title: Colombo

text: Since there is a large number of Muslims in Colombo. Eid Ul Fitr and Eid Ul Adha are two Islamic festivals that are celebrated in Colombo. Many businesses flourish during the eventual countdown for Eid Ul Fitr which is a major Islamic festival celebrated by Muslims after a month-long fasting. Colombo is generally very busy on the eve of the festivals as people do their last-minute shopping.


title: Colombo

text: Christmas is another major festival. Although Sri Lanka's Christians make up only just over 7% of the population, Christmas is one of the island's biggest festivals. Most streets and commercial buildings light up from the beginning of December and festive sales begin at all shopping centres and department stores. Caroling and nativity plays are frequent sights during the season.


title: Colombo

text: The Sinhalese and Hindu Aluth Awurudda' is a cultural event that takes place on 13 and 14 April. This is the celebration of the Sinhalese and Hindu new year. The festivities include many events and traditions that display a great deal of Sri Lankan culture.


title: Colombo

text: Several old clubs of the city give a glimpse of the British equestrian lifestyle; these include the Colombo Club, Orient Club, the 80 Club, and the Colombo Cricket Club.


title: Colombo

text: Colombo has several performing arts centres, which are popular for their musical and theatrical performances, including the Lionel Wendt Theatre, the Elphinstone, and Tower Hall, all of which were made for western-style productions. The Navarangahala found in the city is the country's first national theatre designed and built for Asian and local style musical and theatrical productions.


title: Colombo

text: The Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre is a world-class theatre that opened in December 2011. Designed in the form of the Lotus Pond in Polonnaruwa, the theatre is a major theatre destination.


title: Colombo

text: The National Museum of Colombo, established on 1 January 1877 during the tenure of the British Colonial Governor Sir William Henry Gregory, is in the Cinnamon Gardens area. The museum houses the crown jewels and throne of the last king of the kingdom of Kandy, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha.


title: Colombo

text: There is also the Colombo Dutch Museum detailing the Dutch colonial history of the country. Colombo does not boast a very big art gallery. There is a small collection of random Sri Lankan paintings at the Art Gallery in Green Path; next to it is the Natural History Museum.


title: Colombo

text: One of the most popular sports in Sri Lanka is cricket. The country emerged as champions of the 1996 Cricket World Cup and became runners up in 2007 and 2011. In the ICC World Twenty20 they became runners up in 2009 and 2012 and winners in 2014. The sport is played in parks, playgrounds, beaches and even in the streets. Colombo is the home for two of the country's most popular international cricket stadiums, Singhalese Sports Club's Cricket Stadium and R. Premadasa Stadium (named after late president Premadasa). Colombo Stars represents the city in Lanka Premier League.


title: Colombo

text: Colombo has the distinction of being the only city in the world to have four cricket test venues in the past: Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium, Singhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground, Colombo Cricket Club Ground and Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium. The Sugathadasa Stadium is an international standard stadium for athletics, swimming and football, also held the South Asian Games in 1991 and 2006. Situated in Colombo the Royal Colombo Golf Club is one of the oldest in Asia. Other sporting clubs in Colombo include Colombo Swimming Club, Colombo Rowing Club and the Yachting Association of Sri Lanka.


title: Colombo

text: Rugby is also a popular sport at the club and school levels. Colombo has its local football team Colombo FC and the sport is being developed as a part of the FIFA Goal program.


title: Colombo

text: The Colombo Port City is to include a new Formula One track, constructed in the vicinity of the Colombo Harbour. According to Dr Priyath Wickrama, the Chairman of the Sri Lanka Ports Authority, an eight-lane F1 track will "definitely" be a part of the New Port City. This would host the Sri Lankan Grand Prix.


title: Colombo

text: Almost all major media businesses in Sri Lanka operate from Colombo. The state media has its offices in Bullers Road and carries out regional transmissions from there. These include the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC), formerly known as Radio Ceylon, and the Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation. The SLBC is the oldest radio station in South Asia and the second oldest in the world. Many private broadcasting companies have their offices and transmission stations in or around Colombo. As with most metro areas, radio bands are highly utilised for radio communications. Some of the prominent radio stations broadcasting in the Colombo area are Sirasa FM, FM Derana, Hiru FM, Shakthi FM, Vettri FM, Sooriyan FM, Kiss FM, Lite FM, Yes FM, Gold FM, Sith FM, Y FM and many more.


title: Colombo

text: Television networks operating in the Colombo metro area include the state-owned television broadcasting networks which are broadcast by the Rupavahini Corporation of Sri Lanka, broadcasting television in the official languages Sinhala and Tamil. English language television is also broadcast, more targeted to the demographics of the English speaking Sri Lankans, expatriate communities and tourists. There are as well several private operators. Many of the privately run television station networks were often based upon operational expansions of pre-existing commercial radio networks and broadcast infrastructure.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: The iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. They are the flagship smartphones in the fifteenth generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 12 Pro and iPhone 12 Pro Max respectively. The devices were unveiled alongside the iPhone 13 and iPhone 13 Mini at an Apple Special Event at Apple Park in Cupertino, California on September 14, 2021, and became available ten days later, on September 24. They were discontinued on September 7, 2022, as well as the iPhone 11 and iPhone 12 mini, following the announcement of the iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Pro.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: Major upgrades over its predecessor include improved battery life, improved cameras and computational photography, rack focus for video in a new "Cinematic Mode" at 1080p 30 fps, Apple ProRes video recording, a new A15 Bionic system on a chip, and a variable 10–120 Hz display, marketed as ProMotion.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: The successor to the iPhone 12 Pro models began in development to make the size of the notch 20% smaller as thanks to the front-firing speaker placed into the upper edge from the True-Depth sensor housing and utilizing the display refresh rate up to 120 Hz for smoother motion found. According to the early released rumors, the color options of the iPhone 13 Pro models were including Sunset Gold (a new Gold color option), Rosé (a rename of Gold), Pearl (rename of the Silver) and Matte Black. However, Apple Inc. announced that no Sunset Gold color option of the iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max would be unveiled, which Sierra Blue color option of the iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max would be instead unveiled on the September Event.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: The iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max were officially announced alongside the ninth-generation iPad, 6th generation iPad Mini, Apple Watch Series 7, iPhone 13, and iPhone 13 Mini by a virtual press event filmed and recorded at Apple Park in Cupertino, California on September 14, 2021. Pre-orders began on September 17 at 5:00 AM PST. Pricing starts at US$999 for the iPhone 13 Pro and US$1099 for the iPhone 13 Pro Max, the same as their respective previous generations.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: The iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max's design is mostly unchanged from their respective predecessors. However, the rear camera module now covers a larger area due to the larger lenses. The Face ID and camera module on the front display, or "notch", is now 20% smaller than in previous generations.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: The iPhone 13 Pro and 13 Pro Max are available in five colors: Silver, Graphite, Gold, Sierra Blue, and Alpine Green. Sierra Blue is a new color replacing Pacific Blue.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: On March 8, 2022, at Apple's Special Event "Peek Performance", Apple revealed a new Alpine Green color option, which became available on March 18.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: The iPhone 13 Pro and Pro Max use an Apple-designed A15 Bionic processor featuring a 16-core neural engine, 6-core CPU (with 2 performance cores and 4 efficiency cores), and 5-core GPU. The A15 Bionic also contains a next-generation image processor.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: The iPhone 13 Pro has a 6.06 inch (154 mm) (marketed as ) OLED display with a resolution of 2532 × 1170 pixels (2.9 megapixels) at 460 PPI, while the iPhone 13 Pro Max has a 6.68 inch (170 mm) (marketed as ) OLED display with a resolution of 2778 × 1284 pixels (3.5 megapixels) at 458 PPI. Both models have the Super Retina XDR OLED display with improved typical brightness up to 1,000 nits from 800 nits, and max brightness up to 1,200 nits, and for the first time in an iPhone, a variable 10–120 Hz ProMotion display, which can also go as low as 10 Hz to preserve battery and the term was previously used on the iPad Pro (2nd Generation) and later models.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: Apple claims up to 1.5 more hours of battery life on the iPhone 13 Pro, and 2.5 more hours on the 13 Pro Max than their respective predecessors. Rated capacities are 11.97 Wh (3,095 mAh) on the 13 Pro an increase from the 10.78 Wh (2,815 mAh) battery found in the iPhone 12 Pro, while the 13 Pro Max is rated at 16.75 Wh (4,352 mAh) another increase from the 14.13 Wh (3,687 mAh) battery found in the iPhone 12 Pro Max. Both models can charge with MagSafe up to 15 W, Qi wireless charging up to 7.5 W, and Lightning up to 20-23 W For the (Pro), 20-27 W for the (Pro Max).


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: The iPhone 13 Pro features four cameras: one front-facing camera for selfie and three rear-facing cameras which includes a telephoto, wide, and ultra-wide camera. The rear-facing cameras all contain larger sensors than the iPhone 12 Pro, allowing for more light-gathering. The wide and ultra-wide also have larger apertures to capture more light and increase low-light performance. The ultra-wide camera also has autofocus for the first time. The 77 mm telephoto has a smaller aperture than the 12 Pro's but has the advantage of being able to use Night Mode for the first time. The larger telephoto also increases the digital zoom capability to 15x.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: The cameras use Apple's latest computational photography engine, called Smart HDR 4. Smart HDR 4 processes recognized faces in photos separately using local adjustments. Users can also choose from a range of photographic styles during capture, including rich contrast, vibrant, warm, and cool. Apple clarifies this is different than a filter because it works intelligently with the image processing algorithm during capture to apply local adjustments to an image.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: The camera app contains a new mode called Cinematic Mode, which allows users to rack focus between subjects and create a shallow depth of field using software algorithms. It is supported on wide, telephoto, and front-facing cameras in 1080p at 30 fps. Apple also added in iOS 15.1 the ability to record in Apple ProRes 4K at 30 fps and 1080p at 60 fps for models with at least 256 GB of storage, however base models with 128 GB of storage will be limited to ProRes recording at 1080p at 30 fps.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: The camera features a macro mode that can focus as close as 2 centimeters from a subject. It utilizes the autofocus from the ultra-wide camera and is automatically enabled when close enough to a subject.


title: IPhone 13 Pro

text: The iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max were praised by reviewers and journalists for its marked improvement in battery life, improved set of cameras, and the addition of ProMotion to the iPhone. The devices have repeatedly been called the best camera in a smartphone.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Fallout: New Vegas is a 2010 action role-playing game developed by Obsidian Entertainment and published by Bethesda Softworks. It was announced in April 2009 and released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on October 19, 2010. A spin-off of the main "Fallout" series, the game is set in a post-apocalyptic open world environment that encompasses a region consisting of parts of Arizona, California, and Nevada. It is set in a world that deviated onto an alternate timeline thanks to Atomic Age technology, which eventually led to a global nuclear apocalypse in the year 2077 in an event referred to as "The Great War", caused by a major conflict between the U.S. and China over natural resources. The main story of "New Vegas" takes place in the year 2281, four years after the events of "Fallout 3" and 204 years after the bombs fell. It is not a direct sequel, but does feature the return of several elements found in "Fallout 2".


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Players take control of a character known as the Courier. While transporting a package across the Mojave Desert to the city of New Vegas, which used to be Las Vegas, the Courier is ambushed, robbed of the package, shot, and buried in a cemetery. Ultimately the Courier is dug out and recovers from their wound. The Courier then begins a journey to find their would-be killer and recover the package, makes friends and enemies among various warring factions, and ultimately becomes caught up in a conflict that will determine who controls New Vegas and the Mojave Wasteland.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "New Vegas" received positive reviews, with critics praising the game's writing, quests, and improved gameplay, though it was criticized for its glitches and bugs on launch. It was a commercial success, shipping more than 5 million copies, and is estimated to have sold around 12 million copies worldwide. The game received a Golden Joystick Award for "RPG of the Year" in 2011 and was nominated for two BAFTA Awards (Best Strategy Game and Best Story), as well as a NAVGTR Award for Supporting Performance in a Drama (Felicia Day). It has since obtained a cult following, with some critics referring to the game as the best in the "Fallout" series as well as one of the greatest RPGs of all time.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: While gameplay from "Fallout 3" was retained for "Fallout: New Vegas", Obsidian Entertainment worked upon providing the game with improvements upon existing elements while introducing some old and new features to the series. Some improvements and new features are included. Combat is improved upon, with the V.A.T.S. system being updated with several new V.A.T.S.-specific attacks, and a number of kill animations being made for several of the game's melee weapons. The response and accuracy given from weapons were also improved. Players can use the iron sights on firearms, with the exception of certain larger guns and some energy weapons. The third-person perspective in the game was redesigned to be more "over the shoulder" than it had been in "Fallout 3". The Character Creation section of the game was refined to take less time than "Fallout 3", with players able to skip the tutorials and proceed across the Wasteland once their character is set up. The option to make any last minute changes to their character occurs when the player steps beyond the boundaries of the starting location of Goodsprings. More Perks were added to the game to provide greater options for improving the player's characters upon leveling up, and perks that only added to skill values were removed. The player can only take one Perk every two levels instead of every level like in "Fallout 3," in an attempt to prevent players from becoming too strong early in the game. More weapons were added to the game, including the 9mm Pistol, the Single Shotgun, Powder Charges, Dynamite, Trail Carbine, and Grenade Launcher, with each weapon added being intended to serve a specific and tactical role within the game. The "Big Guns" and "Small Guns" skills are consolidated into one skill, "Guns", and the skill of Survival was added, adapted from the first and second game's Outdoorsman skill. In "New Vegas", this skill affects how much health is restored by food and drink. Skills have a larger effect on conversation choices; whether a dialogue option will succeed or fail is shown up front, and entirely dependent on Skill level, rather than both skill and chance as was the case in "Fallout 3". Players can receive a temporary boost to a skill by reading a skill magazine corresponding to it, which can be found around the Mojave Wasteland or purchased from vendors, the effects of which can be further enhanced by certain Perks. Players can gamble by visiting casinos across the wasteland and purchasing chips with one of the three currencies available. The games available at these casinos are blackjack, slots, or roulette, and success rate is dependent on the player's Luck stat. Players can also play a card game called Caravan, which was specifically designed for the game and has its own rules, and can be played with certain people outside of the casinos.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Although players could craft items in "Fallout 3", options were limited to creating one of eight unique weapons. With "New Vegas", crafting was expanded to allow the creation of food, drink, drugs, ammunition along with unique weapons. Crafting can be done at workbenches, reloading benches, hot plates and campfires, and require specific components as well as a sufficient skill level; for instance, cooking food at campfires requires the player to have a sufficient Survival skill level to do so, and may require plants that can be harvested across the wasteland. Some special items cannot be made until their recipes/schematics are found. In addition to crafting, players can modify weapons with special firearm modifications, which may improve rate of fire, magazine size, or add sights to allow for greater range and accuracy. Modifications for firearms often require either scavenging for them in the Mojave or purchasing them from vendors.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Because of the large number of factions created for the game, developers reintroduced the reputation system that was first used in "Fallout 2" and had been absent in "Fallout 3". Much like the Karma system, which tracks a player's "good" and "bad" deeds, a player's standing with a faction or settlement can change depending on how they interact with them and what decisions they make. For example, if a player helps a faction or settlement, their reputation improves in all locations controlled by that faction or settlement; opting to kill their members or citizens or work against them will cause a gain of infamy with that faction or settlement. Unlike the Karma system, any reputation fame or infamy gained is permanent and irreversible, besides the NCR and Legion resetting infamy upon reaching a certain point in the game, and fame and infamy are completely separate values. The type of reputation the player has with each faction or settlement affects how non-player characters (NPCs) behave towards them; a good reputation might make completing some quests easier, provide discounts with the faction or settlement's vendors, and cause faction members to offer gifts; a bad reputation may lead to the faction refusing to help the player, attacking them on sight, or sending assassins to gun them down.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Companions in "New Vegas" received far more depth than the companions from "Fallout 3", through the use of the Companion Wheel and most companions offering a unique questline. Through the Wheel, players can switch a companion's tactics in combat, including their behavior and how they attack, as well as dismiss them, treat them for injuries, access their inventory and talk with them. Players are capable of having two companions with them at any one time – one humanoid and one non-humanoid. Companions can confer a unique Perk or advantage and have the opportunity to be improved by completing a special quest related to them. They can be sent directly to the Lucky 38 Presidential Suite upon being dismissed rather than returning to their original location. Each companion was intended to represent a different style of combat. There are a total of eight permanent companions, with six companions available only in their respective DLC worlds.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "New Vegas" introduced the additional difficulty of Hardcore mode, which delivers more realism and intensity to the playing environment. While the standard adjustable difficulty level settings only affect combat difficulty, Hardcore mode adds statistics and encourages the player to consider resource management and combat tactics. Game director Josh Sawyer stated that the mode was inspired by several different "Fallout 3" mods. In this mode, the following occurs: All healing items, including food and water, do not heal the player instantly but work over a short period of time. RadAway takes time to gradually decrease radiation poisoning, rather than instantly. Stimpaks can no longer heal crippled limbs. Players must either use Doctor's Bags, sleep in an owned or rented bed, use the chem Hydra, or visit a doctor to heal limbs. Ammunition has weight, limiting the amount that can be carried. Players must eat, drink, and sleep in order to avoid starvation, dehydration, and exhaustion, respectively; failure to do so confers a steady decrease in certain skills and eventually leads to death if untreated. Companions can be killed upon being reduced to zero hit points, rather than losing consciousness. Completing the game on this mode (from start to finish as the mode can be turned on at any point during the game) results in either an achievement (Xbox 360/Steam/GOG) or trophy (PlayStation 3) being awarded.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "Fallout: New Vegas" takes place during the year 2281 within the region surrounding the former city of Las Vegas (now a city-state called "New Vegas"), around four years after the events of "Fallout 3", and roughly around 204 years after the Great War of 2077. At the time the game begins, three major powers seek control over New Vegas and its surroundings: the New California Republic (NCR), Caesar's Legion, and Mr. House. Since their last appearance in "Fallout 2", the NCR has become overextended and mismanaged, but their expansion eastwards has allowed them to gain control of the majority of territories in the Mojave, with the only threat to their expansion coming from the slave-driving, Roman army-styled forces of Caesar's Legion, led by their leader Caesar (voiced by John Doman), who have conquered and united 86 tribes further to the east, and plan to conquer New Vegas. Four years before the start of the game, both sides came into conflict at the Hoover Dam, a major landmark that supplies power to New Vegas, and which both sides seek control over. The battle resulted in a narrow victory for the NCR, but with Boulder City being leveled in the process. As both sides prepare for a second, inevitable conflict over the dam, Mr. House, a mysterious businessman who presides over New Vegas as its "de facto" leader with an army of "Securitron" security robots, also seeks control of the dam while ensuring neither side gains control, and is moving towards the final stages of his plans.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Much of the game takes place in the Mojave Wasteland, which encompasses parts of the former states of California, Nevada, and Arizona. Along with the three main factions, the region has a number of minor factions. These include the Boomers, an isolationist and xenophobic tribe of heavily-armed former Vault-dwellers who have taken shelter at Nellis Air Force Base; the Powder Gangers, a violent loosely-organized group of escaped convicts from the NCR Correctional Facility near Primm; the Great Khans, a tribe of drug dealers and raiders descended from the remnants of the New Khans in "Fallout 2"; and the Brotherhood of Steel, technology-craving remnants of the U.S. Army who are attempting to secure any technology that could cause significant harm. Along with Hoover Dam and Nellis Air Force Base, the region has additional landmarks, including its own vaults and the HELIOS One solar energy plant.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: The protagonist is a courier working for the Mojave Express, a postal service that serves New Vegas and the surrounding Mojave Desert. The game begins as the Courier wakes up after being ambushed by a mobster named Benny (voiced by Matthew Perry) and his hired goons while en route to New Vegas to deliver a mysterious item known as the "Platinum Chip." Benny shoots the Courier in the head, takes the Chip, and leaves them for dead in a shallow grave near the town of Goodsprings. The Courier is then dug up by a Securitron named Victor (voiced by William Sadler) and nursed back to health by Goodspring's resident physician Doc Mitchell (voiced by Michael Hogan). The Courier then embarks on a journey across the Mojave Wasteland to locate Benny and retrieve the Platinum Chip.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: The game proceeds according to the Courier's decisions and involves many different factions, characters, and events. The main storyline follows the Courier's pursuit of Benny to both settle the score and recover the Platinum Chip. Along the way, the Courier encounters several groups of people with various problems that they can choose to assist with, ignore, or otherwise sabotage, resulting in positive or negative karma as well as potentially affect the wider course of events in the Mojave.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Eventually, the Courier confronts Benny at his own casino in the New Vegas Strip and, depending on the Courier's choices, either disposes of Benny and recovers the Platinum Chip or allows Benny to escape with the Chip. Regardless, the Courier finds themselves entangled in a broader conflict between three major factions: Caesar's Legion, a totalitarian empire of Roman-esque slavers; the New California Republic (NCR), an expansionist federal republic; and Mr. House (voiced by René Auberjonois), the enigmatic and reclusive ruler of the New Vegas Strip, who commands an army of Securitron robots that patrol the city. Each of the three sides aims to control Hoover Dam, which is still operational and supplying the North American Southwest with power and clean, non-irradiated water; thus, control of the dam means effective control of the region.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: It is revealed that Mr. House, a human from before the Great War and surviving via a contained life-support chamber, had the Platinum Chip manufactured as part of his extensive preparations to protect Las Vegas in the upcoming Great War. However, the War began on the day that the Chip was to be delivered to him. The Chip, a data storage device with a program that can upgrade the Securitrons to a greater level of combat effectiveness, was later recovered by salvagers and organized to be delivered to Mr. House in New Vegas via the Mojave Express by which the Courier had been initially assigned the package. Benny, who had been Mr. House's protege, had been scheming to usurp Mr. House and claim New Vegas for himself with the help of a reprogrammed Securitron named Yes Man (voiced by Dave Foley) thus leading to Benny's ambush at the beginning of the game. The Courier has the option to co-opt Benny's plan with Yes Man's support and claim New Vegas for themselves.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: In preparation for the upcoming battle for Hoover Dam, the Courier then carries out various tasks that involve addressing the minor factions in the Mojave Wasteland and either assisting or sabotaging the other major factions.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Soon, the Courier is notified that Caesar's Legion has begun their attack on Hoover Dam and they must take part to decide the outcome. The Legion begins their offensive on the Dam, led by the fearsome Legate Lanius, with the NCR on the defensive under General Lee Oliver. Depending on the faction favorably affected by the Courier's actions up to that point, the Courier will either conquer the Dam for Caesar's Legion, defend it for the NCR, or connect the Dam's systems to Mr. House's network so either Mr. House or Yes Man can take control the upgraded Securitron army and evict both the Legion and the NCR from the territory.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: The game concludes with a narrated slideshow showing and explaining the results of the Courier's actions, the battle for Hoover Dam deciding the faction that comes to power over New Vegas and the Mojave Wasteland, and the fates of the various other groups and characters based on the player's actions towards them.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: The game features four primary endings based on the player's choices in determining the fate of the Mojave Wasteland.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: In 2004, Bethesda Softworks purchased the license to develop and publish "Fallout 3", as well as an option to create two sequels, from Interplay Entertainment. Three years later they bought the "Fallout" intellectual property. Bethesda abandoned the original gameplay style of previous "Fallout" titles; instead of an isometric game with action point/turn-based combat, Bethesda's "Fallout 3" was a fully 3D game with real-time combat as well as the action point-based V.A.T.S. system.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "Fallout 3" was a critical and commercial success upon its release in 2008, and Bethesda commissioned a sequel. With their own developers busy working on "" Bethesda reached out to Obsidian Entertainment, a company founded by several former members of Interplay's original "Fallout" developers Black Isle Studios, to develop the game. Bethesda and Obsidian decided to create a game that would continue the "West Coast" story rather than the plot of "Fallout 3". Bethesda rejected Obsidian's idea to set the game between the events of "Fallout 2" and "Fallout 3", but they did approve of setting the game in Las Vegas.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "Fallout: New Vegas" was announced in April 2009. Obsidian's development team included former Interplay/Black Isle employees Josh Sawyer as director and Chris Avellone as a writer and director of the game's downloadable content. The plot of "New Vegas" takes heavy inspiration from the original "Fallout 3" that Black Isle developed, commonly known by its codename ""Van Buren"", which Sawyer also directed prior to its cancellation. The most notable example is the inclusion of Caesar's Legion, a faction originally created for "Van Buren". Obsidian included other factions from previous "Fallout" games and avoided writing any faction as entirely good or evil, but instead as potential rivals depending on what path the player decided to pursue.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: The game had a somewhat short development cycle of 18 months. "New Vegas" is similar to "Fallout 3", in that both games use the Gamebryo engine, yet it improved on the previous installment's source code, with some graphics rendering improvements and new art assets, while reworking the engine to accommodate the extra lights and effects of the Las Vegas Strip. Obsidian were unfamiliar with the Gamebryo engine and had to request the help of an "Oblivion" modder named Jorge Salgado. Obsidian refined the real-time shooting mechanics and added iron-sights aiming to make playing without V.A.T.S. a more viable option than it was in "Fallout 3". One PC version of the game relies on Steamworks for online functions, such as achievements and cloud save storage, as well as digital rights management (DRM). A version without DRM was made available by GoG.com on June 1, 2017.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Producer Jason Bergman announced the involvement of several actors, including Ron Perlman as the game's narrator and Wayne Newton as radio DJ "Mr. New Vegas". He confirmed that the game would include voice acting from Matthew Perry, Zachary Levi, Kris Kristofferson, Danny Trejo, Michael Dorn and Felicia Day. The team brought on casting director and voice producer Timothy Cubbison to oversee the actor selection and voice production. The game established the new record for the most lines of dialogue in a single-player action role-playing game. "New Vegas" contains around 65,000 lines of dialogue, beating its predecessor and previous record holder "Fallout 3" which contained 40,000 lines of dialogue.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "Fallout 3" composer Inon Zur composed the score. It features three major in-game radio stations, spanning several genres of music in the radio waves: country, bluegrass, popular music from the 1940s and 1950s, jazz and classical. Each station has a set track list which repeats randomly. Music from the first two "Fallout" games, composed by Mark Morgan, is used in the game as well.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: On February 4, 2010, Obsidian Entertainment released the "Fallout: New Vegas" teaser trailer. A second trailer was shown on GameTrailers from E3 on June 11, 2010.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Bethesda announced four pre-order bonus packs giving specific in-game items, they include the "Classic", "Tribal", "Caravan" and "Mercenary" packs available when pre-ordering at specific outlets, all of the listed pre-order packs were later made available for purchase on September 27, 2011. The "Collector's Edition" was revealed on May 11, 2010. It was distributed worldwide and is available for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. Its enclosed contents include seven real clay poker chips from the "Fallout: New Vegas" casinos, a deck of cards each with a character on them with information on that person, a graphic novel leading up to the events of "New Vegas", a Lucky 38 large Platinum Chip replica, and a making-of documentary.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "Fallout: New Vegas" was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 19, 2010, in North America, October 21, 2010, in Australia, and October 22, 2010, in Europe. Within hours of the game's release on October 19, 2010, players of "Fallout: New Vegas" began reporting a variety of technical issues (saved games becoming corrupted, the game freezing, players becoming stuck within the terrain, and random NPCs appearing behind the player, initiating combat out of context). Bethesda Game Studios stated that they, in conjunction with Obsidian, were actively working on an update for release "as soon as possible" to address in-game issues. They urged customers to keep their copies of "New Vegas" rather than return them to stores, stating that providing the best possible experience to their users was a priority.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Within a week of the original release, a patch was available for the PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3 versions of the game, which contained over 200 quest and scripting-related fixes. The update released on December 14, 2010, has fixed further glitches and save game problems, including companion-related bugs. Subsequent updates were released in February and April that corrected numerous bugs and gameplay issues. A patch released on July 5, 2011 causes the game to automatically create a save prior to the endgame sequence, allowing single-save players to play through the downloadable content without creating a new game. The user community has created community patches to fix some remaining issues.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: The game engine has had major performance issues on the PlayStation 3, leading to unplayable frame rates when the save game file becomes large following extended play, or sometimes when downloadable content is installed. Similar issues plagued "", but a performance patch to improve "New Vegas" was not implemented. Sawyer stated that the issue involves the core engine and cannot be patched easily.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: On October 18, 2010, Bethesda Softworks announced that downloadable content (DLC) would be available for "New Vegas", in keeping with its predecessor "Fallout 3". Six add-on packs have been released. The six add-ons are titled "Dead Money", "Honest Hearts", "Old World Blues", "Lonesome Road", "Gun Runners' Arsenal", and "Courier's Stash". The combined effect of the DLC is to raise the level cap from 30 to 50.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: The first add-on pack was released for the Xbox 360 on December 21, 2010, and for PlayStation 3 and PC (via Steam) on February 22, 2011. In "Dead Money", the Courier is captured by an insane former elder of the Brotherhood of Steel known as Father Elijah and is forced to work alongside three other captives to stage a heist on the Sierra Madre Casino and retrieve its fabled treasure which had been long concealed from the rest of the world by a deadly toxic cloud. The pack adds achievements/trophies, weapons, perks, terrain, enemies, crafting recipes and decisions for the player, as well as raising the level cap by five. It is the only one of the four story add-ons that cannot be revisited after the completion of its main quest line.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: The second pack was released on May 17, 2011, on Xbox Live and Steam and June 2, 2011, on the PlayStation Network due to the April–May outage. In "Honest Hearts", the Courier takes part in a trading expedition to Utah's Zion National Park by signing on with The Happy Trails Caravan which is very soon attacked and destroyed by tribal raiders. Surviving the attack and stranded in Zion, the Courier becomes involved in a conflict between the local tribes with one side led by "New Canaanite" (post-apocalyptic incarnation of Mormonism) missionaries. One of the missionaries is revealed to be the widely-feared and widely-revered "Burned Man," Caesar's Legate who preceded Lanius, and who had lost the First Battle of Hoover Dam. As punishment, he was covered in pitch, set on fire, and thrown into the Grand Canyon only to survive and hence be known as the Burned Man. The pack adds achievements/trophies, crafting recipes, perks, terrain, items, enemies and decisions for the player, as well as raising the level cap by five.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: In "Old World Blues", the Courier is abducted and unwittingly becomes a lab rat in a science experiment gone awry who soon discovers how some of the Mojave's mutated creatures and dangerous technology came to exist. "Old World Blues" takes place in the Pre-War research centers of Big Mountain, known colloquially as "the Big Empty" or "Big MT." The Courier could to either turn on their kidnappers or join with them in their long-standing struggle against a greater threat. This pack adds achievements/trophies, items, perks, a vast area to explore, and raises the level cap by five like the previous two packs. "Old World Blues" was released on July 19, 2011.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: In "Lonesome Road", the Courier is contacted by Ulysses, a former Legionary and Mojave Express courier who, upon seeing the Courier's name on the list of possible package handlers, refused to deliver the Platinum Chip that ultimately led to the attack on the Courier in the beginning of the base game. Ulysses was a character whose involvement in the story had been hinted since New Vegas' initial release; "Lonesome Road" concludes his story as well as that of the Courier. This pack adds achievements/trophies, items, perks, decisions, enemies and crafting recipes. Initially, "Lonesome Road" was planned to be released in August 2011; however, the add-on was delayed until September 20 for unspecified reasons.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: On September 27, 2011, Bethesda released two content packs titled "Gun Runners' Arsenal" and "Courier's Stash". "Gun Runners' Arsenal" adds various weapons (like the Katana, Time Bomb, and Chainsaw) and weapon mods (like suppressors, scopes, laser sights, and stacked magazines) along with new ammo types, which can be found throughout the game world. "Courier's Stash" contains all bonus content that was previously only available for pre-ordering the game (the "Caravan Pack", "Classic Pack", "Mercenary Pack" and "Tribal Pack").


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: On November 3, 2011, Bethesda announced "Fallout: New Vegas – Ultimate Edition", which includes the game and all of its downloadable content. It was released worldwide throughout February 2012. It was released on February 7, 2012 in North America and February 10 for Europe.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Like most Bethesda games, "Fallout: New Vegas" features a very large modding community with several high-profile mods and well-known modders.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: On December 29, 2011, "Fallout: New Vegas" director Josh "J.E." Sawyer released an unofficial mod for the PC version. The mod adjusts the maximum level to 35, halves the rate of increase in player experience points, reduces base player health, reduces the base weight a player can carry, defines certain characters as good or evil rather than neutral, and makes various other adjustments. These are changes that Sawyer wanted to be included in the game, but they were not released as an official update. This mod requires all add-on packs to work.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "Tale of Two Wastelands" is a total conversion mod for "Fallout: New Vegas" that merges the entire content of "Fallout 3" and its DLC and "New Vegas" into one game. The mod implements features introduced in "New Vegas" into "Fallout" "3," such as the Companion Wheel, crafting recipes, and weapon mods. Players can freely traverse between the two games on a single save file, keeping all of their items and their progression between game worlds.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "Fallout: New California" (originally named "Project Brazil") is a massive fan-made overhaul mod for "Fallout: New Vegas" by Radian-Helix Media, adding an all-new feature-length campaign and world space, complete with voiced characters, quests, companions, factions, and multiple endings, set in the California Wastelands of the San Bernardino Mountains.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "Fallout: The Frontier" is a massive fan-made overhaul mod for "Fallout: New Vegas" set in the ruins of Portland, Oregon, under nuclear winter. Under development for seven years, the mod has been described as the largest-ever for a "Fallout" game. It features a game-length campaign with three questlines, with full voice acting. It released on Nexus Mods on January 15, 2021, with a planned release on Steam being delayed one week. Shortly after launching, the website for "Nexus" crashed.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: The mod was briefly pulled after one of its developers was found to have created "animated paedophilic content" and was later re-released with changes to address the criticism (mainly removing all content by the former developer; most of which were icons for in-game perks and items). Other criticisms and controversies surrounding the mod included perceived poor writing, scenes implying zoophilia, the ability to enslave an 18-year old woman, a lack of coherence with the established "Fallout" universe, and themes that some critics asserted were depictions of the developers' "barely disguised fetishes".


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: In May 2021, the "Frontier" team addressed these criticisms and announced their intention to rework "The Frontier" "from the ground up", including entirely rewriting the game's NCR questline. With this announcement, they also began recruiting new writers, artists and developers for the project. Project lead Tgspy stated in a blogpost "we hope that this new story will do better justice to the characters, and to the Frontier as a whole".


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "Fallout: New Vegas" received "generally favorable reviews" from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Critics praised the gameplay improvements and expanded content over "Fallout 3", while criticizing familiarity and technical issues. As of November 8, 2010, the game had shipped 5 million copies worldwide, achieving revenue of $300 million. Electronic Entertainment Design and Research, a market research firm, estimates that the game had sold 11.6 million copies worldwide by 2015.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "IGN"s Keza MacDonald praised the game's script, but criticized the character models and facial animation as "wooden and unbelievable". "Eurogamer" commented that "Obsidian has created a totally compelling world and its frustrations pale into insignificance compared to the immersive, obsessive experience on offer. Just like the scorched scenery that provides its epic backdrop, "New Vegas" is huge and sprawling, sometimes gaudy, even downright ugly at times – but always effortlessly, shamelessly entertaining." According to "GameSpot"s Kevin VanOrd, the game's "familiar rhythm will delight fans of the series, and the huge world, expansive quests, and hidden pleasures will have [the players] itching to see what other joys you might uncover. However, as time wears on, the constant glitches invade almost every element of the game and eventually grow wearisome."


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: "Giant Bomb's" Jeff Gerstmann reviewed "Fallout: New Vegas" for the Xbox 360 positively, despite its many crashes, bugs, and glitches. Gerstmann wrote: "When I reflect on the experience, I'll probably think about the times the game locked up on me or broke in a dozen other crazy ways first, before thinking about the great world and the objectives that fill it. If you were able to look past the issues that plagued "Fallout 3" and "Oblivion" before it, "New Vegas" will eventually show you a real good time." "1UP.com"s Mike Nelson wrote "On one hand, it feels like I can recommend this to any fan of the "Fallout" series. I single these fans out because they're willing to forgive silly bugs like meeting characters who walk into walls or occasionally float in mid-air. These fans realize that the game as a whole is greater than the sum of minor graphical anomalies. On the other hand, I simply can't ignore or forgive the game for crashing on me when I walk around the Mojave Wasteland; or for quests that simply can't be completed because of a game glitch; or for making my companions disappear when I need them the most during a battle. These are some of the most frustrating bugs I have ever encountered with any game, especially when attached to a series that I deeply enjoy."


title: Fallout: New Vegas

text: Despite its technical problems at launch, in the years since its release "Fallout: New Vegas" has been critically acclaimed, with praise given to its story, role-playing elements and improvements on its predecessor. In 2020, "Eurogamer's" Wesley Yin-Poole wrote "While it suffered a raft of technical problemsas most of the games built on Bethesda's RPG engine did at the timeits reputation has only grown more positive over the last decade, and it is now considered one of, if not the best Fallout game." Emma Kent wrote in 2019 that "it felt like even the smallest story was carefully crafted to maintain interest and deliver a rewarding kicker" and that "on the macro scale, New Vegas took a more serious tone by weaving a complex power struggle that mirrors many current real-world conflicts." At the end of 2019, "Den of Geek" ranked "Fallout: New Vegas" as the twelfth-best game of the decade, with writer Matthew Byrd describing the game as "the glorious comeback of [...] more complex RPG elements. Developer Obsidian fought against a buggy engine and a tight production schedule to turn in an RPG adventure that is all about navigating the possibilities and burdens of player agency in a world where it often feels like you can't properly predict the consequences of your decisions. It's a true role-playing game that takes place in a world you wouldn't want to live in but can't help but be engrossed by."


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Michele Ann Marie "Shelley" Fabares (; born January 19, 1944) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her television roles as Mary Stone on the sitcom "The Donna Reed Show" (1958–1963) and as Christine Armstrong on the sitcom "Coach" (1989–97), the latter of which earned her two Primetime Emmy Awards nominations.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Fabares was born in Santa Monica, California on January 19, 1944. She is the niece of actress Nanette Fabray (née Fabares). She graduated from North Hollywood High School in 1961.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Her father was James Alan Fabares, who was born in Algiers, New Orleans on 2 August 1909, and died in Los Angeles on 10 December 1977, and her mother was Elsa R. Eyler, who died from Alzheimer's disease in 1992. She has an older sister Nanette ("Smokey").(Source: Ancestry.com)


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Fabares's acting debut was at the age of 3. At the age of 10, she made her first appearance on television in an episode of "Letter to Loretta", "The Clara Schuman Story" (1954).


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Early TV appearances included the "Producers' Showcase" adaptation of "Our Town" starring Frank Sinatra and Paul Newman. She was Young Cathy in a "Matinee Theatre" adaptation of "Wuthering Heights".


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Fabares had small parts in "The Girl Rush" (1955), "Never Say Goodbye" (1956), "The Bad Seed" (1956), "Rock, Pretty Baby!" (1956), "Jeanne Eagels" (1957), "Marjorie Morningstar" (1958), and "Summer Love" (1958).


title: Shelley Fabares

text: She guest starred on "Mr. Novak", "The Eleventh Hour", "Arrest and Trial", and "The Twilight Zone" ("Black Leather Jackets").


title: Shelley Fabares

text: In 1958, Fabares landed the role of Mary Stone in the long-running family sitcom "The Donna Reed Show". This ran until 1966. Fabares quickly established herself as a favorite with teen audiences.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: "Donna Reed was simply an extraordinary woman, a woman of great strength, kindness, integrity and compassion," said Fabares later of her television mother.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Fabares' national popularity led to a recording contract and two "Top 40" hits, including "Johnny Angel", which went to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in April 1962, and peaked at number 41 in the UK. It sold over one million copies and was certified gold. She released an album, "Shelley!". "I was stunned about that, to put it mildly," she later said. "After all, I never could sing."


title: Shelley Fabares

text: This was followed by a second album, "The Things We Did Last Summer", which included two hit songs "Johnny Loves Me" (no. 21) and "The Things We Did Last Summer" (no. 46).


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Fabares left "The Donna Reed Show" in 1963 (she would return periodically until its end in 1966) to pursue other acting opportunities. She released a third album, "Teenage Triangle" in 1963.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Fabares was one of the female leads in the surf film "Ride the Wild Surf" (1964). She was Elvis Presley's leading lady in "Girl Happy" (1965) for MGM and played the love interest of Peter Noone of Herman's Hermits and sings Make Me Happy in "Hold On!" at the same studio.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: MGM made a pilot for a TV series based on "Meet Me in St. Louis" with Fabares in the lead but no network was receptive to it.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Film roles dried up in the late 1960s and Fabares went back to guest starring on shows like "The Ghost & Mrs. Muir", "Daniel Boone", "Medical Center", "Lancer", "Bracken's World", and "The Interns".


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Fabares said she went through a period where she struggled to find work. "I went to bed on Tuesday having worked since I was 3. I got up Wednesday morning and didn't work for four years, went to bed Wednesday night after four years, got up and interviewed for a "Mannix" episode and started working again. I think this business is very cyclical. You go through busy times and you go through dead times."


title: Shelley Fabares

text: After "Mannix", she was in "Longstreet", "Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law", "Love, American Style", "Rockford Files", "McCloud" and "Cade's County".


title: Shelley Fabares

text: "I wasn't a big risk-taker," she said later. "I should have been more aggressive. I was nervous and scared to try something really different."


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Fabares had support roles in TV movies like "Brian's Song" (1971) (playing the wife of Brian Piccolo, played by James Caan), and "Two for the Money" (1972). Her performance in "Brian's Song" earned her a Golden Globe nomination.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Fabares had a regular role on "The Brian Keith Show" (1972–1974), known as "The Little People" during its first season, which lasted for 47 episodes.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: When the show ended she resumed guest shots: "Police Story", "Ironside", "The Rockford Files", "The Rookies", "Matt Helm", "Medical Story", "Marcus Welby, M.D.", "Barnaby Jones", and "Spencer's Pilots".


title: Shelley Fabares

text: She had a role in the TV movie "Sky Heist" (1975) and from 1976 to 1977 had a regular part on "The Practice" with Danny Thomas.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: In 1978, Fabares played Francine Webster on the CBS sitcom "One Day at a Time", a role she reprised for the last three years of the show. "I was Francine, a rather villainous character," she said later. "She was wonderful. She saw the world only through her eyes, and it never occurred to her that other people didn't."


title: Shelley Fabares

text: She was also in episodes of "Lucan", "Vega$", "The Incredible Hulk", "Hello, Larry", and "Fantasy Island".


title: Shelley Fabares

text: Fabares was in the TV movies "Pleasure Cove" (1979), "Donovan's Kid" (1979), "Friendships, Secrets and Lies" (1979) and "The Great American Traffic Jam" (1980).


title: Shelley Fabares

text: She had the starring role in the TV series "Highcliffe Manor" (1979) but it only lasted six episodes.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: In the 1980s Fabares could be seen on "Mork & Mindy", "Matt Houston", "The Love Boat", "Newhart", and "Murder, She Wrote".


title: Shelley Fabares

text: She did a TV movie "Memorial Day" (1983) with Mike Farrell who became her husband, as well as movies "Suburban Beat" (1985), "The Canterville Ghost" (1985), "Hot Pursuit" (1987), and "Run Till You Fall" (1988).


title: Shelley Fabares

text: In 1989, she won the role of Christine Armstrong Fox on the ABC sitcom "Coach". "Here was an intelligent, funny, well-written series," Fabares said "And the people putting it on wanted me to play a very successful, ambitious woman in it."


title: Shelley Fabares

text: The series originally struggled in the ratings until it shifted to play after "Roseanne". It was a hit and played until 1997.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: For her work, Fabares was nominated twice for a Primetime Emmy Award, and, in 1994, she was honored by the Young Artist Foundation with its Former Child Star "Lifetime Achievement" Award for her role as Mary Stone on "The Donna Reed Show".


title: Shelley Fabares

text: During the series' run Fabares appeared on "Love or Money" (1990), "Deadly Relations" (1993), "The Great Mom Swap" (1995), and "A Nightmare Come True" (1997).


title: Shelley Fabares

text: After "Coach" ended in 1997, Fabares voiced the role of Martha "Ma" Kent on "". She reprised the role twice, once for a 2003 episode of "Justice League" and again for the direct-to-video film "" (2006).


title: Shelley Fabares

text: In 1964, Fabares married producer Lou Adler. They separated in 1966 and divorced in 1980. Since 1984, she has been married to actor Mike Farrell.


title: Shelley Fabares

text: In October 2000, Fabares received a liver transplant after being diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: Anderson starts developing the film in October 2015 about dogs from stop-motion animation art form, with the voice cast of Norton, Cranston and Balaban were included. It draws inspiration of films by Akira Kurosawa and Hayao Miyazaki, as well as the stop-motion animated holiday specials made by Rankin/Bass Productions, the 1982 animated film "The Plague Dogs" and Disney's "101 Dalmatians". Production began in October 2016 at the 3 Mills Studios in East London. By December 2016, Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired worldwide distribution rights to the film, scheduling for a 2018 release.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: "Isle of Dogs" opened the 68th Berlin International Film Festival, where Anderson was awarded the Silver Bear for Best Director. It was given a limited release in the United States on March 23, 2018, by Fox Searchlight Pictures, and went on wide release on April 13. It has grossed over $64 million worldwide, and received acclaim from critics, who praised its animation, story, musical score, and deadpan humor. A manga adaptation of the film by Minetarō Mochizuki was published in 2018, beginning with the May 24 issue of "Weekly Morning". The film received nominations at the 76th Golden Globe Awards, 72nd British Academy Film Awards, and two nominations at the 91st Academy Awards, for Best Animated Feature Film and Best Original Score.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: In this film, none of the Japanese dialogue spoken by human characters is translated in the movie except through an interpreter or occasional subtitles.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: In 2038, an outbreak of canine flu spreads throughout Japan including the (fictitious) city of Megasaki with the risk of becoming contagious to humans. The city's authoritarian mayor, Kenji Kobayashi, ratifies an official decree banishing all dogs to Trash Island, which is immediately approved despite the insistence of Professor Watanabe, the mayor's political opponent, who states he is close to creating a cure. The first deported canine is a white and black-spotted dog named Spots Kobayashi, who served as the bodyguard dog of 12-year-old orphan Atari Kobayashi, the mayor's distant nephew and ward.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: Six months later, Atari hijacks a plane and flies it to Trash Island (now nicknamed "Isle of Dogs") to search for Spots. After crash-landing, Atari is rescued by a dog pack ostensibly led by an all-black canine named Chief, a lifelong stray. With their help, Atari first finds a locked cage that apparently contains Spots' skeleton, but learns that it is not him. They then fend off a rescue team sent by Kobayashi to retrieve Atari. Atari decides to continue his search for Spots, and the pack decides to help him. Chief initially declines, but is then convinced by Nutmeg, a female ex-show dog, to help the boy out of obligation. The pack seeks advice from sage-like dogs Jupiter and Oracle, who surmise that Spots might be held captive by an isolated tribe of dogs rumored to be cannibals.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: Meanwhile, Watanabe finally develops a successful serum and shows the results to Kobayashi, who only dismisses him. The professor objects, only to be put under house arrest and killed by a piece of poisoned sushi by order of the mayor's hatchet man, Major Domo. Tracy Walker, an American exchange student and member of a pro-dog activist group, suspects a conspiracy and begins to investigate. In the process of investigating, she gains feelings for Atari. Kobayashi and his political party are revealed to be actually responsible for the dog flu outbreak, seeking to eliminate the dogs as Kobayashi's cat-loving ancestors tried to do 1,000 years ago, who were foiled by a child samurai resembling Atari.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: During their journey, Chief and Atari are separated from the others. Atari gives Chief a bath, revealing his white and black-spotted coat and thus his striking resemblance to Spots. The two bond and rejoin the rest of the pack, and are saved by Spots and the dog tribe from another rescue team. Spots confirms that he is Chief's older brother and that he was rescued by the tribe, who were test subjects from a secret lab that was abandoned after a tsunami. Spots became their leader and mated with a female tribe member named Peppermint, who is pregnant with their first litter. Because of these circumstances, Spots requests for Atari to transfer his protection duties to Chief. Chief is initially hesitant, but both he and Atari accept, and bodyguard duties are officially transferred to Chief. An owl later brings word that Kobayashi has rounded up all the exiled dogs and plans to exterminate them with poison gas.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: Tracy confronts Watanabe's closest colleague Yoko Ono, who confirms Tracy's conspiracy theories and gives her the last vial of serum. At his re-election ceremony, Kobayashi prepares to give the extermination order when Tracy presents her evidence of his corruption. Kobayashi proceeds to deport Tracy, but before he can do so, Atari and the dogs arrive. They confirm the serum works by testing it on Chief and curing him. Atari addresses the crowd and recites a "haiku" he wrote and dedicated to Kobayashi, rekindling the sympathy that once existed between dogs and humans. Touched by Atari's words, Kobayashi officially rescinds the dog ban. Enraged, Major Domo yells at Mayor Kobayashi for breaking the Mayor's campaign promise and tries to kill Kobayashi and initiate the extermination himself, but thanks to Spots and the activists, Domo's plans are thwarted. Atari and Spots become gravely injured during the struggle and are taken to a hospital, where Kobayashi donates one of his kidneys to save his nephew. It is later revealed that while Kobayashi did win the election, he won't hold office because he was caught in a scandal. Therefore, all mayoral powers and authorities will transfer to his next-in-line, Atari.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: One month later, Atari officially becomes the new mayor of Megasaki, and has all dogs reintegrated into society and cured of the dog flu, while Kobayashi and his propagandists and co-conspirators are sent to jail for political corruption, doing 30 days of community service, and paying fines of no less than ¥250,000 while Major-Domo faces a possible death sentence. Tracy and Atari become a couple, while Chief and Nutmeg become their bodyguard dogs and begin a relationship. Meanwhile, Spots (recovering from his injuries) has had a statue erected in his honor and resumes raising his litter with Peppermint under the care of a priest at a Shinto temple.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: In October 2015, Anderson, who had previously directed the animated film "Fantastic Mr. Fox", announced he would be returning to the art form with "a film about dogs" starring Edward Norton, Bryan Cranston and Bob Balaban. Anderson has said that he was inspired by seeing a road sign for the Isle of Dogs in England while "Fantastic Mr. Fox" was in development. Anderson said that the film was strongly influenced by the films of Akira Kurosawa and Hayao Miyazaki, as well as the stop-motion animated holiday specials made by Rankin/Bass Productions, the 1982 animated film "The Plague Dogs" and Disney's "101 Dalmatians.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: About 20,000 faces and 1,105 animatable puppets were crafted by "12 sculptors working six days a week" for the film; 2,000 more puppets were made for background characters. The detailed puppets of the main characters typically took 2–3 months to create. The animation department included a number of people who had worked on "Fantastic Mr. Fox".


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: Concurrently with the film, Félix and Paul Studios and FoxNext VR Studio collaborated on "Isle of Dogs: Behind the Scenes (in Virtual Reality)", an immersive video film that places the viewer directly inside the animated world. The virtual reality film was released on the Google Pixel platform.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: The film's score was composed by Alexandre Desplat, who had previously worked with Wes Anderson on "Fantastic Mr. Fox (film)", "Moonrise Kingdom," and "The Grand Budapest Hotel". The soundtrack also features various original and selected songs from a variety of musicians, mainly from Japan. Some songs had origins in classic Japanese cinema such as the Akira Kurosawa films "Drunken Angel" (1948) and "Seven Samurai" (1954). The soundtrack comprises 22 tracks in total, 15 of which were composed by Desplat.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: On December 23, 2016, Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired worldwide distribution rights to the film, with plans for a 2018 release.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: The film premiered as the opening film of the 68th Berlin International Film Festival on February 15, 2018, and had its North American premiere as the closing film of the SXSW Film Festival in Austin, Texas, on March 17, 2018. "Isle of Dogs" began a limited release in the U.S. on March 23, 2018. It was released nationwide in the United States on April 13, 2018.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: In its first weekend of limited release, the film made $1.57 million from 27 theaters (an average of $58,148 per venue). It was the best per-theater average of 2018 until it was overtaken by "Eighth Grade" in July. Sixty percent of its audience was under the age of 30. In its second weekend, the film made $2.8 million from 165 theaters (an increase of 74%), finishing 11th. The film entered the top 10 in its third weekend, making $4.6 million from 554 theaters. The film expanded to 1,939 theaters the following week and made $5.4 million, finishing seventh at the box office.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: On streaming, "Isle of Dogs" was added on Disney+ in the US and Canada on January 15, 2021. It was added to the UK and Australian versions on 17 September 2021.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "The beautifully stop-motion animated "Isle of Dogs" finds Wes Anderson at his detail-oriented best while telling one of the director's most winsomely charming stories." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100, based on 55 critics, indicating "universal acclaim." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an overall positive score of 88%.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three and a half stars out of four, praising it for taking risks, and saying: "It's smart and different and sometimes deliberately odd and really funny—rarely in a laugh-out-loud way, more in a smile-and-nod-I-get-the-joke kind of way."


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: Some critics have argued that the film is an example of racial stereotyping and cultural appropriation, and that one of its characters aligns with the trope of the "white savior". The Japanese characters speak unsubtitled Japanese, with their dialogue instead being translated by an interpreter or a machine. Justin Chang of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "It's in the director's handling of the story's human factor that his sensitivity falters, and the weakness for racial stereotyping that has sometimes marred his work comes to the fore ... Much of the Japanese dialogue has been pared down to simple statements that non-speakers can figure out based on context and facial expressions". Angie Han, writing in "Mashable", calls the American exchange student character Tracy a "classic example of the 'white savior' archetype—the well-meaning white hero who arrives in a foreign land and saves its people from themselves".


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: While this critique had created some furor on the film's release, Chang has said that his review had been taken out of context and turned into a "battle cry" on Twitter, adding, "I wasn't offended; nor was I looking to be offended". Another Japanese-American perspective was provided by Emily Yoshida, writing in "New York" magazine, that these concerns had been "seen before in debates about Asian culture as reflected by Western culture—perspectives can vary wildly between Asian-Americans and immigrated Asians, and what feels like tribute to some feels like opportunism to others".


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: Writing for BuzzFeed, Alison Willmore found "no overt malicious intent to "Isle of Dogs" cultural tourism, but it's marked by a hodgepodge of references that an American like Anderson might cough up if pressed to free associate about Japan—taiko drummers, anime, Hokusai, sumo, kabuki, haiku, cherry blossoms, and a mushroom cloud (!). ... This all has more to do with the ... insides of Anderson's brain than it does any actual place. It's Japan purely as an aesthetic—and another piece of art that treats the East not as a living, breathing half of the planet but as a mirror for the Western imagination". She continued, "in the wake of "Isle of Dogs" opening weekend, there were multiple headlines wondering whether the film was an act of appropriation or homage. But the question is rhetorical—the two aren't mutually exclusive, and the former is not automatically off the table just because the creator's intent was the latter".


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: Conversely, Moeko Fujii wrote a favorable review for "The New Yorker", complimenting the film's depiction of the Japanese and their culture, as well as pointing out that language is the key theme of the movie. Fujii wrote,


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: Anderson's decision not to subtitle the Japanese speakers struck me as a carefully considered artistic choice. "Isle of Dogs" is profoundly interested in the humor and fallibility of translation ... This is the beating heart of the film: there is no such thing as "true" translation. Everything is interpreted. Translation is malleable and implicated, always, by systems of power ... [the film] shows the seams of translation, and demarcates a space that is accessible—and funny—only to Japanese viewers.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: Fujii also deconstructed the criticisms of the character of Tracy Walker being a "white savior", and how this relates to the film's language theme, writing,


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: At a climactic moment, the movie rejects the notion of universal legibility, placing the onus of interpretation solely upon the American audience ... This is a sly subversion, in which the Japanese evince an agency independent of foreign validation. Indeed, to say that the scene dehumanizes the Japanese is to assume the primacy of an English-speaking audience. Such logic replicates the very tyranny of language that "Isle of Dogs" attempts to erode.


title: Isle of Dogs (film)

text: "Isle of Dogs" received two Academy Awards, BAFTAs, and Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Animated Feature and Original Score. For the composing score, making it the first PG-13 rated animation to be nominated these.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Zelda Fitzgerald (; July 24, 1900 – March 10, 1948) was an American novelist, painter, dancer, and socialite.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Born in Montgomery, Alabama, she was noted for her beauty and high spirits, and was dubbed by her husband F. Scott Fitzgerald as "the first American flapper". She and Scott became emblems of the Jazz Age, for which they are still celebrated. The immediate success of Scott's first novel, "This Side of Paradise" (1920), brought them into contact with high society, but their marriage was plagued by wild drinking, infidelity and bitter recriminations. Ernest Hemingway, whom Zelda Fitzgerald disliked, blamed her for her husband's declining literary output. Zelda suffered from mental health crisis and was increasingly confined to specialist clinics. Contemporary diagnoses posited that she had schizophrenia, although later posthumous diagnoses posit bipolar disorder. The couple were living apart when Scott died suddenly in 1940. Zelda Fitzgerald died over seven years later in a fire at the hospital in Asheville, North Carolina, in which she was a patient.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: A 1970 biography by Nancy Milford was on the short list of contenders for the Pulitzer Prize. In 1992, Fitzgerald was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Born in Montgomery, Alabama, Zelda Sayre was the youngest of six children. Her mother, Minerva Buckner "Minnie" Machen (November 23, 1860 – January 13, 1958), named her after characters in two little-known stories: Jane Howard's "Zelda: A Tale of the Massachusetts Colony" (1866) and Robert Edward Francillon's "Zelda's Fortune" (1874). A spoiled child, Fitzgerald was doted upon by her mother, but her father, Anthony Dickinson Sayre (1858–1931)—a justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama and one of Alabama's leading jurists—was a strict and remote man. The family was descended from early settlers of Long Island, who had moved to Alabama before the Civil War. By the time of Zelda's birth, the Sayres were a prominent Southern family. Her great-uncle, John Tyler Morgan, served six terms in the United States Senate; her paternal grandfather edited a newspaper in Montgomery; and her maternal grandfather was Willis Benson Machen, who served a partial term as a U.S. senator from Kentucky.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: As a child, Fitzgerald was extremely active. She danced, took ballet lessons and enjoyed the outdoors. In 1914, Fitzgerald began attending Sidney Lanier High School. She was bright, but uninterested in her lessons. Her work in ballet continued into high school, where she had an active social life. She drank, smoked and spent much of her time with boys, and she remained a leader in the local youth social scene. A newspaper article about one of her dance performances quoted her as saying that she cared only about "boys and swimming". She developed an appetite for attention, actively seeking to flout convention—whether by dancing or by wearing a tight, flesh-colored bathing suit to fuel rumors that she swam nude. Her father's reputation was something of a safety net, preventing her social ruin, but Southern women of the time were expected to be delicate, docile and accommodating. Consequently, Fitzgerald's antics were shocking to many of those around her, and she became—along with her childhood friend and future Hollywood starlet Tallulah Bankhead—a mainstay of Montgomery gossip. Her ethos was encapsulated beneath her high-school graduation photo:


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Zelda Sayre first met the future novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald in July 1918, after he had volunteered for the army, and was stationed at Camp Sheridan, outside Montgomery. Scott began to call her daily, and came into Montgomery on his free days. He talked of his plans to be famous, and sent her a chapter of a book he was writing. He was so taken with Zelda Sayre that he redrafted the character of Rosalind Connage in "This Side of Paradise" to resemble her. He wrote, "all criticism of Rosalind ends in her beauty," and told Zelda that "the heroine does resemble you in more ways than four." Zelda Sayre was more than a mere muse, however. At the conclusion of "This Side of Paradise," the soliloquy of the protagonist Amory Blaine in the cemetery, for example, is taken directly from one of Zelda Sayre's letters to Fitzgerald. Gloria Patch, in "The Beautiful and Damned", is also known to be a permutation of the "subjects of statement" that appear in Zelda's letters.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: F. Scott Fitzgerald was known to appreciate and take directly from Zelda Sayre's letters, even plagiarising her diary while he was writing "This Side of Paradise". In 1918, Scott showed her diary to his friend Peevie Parrot who then shared it with George Jean Nathan. There was allegedly discussion between the men of publishing it under the name of "The Diary of a Popular Girl". Zelda Sayre's letters stand out for their "spontaneous turn of phrase and lyrical style" and tendency to use dashes, visually similar to the poems by Emily Dickinson, and experimental grammar.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: According to Nancy Milford, Scott and Zelda Sayre's first encounter was at a country club dance in Montgomery, which Scott fictionalised in his novel "The Great Gatsby", when he describes Jay Gatsby's first encounter with Daisy Buchanan, although he transposed the location in the novel to a train station. Scott was not the only man courting Zelda Sayre, and the competition only drove Scott to want her more. In the ledger that he meticulously maintained throughout his life, Scott noted in 1918, on September 7, that he had fallen in love. Ultimately, she would do the same. Her biographer Nancy Milford wrote, "Scott had appealed to something in Zelda which no one before him had perceived: a romantic sense of self-importance which was kindred to his own."


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Their courtship was briefly interrupted in October when he was summoned north. He expected to be sent to France, but was instead assigned to Camp Mills, Long Island. While he was there, the Armistice with Germany was signed. He then returned to the base near Montgomery, and by December they were inseparable. Scott would later describe their behavior as "sexual recklessness." On February 14, 1919, he was discharged from the military and went north to establish himself in New York City.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: They wrote frequently, and by March 1920, Scott had sent Zelda his mother's ring, and the two had become engaged. Many of Zelda's friends and members of her family were wary of the relationship, as they did not approve of Scott's excessive drinking, and Zelda's Episcopalian family did not like the fact that he was a Catholic.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: By September, Scott had completed his first novel, "This Side of Paradise", and the manuscript was quickly accepted for publication. When he heard the novel had been accepted, Scott wrote to his editor Maxwell Perkins, urging an accelerated release: "I have so many things dependent on its success—including of course a girl." In November, he returned to Montgomery, triumphant with the news of his novel. Zelda agreed to marry him once the book was published; he, in turn, promised to bring her to New York with "all the iridescence of the beginning of the world." "This Side of Paradise" was published on March 26, Zelda arrived in New York on March 30, and on April 3, 1920, before a small wedding party in St. Patrick's Cathedral, they married. According to Canterbery and Birch (and Fitzgerald himself), this first novel was Fitzgerald's "ace in the hole", a poker term. Scott saw the novel's publication as the way to Zelda's heart.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Scott and Zelda quickly became celebrities of New York, as much for their wild behavior as for the success of "This Side of Paradise". They were ordered to leave both the Biltmore Hotel and the Commodore Hotel for their drunkenness. Zelda once jumped into the fountain at Union Square. When Dorothy Parker first met them, Zelda and Scott were sitting atop a taxi. Parker said, "They did both look as though they had just stepped out of the sun; their youth was striking. "Everyone" wanted to meet him." Their social life was fueled with alcohol. Publicly, this meant little more than napping when they arrived at parties, but privately it increasingly led to bitter fights. To their delight, in the pages of the New York newspapers Zelda and Scott had become icons of youth and success—"enfants terribles" of the Jazz Age.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: On Valentine's Day in 1921, while Scott was working to finish his second novel, "The Beautiful and Damned", Zelda discovered she was pregnant. They decided to go to Scott's home in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to have the baby. On October 26, 1921, she gave birth to Frances "Scottie" Fitzgerald. As she emerged from the anesthesia, Scott recorded Zelda saying, "Oh, God, goofo I'm drunk. Mark Twain. Isn't she smart—she has the hiccups. I hope it's beautiful and a fool—a beautiful little fool." Many of her words found their way into Scott's novels: in "The Great Gatsby", the character Daisy Buchanan expresses a similar hope for her daughter.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Zelda never became particularly domestic, nor showed any interest in housekeeping. By 1922, the Fitzgeralds had employed a nurse for their daughter, a couple to clean their house, and a laundress. When Harper & Brothers asked her to contribute to "Favorite Recipes of Famous Women" she wrote, "See if there is any bacon, and if there is, ask the cook which pan to fry it in. Then ask if there are any eggs, and if so try and persuade the cook to poach two of them. It is better not to attempt toast, as it burns very easily. Also, in the case of bacon, do not turn the fire too high, or you will have to get out of the house for a week. Serve preferably on china plates, though gold or wood will do if handy."


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: In early 1922, Zelda again became pregnant. Although some writers have said that Scott's diaries include an entry referring to "Zelda and her abortionist", there is, in fact, no such entry. Zelda's thoughts on the second pregnancy are unknown, but in the first draft of "The Beautiful and Damned", the novel Scott was completing, he wrote a scene in which the main female character Gloria believes she is pregnant and Anthony suggests she "talk to some woman and find out what's best to be done. Most of them fix it some way." Anthony's suggestion was removed from the final version, a change which shifted focus from the choice about abortion to Gloria's concern that a baby would ruin her figure.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: As "The Beautiful and Damned" neared publication, Burton Rascoe, the freshly appointed literary editor of the "New York Tribune," approached Zelda for an opportunity to entice readers with a cheeky review of Scott's latest work. In her review, she made joking reference to the use of her diaries in Scott's work, but the lifted material became a genuine source of resentment:


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: To begin with, every one must buy this book for the following aesthetic reasons: First, because I know where there is the cutest cloth of gold dress for only $300 in a store on Forty-second Street, and, also, if enough people buy it where there is a platinum ring with a complete circlet, and, also, if loads of people buy it my husband needs a new winter overcoat, although the one he has done well enough for the last three years ... It seems to me that on one page I recognized a portion of an old diary of mine which mysteriously disappeared shortly after my marriage, and, also, scraps of letters which, though considerably edited, sound to me vaguely familiar. In fact, Mr. Fitzgerald—I believe that is how he spells his name—seems to believe that plagiarism begins at home.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: The piece led to Zelda receiving offers from other magazines. In June 1922, a piece by Zelda Fitzgerald, "Eulogy on the Flapper", was published in "Metropolitan Magazine". Though ostensibly a piece about the decline of the flapper lifestyle, Zelda's biographer Nancy Milford wrote that the essay was "a defense of her own code of existence." Zelda described the flapper:


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: The Flapper awoke from her lethargy of sub-deb-ism, bobbed her hair, put on her choicest pair of earrings and a great deal of audacity and rouge and went into the battle. She flirted because it was fun to flirt and wore a one-piece bathing suit because she had a good figure ... she was conscious that the things she did were the things she had always wanted to do. Mothers disapproved of their sons taking the Flapper to dances, to teas, to swim and most of all to heart.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Zelda continued writing, selling several short stories and articles. She helped Scott write the play "The Vegetable", but when it flopped the Fitzgeralds found themselves in debt. Scott wrote short stories furiously to pay the bills, but became burned out and depressed. In April 1924, they left for Paris.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: After arriving in Paris, they soon relocated to Antibes on the French Riviera. While Scott was absorbed writing "The Great Gatsby", Zelda became infatuated with a dashing young French pilot, Edouard S. Jozan. She spent afternoons swimming at the beach and evenings dancing at the casinos with Jozan. After six weeks, Zelda asked for a divorce. Scott at first demanded to confront Jozan, but instead dealt with Zelda's demand by locking her in their house, until she abandoned her request for divorce. Jozan did not know that she had asked for a divorce. He left the Riviera later that year, and the Fitzgeralds never saw him again. Later in life he told Zelda's biographer Milford that any infidelity had been imaginary: "They both had a need of drama, they made it up and perhaps they were the victims of their own unsettled and a little unhealthy imagination." In Fitzgerald's, "A Life in Letters," Fitzgerald referred to Zelda's affair with Jozan in his August letter to Ludlow Fowler. He writes of lost illusions in "The Great Gatsby" as his lost certainty in Zelda's fidelity. The book reflected the dramatized pivotal aspects of his and Zelda's love, of courtship, break, restoration with financial success, and the Jozan betrayal: "I feel old too, this summer ... the whole burden of this novel—the loss of those illusions that give such color to the world that you don't care whether things are true or false as long as they partake of the magical glory." "The Great Gatsby" was in draft form during the July 1924 Jozan crisis; the typescript was sent to Scribners at the end of October. Fitzgerald wrote in his notebooks, "That September 1924, I knew something had happened that could never be repaired."


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: After the fight, the Fitzgeralds kept up appearances with their friends, seeming happy. In September, Zelda overdosed on sleeping pills. The couple never spoke of the incident, and refused to discuss whether it was a suicide attempt. Scott returned to writing, finishing "The Great Gatsby" in October. They attempted to celebrate with travel to Rome and Capri, but both were unhappy and unhealthy. When he received the proofs from his novel he fretted over the title: "Trimalchio in West Egg", just "Trimalchio" or "Gatsby," "Gold-hatted Gatsby," or "The High-bouncing Lover". It was Zelda who preferred "The Great Gatsby." It was also on this trip, while ill with colitis, that Zelda began painting.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: In April 1925, back in Paris, Scott met Ernest Hemingway, whose career he did much to promote. Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald became firm friends, but Zelda and Hemingway disliked each other from their first meeting, and she openly described him as "bogus," "that fairy with hair on his chest" and "phoney as a rubber check." She considered Hemingway's domineering macho persona to be merely a posture; Hemingway in turn, told Scott that Zelda was crazy. Her dislike was probably not helped by Scott's repeated insistence that she recount the story of her affair with Jozan to Hemingway and his wife, Hadley. In an embellishment, the Fitzgeralds told the Hemingways that the affair ended when Jozan committed suicide. It was through Hemingway, however, that the Fitzgeralds were introduced to much of the Lost Generation expatriate community: Gertrude Stein, Alice B. Toklas, Robert McAlmon, and others.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: One of the most serious rifts occurred when Zelda suspected that Scott was having a homosexual affair with Hemingway and publicly belittled him with homophobic slurs. There is no evidence that either was homosexual, but Scott nonetheless decided to have sex with a prostitute to prove his heterosexuality. Zelda found condoms that he had purchased before any encounter occurred, and a bitter fight ensued, resulting in lingering jealousy. She later threw herself down a flight of marble stairs at a party because Scott, engrossed in talking to Isadora Duncan, was ignoring her.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Literary critic Edmund Wilson, recalling a party at the Fitzgerald home in Edgemoor, Delaware, in February 1928, described Zelda as follows:


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Though Scott drew heavily upon his wife's intense personality in his writings, much of the conflict between them stemmed from the boredom and isolation Zelda experienced when Scott was writing. She would often interrupt him when he was working, and the two grew increasingly miserable throughout the 1920s. Scott had become severely alcoholic, Zelda's behavior became increasingly erratic, and neither made any progress on their creative endeavors.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald had a deep desire to develop a talent that was entirely her own. At the age of 27, she became obsessed with ballet, which she had studied as a girl. She had been praised for her dancing skills as a child, and although the opinions of their friends vary as to her skill, it appears that she did have a fair degree of talent. But Scott was totally dismissive of his wife's desire to become a professional dancer, considering it a waste of time.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: She rekindled her studies too late in life to become a truly exceptional dancer, but she insisted on grueling daily practice (up to eight hours a day) that contributed to her subsequent physical and mental exhaustion. In September 1929, she was invited to join the ballet school of the San Carlo Opera Ballet Company in Naples, but, as close as this was to the success she desired, she declined the invitation. While the public still believed the Fitzgeralds to live a life of glamor, friends noted that the couple's partying had somewhere gone from fashionable to self-destructive—both had become unpleasant company.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: In April 1930, Fitzgerald was admitted to a sanatorium in France for observation and treatment. Initially admitted to a hospital outside Paris, she was later moved to a clinic in Montreux, Switzerland. The clinic primarily treated gastrointestinal ailments, and because of her profound psychological problems she was moved to a psychiatric facility in Prangins on the shores of Lake Geneva. At Prangins in June, Dr. Oscar Forel issued a preliminary diagnosis of schizophrenia. After five months of observation, Doctor Eugen Bleuler—one of Europe's leading psychiatrists—confirmed Dr. Forel's diagnosis of Zelda as a schizophrenic on November 22, 1930. (Following Zelda's death, later psychiatrists speculated that Zelda instead had bipolar disorder.) She was released in September 1931, and the Fitzgeralds returned to Montgomery, Alabama, where her father, Judge Sayre, was dying. Amid her family's bereavement, Scott announced that he was leaving for Hollywood. Zelda's father died while Scott was gone, her health again deteriorated and she had another breakdown. By February 1932, she had returned to living in a psychiatric clinic.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: In 1932, while being treated at the Phipps Clinic at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Zelda had a burst of creativity. Over the course of her first six weeks at the clinic, she wrote an entire novel and sent it to Scott's publisher, Maxwell Perkins.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: When Scott finally read Zelda's book, a week after she'd sent it to Perkins, he was furious. The book was a semi-autobiographical account of the Fitzgeralds' marriage. In letters, Scott berated her and fumed that the novel had drawn upon the autobiographical material that he planned to use in "Tender Is the Night", which he'd been working on for years, and which would finally see publication in 1934.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Scott forced Zelda to revise the novel, removing the parts that drew on shared material he wished to use. Scribner agreed to publish her book, and a printing of 3,010 copies was released on October 7, 1932.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: The parallels to the Fitzgeralds were obvious. The protagonist of the novel is Alabama Beggs (like Zelda, the daughter of a Southern judge), who marries David Knight, an aspiring painter who abruptly becomes famous for his work. They live the fast life in Connecticut before departing to live in France. Dissatisfied with her marriage, Alabama throws herself into ballet. Though told she has no chance, she perseveres and after three years becomes the lead dancer in an opera company. Alabama becomes ill from exhaustion, however, and the novel ends when they return to her family in the South, as her father is dying.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Thematically, the novel portrays Alabama's struggle (and hence Zelda's as well) to rise above being "a back-seat driver about life" and to earn respect for her own accomplishments—to establish herself independently of her husband. Zelda's writing style was quite different from Scott's. The language used in "Save Me the Waltz" is filled with verbal flourishes and complex metaphors. The novel is also deeply sensual; as literary scholar Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin wrote in 1979, "The sensuality arises from Alabama's awareness of the life surge within her, the consciousness of the body, the natural imagery through which not only emotions but simple facts are expressed, the overwhelming presence of the senses, in particular touch and smell, in every description."


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: In its time, the book was not well received by critics. To Zelda's dismay, it sold only 1,392 copies, for which she earned $120.73. The failure of "Save Me the Waltz", and Scott's scathing criticism of her for having written it—he called her "plagiaristic" and a "third-rate writer"—crushed her spirits. It was the only novel she ever saw published.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: From the mid-1930s, Zelda spent the rest of her life in various stages of mental distress. Some of the paintings that she had created over the previous years, in and out of sanatoriums, were exhibited in 1934. As with the tepid reception of her book, Zelda was disappointed by the response to her art. "The New Yorker" described them merely as "Paintings by the almost mythical Zelda Fitzgerald; with whatever emotional overtones or associations may remain from the so-called Jazz Age." No actual description of the paintings was provided in the review. She became violent and reclusive—in 1936 Scott placed her in the Highland Hospital in Asheville, North Carolina, writing ruefully to friends:


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Zelda now claims to be in direct contact with Christ, William the Conqueror, Mary Stuart, Apollo and all the stock paraphernalia of insane-asylum jokes ... For what she has really suffered, there is never a sober night that I do not pay a stark tribute of an hour to in the darkness. In an odd way, perhaps incredible to you, she was always my child (it was not reciprocal as it often is in marriages) ... I was her great reality, often the only liaison agent who could make the world tangible to her.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Zelda remained in the hospital while Scott returned to Hollywood for a $1,000-a-week job with MGM in June 1937. Without Zelda's knowledge, he began a serious affair with the movie columnist Sheilah Graham. Despite the excitement of the affair, Scott was bitter and burned out. When their daughter Scottie was thrown out of her boarding school in 1938, he blamed Zelda. Though Scottie was subsequently accepted by Vassar College, his resentment of Zelda was stronger than ever before. Of Scott's mindset, Milford wrote, "The vehemence of his rancor toward Zelda was clear. It was she who had ruined him; she who had made him exhaust his talents ... He had been cheated of his dream by Zelda."


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: After a drunken and violent fight with Graham in 1938, Scott returned to Asheville. A group from Zelda's hospital had planned to go to Cuba, but Zelda had missed the trip. The Fitzgeralds decided to go on their own. The trip was a disaster: Scott was beaten up when he tried to stop a cockfight and returned to the United States so intoxicated and exhausted that he was hospitalized. The Fitzgeralds never saw each other again.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Scott returned to Hollywood and Graham; Zelda returned to the hospital. She nonetheless made progress in Asheville, and in March 1940, four years after admittance, she was released. She was nearing forty now, her friends were long gone, and the Fitzgeralds no longer had much money. Scott was increasingly embittered by his own failures and his old friend Hemingway's continued success. They wrote to each other frequently until Scott's death at 44 in December 1940. Zelda was unable to attend his funeral in Rockville, Maryland.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Zelda read the unfinished manuscript of the novel Scott was writing upon his death, "The Last Tycoon." She wrote to literary critic Edmund Wilson, who had agreed to edit the book, musing on his legacy. Zelda believed, her biographer Milford said, that Scott's work contained "an American temperament grounded in belief in oneself and 'will-to-survive' that Scott's contemporaries had relinquished. Scott, she insisted, had not. His work possessed a vitality and stamina because of his indefatigable faith in himself."


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: After reading "The Last Tycoon", Zelda began working on a new novel of her own, "Caesar's Things." As she had missed Scott's funeral, so she missed Scottie's wedding. By August 1943 she had returned to the Highland Hospital. She worked on her novel while checking in and out of the hospital. She did not get better, nor did she finish the novel. Zelda checked back into the hospital in 1946, and in November 1947, she returned for the last time. Early in March 1948 her doctors told her she was better and she could leave, but she wanted to stay longer to be certain.


title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: On the night of March 10, 1948, a fire broke out in the hospital kitchen. Zelda was locked into a room, awaiting electroshock therapy. The fire moved through the dumbwaiter shaft, spreading onto every floor. The fire escapes were wooden, and they caught fire as well. Nine women, including Zelda, died. She was identified by her dental records and, according to other reports, one of her slippers.