime-time television series such as "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", where equipment such as handcuffs or collars and concepts such as the safeword were included as a matter of course.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: The publication of Madonna's book, "Sex" (1992), which included photographs of bound nudes, did a great deal to improve public awareness of the acceptance of bondage.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: Other examples of bondage erotica include Anne Desclos’s "Story of O" (published under the pen name Pauline Réage), Frank E. Campbell's books and the artwork of Robert Bishop.


title: Bondage (BDSM)

text: The "Fifty Shades" trilogy by E.L. James was first published in ebook in 2011 and subsequently went on to become a bestseller. The print edition of the first book, "Fifty Shades of Grey" was published in 2012 and became the fastest selling bestseller, breaking multiple sales records. The trilogy revolves entirely around a fictional BDSM relationship, though it is widely considered a poor representation of BDSM relationships by those in the BDSM scene.


title: Curt Smith

text: Curt Smith (born 24 June 1961) is a British singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and co-founding member of the pop rock band Tears for Fears along with childhood friend Roland Orzabal. Smith plays bass guitar, has co-written several of the band's songs, and sings lead vocals on the hits "Mad World", "Pale Shelter", "Change", "The Way You Are", "Everybody Wants to Rule the World", and "Advice for the Young at Heart".


title: Curt Smith

text: After his departure from Tears for Fears in 1991, Smith pursued a solo career and released his debut studio album, "Soul on Board", in 1993. In total, he has released five studio albums and one EP, and has also dabbled in acting. He rejoined Tears for Fears in 2000.


title: Curt Smith

text: Smith grew up in Bath, Somerset in England, and lived on the Snow Hill council estate. He attended the Beechen Cliff School.


title: Curt Smith

text: Smith met Roland Orzabal when both were teenagers. They first formed a band in their teens, and Smith taught himself to play bass guitar. They next formed the ska-influenced band Graduate. Graduate released their sole studio album in 1980, achieving minor success in Europe. Around this time, Smith and Orzabal also became session musicians for the band Neon. Fellow band members included Pete Byrne and Rob Fisher, who went on to become the duo Naked Eyes.


title: Curt Smith

text: After Graduate and Neon disbanded, Smith and Orzabal founded Tears for Fears in 1981. Smith is the band's bass player and co-lead vocalist. Their debut studio album, 1983's "The Hurting", reached no. 1 in the UK and produced three international hit singles—"Mad World", "Change" and "Pale Shelter"—each with lead vocals performed by Smith.


title: Curt Smith

text: The duo's second studio album "Songs from the Big Chair" (1985) hit number one in the United States and went multi-platinum. The album yielded hits including "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" (with Smith again on lead vocals), "Shout," and "Head Over Heels" (which Smith co-wrote).


title: Curt Smith

text: The next Tears for Fears studio album, "The Seeds of Love" (1989), proved to be another international success. Smith's only lead vocal track on the album was "Advice for the Young at Heart". Increasing tensions between Smith and Orzabal prompted Smith to leave the band in 1991, and he moved to New York.


title: Curt Smith

text: In 2000, routine legal paperwork obligations led to Orzabal and Smith's first conversation in nearly a decade. The two patched up their differences and, along with Smith's associate Charlton Pettus, began writing a new studio album—"Everybody Loves a Happy Ending"—released in 2004.


title: Curt Smith

text: "Mad World" was re-recorded by Michael Andrews and Gary Jules for the soundtrack of the 2001 film "Donnie Darko". A 2003 single release of the song reached number one in the UK for three consecutive weeks and won Orzabal his second Ivor Novello Award. The single re-ignited interest in the group's earlier work. Their 1992 Greatest Hits album was re-released and re-entered the UK Top 10 for several weeks, garnering its second UK platinum disc.


title: Curt Smith

text: In 2021, Smith and Roland Orzabal were honoured with the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection.


title: Curt Smith

text: After leaving Tears for Fears, Smith released his debut solo studio album, "Soul on Board", in 1993. The album was unsuccessful in the UK, and was not released at all in the United States. Smith later claimed that he made the album purely to fulfill his recording contract with Mercury/Phonogram.


title: Curt Smith

text: After moving to New York, Smith formed the band Mayfield with guitarist-producer Charlton Pettus. The band featured Russ Irwin and Doug Petty on keyboards, Smith himself on bass and vocals, and Shawn Pelton on drums. According to Smith, the name of the band was a play on words (Curt is Mayfield) based on the name of the legendary American soul singer Curtis Mayfield. The band was mostly a live act, but did release a self-titled studio album in 1998; it met with little success.


title: Curt Smith

text: Smith later released the solo studio album "Aeroplane" under his own name. In the U.S., this was a six-track EP, but in Canada and elsewhere, it was essentially the earlier Mayfield album combined with additional songs from the U.S. EP.


title: Curt Smith

text: In October 2011, Smith announced on his website that he would re-release the Mayfield album on 15 November 2011. The new release, on his KOOK Media label, would include a bonus version of the song "Trees" featuring Janice Whaley.


title: Curt Smith

text: During 2000, Smith began work on what was to become "Halfway, Pleased", but the project was put on hold when he began with Roland Orzabal again after almost a decade of silence. In 2006, Smith resumed work on "Halfway, Pleased". The semi-autobiographical album explores Smith's relationships with his children, parents and friends. Smith finally released the album in the U.S. and the rest of the world in May 2008 via his own KOOK Media label.


title: Curt Smith

text: Smith made limited live concert appearances in the Los Angeles area to support "Halfway, Pleased". In January 2009, he announced that he would perform a weekly residency at The Standard Hollywood in West Hollywood, CA during the month of February 2009.


title: Curt Smith

text: In January 2010, Smith released the standalone single "All Is Love" (featuring Zoë Keating), the first track in what he said would be an album-length project of collaborations with artists he had met via social media. Smith met Keating, a contemporary classical cellist, via Twitter. The second track in the series, "Perfectly...Still (featuring Universal Hall Pass)" was released in August 2010.


title: Curt Smith

text: Smith occasionally collaborates with other artists. He worked with the French singer So (Sophie Saillet) providing vocals on her track "Les Autres", and the pair worked together again on Smith's track "Seven of Sundays" (Saillet also appeared in both videos for the song). Smith is also featured on the Shadow Bureau's 2011 track "Don't Give Yourself Away" with artist Linda Strawberry, inspired by the 2010 Australian film "Griff the Invisible". In May 2011, Smith tweeted that he was working on a track with Junkie XL which features on JXL's studio album "Synthesized" (2012). He also recorded a vocal track for the American punk band American Eyes on their song entitled "The Day We Died" from the album "Never Trust Anything That Bleeds" (2005).


title: Curt Smith

text: Smith and longtime collaborator Charlton Pettus composed and recorded the score for the 2011 film "Meth Head" (starring Lukas Haas) and the 2015 film "Gravy."


title: Curt Smith

text: Smith contributed an original song, "This Is Christmas", to an episode of the fifth season of the USA Network series "Psych".