title: Statue of Zeus at Olympia

text: The 2nd-century AD geographer and traveler Pausanias left a detailed description: the statue was crowned with a sculpted wreath of olive sprays and wore a gilded robe made from glass and carved with animals and lilies. Its right hand held a small chryselephantine statue of crowned Nike, goddess of victory; its left a scepter inlaid with many metals, supporting an eagle. The throne featured painted figures and wrought images and was decorated with gold, precious stones, ebony, and ivory. Zeus' golden sandals rested upon a footstool decorated with an Amazonomachy in relief. The passage underneath the throne was restricted by painted screens.


title: Statue of Zeus at Olympia

text: Pausanias also recounts that the statue was kept constantly coated with olive oil to counter the harmful effect on the ivory caused by the "marshiness" of the Altis grove. The floor in front of the image was paved with black tiles and surrounded by a raised rim of marble to contain the oil. This reservoir acted as a reflecting pool which doubled the apparent height of the statue.


title: Statue of Zeus at Olympia

text: According to the Roman historian Livy, the Roman general Aemilius Paullus (the victor over Macedon) saw the statue and "was moved to his soul, as if he had seen the god in person", while the 1st-centuryAD Greek orator Dio Chrysostom declared that a single glimpse of the statue would make a man forget all his earthly troubles.


title: Statue of Zeus at Olympia

text: According to a legend, when Phidias was asked what inspired him—whether he climbed Mount Olympus to see Zeus, or whether Zeus came down from Olympus so that Phidias could see him—the artist answered that he portrayed Zeus according to Book One, verses 528–530 of Homer's "Iliad":


title: Statue of Zeus at Olympia

text: The sculptor also was reputed to have immortalised Pantarkes, the winner of the boys' wrestling event at the eighty-sixth Olympiad who was said to have been his "beloved" (), by carving ("Pantarkes is beautiful") into Zeus's little finger, and by placing a relief of the boy crowning himself at the feet of the statue.


title: Statue of Zeus at Olympia

text: According to Pausanias, "when the image was quite finished Pheidias prayed the god to show by a sign whether the work was to his liking. Immediately, runs the legend, a thunderbolt fell on that part of the floor where down to the present day the bronze jar stood to cover the place."


title: Statue of Zeus at Olympia

text: According to Roman historian Suetonius, the Roman Emperor Caligula gave orders that "such statues of the gods as were especially famous for their sanctity or their artistic merit, including that of Jupiter at Olympia, should be brought from Greece, in order to remove their heads and put his own in their place." The emperor was assassinated before this could happen, in 41 AD; his death was supposedly foretold by the statue, which "suddenly uttered such a peal of laughter that the scaffolding collapsed and the workmen took to their heels."


title: Statue of Zeus at Olympia

text: In 391 AD, the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius I banned participation in pagan cults and closed the temples. The sanctuary at Olympia fell into disuse. The circumstances of the statue's eventual destruction are unknown. The 11th-century Byzantine historian Georgios Kedrenos records a tradition that it was carried off to Constantinople, where it was destroyed in the great fire of the Palace of Lausus, in 475 AD.


title: Statue of Zeus at Olympia

text: Alternatively, the statue perished along with the temple, which was severely damaged by fire in 425 AD. But earlier loss or damage is implied by Lucian of Samosata in the later 2nd century, who referenced it in "Timon": "they have laid hands on your person at Olympia, my lord High-Thunderer, and you had not the energy to wake the dogs or call in the neighbours; surely they might have come to the rescue and caught the fellows before they had finished packing up the loot."


title: Statue of Zeus at Olympia

text: The approximate date of the statue (the third quarter of the 5th century BC) was confirmed in the rediscovery (1954–1958) of Phidias' workshop, approximately where Pausanias said the statue of Zeus was constructed. Archaeological finds included tools for working gold and ivory, ivory chippings, precious stones and terracotta moulds. Most of the latter were used to create glass plaques, and to form the statue's robe from sheets of glass, naturalistically draped and folded, then gilded. A cup inscribed "ΦΕΙΔΙΟΥ ΕΙΜΙ" or "I belong to Phidias" was found at the site. However, the inscription is widely considered to be a forgery.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Ninjago (previously known as Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu until 2019) is a computer-animated television series produced by The Lego Group. It was created to coincide with the Lego Ninjago line of construction toys, which is based on the characters and events of the series. It centers on the fictional world of Ninjago, telling the story of a group of six teenage ninjas and their battles against the forces of evil. The series was created by Michael Hegner and Tommy Andreasen, two Danish film producers. The storyline was written by Kevin and Dan Hageman until the ninth season; their successor as the head writer was Bragi Schut. The show features a large ensemble cast of voice actors who had recurring roles in the series. The English-language voice cast was recorded in Canada for its entire run. The music was scored by composers Michael Kramer and Jay Vincent.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The series was in continuous production for over a decade and celebrated its tenth anniversary on January 14, 2021. It began with two pilot episodes in January 2011, which were followed by two 13-episode seasons that aired from December 2011 to November 2012. Both the Lego theme and the series had an intended shelf life of three years with the second season planned as the original ending. However, the success of the series and its product line led to the show continuing production, with thirteen more seasons, a , a feature film adaptation, and a being released. "Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu" was produced in Copenhagen, Denmark, by Wil Film ApS for its first ten seasons. The production was relocated to WildBrain Studios in Canada for the , and the series was retitled "Ninjago". The series concluded on October 1, 2022, with the second part of the fifteenth season being released on Netflix in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: In Denmark, where the series' original production companies are located, it premiered on Nickelodeon. It aired on various Nickelodeon networks internationally. In the United States, it aired on Cartoon Network until 2020, when premieres moved to Netflix. In Canada, the series was broadcast on Teletoon and YTV.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The show is largely set in the fictional realm of Ninjago, a place loosely inspired by East Asian myths and culture. While featuring historically designed buildings and traditional clothing, Ninjago exists in a modern setting centered around the large metropolis of Ninjago City, which features skyscrapers, current-age and futuristic vehicles, modern electronics, mechanical exo-suits (mechs), and other futuristic technology. The plot focuses on a group of six teenage ninja fighting against the forces of evil, who are also defined as "Elemental Masters", several characters who have elemental powers.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The series began with the ninja team being formed and trained by their ancient master Sensei Wu in the fictional martial art of "Spinjitzu", which is the main fighting method depicted in the show. The ninjas' base is a flying junk ship named "Destiny's Bounty", which has varied in design over the course of the series. The introduced the original four ninja characters named Kai, Cole, Jay and Zane and Kai's sister Nya, while the central character Lloyd Garmadon was introduced in the first season, titled "".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The series incorporates a detailed fictional lore, which is woven into the storyline using character dialogue and flashbacks. The lore mainly focuses on the history of the First Spinjitzu Master and his creation of the island of Ninjago:


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: In 2009, The Lego Group proposed to make an original intellectual property about ninja, which focused on four ninja with elemental powers. The Lego Ninjago theme concept originated in the Lego Ninja theme, which was released by The Lego Group in 1998. This theme was then replaced by Lego Knights in 2000. In 2011, Lego Ninjago was launched and included some of the concepts from the Lego Ninja theme, such as dragons and fortresses, but also combined this with a modern setting. The "Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu" television series was created by Michael Hegner and Tommy Andreasen, two Danish film producers.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: During the early development of the concept, The Lego Group conducted ethnographic research with children to determine their interests. Cerim Manovi, Senior Design Manager for the theme recalled, "Ninjas crystallised themselves because we were, like: 'What's the greatest hero entry point?' We showed them superheroes, everything – but ninjas just grabbed kids right there". The Lego Group had been attempting to develop a toy line based on ninjas for several years but a product range had never been successfully developed due to the limitations of the concept. This changed once the idea was developed into a high concept fantasy theme. Researchers at The Lego Group began testing ideas for enemies and eventually skeletons were chosen as the main antagonists in the storyline, following research conducted with six-year-old boys. The skeletons were considered to be the perfect adversaries for the ninjas because they looked inherently evil and fantastical. Other initial concepts for the enemies, such as snakes and robots were rejected, but then used later in subsequent seasons of the series. The ninja characters were given different coloured suits and unique elemental powers to make them more interesting and give them individual personalities. The motivation for the ninja characters was initially presented as a fight about obtaining four golden weapons.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The first concept drawing was created by Tommy Andreasen in late 2009, which depicted five elemental ninjas with their elemental tornadoes and included the word "Spinjago". This would later become the fictional martial art of "Spinjitzu", a combination of the words "spin" and "ninjitsu". Andreasen recalled being called into a meeting on a Friday evening where he created the rough concept sketch of the characters. He then contacted an artist in Canada named Craig Sellars, who painted an internal concept image of the characters over the weekend and sent it back on the following Monday. Andreasen recalled that this was a "linchpin moment" that was the beginning of the concept and the television series. The Ninjago brand name was a combination of the words "ninja" and "go", which was split from the end of "Lego". The series title was also used as the main ninja battle cry.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Kevin and Dan Hageman were the screenwriters for the "Ninjago" television series from the initial development phase until the ninth season. They became involved in the project after being invited to pitch an early story concept for a Lego-based movie that would eventually be titled "The Lego Movie". After making a successful pitch to The Lego Group for the film, the Hageman Brothers were asked to write the story for a 44-minute animated television special based on an original Lego property about ninjas. Initially it was intended to be a one-hour special, but the Hageman Brothers decided that they wanted to make it into a saga similar to a high-end blockbuster movie, "like "Star Wars" with ninjas". They took their inspiration from movies and television shows of the time, including films produced by Marvel and Steven Spielberg. Dan Hageman recalled, "We're looking at Star Wars. We're creating a land and there's magic in this land, there's weapons in this land, there's vehicles in this land...we wanted to make something not necessarily that would appeal to children, but that would appeal to us". Kevin Hageman noted that there was a lot of disposable entertainment for children at that time. He explained, "We wanted something that treats the kids intelligently, also emotionally intelligently. They understand drama. Let's give them a story that's going to continue because it's serialised...we thought of it more as one giant movie or a miniseries. I think that really added a lot of depth, a lot of heart, to "Ninjago" that you don't see on other shows".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The Hageman Brothers were presented with the basic concepts and characters for the show, such as the ninja, dragons and spinjitzu, but developed the characters' motivations and personalities. They decided that the characters were imperfect and were motivated by their relationships. They also decided that Kai needed to be the main character of the Pilot Episodes because the special was limited to 44 minutes, so they agreed to centre the story around one character, rather than a large ensemble cast, and to give Kai a specific motivation. For this reason, the Hageman Brothers came up with the character of Nya, the main female character in the story. Kevin Hageman explained, "We wanted this to be a show that boys and girls like, and I wanted strong, young female characters in it - so we created Nya". Tommy Andreasen explained that the character of Nya was employed as an emotional reason for Kai to get involved because, "he didn't want to be a ninja, but his sister was kidnapped by this evil Lord from the underworld".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The character of Lloyd Garmadon was conceived by Dan and Kevin Hageman. Andreasen stated, "The Hagemans came up with the idea of Lloyd, the son of Garmadon. As soon as they introduced that idea, we knew Lloyd was going to be the Green Ninja and we were going to build that mystery up over 10 episodes".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The Hageman Brothers eventually left the show after nine seasons when Bragi Schut took over as writer. Kevin Hageman asked Bragi Schut to become involved in the series due to his background of working in film. Despite not having any prior knowledge of "Ninjago", Schut became familiar with the story and continued it with the same approach as the Hageman Brothers, ensuring that it included "a combination of humour, heart and adventure".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: On 8 September 2022, Bragi Schut, the lead writer of the original series from the tenth to the fifteenth season, confirmed he will not be working on the new series on Twitter by stating that "Crystallized" was his last season.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The first ten seasons were produced in Copenhagen, Denmark, by the animation studio Wil Film ApS. Erik Wilstrup, the CEO of Wil Film, first became aware of the project in October 2009 when The Lego Group was exploring ways to create branded entertainment using animation. Wilstrup and his team proposed a variety of animation styles before agreeing that computer-generated imagery (CGI) was the best option. Wilstrup elaborated further on the production of the series by describing Wil Film as "a spider in the middle of a wide web and a responsible driver of it all". He explained, "Specifically we have a team of designers in Berlin, while the voice recordings sit with BLT in Canada. The score is produced by Jam Hollywood in Los Angeles, the animation is done at GDC in China and all preproduction, storyboarding, blocking, post-sound, on-line and grading is done in our studio in Copenhagen."


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The production was relocated to WildBrain Studios in Canada for the last five seasons. This marked the use of new animation styles, including anime-style 2D animation, as a way to experiment with the storyline and add new creativity to the show. With the release of "Secrets of the Forbidden Spinjitzu", the run-time for the show was revised from 22 minutes to 11 minutes. This was a particular cause of concern with fans of the show. Tommy Andreasen commented on the 11-minute format by stating, "it was a way for the broadcasters to make it easier to programme". He has also remarked on the positive nature of the new runtime, stating, "Once you're working with 11 minutes it's not just the same idea stretched over two 11s. Now it's a new idea in every episode, and it really makes you risky and fresh - and able to tell stories very efficiently...If there's something I would like "Ninjago" TV show to be, it's this creative playground, where you should never know exactly what you can expect".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Following the initial concept sketch created by Tommy Andreasen in late 2009, concept artwork depicting the main ninja characters was created in 2010, with a character drawing of Lloyd and sketches to summarise the first two "Ninjago" seasons. In addition, sketches of Nya were first produced by Tim Ainley, depicting the character as a samurai, followed by character, model and part designs.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: In the eighth season, the appearances of Lloyd and the ninja were noticeably different from their appearances in previous seasons. "Sons of Garmadon" implemented a new phase for the ninjas' designs, which were now based on the designs of their movie counterparts in "The Lego Ninjago Movie". The design change aimed to help new fans of the movie transition to the television series. The start of the season marked updated appearances for each of the main characters, including changes to their hair and faces, and these new appearances have continued to be used throughout subsequent seasons. Although Lloyd looks almost identical to his movie design, he was given a new voice actor Sam Vincent, who took over the role from Jillian Michaels, while the other ninja retained their original voice actors. Design Manager, Michael Svane Knap explained that these changes were inspired by the movie in terms of the detail level. He commented, "We pulled in some of the character designs from the movie into the TV show afterwards. That was born of wanting to get more uniqueness to the characters. Something that added a lot of character to these ninja that we didn't have before were the hairstyles for them, so we managed to create something that was completely unique for "Ninjago" with how the characters looked".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The title sequences for seasons 1–7, 11-13, and 15 feature "The Weekend Whip", a song performed by The Fold, which is the show's official theme song. "The Weekend Whip" was remixed each season to reflect the theme. Seasons 8-10 and "The Island"-season 14 feature music by composers Michael Kramer and Jay Vincent, with "Ninjago Overture" as the main theme.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Jay Vincent and Michael Kramer scored the soundtrack for the series since the beginning of the show. Michael Kramer had previously created a martial arts track that Vincent and Kramer decided was perfect for the show and this music piece "Ninjago Overture" was chosen as the main theme for the show. Although they were initially hired to write some original music for the characters, they decided to score the entire pilot special. The music plays a significant role in the storytelling, particularly in terms of helping viewers to distinguish between the heroes and villains. Kramer explained that there were ground rules that were established from the beginning of the show, stating, "One thing that we try to stick to, not always but generally speaking, is that bad guys usually have more bowed instruments and good guys usually have more wind instruments. The idea of friction being more bowed or struck instruments". The music is also used to underpin the drama in the show. Kramer remarked on this stating, "These characters are real for us. That allows us as composers to really dive deep into that drama. And I mean, it gets really heavy - especially in Season 10 with the Oni - it got really dark, really dramatic". The soundtrack incorporates a wide variety of traditional musical instruments from around the world, which were carefully chosen to illustrate each character or land in which the season is set. Jay Vincent commented that, "because "Ninjago" is set in this vast universe, we get to respectfully but enjoyably explore other cultures of the world that we might not be familiar with".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The Fold became involved in the show through Jam, a music production company in Copenhagen. The producers wanted to include modern concepts within the show, so they were looking for a catchy pop song. After being initially approached by Michael Kramer, The Fold came up with "The Weekend Whip", which was designed to be listened to outside the context of the show and was described as "the dance that the ninja do on the weekend when they are off". The demo was included in the pilot season and recorded in studio a year later.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: In January 2021, The Lego Group released a soundtrack video on YouTube titled "Ninjago: A Musical Journey," which celebrates the music of the show in four parts. The complete "Ninjago: A Musical Journey" "(2011–2020)" video was released on the Lego YouTube channel on 6 June 2021, comprising 2.5 hours of music and images.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The Lego Group launched "Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu" in January 2011 with the release of two 22-minute animated specials that aired on Cartoon Network in January and March. These introduced the main characters and the Ninjago universe to its target audience. Following the success of the pilots, The Lego Group announced the release of the first season on 23 March 2011, titled "Rise of the Snakes", which aired at the end of 2011 and consists of 13 episodes. The series continued to be written by Dan and Kevin Hageman. Jill Wilfert, Vice President of licensing & entertainment at The Lego Group commented, "We're thrilled to be working with Wil Film and Kevin and Dan Hageman to add yet another dimension of story and engagement to our newest original property".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The "Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu" series and accompanying product line had originally been planned as a three-year project. The conclusion of the second season titled "Legacy of the Green Ninja" emphasized the end of the show in its season finale, with the character of Lloyd becoming the "Golden Ninja" and defeating the main antagonist, the Overlord, in an epic battle of light and darkness. However, due to the incredible sales performance of the Lego Ninjago product line, the series was continued. Senior Creative Director Simon Lucas recalled the company's decision to extend the series, stating, "we had six weeks to say what we would do with "Ninjago". How do you bring it back? We had the final battle in the story. Immediately I connected with Kevin and Dan Hageman, and we just agreed that this world we'd created, the characters and the story had so much more to give. We actually struggled to filter ideas, because we had so many". The continuation of the series allowed the writers to open up their ideas about what the theme could be. It also pushed them to change the "Ninjago" series each year, which contributed to the success of the show. Kevin Hageman opined, "If we just kept doing the original theme and just had different adventures... "Ninjago" would not still be here today. I think it's truly here because the restrictions forced us and Lego to keep redesigning and rethinking "Ninjago" and it kept becoming this beautiful big universe where anything is possible".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: In the United States, the two pilot episodes of , later split into four episodes total, were shown on Cartoon Network on January 14, 2011. They were released in Europe on January 24, 2011. The pilot episodes follow the four original ninja as Sensei Wu brings them together to defeat the evil Lord Garmadon. Due to the popularity of the pilot episodes, the first season was launched from 2 December 2011 to April 2012 alongside a new line of sets marketed as "Rise of the Snakes". The pilot episodes were released on DVD in March 2011, and the first season became available on DVD in Region 1 on June 26, 2012. The series as a whole has an estimated budget of kr 37 million (approximately £4.6 million or US$6.7 million).


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 1, follows the four original ninja as they battle the Serpentine, unlock their "true potential", and attempt to discover the identity of the fabled Green Ninja. The first five episodes of season 1 aired in Canada on November 25 and the first two in the United States on December 2. The season once again aired in Canada and the United States from January 11, 2012 to April 11, 2012.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 2, premiered on July 18, 2012, to an audience of 2.8 million. Season 2 focuses on Lloyd, as he trains to become the Green Ninja in preparation for the final battle, where he will have to face and defeat his father.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 3, premiered on January 29, 2014. Season 3 focuses on Zane as he and the other Ninja fight to defeat an ancient evil reborn as a new, technological threat. In the United Kingdom, the series premiered on 21 July 2014 on Cartoon Network.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 4, premiered on February 23, 2015 in North America and Great Britain on Cartoon Network. Season 4 follows the ninja as they travel to a mysterious island to fight in the Tournament of Elements and search for a missing Zane.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 5, premiered on June 27, 2015 in the United States. The Lego Group released the trailer for the fifth season on June 8, 2015 . Season 5 focuses on Nya training to become the Master of Water while the other ninja battle Wu's first student, a vengeful ghost who has possessed Lloyd.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 6, was released on June 8, 2016. It focuses on Jay as he and the ninja try to prevent Nadakhan the Djinn and his Sky Pirates from terraforming Ninjago into a new Kingdom of Djinjago.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: A Halloween special titled was released on October 29, 2016, featuring the return of many of the series' past villains. The special focuses on Cole, who is slowing fading from existence.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 7, was released in May 2017. The plot focuses on Kai, Nya and their parents, with the main villains being the Elemental Masters of Time (Acronix and Krux) and their army of Vermillion Warriors, who are trying to rewrite history.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 8, was released April 16, 2018 in the United States. It follows the ninja as they try to prevent a criminal organization called the Sons of Garmadon (SoG) from resurrecting Garmadon using the three Oni Masks. The season introduced character redesigns to make the main characters resemble their "The Lego Ninjago Movie" counterparts.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 9, premiered on June 30, 2018 in Australia. The season follows Lloyd and the Resistance fighting to take back New Ninjago City, while the other ninja try to escape from the First Realm.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 10, premiered on April 19, 2019. It follows Garmadon and the ninja as they try to stop a demonic force of darkness called the Oni from destroying Ninjago and the sixteen realms. It featured only four episodes and is the shortest season to date.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 11, , premiered on June 22, 2019. It follows the ninja as they come face to face with an enemy from Wu's past, then try to rescue Zane from a dark and mysterious Ice Emperor. The season saw the introduction of an 11-minute episode format and a new, more stylized animation style. It was split into two fifteen episodes parts, The Fire Chapter and The Ice Chapter.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 12, premiered on July 19, 2020 in the United States. It focuses on Jay as he and the ninja enter the video game Prime Empire to face the misunderstood Unagami.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 13", " premiered on September 16, 2020 in the United States. It focuses on Cole as he and the ninja journey to the distant mountains of Shintaro, unaware of the sinister secrets that lie in the cavernous dungeons below.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: A four-episode miniseries titled premiered on February 27, 2021 in France, and on March 7, 2021 in Canada. It follows the ninja as they embark on a rescue mission to a mysterious and uncharted island.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 14, premiered on April 4, 2021 in Canada on Teletoon. In the United States, the episodes have not yet aired on Cartoon Network, however the LEGO channel on YouTube currently has the episodes. Seabound was also released on November 19, 2021 on Netflix. Its plot centres around the water ninja, Nya, after she loses control over her elemental powers and journeys into the oceans surrounding the island of Ninjago.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Season 15, premiered on the official Lego YouTube channel on May 20, 2022 in North America. The season involves the ninja encountering a new group of ninja and being locked up in Kryptarium Prison alongside their old enemies.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: In 2022, the "Ninjago" team announced at San Diego Comic-Con that a new series will make its debut in 2023 for the Lego Ninjago brand. On 10 October 2022, Tommy Andreasen announced the end of his involvement with the series in a letter posted on Twitter.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: "Ninjago" has received largely favourable reviews from critics. Reviewer Lien Murakami for Common Sense Media gave the Pilot season a three out of five star rating, describing it as "exciting and funny" and noting that "the ninja characters learn lessons of patience and teamwork from their wise sensei". However, the review also opined that the show "is essentially an extended advertisement for the Lego Ninjago toy line". Melissa Camacho for Common Sense Media gave "Tournament of Element"s a three-star rating and commented on the "positive messages" and "character strengths" in the series stating, "Lessons about loyalty, loss, sacrifice, and teamwork are emphasized throughout." "Possession" also received a three-star rating from Common Sense Media, and reviewer Melissa Camacho commented, "loyalty, teamwork and sacrifice are common themes, making this a solid choice for action lovers. The loss of a loved one also is a central theme in this series installment." Dave Trumbore for Collider commented on "Skybound", giving the show a four-star rating and stating that it is "a fun romp through the mythology in the modern era that emphasizes teamwork, cooperation, and loyalty throughout, all while providing a highly entertaining and action-packed series". "Skybound" also received a three-star rating from Common Sense Media, which noted that the season, "contains some positive messages about friendship, patience, loyalty, and gender equality." Common Sense Media gave "Hands of Time" a three-star rating, with Melissa Camacho commenting that the season had good messages, fantasy violence and, "some fun moments, especially when the teens banter with one another. But central to the show is their effort to help Ninjago, a well as their master, by using their powers accordingly." Camacho also gave "Hunted" a three-star rating and commented, "they're a loyal team and do what they believe is right in order to ensure that good triumphs over evil. If you're a Lego Ninjago fan, "Hunted" won't disappoint." Barry Hertz for The Globe and Mail commented, ""Ninjago" is a 10-season-long commercial for one of the world's most expensive toy-lines. Yet, its crass existence is consistently and miraculously outweighed by the imagination of and creative powers behind the long-running series. "Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu" should be terrible, but it is instead one of the more enjoyably complex and mythology-heavy series out there - no matter whether you're the babysitter or the babysat."


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The "Ninjago" series achieved immediate success with its target audience and maintained strong ratings from its initial launch. The Pilot Episodes, which were released on Cartoon Network, were the highest rated program with boys in their time slot across multiple airings. The first season of "Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu" achieved the top position on Wednesday nights from 7 to 9 pm with children aged 2–11 and 9-14. The Season 2 premiere scored the top telecast of the day with children aged 2–11, boys aged 2–11, boys aged 6–11 and boys aged 9–14 and ranked the highest in its time period among children aged 6–11 and children aged 9–14. It also increased average ratings from between 124% and 184% compared to the same time period for the first-season premiere in the previous year. The total number of viewers increased by 30%. The third season averaged a triple digit viewer increase with children and boys, with the January 2014 release ranking as the top telecast of the year with boys aged 2–11 and boys aged 6–11. In 2015, the fourth season titled "Tournament of Elements" maintained its popularity by achieving the top position for telecast of the day among boys aged 2–11 and aged 6–11, and the top position in its time period among children aged 2–11, children aged 6–11 and all boys. With the release of Season 5: "Possession", the show achieved rank 22 in the top 100 Monday cable originals on 29 June 2015 with 2.05 million viewers. The release of Season 6: "Skybound" achieved the rank of 28 in the top 150 original cable telecast for 24 March 2016 with 0.98 million viewers. The release of Season 7: "The Hands of Time" achieved the rank of 77 in the top 150 Monday cable originals on 15 May 2017 with 0.73 million viewers. The release of Season 8: "Sons of Garmadon" achieved the rank of 109 in the top 150 Monday cable originals on 16 April 2018 with 0.50 million viewers. On 11 August 2018, Season 9: "Hunted Part 1" was ranked at 84 in the top 150 original cable telecasts with 0.45 million viewers. Season 9: "Hunted Part 2" achieved a rank of 67 on 18 August 2018 with 0.50 million viewers. On 19 April 2019, Season 10: "March of the Oni" ranked at position 86 with 0.44 million viewers. "Ninjago:Secrets of the Forbidden Spinjitzu" ranked at position 81 on 22 June 2019 with 0.31 million viewers. "Prime Empire" ranked at 83 on 19 July 2020 with 0.28 million viewers. On 13 September 2020, the release of "Master of the Mountain" achieved a rank of 89 in the top 150 original cable telecasts with 0.18 million viewers.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The "Ninjago" series has been nominated for and won several awards. In 2012, the director Peter Hausner was nominated in the category of "Directing in a Television Production" at the Annie Awards. The show was also nominated at the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity in 2012 in the category of "Branded Entertainment, Best Fictional Program, series or film". In 2012, the composers Michael Kramer and Jay Vincent were nominated at the BMI Film & TV Music Awards, which they won. They were also winners at the 2016 BMI Film & TV Music Awards. In 2015, Michael Kramer and Jay Vincent were nominated at the Annie Awards for "Outstanding Achievement in Music in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production". In 2016, the show was nominated for a Kids' Choice Awards in the category of "Favorite Cartoon". In 2018, it received a nomination for "Best Sound Design: Television Programme" at the Music + Sound Awards. In 2020, Michael Kramer and Jay Vincent were nominated for "Outstanding Music Direction and Composition" at the Daytime Emmy Awards. In 2020, "Ninjago" received two nominations in the Animation Program or Series category of the Leo Awards for Art Direction and Sound. In 2021, the series received four nominations in the Animation Series category of the Leo Awards for Art Direction, Direction, Sound and Voice Performance, resulting in Kenny Ng winning Best Art Direction for "Superstar Rockin' Jay". In 2022, "Ninjago" received four nominations in the Animation series category of the Leo Awards, including program, direction for "The Turn of the Tide", art direction for "Nyad" and sound for "Assault on Ninjago City".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: One of the most dominant aspects of the "Ninjago" series is the theme of duality, or light and dark (with reference to the yin and yang). In the fictional realm of Ninjago, the two main elements are creation and destruction, which are the definition of good and evil, and are shown to either create life or destroy it. The main characters that have been depicted wielding this power are Master Wu, who represents creation and Lord Garmadon who represents destruction, being the direct descendants of the First Spinjitzu Master, the legendary fictional creator of Ninjago. Many villains throughout the series have been defined by darkness and destruction, most prominently the Oni, while the main character Lloyd Garmadon has been associated with light, particularly when he was shown to have achieved his "Golden Power" in the second season.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The importance of teamwork has also been a fundamental aspect that runs through the series. Senior Designer Christopher Stamp commented, "The characters are flawed and individually they are not complete, but as a team they complete each other. You follow the characters' development, it allows a form of natural evolution so as you go through the stories. The example I always come back to is when Cole questions if he is really important to the team, would the team still exist if he wasn't there? That led us to introduce ghosts to the world of Ninjago, what if he's a ghost? Then we realize when he actually becomes invisible, the team doesn't function the same way without him."


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The series presents recurring moral lessons beneath the story that are intended to be absorbed by the viewers. In particular, the main character Master Wu has been depicted repeatedly placing emphasis on overcoming the internal obstacles that can hold a person back from achieving greatness. This theme was also illustrated by the main ninja characters conquering their personal obstacles and achieving their "true potential". Tommy Kalmaar, Story and Entertainment Manager commented, "Beneath the icons of dragons and ninjas there's this compelling full narrative around kids gaining confidence, finding their inner voice, learning something new about themselves, realizing something, and suddenly they can do more."


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: From its launch in 2011, the "Ninjago" series achieved continued popularity amongst its target audience, who are mainly primary aged children and teenagers, but it also gained a dedicated fan community. The "Ninjago" writers ensured that children are able to relate to the main characters by making them teenage heroes, and this made them consistently popular characters. In 2017, Christopher Stamp, Senior Designer at The Lego Group, noted that Lloyd and the ninja are relatable to children due to their inherent flaws, stating, "What is the main thing that has caught kids’ attention? Why is it so relatable? I have thought about it a lot. For me personally, it has got to be the characters. None of the characters are perfect, they are all flawed and I think that is something everyone can relate to."


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: From 2011 to 2022, the "Ninjago" series included storylines that aimed to teach about the importance of friendship, inclusivity and confidence. In 2017, Lego design manager, Michael Svane Knap commented, "It’s always important to develop good characters that engage with the kids and encourage them to watch. The story that we have been telling from the beginning has been focused on family, collaboration and emotions and these are the keystone for telling a good "Ninjago" story". The "Ninjago" series was in continuous production for over a decade, resulting in many children having grown up following the series and developing into adult fans. Knap remarked, "Some have grown up with Lego Ninjago and are now expressing their gratitude and telling us how they have learned lifelong skills".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: On 5 February 2019, Ernie Estrella for "Syfy Wire" remarked that, ""Ninjago" is one of Lego's long running, home-grown franchises, and is arguably its most successful one."


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: On 14 January 2021, the "Ninjago" series celebrated its tenth anniversary. This milestone reflected the continued popularity of the show amongst its audience. Tommy Andreasen, Senior Manager and co-creator explained, "Originally, the Ninjago theme was supposed to end after season 2 in 2012. It just shows an incredible commitment from our fans that we are still going strong 10 years later". In April 2021 a three-hour documentary produced by four "Ninjago" fans was released on YouTube, titled "Ninjago - Ten Years of Spinjitzu: A Documentary". It recounts ten years of the series and features interviews with Tommy Andreasen, the Hageman Brothers and various voice actors from the show. In June 2021, The Fold released a song titled "Ten for Ninjago" to celebrate the ten-year anniversary of the show.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The "Ninjago" TV series was launched to coincide with the release of its product line, Lego Ninjago in January 2011. In its first year, 17 Lego construction toy sets from the product line were released. After that, "Ninjago"-themed playsets were released each year to correspond with each season of the TV series.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Several mini-movies have been produced alongside the "Ninjago" television series, which provide additional information about the characters.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text:
Pilot Episode Mini-movies - six short films that take place immediately after the Pilot Season, released in 2011
Chen Mini-movies - five mini-movies that focus on Master Chen and his chair from Season 4, released in 2015
Tall Tales - six mini-movies that focus on the Sky Pirates of Season 6, released in 2016
Wu's Teas - a collection of 20 "Ninjago" shorts that focus on Master Wu's tea shop, released in 2017
Happy Birthday To You! - a one-minute "Ninjago" short, released on Netflix on 14 September 2017
Ninjago: Decoded - a mini-series of ten episodes which takes place between Season 7 and Season 8, released on 27 November 2017
Tales from the Monastery of Spinjitzu - six "Ninjago: Legacy" films from the Lego website that take place between Season 9 and Season 10, released 19 December 2018
Prime Empire shorts - six "Ninjago" shorts that provide additional background information about Season 12, released in 2020
Ninjago: Reimagined - five "Ninjago Legacy" shorts in different animation styles released in 2021 alongside the series' 10th anniversary
The Virtues of Spinjitzu - six "Ninjago" shorts in which Master Wu teaches the ninja about the six fundamental virtues of Spinjitzu, released in 2022.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Lloyd Garmadon and the main ninja characters are the protagonists of "The Lego Ninjago Movie", which was released in 2017. Although the plot is not directly related to the "Ninjago" television series, Lloyd retains his role as the Green Ninja and leader of the secret ninja force. Warner Bros. announced the development of an animated film based on the "Ninjago" television series on 17 September 2013. The film was directed by Charlie Bean, Paul Fisher and Bob Logan and produced by Dan Lin, Roy Lee, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. The original writers for the "Ninjago" television series, Dan and Kevin Hageman were also writers for the film. "The Lego Ninjago Movie" premiered on 16 September 2017 and the cast included Dave Franco as Lloyd, Jackie Chan as Master Wu and Justin Theroux as Lord Garmadon. The plot involves the main ninja characters battling against the main antagonist of the film, the evil warlord Lord Garmadon.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: In addition to the "Ninjago" television series and "The Lego Ninjago Movie", the ninja characters have appeared in magazines, video games, colouring books, graphic novels, children's books and theme park attractions.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The ninja and Master Wu appear in an interactive theme park ride called "Lego Ninjago The Ride" at Legoland.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Lloyd, the ninja and Master Wu appear in a 4D short animated film entitled "," released in Legoland on 18 January 2018. The film can be experienced by visitors in all Legoland theme parks except Legoland New York. The plot focuses on Master Wu teaching the ninja a lesson about the Scroll of the 4th Dimension, which affects gravity and organised matter.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Since the beginning of 2012, a 36-page "Lego Ninjago Magazine" has been released in the UK and the Netherlands every month. It contains a comic strip as well as various facts, puzzles, posters, competitions and other activities. Each edition also includes a free Lego gift which is often a minifigure of Lloyd, one of the ninja, or a villain from the series.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: Various accompanying books to the series have been produced that feature Lloyd and the ninja. A total of 12 graphic novels have been published, written by Greg Farshtey.


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: The ninja appear as playable characters in a wide variety of video games and mobile games, including "" (2011), Lego Universe (2011), "Lego Ninjago: Nindroids" (2014), "Lego Ninjago: Shadow of Ronin" (2015), "Lego Ninjago: Tournament" (2015), "Lego Dimensions" (2015), "Lego Worlds" (2017), "The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game" (2017), "Lego Brawls" (2019) and "" (2020).


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: On 24 August 2020, The Lego Group released a short film on the Lego YouTube channel titled "Lego Ninjago Explained - Everything You Need to Know about Lego Ninjago". The film offers a humorous account of the series in the style of "Honest Trailers".


title: Ninjago (TV series)

text: On 28 May 2021, Lego Life launched the first episode of "Ninja Vlogs", a video series aimed at children aged six to 12 years old. The vlog was hosted by the "Ninjago" characters Jay and Nya and was the first time that The Lego Group used motion capture and real-time rendering in media content.


title: BBC One

text: BBC One is a British free-to-air public broadcast television network owned and operated by the BBC. It is the corporation's flagship network and is known for broadcasting mainstream programming, which includes BBC News television bulletins, primetime drama and entertainment, and live BBC Sport events.


title: BBC One

text: It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and was the world's first regular television service with a high level of image resolution. It was renamed BBC TV in 1960 and used this name until the launch of the second BBC channel, BBC2, in 1964. The main channel then became known as BBC1. The channel adopted the current spelling of BBC One in 1997.


title: BBC One

text: The channel's annual budget for 2012–2013 was £1.14 billion. It is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBC's other domestic television stations and shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. The television channel had the highest reach share of any broadcaster in the United Kingdom as at 2019, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership ITV. In 2013, a major global study of the BBC by the Populus polling organisation found BBC One to be rated the highest-quality TV channel in the world, with BBC Two coming in third place.


title: BBC One

text: The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The channel officially began regular broadcasts on 2 November 1936 from a converted wing of the Alexandra Palace in London.


title: BBC One

text: On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off air with little warning, with the last programme to be shown being a Mickey Mouse cartoon (the 1933 short "Mickey's Gala Premier"); the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft that could bomb London.


title: BBC One

text: BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at three o'clock in the afternoon. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, "Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?". Twenty minutes later, BBC Television again aired the Mickey Mouse cartoon that they had broadcast in 1939.


title: BBC One

text: The BBC held a statutory monopoly on television broadcasting in the United Kingdom until Associated-Rediffusion, the first Independent Television (ITV) station, began to broadcast on 22 September 1955. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities, following a large reduction in its audience, as noted in the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting. Simultaneously, the Pilkington Report decided to award an additional television station to the BBC on the basis that ITV was in comparison lacking in serious programming.


title: BBC One

text: BBC Television became BBC1 when BBC2 launched on 20 April 1964, transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to receive all channels was to use a complex "dual-standard" 405- and 625-line receiver with both a VHF and a UHF aerial (405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985 when VHF transmissions ended). BBC1 moved to purpose-built facilities at Television Centre on 20 September 1969.Television News continued to use Alexandra Palace as its base and by early 1968 had even converted one of its studios to colour. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system in order to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2 had done so, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark. Colour transmissions could be received in monochrome via monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting.


title: BBC One

text: Between 1973 and 1977, BBC1 achieved an average audience share of 45% under Bryan Cowgill. This was the channel's most successful period in terms of audience share.


title: BBC One

text: On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced plans to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. They stated that the new show would be broadcast before TV-am but included the caveat that the new show would not launch until at least November 1981, whereupon new licence fee income could finance the necessary extension of broadcasting hours. On 17 January 1983, one year after originally planned, the first edition of "Breakfast Time" was shown on BBC1, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the ratings until 1984.


title: BBC One

text: In 1984, Bill Cotton become managing director of Television at the BBC, and set about overhauling BBC1, which had been slated with poor home grown shows, its heavy reliance on US imports, with "Dallas" and "The Thorn Birds" being BBC1's highest rated programmes and ratings being over 20% behind ITV. Cotton recruited Michael Grade to become Controller of BBC1 from 1 September 1984 the first time the corporation had recruited someone outside of the BBC, replacing Alan Hart, who had been criticised for his lack of knowledge in general entertainment, as he was head of BBC Sport prior to 1981.


title: BBC One

text: The first major overhaul was to axe the unpopular "Sixty Minutes" current affairs programme: this was a replacement for the news and magazine show "Nationwide". Its replacement was the "BBC Six O'Clock News", a straight news programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot. It was believed the BBC were planning to cut short the evening news and move more light entertainment programming in from the 18:20 slot, but this was dismissed. The Miss Great Britain contest was dropped, being described as verging on the too offensive after the January 1985 contest, with "World's Strongest Man" and "International Superstar" also being cancelled.


title: BBC One

text: BBC1 was relaunched on 18 February 1985 with a new look, new programming including "Wogan", "EastEnders" and a revised schedule to help streamline and maintain viewers throughout the course of the evening. Grade started to gear most programmes to either on the hour or half past the hour, while "Panorama" and "Omnibus" were both moved after the "Nine O'Clock News". Grade was also determined to end the dated and inept BBC1 scheduling which was hampering the network and holding back good programmes. Grade stated "When I took over BBC1, I discovered there were wonderful things, it was just a case of where to put them." "Wogan" had been scheduled for a 10 pm slot, but Grade moved it to a 7 pm slot as he believed the show had potential.


title: BBC One

text: From February to August 1985, a high number of American mini-series were broadcast while filming took place of a number of new home grown programmes, including "'Allo 'Allo!", "In Sickness and in Health", and "Open All Hours". Further improvement came about when the corporation strengthened its drama output costing £30 million, with eight new series, including "Howards' Way", "All Creatures Great and Small", "Hold the Back Page", and "Bluebill", along with the return of "Bergerac" and "Big Deal". The increase in the drama department was achieved by switching the money away from the administrative service over a three-year period, after BBC1 was criticised for failing in matching ITV's output in drama. "EastEnders" was moved to a 19:30 slot, where it managed to soar to 20 million, helping the BBC1 audience share increase to nearly 50% for the first time since 1982.


title: BBC One

text: On 27 February 1985, "Doctor Who" was placed on an 18-month hiatus. The BBC originally planned to axe the series as they wished to spend its budgets on new programming for the channel, but was forced to back down from public pressure and Doctor Who returned in September 1986. At the time Michael Grade and Jonathan Powell were blamed for the decision (Grade was the target of death threats) but it was later revealed that the decision was taken due to the series running out of creative inspiration, making it impossible to find anyone (at the time) who knew what to do with the series.


title: BBC One

text: On 9 September 1985, the long-standing children's programming block was overhauled and rebranded as "Children's BBC", which gave it dedicated idents for the first time and had a live in-vision presenter, similar to rival ITV's Children's ITV block which had been running since January 1983. Previously the BBC had broadcast children's programming using BBC1's team of regular duty announcers. The launch presenter for this block, and thus the first Children's BBC presenter of the current format, was Phillip Schofield.


title: BBC One

text: On 23 May 1986, long-running lunchtime magazine show "Pebble Mill at One" was broadcast for the last time after being on air for 14 years. On 27 October 1986, BBC1 launched its daytime television schedules. In a statement, BBC Daytime head Roger Laughton said:


title: BBC One

text: Stereo audio transmissions, using the NICAM digital stereo sound format began on BBC1 in late 1987, to coincide with the sale of the first consumer NICAM-enabled equipment, a year after BBC2, and were gradually phased in across BBC TV output, although it took until 31 August 1991 for the service to begin officially on both channels. During this time, both commercial analogue broadcasters, ITV and Channel 4 had officially begun stereo transmissions using the BBC-developed NICAM system. Widescreen programming was introduced on digital platforms in 1998.


title: BBC One

text: For the first 50 years of its existence, with the exception of films and programmes purchased from the United States and elsewhere, almost all the channel's output were produced by the BBC's in-house production departments. This changed following the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990, which required that 25% of the BBC's television output be out-sourced to independent production companies. By 2004, many popular BBC One shows were made for the channel by independents, but the in-house production departments continued to contribute heavily to the schedule.


title: BBC One

text: In March 1991, as part of the £63 million programme package for spring and summer line up on BBC1, it was announced an extra £20 million was to be spent on rejuvenating the channels drama and comedy output during peak times, to keep the channel in a healthy state once the new Channel 3 licences were awarded.


title: BBC One

text: In December 1991 "Wogan" was to be cancelled, due to falling ratings against a number of ITV shows, in which "Wogan" only managed six million viewers compared to double that for "This Is Your Life", "The Krypton Factor" and "The $64,000 Question". Additionally an extra £40 million a year was spent on narrowing the gap on ITV's ratings lead, since a few months prior to this the channel had been criticised for its Autumn schedule, having tired formats, uninspiring scheduling of new programmes and poor scripts. "Wogan" was replaced with "Eldorado", in early July 1992, but this was itself cancelled a year later.


title: BBC One

text: Alan Yentob launched the 1993 Autumn schedule calling it "My first try with a lot of help from my friends", with the channel still under criticism, following the start of new programming which Alan introduced a year earlier, and the number of summer repeats. £175 million was spent on 80 hours of original drama produced, enchantment to the arts with an extended 26-week run for "Omnibus", and documentaries with "The Downing Street Years", new wildlife series and an eight-month look at Sheffield's Children's hospital, while "Goodnight Sweetheart", "Grace & Favour" and "The Danny Baker Show" were new comedy series. "" included in the Saturday night line up to increase variety.


title: BBC One

text: Following the public disapproval of filling its schedule with 25% of repeats during the summer months of 1993, BBC1 agreed to broadcast an extra 110 hours worth of original programming over the same period during the summer in 1994, which included giving "EastEnders" an additional episode per week. Efficiency savings of £25 million were found and redeployed to the new productions. The savings were seen as a vindication for the producer choice, and the controversial market-oriented drive introduced in April 1993.


title: BBC One

text: By March 1999, the channel admitted defeat in its ratings war with ITV, with its Spring line up emphasising more on serious factual and educational programmes, and drama. This change in strategy came about after continuing complaints that the channel was appealing to the lowest common denominator to increase viewership. Reliance on docusoaps and the dropping of the vilified "Noel's House Party" were chastened by the hoax guests on "The Vanessa Show". Alan Yentob said "The spring package is to remind people of what the BBC is here for, range and ambition you won't find anywhere else at peak time". The changes helped the channel distinguish itself from (as one BBC executive said) "its down-market rival and would not compete for viewers on ITV's terms."


title: BBC One

text: Lorraine Heggessey became Controller of BBC One, a post she took up on 1 November 2000. She had previously been sounded out about the job in 1997 after Michael Jackson's departure, but had turned down the opportunity as she felt she was then not yet experienced enough.


title: BBC One

text: During Heggessey's five years in charge, BBC One's audience share fell by 19.9%, to 23%, although this was in the context of declining audience figures across all British television channels due to increased competition from multichannel digital television. However, in 2001 BBC One overtook its main rival ITV in terms of annual audience share for the first time since the rival channel had launched in 1955, although much of this was down to the success of the channel's daytime television line-up, which had its own Controller: Jane Lush.


title: BBC One

text: When Heggessey arrived at the channel in November 2000, she inherited two controversial schedule changes which had been implemented the previous month, at the behest of Director-General of the BBC Greg Dyke; the "Nine O'Clock News" had been moved to the later time of 22:00 and "Panorama" moved from Monday night prime time slot to a later slot on Sunday nights. The moving of "Panorama" attracted criticism that BBC One was sidelining serious programming in favour of more populist output. Heggessey publicly defended the decision, despite it not being hers, claiming that "Panorama" ratings would have "dwindled" in its previous slot.


title: BBC One

text: Heggessey and the BBC's Controller of Drama Commissioning, Jane Tranter, took advantage of the weekday 21:00 slot opening up by moving the news to commission new popular drama output, such as the successful "Waking the Dead" (2000–2011) and "Spooks" (2002–2011). Celebrity dancing show "Strictly Come Dancing" (2004–present) was also a popular success on Saturday nights, although another Saturday night entertainment series, "Fame Academy", faced accusations of being too derivative of the output of commercial rivals, and during Heggessey's era the channel frequently came under attack for being too populist and not providing enough serious programming.


title: BBC One

text: Immediately after her arrival, Heggessey ordered a review of the "Balloon" idents the channel had been using for its between-programme idents since 1997. In her opinion, the balloon was "slow and distant" and so, on 29 March 2002, after much speculation, she took the decision to abandon the "Balloon" idents (and the traditional "Globe" idents the channel had used in a variety of forms since 1963). They were replaced by a new style of on-air identity for the channel, the "Rhythm & Movement" idents. The new idents attracted criticism for going against the traditions of the channel and pandering to "political correctness", as they featured activities performed by people of various ethnicities. The abandonment of a station clock, and perceived lack of a 'serious ident', also put the BBC in an embarrassing situation just one day into the new look with the death of the Queen Mother.


title: BBC One

text: One of Heggessey's most notable decisions and last major success at the channel was the recommissioning of the science-fiction drama series "Doctor Who", which had been a popular hit in previous decades but ceased production in 1989. Heggessey and Jane Tranter recommissioned the series in September 2003, after Heggessey had spent two years persuading the BBC's commercial arm, BBC Worldwide, to abandon their attempts to make a feature film version of the programme and allow it to instead return it to BBC One. The new version of "Doctor Who" (2005–present) debuted on 26 March 2005 and became a critical and popular hit, with Paul Hoggart of "The Times" newspaper describing the series as "a joyful, exuberant reinvention and a fine legacy from Ms Heggessey."


title: BBC One

text: Heggessey did later concede in a 2005 interview with "The Independent" newspaper that arts programming had suffered a cutback under her control of BBC One. However, she did respond to this omission following criticism from the Board of Governors of the BBC by commissioning programmes such as the arts documentary series "Imagine..." (2003–present) and "A Picture of Britain" (2005).


title: BBC One

text: On 14 February 2005 it was announced that Lorraine Heggessey was to leave the BBC to take up the post of Chief Executive at production company Talkback Thames. She left on 15 April. Five months after her departure, BBC One was named "Channel of the Year" at the Edinburgh Television Festival, primarily on the strength of Heggessey's commissions such as "Strictly Come Dancing" and "Doctor Who".


title: BBC One

text: Joining the channel as Controller in 2005, Peter Fincham oversaw the commissioning of several successful BBC One programmes including "Robin Hood" (2006–2009), "Jane Eyre" (2006) and "How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?", which was followed by similar shows "Any Dream Will Do" and "I'd Do Anything" because of its success. His first full year in charge of the channel saw a year-on-year growth in the audience share, with a rise from 22.2% in August 2005 to 23.6% in August 2006.


title: BBC One

text: Fincham also directly initiated the creation of both "The One Show" (2006–present), an early evening, current-affairs and lifestyle magazine programme, which now runs all but two weeks of the year, and "Davina" (2006), a prime time chat show, the latter hosted by Davina McCall, who presented "Big Brother". However, "Davina" was a critical and ratings disaster, which Fincham subsequently admitted was personally his fault, although he defended the strategy of experimenting with the BBC One schedule. This he continued in January 2007, when he moved the current affairs series "Panorama" from its Sunday night slot back to the prime time Monday evening slot from which it had been removed in 2000, most likely in response to a demand from the Board of Governors of the BBC for the channel to show more current affairs programming in prime time.


title: BBC One

text: Fincham's judgement was again called into question, this time by "The Telegraph", for his decision to spend £1.2 million replacing the channel's 'Rhythm and Movement' idents, which had been introduced by his predecessor Lorraine Heggessey several years earlier, with the 'Circle' idents, a set of eight ten-second films, some of which were shot abroad in locations such as Mexico and Croatia. Fincham later found himself having to publicly defend the £18 million salary that the BBC paid Jonathan Ross in 2006, although Ross's BBC One work—primarily consisting of "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross"—formed only part of his overall BBC commitment.


title: BBC One

text: Following its rebrand in March 2002, BBC One launched "The One to Watch" campaign, during which animated blocks created the word "The" and moved into the BBC logo.


title: BBC One

text: In May 2007, Fincham took the decision to drop "Neighbours", an Australian soap opera, from BBC One after 21 years on the channel, when its producers, FremantleMedia significantly raised the price they wanted the BBC to pay for it in a bidding war. Fincham commented that it was 'a big loss', but that BBC One would not pay 'the best part of £300 million'. "Neighbours" left the channel after the BBC's contract to show the programme ended on 8 February 2008, and moved to Channel 5 on 11 February 2008. "The Weakest Link" was moved from BBC Two to fill the gap, with the afternoon CBBC slot moving 20 minutes earlier.


title: BBC One

text: There was further controversy in July 2007 when Fincham was accused of misleading BBC One viewers. The incident involved a clip from forthcoming documentary "A Year with the Queen" which was shown to journalists during a press conference. It apparently showed the Queen storming out of a session with American photographer Annie Leibovitz over a disagreement about what she should wear, but the BBC subsequently admitted that the scenes used in the trailer had been edited out of their correct order, meaning that a false impression was given. Fincham admitted the error, but rejected calls that he should resign from his position as a result. His future was deemed uncertain following critical comments from Sir Michael Lyons, Chairman of the BBC Trust, and he resigned on 5 October 2007.


title: BBC One

text: In 2009, a report published by the BBC Trust found scheduling changes had led to a decrease in viewers. This was especially noticeable for "Blue Peter" and "Newsround", two of CBBC's flagship programmes; "Blue Peter" which recorded its lowest viewing numbers since it started in 1958, and "Newsround" with fewer than 100,000 viewers compared to 225,000 in 2007.


title: BBC One

text: As part of the Delivering Quality First proposals submitted by the BBC in October 2011 and approved by the BBC Trust in May 2012, all children's programming on BBC One and Two would be moved permanently to the CBBC and CBeebies channels following the digital switchover. It was found that the majority of child viewers watched the programmes on these channels already and that only 7% of these children watched CBBC programmes on BBC One and Two only, it was made clear "Children's programmes are absolutely fundamental to the BBC and that is why we have protected investment in them in the light of cuts elsewhere." Children's programming on BBC One ended on 21 December 2012. The move was criticised by "Teletubbies" co-creator Anne Wood, who described the changes as "ghettoising children's programmes" and believe it was merely a cost-cutting measure. Wood said "On the one hand it is inevitable. But it is dismissive of children. There is a certain amount of overlooking of the fact that children's programmes do get a wider audience than people are aware of ... I have frequently had letters from older people who have enjoyed my programmes as much as children do. A lot of the reason older people like to watch children's programming is because it is life-enhancing." Head of BBC Children's, Joe Godwin said: "Our young viewers are our priority and the vast majority of children in the UK already tune in to CBeebies and CBBC to find their favourite BBC children's programmes. Far from being a 'cynical' move, we're just following where our audience has already gone."


title: BBC One

text: In 2012, the BBC out-bid ITV for the rights to air a "British" version of Dutch TV talent show "The Voice". The BBC paid £22 million for the rights to broadcast the show in the UK for two years. "The Voice UK" achieved good ratings for the BBC but ratings dropped towards the end of the first series and the second series. In 2013, "The Voice UK" was rescheduled to avoid a clash, and as a result, ratings have improved. In November 2015, it was announced that "The Voice UK" would be moving to ITV from 2017, especially because of the ITV plc ownership of franchise owner, Talpa Media.


title: BBC One

text: On 8 October 2013, the BBC announced plans to launch a one-hour time shift of the channel, named BBC One +1. The channel would have replaced BBC Three in 2016. However, on 30 June 2015, the BBC Trust rejected the plans for a BBC One +1 channel as they stated that it would be at the expense of commercial rivals.


title: BBC One

text: BBC One HD, a simulcast of BBC One in 1080i high definition (HD), launched on 3 November 2010 at 19:00 with "The One Show". The channel simulcasts a network version of BBC One in High Definition, with HD versions of programmes including "Doctor Who", "Holby City", "The One Show", "Strictly Come Dancing" and "The Apprentice". "EastEnders" was also made available in HD from Christmas Day 2010. All programmes still made in standard definition were upscaled on the channel, with the intention that by 2012 the vast majority of the channel's output would be in high definition. On 30 May 2012, the satellite and terrestrial resolution was increased to full HD.


title: BBC One

text: BBC One HD at launch did not offer regional variations, and therefore the channel could not broadcast during regional programming slots, most noticeably the local news programmes. The BBC Trust admitted that this was due to technical and financial constraints, but the BBC announced on 6 June 2011 that the national variations of BBC One Northern Ireland, BBC One Scotland and BBC One Wales, would become available from 2012. On 24 October 2012, Northern Ireland received the first variation. A Scottish variation launched on 14 January 2013, followed by a Welsh variation on 29 January 2013. Unlike BBC One HD, which is capable of broadcasting audio content in full 5.1 DTS, BBC One Wales HD and BBC One Northern Ireland HD are both currently only broadcasting audio in PCM stereo, even when programming is otherwise identical to that of BBC One HD. On 16 July 2013, the BBC indicated that it also wants to launch regional variants of BBC One HD across England; however, this would require the approval of the BBC Trust, with a proposal due to be presented within six months. On 18 November 2013, the Northern Irish regional variant of BBC One HD was swapped with the SD channel on Sky's EPG for HD subscribers. This was followed by the Welsh and Scottish variants on 10 December. On 24 March 2014, BBC One Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland HD launched on Freesat, Sky and Virgin Media outside the regions they were originally seen in.


title: BBC One

text: On 31 March 2016, BBC One HD in England moved from channel 141 on the Sky electronic programme guide to channel 115, a position vacated by BBC Three, which had been switched to internet-only six weeks earlier. Changes in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland were also scheduled but delayed for 'technical reasons'.


title: BBC One

text: Excluding sporting events and news coverage, the top five most watched programmes at their peak viewing points (according to BARB) were:


title: BBC One

text: With a mission to provide programmes for all licence-fee payers, it has sport, news, current affairs, and documentaries. It has historically broadcast children's programmes (now taken from CBBC and CBeebies). The channel remains one of the principal television channels in the United Kingdom and provides 2,508 annual hours of news and weather, 1,880 hours of factual and learning, 1,036 hours of drama, 672 hours of children's, 670 hours of sport, 654 hours of film, 433 hours of entertainment, 159 hours of current affairs, 92 hours of religion and 82 hours of music and arts.


title: BBC One

text: Since 1990, the BBC has had to commission output from other domestic suppliers. Although the statutory target remains 25% for independent production companies to contribute programming for BBC One, 33% of output was made by them in 2010–11. The quota of original programming in peak times is set at 90%; however, 100% of peak programming was original in 2010–11. Over the whole day, the total for the same year was 89%, against a quota of 70%.


title: BBC One

text: 2,508 annual hours of news and weather (293 in peak, 1,049 of BBC News simulcasts) are provided by regular news programmes "The Briefing", "BBC Breakfast", the "BBC News at Nine", "BBC News at One", "BBC News at Six" and the "BBC News at Ten" each including BBC regional news programmes. All three main news bulletins have a lead over their rival programmes on ITV and other terrestrial or cable channels. During the weekend period, three separate bulletins around these three time periods are broadcast and vary in length from 10 to 25 minutes. BBC One has broadcast overnight simulcasts from the BBC News Channel (which itself is simulcasting with BBC World News) since 1997; the latter in turn simulcasts the majority of all regular BBC One bulletins. When BBC One is broadcasting a BBC News special, it hands some of its daytime programming to BBC Two.


title: BBC One

text: Each year 159 hours of current affairs programmes are broadcast on BBC One, including "Panorama" and "Watchdog". Politics is also covered, with programmes including "Question Time" and "This Week" shown. "Crimewatch", a programme appealing for help in unsolved crimes, is broadcast monthly.


title: BBC One

text: BBC One shows 1,880 hours of factual and learning programming annually. This includes a wide range of shows such as nature documentaries such as "Planet Earth" as well as lifestyle-format daytime programmes and a number of "reality television" formats and the "One Life" strand.


title: BBC One

text: BBC One broadcasts 1,036 hours of drama each year, more than any other BBC channel. There are four half-hour episodes of "EastEnders" each week (not shown on Wednesdays), with an omnibus episode at the weekend, plus the hospital drama "Casualty". Other popular dramas on BBC One include crime dramas such as "New Tricks", a programme of which even episode repeats have beaten ITV ratings on numerous occasions.


title: BBC One

text: BBC One has traditionally been the home of children's television: "Blue Peter" had been broadcast on the channel prior to the Children's BBC strand, and sections such as the pre-school "Watch with Mother" being transmitted on the channel for several decades. This became more pronounced with the launch of Children's BBC, later renamed "CBBC". This new strand was broadcast primarily on BBC One in the late afternoons, as well as Saturday and Sunday mornings also such as "Going Live!" and "Live & Kicking", each lasting two to three hours. The launch in 2002 of dedicated digital channels for this content —the CBBC and CBeebies channels —did not affect this provision. Combined with BBC Two, the channel broadcast 2,195 hours of children's programmes in 2010, mostly in the late afternoons on weekdays. Saturday morning children's programming moved to BBC Two in 2006 following a three-month trial.


title: BBC One

text: Sports coverage on BBC One includes Premier League football highlights on "Match of the Day", the Wimbledon Championships, the London Marathon, and other international athletics and swimming events, the Olympic Games, Rugby league, Rugby Union, Snooker tournaments, the American Super Bowl, and more.


title: BBC One

text: The BBC showed the 2010 FIFA World Cup, splitting the group stage matches with ITV. The 8 BBC had first pick of matches from the second round. Repeats made up 8.4% of peak programming in 2010–11, up from 8.0% for 2008–09. Programming on this channel costs an average of £162,900 per hour.


title: BBC One

text: British and international films are broadcast for 654 hours each year on BBC One. This is mainly late-night fillers with some box office hits at Christmas and holiday periods.


title: BBC One

text: Sometimes on a Saturday afternoon there is a film on to fill the gap between entertainment shows but very rarely has there been one in that slot.


title: BBC One

text: Entertainment programming on BBC One includes game shows such as the "National Lottery", "Total Wipeout", "Strictly Come Dancing" and chat shows such as "The Graham Norton Show".


title: BBC One

text: The annual 92 hours of religious programming comprise weekly editions of live "Songs of Praise", Christian services and other shows from independent production companies. Mentorn Oxford produces "Heart and Soul", described as "a new multi-faith programme featuring a panel and a studio audience", followed by "Life from the Loft" which is made by the Leeds-based company True North. In 2005 BBC One was criticised for reducing the amount of religious programming, previously 101 hours per year.


title: BBC One

text: BBC One broadcasts many comedy programmes, often on Friday nights. These have included the stand-up comedy show "Live at the Apollo", sitcom "Outnumbered", and satirical quiz show "Have I Got News for You". Saturday evening is also a popular slot for a comedy show such as "Michael McIntyre's Big Show" and "The Armstrong and Miller Show".


title: BBC One

text: Since BBC Three became an online-only service in 2016, BBC One broadcast some BBC Three programming, particularly such as "People Just Do Nothing", "Cuckoo", "RuPaul's Drag Race UK" and "This Country". In March 2019, BBC1 had a dedicated timeslot for BBC3 as a programming block. The block was dropped when BBC Three returned as a linear TV channel in early 2022.


title: BBC One

text: As the weekly popular music chart programme "Top of the Pops" was dropped in 2006 (except for the Christmas Day edition), BBC One broadcast 49 hours of music and arts programming in 2010. The majority of this was "Imagine", presented by Alan Yentob, and classical music concerts, in particular some of the "BBC Proms".


title: BBC One

text: BBC One's daytime line-up was a major factor in it overtaking ITV as the most popular channel in 2000, a position it has retained, even though ITV achieves a higher audience share during the daytime. The morning daytime line-up consists of lifestyle shows, such as "Morning Live", "Homes Under the Hammer" and "Bargain Hunt", the afternoons contain drama with daily soap "Doctors" and classic US drama, such as "". Sometimes a drama such as "Land Girls" is shown in the afternoons.


title: BBC One

text: Between 15:05 and 17:05 was the CBeebies/CBBC broadcasting strand, with its own visual identity. Historically, BBC One's most popular daytime programme was "Neighbours", with audience figures approaching five million. On 11 February 2008, BBC One dropped "Neighbours" and the programme has since been broadcast on Channel 5. In its place was the quiz show "The Weakest Link", moved from BBC Two, and later replaced in 2011 by "Pointless".


title: BBC One

text: On 16 May 2012, the BBC announced the children's block of shows would be moved permanently to CBBC and CBeebies upon the completion of the Digital switchover. In its place appear the game show "Perfection", plus "Escape to the Country" and "Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is".


title: BBC One

text: In February 2022, the BBC confirmed that "EastEnders" will get a Monday to Thursday slot at 7.30pm with the programme due to form part of a BBC soap hour which will include a repeat of daytime soap "Doctors" on BBC Two at 7pm. Due to this decision, the BBC One regional slot will be pushed back half an hour to 8pm on Wednesdays, where it will feature programmes such as documentary series "We Are England".


title: BBC One

text: BBC One's identity has been symbolised by a globe shown on its idents for much of its existence. The first BBC ident was shown on 2 December 1953, known as the Bat's Wings. In 1962 this was replaced by a map of the UK shown between programmes, and in 1963 the globe appeared, changing in style and appearance over the next 39 years.


title: BBC One

text: Most notably, on 18 February 1985, the "Computer Originated World" was introduced. This was a computer-animated globe with the land coloured gold and the sea a transparent blue, giving the impression of a glass globe. This was replaced by the "Virtual Globe" on 16 February 1991. On 4 October 1997, the globe became a red, orange and yellow hot-air balloon, coloured to resemble a globe. It was filmed flying around various places in the UK.


title: BBC One

text: On 29 March 2002, the globe was replaced by a series of visual identities, "idents", consisting of people dancing in various styles. These were replaced on 7 October 2006 by the 'circle' idents. According to the BBC, the circle symbol both represents togetherness (unity) and acts as a link to the classic globe icon used for 39 years. They ran until 4 December 2016, when that year's Christmas idents launched. On 1 January 2017, a new ident set launched, based on the theme of "oneness". Following complaints from viewers on social media that the 2017 set of BBC One idents were not good examples of social distancing amid the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic in the UK, BBC One temporarily suspended the 2017 idents on 1 May 2020 in favour of a special set of idents that adhere towards the social distancing guidelines. the idents were reinstated on 19 July 2021 when the UK government lifted some Coronavirus restrictions until the new Lens idents arrived the following year on 1 April 2022.


title: BBC One

text: BBC One has individual continuity and opt-outs for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Each variant maintains the BBC One logo with the addition of the constituent country name beneath it.


title: BBC One

text: In England, each region has an individual and current affairs programme opt-out as well as a limited amount of continuity. "UK Today", a news programme, was shown nationally to digital viewers in place of regional programmes when they were unavailable to broadcast on analogue television. The programme was discontinued in 2002 and replaced by a transmission of "BBC London News" until all BBC regions were made available digitally.


title: BBC One

text: BBC One Scotland has the greatest level of variation from the generic network, owing to BBC Scotland scheduling Scottish programming on the main BBC Scotland channel, rather than on BBC Two. BBC One Scotland variations include the soap opera "River City" and the football programme "Sportscene", the inclusion of which causes network programming to be displaced or replaced.


title: BBC One

text: BBC One Wales was considered a separate channel by the BBC as early as its launch in the mid-1960s, appearing as BBC Wales.


title: BBC One

text: BBC One (Northern Ireland) is widely available in Ireland on cable and satellite television. BBC One (especially the London feed) is also available on cable and IPTV in the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Monaco and Liechtenstein. The channel is registered to broadcast within the European Union/EEA through the Luxembourgish Broadcasting Regulator – ALIA.


title: BBC One

text: On 27 March 2013 it was offered by British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) to members of HM Forces and their families around the world, replacing the BFBS1 TV channel, which already carried a selection of BBC One programmes.


title: BBC One

text: All feeds of BBC One in both SD and HD are broadcast unencrypted on the Astra 2E and 2G satellites, allowing viewing across Belgium, the Netherlands, the Republic of Ireland and parts of France, Germany and Spain.


title: BBC One

text: The BBC announced in May 2008 that it had achieved its aim for all programming to have subtitles for viewers with hearing difficulties. The BBC also offers audio description on some popular BBC One programmes for visually impaired viewers. The percentage of the BBC's total television output with audio description available is 10%, having been increased from 8% in 2008.


title: BBC One

text: In 2016, the controller of BBC One would be promoted to oversee all BBC channels, with the channel controller roles being entirely scrapped in 2020, in favour of a focus on digital streaming.


title: Tish Cyrus

text: Tish Finley Cyrus (born May 15, 1967) is an American manager and producer. She has managed her daughter, Miley Cyrus, since the beginning of her career, and still manages her along with Jonathan Daniel from Crush Music. Tish is president of Hopetown Entertainment, a TV and film production company.


title: Tish Cyrus

text: Cyrus has produced films starring her daughter Miley Cyrus. She was the executive producer of "The Last Song", based on the novel by Nicholas Sparks. She starred in the TV show "", which launched on May 25, 2017.


title: Tish Cyrus

text: Cyrus had two children, Brandi and Trace, before marrying Billy Ray Cyrus. Both were adopted by Billy Ray after their marriage.


title: Tish Cyrus

text: In 1992, Tish gave birth to her third child, Miley Cyrus (born Destiny Hope Cyrus), with Billy Ray Cyrus. On December 28, 1993, Billy Ray and Tish wed. She had her fourth child, Braison Chance Cyrus, in 1994. In 2000, she gave birth to her fifth child, Noah Lindsey Cyrus.


title: Tish Cyrus

text: The family lived on a farm in Thompson's Station, outside of Nashville, Tennessee, before moving to Los Angeles for the filming of "Hannah Montana".


title: Tish Cyrus

text: On October 26, 2010, Billy Ray Cyrus filed for divorce from Tish in Tennessee, citing irreconcilable differences. In a statement made to "People" the next day announcing the split, Billy and Tish said, "As you can imagine, this is a very difficult time for our family... We are trying to work through some personal matters. We appreciate your thoughts and prayers."


title: Tish Cyrus

text: On June 13, 2013, Tish filed for divorce from Billy Ray after 19 years of marriage, citing irreconcilable differences. However, it was reported in July 2013 that they had gone to couples therapy and rekindled their relationship. In April 2022, Tish Cyrus filed for divorce a second time, with the divorce papers revealing that the couple had been separated for more than two years.


title: Tish Cyrus

text: Cyrus reintroduced her daughter, Miley, to cannabis after quitting upon the release of the album "Younger Now". During an interview with Andy Cohen, Miley stated that her mother joked about quitting as her manager in order to start a cannabis company.


title: I

text: I, or i, is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is "i" (pronounced ), plural "ies".


title: I

text: In the Phoenician alphabet, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative () in Egyptian, but was reassigned to (as in English "yes") by Semites, because their word for "arm" began with that sound. This letter could also be used to represent , the close front unrounded vowel, mainly in foreign words.


title: I

text: The Greeks adopted a form of this Phoenician "yodh" as their letter "iota" () to represent , the same as in the Old Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek), it was also used to represent and this use persists in the languages that descended from Latin. The modern letter 'j' originated as a variation of 'i', and both were used interchangeably for both the vowel and the consonant, coming to be differentiated only in the 16th century. The dot over the lowercase 'i' is sometimes called a "tittle". In the Turkish alphabet, dotted and dotless I are considered separate letters, representing a front and back vowel, respectively, and both have uppercase ('I', 'İ') and lowercase ('ı', 'i') forms.


title: I

text: In Modern English spelling, represents several different sounds, either the diphthong ("long" ) as in "kite", the short as in "bill", or the sound in the last syllable of "machine". The diphthong developed from Middle English through a series of vowel shifts. In the Great Vowel Shift, Middle English changed to Early Modern English , which later changed to and finally to the Modern English diphthong in General American and Received Pronunciation. Because the diphthong developed from a Middle English long vowel, it is called "long" in traditional English grammar.


title: I

text: The English first-person singular nominative pronoun is "I", pronounced and always written with a capital letter. This pattern arose for basically the same reason that lowercase acquired a dot: so it wouldn't get lost in manuscripts before the age of printing:


title: I

text: The Roman numeral I represents the number 1. In mathematics, a lowercase "" is used to represent the unit imaginary number, while an uppercase "" serves to denote an identity matrix.


title: I

text: In some sans serif typefaces, the uppercase letter I, 'I' may be difficult to distinguish from the lowercase letter L, 'l', the vertical bar character '|', or the digit one '1'. In serifed typefaces, the capital form of the letter has both a baseline and a cap-height serif, while the lowercase L generally has a hooked ascender and a baseline serif.


title: I

text: The uppercase I does not have a dot (tittle) while the lowercase i has one in most Latin-derived alphabets. However, some schemes, such as the Turkish alphabet, have two kinds of I: dotted (İi) and dotless (Iı).


title: I

text: The uppercase I has two kinds of shapes, with serifs () and without serifs (). Usually these are considered equivalent, but they are distinguished in some extended Latin alphabet systems, such as the 1978 version of the African reference alphabet. In that system, the former is the uppercase counterpart of ɪ and the latter is the counterpart of 'i'.


title: Communist Party USA

text: The Communist Party USA, officially the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), is a communist party in the United States which was established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America following the Russian Revolution.


title: Communist Party USA

text: The history of the CPUSA is closely related to the history of the American labor movement and the history of communist parties worldwide. Initially operating underground due to the Palmer Raids which started during the First Red Scare, the party was influential in American politics in the first half of the 20th century and it also played a prominent role in the history of the labor movement from the 1920s through the 1940s, becoming known for opposing racism and racial segregation after sponsoring the defense for the Scottsboro Boys in 1931. Its membership increased during the Great Depression, and it also played a key role in the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. The CPUSA subsequently declined due to events such as World War II, the beginning of the Cold War, the second Red Scare, and the influence of McCarthyism. Its opposition to the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine was unpopular, with its endorsed candidate Henry A. Wallace under-performing in the 1948 presidential election. Its support for the Soviet Union increasingly alienated it from the rest of the left in the United States in the 1960s.


title: Communist Party USA

text: The CPUSA received significant funding from the Soviet Union and crafted its public positions to match those of Moscow. The CPUSA also used a covert apparatus to assist the Soviets with their intelligence activities in the United States and utilized a network of front organizations to shape public opinion. The CPUSA opposed "glasnost" and "perestroika" in the Soviet Union and as a result major funding from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ended in 1989.


title: Communist Party USA

text: During the first half of the 20th century, the Communist Party was influential in various struggles for democratic rights. It played a prominent role in the labor movement from the 1920s through the 1940s, having a major hand in founding most of the country's first industrial unions (which would later use the McCarran Internal Security Act to expel their communist members) and it also became known for opposing racism and fighting for integration in workplaces and communities during the height of the Jim Crow period of racial segregation. Historian Ellen Schrecker concludes that decades of recent scholarship offer "a more nuanced portrayal of the party as both a Stalinist sect tied to a vicious regime and the most dynamic organization within the American Left during the 1930s and '40s". It was also the first political party in the United States to be racially integrated.


title: Communist Party USA

text: By August 1919, only months after its founding, the Communist Party claimed to have 50,000 to 60,000 members. Its members also included anarchists and other radical leftists. At the time, the older and more moderate Socialist Party of America, suffering from criminal prosecutions for its antiwar stance during World War I, had declined to 40,000 members. The sections of the Communist Party's International Workers Order (IWO) organized for communism around linguistic and ethnic lines, providing mutual aid and tailoring cultural activities to an IWO membership that peaked at 200,000 at its height. Subsequent splits within the party have weakened its position.


title: Communist Party USA

text: During the Great Depression, many Americans became disillusioned with capitalism and some of them found communist ideology appealing. Others were attracted by the visible activism of Communists on behalf of a wide range of social and economic causes, including the rights of African Americans, workers and the unemployed. The Communist Party played a significant role in the resurgence of organized labor in the 1930s. Still others, alarmed by the rise of the Falangists in Spain and the Nazis in Germany, admired the Soviet Union's early and staunch opposition to fascism. Party membership swelled from 7,500 at the start of the decade to 55,000 by its end.


title: Communist Party USA

text: Party members also rallied to the defense of the Spanish Republic during this period after a nationalist military uprising moved to overthrow it, resulting in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, along with leftists throughout the world, raised funds for medical relief while many of its members made their way to Spain with the aid of the party to join the Lincoln Brigade, one of the International Brigades.


title: Communist Party USA

text: The Communist Party's early labor and organizing successes did not last long. As the decades progressed, the combined effects of the second Red Scare, McCarthyism, Nikita Khrushchev's 1956 "Secret Speech" in which he denounced the previous decades of Joseph Stalin's rule and the adversities of the continuing Cold War mentality, steadily weakened the party's internal structure and confidence. Party membership in the Communist International and its close adherence to the political positions of the Soviet Union gave most Americans the impression that the party was not only a threatening, subversive domestic entity, it was also a foreign agent which espoused an ideology which was fundamentally alien and threatening to the American way of life. Internal and external crises swirled together, to the point when members who did not end up in prison for party activities either tended to disappear quietly from its ranks or they tended to adopt more moderate political positions which were at odds with the party line. By 1957, membership had dwindled to less than 10,000, of whom some 1,500 were informants for the FBI. The party was also banned by the Communist Control Act of 1954, which still remains in effect although it was never really enforced.


title: Communist Party USA

text: The party attempted to recover with its opposition to the Vietnam War during the civil rights movement in the 1960s, but its continued uncritical support for an increasingly stultified and militaristic Soviet Union further alienated it from the rest of the left-wing in the United States, which saw this supportive role as outdated and even dangerous. At the same time, the party's aging membership demographics and calls for "peaceful coexistence" failed to inspire the New Left in the United States.