title: Megami Tensei

text: "Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II" and "Shin Megami Tensei" both appeared on "Famitsu" 2006 "Top 100 Favorite Games of All Time" audience poll at No. 58 and No. 59, respectively. RPGFan's "Top 20 RPGs of the Past Decade" list was topped by the two "Digital Devil Saga" games, followed by "Persona 3" in second place, while "Persona 4" ranked fourth place. Kalata, writing for Gamasutra, referred to "Nocturne" as one of the 20 essential RPGs for players of the genre. GameTrailers cited the Press Turn system as one of the best JRPG battle systems in existence, with particular reference to the version used in "Shin Megami Tensei IV".


title: Megami Tensei

text: Alongside its critical acclaim, the series has garnered controversy both in Japan and overseas. Amongst the material cited are its demon negotiation mechanic, depictions of suicide and cannibalism, religious criticism, its use and mixture of Christian and occult imagery, political references, depictions of homosexuality, and its sometimes-strange demon designs. Specific examples have been cited by western journalists. The original release of "Persona" caused concern due to the title's religious implications. 1UP.com's 2007 game awards, which ran in the March 2008 issue of "Electronic Gaming Monthly", "Persona 3" was given the "Most controversial game that created no controversy" award: the writers said "Rockstar's Hot Coffee sex scandal and "Bully"s boy-on-boy kissing's got nothing on this PS2 role-player's suicide-initiated battles or subplot involving student-teacher dating." GamesRadar included the series on its list of "Controversies Waiting to Happen", saying that the lack of public outcry was due to its niche status when compared to other series with similar content. Writing for 1UP.com in a later article, Kalata traced this use of controversial content back to the "Digital Devil Story" novels, which depicted violence and rape committed by demons, and said that "Such violence is not particularly rare in the land of Japanese animation, but it became even more disturbing in "Megami Tensei II".


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: The KAI KF-21 "Boramae" (formerly known as KF-X) is a South Korean fighter aircraft development program, with Indonesian involvement, with the goal of producing an advanced multirole fighter for the South Korean and Indonesian air forces. The airframe is stealthier than any fourth-generation fighter, but does not carry weapons in internal bays like fifth-generation fighters, though internal bays may be introduced later in development.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: The program is led by the South Korean government, which holds 60% of the program's shares. Indonesia took a 20% stake in the program in 2010, and the remaining 20% are held by private partners including the manufacturer Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI). The KAI KF-X is South Korea's second domestic fighter jet development program, following the FA-50.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: In April 2021, the first prototype was completed and unveiled during a rollout ceremony at the headquarters of KAI at Sacheon Airport. It was officially given the name Boramae (Korean: 보라매, Translates to: 'young hawk' or 'fighting hawk'). The first test flight was conducted on 19 July 2022, with manufacturing scheduled to begin in 2026. At least 40 aircraft are planned to be delivered by 2028, with South Korea expecting to deploy a total of 120 of the aircraft by 2032. It will also be available for export market.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: In Indonesia, the KF-X development program is referred to as the IF-X program. The "Jakarta Globe" reported that the completed aircraft will receive the designation F-33.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: The KF-X advanced multirole jet fighter project, intended to produce modern warplanes to replace South Korea's aging F-4D/E Phantom II and F-5E/F Tiger II aircraft, was first announced in March 2001 by South Korean President Kim Dae-jung at a graduation ceremony of the Korea Air Force Academy. Research and development (R&D) requirements were determined by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2002. The project was felt to be extremely ambitious, with the Korea Institute for Defense Analyses (KIDA, a defense ministry think tank) doubtful of the country's ability to complete the complicated project.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: The development phase had numerous delays and postponements and its economic cost was debated, but the project received renewed interest following a 2008 feasibility study and attacks by North Korea in 2010. Although the project carried risks and the expected per-unit cost would be significantly higher than purchasing from foreign manufacturers, the development of the domestic defense industry was deemed to be of national importance and was expected to have a ripple effect on high-tech industries.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: On 15 July 2010, a partnership was made with Indonesia, which would provide 20% of the funding for the KF-X project, cooperate with technological development through state-owned Indonesian Aerospace, and purchase 50 of the approximately 150–200 aircraft anticipated to be produced. Turkey had also considering joining with a 20% share, but wanted more control than South Korea had offered. The South Korean government committed to 60% of the cost. The remaining 20% was provided by domestic and foreign companies. Korean Aerospace Industries (KAI) won the production bid, and partnered with Lockheed Martin for technological support. The contract formed a plan for delivery of the aircraft to begin in 2026.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: On 27 July 2022 Polish Armaments Agency said it is closely watching the development of KF-21 Boramae, potentially paving a way for purchase of future Block 2 version of the fighter jet.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: multirole fighter with stealth capabilities exceeding both the Dassault Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon but less than those of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. The Weapon Systems Concept Development and Application Research Center of Konkuk University advised that the KF-X should be superior to the F-16 Fighting Falcon, with 50% greater combat range, 34% longer airframe lifespan, better avionics, active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, more-effective electronic warfare, and data link capabilities. Their recommendations also specified approximately of thrust from two engines, supersonic interception and cruising capabilities, and multi-role capabilities. The project requirements were later downgraded by the Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) to a 4.5 generation fighter with limited stealth capabilities.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: South Korea possessed 65% of the necessary technology to produce the KF-X, and sought cooperation from other countries. To facilitate technology transfer, the Agency for Defense Development (ADD) proposed two primary concepts for the KF-X: C103, which resembled the F-35; and C203, which resembled European fighters with forward canards (the design chosen would depend on whether a development deal was reached with the US or European partners).


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: The C501 ( KFX-E) was a third design, proposed by KAI and supported by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA), which attempted to reduce costs with a smaller, single-engine fighter, but it had inferior performance to the F-16 and was unsuitable for the large airspace of Indonesia. ROKAF preferred the benefits of a twin-engine design, with better combat performance and safety, and a larger airframe with room for upgrades. These upgrades could lead to a future reclassification as a fifth-generation fighter, while the C501 was closer to fourth generation.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: When the development team started designing the KFX in December 2015, research and design were conducted based on the C103 configuration. Upon receiving the basic drawings of the C103, C104, and C105 from ADD, the development team built an experimental model of the C105 and began a wind tunnel experiment on the newly designed C107, which increased the size of the aircraft and increased the max takeoff weight. After about 2 years of various wind tunnel experiments, in 2018, the C109 proposed by ADD and KAI was decided to be the prototype design of KFX.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: Lockheed Martin agreed to transfer two dozen F-35A technologies as part of a purchase deal. However, the US government blocked the transfer of four vital technologies: AESA radar, infrared search and track (IRST), electro-optical targeting pod (EO TGP), and radio frequency jammer (RF jammer) technology. South Korea was thus required to develop these technologies domestically. A 2015 audit estimated that 87% of technologies for the project had been secured. The preliminary design was finalized in June 2018. In September 2019, a critical design review examined 390 technical data sets and confirmed that the KF-X was adequate to ROKAF's requirements.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: A 2015 government audit placed the development cost of the project at . In an agreement signed at the end of 2015, Indonesia agreed to provide 20% of the development costs, KAI would provide an additional 20%, and the Korean government would support the remainder.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: On 15 July 2010, the Indonesian government agreed to fund 20% of the KF-X project cost in return for one prototype, design participation, technical data, and production sharing. On 2 August 2011, a joint research center was opened in Daejeon, South Korea. The second agreement between Indonesia and Korea was a work assignment agreement between KAI and Indonesia's state-owned aerospace manufacturer PT Dirgantara (PTDI). As per this agreement, PTDI sent 100 engineers to South Korea to take part in the structural design of KF-21 and play a role in its development over time.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: In November 2017, Indonesia, through state-owned Indonesia Aerospace, failed to pay its share in the latest round of development costs, prompting criticism from South Korea. As of 2019, Indonesia was renegotiating its involvement in the program. FlightGlobal reported in July 2019 that Indonesia was exploring payment in Indonesia-produced armaments instead of cash. By July 2019, Indonesia was approximately  billion in arrears.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: According to a September 2020 report, Indonesia had paid only US$10 million since 2016 on research and development stage and owed about US$420 million. Another report stated that Indonesia paid US$205 million for research and development and owed about US$420 million. In December 2020, a report showed that Indonesia was likely to pull out of the project, while another stated that South Korea and Indonesia plan to move forward the KFX/IFX project.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: In August 2021 Indonesia reaffirmed its interest in the KF-21 program, with Indonesian engineers returning to South Korea to continue their work. Further agreement on the costs has been reached between the two countries.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: According to reports on 24 May 2022, the issue of paying US$4.2 million in development costs that Indonesia did not pay has not been resolved. In November 2021, Indonesia and South Korea agreed to draw up a new sharing agreement for development costs by March 2022, but it has not been implemented so far. In November 2022, reportedly Indonesia has resumed payment for its share of the cost for a joint fighter development project.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: While KAI was the primary builder, numerous other domestic and foreign companies were contracted to provide aircraft components or support. Several of these firms had worked with KAI on the T-50. For certain sensitive technologies, such as AESA radar, EO TGP, IRST and RF jammer, foreign companies were only consulted for testing support and technical advice in order to avoid arms-trading restrictions.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: Hanwha Techwin signed an agreement with General Electric to manufacture General Electric F414 engines for KF-X aircraft. According to the contract, Hanwha is to manufacture key parts, locally assemble the engines, and oversee the installation of the engine on the aircraft. The company will also support flight testing and build an extensive support system for the aircraft's operations.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: AESA radar was co-developed with Hanwha Systems under the leadership of the ADD. In addition, Elta Systems helped to test the prototype hardware of the AESA radar developed by Hanwha Systems, and Saab provided technical advice to LIG Nex1, which develops Multi Function Radar (MFR) software for AESA radars.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: IRST is based on the Leonardo SkyWard variant called the SkyWard-K with modified back-end and a Korean software that replaces the original program.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: US aerospace contractor Texstars was selected by KAI to develop canopy and windshield transparencies for KF-X. Under the contract, Texstars will work alongside KAI to provide the KF-X fighter with birdstrike resistant transparencies with high-quality optics.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: Triumph Group was selected by KAI to provide airframe mounted accessory drives (AMADs) for the KF-X. Triumph will develop and manufacture the AMADs, which transfer engine power to other systems.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: United Technologies announced in February 2018 that it was providing the environmental control system, including cabin pressurization and liquid cooling systems, as well as the air turbine starter and flow control valve.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: Cobham received contracts to provide missile ejection launchers, communications antennae, external fuel tanks, and oxygen systems.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: Meggitt was contracted to provide a wheel braking system, standby flight displays, and internal sensors including a fire detection system.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: MBDA was contracted to integrate the Meteor beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) onto the aircraft.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: Elbit Systems was contracted by Hanwha Systems to provide terrain-following/terrain avoidance (TF/TA) systems for the aircraft.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: Curtiss-Wright was contracted by KAI to Provide complete flight test instrumentation (FTI) system, it is data acquisition system (DAS) for use in flight-test campaigns.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: In February 2019, KAI began production work on the KF-X prototype, with six expected to be completed in 2021. These are to undergo four years of trials, and complete the development process by mid-2026. The first prototype was publicly rolled out on 9 April 2021; in addition to the six aircraft for airborne tests, two will be made for ground tests. The first test flight occurred on 19 July 2022. The aircraft bore the flags of South Korea and Indonesia and took off from Sacheon Airbase for 33 minutes. Six flying prototypes, including two two-seat versions, will conduct 2,200 flights until mass production begins in 2026. 40 Block-1 jets will have an interim capability limited to air-to-air duties, then the following 80 Block-2 jets from 2028 will add air-to-ground engagement. Later developments will include equipping the KF-21 with a domestically developed air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) and hypersonic missile.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: In October 2009, a retired ROKAF general was arrested for leaking classified documents to Saab. The general was alleged to have been given a bribe of several hundred thousand dollars for copies of a number of secret documents that he had photographed. Saab officials denied any involvement.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: The Defense Security Command (DSC) found evidence that another foreign defense firm had also bribed a member of the Security Management Institute (SMI). President Lee Myung-bak believed that such corruption resulted in a 20% increase in the defense budget.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: KIDA told a public meeting that South Korea is not technologically equipped to develop the KF-X aircraft, that the project is economically unviable and that the KF-X would not be a successful export product. It also questioned the ADD cost estimates. DAPA's estimated  trillion development cost was criticized by some analysts, who said the project could cost up to  trillion.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: Defense researcher Lee Juhyeong held a seminar on the program, stating that the KF-X development would cost more than  trillion (US$9.2 billion) and could cost more than twice as much as an imported aircraft over the life of the program.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: Critics noted that the KF-X would cost up to twice as much as a top-end F-16 model and that Japan had encountered a similar situation with its Mitsubishi F-2.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: On 23 May 2013, EADS (European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company, the defense subsidiary of Airbus) offered a US$2 billion investment into the KF-X program if South Korea selected its Eurofighter Typhoon for the F-X Phase 3 fighter procurement program. The F-35A was selected instead, and EADS repeated its investment offer for a split-buy of 40 Eurofighters and 20 F-35As. But in September 2017, South Korea confirmed purchase of 40 F-35 fighter jets, causing EADS to withdraw its offer.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: The KF-X project had a history of delays and postponements since its announcement in 2001. Foreign partners were sought to share costs and guarantee purchases, and several failed attempts were made to entice Sweden, Turkey, and the United States to join the project. Design concepts and requirements frequently changed while trying to appeal to prospective partners. On 1 March 2013, following the election of President Park Geun-hye, South Korea postponed the project for 18 months, due to financial issues.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: On 8 February 2017, Indonesian Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Abdurrahman Mohammad Fachir said that the KF-X project was further delayed because the US government had refused export licenses for four key F-35 technologies. This disapproval was reaffirmed in October 2015 talks, though the US military stated that there was an agreement to form an interagency working group on such issues and that the US Secretary of Defense would "think of ways for joint cooperation" with technology for KF-X.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: On 1 November 2017, state-owned Indonesia Aerospace was overdue in its funding payment, which National Assembly Defense Committee member Kim Jong-Dae said would further delay or suspend the project. Kim said that the Indonesian government had disclosed its difficulty in paying and did not include the payment in its budget. However, DAPA stated that it was in talks with Indonesia regarding the payment, which would be discussed at a summit between leaders of the countries. Indonesia stated that it was an administrative error, as it was falsely thought that the payment would be made from the "side defense budget". Parliamentary approval was required to correct the error, and the payment was delivered along with a statement of hope that the program would continue without further delinquencies.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: On 1 May 2018, it was reported that Indonesia had complaints concerning the contract rules surrounding technical benefits and export licensing. Indonesian state media announced that the defense ministry would renegotiate the joint development program in an attempt to gain a larger share of local production, as well as export rights. The Indonesian defense ministry added that it hoped that the program would continue despite setbacks.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: Renegotiation talks continued into 2019. According to the agenda of a January 2019 meeting, Indonesia sought to extend its involvement in the program to 2031, and was interested in making part of its payments in trade for Indonesian-produced defense equipment. By August, Indonesia had transport aircraft on offer along with commodities. In August 2021 Indonesia reaffirmed its commitment to the KF-21 program. Cost negotiations were finally achieved and agreed by both parties in 2021. It turns out that the issue of development payments agreed between Indonesia and Korea has not yet been resolved. However in November 2022, it is reported that Indonesia has resumed payment for its share of the cost for a joint fighter development project.


title: KAI KF-21 Boramae

text: In September 2022, KAI unveiled a model of the KF-21N, a carrier based version of the fighter. In May 2022, the Ministry of National Defense (MND) decided to drop funding for the CVX, a planned small aircraft carrier capable of operating STOVL F-35B jets. However, it was later clarified that the MND would consider purchasing a larger aircraft carrier design if a maritime jet fighter could be developed indigenously. Anticipating this, KAI began a preliminary design concept to make the KF-21 carrier-capable. The wings are 20% larger to ensure safety and stabilization when taking off and landing, and they fold for more compact stowage. Structural changes would make the airframe capable of CATOBAR and STOBAR operations. If the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN) decides to procure an aircraft carrier large enough to operate fighters and identifies a requirement, KAI claims it would be able to build the KF-21N "in a few years."


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor is a 2014 action-adventure video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. An original story based on the legendarium created by J. R. R. Tolkien, the game takes place between the events of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogies. The player controls Talion, a Gondorian Ranger who bonds with the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor, as the two set out to avenge the deaths of their loved ones. Players can engage in melee combat, and use wraith abilities to fight and manipulate enemies. The game introduces the Nemesis System, which allows the artificial intelligence of non-playable characters to remember their prior actions against the game's protagonist and react accordingly.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: The game's development began in 2011. In order to create an accurate environment and be consistent with Tolkien's books, the developers consulted many people from Warner Brothers, as well as Peter Jackson, director of the film trilogies "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Hobbit". They also received assistance from Weta Workshop, who advised on the special effects. Christian Cantamessa served as the game's lead writer, while Dan Abnett was recruited to write dialogues for the orcs featured in the game. Monolith focused on the development of the PC, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One versions, while the development of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions was outsourced to Behaviour Interactive.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in September 2014 and PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in November 2014. "Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor" received generally favorable reviews upon release. Most praise was directed at its combat, open-world design, and the Nemesis System. Some criticism was aimed at the game's story and boss battles. "Shadow of Mordor" marked the biggest launch for a game based upon Tolkien's universe, and would go on to win several awards from video gaming publications, including Game of the Year. The game was supported by downloadable content upon release. A sequel, "", was released in October 2017.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: "Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor" is a third-person open world action-adventure video game, where the player controls a ranger by the name of Talion who seeks revenge on the forces of Sauron after his family, consisting of his wife and son, are killed by those that lead them. Players can travel across locations in the game through parkour, riding monsters, or accessing Forge Towers, which serve as fast travel points. Though Talion is mortally felled in the game's introduction, the wraith of the Elven Lord Celebrimbor is able to use his power to keep Talion alive, along with gifting him wraith-like abilities. Missions in the game feature main story missions that follow Talion's quest for revenge, side missions that involve following Gollum to find artifacts that are tied to Celebrimbor's past, missions to free the human slaves that have been captured by the Uruk armies and forced to work for Sauron, and additional quests to help forge new abilities for Talion's sword, bow, and dagger. The player also has the freedom to pursue side quests and roam around Mordor, with special activities to collect specific flora or to hunt certain creatures, or to find old artifacts or Elvish seals.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: Completing quests earns the player a number of rewards: experience points that are used to unlock new abilities for both Talion's ranger and Celebrimbor's wraith skills, a Power value that allows the player to access more powerful abilities to unlock, and an in-game currency called "Mirian" that the player can use to improve Talion's health, wraith skill capacity, or forge new slots on his weapons to add additional runes.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: In completing missions, the player can have Talion engage in melee, ranged combat, and stealth approaches, with some missions rewarding the player more for completing the mission in a specific manner. Talion's ranger abilities are enhanced through Celebrimbor, allowing the player to mix combat with special focus-based attacks; these latter attacks can be used to slow time down while aiming with the bow, drain focus out of an enemy foe, or, later in the game, brand the foe to become an ally of Talion. The combat system uses an attack-chain system that enables the player to perform special moves after building the chain to a large enough value, such as instantly draining a foe of focus or performing an area focus attack. With the combat system, they can also counter and dodge attacks. Stealth is a critical element in some missions; several areas are considered Strongholds and should Talion's presence be discovered, an alarm will sound and more Uruks will arrive to try to kill him.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: A core feature of "Shadow of Mordor" is the Nemesis system. The game can track any Uruk (a nastier orc, the general antagonists of the game) that the player comes into contact with. While there are "generic" Uruk for the player to fight en masse, and will be as cannon fodder as part of Sauron's armies, the game will begin tracking Uruk that perform any notable talents within the game, such as killing the player, or surviving an encounter with the player. These Uruk will be promoted into captains. Defeating these leaders will help to weaken Sauron's army, and these leaders will drop a rune which the player can install on Talion's weapons to provide additional buffs in battle. Alternatively, being killed by a leader will cause the current mission to be cancelled and the player returned to a safe point to continue exploring, and the leader will gain additional power, making him more difficult to defeat in the next encounter. If the procedurally generated Orcs survive an encounter with Talion, they will also be promoted. Further, such deaths are tracked through online servers, and the player's friends on the various network services will be notified of this death and be offered the chance to accept a Vendetta mission, and exact revenge on the Uruk. If the mission is successful the game will give rewards to both the original player and the victorious friend.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: The leader Uruk will have a range of strengths and weaknesses, the latter that can be exploited in combat to quickly weaken and defeat the leader. The player can gain knowledge of these through finding intelligence mostly by draining and interrogating specially marked Uruks. Being able to exploit such weaknesses will result in the player acquiring more experience points and better runes. Once the player gains the ability to brand Uruks, they can brand these leaders and convert portions of Sauron's army to their side. At this point, the player can use the Nemesis system to trigger infighting within the Uruk forces which they can then directly participate in, helping to weaken the army further. Uruks that survive their encounter with Talion will remember this when Talion combats them again; for example, an Uruk who was thrown into a fire by Talion might want revenge on him for being disfigured.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: "Shadow of Mordor" is based on Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium and Peter Jackson's movie franchise. The game takes place in the 60-year gap between the events of Jackson's "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings". The family of Talion (voiced and motion captured by Troy Baker), a ranger of Gondor responsible for guarding the Black Gate of Mordor, is killed by the armies of Sauron, but Talion is revived with "wraith-like abilities" and heads into Mordor to exact his revenge. Mordor is not yet a barren wasteland in this story. The player will encounter Gollum (voiced by Liam O'Brien). Talion discovers that the wraith who revived him is Celebrimbor (voiced by Alastair Duncan), the greatest Elven smith master of the Second Age, who also seeks revenge against Sauron.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: Talion is a captain of Gondor at the Black Gate of Mordor. His garrison is attacked by Sauron's Uruk forces led by three Black Númenórean captains; the Hammer of Sauron (John DiMaggio), the Tower of Sauron (JB Blanc), and their leader, the Black Hand of Sauron (Nolan North). Talion, his wife Ioreth, and his son, Dirhael, are captured and ritually sacrificed by the Black Hand in an attempt to summon the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor. However, Celebrimbor (who suffers from amnesia due to his status as a wraith) instead merges with Talion, preventing him from dying alongside his family. Talion and Celebrimbor then depart to uncover Celebrimbor's identity and avenge the death of Talion's family.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: Over the course of their travels, Talion and Celebrimbor encounter Gollum multiple times. Gollum possesses the ability to see and speak with Celebrimbor due to his prior contact with the One Ring. Hoping that Celebrimbor might lead him to the One Ring, Gollum leads Celebrimbor to relics of his past, each of which restore parts of his lost memories. Celebrimbor gradually recalls how Sauron, disguised as Annatar, the Lord of Gifts, deceived him into forging the Rings of Power. Celebrimbor ultimately assisted Sauron in forging the One Ring, but was able to steal it from him. Celebrimbor proclaimed himself the Bright Lord of Mordor and raised an army of Orcs against Sauron. However, the Ring ultimately betrayed Celebrimbor and returned to Sauron. Sauron then punished Celebrimbor by executing his wife and daughter and, finally, by killing him.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: In his search for the Black Hand, Talion allies himself with Hirgon, a ranger deserter who leads a community of Gondorian outcasts choosing to settle in Mordor, and Ratbag the Coward, an Orc who offers to bring Talion closer to the Black Hand in exchange for his assistance in military hierarchy. Talion helps Ratbag ascend the ranks to the level of warchief by killing each of his immediate superiors, and aids Hirgon in destroying a statue of Sauron. These actions draw out the Hammer of Sauron. After the Hammer decides to execute Ratbag for not killing Talion, Talion confronts and kills the Hammer in combat.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: Talion is then sought out by the warrior Lithariel, the daughter of Queen Marwen, who claims to be able to assist Celebrimbor with his mission. Marwen is the ruler of Núrn, a kingdom of sea raiders located in the south of Mordor. She uses prophetic powers to guide Talion and Celebrimbor to another of Celebrimbor's relics. Later, she advises them to use Celebrimbor's powers to take control of an army of orcs and use them to lead an assault against Sauron. Talion eventually realizes that the wizard Saruman is possessing Marwen, and assists Lithariel in freeing her from his control. Talion, however, still carries out Saruman's plan, leading an army of mind-controlled orcs in an assault against the Black Hand's stronghold at Ered Glamhoth. However, rather than the Black Hand, Talion finds the Tower of Sauron waiting for him. The two battle and Talion emerges victorious after viciously stabbing the Tower to death with his son's sword.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: Talion now travels to the Black Gate for a final confrontation with the Black Hand. The Black Hand quickly incapacitates him with a spell that also restores the last of Celebrimbor's memories. He then kills himself as part of a ritual that forces Celebrimbor to depart from Talion and merge with himself. This allows Sauron to possess the Black Hand's body and incarnate in physical form. However, Celebrimbor is able to briefly paralyze Sauron from within, allowing Talion to destroy Sauron's physical form. With the Black Hand dead, Celebrimbor wishes to depart for Valinor. Talion instead convinces him to stay and attempt to overthrow Sauron. Gazing at Mount Doom, Talion declares his intention to forge a new Ring of Power.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: Development of "Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor", which took about three years, began in late 2011. The game's lead developer was Monolith Productions, who had experience on a Middle-earth game with "Guardians of Middle-earth" (a multiplayer online battle arena game released in 2012). According to design director Michael de Plater, "Shadow of Mordor" was developed in parallel with "Guardians of Middle-earth" but handled by a separate team. It was published by Warner Bros., who had published the "" game series. The game was designed by de Plater, who had worked with Creative Assembly on "" and Ubisoft on "Tom Clancy's EndWar" and "".


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: "Shadow of Mordor" was Monolith's first third-person open world video game for the eighth generation consoles PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and de Plater considered its development an educational experience for the studio. In Monolith's introduction to the genre, many core mechanics were built from scratch and the studio were inspired by successful video games such as the "Batman: Arkham" series created by Rocksteady Studios; those games inspired "Shadow of Mordor" stealth and free-flow combat mechanics. The studio considered Rocksteady's games good examples of how to handle a licensed title.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: The game's signature feature is its Nemesis system. The Monolith team considered themselves experts in artificial intelligence, and wanted to push its boundaries. Allowing players to choose their story (a sandbox-game pillar) and "leverage the new generation hardware through innovation", the team wanted to create a system allowing non-playable characters to respond to player actions; this later became the Nemesis system. The system's idea was frameworked three months after development began, and to best present it everyone in the studio was involved. The developers hoped that with the system, orcs could be memorable for players. It was made more complex during the game's early development, incorporating personal relationships among orcs, but was later pared down when the studio considered it too complicated. The Nemesis system was also inspired by pen-and-paper role-playing games. Although most orcs are similar, some were designed with distinctive behavior patterns. These orcs have dialogue written by Dan Abnett, and the team hoped the special orcs would surprise players. The team also hoped that the system would provide tension and competition, similar to a multiplayer game. The studio was inspired by sports games, where the narrative continues when players lose a match. This can prevent immersion and narrative from breaking when players die in the game. According to Rob Roberts, the system is designed so players can emotionally attach to the protagonist through gameplay drama. They also hoped that through the system, players can create their own villain, leading to an organic story.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: "Shadow of Mordor" bridges the gap between "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", with the team wanting to show iconic elements of the universe in an original way. The team had to draw notes on Tolkien's notes and appendices to ensure that their vision for the game would not change the franchise's timeline. Although the game's environment is inspired by the books and films, several places (such as Udûn and the Sea of Nurnen) were re-imagined. Art director Phil Straub considered consistency with the lore and presenting "something visually new" and realistic the most important elements of creating the game, and the team did not incorporate many fantasy elements in its world. To depict volcanic activity, the studio sent a team to Eastern Washington and the Columbia River plateau to photograph a volcano; to create other parts of the game environment, they studied photos of Iceland and New Zealand and yellow stone found worldwide. Since "Shadow of Mordor" is set before "The Lord of the Rings", its landscape is less post-apocalyptic; environments also vary by weather, lighting and atmosphere.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: The game has a standalone plot. Early in development the team consulted Peter Jackson, director of "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Hobbit" film trilogies, who advised them against a film tie-in. According to de Plater, the story is character-driven to be "authentic" relative to Tolkien's themes. The game was written by Christian Cantamessa, who was lead writer and lead designer for Rockstar San Diego's "Red Dead Redemption". According to Roberts, the story is designed for accessibility by all players (regardless of their familiarity with the franchise) by creating natural interactions and believable relationships among the characters. Its protagonist is Talion, a half-human, half-wraith inspired by Boromir. Although Torvin was originally proposed as a playable character, the idea was scrapped, as the team wanted the game to have a single protagonist, like "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings". The wraith is later revealed as Celebrimbor, creator of the Rings of Power. The development team picked Celebrimbor because they considered his backstory sufficiently interesting to expand the canon's authenticity, allowing the team to write a story around power (a major theme of the game). Another important component was "Mordor" tone. The team created a dark atmosphere with humor, reflected in dialogue and voice acting. This was handled by Dan Abnett, who previously worked on books related to "Warhammer" "dark and gritty" universe. The team hired David Salo, a linguist who worked on the Tolkien's languages for the "Lord of the Rings" film trilogy, to develop the Orcs' Black Speech. The game's narrative was also inspired by "BioShock", which according to de Plater, has successfully incorporated systemic stories with players' choices. To prevent inaccuracies, Monolith consulted several Tolkien scholars from Warner Bros. and collaborated with Weta Workshop (Jackson's design company) on the game's special effects and scenery. To depict well-known characters the company partnered with Middle-earth Enterprises, the franchise-rights holder, to prevent misuse and contradiction between the game's story and Tolkien's.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: Monolith focused on developing the game's PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, with development of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions outsourced to Behaviour Interactive. Although the game's core gameplay mechanics, story and narrative are unchanged in the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 ports, some features (such as the Nemesis system) are less complex than the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions. According to the game's developer, the Nemesis system was too large for older consoles.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: The music for "Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor" was composed by Garry Schyman and Nathan Grigg, and a soundtrack album was released digitally by WaterTower Music on September 30, 2014. In designing the game's music, the team used a number of sonic tools which synchronize with other aspects of the game (such as player actions and enemy movements); combat music included waterphones and spring drums.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: In August 2013 an artist mentioned that Monolith Productions was working on a AAA title separate from "Guardians of Middle-earth", and on November 12 its title was announced. Although the game was originally scheduled for release on October 7, 2014, according to Warner Bros. its release was moved up to September 30 in North America and October 3 in the United Kingdom due to "fans' excitement". The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were released on November 18 in North America and November 21 in Europe.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: On December 16, 2014, the downloadable content (DLC) "Lord of the Hunt" was released. Its storyline revolved around Torvin, and it included new runes, skins and bosses. "Lord of the Hunt" received mixed reviews from critics. The final DLC for "Shadow of Mordor", titled "The Bright Lord", is set 3,000 years before the main campaign and allows players to control Talion's companion, Celebrimbor. It adds a chapter to "Shadow of Mordor" in which players can complete ten more missions and fight Sauron. The content was released on February 24, 2015 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. A Game of the Year edition with DLC was announced on April 29, 2015 and released on May 5 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. A special edition, with in-game items and a steelbook, was introduced on August 1.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: "Shadow of Mordor" online servers were shuttered on January 12, 2021, and a final update for the game removed some features that were tied to this, including the game's Vendetta system and leaderboards. However, in-game achievements tied to these elements were modified as to still be achievable or were awarded automatically to players after starting the game following the update.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: Warner Bros. patented the Nemesis system with the United States Patent & Trademark Office granting the patent in February 2021.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: "Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: The game's core feature, its Nemesis system, was praised. According to Lucas Sullivan of GamesRadar, the system elevated "Shadow of Mordor" to excellence by making its villains memorable and adding personality to its protagonist. Brad Shoemaker of Giant Bomb agreed, writing that the system created many distinctive characters and its side content extended the game's longevity. Joystiq's Alexander Sliwinski said that the system made each playthrough unique and made the game stand out from other action games. Chris Carter of "Destructoid" found the system gimmicky, since it failed to create unique villains; it added different appearances and weaknesses to villains without adding personality.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: "Shadow of Mordor" combat was considered excellent by most critics. Shoemaker and Sliwinski compared it to the rhythm-based combat system of the "" game series; both found it engaging and fluid. Shoemaker praised the game's combat variety; the combination of the combat and nemesis systems created "a specific kind of chaotic, emergent nonsense" desirable in an open world game. According to Sliwinski and Shoemaker, even without the Nemesis system the combat system would make the game compelling. Although Matt Miller of "Game Informer" found the game's focus on killing made it repetitive, failing to capture the charm of its inspirations "Assassin's Creed" and "Batman: Arkham", Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot called "Shadow of Mordor" combat an improvement of the "Assassin's Creed" formula.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: Reception of the game's storyline was mixed. Although Shoemaker and Sliwinski praised its "dark" tone, Shoemaker found some story elements (such as Gollum's introduction) forced and designed to appeal to a particular audience. According to "Game Informer" Matt Miller, "Shadow of Mordor" fails to successfully tie together all of its various plot threads in the game's conclusion. Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot also found the storyline erratic, dragged down by anti-climactic fights and scenes. Dan Stapleton of IGN wrote that the story introduced memorable characters but would not make sense to fans of the series, and his interest in the game waned towards its end. "Destructoid" Chris Carter was disappointed in a plot he considered generic ("Go here, kill this, draw out this big bad, then kill him for your family"); the game failed to add anything new to the universe, and its side missions were more interesting than the main campaign.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: Other aspects of "Shadow of Mordor" were praised. Sullivan enjoyed its "Lord of the Rings" lore, and found the number of collectibles in the game "staggering". Miller also admired Monolith's extensive use of lore in the game, and praised its soundtrack and voice-acting; Stapleton agreed, particularly about the voice acting. Elements of the game were criticized. Sullivan found some side missions repetitive, and Sliwinski was disappointed with some of the boss battles. Miller wrote that some "Shadow of Mordor" features are too complex and inaccessible for new players or those unwilling to use strategy. Critics disagreed about the Nemesis system. Miller wrote that the system fell flat in the game's final hours; according to VanOrd, the system was unappealing until the game's second half. Carter found the unskippable cutscenes after a player died annoying.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: Unlike "Shadow of Mordor" current-generation versions, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions received mixed-to-negative reviews and many technical problems were noted. According to Thomas Morgan of Eurogamer its frame rate was substandard, and Yannick LeJacq of Kotaku cited "many technical hiccups and glitches". Morgan believed that the game developers spent little effort on the port, and LeJacq questioned the need to release the game for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 at all.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: "Shadow of Mordor" was well received by "BioShock" series creator Ken Levine, who called it the first open world game with a non-linear story and narrative and said he would bring some of its elements to his upcoming science-fiction project, "Judas".


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: "Shadow of Mordor" release was the most successful for a "Lord of the Rings"-based game. The game debuted at number two in the UK retail software sales chart in its first week (behind "FIFA 15"), and was the ninth-bestselling game in the United States in October 2014.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: In February 2017, it was confirmed that the game has sold 2.88 million copies on PlayStation 4 alone. In October of the same year, the game had sold over 387,000 copies on Steam.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: When "Shadow of Mordor" was introduced, Monolith was accused by former Ubisoft employee Charles Randall of using assets (such as the protagonist-animation code) from "Assassin's Creed II". Monolith responded that all their project's assets were developed from scratch; they had confidence in their originality.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: In October 2014, after the usual video game review outlets were unable to obtain early access to "Shadow of Mordor", John Bain (known as TotalBiscuit) said that YouTube video creators had been offered early access in exchange for agreeing to a contract requiring them to describe it positively. Jim Sterling of "The Escapist" obtained a copy of one of the contracts and analyzed it in detail. The Federal Trade Commission began an investigation and announced in July 2016 that Warner Brothers Home Entertainment had violated the Federal Trade Commission Act, and that the company must declare sponsored advertising in the future.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: In addition to winning several awards at major events and ceremonies, the game was selected by "GameSpot", "Joystiq", and "Giant Bomb" as their Game of the Year for 2014.


title: Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

text: The game's sequel, "Middle-earth: Shadow of War", was announced in February 2017. The sequel was developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. It was released worldwide on October 10, 2017.


title: Ratsasan

text: Ratsasan (; ) is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language slasher psychological thriller directed by Ram Kumar. The film stars Vishnu Vishal, Amala Paul, and Saravanan while Kaali Venkat, Vinodhini Vaidyanathan, and Ramdoss play supporting roles. The film features music and background score composed by Ghibran, cinematography by P. V. Shankar and editing by San Lokesh. The film tells the story of an aspiring film director who becomes a police officer after his father's death and tries to track down a serial killer.


title: Ratsasan

text: Production began in November 2016, with principal photography starting in June 2017. The film released on 5 October 2018, to critical acclaim from the audience, and also became a commercial success, grossing 50 crore worldwide. It was remade in Telugu as "Rakshasudu" (2019) and in Hindi as "Cuttputlli" (2022), despite of the Hindi dubbed.


title: Ratsasan

text: In the opening scene, two elderly men discover a dead corpse of Samyuktha, a 15-year old school student, who was brutally murdered. Arun Kumar is an aspiring filmmaker who wants to make a movie on psychopaths. After multiple rejections and pressure from his family, Arun becomes a SI in the T.N.P.D, with the help of his brother-in-law, CI Das, a police officer himself. He moves in with his sister Kokila, Doss and their daughter Ammu. Ammu gets into trouble in school and asks Arun for help, so he meets her teacher Viji at school. He befriends Viji and her hearing and speech impaired niece, Kayal.


title: Ratsasan

text: Meanwhile, Arun investigates the abduction of a school girl, Amudha. Arun finds similarities between Samyuktha and Amudha's case, due to the mutilations on a doll found at Amudha's house. But his attempts to convince his superior officer, ACP Lakshmi, go futile. A few days later, Amudha's mutilated corpse is found. The pathologist Dr. Nandan, suggests that the perpetrator followed a similar modus operandi like Samyuktha. Over the next few days, another hearing impaired girl named Meera, from Viji's school is abducted and killed. The search leads to Inbaraj, a teacher at the new school Ammu is enrolled. Inbaraj is a pedophile who forces girls into irrumatio. Ammu herself narrowly escapes Inbaraj when Arun nabs him after getting a tip off from another victim Sharmi.


title: Ratsasan

text: Inbaraj admits to being a sexual predator but denies the murder charges. In a bid to escape, he holds Venkat, a policeman, at gunpoint, but Arun guns Inbaraj down. The same day, Ammu is abducted from her birthday party at home and Arun finds her corpse in their car trunk. To make things worse, Arun is suspended for his negligence on shooting Inbaraj. Dejected and angry, Arun unofficially investigates the case himself with the help of few policemen. Finding an audio clip from Meera's hearing aid, he traces a piano tune back to a lady magician Annabella George, who performed at all the victims' schools. Arun finds that Annabella picks her victims by randomly calling them on to the stage, she then kills them within the next few days and her next target would be a girl named Sanjana. He tries to warn Sanjana.


title: Ratsasan

text: Despite constant surveillance, she is abducted. Arun and his team track her location and save Sanjana from being murdered. Anabella escapes, but her real identity is revealed to be one Mary Fernandez, who was accused of murder a long time ago. Arun suspects that since her identity is out, Mary might falter in her modus operandi and deviate from her intended targets. He meets Rajamanickam, a retired cop, to collect information. Rajamanickam tells about Mary's son Christopher who has Werner Syndrome (progeria), a hormonal disorder that causes him to appear aged. Christopher performs magic tricks brilliantly and also plays piano well. He is an outcast at school, but a girl named Sophia befriends him.


title: Ratsasan

text: Christopher develops feelings for Sophia and he proposes to her, but he is heartbroken when she turns him down, since his condition has rendered him impotent and he cannot have a love life. Sophie also started avoiding him after this incident. Their conversation is overheard and Christopher is traumatized after many of the boys in his school humiliate him in the school. Mary learns of this and hacks Sophie to death, where she along with Christopher are arrested and sent to prison. They were believed to be dead in an accident, but Rajamanickam says that perhaps, Mary is still alive and has become a psychopath. Arun reaches Rajamanickam's house only to find him dead. He sees Rajamanickam's evidences but ACP Lakshmi detains him and forbids him from following this case.


title: Ratsasan

text: Arun discovers that Rajamanickam had pieced information from photographs - revealing that it was Christopher disguised as Mary, who was long dead in an accident. Before Arun can act on this, Christopher attacks Viji and abducts Kayal. While trying to apprehend Christopher, Venkat is killed. Kayal escapes and is found by Dr. Nandan, who tries to hide her in his facility, but Christopher kills Nandan. Arun tracks down Christopher on time, and after a prolonged fight, kills him and saves Kayal. The media finally reports an end to the murders done by Christopher and Arun gets a chance to make a film about a psychopath fulfilling his dream.


title: Ratsasan

text: Following the release of the comedy drama "Mundasupatti" (2014), Ramkumar was keen to do a serious film to avoid being type-cast. He was inspired to write a film on a psycho killer after reading an international news story about "Alexander Spesivtsev", and spent close to a year writing a fictional screenplay to fit around the character of a psycho killer. Ramkumar initially struggled to find an actor to play the lead role of a forty-year-old man with a child, and despite working the child out of the script as a result, he still found it difficult to convince actors to sign the film. In April 2017, actor Jai signed the project titled "Ratsasan", which was set to be produced by C. V. Kumar of Thirukumaran Entertainment. However, soon after the actor and director dropped out of the project, and producer took the title of "Ratsasan" with him. Subsequently, throughout the production stage, the film was briefly known as "Cinderella" and then "Minmini", but neither title was kept. The former title was claimed by another Tamil film's producers, while Ramkumar felt the latter seemed too light-hearted. Eventually, the team members managed to amicably convince Kumar to offer them the title of "Ratsasan", which was later stylised to "Ratsasan".


title: Ratsasan

text: Ramkumar chose to make the film with producer Dilli Babu and starring Vishnu in July 2017. Amala Paul joined the cast of the film in late November 2017, with production starting thereafter. In June 2017, the title of the film was changed to "Ratsasan". in association with T-series


title: Ratsasan

text: Ghibran composed the soundtrack and background score of "Ratsasan". He began composing the soundtrack in early 2017. He also finished composing the theme music for the film's teaser in August 2018. The album features four songs composed by Ghibran and lyrics written by Umadevi, Ramkumar, Ratnakumar and GKB. One song, "Kaadhal Kadal Dhana", was released as a single on 15 September 2018. The song written by Umadevi and rendered by Sathyaprakash and Chaitra Ambadipudi received positive reviews from music listeners. It topped into the #1 position at the Radio Mirchi Top 20 Countdown, for nearly 4 weeks. Following that, a video song of the same was telecast on 30 September 2018, through Isaiaruvi channel at 4:30 p.m. IST.


title: Ratsasan

text: The album was released on 27 September 2018, at the Suryan FM Radio Station, Chennai featuring the composer and other crew members present during the crew members present in the event. The film's soundtrack was commended by the audience and critics. M Suganth from The Times of India, gave a positive review for the soundtrack and stated "Kaadhal Kadal Dhana" as "a romantic melody, a genre that Ghibran is a master at. Slow and lullaby-like, the persistent strings in the background are soothing, and despite distinct arrangements, the vocals are pronounced enough to make an impact."


title: Ratsasan

text: The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sun TV. It was dubbed and released in Malayalam with the same title. The digital rights of the Malayalam version belongs to Disney+ Hotstar. The satellite rights of the Hindi dubbed version, which was titled as "Main Hoon Dandadhikaari" ( I am a police magistrate), was sold to Star India and had a TV premiere on Star Utsav Movies on 31 December 2019. The film was again telecasted a month later with full promotions on TV.


title: Ratsasan

text: "Behindwoods" wrote "Watch '"Ratsasan"' the structured and engaging screenplay that makes it an intense psycho thriller", giving the movie 3.25/5. "Times of India" gave it a 3.5/5, stating that ""Ratsasan" is a competent thriller, for the most part. There is a tautness to the storytelling, especially until the interval block, that keeps us hooked." Sreedhar Pillai of Firstpost, rated 3 out of 5 stars, stating that "Vishnu Vishal's cop act is superlative but this thriller could've done with some trimming". India Today rated 3 out of 5 stars, and commented "Vishnu Vishal's "'Ratsasan"' is one of the biggest releases in K-Town this week. The film is a carefully-written thriller, that has a few great moments, says our review." Film Companion South called it "If you turn a blind eye to the coincidences (say, the plot point around an autorickshaw) and the obvious red herrings (a suspected killer), the bulk of "Ratsasan" works. Ghibran's terrific score is the aural equivalent of bad airplane food — it makes your tummy queasy. After "Mundasupatti" and "Ratsasan", I'm definitely pumped about what Ram Kumar has in store next". The News Minute, commented about the movie that "The film feels like a mix of all the psycho killer films you've seen before, but this surprisingly works for it."


title: Ratsasan

text: After the film's success, the makers decided to remake the film in Telugu, with actor Nithiin selected to reprise the role of Vishnu Vishal. But he opted out due to schedule conflicts, and was replaced by Bellamkonda Srinivas. Anupama Parameshwaran, was selected to play the female lead, reprising Amala Paul's role. The project was bankrolled by Havish under the banner A Studios, and was directed by Ramesh Varma. In March 2019, the film was titled "Rakshasudu". The film was released in August 2019, to generally positive reviews.


title: Ratsasan

text: The movie is also remade by Pooja Entertainment in Hindi directed by Ranjit Tiwari and stars Akshay Kumar, Sargun Mehta, Rakul Preet Singh and Chandrachur Singh. Earlier titled Mission Cinderella, the film premiered as Cuttputli on Disney+ Hotstar on 2 September 2022.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: Paranormal Activity is an American supernatural horror franchise consisting of eight films and additional media. Created by Oren Peli, the original film premiered in 2007 and was widely released in 2009.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: The films are typically based around various families who become haunted by the demon Asmodeus "Tobi" of the Book of Tobit, that stalks, terrifies and ultimately murders several members of the family and other bystanders during the course of the films. The series makes use of production cameras set up and used security cameras or other recording devices in an attempt to present the films as found footage.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: The series has received overall mixed reviews across all films. The first and third films received generally positive critical reception, the second and fifth films received more mixed reviews, and the fourth, sixth and seventh received mostly negative reviews. The series was financially successful, making strong profits based on return on investment. The series as a whole has grossed over thirty times the overall budget.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: A seventh mainline installment, titled , was released on October 29, 2021 to the Paramount+ streaming service, with an eighth installment, , set for a 2023 release.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: Set in October 2006, a young couple, Katie and Micah, who have recently moved to a new house in San Diego, California, are terrorized by a demon that has stalked Katie since childhood. The film is designed to look like a found footage-styled film with Micah filming the activity in their house.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: Set in August 2006, two months before the events of the first film, Katie's sister Kristi and her family reside in Carlsbad, California, where they experience strange activity after her baby, named Hunter, is born. The film uses security cameras and in some scenes, a hand-held camera to film the activity in the house.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: Set in September 1988, it focuses on a younger Katie and Kristi, who live with their mother Julie and her boyfriend, Dennis, in Santa Rosa, California. As they experience sightings and then encounter "Tobi" the demon for the very first time. Concerned, Dennis decides to set up a few cameras around the house with the help of his friend Randy, who also encounters "Tobi" as well. There are many cameras set around the house, one of which is attached to a small oscillating fan that moves the camera back and forth from the kitchen area to the living room and vice versa. The film also uses a hand-held camera handled mainly by Dennis.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: Set in November 2011, the film focuses on Alex Nelson and her family residing in a neighborhood in Henderson, Nevada. The family began to experience hauntings, concerning Alex's adopted brother, Wyatt, after Katie and her mysterious son, Robbie, move in across the street. Alex is helped by her boyfriend, Ben, to film the activity via MacBook webcams, a video camera, an iPhone camera and Kinect technology.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: Set in June 2012, the film follows a Latino community in Oxnard, California, where a group of high school graduates deal with the demon of a mysterious cult which has "marked" one of them. They document their experiences using basic tools of recording and with clues from the previous films to try to understand what is happening to them. "The Marked Ones" is the last film in the series to feature Katie Featherston.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: Set in December 2013, the film follows the Fleeges, a family of three who, after having relocated to a house in Santa Rosa, California, discover several tapes, set in 1992, that show Katie and Kristi in the midst of their initiation ritual to enter a demonic coven. The family begins to be haunted by the demon when the daughter, Leila, is targeted as she was born on the same date as Hunter from "Paranormal Activity 2". Along with normal recorders, the family also discovers a unique video recorder that can visibly show supernatural happenings, which they use to record the increasing paranormal activities.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: A seventh installment, "Next of Kin", was directed by William Eubank with a script by Christopher Landon. Originally scheduled for release on March 19, 2021, the film was delayed to October 29. Due to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema, the project skipped its theatrical release and was instead released via streaming, as a Paramount+ exclusive film. This installment features a teenage girl named Margot who, alongside her group of friends, attempt to make a documentary on an Amish community to try and find out more about Margot's mysterious past, only for them to discover the horrific secrets the town holds. Although not addressing the events of its six predecessors, "Next of Kin" does still have a slight connection by featuring the same demon and overarching antagonist Tobi, otherwise known as Asmodeus from the Book of Tobit.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: The day after "Next of Kin"s release to the Paramount+ streaming service in October, "Screen Rant" confirmed that an eighth film had been greenlit for an October 2022 release on the service, tentatively entitled "Paranormal Activity: The Other Side". Featuring a script written by franchise creator Oren Peli, his first since writing-directing the original 2007 "Paranormal Activity" film, the film would be directed by Wincent Sommers, and star Sonja Gerhardt, Chethrin Schulze, Nika Sofie, Tamara Hitz, Chany Dakota, and Leon Pelz. After then announcing the film would feature a "return to Katie Featherston's story with Tob[i]" the following November, by January 2022, the film was specified by "The 25th Frame" to be set for an October 14, 2022 release date. However by February 28, British listings service "Radio Times" reported that the film (described as an action-horror, roughly 89 minutes long) had been delayed to an unspecified 2023 release date. "The Other Side" will feature four young friends who move into Katie and Kristi's childhood house together before college starts, only to discover the gruesome past of their home and its connection to the 1988 incidents. Set in the 1990s, it will reportedly address the fire that destroyed the property which has only been mentioned briefly in a few past installments.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: First-time director Oren Peli had been afraid of ghosts his whole life, even fearing the comedy film "Ghostbusters", but intended to channel that fear into something positive and productive. Peli took a year to prepare his own house for shooting, going so far as to repaint the walls, add furniture, put in a carpet, and build a stairwell. In this time, he also did extensive research into paranormal phenomena and demonology stating, "We wanted to be as truthful as we could be." The decision to make the supernatural entity in the story a demon was a result of the research pointing to the most malevolent and violent entities being "demons."


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: The phenomena in the film take place largely at night—the vulnerability of being asleep, Peli reasoned, taps into a human being's most primal fear, stating, "If something is lurking in your home there's not much you can do about it."


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: Attempting to focus on believability rather than action and gore, Peli chose to shoot the picture with a home video camera. In deciding on a more raw and stationary format (the camera was almost always sitting on a tripod or something else) and eliminating the need for a camera crew, a "higher degree of plausibility" was created for the audience and they were "more invested in the story and the characters". Peli says that the dialogue was "natural" because there was no real script. Instead, the actors were given outlines of the story and situations to improvise, a technique known as "retroscripting" used in the making of "The Blair Witch Project".


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: In casting the movie, Peli auditioned "a few hundred people" before finally meeting Katie Featherston and Micah Sloat. He originally auditioned them individually and later called them back to audition together. Peli was impressed with the chemistry between the actors, saying, "If you saw the footage, you would've thought they had known each other for years." During a guest appearance on "The Jay Leno Show" on November 3, 2009, Sloat and Featherston explained they each saw the casting call on LACasting. Featherston noted they were originally paid $500 for their work.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: The film was shot out of sequence due to Peli's self-imposed seven-day shooting schedule, though Peli would have preferred the story unfold for the actors as he had envisioned it. Sloat, who controlled the camera for a good deal of the film, was a former cameraman at his university's TV station. "It was a very intense week", Peli recalled, stating that the film would be shot day and night, edited at the same time, and would have the visual effects applied to it as the acting footage was being finalized.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: Paramount and DreamWorks hired screenwriter Michael R. Perry to create "Paranormal Activity 2". Oren Peli, the director of the first film, served as a producer for this prequel. Kevin Greutert, director of "Saw VI", was initially hired to direct the prequel; however, Lions Gate Entertainment exercised a clause in Greutert's contract to have him direct the final film in the "Saw" film series. Both of the actors from the first film, Katie Featherston and Micah Sloat, reprise their roles in the prequel. Tod Williams directed "Paranormal Activity 2", which started production in May 2010 and was released in October the same year.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: "Paranormal Activity 3" and "4" were directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman, documentary filmmakers who were well-known for their feature debut "Catfish". Production on the third entry began in June, 2011, with a release October 21 of the same year. Filming for the fourth film commenced in June, 2012, with a release of October 19.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: A Latin American-themed fifth film, "" was released on January 3, 2014. Oren Peli, the creator of the franchise, returned to produce the film, while Christopher Landon, a screenwriter who had worked on the prior three entries in the series, served as the writer and director.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: The sixth film in the series, "", was announced to be released on October 25, 2013. However, in August 2013, the release date was pushed back to October 24, 2014.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: On September 17, 2014, the film's title was finalized and the release date was set on March 27, 2015, later changed to October 23, 2015.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: In September 2013, it was confirmed that Gregory Plotkin, a film editor who had edited every release in the series since "Paranormal Activity 2", would make his directorial debut with the sixth film. Oren Peli, the creator of the franchise, and Jason Blum would return to produce the sixth film. In late September 2013, Paramount hired "Almanac" writers Jason Pagan and Andrew Stark to write the screenplay. Though series writer Christopher Landon said that several sequels would follow "The Ghost Dimension" to wrap up the story, producer Jason Blum later confirmed that the film would indeed be the last in the series.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: He said: "It’s coming to an end. This is it, the finale. We’re saying it before the movie opens. We’re not going to grind this horror franchise into the ground. This will keep "Paranormal Activity" as part of this culture and this particular time in a really fantastic way… All the questions that everyone has asked from the past "Paranormal Activity" films: What does Tob- look like? What’s the backstory to the families? These questions have been teased out. Now they will be answered."


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: In December 2009, a short digital comic entitled "Paranormal Activity: The Search for Katie" was released for the iPhone. It was written by Scott Lobdell and features art from Mark Badger.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: A augmented reality game called "Paranormal Activity: Sanctuary" developed by Ogmento, was released in 2011. This mobile game was the first location-based augmented reality game ever produced, and combined vision-based AR with user-generated content and geo-social elements.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: A video game called "Paranormal Activity: The Lost Soul" was released on August 15, 2017 for Microsoft Windows and PS4. The game was engineered for VR and made use of the PlayStation VR for the PlayStation as well as Oculus Rift and HTC Vive for Windows, but VR was not required for play.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: The game was nominated for "Best Sound Design for an Indie Game" at the 16th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: A documentary about the making of the films called "Unknown Dimension: The Story of Paranormal Activity", was released on October 29, 2021.


title: Paranormal Activity (film series)

text: A non-canon Japanese language "Paranormal Activity" sequel was released in 2010. It follows Haruka Yamano, who was in a car accident that broke her legs. She stayed home with her brother while their father was away as strange activity started happening in the house. It is later revealed that Haruka killed the possessed Katie in the car accident, causing the demon to transfer to her.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Marina Sirtis (; born 29 March 1955) is a British actress. She is best known for her role as Counselor Deanna Troi on the television series "" and four "Star Trek" feature films, as well as other appearances in the "Star Trek" franchise.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Marina Sirtis was born in Hackney, London, the daughter of Greek parents, Despina, a tailor's assistant, and John Sirtis. She was brought up in Harringay, North London. When she was three years old, Sirtis says, the teenage sons of her babysitter sexually molested her. Sirtis suffered from an eating disorder, which emerged due to the trauma of the assault. After suffering from the disorder for 20 years, she went into therapy in the 1990s and was able to manage the trauma and learn to eat healthily again.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: While still in secondary school, Sirtis secretly auditioned for drama school against her parents' wishes, ultimately being accepted to the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: In 1976, at the age of 21, Sirtis graduated from Guildhall and began her career by joining the Connaught Theatre.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: In 1986, Sirtis emigrated to the United States, settling in Los Angeles to boost her career. She later became a naturalized US citizen.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Sirtis started her career as a member of the repertory company at the Connaught Theatre, Worthing, West Sussex, in 1976. Directed by Nic Young, she appeared in Joe Orton's "What the Butler Saw" and as Ophelia in "Hamlet".


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Before her role in "Star Trek", Sirtis was featured in supporting roles in several films. In the 1983, Faye Dunaway film, "The Wicked Lady", she engaged in a whip fight with Dunaway. In the Charles Bronson sequel "Death Wish 3", Sirtis' character is a rape victim. In the film "Blind Date", she appears as a sex worker who is murdered by a madman.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Other early works include numerous guest-starring roles on British television series. Sirtis appeared in "Raffles" (1977), "Who Pays the Ferryman" (1977), "Hazell" (1978), "Minder" (1979), the Jim Davidson sitcom "Up the Elephant and Round the Castle" (1985), and "The Return of Sherlock Holmes" (1986). She also played the flight attendant in a 1979 Cinzano Bianco television commercial starring Leonard Rossiter and Joan Collins, in which Collins was splattered with drink.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: In 1986, Sirtis relocated to the United States. When casting "", Gene Roddenberry was inspired to ask Sirtis, whose appearance he considered "exotic", to audition for a role after seeing the film "Aliens" with Bob Justman, which featured the prominent Latina character Vasquez, played by Jenette Goldstein. Sirtis and Denise Crosby initially tried out for each other's eventual roles on "The Next Generation". Sirtis' character was going to be named Lt. Macha Hernandez, the Security Chief. Gene Roddenberry decided to switch them, and Macha Hernandez became Tasha Yar. Sirtis recalls that on the day she received the call offering her the role, she was actually packing to return to Britain because her six-month visa had expired.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Deanna Troi is a half-human, half-Betazoid. Her Betazoid abilities allow her to read the emotions of others. Her position on the Enterprise-D is ship's counselor, looking after the crew's well-being and serving as trusted advisor to Captain Picard, with a position next to him on the bridge. Initially, the writers found it difficult to write for Troi and even left her out of four first-season episodes. Sirtis felt her job was in jeopardy after the first season, but was overjoyed when Roddenberry took her aside at Jonathan Frakes' wedding and told her that the season-two would centre on Troi.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Sirtis appeared in all seven seasons of "", and her character was developed from a more passive therapist to a tougher Starfleet officer. She has stated her favourite episode is season six's "", in which she is kidnapped and surgically altered to pose as a Romulan. Troi's switching to a standard Starfleet uniform in the same season in "" elevated the character's dignity in Sirtis' eyes, and her enthusiasm in playing her, with Sirtis commenting, "It covered up my cleavage and, consequently, I got all my brains back, because when you have a cleavage you can't have brains in Hollywood. So I got all my brains back and I was allowed to do things that I hadn't been allowed to do for five or six years. I went on away teams, I was in charge of staff, I had my pips back, I had phasers, I had all the equipment again, and it was fabulous. I was absolutely thrilled."


title: Marina Sirtis

text: During her time on the show, she became close friends with her co-stars Jonathan Frakes (who played Commander Riker), Michael Dorn (Lieutenant Worf) and Brent Spiner (who played Lieutenant Commander Data). The latter cast members were groomsmen at her wedding.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: She wore black-coloured contact lenses during the seven-year run of "Star Trek: The Next Generation" and the subsequent films because her character had black eyes. Her own eyes are light brown.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: She usually wore hairpieces for her role as Troi. Sirtis' real hair was slightly shorter and, although curly, was not as bouffant as her character's. However, Sirtis' real hair was used in the pilot episode, and also in the first six episodes of season six, in which Troi sported a more natural looking pony-tailed style. She was also asked to create an accent (described as a mixture of Eastern European and Israeli) for her character, although her natural accent is Cockney. Over time, the accent was adjusted and became more Americanized.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Sirtis reprised her character in the feature films "Star Trek Generations" (1994), "" (1996), "" (1998), and "" (2002).


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Sirtis was delighted to get the chance to do some comedy in "Star Trek: First Contact" and said, "I loved it because it opened the door to a different side of Troi we'd never seen before. That door has stayed open and that whole kind of wacky, zany Troi thing has continued into the next movie, which is great for me because I like to do things that are different." Sirtis stated of her role in "Star Trek: Nemesis", "I sort of had an inkling that I was going to have a good part in this film because John Logan was such a big fan of the character. So I knew that he would do her some justice."


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Sirtis also appeared in "" for three episodes toward the end of the series (1999 and 2000), and the series finale of "" (2005). She next returned to her role as Deanna Troi in 2020 in "" episode "Nepenthe". She also reprised the role in "No Small Parts", the first-season finale of "".


title: Marina Sirtis

text: While filming "Star Trek: The Next Generation", Sirtis returned to the UK during the hiatus between seasons three and four in 1990 to film a drama special entitled "One Last Chance" for the BBC. In 1992, she appeared in an episode of the short-lived series "The Fifth Corner" and had a cameo in the horror/fantasy movie "". After the end of "Star Trek: The Next Generation" in 1994, Sirtis continued to work regularly. Her first role was a departure from previous work, an abused wife in the series "Heaven Help Us".


title: Marina Sirtis

text: She provided the voice of Demona in the animated Disney television series "Gargoyles" for two seasons starting in 1994. Her "Next Generation" co-stars, Frakes (as the voice of David Xanatos), Spiner and Dorn, also lent their voices to the show. She voiced the character again for an episode of the unmade animated series "".


title: Marina Sirtis

text: In 1996, Sirtis starred as a villainous police detective in the British made-for-television movie, "Gadgetman". She played a villainess once again when she guest-starred as a race-track owner under investigation following the death of a driver in "" in 1998. The independent movie "Paradise Lost", with Sirtis in a starring role, was released in 1999.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Beginning in 1999, Sirtis returned to science-fiction television in a number of roles starting with "The Outer Limits". The same year, she appeared in "", originally created by Gene Roddenberry. In 2000, she played a Russian scientist in "Stargate SG-1". Sirtis was interviewed in the October 2000 issue of "SFX" magazine in the UK; the cover stated, "Marina Sirtis is Everywhere", also referring to her reprisal of her character Deanna Troi on "Star Trek: Voyager".


title: Marina Sirtis

text: In 2001, Sirtis made a highly publicised appearance on the long-running British hospital drama "Casualty". She played a politician with controversial views on the National Health Service. When she meets with a man with whom she is having an affair at a hotel, she is caught in an explosion. She appeared in the made-for-television movies "Terminal Error" in 2002 and "Net Games" in 2003. Also in 2003, she guest-starred in the ABC series "Threat Matrix" playing a biological-weapons scientist from Iraq.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Sirtis starred in the movie "Spectres" in 2004, and at ShockerFest International Film Festival, she won the best actress award.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Sirtis had a minor role in the Academy Award-winning ensemble film "Crash" as the wife of the Persian shopkeeper. Following this, she played another Middle Eastern role on the series "The Closer" in 2005. In 2006, she had a three-episode recurring role as a love match-maker on "Girlfriends", and she guest-starred in "Without a Trace".


title: Marina Sirtis

text: In 2007, Sirtis starred in the SyFy channel production of "Grendel", where she played Queen Onela. Independent movies "Trade Routes", "The Deep Below", and "Lesser of Three Evils" were released. She provided the voice for Matriarch Benezia in the critically acclaimed video game "Mass Effect" on Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and PC.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: In 2008, she made a guest appearance in an episode of the "Casualty" spin-off show "Holby City". The same year, the sci-fi/drama movie "Inalienable", written by "Star Trek" alumnus Walter Koenig, was released. Sirtis said of her role, "I actually play the Deputy Attorney General of the United States, so I'm a bad guy, a mean lawyer, which was fantastic."


title: Marina Sirtis

text: The direct-to-DVD sequels "Green Street 2" and "The Grudge 3", featuring Sirtis, were released in 2009. She co-starred in the British movie "31 North 62 East" as the prime minister's top aide; it had a limited theatrical release in the UK. Sirtis guest-starred in the first episode of the short-lived hospital drama "Three Rivers". She returned to SyFy in December 2009 in the disaster movie "Annihilation Earth".


title: Marina Sirtis

text: In 2010, Sirtis guest-starred as a Swiss doctor in two episodes of ABC Family's "Make It or Break It". In May 2010, Sirtis announced that she would be providing the voice for comic-book villainess Queen Bee in the "Young Justice" animated series. She provided her voice for a number of episodes from 2011 until its cancellation in 2013. In March 2011, Sirtis guest-starred on an episode of "Grey's Anatomy". She played an Iranian mother who was at the hospital to participate in a medical trial for Alzheimer's disease.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: In 2012, the vampire movie "Speed Demons", in which Sirtis co-starred, was released to pay-per-view services. The same year, she played a fortune teller in the "Castlevania" fan-made series posted on YouTube. She accepted a recurring role as director of Mossad on "NCIS". Her character, Orli Elbaz, succeeds Eli David (portrayed by Michael Nouri) and was introduced in the season-10 episode "Berlin", which aired in April 2013. She subsequently appeared in the second episode of season 11, which aired in early October 2013, and in the season 13 finale "Family First".


title: Marina Sirtis

text: In 2014, she co-starred in the SyFy channel horror movie "Finders Keepers". The following year, she appeared in the British film "A Dark Reflection", and in 2016, Sirtis starred in the Hallmark Channel movie "My Summer Prince". In 2019, Sirtis made her London West End stage debut in "Dark Sublime", playing the character of Marianne, a freelance actor and now-forgotten icon of a British sci-fi TV show, whose encounter with a fan changes both of their lives.


title: Marina Sirtis

text: Sirtis married Michael Lamper, an actor and rock guitarist, in 1992. Lamper died in his sleep on 7 December 2019. In 2021, Sirtis moved back to London, citing Lamper's death, growing tensions in America, and a desire for career opportunities in British film and television.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: The trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson, also known as the "Devil Made Me Do It" case, is the first known court case in the United States in which the defense sought to prove innocence based upon the claim of demonic possession and denial of personal responsibility for the crime. On November 24, 1981, in Brookfield, Connecticut, Arne Cheyenne Johnson was convicted of first-degree manslaughter for the killing of his landlord, Alan Bono.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: According to testimony by the Glatzel family, 11-year-old David Glatzel allegedly had played host to a demon. After witnessing a number of increasingly ominous occurrences involving David, his family, exhausted and terrified, decided to enlist the aid of Ed and Lorraine Warren in a last-ditch effort to "cure" the child. The Glatzel family, along with the Warrens, then proceeded to have multiple priests petition the Catholic Church to have a formal exorcism performed on David. The process continued for several days, concluding when, according to those present, a demon fled the child's body and took up residence within Johnson. These events were documented in the book "The Devil In Connecticut" by Gerald Brittle.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: Several months later, Johnson killed his landlord during a party. His defense lawyer argued in court that he was possessed, but the judge ruled that such a defense could never be proven and was therefore infeasible in a court of law. Johnson was subsequently convicted, though he served only five years of a ten to twenty-year sentence.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: The trial attracted media attention from around the world and has obtained a level of notoriety due to numerous depictions of the events in literature and television. A live-action TV prequel titled Where Demons Dwell was released on August 31, 2006. The story was later made into a film adaptation titled "" (2021).


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: Arne Cheyenne Johnson and Debbie Glatzel provided firsthand accounts for the version of events depicted in Discovery Channel's "A Haunting", episode "Where Demons Dwell". They said their father was an eyewitness to demonic possession. Both Johnson and Debbie were adamant in their support of the Warrens' recollection of events. They asserted that paranormal activity began after they went to clean up a rental property they had just acquired. David recollected that an old man appeared, pushing and terrifying him. The couple initially thought David was using the old man as an excuse to avoid cleaning, but David informed them that the old man had vowed to harm the Glatzels if they moved into the rental home. David's visions of the old man included the man appearing as a demonic beast who muttered Latin and threatened to steal his soul. Although the family allegedly heard strange noises coming from the attic, no one but David ever witnessed the old man. After David experienced night terrors, exhibited strange behavior, and obtained unexplained scratches and bruises, the family called upon the services of a Catholic priest, who attempted to bless the house. The terrified family concluded that the house was evil and would no longer continue to rent it.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: David's visions worsened, occurring in the daytime as well. Twelve days after the original incident, the family summoned the self-proclaimed demonologists Ed and Lorraine Warren to assist. Lorraine allegedly witnessed a black mist materialize next to David, an apparent indication of a malevolent presence. Debbie and her mother told the Warrens they had seen David being beaten and choked by invisible hands and that red marks had appeared on his neck afterward. David had started to growl, hiss, speak in otherworldly voices, and recite passages from the Bible or "Paradise Lost". The Glatzels recounted how each night a family member would remain awake with David as he suffered through spasms and convulsions. After receiving a prognosis of multiple possessions from the Warrens, David was subjected to three "lesser exorcisms". Lorraine asserts that David levitated, ceased breathing for a time, and even demonstrated the supernatural ability of precognition, specifically in relation to the manslaughter Johnson would later commit. In October 1980, the Warrens contacted Brookfield police to warn them that the situation was becoming dangerous.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: According to eyewitness testimony, Arne Johnson coerced one of the demons, purportedly within David, to possess him while participating in David's exorcisms. It is here that "A Haunting" veers away from the circumstances of Johnson's possession as described by those involved. According to the show, a few days after Johnson egged the demon on during the exorcism, he was attacked rather viciously by the demon, which allegedly took control of his car and forced it into a tree, but Johnson was unharmed. After this incident, Johnson returned to the rental property to examine an old well that supposedly housed the demon. In both the dramatized version and his personal account, Johnson said that this was his final encounter with the demon while completely lucid. After encountering the demon at the well, and making eye contact with it, he became possessed. The Warrens claim to have warned him not to do this (although their warning was not mentioned in "A Haunting"). As David's condition worsened further, Debbie and Johnson, who had been living in her mother's home, decided it was time to move. Debbie was hired by Alan Bono, a new resident in Brookfield, as a dog groomer. Debbie and Johnson began renting an apartment close to her place of employment. After moving in, Johnson started to exhibit odd behavior that was strikingly similar to David's, causing Debbie to fear that he had become possessed as well. According to Debbie, Johnson would fall into a trance-like state, wherein he would growl and hallucinate but later have no memory of it.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: On February 16, 1981, Johnson called in sick to his job at Wright Tree Service and joined Debbie at the kennel where she worked, along with his sister Wanda and Debbie's nine-year-old cousin Mary. Bono, the couple's landlord and Debbie's employer at the kennel, bought the group lunch at a local bar and proceeded to drink heavily. After lunch, the group returned to the kennel. Debbie then took the girls to get pizza but insisted they return quickly, anticipating trouble. When they returned, Bono, intoxicated at this point, became agitated. Everyone left the room at Debbie's urging, except Bono, who seized Mary and refused to let go. Johnson headed back to the apartment and ordered Bono to release Mary. Wanda recounted the following events to the police. Mary ran for the car as Debbie attempted to mitigate the situation by standing between the two men. Wanda tried in vain to pull Johnson away. Johnson, growling like an animal, then drew a pocket knife and stabbed Bono repeatedly. Bono died several hours later. According to Johnson's lawyer, Bono had suffered "four or five tremendous wounds", mostly to his chest, and one that stretched from his stomach to the base of his heart. Johnson was discovered from the site of the killing and was held at the Bridgeport Correctional Center on bail of $125,000. This was the first unlawful killing in the history of Brookfield, Connecticut.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: The day after the killing, Lorraine Warren informed the Brookfield Police that Johnson was possessed when the crime was committed. A "media blitz" soon surrounded the story, fueled in part by the Warrens, whose agents promised that lectures, a book, and a movie detailing the gruesome case were in the works. Martin Minnella, Johnson's lawyer, received calls from all over the world about what was being called the "Demon Murder Trial". Minnella traveled to England to meet with lawyers who had been involved in two similar cases (though neither went to trial). He planned to bring in exorcism specialists from Europe and threatened to subpoena the priests who oversaw David Glatzel's exorcisms if they did not cooperate with the defense.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: The trial took place in Connecticut's Superior Court in Danbury, beginning on October 28, 1981. Minnella attempted to submit a plea of not guilty by virtue of possession, but the presiding judge, Robert Callahan, promptly rejected this defense. Callahan argued that no such defense could ever exist in a court of law due to lack of evidence and that it would be "irrelative and unscientific" to allow related testimony. The defense chose to imply that Johnson acted in self-defense. Because of this, the jury was not legally allowed to consider demonic possession as a viable explanation for the killing. The jury deliberated for 15 hours over three days before convicting Johnson on November 24, 1981 of first-degree manslaughter. On December 18, 1981, he was sentenced to 10–20 years in prison, though he served only five.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: The incident led to the creation of a television film titled "The Demon Murder Case" on NBC and preparations for a feature film, the production of which was stalled due to internal conflicts. In 1983, Gerald Brittle, with the assistance of Lorraine Warren, published a book about the incident entitled "The Devil in Connecticut". Lorraine Warren stated that profits from the book were shared with the family. Sources confirmed that $2,000 was paid to the family by the book publisher.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: Upon the book's republication in 2006 by iUniverse, David Glatzel and his brother, Carl Glatzel Jr., sued the authors and book publishers for violating their right to privacy, libel, and "intentional infliction of emotional distress." Carl also claimed that the book alleged he committed criminal and abusive acts against his family and others. He said that the possession story was a hoax concocted by Ed and Lorraine Warren to exploit the family and his brother's mental illness, and that the book presented him as the villain because he did not believe in the supernatural claims. He asserted that the Warrens told him the story would make the family millionaires and would help get Johnson out of jail.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: According to Carl Glatzel, the publicity generated by the incident forced him to drop out of school and lose friends and business opportunities. In 2007 he began writing a book, titled "Alone Through the Valley", about his version of the events surrounding his brother.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: Lorraine Warren defended her work with the family, claiming that the six priests who were involved in the incident agreed at the time that the boy was possessed and that the supernatural events she described were real.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: Brittle, author of "The Devil in Connecticut", says he wrote the book because "the family wanted the story told," that he possesses video of over 100 hours of his interviews with the family, and that they signed off on the book as accurate before it went to print. G.


title: Trial of Arne Cheyenne Johnson

text: Glatzel's father, Carl Glatzel Sr., denies telling the author that his son was possessed. Johnson and Debbie (now married) wholeheartedly support the Warrens' account of demonic possession and have stated that the Glatzels in question are suing simply for monetary purposes. The event inspired the premise of the 2021 film "".