title: Switzerland national football team

text: The Switzerland national team's traditional home kit is red shirts, white shorts and red socks, with the away kit being reverse with white shirts, red shorts and white socks, although the colours of the shorts and socks are interchangeable if there is a minor clash. Switzerland, ever since being established in 1895, have always had the same colour code, as tradition and homage to the national colours which are derived from the Swiss flag. The current kit manufacturer is Puma, who have made their kits since 1998.


title: Switzerland national football team

text: The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.


title: Switzerland national football team

text: The following players have been called up for the team in the last twelve months and are still available for a call up.


title: Switzerland national football team

text: Switzerland has yet to win a major international trophy, and the best result they have achieved thus far is the quarter-finals of the World Cup on three occasions, in 1934, 1938 and 1954, also reaching the same stage at Euro 2020. They earned a silver medal at the 1924 Olympic Games, held in Paris, where they lost 3–0 to Uruguay in the final. The Swiss youth teams have been more successful; as the U-17 squad won the 2002 UEFA U-17 Euro and the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup, while the U-21 squad qualified for the semi-finals of the 2002 UEFA U-21 Euro, and were finalists of the 2011 UEFA U-21 Euro.


title: Aardvark

text: The aardvark ( ; Orycteropus afer) is a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native to Africa. It is the only living species of the order Tubulidentata, although other prehistoric species and genera of Tubulidentata are known. Unlike most other insectivores, it has a long snout, similar to that of a pig, which is used to sniff out food.


title: Aardvark

text: The aardvark is found over much of the southern two-thirds of the African continent, avoiding areas that are mainly rocky. A nocturnal feeder, it subsists on ants and termites, which it will dig out of their hills using its sharp claws and powerful legs. It also digs to create burrows in which to live and rear its young. The animal is listed as "least concern" by the IUCN, although its numbers are decreasing. Aardvarks are afrotheres, a clade which also includes elephants, manatees, and hyraxes.


title: Aardvark

text: The aardvark is sometimes colloquially called the "African ant bear", "anteater" (not to be confused with the South American anteater), or the "Cape anteater" after the Cape of Good Hope. The name "aardvark" is Afrikaans (), comes from earlier Afrikaans "erdvark" and means "earth pig" or "ground pig" ("aarde": "earth/ground", "vark": "pig"), because of its burrowing habits. The name "Orycteropus" means "burrowing foot", and the name "afer" refers to Africa. The name of the aardvark's order, "Tubulidentata," comes from the tubule-style teeth.


title: Aardvark

text: The aardvark is not closely related to the pig; rather, it is the sole extant representative of the obscure mammalian order Tubulidentata, in which it is usually considered to form one variable species of the genus "Orycteropus", the sole surviving genus in the family Orycteropodidae. The aardvark is not closely related to the South American anteater, despite sharing some characteristics and a superficial resemblance. The similarities are the outcome of convergent evolution. The closest living relatives of the aardvark are the elephant shrews, tenrecidae, and golden moles. Along with sirenians, hyraxes, elephants, and their extinct relatives, these animals form the superorder Afrotheria. Studies of the brain have shown the similarities with Condylarthra, and given the clade's status as a wastebasket taxon it may mean some species traditionally classified as "condylarths" are actually stem-aardvarks.


title: Aardvark

text: Based on fossils, Bryan Patterson has concluded that early relatives of the aardvark appeared in Africa around the end of the Paleocene. The ptolemaiidans, a mysterious clade of mammals with uncertain affinities, may actually be stem-aardvarks, either as a sister clade to Tubulidentata or as a grade leading to true tubulidentates.


title: Aardvark

text: The first unambiguous tubulidentate was probably "Myorycteropus africanus" from Kenyan Miocene deposits. The earliest example from the genus "Orycteropus" was "Orycteropus mauritanicus", found in Algeria in deposits from the middle Miocene, with an equally old version found in Kenya. Fossils from the aardvark have been dated to 5 million years, and have been located throughout Europe and the Near East.


title: Aardvark

text: The mysterious Pleistocene "Plesiorycteropus" from Madagascar was originally thought to be a tubulidentate that was descended from ancestors that entered the island during the Eocene. However, a number of subtle anatomical differences coupled with recent molecular evidence now lead researchers to believe that "Plesiorycteropus" is a relative of golden moles and tenrecs that achieved an aardvark-like appearance and ecological niche through convergent evolution.


title: Aardvark

text: The aardvark is vaguely pig-like in appearance. Its body is stout with a prominently arched back and is sparsely covered with coarse hairs. The limbs are of moderate length, with the rear legs being longer than the forelegs. The front feet have lost the pollex (or 'thumb'), resulting in four toes, while the rear feet have all five toes. Each toe bears a large, robust nail which is somewhat flattened and shovel-like, and appears to be intermediate between a claw and a hoof. Whereas the aardvark is considered digitigrade, it appears at times to be plantigrade. This confusion happens because when it squats it stands on its soles. A contributing characteristic to the burrow digging capabilities of aardvarks is an endosteal tissue called compacted coarse cancellous bone (CCCB). The stress and strain resistance provided by CCCB allows aardvarks to create their burrows, ultimately leading to a favorable environment for plants and a variety of animals.


title: Aardvark

text: An aardvark's weight is typically between . An aardvark's length is usually between , and can reach lengths of when its tail (which can be up to ) is taken into account. It is tall at the shoulder, and has a girth of about . It is the largest member of the proposed clade Afroinsectiphilia. The aardvark is pale yellowish-gray in color and often stained reddish-brown by soil. The aardvark's coat is thin, and the animal's primary protection is its tough skin. Its hair is short on its head and tail; however its legs tend to have longer hair. The hair on the majority of its body is grouped in clusters of 3-4 hairs. The hair surrounding its nostrils is dense to help filter particulate matter out as it digs. Its tail is very thick at the base and gradually tapers.


title: Aardvark

text: The greatly elongated head is set on a short, thick neck, and the end of the snout bears a disc, which houses the nostrils. It contains a thin but complete zygomatic arch. The head of the aardvark contains many unique and different features. One of the most distinctive characteristics of the Tubulidentata is their teeth. Instead of having a pulp cavity, each tooth has a cluster of thin, hexagonal, upright, parallel tubes of vasodentin (a modified form of dentine), with individual pulp canals, held together by cementum. The number of columns is dependent on the size of the tooth, with the largest having about 1,500. The teeth have no enamel coating and are worn away and regrow continuously. The aardvark is born with conventional incisors and canines at the front of the jaw, which fall out and are not replaced. Adult aardvarks have only cheek teeth at the back of the jaw, and have a dental formula of: These remaining teeth are peg-like and rootless and are of unique composition. The teeth consist of 14 upper and 12 lower jaw molars. The nasal area of the aardvark is another unique area, as it contains ten nasal conchae, more than any other placental mammal.


title: Aardvark

text: The sides of the nostrils are thick with hair. The tip of the snout is highly mobile and is moved by modified mimetic muscles. The fleshy dividing tissue between its nostrils probably has sensory functions, but it is uncertain whether they are olfactory or vibratory in nature. Its nose is made up of more turbinate bones than any other mammal, with between 9 and 11, compared to dogs with 4 to 5. With a large quantity of turbinate bones, the aardvark has more space for the moist epithelium, which is the location of the olfactory bulb. The nose contains nine olfactory bulbs, more than any other mammal. Its keen sense of smell is not just from the quantity of bulbs in the nose but also in the development of the brain, as its olfactory lobe is very developed. The snout resembles an elongated pig snout. The mouth is small and tubular, typical of species that feed on ants and termites. The aardvark has a long, thin, snakelike, protruding tongue (as much as long) and elaborate structures supporting a keen sense of smell. The ears, which are very effective, are disproportionately long, about long. The eyes are small for its head, and consist only of rods.


title: Aardvark

text: The aardvark's stomach has a muscular pyloric area that acts as a gizzard to grind swallowed food up, thereby rendering chewing unnecessary. Its cecum is large. Both sexes emit a strong smelling secretion from an anal gland. Its salivary glands are highly developed and almost completely ring the neck; their output is what causes the tongue to maintain its tackiness. The female has two pairs of teats in the inguinal region.


title: Aardvark

text: Genetically speaking, the aardvark is a living fossil, as its chromosomes are highly conserved, reflecting much of the early eutherian arrangement before the divergence of the major modern taxa.


title: Aardvark

text: Aardvarks are found in sub-Saharan Africa, where suitable habitat (savannas, grasslands, woodlands and bushland) and food (i.e., ants and termites) is available. They spend the daylight hours in dark burrows to avoid the heat of the day. The only major habitat that they are not present in is swamp forest, as the high water table precludes digging to a sufficient depth. They also avoid terrain rocky enough to cause problems with digging. They have been documented as high as in Ethiopia. They are present throughout sub-Saharan Africa all the way to South Africa with few exceptions including the coastal areas of Namibia, Ivory Coast, and Ghana. They are not found in Madagascar.


title: Aardvark

text: Aardvarks live for up to 23 years in captivity. Its keen hearing warns it of predators: lions, leopards, cheetahs, African wild dogs, hyenas, and pythons. Some humans also hunt aardvarks for meat. Aardvarks can dig fast or run in zigzag fashion to elude enemies, but if all else fails, they will strike with their claws, tail and shoulders, sometimes flipping onto their backs lying motionless except to lash out with all four feet. They are capable of causing substantial damage to unprotected areas of an attacker. They will also dig to escape as they can. Sometimes, when pressed, aardvarks can dig extremely quickly.


title: Aardvark

text: The aardvark is nocturnal and is a solitary creature that feeds almost exclusively on ants and termites (myrmecophagy); the only fruit eaten by aardvarks is the aardvark cucumber. In fact, the cucumber and the aardvark have a symbiotic relationship as they eat the subterranean fruit, then defecate the seeds near their burrows, which then grow rapidly due to the loose soil and fertile nature of the area. The time spent in the intestine of the aardvark helps the fertility of the seed, and the fruit provides needed moisture for the aardvark. They avoid eating the African driver ant and red ants. Due to their stringent diet requirements, they require a large range to survive. An aardvark emerges from its burrow in the late afternoon or shortly after sunset, and forages over a considerable home range encompassing . While foraging for food, the aardvark will keep its nose to the ground and its ears pointed forward, which indicates that both smell and hearing are involved in the search for food. They zig-zag as they forage and will usually not repeat a route for 5–8 days as they appear to allow time for the termite nests to recover before feeding on it again.


title: Aardvark

text: During a foraging period, they will stop to dig a "V" shaped trench with their forefeet and then sniff it profusely as a means to explore their location. When a concentration of ants or termites is detected, the aardvark digs into it with its powerful front legs, keeping its long ears upright to listen for predators, and takes up an astonishing number of insects with its long, sticky tongue—as many as 50,000 in one night have been recorded. Its claws enable it to dig through the extremely hard crust of a termite or ant mound quickly. It avoids inhaling the dust by sealing the nostrils. When successful, the aardvark's long (up to ) tongue licks up the insects; the termites' biting, or the ants' stinging attacks are rendered futile by the tough skin. After an aardvark visit at a termite mound, other animals will visit to pick up all the leftovers. Termite mounds alone do not provide enough food for the aardvark, so they look for termites that are on the move. When these insects move, they can form columns long and these tend to provide easy pickings with little effort exerted by the aardvark. These columns are more common in areas of livestock or other hoofed animals. The trampled grass and dung attract termites from the "Odontotermes", "Microtermes", and "Pseudacanthotermes" genera.


title: Aardvark

text: On a nightly basis they tend to be more active during the first portion of night (roughly the four hours between 8:00p.m. and 12:00a.m.); however, they don't seem to prefer bright or dark nights over the other. During adverse weather or if disturbed they will retreat to their burrow systems. They cover between per night; however, some studies have shown that they may traverse as far as in a night.


title: Aardvark

text: Aardvarks shift their circadian rhythms to more diurnal activity patterns in response to a reduced food supply. This survival tactic may signify an increased risk of imminent mortality.


title: Aardvark

text: The aardvark is a rather quiet animal. However, it does make soft grunting sounds as it forages and loud grunts as it makes for its tunnel entrance. It makes a bleating sound if frightened. When it is threatened it will make for one of its burrows. If one is not close it will dig a new one rapidly. This new one will be short and require the aardvark to back out when the coast is clear.


title: Aardvark

text: The aardvark is known to be a good swimmer and has been witnessed successfully swimming in strong currents. It can dig a yard of tunnel in about five minutes, but otherwise moves fairly slowly.


title: Aardvark

text: When leaving the burrow at night, they pause at the entrance for about ten minutes, sniffing and listening. After this period of watchfulness, it will bound out and within seconds it will be away. It will then pause, prick its ears, twisting its head to listen, then jump and move off to start foraging.


title: Aardvark

text: Aside from digging out ants and termites, the aardvark also excavates burrows in which to live, which generally fall into one of three categories: burrows made while foraging, refuge and resting location, and permanent homes. Temporary sites are scattered around the home range and are used as refuges, while the main burrow is also used for breeding. Main burrows can be deep and extensive, have several entrances and can be as long as . These burrows can be large enough for a person to enter. The aardvark changes the layout of its home burrow regularly, and periodically moves on and makes a new one. The old burrows are an important part of the African wildlife scene. As they are vacated, then they are inhabited by smaller animals like the African wild dog, ant-eating chat, "Nycteris thebaica" and warthogs. Other animals that use them are hares, mongooses, hyenas, owls, pythons, and lizards. Without these refuges many animals would die during wildfire season. Only mothers and young share burrows; however, the aardvark is known to live in small family groups or as a solitary creature. If attacked in the tunnel, it will escape by digging out of the tunnel thereby placing the fresh fill between it and its predator, or if it decides to fight it will roll onto its back, and attack with its claws. The aardvark has been known to sleep in a recently excavated ant nest, which also serves as protection from its predators.


title: Aardvark

text: Aardvarks pair only during the breeding season; after a gestation period of seven months, one cub weighing around is born during May–July. When born, the young has flaccid ears and many wrinkles. When nursing, it will nurse off each teat in succession. After two weeks, the folds of skin disappear and after three, the ears can be held upright. After 5–6 weeks, body hair starts growing. It is able to leave the burrow to accompany its mother after only two weeks and eats termites at 9 weeks, and is weaned between three months and 16 weeks. At six months of age, it is able to dig its own burrows, but it will often remain with the mother until the next mating season, and is sexually mature from approximately two years of age.


title: Aardvark

text: Aardvarks were thought to have declining numbers, however, this is possibly because they are not readily seen. There are no definitive counts because of their nocturnal and secretive habits; however, their numbers seem to be stable overall. They are not considered common anywhere in Africa, but due to their large range, they maintain sufficient numbers. There may be a slight decrease in numbers in eastern, northern, and western Africa. Southern African numbers are not decreasing. It has received an official designation from the IUCN as least concern. However, they are a species in a precarious situation, as they are so dependent on such specific food; therefore if a problem arises with the abundance of termites, the species as a whole would be affected drastically.


title: Aardvark

text: Recent research suggests that aardvarks may be particularly vulnerable to alterations in temperature caused by climate change. Droughts negatively impact the availability of termites and ants, which comprise the bulk of an aardvark's diet. Nocturnal species faced with resource scarcity may increase their diurnal activity to spare the energy costs of staying warm at night, but this comes at the cost of withstanding high temperatures during the day. A study on aardvarks in the Kalahari Desert saw that five out of six aardvarks being studied perished following a drought. Aardvarks that survive droughts can take long periods of time to regain health and optimal thermoregulatory physiology, reducing the reproductive potential of the species.


title: Aardvark

text: Aardvarks handle captivity well. The first zoo to have one was London Zoo in 1869, which had an animal from South Africa.


title: Aardvark

text: In African folklore, the aardvark is much admired because of its diligent quest for food and its fearless response to soldier ants. Hausa magicians make a charm from the heart, skin, forehead, and nails of the aardvark, which they then proceed to pound together with the root of a certain tree. Wrapped in a piece of skin and worn on the chest, the charm is said to give the owner the ability to pass through walls or roofs at night. The charm is said to be used by burglars and those seeking to visit young girls without their parents' permission. Also, some tribes, such as the Margbetu, Ayanda, and Logo, will use aardvark teeth to make bracelets, which are regarded as good luck charms. The meat, which has a resemblance to pork, is eaten in certain cultures.


title: Aardvark

text: The ancient Egyptian god Set is usually depicted with the head of an unidentified animal, whose similarity to an aardvark has been noted in scholarship.


title: Aardvark

text: The titular character of "Arthur", an animated television series for children based on a book series and produced by WGBH, shown in more than 180 countries, is an aardvark. In the first book of the series, "Arthur's Nose" (1976), he has a long, aardvark-like nose, but in later books, his face becomes more rounded.


title: Aardvark

text: An aardvark features as the antagonist in the cartoon "The Ant and the Aardvark" as well as in the Canadian animated series "The Raccoons".


title: Aardvark

text: The supersonic fighter-bomber F-111/FB-111 was nicknamed the Aardvark because of its long nose resembling the animal. It also had similarities with its nocturnal missions flown at a very low level employing ordnance that could penetrate deep into the ground. In the US Navy, the squadron VF-114 was nicknamed the Aardvarks, flying F-4s and then F-14s. The squadron mascot was adapted from the animal in the comic strip "B.C.", which the F-4 was said to resemble.


title: Exponential function

text: The exponential function is a mathematical function denoted by formula_1 or formula_2 (where the argument is written as an exponent). Unless otherwise specified, the term generally refers to the positive-valued function of a real variable, although it can be extended to the complex numbers or generalized to other mathematical objects like matrices or Lie algebras. The exponential function originated from the notion of exponentiation (repeated multiplication), but modern definitions (there are several equivalent characterizations) allow it to be rigorously extended to all real arguments, including irrational numbers. Its ubiquitous occurrence in pure and applied mathematics led mathematician Walter Rudin to opine that the exponential function is "the most important function in mathematics".


title: Exponential function

text: which, along with the definition formula_4, shows that formula_5 for positive integers , and relates the exponential function to the elementary notion of exponentiation. The base of the exponential function, its value at 1, formula_4, is a ubiquitous mathematical constant called Euler's number.


title: Exponential function

text: While other continuous nonzero functions formula_7 that satisfy the exponentiation identity are also known as "exponential functions", the exponential function exp is the unique real-valued function of a real variable whose derivative is itself and whose value at is ; that is, formula_8 for all real , and formula_9 Thus, exp is sometimes called the natural exponential function to distinguish it from these other exponential functions, which are the functions of the form formula_10 where the base is a positive real number. The relation formula_11 for positive and real or complex establishes a strong relationship between these functions, which explains this ambiguous terminology.


title: Exponential function

text: The real exponential function can also be defined as a power series. This power series definition is readily extended to complex arguments to allow the complex exponential function formula_12 to be defined. The complex exponential function takes on all complex values except for 0 and is closely related to the complex trigonometric functions, as shown by Euler's formula.


title: Exponential function

text: Motivated by more abstract properties and characterizations of the exponential function, the exponential can be generalized to and defined for entirely different kinds of mathematical objects (for example, a square matrix or a Lie algebra).


title: Exponential function

text: In applied settings, exponential functions model a relationship in which a constant change in the independent variable gives the same proportional change (that is, percentage increase or decrease) in the dependent variable. This occurs widely in the natural and social sciences, as in a self-reproducing population, a fund accruing compound interest, or a growing body of manufacturing expertise. Thus, the exponential function also appears in a variety of contexts within physics, computer science, chemistry, engineering, mathematical biology, and economics.


title: Exponential function

text: The real exponential function is a bijection from formula_13 to formula_14. Its inverse function is the natural logarithm, denoted formula_15 formula_16 or formula_17 because of this, some old texts refer to the exponential function as the antilogarithm.


title: Exponential function

text: The graph of formula_18 is upward-sloping, and increases faster as increases. The graph always lies above the -axis, but becomes arbitrarily close to it for large negative ; thus, the -axis is a horizontal asymptote. The equation formula_19 means that the slope of the tangent to the graph at each point is equal to its -coordinate at that point.


title: Exponential function

text: The exponential function formula_20 is sometimes called the "natural exponential function" for distinguishing it from the other exponential functions. The study of any exponential function can easily be reduced to that of the natural exponential function, since per definition, for positive ,


title: Exponential function

text: As functions of a real variable, exponential functions are uniquely characterized by the fact that the derivative of such a function is directly proportional to the value of the function. The constant of proportionality of this relationship is the natural logarithm of the base :


title: Exponential function

text: For , the function formula_23 is increasing (as depicted for and ), because formula_24 makes the derivative always positive; while for , the function is decreasing (as depicted for ); and for the function is constant.


title: Exponential function

text: Euler's number is the unique base for which the constant of proportionality is 1, since formula_25, so that the function is its own derivative:


title: Exponential function

text: This function, also denoted as , is called the "natural exponential function", or simply "the exponential function". Since any exponential function can be written in terms of the natural exponential as formula_11, it is computationally and conceptually convenient to reduce the study of exponential functions to this particular one. The natural exponential is hence denoted by


title: Exponential function

text: The former notation is commonly used for simpler exponents, while the latter is preferred when the exponent is a complicated expression.


title: Exponential function

text: For real numbers and , a function of the form formula_30 is also an exponential function, since it can be rewritten as


title: Exponential function

text: The real exponential function formula_32 can be characterized in a variety of equivalent ways. It is commonly defined by the following power series:


title: Exponential function

text: Since the radius of convergence of this power series is infinite, this definition is, in fact, applicable to all complex numbers formula_34 (see for the extension of formula_35 to the complex plane). The constant can then be defined as formula_36


title: Exponential function

text: The term-by-term differentiation of this power series reveals that formula_37 for all real , leading to another common characterization of formula_35 as the unique solution of the differential equation


title: Exponential function

text: Based on this characterization, the chain rule shows that its inverse function, the natural logarithm, satisfies formula_41 for formula_42 or formula_43 This relationship leads to a less common definition of the real exponential function formula_35 as the solution formula_45 to the equation


title: Exponential function

text: By way of the binomial theorem and the power series definition, the exponential function can also be defined as the following limit:


title: Exponential function

text: It can be shown that every continuous, nonzero solution of the functional equation formula_48 is an exponential function, formula_49 with formula_50


title: Exponential function

text: The exponential function arises whenever a quantity grows or decays at a rate proportional to its current value. One such situation is continuously compounded interest, and in fact it was this observation that led Jacob Bernoulli in 1683 to the number


title: Exponential function

text: If a principal amount of 1 earns interest at an annual rate of compounded monthly, then the interest earned each month is times the current value, so each month the total value is multiplied by , and the value at the end of the year is . If instead interest is compounded daily, this becomes . Letting the number of time intervals per year grow without bound leads to the limit definition of the exponential function,


title: Exponential function

text: This is one of a number of characterizations of the exponential function; others involve series or differential equations.


title: Exponential function

text: From any of these definitions it can be shown that the exponential function obeys the basic exponentiation identity,


title: Exponential function

text: The derivative (rate of change) of the exponential function is the exponential function itself. More generally, a function with a rate of change "proportional" to the function itself (rather than equal to it) is expressible in terms of the exponential function. This function property leads to exponential growth or exponential decay.


title: Exponential function

text: The exponential function extends to an entire function on the complex plane. Euler's formula relates its values at purely imaginary arguments to trigonometric functions. The exponential function also has analogues for which the argument is a matrix, or even an element of a Banach algebra or a Lie algebra.


title: Exponential function

text: The importance of the exponential function in mathematics and the sciences stems mainly from its property as the unique function which is equal to its derivative and is equal to 1 when . That is,


title: Exponential function

text: Functions of the form for constant are the only functions that are equal to their derivative (by the Picard–Lindelöf theorem). Other ways of saying the same thing include:


title: Exponential function

text: If a variable's growth or decay rate is proportional to its size—as is the case in unlimited population growth (see Malthusian catastrophe), continuously compounded interest, or radioactive decay—then the variable can be written as a constant times an exponential function of time. Explicitly for any real constant , a function satisfies if and only if for some constant . The constant "k" is called the decay constant, disintegration constant, rate constant, or transformation constant.


title: Exponential function

text: As in the real case, the exponential function can be defined on the complex plane in several equivalent forms. The most common definition of the complex exponential function parallels the power series definition for real arguments, where the real variable is replaced by a complex one:


title: Exponential function

text: Alternatively, the complex exponential function may be defined by modelling the limit definition for real arguments, but with the real variable replaced by a complex one:


title: Exponential function

text: For the power series definition, term-wise multiplication of two copies of this power series in the Cauchy sense, permitted by Mertens' theorem, shows that the defining multiplicative property of exponential functions continues to hold for all complex arguments:


title: Exponential function

text: The definition of the complex exponential function in turn leads to the appropriate definitions extending the trigonometric functions to complex arguments.


title: Exponential function

text: In this expansion, the rearrangement of the terms into real and imaginary parts is justified by the absolute convergence of the series. The real and imaginary parts of the above expression in fact correspond to the series expansions of and , respectively.


title: Exponential function

text: This correspondence provides motivation for cosine and sine for all complex arguments in terms of formula_65 and the equivalent power series:


title: Exponential function

text: The functions , , and so defined have infinite radii of convergence by the ratio test and are therefore entire functions (that is, holomorphic on formula_68). The range of the exponential function is formula_69, while the ranges of the complex sine and cosine functions are both formula_68 in its entirety, in accord with Picard's theorem, which asserts that the range of a nonconstant entire function is either all of formula_68, or formula_68 excluding one lacunary value.


title: Exponential function

text: We could alternatively define the complex exponential function based on this relationship. If , where and are both real, then we could define its exponential as


title: Exponential function

text: where , , and on the right-hand side of the definition sign are to be interpreted as functions of a real variable, previously defined by other means.


title: Exponential function

text: For formula_75, the relationship formula_76 holds, so that formula_77 for real formula_78 and formula_79 maps the real line (mod ) to the unit circle in the complex plane. Moreover, going from formula_80 to formula_81, the curve defined by formula_82 traces a segment of the unit circle of length


title: Exponential function

text: starting from in the complex plane and going counterclockwise. Based on these observations and the fact that the measure of an angle in radians is the arc length on the unit circle subtended by the angle, it is easy to see that, restricted to real arguments, the sine and cosine functions as defined above coincide with the sine and cosine functions as introduced in elementary mathematics via geometric notions.


title: Exponential function

text: When its domain is extended from the real line to the complex plane, the exponential function retains the following properties:


title: Exponential function

text: Extending the natural logarithm to complex arguments yields the complex logarithm , which is a multivalued function.


title: Exponential function

text: for all complex numbers and . This is also a multivalued function, even when is real. This distinction is problematic, as the multivalued functions and are easily confused with their single-valued equivalents when substituting a real number for . The rule about multiplying exponents for the case of positive real numbers must be modified in a multivalued context:


title: Exponential function

text: The exponential function maps any line in the complex plane to a logarithmic spiral in the complex plane with the center at the origin. Two special cases exist: when the original line is parallel to the real axis, the resulting spiral never closes in on itself; when the original line is parallel to the imaginary axis, the resulting spiral is a circle of some radius.


title: Exponential function

text: Starting with a color-coded portion of the formula_90 domain, the following are depictions of the graph as variously projected into two or three dimensions.


title: Exponential function

text: The third and fourth images show how the graph in the second image extends into one of the other two dimensions not shown in the second image.


title: Exponential function

text: The third image shows the graph extended along the real formula_91 axis. It shows the graph is a surface of revolution about the formula_91 axis of the graph of the real exponential function, producing a horn or funnel shape.


title: Exponential function

text: The fourth image shows the graph extended along the imaginary formula_45 axis. It shows that the graph's surface for positive and negative formula_45 values doesn't really meet along the negative real formula_92 axis, but instead forms a spiral surface about the formula_45 axis. Because its formula_45 values have been extended to , this image also better depicts the 2π periodicity in the imaginary formula_45 value.


title: Exponential function

text: However, when is not an integer, this function is multivalued, because is not unique (see failure of power and logarithm identities).


title: Exponential function

text: The power series definition of the exponential function makes sense for square matrices (for which the function is called the matrix exponential) and more generally in any unital Banach algebra . In this setting, , and is invertible with inverse for any in . If , then , but this identity can fail for noncommuting and .


title: Exponential function

text: Or can be defined as , where is the solution to the differential equation , with initial condition ; it follows that for every in .


title: Exponential function

text: Given a Lie group and its associated Lie algebra formula_104, the exponential map is a map formula_104 satisfying similar properties. In fact, since is the Lie algebra of the Lie group of all positive real numbers under multiplication, the ordinary exponential function for real arguments is a special case of the Lie algebra situation. Similarly, since the Lie group of invertible matrices has as Lie algebra , the space of all matrices, the exponential function for square matrices is a special case of the Lie algebra exponential map.


title: Exponential function

text: The identity can fail for Lie algebra elements and that do not commute; the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula supplies the necessary correction terms.


title: Exponential function

text: If are distinct complex numbers, then are linearly independent over . It follows that is transcendental over .


title: Exponential function

text: When computing (an approximation of) the exponential function near the argument , the result will be close to 1, and computing the value of the difference formula_106 with floating-point arithmetic may lead to the loss of (possibly all) significant figures, producing a large calculation error, possibly even a meaningless result.


title: Exponential function

text: Following a proposal by William Kahan, it may thus be useful to have a dedicated routine, often called codice_1, for computing directly, bypassing computation of . For example, if the exponential is computed by using its Taylor series


title: Exponential function

text: This was first implemented in 1979 in the Hewlett-Packard HP-41C calculator, and provided by several calculators, operating systems (for example Berkeley UNIX 4.3BSD), computer algebra systems, and programming languages (for example C99).


title: Exponential function

text: In addition to base , the IEEE 754-2008 standard defines similar exponential functions near 0 for base 2 and 10: formula_110 and formula_111.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The Marx Brothers were an American family comedy act that was successful in vaudeville, on Broadway, and in motion pictures from 1905 to 1949. Five of the Marx Brothers' thirteen feature films were selected by the American Film Institute (AFI) as among the top 100 comedy films, with two of them, "Duck Soup" (1933) and "A Night at the Opera" (1935), in the top fifteen. They are widely considered by critics, scholars and fans to be among the greatest and most influential comedians of the 20th century. The brothers were included in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars list of the 25 greatest male stars of Classical Hollywood cinema, the only performers to be included collectively.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The brothers are almost universally known by their stage names: Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Gummo, and Zeppo. There was a sixth brother, the first born, named Manfred (Mannie), who died in infancy; Zeppo was given the middle name Manfred in his memory.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The core of the act was the three elder brothers: Chico, Harpo, and Groucho, each of whom developed a highly distinctive stage persona. After the group essentially disbanded in 1950, Groucho went on to a successful second career in television, while Harpo and Chico appeared less prominently. The two younger brothers, Gummo and Zeppo, never developed their stage characters to the same extent as the elder three. Both left the act to pursue business careers at which they were successful, and for a time ran a large theatrical agency through which they represented their brothers and others. Gummo was not in any of the movies; Zeppo appeared in the first five films in relatively straight (non-comedic) roles. The early performing lives of the brothers owed much to their mother, Minnie Marx (the sister of vaudeville comic Al Shean), who acted as their manager until her death in 1929.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The Marx Brothers were born in New York City, the sons of Jewish immigrants from Germany and France. Their mother Miene "Minnie" Schoenberg (professionally known as Minnie Palmer, later the brothers' manager) was from Dornum in East Frisia. She came from a family of performers. Her mother was a yodeling harpist and her father a ventriloquist; both were funfair entertainers. Around 1880, the family emigrated to New York City, where Minnie married Sam Marx in 1884.


title: Marx Brothers

text: Samuel ("Sam"; born Simon) Marx was a native of Mertzwiller, a small Alsatian village, and worked as a tailor. His name was changed to Samuel Marx, and he was nicknamed "Frenchy". The family lived in the New York City's Upper East Side in the Yorkville, Manhattan district centered in the Irish, German and Italian quarters.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The Marx Brothers also had an older 'sister'—actually a cousin, born in January 1885—who had been adopted by Minnie and Frenchie. Her name was Pauline, or "Polly".


title: Marx Brothers

text: Leonard Joseph "Chico" Marx is the eldest of the brothers, born in 1887. Adolph "Harpo" Marx was born in 1888, Julius Henry "Groucho" Marx in 1890, Milton "Gummo" Marx in 1892, and the youngest Herbert Manfred "Zeppo" Marx in 1901.


title: Marx Brothers

text: Family lore told privately of the firstborn son, Manny, born in 1886 but surviving for only three months, and dying of tuberculosis. Some members of the Marx family wondered whether he was real, but Manfred's death certificate from the Borough of Manhattan reveals that he died, aged seven months, on 17 July 1886, of enterocolitis, with "asthenia" contributing, i.e., probably a victim of influenza. He is buried in Washington Cemetery (Brooklyn, NY), beside his grandmother, Fanny Sophie Schönberg (née Salomons), who died on 10 April 1901.


title: Marx Brothers

text: During the early 20th century, Minnie helped her younger brother Abraham Elieser Adolf Schönberg (stage name Al Shean) to enter show business; he became highly successful in vaudeville and on Broadway as half of the musical comedy double act Gallagher and Shean, and this gave the brothers an entrée to musical comedy, vaudeville and Broadway at Minnie's instigation. Minnie also acted as the brothers' manager, using the name Minnie Palmer so that agents did not realize that she was also their mother. All the brothers confirmed that Minnie Marx had been the head of the family and the driving force in getting the troupe launched, the only person who could keep them in order; she was said to be a hard bargainer with theatre management.


title: Marx Brothers

text: As the comedy act developed, it increasingly focused on the stage characters created by the elder brothers Chico, Harpo, and Groucho, leaving little room for the younger brothers. Gummo and Zeppo both became successful businessmen: Gummo left the act early and gained success through his talent agency activities and a raincoat business, Zeppo stayed with the act through its Broadway years and the beginnings of its film career, but then quit and later became a multi-millionaire through his engineering business.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The brothers were from a family of artists, and their musical talent was encouraged from an early age. Harpo was particularly talented, learning to play an estimated six different instruments throughout his career. He became a dedicated harpist, which gave him his nickname. Chico was an excellent pianist, Groucho a guitarist and singer, and Zeppo a vocalist.


title: Marx Brothers

text: They got their start in vaudeville, where their uncle Albert Schönberg performed as Al Shean of Gallagher and Shean. Groucho's debut was in 1905, mainly as a singer. By 1907, he and Gummo were singing together as "The Three Nightingales" with Mabel O'Donnell. The next year, Harpo became the fourth Nightingale and by 1910, the group briefly expanded to include their mother Minnie and their Aunt Hannah. The troupe was renamed "The Six Mascots".


title: Marx Brothers

text: One evening in 1912, a performance at the Opera House in Nacogdoches, Texas, was interrupted by shouts from outside about a runaway mule. The audience hurried out to see what was happening. Groucho was angered by the interruption and, when the audience returned, he made snide comments at their expense, including "Nacogdoches is full of roaches" and "the jackass is the flower of Tex-ass". Instead of becoming angry, the audience laughed. The family then realized that it had potential as a comic troupe. (However, in his autobiography "Harpo Speaks", Harpo Marx stated that the runaway mule incident occurred in Ada, Oklahoma. A 1930 article in the "San Antonio Express" newspaper stated that the incident took place in Marshall, Texas.)


title: Marx Brothers

text: The act slowly evolved from singing with comedy to comedy with music. The brothers' sketch "Fun in Hi Skule" featured Groucho as a German-accented teacher presiding over a classroom that included students Harpo, Gummo, and Chico. The last version of the school act was titled "Home Again" and was written by their uncle Al Shean. The "Home Again" tour reached Flint, Michigan, in 1915, where 14-year-old Zeppo joined his four brothers for what is believed to be the only time that all five Marx Brothers appeared together on stage. Gummo then left to serve in World War I, reasoning that "anything is better than being an actor!" Zeppo replaced him in their final vaudeville years and in the jump to Broadway, and then to Paramount films.


title: Marx Brothers

text: During World War I, anti-German sentiments were common, and the family tried to conceal its German origin. Mother Minnie learned that farmers were excluded from the draft rolls, so she purchased a poultry farm near Countryside, Illinois—but the brothers soon found that chicken ranching was not in their blood. During this time, Groucho discontinued his "German" stage personality.


title: Marx Brothers

text: By this time, "The Four Marx Brothers" had begun to incorporate their unique style of comedy into their act and to develop their characters. Both Groucho's and Harpo's memoirs say that their now-famous on-stage personae were created by Al Shean. Groucho began to wear his trademark greasepaint mustache and to use a stooped walk. Harpo stopped speaking onstage and began to wear a red fright wig and carry a taxi-cab horn. Chico spoke with a fake Italian accent, developed off-stage to deal with neighborhood toughs, while Zeppo adopted the role of the romantic (and "peerlessly cheesy", according to James Agee) straight man.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The on-stage personalities of Groucho, Chico, and Harpo were said to have been based on their actual traits. Zeppo, on the other hand, was considered the funniest brother offstage, despite his straight stage roles. He was the youngest and had grown up watching his brothers, so he could fill in for and imitate any of the others when illness kept them from performing. "He was so good as Captain Spaulding [in "Animal Crackers"] that I would have let him play the part indefinitely, if they had allowed me to smoke in the audience," Groucho recalled. (Zeppo stood in for Groucho in the film version of "Animal Crackers". Groucho was unavailable to film the scene in which the Beaugard painting is stolen, so the script was contrived to include a power failure, which allowed Zeppo to play the Spaulding part in near-darkness.) In December 1917, the Marx brothers were noted in an advertisement playing in a musical comedy act "Home Again".


title: Marx Brothers

text: By the 1920s, the Marx Brothers had become one of America's favorite theatrical acts, with their sharp and bizarre sense of humor. They satirized high society and human hypocrisy, and they became famous for their improvisational comedy in free-form scenarios. A famous early instance was when Harpo arranged to chase a fleeing chorus girl across the stage during the middle of a Groucho monologue, to see if Groucho would be thrown off. However, to the audience's delight, Groucho merely reacted by commenting, "First time I ever saw a taxi hail a passenger.” When Harpo chased the girl back in the other direction, Groucho calmly checked his watch and ad-libbed, "The 9:20's right on time. You can set your watch by the Lehigh Valley."


title: Marx Brothers

text: The brothers' vaudeville act had made them stars on Broadway under Chico's management and with Groucho's creative direction, with the musical revue "I'll Say She Is" (1924–1925). Its success helped secure playwright George S. Kaufman, and songwriter Irving Berlin, (Two of Broadway’s best talents) for the musical comedy, "The Cocoanuts" (1925–1926) and later "Animal Crackers" (1928–1929).<ref name="britannica/Marx-Brothers"></ref>


title: Marx Brothers

text: Out of their distinctive costumes, the brothers looked alike, even down to their receding hairlines. Zeppo could pass for a younger Groucho, and played the role of his son in "Horse Feathers". A scene in "Duck Soup" finds Groucho, Harpo, and Chico all appearing in the famous greasepaint eyebrows, mustache, and round glasses while wearing nightcaps. The three are indistinguishable, enabling them to carry off the "mirror scene" perfectly.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The stage names of the brothers (except Zeppo) were coined by monologist Art Fisher during a poker game in Galesburg, Illinois, based both on the brothers' personalities and Gus Mager's "Sherlocko the Monk", a popular comic strip of the day that included a supporting character named "Groucho". As Fisher dealt each brother a card, he addressed them, for the very first time, by the names they kept for the rest of their lives.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The reasons behind Chico's and Harpo's stage names are undisputed, and Gummo's is fairly well established. Groucho's and Zeppo's are far less clear. Arthur was named Harpo because he played the harp, and Leonard became Chico (pronounced "Chick-o") because he was, in the slang of the period, a "chicken-chaser". ("Chickens"—later "chicks"—was period slang for women. "In England now," said Groucho, "they were called 'birds'.")


title: Marx Brothers

text: In his autobiography, Harpo explained that Milton became Gummo because he crept about the theater like a gumshoe detective. Other sources reported that Gummo was the family's hypochondriac, having been the sickliest of the brothers in childhood, and therefore wore rubber overshoes, called gumshoes, in all kinds of weather. Still others reported that Milton was the troupe's best dancer, and dance shoes tended to have rubber soles. Groucho stated that the source of the name was Gummo wearing galoshes. Whatever the details, the name relates to rubber-soled shoes.


title: Marx Brothers

text: I kept my money in a 'grouch bag'. This was a small chamois bag that actors used to wear around their neck to keep other hungry actors from pinching their dough. Naturally, you're going to think that's where I got my name from. But that's not so. Grouch bags were worn on manly chests long before there was a Groucho.


title: Marx Brothers

text: Herbert was not nicknamed by Art Fisher, since he did not join the act until Gummo had departed. As with Groucho, three explanations exist for Herbert's name "Zeppo":


title: Marx Brothers

text: Maxine Marx reported in "The Unknown Marx Brothers" that the brothers listed their "real" names (Julius, Leonard, Adolph, Milton, and Herbert) on playbills and in programs, and only used the nicknames behind the scenes, until Alexander Woollcott overheard them calling one another by the nicknames. He asked them why they used their real names publicly when they had such wonderful nicknames, and they replied, "That wouldn't be dignified." Woollcott answered with a belly laugh. Woollcott did not meet the Marx Brothers until the premiere of "I'll Say She Is", which was their first Broadway show, so this would mean that they used their real names throughout their vaudeville days, and that the name "Gummo" never appeared in print during his time in the act. Other sources reported that the Marx Brothers went by their nicknames during their vaudeville era, but briefly listed themselves by their given names when "I'll Say She Is" opened because they were worried that a Broadway audience would reject a vaudeville act if they were perceived as low class.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The Marx Brothers' stage shows became popular just as motion pictures were evolving to "talkies". They signed a contract with Paramount Pictures and embarked on their film career at Paramount's studios in New York City's Astoria section. Their first two released films (after an unreleased short silent film titled "Humor Risk") were adaptations of the Broadway shows "The Cocoanuts" (1929) and "Animal Crackers" (1930). Both were written by George S. Kaufman and Morrie Ryskind.


title: Marx Brothers

text: Production then shifted to Hollywood, beginning with a short film that was included in Paramount's twentieth anniversary documentary, "The House That Shadows Built" (1931), in which they adapted a scene from "I'll Say She Is". Their third feature-length film, "Monkey Business" (1931), was their first movie not based on a stage production.


title: Marx Brothers

text: "Horse Feathers" (1932), in which the brothers satirized the American college system and Prohibition, was their most popular film yet, and won them the cover of "Time" magazine. It included a running gag from their stage work, in which Harpo produces a ludicrous array of props from inside his coat, including a wooden mallet, a fish, a coiled rope, a tie, a poster of a woman in her underwear, a cup of hot coffee, a sword and (just after Groucho warns him that he "can't burn the candle at both ends") a candle burning at both ends.


title: Marx Brothers

text: During this period Chico and Groucho starred in a radio comedy series, "Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel". Though the series was short lived, much of the material developed for it was used in subsequent films. The show's scripts and recordings were believed lost until copies of the scripts were found in the Library of Congress in the 1980s. After publication in a book they were performed with Marx Brothers' impersonators for BBC Radio.


title: Marx Brothers

text: Their last Paramount film, "Duck Soup" (1933), directed by the highly regarded Leo McCarey, is the highest rated of the five Marx Brothers films on the American Film Institute's "100 years ... 100 Movies" list. It did not do as well financially as "Horse Feathers", but was the sixth-highest grosser of 1933. The film sparked a dispute between the Marxes and the village of Fredonia, New York. "Freedonia" was the name of a fictional country in the script, and the city fathers wrote to Paramount and asked the studio to remove all references to Freedonia because "it is hurting our town's image". Groucho fired back a sarcastic retort asking them to change the name of their town, because "it's hurting our picture".


title: Marx Brothers

text: On 11 March 1933, the Marx Brothers founded a production company, the "International Amalgamated Consolidated Affiliated World Wide Film Productions Company Incorporated, of North Dakota".<ref name=twitter/1237761781595901952"></ref>


title: Marx Brothers

text: After expiration of the Paramount contract Zeppo left the act to become an agent. He and brother Gummo went on to build one of the biggest talent agencies in Hollywood, working with the likes of Jack Benny and Lana Turner. Groucho and Chico did radio, and there was talk of returning to Broadway. At a bridge game with Chico, Irving Thalberg began discussing the possibility of the Marxes joining Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. They signed, now billed as "Groucho, Chico, Harpo, Marx Bros."


title: Marx Brothers

text: Unlike the free-for-all scripts at Paramount, Thalberg insisted on a strong story structure that made the brothers more sympathetic characters, interweaving their comedy with romantic plots and non-comic musical numbers, and targeting their mischief-making at obvious villains. Thalberg was adamant that scripts include a "low point", where all seems lost for both the Marxes and the romantic leads. He instituted the innovation of testing the film's script before live audiences before filming began, to perfect the comic timing, and to retain jokes that earned laughs and replace those that did not. Thalberg restored Harpo's harp solos and Chico's piano solos, which had been omitted from "Duck Soup".


title: Marx Brothers

text: The first Marx Brothers/Thalberg film was "A Night at the Opera" (1935), a satire on the world of opera, where the brothers help two young singers in love by throwing a production of "Il Trovatore" into chaos. The film—including its famous scene where an absurd number of people crowd into a tiny stateroom on a ship—was a great success, and was followed two years later by an even bigger hit, "A Day at the Races" (1937), in which the brothers cause mayhem in a sanitarium and at a horse race. The film features Groucho and Chico's famous "Tootsie Frootsie Ice Cream" sketch. In a 1969 interview with Dick Cavett, Groucho said that the two movies made with Thalberg were the best that they ever produced. Despite the Thalberg films' success, the brothers left MGM in 1937; Thalberg had died suddenly on September 14, 1936, two weeks after filming began on "A Day at the Races", leaving the Marxes without an advocate at the studio.


title: Marx Brothers

text: After a short experience at RKO ("Room Service", 1938), the Marx Brothers returned to MGM and made three more films: "At the Circus" (1939), "Go West" (1940) and "The Big Store" (1941). Prior to the release of "The Big Store" the team announced they were retiring from the screen. Four years later, however, Chico persuaded his brothers to make two additional films, "A Night in Casablanca" (1946) and "Love Happy" (1949), to alleviate his severe gambling debts. Both pictures were released by United Artists.


title: Marx Brothers

text: From the 1940s onward Chico and Harpo appeared separately and together in nightclubs and casinos. Chico fronted a big band, the Chico Marx Orchestra (with 17-year-old Mel Tormé as a vocalist). Groucho made several radio appearances during the 1940s and starred in "You Bet Your Life", which ran from 1947 to 1961 on NBC radio and television. He authored several books, including "Groucho and Me" (1959), "Memoirs of a Mangy Lover" (1964) and "The Groucho Letters" (1967).


title: Marx Brothers

text: Groucho and Chico briefly appeared in a 1957 color short film promoting "The Saturday Evening Post" entitled "Showdown at Ulcer Gulch", directed by animator Shamus Culhane, Chico's son-in-law. Groucho, Chico, and Harpo worked together (in separate scenes) in "The Story of Mankind" (1957). In 1959, the three began production of "Deputy Seraph", a TV series starring Harpo and Chico as blundering angels, and Groucho (in every third episode) as their boss, the "Deputy Seraph". The project was abandoned when Chico was found to be uninsurable (and incapable of memorizing his lines) due to severe arteriosclerosis. On March 8 of that year, Chico and Harpo starred as bumbling thieves in "The Incredible Jewel Robbery", a half-hour pantomimed episode of the "General Electric Theater" on CBS. Groucho made a cameo appearance — uncredited, because of constraints in his NBC contract — in the last scene, and delivered the only line of dialogue ("We won't talk until we see our lawyer!").


title: Marx Brothers

text: According to a September 1947 article in "Newsweek", Groucho, Harpo, Chico and Zeppo all signed to appear as themselves in a biopic entitled "The Life and Times of the Marx Brothers". In addition to being a non-fiction biography of the Marxes, the film would have featured the brothers re-enacting much of their previously unfilmed material from both their vaudeville and Broadway eras. The film, had it been made, would have been the first performance by the Brothers as a quartet since 1933.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The five brothers made only one television appearance together, in 1957, on an early incarnation of "The Tonight Show" called "Tonight! America After Dark", hosted by Jack Lescoulie. Five years later (October 1, 1962) after Jack Paar's tenure, Groucho made a guest appearance to introduce the "Tonight Show's" new host, Johnny Carson.


title: Marx Brothers

text: Around 1960, the acclaimed director Billy Wilder considered writing and directing a new Marx Brothers' film. Tentatively titled "A Day at the U.N.", it was to be a comedy of international intrigue set around the United Nations building in New York. Wilder had discussions with Groucho and Gummo, but the project was put on hold because of Harpo's ill-health, and abandoned when Chico died on October 11, 1961, from arteriosclerosis, when he was 74. Three years later after Chico's death, Harpo died on September 28, 1964, at the age of 75, following a heart attack one day after heart surgery.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In 1966, Filmation produced a pilot for a Marx Brothers' cartoon. Groucho's voice was supplied by Pat Harrington Jr. and other voices were done by Ted Knight and Joe Besser (of The Three Stooges fame).


title: Marx Brothers

text: In 1969, audio excerpts of dialogue from all five of the Marx Brothers' Paramount films were collected and released on an LP album, "The Original Voice Tracks from Their Greatest Movies", by Decca Records. The excerpts were interspersed with voice-over introductions by disc jockey and voice actor Gary Owens. The album was praised by "Billboard" as "a program of zany antics"; the magazine highlighted the excerpts of Groucho, who was "way ahead of his time in spoofing the 'establishment', [and] at his hilarious biting best with his film soundtrack one-line zingers on his love life, his son, politics, big business, society, etc.". "Village Voice" critic Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic, however, grading the LP a C-plus and recommending it only to fanatics of the comedy group, also expressing displeasure with the interspersing of small portions of "annoying music" and Owens's commentary.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In 1970, the four Marx Brothers had a brief reunion of sorts in the animated ABC television special "The Mad, Mad, Mad Comedians", produced by Rankin-Bass animation (of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" fame). The special featured animated re-workings of various famous comedians' acts, including W. C. Fields, Jack Benny, George Burns, Henny Youngman, the Smothers Brothers, Flip Wilson, Phyllis Diller, Jack E. Leonard, George Jessel and the Marx Brothers. Most of the comedians provided their own voices for their animated counterparts, except for Fields and Chico Marx (both of whom had died) and Zeppo Marx (who had left show business in 1933). Voice actor Paul Frees filled in for all three (no voice was needed for Harpo). The Marx Brothers' segment was a re-working of a scene from their Broadway play "I'll Say She Is", a parody of Napoleon that Groucho considered among the brothers' funniest routines. The sketch featured animated representations—if not the voices—of all four brothers. Romeo Muller is credited as having written special material for the show, but the script for the classic "Napoleon Scene" was probably supplied by Groucho.


title: Marx Brothers

text: On January 16, 1977, the Marx Brothers were inducted into the Motion Picture Hall of Fame. With the deaths of Gummo in April 1977, Groucho in August 1977, and Zeppo in November 1979, the brothers were gone. But their impact on the entertainment community continues well into the 21st century. Among famous comedians who have cited them as influences on their style have been Woody Allen, Alan Alda, Judd Apatow, Mel Brooks, John Cleese, Elliott Gould, Spike Milligan, Monty Python, Carl Reiner, as well as David Zucker, Jerry Zucker and Jim Abrahams. Comedian Frank Ferrante made impersonations of Groucho a career. Other celebrity fans of the comedy ensemble have been Antonin Artaud, The Beatles, Anthony Burgess, Alice Cooper, Robert Crumb, Salvador Dalí, Eugene Ionesco, George Gershwin (who dressed up as Groucho once), René Goscinny, Cédric Klapisch, J. D. Salinger and Kurt Vonnegut.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The epic graphic novel, Cerebus the Aardvark, by Dave Sim, includes a character Lord Julius who is based on Groucho's stage persona.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In "The Way We Were" (1973) the main characters attend a party, dressed as the Marx Brothers. The real Groucho Marx also visited the set, of which a photograph was taken by David F. Smith.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In Woody Allen's "Take the Money and Run" (1969) Virgil's parents give an interview while wearing Groucho masks. "Annie Hall" (1977) starts off with a Groucho Marx joke, which is referred to again later. In "Manhattan" (1979), he names the Marx Brothers as the first thing that makes life worth living. In "Stardust Memories" there is a huge Groucho poster in the main character's flat. In Allen's film "Hannah and Her Sisters" (1986), Woody's character, after a suicide attempt, is inspired to go on living after seeing a revival showing of "Duck Soup". In "Everyone Says I Love You" (1996) (the title itself a reference to Groucho's famous song), Woody Allen and Goldie Hawn dress as Groucho for a Marx Brothers celebration in France, and the song "Hooray for Captain Spaulding", from "Animal Crackers", is performed, with various actors dressed as the brothers, striking poses famous to Marx fans. (The film itself is named after a song from "Horse Feathers", a version of which plays over the opening credits.) In "Mighty Aphrodite" Woody suggests Harpo and Groucho as names for his son.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In Terry Gilliam's "Brazil" (1985) a woman in a bathtub is watching "The Cocoanuts" when troops break into her house. In "Twelve Monkeys" (1996) the inmates of an insane asylum watch "Monkey Business" on TV.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In the 1989 film "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade", Professor Henry Jones (Sean Connery) mails his diary to his son Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) to keep it out of Nazi hands. When Indy misconstrues the purpose of being sent it and returns it to his father instead, his father berates him by saying "I should have mailed it to the Marx Brothers!"


title: Marx Brothers

text: The 1992 film "Brain Donors", produced by David Zucker and Jerry Zucker, was based on the Marx Brothers films "A Day at the Races" and "A Night at the Opera". The film starred John Turturro, Mel Smith, and comedian Bob Nelson as loosely imitating Groucho, Chico, and Harpo.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In Rob Zombie's 2003 film "House of 1000 Corpses", the clown Captain Spaulding, as well as many other characters, are named after various Marx brothers characters. In the sequel, "The Devil's Rejects", a Marx Brothers expert is brought in to try to help the police get in to the minds of the fugitives who use their character names.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In the Fleischer Brothers' "Betty Boop" cartoon "Betty in Blunderland" (1934) Betty sings "Everyone Says I Love You", a song owned by Paramount Pictures, which also owned Betty's cartoons as well as the Marx Brothers film it was taken from: "Horse Feathers".


title: Marx Brothers

text: The Marx Brothers have cameos in the Disney cartoons "The Bird Store" (1932), "Mickey's Gala Premier" (1932), "Mickey's Polo Team" (1936), "Mother Goose Goes Hollywood" (1938) and "The Autograph Hound" (1939). Dopey in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" was inspired by Harpo's mute performances.


title: Marx Brothers

text: Tex Avery's cartoon "Hollywood Steps Out" (1941) features appearances by Harpo and Groucho. Bugs Bunny impersonated Groucho Marx in the 1947 cartoon "Slick Hare" (with Elmer Fudd dressing up as Harpo and chasing him with a cleaver), and in "Wideo Wabbit" (1956) he again impersonated Groucho hosting a TV show called "You Beat Your Wife", asking Elmer Fudd if he had stopped beating his wife.


title: Marx Brothers

text: Many television shows and movies have used Marx Brothers references. "Animaniacs" and "Tiny Toons", for example, have featured Marx Brothers jokes and skits.


title: Marx Brothers

text: An episode of "Histeria!" about Communism portrays Groucho and Chico, respectively, as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The Marx Brothers, as cartoon characters, appear in the final cartoon released in the Flip The Frog series, in October 1933 as well as other characters such as Buster Keaton, Laurel & Hardy, Mae West, and Jimmy Durante.


title: Marx Brothers

text: Harpo Marx appeared as himself on a 1955 episode of "I Love Lucy" in which first, he performed "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" on his harp, then, he and Lucille Ball reprised the mirror routine from "Duck Soup", with Lucy dressed up as Harpo. Lucy had worked with the Marxes when she appeared in a supporting role in an earlier Marx Brothers film, "Room Service". Chico once appeared on "I've Got a Secret" dressed up as Harpo; his secret was shown in a caption reading, "I'm pretending to be Harpo Marx (I'm Chico)".


title: Marx Brothers

text: Hawkeye Pierce (Alan Alda) on "M*A*S*H" occasionally put on a fake nose and glasses, and, holding a cigar, did a Groucho impersonation to amuse patients recovering from surgery. Early episodes also featured a singing and off-scene character named Captain Spaulding as a tribute.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In the "Airwolf" episode "Condemned", four anti-virus formulae for a deadly plague were named after the four Marx Brothers.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In "All in the Family", Rob Reiner often did imitations of Groucho, and Sally Struthers dressed as Harpo in one episode in which she (as Gloria Stivic) and Rob (as Mike Stivic) were going to a Marx Brothers film festival, with Reiner dressing as Groucho.


title: Marx Brothers

text: Gabe Kaplan did many Groucho imitations on "Welcome Back, Kotter" and Robert Hegyes sometimes imitated both Chico and Harpo on the show.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In an episode of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" Murray calls the new station owner at home late at night to complain when the song "Hooray for Captain Spaulding" is cut from a showing of "Animal Crackers" because of the new owners' policy to cut more and more from shows to sell more ad time, putting his job on the line.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In 1990 three puppets were made of Groucho, Harpo and Chico for the satirical TV show "Spitting Image". They were later used to portray the hunters in a 1994 TV production of "Peter and the Wolf", with Sting as narrator and puppets from the series as characters.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The Marx Brothers' early years were chronicled in the 1970 Broadway musical "Minnie's Boys". The show received a brief Off-Broadway revival in 2008.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The Marx Brothers were spoofed in the second act of the 1980 Broadway Review "A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine".


title: Marx Brothers

text: In the 1996 musical "By Jeeves", based on the Jeeves stories by P.G. Wodehouse, during "The Hallo Song", Gussie Fink-Nottle suggests "You're either Pablo Picasso", to which Cyrus Budge III replies "or maybe Harpo Marx!"


title: Marx Brothers

text: In 2010, "The Most Ridiculous Thing You Ever Hoid" debuted as part of the New York Musical Theatre Festival. The production was based on the Marx Brothers' radio show, "Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel""."


title: Marx Brothers

text: Comedy troupe The Firesign Theatre placed an image of Groucho Marx next to one of John Lennon on a banner reading "All Hail Marx Lennon" for the cover of their second comedy record "How Can You Be in Two Places at Once When You're Not Anywhere at All" (1969).


title: Marx Brothers

text: Rock band Queen named two of their albums after Marx Brothers films; "A Night at the Opera" (1975) and "A Day at the Races" (1976), and in Freddie Mercury's solo album "Mr. Bad Guy " in the song titled “Living on My Own” he sings; "I ain't got no time for no Monkey Business." In 2002 the band Blind Guardian would also name an album "A Night at the Opera".


title: Marx Brothers

text: The 1979 UK top five hit single "Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3" by Ian Dury and the Blockheads lists 'Harpo, Groucho, Chico' as reasons to be cheerful.


title: Marx Brothers

text: Groucho Marx can be seen on the cover of "Alice Cooper's Greatest Hits" by Alice Cooper. English punk band The Damned named their single "There Ain't No Sanity Clause" (1980), in reference to a famous quote from "A Night at the Opera". On the 1988 album "Modern Lovers '88" by Modern Lovers there is a track called "When Harpo Played His Harp". The band Karl and the Marx Brothers takes their name from them.


title: Marx Brothers

text: Harpo Marx is depicted on the cover of the album "Everybody's in Show-Biz" by The Kinks in 1972. Early versions of the record showed Groucho, but as he was still alive at the time, he was replaced on later pressings with Harpo, who had died in 1964 and wouldn't require clearance.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The band Sparks had originally been named The Sparks Brothers, as a reference to The Marx Brothers. The recent Edgar Wright documentary "The Sparks Brothers" retains this title.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In the 2018 alternate history e-book "Hail! Hail!" by Harry Turtledove, The Marx Brothers are transported back in time to 1826 and participate in the Fredonian Rebellion.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In the Vlasic Pickles commercials, the stork associated with the product holds a pickle the way Groucho held a cigar and, in a Groucho voice, says, "Now that's the best tastin' pickle I ever heard!" and bites into the pickle.


title: Marx Brothers

text: In the 1974 Academy Awards telecast, Jack Lemmon presented Groucho with an honorary Academy Award to a standing ovation. The award was also on behalf of Harpo, Chico, and Zeppo, whom Lemmon mentioned by name. It was one of Groucho's final major public appearances. "I wish that Harpo and Chico could be here to share with me this great honor", he said, naming the two deceased brothers (Zeppo was still alive at the time and in the audience). Groucho also praised the late Margaret Dumont as a great straight woman who never understood any of his jokes.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The Marx Brothers were collectively named No. 20 on AFI's list of the Top 25 American male screen legends of Classic Hollywood. They are the only group to be so honored.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The "Sweathogs" of the ABC-TV series "Welcome Back Kotter" (John Travolta, Robert Hegyes, Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs, and Ron Palillo) patterned much of their on-camera banter in that series after the Marx Brothers. Series star Gabe Kaplan was reputedly a big Marx Brothers fan.


title: Marx Brothers

text: The 1992 film "Brain Donors", directed by Dennis Dugan and executive produced by the Zucker Brothers, paid tribute to the Marx Brothers' film legacy, especially "A Night at the Opera".


title: Cheyenne Brando

text: Tarita Cheyenne Brando (20 February 1970 – 16 April 1995) was a French fashion model. She was the daughter of actor Marlon Brando by his third wife Tarita Teriipaia, an actress from French Polynesia whom he met while filming "Mutiny on the Bounty" in 1962.


title: Cheyenne Brando

text: Born in 1970, Brando was raised by her mother Tarita on the island of Tahiti, south of Papeete. Her parents divorced in 1972.


title: Cheyenne Brando

text: While growing up, Marlon Brando did not allow Cheyenne and her brother Tehotu to visit him in the United States. In 1976 he stated, "I don't think I will let them [Cheyenne and Tehotu] go to the States. As Tahitians, they are too trusting. They would be destroyed in the pace of life in the States." As a child, Cheyenne reportedly adored her father and bragged about him. As she entered her teenage years, her feelings towards her father changed. In a 1990 interview she stated, "I have come to despise my father for the way he ignored me when I was a child. He came to the island maybe once a year but really didn't seem to care whether he saw me or not. He wanted us but he didn't want us."


title: Cheyenne Brando

text: Cheyenne eventually dropped out of high school and began taking drugs including LSD, PCP, marijuana, and tranquilizers. During this time, she began a modeling career.


title: Cheyenne Brando

text: In 1989, Cheyenne was seriously injured in a car accident when she crashed a Jeep she was driving after her father refused to allow her to visit him while he was filming "The Freshman" in Toronto. She sustained a broken jaw, a laceration under her eye, and a torn ear. Marlon Brando flew Cheyenne to Los Angeles to undergo extensive reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. The accident effectively ended her modeling career. After the accident, she began experiencing bouts of depression and attempted suicide.


title: Cheyenne Brando

text: In May 1987, Cheyenne began dating 23-year-old Dag Drollet. His father, Jacques Drollet, was a member of the Assembly of French Polynesia. The pair were introduced through a get-together, as the Brandos and Drollets had been longtime friends. In 1989, Cheyenne became pregnant with their child. At Marlon Brando's request, the couple moved to the United States and into Marlon's Mulholland Drive home to await the birth of their child.


title: Cheyenne Brando

text: On 16 May 1990, Drollet was fatally shot by Cheyenne's elder half-brother Christian at their father's home. Christian Brando maintained that the shooting was accidental. He stated that earlier in the evening, Cheyenne told him that Drollet was physically abusing her. Later that night, Christian confronted Drollet about the abuse. Christian claimed that the gun went off after Drollet tried to take the gun away from him.


title: Cheyenne Brando

text: Christian Brando was immediately arrested and charged with first-degree murder two days later. The prosecutors of the case attempted to subpoena Cheyenne to testify at Christian's trial as they felt her account of the night's event was crucial in proving the shooting was premeditated. However, she refused to testify and fled to Tahiti. On 26 June 1990, she gave birth to a son she named Tuki Brando. Soon after Tuki's birth, Cheyenne attempted suicide twice and was hospitalized for drug detoxification in a psychiatric hospital. On 22 December 1990, Cheyenne was declared "mentally disabled" by a French judge and was deemed unable to testify in her brother's trial.


title: Cheyenne Brando

text: Without Cheyenne's testimony, prosecutors felt they could no longer prove that Drollet's death was premeditated. They presented Christian Brando with a plea deal. Christian took the deal and pleaded guilty to the lesser charge of voluntary manslaughter. He was sentenced to ten years in prison. He served a total of five years and was placed on three years' probation. In an interview given after his release, Christian stated that he doubted Cheyenne's accusations of physical abuse against Drollet due to her mental instability. "I feel like a complete chump for believing her," he said.


title: Cheyenne Brando

text: In the years following Drollet's death and her half-brother Christian's trial, Cheyenne's mental health steadily declined. She repeatedly entered drug rehab and psychiatric hospitals. Cheyenne also publicly accused her father of molesting her and accused him of being an accomplice in Drollet's death: Marlon Brando denied both accusations.


title: Cheyenne Brando

text: Cheyenne was later formally diagnosed with schizophrenia, became isolated from her former friends, and lost custody of her son, Tuki, to her mother, who raised him in Tahiti. As an adult, Tuki Brando, like his mother, would go into modeling and also enter medical school.


title: Cheyenne Brando

text: On 16 April 1995, Cheyenne hanged herself at her mother's house in Puna'auia, Tahiti. Neither her father nor her half-brother Christian were able to attend her funeral in Tahiti. She was buried in the Roman Catholic Uranie Cemetery in Papeete in the family crypt of Dag Drollet's family.


title: Kim Bum

text: Kim Sang-bum (; born July 7, 1989), known professionally as Kim Bum (alternatively Kim Beom), is a South Korean actor, dancer, singer and model. He is best known for his television roles as F4 member So Yi-jung in "Boys Over Flowers" (2009), guardian angel Lee Gook-soo in "Padam Padam" (2011), villainous CEO Lee Ro-joon in "Mrs. Cop 2" (2016), half-blood gumiho Lee Rang in "Tale of the Nine Tailed" (2020), and Han Joon Hwi in Law School (2021). His latest drama in 2022 is "Ghost Doctor" which he played as Koh Seung-tak, 1st year cardiothoracic surgeon.


title: Kim Bum

text: Kim Sang-beom was born in Seoul, South Korea on July 7, 1989. He attended Chung-ang University, majoring in Film and Theater.


title: Kim Bum

text: Kim joined the "Survival Star Audition", and was placed 6th out of hundreds of contestants. However, because he was under 20, he could not proceed in the competition. "Survival Star Audition" opened many opportunities for Kim, and he received multiple roles in television series. Kim made his acting debut in the sitcom "High Kick!".


title: Kim Bum

text: Kim first gained recognition for his scene-stealing role in MBC's anniversary drama "East of Eden", winning the Netizen Popularity Award at the Korea Drama Awards. He rose to prominence in 2009 after playing the role of So Yi-jung in the hit drama "Boys Over Flowers". He achieved further recognition with his supporting role in fantasy melodrama "Padam Padam" (2011), written by Noh Hee-kyung.


title: Kim Bum

text: Kim released his first studio album, "Hometown", on June 20, 2012. He performed his first solo concert, "Kim Beom Japan Live 2012", at the Stellar Ball in Tokyo's Shinagawa Prince Hotel.


title: Kim Bum

text: In 2013, Kim reunited with Noh in romance melodrama "That Winter, The Wind Blows" (2013). He made his Chinese film debut in "" directed by Tsui Hark, which became one of the highest grossing Chinese films of the year. He then starred in the thriller "Miracle Hands" by Kwon Ho-young. The same year, he took on his first historical drama "Goddess of Fire" which co-stars Moon Geun-young.


title: Kim Bum

text: In 2014, Kim was cast in his first Chinese television drama "V Love", also known as the Chinese version of "Gossip Girls". Kim subsequently starred in two Chinese films; romantic comedy "Lovers & Movies" and suspense film "The Beloved".


title: Kim Bum

text: Kim made his small-screen comeback in tvN's crime thriller "Hidden Identity" in 2015. He starred in another crime thriller "Mrs. Cop 2", and earned praise for his portrayal of a villain.


title: Kim Bum

text: In 2018, Kim appeared in "", the third installment in the comedy-mystery "Detective K" film series, marking his return to Korean cinemas after four years.


title: Kim Bum

text: In 2020, he starred in the fantasy drama "Tale of the Nine Tailed" alongside Lee Dong-wook and Jo Bo-ah.


title: Kim Bum

text: In 2022, Kim starred in "Ghost Doctor", acting alongside Rain.later July, Kim joined the UNIVERSE communication platform.


title: Kim Bum

text: In February 2012, Kim's agency announced that he was suffering from degenerative arthritis due to the dramatic weight-loss he experienced after training for his role in the JTBC cable drama "Padam Padam".


title: Kim Bum

text: It was revealed on November 1, 2013, that Kim was dating his "Goddess of Fire" co-star, Moon Geun-young. On May 15, 2014, media outlets reported that they had ended their 7-month-long relationship. Agencies of both actors confirmed the news stating: "They did break up not too long ago but have decided to remain good friends and supportive colleagues".


title: Kim Bum

text: On March 29, 2018, it was confirmed that Kim is in a relationship with actress Oh Yeon-seo. However, after a few months of dating they were reported to have parted ways.


title: Honda Fit

text: The Honda Fit (Japanese: ホンダ・フィット, Hepburn: "Honda Fitto") or Honda Jazz is a small car manufactured and marketed by Honda since 2001 and now in its fourth generation. It has a five-door hatchback body style and is considered a supermini in the United Kingdom, a subcompact car in the United States, and a light car in Australia. Marketed worldwide and manufactured at ten plants in eight countries, sales reached almost 5 million by mid-2013. Honda uses the "Jazz" nameplate in Europe, Oceania, the Middle East, Africa, Hong Kong, Macau, Southeast Asia and India; and "Fit" in Japan, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan and the Americas.


title: Honda Fit

text: Sharing Honda's global small car platform with the City, Airwave, first-generation Mobilio, Freed and HR-V/Vezel, the Fit is noted for its one-box or monospace design; forward-located fuel tank; configurable seats that Honda calls "Magic Seats", that fold in several ways to accommodate cargo in varying shapes and sizes— and cargo volume competitive to larger vehicles.


title: Honda Fit

text: Honda released hybrid petrol-electric versions of the Fit in Japan in October 2010 and in Europe in early 2011. In 2012, Honda released the Fit EV, a limited-production all-electric version based on the second-generation model in the United States and Japan, and was widely regarded as a compliance car.


title: Honda Fit

text: The fourth-generation model released in 2019 is currently sold in Japan, Europe, China, Taiwan, South Africa, and Singapore. Starting from 2020, the vehicle was phased out in most Southeast Asian and Latin American countries to be replaced by the larger City Hatchback, while it was withdrawn entirely from the North American market due to falling demand within the subcompact segment.


title: Honda Fit

text: The first-generation Fit debuted in June 2001 in Japan and subsequently was introduced in Europe (early 2002), Australia (late 2002), South America (early 2003), South Africa and Southeast Asia (2003), China (September 2004), and Mexico (late 2005). Confusingly, in Europe this Jazz is typically referred to as Mark II Jazz, especially by automotive part suppliers, the Mark I Jazz being the 1981-86 Honda City, named 'Jazz' in Europe at the time.


title: Honda Fit

text: A production model for the United States and Canada debuted in January 2006 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The car was released in Canada and the U.S. in April 2006 as a 2007 model year.


title: Honda Fit

text: The first-generation Fit uses Honda's Global Small Car platform, which is also used by Fit Aria/City (a sedan version of the Fit), the Airwave (a station wagon version of Fit Aria/City), the Mobilio, and Mobilio Spike. Depending on the region, the Fit is available with a 1.2-, 1.3- (in Europe referred as 1.4 L model), 1.5-liter i-DSI engine, or 1.5-liter VTEC engine. All four engines are based on Honda's L-series engine family.


title: Honda Fit

text: The second-generation Fit/Jazz debuted on 17 October 2007 at the 40th Tokyo Motor Show. At its introduction in 2007, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award for the second time. The vehicle offered a longer wheelbase than its predecessor and is wider and longer overall.


title: Honda Fit

text: Two engines were offered in the second-generation Fit. A 1.3-litre i-VTEC produces at 6,000 rpm and at 4,800 rpm. A 1.5-litre i-VTEC engine was also offered and produces a maximum output of at 6,600 rpm and at 4,800 rpm. The hybrid version was launched October 2010 in Japan. The Fit Hybrid featured a 1.3-litre engine and electric motor, with an estimated fuel economy of measured in accordance with Japanese 10–15 cycle.


title: Honda Fit

text: Honda also showed a concept electric vehicle based on the second generation Fit in 2010. It was mass-produced as the Fit EV in 2013–2015. The 2013 model year production Fit EV was unveiled at the November 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show.


title: Honda Fit

text: For the first time, it was also available in a station wagon body style called the Fit Shuttle. The variant was only available in Japan's domestic market.


title: Honda Fit

text: The third-generation Fit/Jazz retains the overall design concept of previous generations, notably the center-located fuel tank and multi-configuration interior concept, marketed as "Magic Seat". The model also debuted Honda's updated design language dubbed "Exciting H Design".


title: Honda Fit

text: Honda's all-new Global Small Car Platform employing ultra-high strength 780 MPa yield steel for 27% of its bodywork — and a shorter overall length (-1.6 inches (-4 cm)), longer wheelbase (+1.2inch (+3 cm)) increased rear legroom (+4.8 inches(+12.2 cm)) and increased passenger volume (+4.9 cu ft (+135.9L)) compared to its previous generation.


title: Honda Fit

text: Body panels are both welded and bolted to the frame in a hybrid monocoque and spaceframe fusion — and rear torsion beam suspension is more compact, no longer using an anti-sway bar to maximize interior and cargo space. The second-generation HR-V shares its platform with the third-generation Fit/Jazz.


title: Honda Fit

text: The Fit/Jazz Hybrid was only marketed in Japan and Malaysia for the third-generation model. It is the first model to be equipped with the "Sport Hybrid" Intelligent Dual Clutch Drive (i-DCD) system, Honda's lightweight and compact one-motor hybrid technology for small vehicles that replaces the previous Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) hybrid system.


title: Honda Fit

text: The system uses an Earth Dreams 1.5-liter Atkinson cycle DOHC i-VTEC direct injection engine rated at and paired with a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission and an internal high-output motor, IPU (Intelligent Power Unit) with lithium-ion battery, electric servo braking system with variable servo ratio control. The electric motor, a Honda H1 motor is rated at and . The system are shared with the second-generation Vezel and Grace Hybrid.


title: Honda Fit

text: Compared to the outgoing IMA hybrid, the new hybrid can now run fully on electric while driving, making it on par with Toyota Prius. Japanese cycle fuel consumption is rated for the initial model, a 35 percent improvement over the predecessor model, while its cargo capacity is 470 liters.


title: Honda Fit

text: Japanese models went on sale on 6 September 2013. Models available in Japan range from the 13G, 15X, RS and hybrid.


title: Honda Fit

text: Non-hybrid models include the 13G (Earth Dreams 1.3-liter Atkinson cycle DOHC i-VTEC engine and CVT transmission), 15X (Earth Dreams 1.5-liter direct injection DOHC i-VTEC engine), RS (Earth Dreams 1.5-liter direct injection DOHC i-VTEC engine). The RS variant, like the outgoing model, features cosmetic enhancements featuring a sporty all-round body kit, 16-inch wheels, red interior stitching and sports pedals.


title: Honda Fit

text: The U.S. model debuted at the 2014 North American International Auto Show and went on sale in June as a 2015 model year vehicle. The third-generation model replaces the previous SOHC engine with an all-new 1.5-liter DOHC i-VTEC engine featuring direct injection and an intake cam using continuously variable cam phasing with a variable lift dual cam lobe profile. Transmission options include a 6-speed manual or continuously variable transmission (CVT) with available paddle shifters adopted from the Civic. Fuel mileage ratings for automatic models are 33/41/36 mpg (LX model, city/highway/combined) or 32/38/35 mpg (EX and EX-L trim levels).


title: Honda Fit

text: Unlike the previous generation, whose only two trims were Fit and Fit Sport, there are now four trims: LX, EX, EX-L, and EX-L with Navigation. For the first time, leather seating is introduced to the North American Fit through the EX-L trim. All Fit trim levels include a multi-angle rear-view backup camera; higher trims include dynamic guidelines. Honda's LaneWatch passenger side-view mirror camera is also optional.


title: Honda Fit

text: A commemorative edition to celebrate the end of the Honda Fit for the Mexican market named "Final Edition" was launched on 1 December 2020. It is painted in the Azul Sport (Sport Blue) colour, equipped with side wings, a rear spoiler, and a commemorative plaque.


title: Honda Fit

text: The Malaysian-market third-generation Jazz is available in S, E, and V trims. Regardless of trim level, all variants get a non-direct-injected 1.5-liter "L15Z" SOHC i-VTEC engine an Earth Dreams CVT.


title: Honda Fit

text: Honda launched the facelifted Jazz and its Hybrid version in June 2017. Malaysia is the only country other than Japan to sell the Jazz Sport Hybrid. Honda gives 8-year unlimited mileage warranty on the battery.


title: Honda Fit

text: Production in Malaysia ceased in October 2021. Like in most Southeast Asian countries, the new City Hatchback served as the Jazz replacement for Malaysian market.


title: Honda Fit

text: The third-generation Jazz was launched by Honda Prospect Motor on June 26, 2014. It is equipped with the non-direct-injected 1.5-liter "L15ZC" engine and offered in three trims: the A, S, and RS, with either manual or CVT transmission, and a special edition called Black Top Limited Edition which was launched at the 22nd Indonesia International Motor Show in September 2014. It underwent two minor changes, first in 2016 where it was fitted with a new "floating" audio head unit design, added padding on passenger airbag, and redesigned wheel. In 2017, the RS is fitted with new LED headlights and underwent some cosmetic changes.


title: Honda Fit

text: The third-generation Jazz was released in India on July 8, 2015. Powering the Indian market third-generation Jazz is a 1.2-liter "L12B" i-VTEC motor churning a peak power of and a 1.5-liter "N15" i-DTEC, Earth Dreams diesel engine having a power of . India is the first and the only market, where the Jazz has been offered in diesel. The diesel engine is mated to a six-speed manual transmission. The hatchback has been offered in 5 regular variants (E, S, SV, V and VX) in manual transmission and 2 variants (S and V) in CVT (continuously variable transmission). The upper V trim in CVT comes with first in segment, steering mounted paddle shifters offering 7 virtual manual selection. In 2015, the Indian Jazz contains 90% local parts.


title: Honda Fit

text: In the Philippines, the third-generation Honda Jazz was launched in 2014 and is available in three trim levels; the base, which is the 1.5 E, was available in either 5-speed manual or CVT. The manual variant received a steel wheel rim cover, while the E CVT received a different wheel design; the high-end 1.5 VX and 1.5 VX+ variants received unique designed alloy wheels, a touchscreen panel with the AUX/USB connection, HDMI connectivity, HSA (hill start assist), VSA (vehicle stability assist), a smart key with push start/stop button, automatic climate control, a mirror with side turning lights, and a center console with armrest and ESS (emergency stop signal). The VX+ received side-curtain airbags, and all models receive ECON button, sporty illumination gauge, and four types of modes: Utility, Long, Tall, and Refresh mode.


title: Honda Fit

text: The third-generation Fit/Jazz received a facelift, which was unveiled in Japan on May 12, 2017, and went on sale on June 29, 2017. It was also revealed in Thailand on May 19, 2017, followed by Malaysia on June 6, 2017, and the Philippines on July 17, 2017. The U.S. model was revealed on June 12, 2017, for the 2018 model year. The facelifted third-generation Jazz RS was also launched in Indonesia on July 26, 2017. The facelift features new bumpers for the 1.3L and 1.5L, LED headlights and daytime running lights incorporated into headlights.


title: Honda Fit

text: The fourth-generation Fit/Jazz was unveiled simultaneously on 23 October 2019 in Japan at the 46th Tokyo Motor Show and Amsterdam, Netherlands at the 'Electric Vision' event.


title: Honda Fit

text: This generation model has been developed with electrification in mind, with the model being marketed as a hybrid-only model in Europe, and the hybrid variant being positioned as a volume car in Japan. The hybrid powertrain is marketed as the e:HEV which utilizes Honda's new dual-motor i-MMD (Intelligent Multi-Mode Drive) hybrid system, replacing the previous Intelligent Dual Clutch Drive (i-DCD) setup.


title: Honda Fit

text: The fourth-generation Fit retains the large windshield which offers optimal forward visibility, though it has a redesigned front pillar with a cross-sectional structure that differs from the previous generation. Honda stated that it improves impact absorption into the body in the event of a collision. Combined with the use of a flat dashboard and a visor-less instrument display, it provides the driver with a better view of their surroundings. The windscreen wipers have also been hidden below the top of the bonnet line.


title: Honda Fit

text: The model is not being sold in the North American market due to the declining sales of its predecessor; the HR-V has seen its production being ramped up to compensate for the discontinuation of the Fit. The model is also not being sold in Australia where it had been known as the Jazz. The cost was deemed too high for import, and the small car market has shrunk due to the popularity of small SUVs. In most countries in South America and Southeast Asia, the Fit/Jazz is replaced by the City Hatchback.


title: Honda Fit

text: The Fit was launched in Japan on 13 February 2020 and went on sale on the following day. Initial trim levels for the Japanese market Fit were Basic, Home, Ness, Crosstar and Luxe.


title: Honda Fit

text: In Japan, the Fit is offered with both conventional 1.3-litre petrol engine and the 1.5-litre e:HEV system. The take rate of the Fit e:HEV in Japan is targeted to reach 65 percent, up from the previous generation's 40 percent. In reality, the Fit e:HEV accounted for 72 percent of sales as per March 2020.


title: Honda Fit

text: The Japanese market Fit received a facelift in August 2022, which reintroduced the RS trim (replacing Ness model). The facelifted model went on sale on 7 October 2022.