title: Commedia dell'arte

text: Masked characters are often referred to as "masks" (in Italian: ), which, according to John Rudlin, cannot be separated from the character. In other words, the characteristics of the character and the characteristics of the mask are the same. In time however, the word came to refer to all of the characters of the whether masked or not. Female characters (including female servants) are most often not masked (female are never masked). The female character in the masters group is called Prima Donna and can be one of the lovers. There is also a female character known as The Courtisane who can also have a servant. Female servants wore bonnets. Their character was played with a malicious wit or gossipy gaiety. The are often children of a male character in the masters group, but not of any female character in the masters group, which may represent younger women who have e.g. married an old man, or a high-class courtesan. Female characters in the masters group, while younger than their male counterparts, are nevertheless older than the . Some of the better known characters are Pierrot and Pierrette, Pantalone, Gianduja, Il Dottore, Brighella, Il Capitano, Colombina, the , Pedrolino, Pulcinella, Arlecchino, Sandrone, Scaramuccia (also known as Scaramouche), La Signora, and Tartaglia.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: In the 17th century as became popular in France, the characters of Pierrot, Columbina and Harlequin were refined and became essentially Parisian, according to Green.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: Arlecchino originally wore a tight fitting long jacket with matching trousers that both had numerous odd shaped patches, usually green, yellow, red, and brown. Usually, there was a bat and a wallet that would hang from his belt. His hat, which was a soft cap, was modeled after Charles IX or after Henri II, and almost always had a tail of a rabbit, hare or a fox with the occasional tuft of feathers. During the 17th century, the patches turned into blue, red, and green triangles arranged in a symmetrical pattern. The 18th century is when the iconic Arlecchino look with the diamond shaped lozenges took shape. The jacket became shorter and his hat changed from a soft cap to a double pointed hat.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: Il Dottore's costume was a play on the academic dress of the Bolognese scholars. Il Dottore is almost always clothed entirely in black. He wore a long black gown or jacket that went below the knees. Over the gown, he would have a long black robe that went down to his heels, and he would have on black shoes, stockings, and breeches. In 1653, his costume was changed by Augustin Lolli who was a very popular Il Dottore actor. He added an enormous black hat, changed the robe to a jacket cut similarly to Louis XIV, and added a flat ruff to the neck.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: Il Capitano's costume is similar to Il Dottore's in the fact that it is also a satire on military wear of the time. This costume would therefore change depending on where the Capitano character is from, and the period the Capitano is from.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: Pantalone has one of the most iconic costumes of . Typically, he would wear a tight-fitting jacket with a matching pair of trousers. He usually pairs these two with a big black coat called a .


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: Women, who usually played servants or lovers, wore less stylized costumes than the men in . The lovers, , would wear what was considered to be the fashion of the time period. They would only wear plain half-masks with no character distinction or street makeup.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: Conventional plot lines were written on themes of sex, jealousy, love, and old age. Many of the basic plot elements can be traced back to the Roman comedies of Plautus and Terence, some of which were themselves translations of lost Greek comedies of the 4th century BC. However, it is more probable that the used contemporary novella, or, traditional sources as well, and drew from current events and local news of the day. Not all were comic, there were some mixed forms and even tragedies. Shakespeare's "The Tempest" is drawn from a popular scenario in the Scala collection, his Polonius ("Hamlet") is drawn from Pantalone, and his clowns bear homage to the .


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: Since the productions were improvised, dialogue and action could easily be changed to satirize local scandals, current events, or regional tastes, while still using old jokes and punchlines. Characters were identified by costumes, masks, and props, such as a type of baton known as a slapstick. These characters included the forebears of the modern clown, namely Harlequin () and the zanni. Harlequin, in particular, was allowed to comment on current events in his entertainment.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: The classic, traditional plot is that the are in love and wish to be married, but one elder () or several elders () are preventing this from happening, leading the lovers to ask one or more (eccentric servants) for help. Typically the story ends happily, with the marriage of the and forgiveness for any wrongdoings. There are countless variations on this story, as well as many that diverge wholly from the structure, such as a well-known story about Arlecchino becoming mysteriously pregnant, or the Punch and Judy scenario.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: While generally personally unscripted, the performances often were based on scenarios that gave some semblance of a plot to the largely improvised format. The Flaminio Scala scenarios, published in the early 17th century, are the most widely known collection and representative of its most esteemed , I Gelosi.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: The iconography of the represents an entire field of study that has been examined by scholars such as Erenstein, Castagno, Katritzky, Molinari, and others. In the early period, representative works by painters at Fontainebleau were notable for their erotic depictions of the thinly veiled , or the bare-breasted courtesan/actress.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: The Flemish influence is widely documented as figures entered the world of the genre, depicting the dangers of lust, drinking, and the hedonistic lifestyle. Castagno describes the Flemish (wandering painters) who assimilated themselves within Italian workshops and even assumed Italian surnames: one of the most influential painters, Lodewyk Toeput, for example, became Ludovico Pozzoserrato and was a celebrated painter in the Veneto region of Italy. The can be attributed with establishing as a genre of painting that would persist for centuries.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: While the iconography gives evidence of the performance style (see Fossard collection), it is important to note that many of the images and engravings were not depictions from real life, but concocted in the studio. The Callot etchings of the Balli di Sfessania (1611) are most widely considered rather than actual depictions of a dance form, or typical masks. While these are often reproduced in large formats, it is important to note that the actual prints measured about 2×3 inches. In the 18th century, Watteau's painting of figures intermingling with the aristocracy were often set in sumptuous garden or pastoral settings and were representative of that genre.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: Pablo Picasso's 1921 painting "Three Musicians" is a colorful representation of -inspired characters. Picasso also designed the original costumes for Stravinsky's "Pulcinella" (1920), a ballet depicting characters and situations. iconography is evident in porcelain figurines many selling for thousands of dollars at auction.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: The expressive theatre influenced Molière's comedy and subsequently , thus lending a fresh range of expression and choreographic means. An example of a character in literature is the Pied Piper of Hamelin who is dressed as Harlequin.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: Music and dance were central to performance, and most performances had both instrumental and vocal music in them. Brighella was often depicted with a guitar, and many images of the feature singing or dancing figures. In fact, it was considered part of the function to be able to sing and have the popular repertoire under their belt. Accounts of the early , as far back as Calmo in the 1570s and the of Venice, note the ability of to sing precisely and beautifully. The probably accompanied the troupes and may have been in addition to the general cast of characters. For examples of strange instruments of various grotesque formations, see articles by Tom Heck, who has documented this area.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: The works of a number of playwrights have featured characters influenced by the and sometimes directly drawn from it. Prominent examples include "The Tempest" by William Shakespeare, "Les Fourberies de Scapin" by Molière, "Servant of Two Masters" (1743) by Carlo Goldoni, the "Figaro" plays of Pierre Beaumarchais, and especially "Love for Three Oranges", "Turandot" and other by Carlo Gozzi. Influences appear in the lodgers in Steven Berkoff's adaptation of Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis".


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: Through their association with spoken theatre and playwrights figures have provided opera with many of its stock characters. Mozart's "Don Giovanni" sets a puppet show story and comic servants like Leporello and Figaro have precedents. Soubrette characters like Susanna in "Le nozze di Figaro", Zerlina in "Don Giovanni" and Despina in "Così fan tutte" recall Columbina and related characters. The comic operas of Gaetano Donizetti, such as "Elisir d'amore", draw readily upon stock types. Leoncavallo's tragic melodrama "Pagliacci" depicts a company in which the performers find their life situations reflecting events they depict on stage. characters also figure in Richard Strauss's opera "Ariadne auf Naxos".


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: The piano piece Carnaval by Robert Schumann was conceived as a kind of masked ball that combined characters from with real world characters, such as Chopin, Paganini, and Clara Schumann, as well as characters from the composer's inner world. Movements of the piece reflect the names of many characters of the , including Pierrot, Harlequin, Pantalon, and Columbine.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: Stock characters and situations also appear in ballet. Igor Stravinsky's "Petrushka" and "Pulcinella" allude directly to the tradition.


title: Commedia dell'arte

text: The characters created and portrayed by English comedian Sacha Baron Cohen (most famously Ali G, Borat, and Bruno) have been discussed in relation to their potential origins in , as Baron Cohen was trained by French master clown Philippe Gaulier, whose other students have gone on to become teachers and performers of .


title: Glutathione

text: Glutathione (GSH, ) is an antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea. Glutathione is capable of preventing damage to important cellular components caused by sources such as reactive oxygen species, free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals. It is a tripeptide with a gamma peptide linkage between the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain and cysteine. The carboxyl group of the cysteine residue is attached by normal peptide linkage to glycine.


title: Glutathione

text: While all animal cells are capable of synthesizing glutathione, glutathione synthesis in the liver has been shown to be essential. GCLC knockout mice die within a month of birth due to the absence of hepatic GSH synthesis.


title: Glutathione

text: Glutathione is the most abundant thiol in animal cells, ranging from 0.5 to 10 mmol/L. It is present in the cytosol and the organelles.


title: Glutathione

text: Human beings synthesize glutathione, but a few eukaryotes do not, including some members of Fabaceae, "Entamoeba", and "Giardia". The only known archaea that make glutathione are halobacteria. Some bacteria, such as "Cyanobacteria" and Pseudomonadota, can biosynthesize glutathione.


title: Glutathione

text: Glutathione exists in reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) states. The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione within cells is a measure of cellular oxidative stress where increased GSSG-to-GSH ratio is indicative of greater oxidative stress. In healthy cells and tissue, more than 90% of the total glutathione pool is in the reduced form (GSH), with the remainder in the disulfide form (GSSG).


title: Glutathione

text: In the reduced state, the thiol group of cysteinyl residue is a source of one reducing equivalent. Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is thereby generated. The oxidized state is converted to the reduced state by NADPH. This conversion is catalyzed by glutathione reductase:


title: Glutathione

text: GSH protects cells by neutralising (reducing) reactive oxygen species. This conversion is illustrated by the reduction of peroxides:


title: Glutathione

text: Aside from deactivating radicals and reactive oxidants, glutathione participates in thiol protection and redox regulation of cellular thiol proteins under oxidative stress by protein "S"-glutathionylation, a redox-regulated post-translational thiol modification. The general reaction involves formation of an unsymmetrical disulfide from the protectable protein (RSH) and GSH:


title: Glutathione

text: Glutathione is also employed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal and formaldehyde, toxic metabolites produced under oxidative stress. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to "S"--lactoylglutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of "S"--lactoylglutathione to glutathione and -lactic acid.


title: Glutathione

text: Among the many metabolic processes in which it participates, glutathione is required for the biosynthesis of leukotrienes and prostaglandins. It plays a role in the storage of cysteine. Glutathione enhances the function of citrulline as part of the nitric oxide cycle. It is a cofactor and acts on glutathione peroxidase.


title: Glutathione

text: Glutathione facilitates metabolism of xenobiotics. Glutathione "S"-transferase enzymes catalyze its conjugation to lipophilic xenobiotics, facilitating their excretion or further metabolism. The conjugation process is illustrated by the metabolism of "N"-acetyl-"p"-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). NAPQI is a reactive metabolite formed by the action of cytochrome P450 on paracetamol (acetaminophen). Glutathione conjugates to NAPQI, and the resulting ensemble is excreted.


title: Glutathione

text: Glutathione, along with oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and "S"-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), bind to the glutamate recognition site of the NMDA and AMPA receptors (via their γ-glutamyl moieties). GSH and GSSG may be neuromodulators. At millimolar concentrations, GSH and GSSG may also modulate the redox state of the NMDA receptor complex. Glutathione binds and activates ionotropic receptors, potentially making it a neurotransmitter.


title: Glutathione

text: GSH activates the purinergic P2X7 receptor from Müller glia, inducing acute calcium transient signals and GABA release from both retinal neurons and glial cells.


title: Glutathione

text: In plants, glutathione is involved in stress management. It is a component of the glutathione-ascorbate cycle, a system that reduces poisonous hydrogen peroxide. It is the precursor of phytochelatins, glutathione oligomers that chelate heavy metals such as cadmium. Glutathione is required for efficient defence against plant pathogens such as "Pseudomonas syringae" and "Phytophthora brassicae". Adenylyl-sulfate reductase, an enzyme of the sulfur assimilation pathway, uses glutathione as an electron donor. Other enzymes using glutathione as a substrate are glutaredoxins. These small oxidoreductases are involved in flower development, salicylic acid, and plant defence signalling.


title: Glutathione

text: Systemic availability of orally consumed glutathione is poor because the tripeptide is the substrate of proteases (peptidases) of the alimentary canal, and due to the absence of a specific "carrier" of glutathione at the level of cell membrane.


title: Glutathione

text: Reduced glutathione may be visualized using Ellman's reagent or bimane derivatives such as monobromobimane. The monobromobimane method is more sensitive. In this procedure, cells are lysed and thiols extracted using a HCl buffer. The thiols are then reduced with dithiothreitol and labelled by monobromobimane. Monobromobimane becomes fluorescent after binding to GSH. The thiols are then separated by HPLC and the fluorescence quantified with a fluorescence detector.


title: Glutathione

text: Using monochlorobimane, the quantification is done by confocal laser scanning microscopy after application of the dye to living cells. This quantification process relies on measuring the rates of fluorescence changes and is limited to plant cells.


title: Glutathione

text: CMFDA has also been mistakenly used as a glutathione probe. Unlike monochlorobimane, whose fluorescence increases upon reacting with glutathione, the fluorescence increase of CMFDA is due to the hydrolysis of the acetate groups inside cells. Although CMFDA may react with glutathione in cells, the fluorescence increase does not reflect the reaction. Therefore, studies using CMFDA as a glutathione probe should be revisited and reinterpreted.


title: Glutathione

text: The major limitation of these bimane-based probes and many other reported probes is that these probes are based on irreversible chemical reactions with glutathione, which renders these probes incapable of monitoring the real-time glutathione dynamics. Recently, the first reversible reaction based fluorescent probe-ThiolQuant Green (TQG)-for glutathione was reported. ThiolQuant Green can not only perform high resolution measurements of glutathione levels in single cells using a confocal microscope, but also be applied in flow cytometry to perform bulk measurements.


title: Glutathione

text: The RealThiol (RT) probe is a second-generation reversible reaction-based GSH probe. A few key features of RealThiol:


title: Glutathione

text: RealThiol can be used to perform measurements of glutathione levels in single cells using a high-resolution confocal microscope, as well as be applied in flow cytometry to perform bulk measurements in high throughput manner.


title: Glutathione

text: Organelle-targeted RT probe has also been developed. A mitochondria targeted version, MitoRT, was reported and demonstrated in monitoring the dynamic of mitochondrial glutathione both on confocoal microscope and FACS based analysis.


title: Glutathione

text: Another approach, which allows measurement of the glutathione redox potential at a high spatial and temporal resolution in living cells, is based on redox imaging using the redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) or redox-sensitive yellow fluorescent protein (rxYFP).


title: Glutathione

text: Because of its very low physiological concentration, GSSG is difficult to measure accurately. GSSG concentration ranges from 10 to 50 μM in all solid tissues, and from 2 to 5 μM in blood (13–33 nmol/g Hb). GSH-to-GSSG ratio of whole cell extracts is estimated from 100 to 700. Those ratios represent a mixture from the glutathione pools of different redox states from different subcellular compartments (e.g. more oxidized in the ER, more reduced in the mitochondrial matrix), however. In vivo GSH-to-GSSG ratios can be measured with subcellular accuracy using fluorescent protein-based redox sensors, which have revealed ratios from 50,000 to 500,000 in the cytosol, which implies that GSSG concentration is maintained in the pM range.


title: Glutathione

text: The content of glutathione in must, the first raw form of wine, determines the browning, or caramelizing effect, during the production of white wine by trapping the caffeoyltartaric acid quinones generated by enzymic oxidation as grape reaction product. Its concentration in wine can be determined by UPLC-MRM mass spectrometry.


title: Tamzin Outhwaite

text: Tamzin Maria Outhwaite (; born 5 November 1970) is an English actress, presenter and narrator. Since playing the role of Mel Owen in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders", she has starred in a number of theatre and television productions, including army series "Red Cap" and crime drama "New Tricks".


title: Tamzin Outhwaite

text: The only daughter of Anna (née Santi) and Colin Frank Outhwaite, born in Ilford, Essex, Outhwaite has two younger brothers, Kes and Jake. She was educated at Trinity Catholic High School, Woodford Green. Her mother is of Italian heritage. Her maternal great grandfather Adelmo Santi and his eldest son Pietro Santi were born in Barga, Italy, and became naturalised British citizens in 1957, living first in Glasgow, Scotland, and then settling in Fishburn, England running an ice cream business.


title: Tamzin Outhwaite

text: Outhwaite attended the Stagestruck Theatre Company as a teenager, taking part in several productions during the mid-1980s. While at school, she studied part-time at Sylvia Young Theatre School and on leaving school in 1987, she joined the London Studio Centre to study drama and dance.


title: Tamzin Outhwaite

text: On graduation from the London Studio Centre she started her career in the theatre, taking roles in productions including "Grease" and "Oliver!", and work at the Stephen Joseph Theatre, before landing bit parts in television series "The Bill" and "Men Behaving Badly".


title: Tamzin Outhwaite

text: She found national fame in 1998 when she was cast as Mel Healy in the popular BBC soap opera "EastEnders". Her first appearance was aired in October 1998 and her final one was in April 2002. During nearly four years in Walford, Outhwaite's character was central to many storylines. Outhwaite left "EastEnders" in 2002, shortly after the departure from the soap of co-star Martin Kemp, who had played her on-screen husband Steve Owen.


title: Tamzin Outhwaite

text: She stated in 2006 that she wouldn't rule out returning to "EastEnders" and her return was confirmed on 24 October 2017. Outhwaite departed the soap for a second and final time in November 2019, when Mel was killed off.


title: Tamzin Outhwaite

text: In 2007, Outhwaite appeared in a revival of "Boeing Boeing" at the Comedy Theatre, as well as the film "Cassandra's Dream", which first premiered in June. In March 2008, she had a role in the ITV drama series "The Fixer". In 2009, she played the lead in the sci-fi crime series for the BBC entitled "Paradox", which first aired on BBC One on 24 November 2009. In 2010, she appeared in "Over the Rainbow", a talent show casting for Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage production of "The Wizard of Oz". That same year, she was a member of the judging panel on the UK television programme "Don't Stop Believing" broadcast on Channel 5.


title: Tamzin Outhwaite

text: In July 2013, Outhwaite joined the cast of the popular BBC One comedy-drama series "New Tricks" as DCI Sasha Miller, replacing Amanda Redman as head of the team in the show. Outhwaite had earlier appeared in series 9, episode 6 of the show, guest-starring as a different character who is brought to justice at the end of the episode. In March 2016, Outhwaite was cast to play Teresa Phillips in a revival of Alan Ayckbourn's "How the Other Half Loves" at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket. Outhwaite has done introductory segments of true crime episodes of NBC's "Dateline" for British television audiences. In May 2020, Outhwaite played Indie Hendricks in "Dun Breedin", a project by Julie Graham about women who are going through the menopause during lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of this, her scenes were filmed at her own house. The episodes were uploaded to YouTube weekly.


title: Tamzin Outhwaite

text: In 2021, Outhwaite appeared on "The Masked Dancer", masked as Scarecrow. She was unmasked in the final and finished in fourth place.


title: Tamzin Outhwaite

text: Outhwaite resides in London. From 2006 to 2014, she was married to Welsh actor Tom Ellis, with whom she has two daughters. It was announced in 2013 that the pair had separated and that Outhwaite had filed for divorce.


title: Kaizen

text: By improving standardized programs and processes, kaizen aims to eliminate waste and redundancies (lean manufacturing). Kaizen was first practiced in Japanese businesses after World War II, influenced in part by American business and quality-management teachers, and most notably as part of The Toyota Way. It has since spread throughout the world and has been applied to environments outside of business and productivity.


title: Kaizen

text: The Japanese word means 'change for better', with the inherent meaning of either 'continuous' or 'philosophy' in Japanese dictionaries and in everyday use. The word refers to any improvement, one-time or continuous, large or small, in the same sense as the English word "improvement". However, given the common practice in Japan of labeling industrial or business improvement techniques with the word "kaizen", particularly the practices spearheaded by Toyota, the word "kaizen" in English is typically applied to measures for implementing "continuous" improvement, especially those with a "Japanese philosophy". The discussion below focuses on such interpretations of the word, as frequently used in the context of modern management discussions. Two kaizen approaches have been distinguished:


title: Kaizen

text: Point Kaizen is one of the most commonly implemented types of kaizen. It happens very quickly and usually without much planning. As soon as something is found broken or incorrect, quick and immediate measures are taken to correct the issues. These measures are generally small, isolated and easy to implement.; however, they can have a huge impact.


title: Kaizen

text: In some cases, it is also possible that the positive effects of point kaizen in one area can reduce or eliminate benefits of point kaizen in some other area.


title: Kaizen

text: Examples of point kaizen include a shop inspection by a supervisor who finds broken materials or other small issues, and then asks the owner of the shop to perform a quick kaizen (5S) to rectify those issues, or a line worker who notices a potential improvement in efficiency by placing the materials needed in another order or closer to the production line in order to minimize downtime.


title: Kaizen

text: System kaizen is accomplished in an organized manner and is devised to address system-level problems in an organization.


title: Kaizen

text: Line Kaizen refers to communication of improvements between the upstream and downstream of a process. This can be extended in several ways.


title: Kaizen

text: This is the next upper level of line kaizen, in that several lines are connected together. In modern terminologies, this can also be described as a value stream, where instead of traditional departments, the organization is structured into product lines or families and value streams. It can be visualized as changes or improvements made to one line being implemented to multiple other lines or processes.


title: Kaizen

text: Cube kaizen describes the situation where all the points of the planes are connected to each other and no point is disjointed from any other. This would resemble a situation where Lean has spread across the entire organization. Improvements are made up and down through the plane, or upstream or downstream, including the complete organization, suppliers and customers. This might require some changes in the standard business processes as well.


title: Kaizen

text: Kaizen is a daily process, the purpose of which goes beyond simple productivity improvement. It is also a process that, when done correctly, humanizes the workplace, eliminates overly hard work ("muri"), and teaches people how to perform experiments on their work using the scientific method and how to learn to spot and eliminate waste in business processes. In all, the process suggests a humanized approach to workers and to increasing productivity: "The idea is to nurture the company's people as much as it is to praise and encourage participation in kaizen activities." Successful implementation requires "the participation of workers in the improvement."


title: Kaizen

text: People at all levels of an organization participate in kaizen, from the CEO down to janitorial staff, as well as external stakeholders when applicable. Kaizen is most commonly associated with manufacturing operations, as at Toyota, but has also been used in non-manufacturing environments. The format for kaizen can be individual, suggestion system, small group, or large group. At Toyota, it is usually a local improvement within a workstation or local area and involves a small group in improving their own work environment and productivity. This group is often guided through the kaizen process by a line supervisor; sometimes this is the line supervisor's key role. Kaizen on a broad, cross-departmental scale in companies, generates total quality management, and frees human efforts through improving productivity using machines and computing power.


title: Kaizen

text: While kaizen (at Toyota) usually delivers small improvements, the culture of continual aligned small improvements and standardization yields large results in terms of overall improvement in productivity. This philosophy differs from the "command and control" improvement programs (e.g., Business Process Improvement) of the mid-20th century. Kaizen methodology includes making changes and monitoring results, then adjusting. Large-scale pre-planning and extensive project scheduling are replaced by smaller experiments, which can be rapidly adapted as new improvements are suggested.


title: Kaizen

text: In modern usage, it is designed to address a particular issue over the course of a week and is referred to as a "kaizen blitz" or "kaizen event". These are limited in scope, and issues that arise from them are typically used in later blitzes. A person who makes a large contribution in the successful implementation of kaizen during kaizen events is awarded the title of "Zenkai". In the 21st century, business consultants in various countries have engaged in widespread adoption and sharing of the kaizen framework as a way to help their clients restructure and refocus their business processes.


title: Kaizen

text: The small-step work improvement approach was developed in the USA under Training Within Industry program (TWI Job Methods). Instead of encouraging large, radical changes to achieve desired goals, these methods recommended that organizations introduce small improvements, preferably ones that could be implemented on the same day. The major reason was that during WWII there was neither time nor resources for large and innovative changes in the production of war equipment. The essence of the approach came down to improving the use of the existing workforce and technologies.


title: Kaizen

text: As part of the Marshall Plan after World War II, American occupation forces brought in experts to help with the rebuilding of Japanese industry while the Civil Communications Section (CCS) developed a management training program that taught statistical control methods as part of the overall material. Homer Sarasohn and Charles Protzman developed and taught this course in 1949–1950. Sarasohn recommended W. Edwards Deming for further training in statistical methods.


title: Kaizen

text: The Economic and Scientific Section (ESS) group was also tasked with improving Japanese management skills and Edgar McVoy was instrumental in bringing Lowell Mellen to Japan to properly install the Training Within Industry (TWI) programs in 1951. The ESS group had a training film to introduce TWI's three "J" programs: Job Instruction, Job Methods and Job Relations. Titled "Improvement in Four Steps" (), it thus introduced kaizen to Japan.


title: Kaizen

text: For the pioneering, introduction, and implementation of kaizen in Japan, the Emperor of Japan awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure to Dr. Deming in 1960. Subsequently, the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) instituted the annual Deming Prizes for achievement in quality and dependability of products. On October 18, 1989, JUSE awarded the Deming Prize to Florida Power & Light Co. (FPL), based in the US, for its exceptional accomplishments in process and quality-control management, making it the first company outside Japan to win the Deming Prize.


title: Kaizen

text: Kaoru Ishikawa took up this concept to define how continuous improvement or kaizen can be applied to processes, as long as all the variables of the process are known.


title: Kaizen

text: The Toyota Production System is known for kaizen, where all line personnel are expected to stop their moving production line in case of any abnormality and, along with their supervisor, suggest an improvement to resolve the abnormality which may initiate a kaizen.


title: Kaizen

text: The cycle of kaizen activity can be defined as: Plan → Do → Check → Act. This is also known as the Shewhart cycle, Deming cycle, or PDCA.


title: Kaizen

text: Another technique used in conjunction with PDCA is the five whys, which is a form of root cause analysis in which the user asks a series of five "why" questions about a failure that has occurred, basing each subsequent question on the answer to the previous. There are normally a series of causes stemming from one root cause, and they can be visualized using fishbone diagrams or tables. The five whys can be used as a foundational tool in personal improvement, or as a means to create wealth.


title: Kaizen

text: In the "Toyota Way Fieldbook", Liker and Meier discuss the kaizen blitz and kaizen burst (or kaizen event) approaches to continuous improvement. A kaizen blitz, or rapid improvement, is a focused activity on a particular process or activity. The basic concept is to identify and quickly remove waste. Another approach is that of the kaizen burst, a specific kaizen activity on a particular process in the value stream. Kaizen facilitators generally go through training and certification before attempting a Kaizen project.


title: Kaizen

text: In the 1990s, Professor Iwao Kobayashi published his book "20 Keys to Workplace Improvement" and created a practical, step-by-step improvement framework called "the 20 Keys". He identified 20 operations focus areas which should be improved to attain holistic and sustainable change. He went further and identified the five levels of implementation for each of these 20 focus areas. Four of the focus areas are called Foundation Keys. According to the 20 Keys, these foundation keys should be launched ahead of the others in order to form a strong constitution in the company. The four foundation keys are:


title: Kaizen

text: American jazz band "Hiroshima" recorded an instrumental track that is the eighth track on their 1992 release "Providence" called "Kaizen".


title: Honda D engine

text: The Honda D series inline-four cylinder engine is used in a variety of compact models, most commonly the Honda Civic, CRX, Logo, Stream, and first-generation Integra. Engine displacement ranges between 1.2 and 1.7 liters. The D Series engine is either SOHC or DOHC, and might include VTEC variable valve lift. Power ranges from in the Logo to in the Civic Si. D-series production commenced 1984 and ended 2005. D-series engine technology culminated with production of the D15B 3-stage VTEC (D15Z7) which was available in markets outside of the United States. Earlier versions of this engine also used a single port fuel injection system Honda called PGM-CARB, signifying the carburetor was computer controlled.


title: Honda D engine

text: The D14A3 and D14A4 engines are identical, the difference is the addition of a small gasket under the throttle body in the D14A3 which restricts the air intake of the engine, lowering the power output. This was done in some European countries to suit local insurance categories.


title: Honda D engine

text: The D14A2 and D14A5 engines are identical, the difference is the addition of a small gasket under the throttle body in D14A5 which restricts the air intake of the engine, lowering the power output. This was done in some European countries to suit local insurance categories.


title: Honda D engine

text: The D14A7 and D14A8 engines are identical, the difference is only one small gasket under the throttle body in D14A7 which restricts the air intake of the engine, this happen in some European countries.


title: Honda D engine

text: They are also almost identical to the D14A3 and D14A4 engines. Differences are only in the compression ratio and some different mounted components.


title: Honda D engine

text: The D14Z1 and D14Z2 engines are identical, the difference is only one small gasket under the throttle body in D14Z1 which restricts the air intake of the engine, this happen in some European countries.


title: Honda D engine

text: The D14Z3 and D14Z4 engines are identical, the difference is only one small gasket under the throttle body in D14Z3 which restricts the air intake of the engine, this happen in some European countries.


title: Honda D engine

text: A few D-series variants are labelled () (usually JDM), but they are not truly a different series. They are similar to the D16Y4, D16A8, D16Z6, D16A1, D16A3, D16A6, D16A9 and D16Z5 engines.


title: Honda D engine

text: There are both SOHC and DOHC ZC engines. The non-VTEC SOHC ZC is similar to the D16A6 ('91–'96) and D16Y4 ('96–2000) engine, but with more aggressive cam timing. The SOHC VTEC ZC is similar to the D16Z6 ('91–'96). The DOHC ZC is similar to the D16A1, D16A3, D16A8, D16A9 and D16Z5 engines.


title: Honda D engine

text: Euro Mk1 ('85-'87) 1.6 CRX's are fitted with an engine designated "ZC1" which is a higher spec version of the D16A1. These were later replaced by the D16A8 or B16A, depending on the specs.


title: Honda D engine

text: Identified by: External coil, small distributor, dual butterfly TB, cam cover bolts on top, brown/gold cam cover. Large cam pulleys. +3cc PG6B pistons, non-pent roof combustion chamber. As a ZC it appeared in JDM AV Integra Si and JDM E-AT Civic/CR-X Si. Commonly produced at the time but now over twenty years old and getting harder to find. D-series version is called D16A1, 1986–1987.


title: Honda D engine

text: Identified by: Internal coil, large distributor, single butterfly TB mounted on slight angle forward, bolts on top of cam cover, black cam cover, large cam pulleys. +7cc PM7 pistons, 43 cc Pent roof combustion chamber. As a ZC appeared in JDM facelift AV bodied Integra Si did not appear in Civic or CR-X, rarest ZC only produced for less than one year. D-series version D16A1 '88-'89 (sometimes +7cc P29 pistons)


title: Honda D engine

text: Identified by: Internal coil, large distributor, single butterfly TB. Black cam cover. Cam cover bolts on the sides. Small cam pulleys. Inlet Manifold stamped PM7. +7cc PM7 pistons, 43 cc Pent roof combustion chamber. As a "ZC" this appeared in the JDM EF3 Civic and EF7 CR-X, and also in the JDM Honda Quint Integra GSi (DA1 chassis). This is the most commonly produced ZC, manufactured in Japan from end of '87 through to early '91 D-series version D16A8/9 (Euro Civic Si) (sometimes +7cc P29 pistons)


title: Honda D engine

text: Identified by: Internal coil. OBD1 EFi system (grey plug). No cam angle sensor on exhaust cam, now located in distributor. Rubber plug where cam angle sensor would mount. Black cam cover. No PGM-EFi plate on the inlet manifold, replaced with three ribs instead. P29 stamped on inlet manifold. MAP sensor on TB. +7cc PM7 pistons, pent roof combustion chamber. As a ZC only appeared in EG5 Civic bodies, no Integra or CRX received this engine. Reasonably common produced from '92 to '94. (20th Anniversary edition & Japanese car of the year) D-series version D16A8/9 (Euro & Australia Civic Si) (sometimes +7cc P29 pistons)


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: A reader of manga from a young age, Kishimoto showed a desire to write his own manga, citing authors Akira Toriyama and Katsuhiro Otomo as his main influences. As a result, Kishimoto spent several years working to write his own "shōnen manga" for "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine which he was a fan of.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: Masashi Kishimoto was born in Okayama Prefecture, Japan on November 8, 1974, as the older identical twin of Seishi Kishimoto. His home was close to Hiroshima where his grandfather originated. Kishimoto's grandfather often told him about stories of war and how it was related to grudges. In retrospect, Kishimoto commented he could not criticize anyone as a result of the war based on it was built. He felt grateful to previous generations for ending the world wars. During his childhood, Kishimoto showed interest in drawing characters from the anime shows he watched, such as "Dr. Slump"s Arale and "Doraemon"s titular protagonist.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: In elementary school, Kishimoto started watching the "Kinnikuman" and "Dragon Ball" anime alongside his brother. During the following years, Kishimoto started idolizing "Dragon Ball"s original creator Akira Toriyama, enjoying not only his series "Dragon Ball" and "Dr. Slump", but also "Dragon Quest", a series of role-playing video games for which Toriyama is the art designer. While he could not afford to buy "Weekly Shōnen Jump" where the "Dragon Ball" manga was published, he followed the series thanks to a friend from school who had subscribed to the magazine. By high school, Kishimoto started losing interest in manga as he started playing baseball and basketball, sports he practiced at his school. However, upon seeing a poster for the animated film "Akira", Kishimoto became fascinated with the way the illustration was made and wished to imitate the series' creator Katsuhiro Otomo's style. Other series he enjoyed reading are ";" "Ninku;" and "Ghost in the Shell".


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: During his last years before graduating from Kyushu Sangyo University, Kishimoto spent time drawing manga and went to an art college with the hopes of becoming a manga artist. Upon entering college, Kishimoto decided he should try creating a Chanbara manga since "Weekly Shōnen Jump" had not published a title from that genre. However, during the same year, Kishimoto started reading Hiroaki Samura's "Blade of the Immortal" and Nobuhiro Watsuki's "Rurouni Kenshin" (the latter of which was published in "Weekly Shonen Jump"), which used the said genre. Kishimoto recalls having never been surprised by manga ever since reading "Akira" and found that he still was not able to compete against them.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: In his second year of college, Kishimoto started drawing manga for magazine contests. However, he noted that his works were similar to "seinen manga", aimed towards an adult demographic, rather than the "shōnen manga" read by children and teenagers. Wishing to write a manga for "Shōnen Jump" (which targets a young demographic), Kishimoto found his style unsuitable for the magazine. When watching the anime series "Hashire Melos!", Kishimoto was surprised by the character designs employed by the animators and he started researching works from animators. He later met Tetsuya Nishio, designer from the anime adaptation of the manga "Ninku," who he deemed a big influence. Now emulating the way of drawing from multiple character designers from anime series, Kishimoto noted that his style started resembling "shōnen" series.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: Kishimoto's first successful manga pilot was , which he submitted to Shueisha in 1995. This earned him an honorable mention in Shueisha's monthly "Hop Step Award" in 1996, granted to promising rookie manga artists. At this point he was assigned an editor, Kosuke Yahagi, and worked on a number of rejected drafts including a slice-of-life manga, , and an action manga, . In 1997, he wrote a one-shot version of which was published in "Akamaru Jump Summer".


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: In December 1997, while redeveloping "Karakuri" for serialization, Kishimoto was offered a one-shot in "Weekly Shōnen Jump". The new version of "Karakuri" debuted two weeks later in "Weekly Shōnen Jump 1998 No. 4-5", but was hampered by the sudden deadline and performed poorly in reader surveys, being canceled immediately.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: Following the failure of "Karakuri", Kishimoto reduced his output and began moving in a seinen direction with drafts for a baseball manga, , and a mafia manga, , hoping to find better luck with a seinen magazine. Yahagi persuaded him to give the shōnen genre one last shot and Kishimoto began working on storyboards for a fantasy one-shot, , but stopped when Yahagi called and asked him to instead develop storyboards for serialization. The two decided to submit a version of "Naruto" with a reworked story and world and produced storyboards for the first three chapters, winning a spot in the magazine. With a six-month lead time, Kishimoto repeatedly revised and redrew the first several chapters of the series.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: In September 1999, the serialized version of "Naruto" premiered in "Weekly Shōnen Jump 1999 No. 43" and quickly became a hit. It ended on November 10, 2014, after more than 15 years of serialization, with a total of 700 chapters collected in 72 volumes. Sales have exceeded 113 million copies in Japan and over 95 million copies in the US, followed by over 93 million copies worldwide (outside Japan and United States) as of volume 36. This makes total sales for the series approximately 301 million copies.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: Kishimoto was also the winner of "Rookie of the Year" for the series in the Agency for Cultural Affairs. It was adapted into two successful anime series,


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: "Naruto" and "Naruto Shippuden". Kishimoto requested that Tetsuya Nishio oversee the character designs of "Naruto" when the manga was adapted into an anime series. The "Naruto" manga series became one of Viz Media's top properties, accounting for nearly 10% of all manga sales in the US in 2006. The seventh volume of Viz's release became the first manga to ever win a Quill Award when it claimed the award for "Best Graphic Novel" in 2006.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: War is a theme Kishimoto wanted to tell in the manga based on the Hiroshima crisis he was told from his grandfather. Despite understanding that war has no good site, Kishimoto wrote the concept of war in "Naruto" with a hopeful theme. Responding to "Naruto"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s success, Kishimoto said in "Naruto Collector Winter 2007/2008" that he was "very glad that the American audience has accepted an understood ninja. It shows that the American audience has good taste... because it means they can accept something previously unfamiliar to them." While writing the manga, Kishimoto met Eiichiro Oda, author of "One Piece" who he considered his rival. When "Naruto" ended, Oda left a message in the series' final volume acknowledging him as a rival. According to Kishimoto "That felt so gratifying."


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: Additionally, before the anime adaptation's premiere of "My Hero Academia", he praised Kōhei Horikoshi's work, believing it would be a success overseas. Additionally, Kishimoto referred to Yoshihiro Togashi as one of his favorite artists.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: For the video game "Tekken 6", Kishimoto redesigned its new character, Lars Alexandersson. CyberConnect2 CEO Hiroshi Matsuyama said he was attracted by this design and thus asked the "Tekken" staff if he could include Lars in the video game "". For "", Kishimoto was responsible for Mecha Naruto upon being suggested by the staff to include a new character. Kishimoto decided on adding a character that would bring a big impact to worldwide level, which resulted in Mecha Naruto. CyberConnect2 CEO Hiroshi Matsuyama was surprised when seeing the new character.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: For the ninth "Naruto" film, "", Kishimoto was responsible for both the story planning and the characters' designs. To promote the film, Kishimoto worked in "Motion Comic Naruto," a DVD that showed scenes from the manga in 3D that was given to the first 1.5 million people who went to the cinema. Regarding "Naruto"s publication, Kishimoto told Tetsuya Nishio in July 2012 that the series would take over a year and a half to end. However, Kishimoto admitted that it now appears that the manga will continue beyond that timeframe.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: Throughout 2014, Kishimoto supervised the film "", which would act as a bridge connecting the series' conclusion and epilogue, providing the story concept and character designs. The "Naruto" series finally concluded on November 10, 2014, with "The Last: Naruto the Movie" premiering a month later on December 6, 2014.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: Kishimoto also worked on several other projects during "Naruto"’s serialization. In 2010, Kishimoto produced a one-shot baseball manga, , as part of "Jump's" "Top of the Super Legend" project, a series of six one-shot manga by famed "Weekly Shōnen Jump" artists. In April 2012, it was announced that Kishimoto would publish a one-shot version of his long-postponed mafia manga, "Mario", in "Jump Square", based on the rough, 160-page manuscript he began working on before "Naruto" became serialized. Throughout 2013, several of Kishimoto's one-shots saw their English-language debut in issues of the " Weekly Shonen Jump" digital magazine, including "Mario", "Bench", and the original "Naruto" pilot. In 2015, Kishimoto also illustrated the cover of violinist Chisako Takashima's album "Strings on Fire".


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: Following "Naruto"‘s conclusion, Kishimoto became involved in the "Start of a New Era Project" commemorating both the manga's conclusion and 15th anniversary. On the last page of the final chapter, "Weekly Shōnen Jump" announced that a spin-off miniseries, also authored by Kishimoto, would be released in 2015. The miniseries, "", ran from April to July 2015, leading up to the premiere of "" on August 7, 2015, which he supervised and co-wrote with Ukyō Kodachi. He also illustrated several light novels set during the same time period as "The Last". When asked by Boruto Uzumaki's voice actress Yūko Sanpei to continue making "Naruto" films, Kishimoto stated that he was taking a break and could not physically do so.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: In August 2015, Kishimoto announced that he already has finalized what he wants to do for his next manga series. A sci-fi manga, the series will feature a unique protagonist, with Kishimoto having already completed the character designs. He plans for the work to surpass "Naruto" in quality, and plans to release the series monthly via the digital magazine "Shonen Jump Plus" due to the taxing effort required for a weekly series. Kishimoto had not yet finalized when he plans to officially announce the series, as he wants to spend time with his family.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: On December 19, 2015, it was announced that Kishimoto would supervise the monthly manga series beginning in Spring 2016. The new spinoff will be illustrated by Kishimoto's chief assistant on "Naruto", Mikio Ikemoto, and written by his writing partner for "Boruto: Naruto the Movie", Ukyo Kodachi. It was preceded by a "Naruto: The Path Lit by the Full Moon" one-shot written and illustrated by Kishimoto. In the June 10, 2019 issue of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" it was announced that "Boruto: Naruto Next Generations" would transition to the magazine's sister publication, "V Jump", beginning with its June 20, 2019 issue.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: In December 2017 at Jump Festa 2018 it was confirmed that Kishimoto was developing a new science fiction adventure series tentatively scheduled to debut in 2018. A year later at Jump Festa 2019 the series was formally announced as . Kishimoto will be handling the script and rough storyboards, while Akira Ōkubo, a former assistant on "Naruto" and brother of Atsushi Ōkubo, is responsible for illustrating the final manuscript. The series debuted in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" on May 13, 2019, as the magazine's first new series of Japan's Reiwa period, following a 4-page preview chapter on April 27, 2019, marking the end of the Heisei period. The series however failed to find an audience and concluded a year later in the 17th issue of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" on March 23, 2020.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: In November 2020 it was announced that after 51 chapters and 13 volumes Kodachi would step down as writer of the "Boruto: Naruto Next Generations" manga, with Kishimoto assuming full writing duties and Ikemoto continuing as illustrator beginning with chapter 52 in the upcoming December issue of "V Jump" magazine, published on November 21, 2020.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: Kishimoto is the twin brother of Seishi Kishimoto, the author of "666 Satan" and "Blazer Drive". In 2003, Kishimoto married, but did not take a honeymoon with his wife until 2015 due to being busy with Naruto. In the making of "The Last: Naruto the Movie", Kishimoto based the idea of Hinata Hyuga wanting to make a scarf for Naruto Uzumaki on how his wife had once done the same for him, which brought laughs to the staff while developing the film. The couple has one son.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: While as a child Kishimoto enjoyed reading manga, he was inspired to write one after seeing a promotional image for the film "Akira". This made him analyze the artwork of "Akira"s original author, Katsuhiro Otomo, as well as Akira Toriyama, another artist he admired. Realizing both had their own style regarding the designs, Kishimoto decided to draw manga while crafting his own images. While attending art school, Kishimoto was also an avid reader of Hiroaki Samura's "Blade of the Immortal", and extensively studied Samura's page layouts, action sequences, and anatomical techniques.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: When Kishimoto was originally creating the "Naruto" series, he looked to other "shōnen" manga for influences while attempting to make his characters as unique as possible. Kishimoto cites Akira Toriyama's "Dragon Ball" series as one of his influences, noting that Goku, the protagonist, was a key factor when creating Naruto Uzumaki due to his energetic and mischievous personality. When redesigning three characters for the series, Kishimoto cites "The Matrix" (one of his favorite movies) as an inspiration for their outfits. He has also cited Yoshihiro Togashi as one of his favorite manga authors, while the manga "Sasuke" by Sanpei Shirato inspired Kishimoto in the developing Sasuke Uchiha.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: Kishimoto has also cited other influences such as Takeshi Kitano and Quentin Tarantino. He also mentioned Michael Bay's technique "of shooting a scene against the background light" but found it difficult to make. Another technique inspired by Jackie Chan's films he used in the "Naruto" manga is the "double-action"; in this action, a punch is shown in three different angles in order to give a big impact on the punch's strength. This was first shown in Naruto Uzumaki's battle against Haku. Kishimoto sometimes draws panels as intentionally confusing during fight scenes to add a sense of speed. On the other hand, Kishimoto commented that for the fights between Naruto and Sasuke, he added action from the top of the page to the bottom in order for them to be easier to follow.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: During the series' publication, Kishimoto got married and had children. The changes to his personal life affected the story as he made Naruto Uzumaki meet his parents, something the author wanted the character to feel based on his own experiences as a father.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: When drawing the characters, Kishimoto consistently follows a five-step process: concept and rough sketch; drafting; inking; shading; and coloring. These steps are followed when he is drawing the manga and making the color illustrations that commonly adorn the cover of "tankōbon;" the cover of "Weekly Shōnen Jump;" or other media. The toolkit he uses occasionally changes. For instance, he used an airbrush for one illustration for a "Weekly Shōnen Jump" cover but decided not to use it for future drawings largely due to the cleanup required.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: Masashi and his twin brother Seishi have been drawing manga together since early childhood; thus their styles are similar. As a result, each has been frequently accused of copying the other- not just artwork, but story elements as well. Seishi notes that the similarities are not intentional but are likely because they were influenced by many of the same things.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: Kishimoto has admitted he made no plans in regards to the development of "Naruto"s story developments. For example, when introducing Sasuke, the character says he wants to kill a person named "Itachi" who he had to redesign a number of times. By this time, Kishimoto only thought that Sasuke's brother, Itachi, had done a wrong deed in the past but was not certain of what was exactly. By volume 16 of the series which featured Itachi's actual introduction, Kishimoto decided Itachi was an agent working for Konohagakure to kill all members from the Uchiha clan except Sasuke. This is later revealed in volume 43 of the manga. Another one was the revelation that the late Minato Namikaze would be Naruto's father. When Kishimoto had the idea that Minato would be Naruto's father, he started adding hints of that to the reader such as giving the Hokage mountain from Konohagakure spiky hair similar to Naruto's.


title: Masashi Kishimoto

text: In the making of the film "" Kishimoto paid tribute to several movies, the most notable being the 1996 film "The Rock" and the 2002 film "Spider-Man". The tribute to "The Rock" was mostly done by using "Kishōtenketsu", which is a common way of structuring stories in Japan. He also claimed he was a fan of Avi Arad, most notably his films based on the Spider-Man comic book character.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: Douglas Mitchell Pitt (born November 2, 1966) is an American businessman, investor, and philanthropist. He holds the title of "Goodwill Ambassador for the United Republic of Tanzania", an appointment he has held since April 2010. Pitt is the founder of Care To Learn, a US-based domestic charity that funds emergent health, hunger, and hygiene needs for children. His business career started with his founding ServiceWorld Computer Center in April 1991 which merged with TSI Global in July 2013. He acquired this company back in 2017, re-establishing it as Pitt Technology Group. Pitt is also the owner of Pitt Development Group, a firm that specializes in the development of medical office space. A large focus of his work is in East Africa doing water projects as a board member of WorldServe International.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: Douglas was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to Jane Etta (née Hillhouse), a school counselor, and William Alvin Pitt, who ran a trucking firm and is involved in real estate. He has an older brother, the actor Brad Pitt, and a younger sister, Julie Neal. The Pitt siblings all engage in a variety of humanitarian activities in Africa. Pitt attended schools in Springfield, graduating from Kickapoo High School. He graduated from Southwest Missouri State University in 1990. He is married to Lisa and has three children: Landon, Sydney and Reagan.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: In 1991, Douglas founded ServiceWorld Computer Center. In November 2007, Douglas sold a 75% interest in ServiceWorld Computer Center to Miami Nations Enterprises, the Indian Tribe of Miami, Oklahoma. Pitt remains an owner and principal operational partner of ServiceWorld. ServiceWorld is a past recipient of the W. Curtis Strube Small Business of the Year and in 2010 was awarded the SBJ Philanthropic Business of the Year. In 2012, Pitt formed TSI Integrated Services in partnership with TSI Global, a St. Louis corporation. In May 2013, the Tribe of Miami purchased a controlling interest in TSI Global. Pitt and the Tribe merged ServiceWorld into TSI Global in July 2013 where Pitt remains an operational member. As part of the technology family, Pitt had formed Nexus Underground in 2012, which provides cloud based services. Nexus Underground was sold by Pitt to the Miami Tribe and merged into TSI Global in August 2013. As a tribal owned entity, MBS and the Miami tribe were recognized in August 2013 as the 8a Business of the Year.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: In November 2017, Pitt purchased back his computer company from TSI. The new entity Pitt Technology Group consists of Nexio Technologies (IT/Networking Services) / LoVo Integrations (Low Voltage, AV, Fiber Optics) / Syndeo Solutions (Cloud Services). Pitt Technology Group is managed by Kevin Waterland, a principal in the companies. In 2018, PTG acquired ConceptiCode; a specialty software development company. In early 2019, PTG acquired AVMAN; an audio visual consulting and implementation company originally founded in 2001.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: In July 2013, Douglas launched an Innovation and Business Incubation Center in owned retail space in conjunction with the Ozark Chamber of Commerce in Ozark, Missouri. Pitt joined the Board of Directors of Great Southern Bank in January 2015. Great Southern Bank is traded on the NASDAQ market under the symbol GSBC.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: Outside of the technology industry, Pitt is a real estate investor. His company, PITT DEVELOPMENT GROUP, is a specialty development company in medical/clinical office space with offices in Springfield & St. Louis, Missouri. PDG holds property and managed properties in Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas & Oklahoma.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: Pitt has served on many boards in Missouri starting with Big Brothers Big Sisters in 1995. Since then, some of the others include Make A Wish; Easter Seals; The Red Cross, and is a past Chairman of the Springfield Area Chamber of Commerce. He has also served on many community task forces including co-chairing the Homeless Task Force in 2010 and serving on the Ready To Learn child project in 2013.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: Pitt has been an Executive Consultant for Enactus since 2011. Enactus is an international non-profit with 70,000 active students in 36 countries. Enactus is a community of student, academic and business leaders committed to using the power of entrepreneurial action to transform lives and shape a better more sustainable world.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: In late 2007, Pitt heard sobering statistics on poverty in Southwest Missouri, including humiliating stories of students in need. The story that particularly bothered him most was one of a fifth-grade boy being teased mercilessly because he had to wear his mom's jeans to school. “I think why it bothers me so much is because it’s so easy to fix,” he says. “And here I couldn’t find that kid. I didn’t know who he was.”


title: Douglas Pitt

text: In April 2008, Pitt founded Care to Learn to provide immediate funding to meet the emergent needs of children in the areas of health, hunger, and hygiene so every student can be successful in school. The nonprofit has grown to 38 chapters in partnership with school districts as of July 2021. April 2019 marked the organization's 10th anniversary and 1 Million needs met. On April 22, 2022, Care To Learn celebrated fulfilling 2,000,000 needs. Pitt serves as founder and board member at large, having stepped down In 2017 as president of the board of directors.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: Pitt first began his International service with Convoy of Hope, doing hunger missions in Budapest and Portugal. He teamed up with WorldServe International in 2005. Pitt is a current board member of WorldServe and helped the organization grow into one of the largest private drilling companies in East Africa, via MajiTech, a Tanzanian wholly owned company of WorldServe. Since Pitt's involvement in 2005, WorldServe has provided clean water to over 2,000,000 Tanzanians. Pitt has worked tirelessly to bring the global challenge of clean water into focus, commenting, "Today 18,000 children will die from preventable diseases like pneumonia or diarrhea simply because they don’t have access to clean water." In 2012, WorldServe brought two drilling rigs online in Kenya serving the refugee crises areas in Dadaab and eastern Kenya. In addition to water wells, WorldServe has also developed numerous medical dispensaries, sanitation buildings and schools. WorldServe expanded drilling into Ethiopia in 2019; an effort co-led by his sister Julie Neal who has two adopted boys from the country.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: In July 2010, Pitt was recognized by President of Tanzania, Jakaya Kikwete, in New York City at an event where he was named Tanzania's first ever Goodwill Ambassador for the United Republic of Tanzania. His duties include working with the Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Water, agriculture, education and wildlife. In 2014, Pitt has partnered with both private and government groups to address anti-poaching measures in Tanzania.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: In July 2013, Pitt hosted NFL future Hall of Famer Ray Lewis on his first trip to Tanzania, raising funds for clean water.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: In 2016, Waterboys.org was formed. Featured in an NFL Network commercial, hosted by Matthew McConaughey, the mission to bring life-sustaining well water to east African communities in need was introduced nationally, featuring NFL defensive end, Chris Long. Through the Chris Long Foundation, Long and Pitt launched this initiative to utilize Long's NFL connections to join fellow football players, their fans and their locker rooms to raise money to fund Waterboys in Africa. In 2017, Waterboys.org ended the year with 31 wells funded and provided clean water to over 100,000 people.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: In March 2019, Pitt climbed Kilimanjaro for the third time as part of the Waterboys Conquering Kili 2019 Class which included several veterans along with founder Chris Long and fellow NFL players Haloti Ngata, Beau Allen, Jason Kelce and Rob Ninkovich. Pitt was also joined by his son, Landon.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: Pitt was featured on Endangered Rangers on December 13, 2020 – a live online event hosted by actor Josh Duhamel.  The event was to raise awareness and funding to support African rangers on the front lines protecting wildlife from poaching.  African Community & Conservation Foundation (ACCF) led the event which featured musical guests Dave Matthews and Jordin Sparks and commentary from animal right activist Daymond John of Shark Tank and actor Djimon Hounsou.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: Pitt has been a photographic enthusiast for over 20 years. He has done photo exhibits in galleries in New York, Pennsylvania, California, Minnesota and Missouri, with proceeds going to clean water. His photos have been featured in numerous domestic and international publications.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: Virgin Mobile. Doug became an ad spokesman for Virgin Mobile Australia, portraying The Second Most Famous Pitt, a parody of his comedic likeness as the brother of actor Brad Pitt. The initial web video went viral and garnered over 1,200,000 YouTube hits in its first week. This campaign became the most successful in history for Virgin Mobile becoming the top 5 viewed online ad in the world in its first month. The campaign won the Grand Prix for Effectiveness at Spikes, a Black Lion at Cannes for Effectiveness, Best of Show at AdFest, the Gold Prize at the 12th Annual Creative Business Idea Awards, two Gold AdFest Awards as well as a Gold & Silver Clio and countless Cannes Lions, AWARD, New York Festivals and many other awards. It was the thirteenth most awarded campaign in 2014. The popularity of the campaign got Pitt a spot on the Today Show with host Matt Lauer. A topic of conversation was his response to conservative comments his mother made about President Obama and gay marriage. He responded with “Moms and dads and kids agree to disagree all over the world, so why would our family be any different? There can be healthy discussion when people disagree with you, and I think there should be. The bad thing is when it turns into venom and negativity and we don’t have that in our family. It’s open discussion. We can learn from each other and, if anything, it solidifies your point or maybe you learn something.”


title: Douglas Pitt

text: 6IX. In 2019, Pitt parodied the iconic ending of the movie Se7en for Mother’s Brewing Company and a beer named after his likeness called Doin’ Good.  Pitt does a satiric interpretation of his brother Brad's role as Detective David Mills and delivers the movie's most famous line, “What’s in the booooooox?”  The commercial was a promotion of Doin’ Good Orange Wheat Ale, with a portion of the proceeds going to Pitt's charity, Care to Learn.  The video, titled 6ix, is a play on the six-pack that rests in the famous box.  Every carton carries the printed message, "DOIN’ GOOD AND FEELIN’ GREAT." "Mother’s found inspiration for this beer in Springfield’s famous other brother Doug Pitt, community leader, all-around good guy, and founder of Care to Learn.  People like him remind us that doing a little good goes a long way in building strong communities.  And when you’re doing good, you’re feeling great."  The video was the creation of Locke and Stache and has garnered over 300,000 views on YouTube.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: Pitt is an avid mountain, road, and urban cyclist who supports numerous biking organizations. He also works to promote safe biking lanes; city and mountain bike trail systems; and bike health and safety. Pitt hosts biking fundraisers domestically and internationally.


title: Douglas Pitt

text: In January 2011, Pitt became the first American on record to climb Mount Kilimanjaro and descend on a mountain bike. Biking is illegal on Kilimanjaro and permission was granted via the Tanzanian government. The ride was sponsored by Trek Bikes, Eddie Bauer/First Ascent and the Hershey Company. As a fundraiser, the event raised $750,000 for clean water projects in Tanzania. Pitt duplicated this effort in March 2013 hosting a mountain biking trip down Kilimanjaro that netted $250,000 for clean water. An additional $100,000 was raised with sponsors Trek Bikes, Otter Box, Pentair, and Jimmy Johns as Pitt completed the 2012 Leadville 100 Mountain Bike race in Leadville, Colorado—an event he had to complete under the 12-hour deadline to collect the $100,000 for clean water; his time was 10 hours, 22 minutes.


title: Artichoke

text: The globe artichoke ("Cynara cardunculus" var. "scolymus" ), also known by the names French artichoke and green artichoke in the U.S., is a variety of a species of thistle cultivated as food.


title: Artichoke

text: The edible portion of the plant consists of the flower buds before the flowers come into bloom. The budding artichoke flower-head is a cluster of many budding small flowers (an inflorescence), together with many bracts, on an edible base. Once the buds bloom, the structure changes to a coarse, barely edible form. Another variety of the same species is the cardoon, a perennial plant native to the Mediterranean region. Both wild forms and cultivated varieties (cultivars) exist.


title: Artichoke

text: This vegetable grows to tall, with arching, deeply lobed, silvery, glaucous-green leaves long. The flowers develop in a large head from an edible bud about diameter with numerous triangular scales; the individual florets are purple. The edible portions of the buds consist primarily of the fleshy lower portions of the involucral bracts and the base, known as the "heart"; the mass of immature florets in the center of the bud is called the "choke" or "beard". These are inedible in older, larger flowers.


title: Artichoke

text: The total antioxidant capacity of artichoke flower heads is one of the highest reported for vegetables. Cynarine is a chemical constituent in "Cynara". The majority of the cynarine found in artichoke is located in the pulp of the leaves, though dried leaves and stems of artichoke also contain it.


title: Artichoke

text: The English word "artichoke" was borrowed in the sixteenth century from the northern Italian word (the standard modern Italian being ). The Italian term was itself borrowed either from Spanish (today usually ) or directly from the source of the Spanish word—medieval Andalusi Arabic (, including the Arabic definite article ). The Arabic form is still used in Maghrebi Arabic today, while other variants in Arabic include , and Modern Standard Arabic . These Arabic forms themselves derive from classical Arabic () singular word of the plural () meaning "scale". Other languages which derive their word for the artichoke from Arabic include Israeli Hebrew, which has the word (). The original Hebrew name (see ), which predates the Arab conquest, is , which is found in the Mishna.


title: Artichoke

text: Despite being borrowed from Arabic, European terms for the artichoke have in turn influenced Arabic in their own right. For example, the modern Levantine Arabic term for artichoke is (). This literally means 'earthy thorny', and is an Arabicisation (through phono-semantic matching) of the English word "artichoke" or other European terms like it.


title: Artichoke

text: As in the case of Levantine Arabic , names for the artichoke have frequently changed form due to folk etymology and phono-semantic matching. The Italian form seems to have been adapted to correspond to Italian ('arch-, chief') and ('stump'). Forms of the French word (which also derives from Arabic, possibly via Spanish) have over the years included (corresponding to , 'warm') and (corresponding to , 'height'). Forms found in English have included "hartichoak", corresponding to "heart" and "choke", which were likely associated with the belief that the inedible centre of the vegetable could choke its eaters or that the plant can take over a garden, choking out other plants.


title: Artichoke

text: The artichoke is a domesticated variety of the wild cardoon ("Cynara cardunculus"), which is native to the Mediterranean area. There was debate over whether the artichoke was a food among the ancient Greeks and Romans, or whether that cultivar was developed later, with Classical sources referring instead to the wild cardoon. The cardoon is mentioned as a garden plant in the eighth century BCE by Homer and Hesiod. Pliny the Elder mentioned growing of 'carduus' in Carthage and Cordoba. In North Africa, where it is still found in the wild state, the seeds of artichokes, probably cultivated, were found during the excavation of Roman-period Mons Claudianus in Egypt. Varieties of artichokes were cultivated in Sicily beginning in the classical period of the ancient Greeks; the Greeks calling them "kaktos". In that period, the Greeks ate the leaves and flower heads, which cultivation had already improved from the wild form. The Romans called the vegetable "carduus" (hence the name "cardoon"). Further improvement in the cultivated form appears to have taken place in the medieval period in Muslim Spain and the Maghreb, although the evidence is inferential only. By the twelfth century, it was being mentioned in the compendious guide to farming composed by Ibn al-'Awwam in Seville (though it does not appear in earlier major Andalusian Arabic works on agriculture), and in Germany by Hildegard von Bingen.


title: Artichoke

text: Le Roy Ladurie, in his book "Les Paysans de Languedoc", has documented the spread of artichoke cultivation in Italy and southern France in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, when the artichoke appeared as a new arrival with a new name, which may be taken to indicate an arrival of an improved cultivated variety:


title: Artichoke

text: The Dutch introduced artichokes to England, where they grew in Henry VIII's garden at Newhall in 1530. From the mid-17th century artichokes 'enjoyed a vogue' in European courts. The hearts were considered luxury ingredients in the new court cookery as recorded by writers such as François Pierre La Varenne, the author of Le Cuisinier François (1651). It was also claimed, in this period, that artichokes had aphrodisiac properties. They were taken to the United States in the nineteenth century—to Louisiana by French immigrants and to California by Spanish immigrants.


title: Artichoke

text: Cultivation of the globe artichoke is concentrated in the Americas and the countries bordering the Mediterranean basin. The main European producers are Italy, Spain, and France and the main American producers are Argentina, Peru and the United States. In the United States, California provides nearly 100% of the U.S. crop, with about 80% of that being grown in Monterey County; there, Castroville proclaims itself to be "The Artichoke Center of the World" and holds the annual Castroville Artichoke Festival. More recently, artichokes have been grown in South Africa in a small town called Parys, located along the Vaal River.


title: Artichoke

text: Artichokes can be produced from seeds or from vegetative means such as division, root cuttings, or micropropagation. Although technically perennials that normally produce the edible flower during only the second and subsequent years, certain varieties of artichokes can be grown from seed as annuals, producing a limited harvest at the end of the first growing season, even in regions where the plants are not normally winter-hardy. This means home gardeners in northern regions can attempt to produce a crop without the need to overwinter plants with special treatment or protection. The seed cultivar 'Imperial Star' has been bred to produce in the first year without such measures. An even newer cultivar, 'Northern Star', is said to be able to overwinter in more northerly climates, and readily survives subzero temperatures.


title: Artichoke

text: Commercial culture is limited to warm areas in USDA hardiness zone 7 and above. It requires good soil, regular watering and feeding, and frost protection in winter. Rooted suckers can be planted each year, so mature specimens can be disposed of after a few years, as each individual plant lives only a few years. The peak season for artichoke harvesting is the spring, but they can continue to be harvested throughout the summer, with another peak period in mid-autumn. When harvested, they are cut from the plant so as to leave an inch or two of stem. Artichokes possess good keeping qualities, frequently remaining quite fresh for two weeks or longer under average retail conditions.


title: Artichoke

text: Apart from culinary applications, the globe artichoke is also an attractive plant for its bright floral display, sometimes grown in herbaceous borders for its bold foliage and large, purple flower heads.


title: Artichoke

text: Cooked unsalted artichoke is 82% water, 12% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and 3% fat (table). In a 100 gram reference serving, cooked artichoke supplies 74 calories, is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of folate, and is a moderate source (10-19% DV) of vitamin K (16% DV), magnesium, sodium, and phosphorus (10-12% DV).


title: Artichoke

text: Large globe artichokes are frequently prepared by removing all but or so of the stem. To remove thorns, which may interfere with eating, around a quarter of each scale can be cut off. To cook, the artichoke is simmered for 15 to 30 minutes, or steamed for 30–40 minutes (less for small ones). A cooked, unseasoned artichoke has a delicate flavor.


title: Artichoke

text: Salt may be added to the water if boiling artichokes. Covered artichokes, in particular those that have been cut, can turn brown due to the enzymatic browning and chlorophyll oxidation. Placing them in water slightly acidified with vinegar or lemon juice can prevent the discoloration.


title: Artichoke

text: Leaves are often removed one at a time, and the fleshy base eaten, with vinaigrette, hollandaise, vinegar, butter, mayonnaise, aioli, lemon juice, or other sauces. The fibrous upper part of each leaf is usually discarded. The heart is eaten when the inedible choke has been peeled away from the base and discarded. The thin leaves covering the choke are also edible.


title: Artichoke

text: In Italy, artichoke hearts in oil are the usual vegetable for the "spring" section of the "four seasons" pizza (alongside olives for summer, mushrooms for autumn, and prosciutto for winter). A recipe well known in Rome is Jewish-style artichokes, which are deep-fried whole. The softer parts of artichokes are also eaten raw, one leaf at the time dipped in vinegar and olive oil, or thinly sliced and dressed with lemon and olive oil.


title: Artichoke

text: There are many stuffed artichoke recipes. A common Italian stuffing uses a mixture of bread crumbs, garlic, oregano, parsley, grated cheese, and prosciutto or sausage. A bit of the mixture is then pushed into the spaces at the base of each leaf and into the center before boiling or steaming.


title: Artichoke

text: In Spain, younger, smaller, and more tender artichokes are used. They can be sprinkled with olive oil and left in hot ashes in a barbecue, sautéed in olive oil with garlic, with rice as a paella, or sautéed and combined with eggs in a tortilla (frittata).


title: Artichoke

text: Often cited is the Greek "anginares alla Polita" ("artichokes city-style", referring to the city of Constantinople), a hearty, savory stew made with artichoke hearts, potatoes, and carrots, and flavored with onion, lemon, and dill. The island of Tinos, or the villages of Iria and Kantia in the Peloponnese, still very much celebrate their local production, including with a "day of the artichoke" or an artichoke festival.


title: Artichoke

text: Another way to use artichokes is to completely break off all of the leaves, leaving the bare heart. The leaves are steamed to soften the fleshy base part of each leaf to be used as the basis for any number of side dishes or appetizing dips, or the fleshy part is left attached to the heart, while the upper parts of the leaves are discarded. The remaining concave-shaped heart is often filled with meat, then fried or baked in a savory sauce. Frozen artichoke hearts are a time-saving substitute, though the consistency and stronger flavor of fresh hearts when available is preferred. Deep-fried artichoke hearts are eaten in coastal areas of California.


title: Artichoke

text: Throughout North Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, and Armenia, ground lamb is a favorite filling for stuffed artichoke hearts. Spices reflect the local cuisine of each country. In Lebanon, for example, the typical filling would include lamb, onion, tomato, pinenuts, raisins, parsley, dill, mint, black pepper, and allspice. A popular Turkish vegetarian variety uses only onion, carrot, green peas, and salt. Artichokes are often prepared with white sauces or other kinds of sauces.


title: Artichoke

text: Artichokes can also be made into a herbal tea. The infusion is consumed particularly among the Vietnamese for its medicinal properties; "artichoke tea" is produced as a commercial product in the Da Lat region of Vietnam. An artichoke-based herbal tea called "Ceai de Anghinare" is made in Romania. The flower portion is put into water and consumed as a herbal tea in Mexico. It has a slightly bitter, woody taste.


title: Artichoke

text: Artichoke is the primary botanical ingredient of the Italian aperitif Cynar, with 16.5% alcohol by volume, produced by the Campari Group. It can be served over ice as an aperitif or as a cocktail mixed with orange juice, which is especially popular in Switzerland. It is also used to make a 'Cin Cyn', a slightly less-bitter version of the Negroni cocktail, by substituting Cynar for Campari.


title: Artichoke

text: Artichoke are affected by fungal pathogens including "Verticillium dahliae" and "Rhizoctonia solani".


title: Artichoke

text: Soil solarization has been successful in other crop-fungus pathosystems and is evaluated for suppression of "V. dahliae" and "R. solani" by Guerrero et al. 2019.


title: Artichoke

text: The globe artichoke genome has been sequenced. The genome assembly covers 725 of the 1,084 Mb genome and the sequence codes for about 27,000 genes. An understanding of the genome structure is an important step in understanding traits of the globe artichoke, which may aid in the identification of economically important genes from related species.


title: All the Old Knives

text: All the Old Knives is a 2022 American spy thriller film directed by Janus Metz Pedersen and written by Olen Steinhauer. It is based on Steinhauer's 2015 novel of the same name. The film stars Chris Pine, Thandiwe Newton, Laurence Fishburne, Jonathan Pryce and David Dawson.


title: All the Old Knives

text: "All the Old Knives" was released by Amazon Studios in limited theaters across the United States, and on digital via Amazon Prime Video, on April 8, 2022.


title: All the Old Knives

text: In early 2020, CIA officer Henry Pelham is informed by his boss, Vick Wallinger, that the CIA has reopened the case of Turkish Alliance 127, a 2012 terrorist hijacking which ended in tragedy. Headquarters suspects there was a leak from the Vienna station, where Henry and Vick work. Henry is sent to interview Celia Harrison, who also worked at the Vienna station at the time of the hijacking. Henry and Celia were lovers, but she left him shortly after the event.


title: All the Old Knives

text: Celia, now retired, lives in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California with her family. Henry meets her at an upscale restaurant, which is almost empty of customers and staff. As Henry and Celia talk, she reveals that an Austrian intelligence agent named Karl Stein approached her shortly after she moved to Carmel. He wanted her to inform on her coworkers, but she refused. Henry has Celia recall the events of the hijacking.


title: All the Old Knives

text: In a flashback to 2012, Flight 127 is on the runway when it is hijacked by four armed militants belonging to an Islamic terrorist group. The Vienna station jumps into action to address the crisis and learns that Ilyas Shushani, a Chechen and former informant for Henry, may be involved. The hijackers threaten to kill the passengers unless several of their comrades are released from custody. Ahmed, a CIA courier who happened to be on the plane, contacts the CIA and suggests an attack via the plane's undercarriage. Celia connects with a possible source named Mohammed, but the meeting seems to yield nothing of value. Henry tells Celia and her mentor, Bill Compton, that when Henry worked in Moscow his superiors forced him to betray Ilyas to the Russian government as a trade-off for intel on an imminent attack on a U.S. embassy.


title: All the Old Knives

text: The Vienna station receives another message from Ahmed saying that the terrorists have a camera mounted on the plane's undercarriage and the assault should be called off. Celia notices differences in the language of Ahmed's messages and fears he has been compromised. Checking the station's phone logs, she notices that a call to Iran was placed from Bill's office phone. Then Ahmed is killed and thrown off the plane. The next day, Celia leaves both Henry and Vienna.


title: All the Old Knives

text: In the present, Henry asks why she ended their relationship so abruptly. Celia reveals that she saw a call on Henry's cellphone from the same Iranian number that she had found in the station phone logs. It is revealed that when the terrorists' demands were not met, they released sarin gas, killing themselves, the crew, and all passengers. The Vienna station is devastated by the outcome. Realizing that Henry was the leak, she left him but did not divulge her discovery to the CIA.


title: All the Old Knives

text: She further confesses that, after Henry contacted her to arrange this meeting, she contacted Karl Stein, and he arranged the meeting place, the staff, and fake customers, with the aim of poisoning Henry via his wine.


title: All the Old Knives

text: As Henry begins to succumb to the poison, Celia tearfully asks why he betrayed everyone to the terrorists. He explains that he was lured into a meeting with Ilyas, who had become radicalized and masterminded the hijacking. Ilyas' people staged the meeting between Mohammed and Celia to create the impression that Celia's life was in danger. This pushed Henry into revealing the plan for an undercarriage assault, and then the presence of Ahmed on the plane, in exchange for her life.


title: All the Old Knives

text: Henry comes to terms with his impending death, and Celia returns home to her husband and children. Karl calls Vick to report that Henry has died, revealing that they had been working together the entire time.


title: All the Old Knives

text: The film was announced in May 2017, with Chris Pine and Michelle Williams in negotiations to star. James Marsh was set to direct, with The Mark Gordon Company and Entertainment One financing.


title: All the Old Knives

text: In September 2020, with Williams, Marsh and The Mark Gordon Company no longer involved with the film, Thandiwe Newton was cast to replace Williams and Janus Metz was hired as director. In November 2020, Jonathan Pryce and Laurence Fishburne joined the cast.


title: All the Old Knives

text: Metz revealed filming had begun by December 2020 in London. Filming wrapped in London in February and moved to Monterey and Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in March. Metz revealed that principal filming wrapped in mid-March.


title: All the Old Knives

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 64% based on 118 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The website's critics consensus reads: ""All the Old Knives" suffers in comparison to the dialogue-driven spy thrillers of the past, but the chemistry between its stars simmers even when the story doesn't." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: All the Old Knives

text: According to Samba TV, "All the Old Knives" was watched by 637,000 US households in its first weekend streaming on Prime Video.


title: Polenta

text: Polenta (, ) is a dish of boiled cornmeal that was historically made from other grains. The dish comes from Italy. It may be served as a hot porridge, or it may be allowed to cool and solidify into a loaf that can be baked, fried, or grilled.


title: Polenta

text: The variety of cereal used is usually yellow maize, but often buckwheat, white maize, or mixtures thereof may be used. Coarse grinds make a firm, coarse polenta; finer grinds make a soft, creamy polenta. Polenta is a staple of Northern Italian, Swiss and Balkan (where it is called kačamak or žganci) cuisines (and, to a lesser extent, the Central Italian one, e.g. Tuscany) and its consumption was traditionally associated with lower classes, as in times past cornmeal mush was an essential food in their everyday nutrition.


title: Polenta

text: covered any hulled and crushed grain, especially barley-meal, and is derived from the for 'fine flour,' which shares a root with , meaning 'dust.'


title: Polenta

text: As it is known today, polenta derives from earlier forms of grain mush (known as "puls" or "pulmentum" in Latin) that were commonly eaten since Roman times. Before the introduction of corn (maize) from America in the 16th century, polenta was made from starchy ingredients like farro, chestnut flour, millet, spelt, and chickpeas.


title: Polenta

text: Polenta takes a long time to cook, simmering in four to five times its volume of watery liquid for about 45 minutes with near-constant stirring; this is necessary for even gelatinization of the starch. Some alternative cooking techniques have been invented to speed up the process or not to require constant supervision. Quick-cooking (pre-cooked, instant) polenta is widely used and is prepared in just a few minutes; it is considered inferior to polenta made from unprocessed cornmeal and is best eaten after being baked or fried.


title: Polenta

text: In his book "Heat", Bill Buford talks about his experiences as a line cook in Mario Batali's Italian restaurant Babbo. Buford details the differences in taste between instant polenta and slow-cooked polenta and describes a method of preparation that takes up to three hours but does not require constant stirring: "polenta, for most of its cooking, is left unattended. ... If you don't have to stir it all the time, you can cook it for hours—what does it matter, as long as you're nearby?" "Cook's Illustrated" magazine has described a method using a microwave oven that reduces cooking time to 12 minutes and requires only a single stirring. In March 2010, it presented a stovetop, near-stir-less method that uses a pinch of baking soda (an alkali), which replicates the traditional effect. Kyle Phillips suggested making it in a "polenta maker" or slow cooker.


title: Brian Keith

text: Brian Keith (born Robert Alba Keith, November 14, 1921 – June 24, 1997) was an American film, television, and stage actor who in his six-decade career gained recognition for his work in films such as the Disney family film "The Parent Trap" (1961); "Johnny Shiloh" (1963); the comedy "The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming" (1966); and the adventure saga "The Wind and the Lion" (1975), in which he portrayed President Theodore Roosevelt.


title: Brian Keith

text: On television, two of his best-known roles were those of bachelor-uncle-turned-reluctant-parent Bill Davis in the 1960s sitcom "Family Affair", and a tough retired judge in the 1980s lighthearted crime drama "Hardcastle and McCormick". He also starred in "The Brian Keith Show", which aired on NBC from 1972 to 1974, where he portrayed a pediatrician who operated a free clinic on Oahu, and in the CBS comedy series "Heartland".


title: Brian Keith

text: Robert Alba Keith was born in Bayonne, New Jersey, on November 14, 1921, to actor Robert Keith and stage actress Helena Shipman, a native of Aberdeen, Washington. Some sources also list his full name as Brian Robert Keith. He was Roman Catholic. In 1941 he graduated from East Rockaway High School in East Rockaway, New York.


title: Brian Keith

text: He joined the United States Marine Corps in 1942 completing his service in 1945. He served during World War II as a radioman/tail gunner in the rear cockpit of a two-man Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bomber in a U.S. Marine squadron. He was awarded a Combat Aircrew Insignia, Air Medal, Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal with three battle stars and World War II Victory Medal.


title: Brian Keith

text: Keith made his Broadway debut in 1948 in the ensemble of "Mister Roberts", which starred his father as "Doc". He was a guard in "Darkness at Noon" (1951) by Sidney Kingsley, and was in "Out West of Eighth" (1951), which had only a short run.


title: Brian Keith

text: Keith began to guest star on shows such as "Hands of Mystery", "Shadow of the Cloak", and an adaptation of "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" in "Tales of Tomorrow". He was in "Police Story", "Suspense", "Eye Witness", "The United States Steel Hour", "Robert Montgomery Presents", and "The Motorola Television Hour". Keith's feature film debut was in a Western for Paramount, "Arrowhead" (1953). He stayed at that studio for "Alaska Seas" (1954), replacing Van Heflin, and "Jivaro" (1954).


title: Brian Keith

text: Keith guest starred on "Campbell Summer Soundstage", "The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse", "Lux Video Theatre", and "The Mask" and also played Mike Hammer in a television pilot directed by Blake Edwards, but the series was not picked up.


title: Brian Keith

text: He went to Columbia for "The Bamboo Prison" (1954), "The Violent Men" (1955), "Tight Spot" (1955), and "5 Against the House" (1955), the last two directed by Phil Karlson. He was meant to support Joan Crawford in "Queen Bee", but did not appear in the final film.


title: Brian Keith

text: He guest starred on "The Elgin Hour", "Mystery Is My Business", "Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre", "The Box Brothers", "The Ford Television Theatre", "Climax!", "Wire Service" and "Studio 57".


title: Brian Keith

text: In 1955, Keith starred in his own series, "Crusader", as fictional journalist Matt Anders. He continued to appear in films for Columbia, such as "Storm Center" (1956) co-starring with Bette Davis and "Nightfall" (1956) with Aldo Ray.


title: Brian Keith

text: In June 1956, he announced he had formed his own company, Michael Productions, and had optioned a story by Robert Blees called "Cairo".


title: Brian Keith

text: Keith was second billed in "Dino" (1957) with Sal Mineo, and "Run of the Arrow" (1957) with Rod Steiger. He was top billed in "Chicago Confidential" (1957), but returned to supporting parts with "Appointment with a Shadow" (1957) "Hell Canyon Outlaws" (1957), and "Fort Dobbs" (1958). He announced he would make "Alien Virus" for his Michael Productions, but it was not made. Keith was top billed in some low-budget action movies: "Violent Road" (1958), "Desert Hell" (1958), "Sierra Baron" (1958), and "Villa!!" (1958). The last two were shot back-to-back in Mexico. He guest starred on "Studio One in Hollywood", "Rawhide", "Laramie", "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", and an episode of "Zane Grey Theater", which was written and directed by Sam Peckinpah and later led to "The Westerner".


title: Brian Keith

text: Keith supported Paul Newman in "The Young Philadelphians" (1959), and had the lead in two productions for Disney, the TV show "Elfego Baca: Move Along, Mustangers" (1959) and the feature "Ten Who Dared" (1960). In 1960, he won acclaim for his starring role in Sam Peckinpah's extremely hard-bitten, adult, and short-lived series "The Westerner" (1960). It went for only 13 episodes, but became a cult classic. "Only four or five of those were any good", said Keith later. "But those four or five were as good as anything anybody has ever done." Keith guest starred in: "The Untouchables", "The Americans", "Frontier Circus", "Alcoa Premiere", "Outlaws", "Follow the Sun", and "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" again. Keith made a second film for Disney, playing the father of twins in the film "The Parent Trap" (1961), costarring Hayley Mills and Maureen O'Hara, which was a huge hit. Critical acclaim was given to "The Deadly Companions" (1961), a Western with O'Hara, which marked Peckinpah's feature directorial debut. Keith did two more films for Disney, "Moon Pilot" (1962) and "Savage Sam" (1963).