title: Photon

text: If a photon did have non-zero mass, there would be other effects as well. Coulomb's law would be modified and the electromagnetic field would have an extra physical degree of freedom. These effects yield more sensitive experimental probes of the photon mass than the frequency dependence of the speed of light. If Coulomb's law is not exactly valid, then that would allow the presence of an electric field to exist within a hollow conductor when it is subjected to an external electric field. This provides a means for very-high-precision tests of Coulomb's law. A null result of such an experiment has set a limit of .


title: Photon

text: Sharper upper limits on the mass of light have been obtained in experiments designed to detect effects caused by the galactic vector potential. Although the galactic vector potential is very large because the galactic magnetic field exists on very great length scales, only the magnetic field would be observable if the photon is massless. In the case that the photon has mass, the mass term "m'A'A" would affect the galactic plasma. The fact that no such effects are seen implies an upper bound on the photon mass of . The galactic vector potential can also be probed directly by measuring the torque exerted on a magnetized ring. Such methods were used to obtain the sharper upper limit of (the equivalent of ) given by the Particle Data Group.


title: Photon

text: These sharp limits from the non-observation of the effects caused by the galactic vector potential have been shown to be model-dependent. If the photon mass is generated via the Higgs mechanism then the upper limit of from the test of Coulomb's law is valid.


title: Photon

text: In most theories up to the eighteenth century, light was pictured as being made up of particles. Since particle models cannot easily account for the refraction, diffraction and birefringence of light, wave theories of light were proposed by René Descartes (1637), Robert Hooke (1665), and Christiaan Huygens (1678); however, particle models remained dominant, chiefly due to the influence of Isaac Newton. In the early 19th century, Thomas Young and August Fresnel clearly demonstrated the interference and diffraction of light, and by 1850 wave models were generally accepted. James Clerk Maxwell's 1865 prediction that light was an electromagnetic wave – which was confirmed experimentally in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz's detection of radio waves – seemed to be the final blow to particle models of light.


title: Photon

text: The Maxwell wave theory, however, does not account for "all" properties of light. The Maxwell theory predicts that the energy of a light wave depends only on its intensity, not on its frequency; nevertheless, several independent types of experiments show that the energy imparted by light to atoms depends only on the light's frequency, not on its intensity. For example, some chemical reactions are provoked only by light of frequency higher than a certain threshold; light of frequency lower than the threshold, no matter how intense, does not initiate the reaction. Similarly, electrons can be ejected from a metal plate by shining light of sufficiently high frequency on it (the photoelectric effect); the energy of the ejected electron is related only to the light's frequency, not to its intensity.


title: Photon

text: At the same time, investigations of black-body radiation carried out over four decades (1860–1900) by various researchers culminated in Max Planck's hypothesis that the energy of "any" system that absorbs or emits electromagnetic radiation of frequency is an integer multiple of an energy quantum As shown by Albert Einstein, some form of energy quantization "must" be assumed to account for the thermal equilibrium observed between matter and electromagnetic radiation; for this explanation of the photoelectric effect, Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics.


title: Photon

text: Since the Maxwell theory of light allows for all possible energies of electromagnetic radiation, most physicists assumed initially that the energy quantization resulted from some unknown constraint on the matter that absorbs or emits the radiation. In 1905, Einstein was the first to propose that energy quantization was a property of electromagnetic radiation itself. Although he accepted the validity of Maxwell's theory, Einstein pointed out that many anomalous experiments could be explained if the "energy" of a Maxwellian light wave were localized into point-like quanta that move independently of one another, even if the wave itself is spread continuously over space. In 1909 and 1916, Einstein showed that, if Planck's law regarding black-body radiation is accepted, the energy quanta must also carry momentum making them full-fledged particles. This photon momentum was observed experimentally by Arthur Compton, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1927. The pivotal question then, was how to unify Maxwell's wave theory of light with its experimentally observed particle nature? The answer to this question occupied Albert Einstein for the rest of his life, and was solved in quantum electrodynamics and its successor, the Standard Model. (See ' and ', below.)


title: Photon

text: Einstein's 1905 predictions were verified experimentally in several ways in the first two decades of the 20th century, as recounted in Robert Millikan's Nobel lecture. However, before Compton's experiment showed that photons carried momentum proportional to their wave number (1922), most physicists were reluctant to believe that electromagnetic radiation itself might be particulate. (See, for example, the Nobel lectures of Wien, Planck and Millikan.) Instead, there was a widespread belief that energy quantization resulted from some unknown constraint on the matter that absorbed or emitted radiation. Attitudes changed over time. In part, the change can be traced to experiments such as those revealing Compton scattering, where it was much more difficult not to ascribe quantization to light itself to explain the observed results.


title: Photon

text: Even after Compton's experiment, Niels Bohr, Hendrik Kramers and John Slater made one last attempt to preserve the Maxwellian continuous electromagnetic field model of light, the so-called BKS theory. An important feature of the BKS theory is how it treated the conservation of energy and the conservation of momentum. In the BKS theory, energy and momentum are only conserved on the average across many interactions between matter and radiation. However, refined Compton experiments showed that the conservation laws hold for individual interactions. Accordingly, Bohr and his co-workers gave their model "as honorable a funeral as possible". Nevertheless, the failures of the BKS model inspired Werner Heisenberg in his development of matrix mechanics.


title: Photon

text: A few physicists persisted in developing semiclassical models in which electromagnetic radiation is not quantized, but matter appears to obey the laws of quantum mechanics. Although the evidence from chemical and physical experiments for the existence of photons was overwhelming by the 1970s, this evidence could not be considered as "absolutely" definitive; since it relied on the interaction of light with matter, and a sufficiently complete theory of matter could in principle account for the evidence. Nevertheless, "all" semiclassical theories were refuted definitively in the 1970s and 1980s by photon-correlation experiments.


title: Photon

text: Hence, Einstein's hypothesis that quantization is a property of light itself is considered to be proven.


title: Photon

text: Photons obey the laws of quantum mechanics, and so their behavior has both wave-like and particle-like aspects. When a photon is detected by a measuring instrument, it is registered as a single, particulate unit. However, the "probability" of detecting a photon is calculated by equations that describe waves. This combination of aspects is known as wave–particle duality. For example, the probability distribution for the location at which a photon might be detected displays clearly wave-like phenomena such as diffraction and interference. A single photon passing through a double slit has its energy received at a point on the screen with a probability distribution given by its interference pattern determined by Maxwell's wave equations. However, experiments confirm that the photon is "not" a short pulse of electromagnetic radiation; a photon's Maxwell waves will diffract, but photon energy does not spread out as it propagates, nor does this energy divide when it encounters a beam splitter. Rather, the received photon acts like a point-like particle since it is absorbed or emitted "as a whole" by arbitrarily small systems, including systems much smaller than its wavelength, such as an atomic nucleus (≈10 m across) or even the point-like electron.


title: Photon

text: While many introductory texts treat photons using the mathematical techniques of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, this is in some ways an awkward oversimplification, as photons are by nature intrinsically relativistic. Because photons have zero rest mass, no wave function defined for a photon can have all the properties familiar from wave functions in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. In order to avoid these difficulties, physicists employ the second-quantized theory of photons described below, quantum electrodynamics, in which photons are quantized excitations of electromagnetic modes.


title: Photon

text: Another difficulty is finding the proper analogue for the uncertainty principle, an idea frequently attributed to Heisenberg, who introduced the concept in analyzing a thought experiment involving an electron and a high-energy photon. However, Heisenberg did not give precise mathematical definitions of what the "uncertainty" in these measurements meant. The precise mathematical statement of the position–momentum uncertainty principle is due to Kennard, Pauli, and Weyl. The uncertainty principle applies to situations where an experimenter has a choice of measuring either one of two "canonically conjugate" quantities, like the position and the momentum of a particle. According to the uncertainty principle, no matter how the particle is prepared, it is not possible to make a precise prediction for both of the two alternative measurements: if the outcome of the position measurement is made more certain, the outcome of the momentum measurement becomes less so, and vice versa. A coherent state minimizes the overall uncertainty as far as quantum mechanics allows. Quantum optics makes use of coherent states for modes of the electromagnetic field. There is a tradeoff, reminiscent of the position–momentum uncertainty relation, between measurements of an electromagnetic wave's amplitude and its phase. This is sometimes informally expressed in terms of the uncertainty in the number of photons present in the electromagnetic wave, formula_6, and the uncertainty in the phase of the wave, formula_7. However, this cannot be an uncertainty relation of the Kennard–Pauli–Weyl type, since unlike position and momentum, the phase formula_8 cannot be represented by a Hermitian operator.


title: Photon

text: In 1924, Satyendra Nath Bose derived Planck's law of black-body radiation without using any electromagnetism, but rather by using a modification of coarse-grained counting of phase space. Einstein showed that this modification is equivalent to assuming that photons are rigorously identical and that it implied a "mysterious non-local interaction", now understood as the requirement for a symmetric quantum mechanical state. This work led to the concept of coherent states and the development of the laser. In the same papers, Einstein extended Bose's formalism to material particles (bosons) and predicted that they would condense into their lowest quantum state at low enough temperatures; this Bose–Einstein condensation was observed experimentally in 1995. It was later used by Lene Hau to slow, and then completely stop, light in 1999 and 2001.


title: Photon

text: The modern view on this is that photons are, by virtue of their integer spin, bosons (as opposed to fermions with half-integer spin). By the spin-statistics theorem, all bosons obey Bose–Einstein statistics (whereas all fermions obey Fermi–Dirac statistics).


title: Photon

text: In 1916, Albert Einstein showed that Planck's radiation law could be derived from a semi-classical, statistical treatment of photons and atoms, which implies a link between the rates at which atoms emit and absorb photons. The condition follows from the assumption that functions of the emission and absorption of radiation by the atoms are independent of each other, and that thermal equilibrium is made by way of the radiation's interaction with the atoms. Consider a cavity in thermal equilibrium with all parts of itself and filled with electromagnetic radiation and that the atoms can emit and absorb that radiation. Thermal equilibrium requires that the energy density formula_9 of photons with frequency formula_2 (which is proportional to their number density) is, on average, constant in time; hence, the rate at which photons of any particular frequency are "emitted" must equal the rate at which they are "absorbed".


title: Photon

text: Einstein began by postulating simple proportionality relations for the different reaction rates involved. In his model, the rate formula_11 for a system to "absorb" a photon of frequency formula_2 and transition from a lower energy formula_13 to a higher energy formula_14 is proportional to the number formula_15 of atoms with energy formula_13 and to the energy density formula_9 of ambient photons of that frequency,


title: Photon

text: where formula_19 is the rate constant for absorption. For the reverse process, there are two possibilities: spontaneous emission of a photon, or the emission of a photon initiated by the interaction of the atom with a passing photon and the return of the atom to the lower-energy state. Following Einstein's approach, the corresponding rate formula_20 for the emission of photons of frequency formula_2 and transition from a higher energy formula_14 to a lower energy formula_13 is


title: Photon

text: where formula_25 is the rate constant for emitting a photon spontaneously, and formula_26 is the rate constant for emissions in response to ambient photons (induced or stimulated emission). In thermodynamic equilibrium, the number of atoms in state formula_27 and those in state formula_28 must, on average, be constant; hence, the rates formula_11 and formula_20 must be equal. Also, by arguments analogous to the derivation of Boltzmann statistics, the ratio of formula_31 and formula_15 is formula_33 where formula_34 and formula_35 are the degeneracy of the state formula_27 and that of formula_28, respectively, formula_38 and formula_39 their energies, formula_40 the Boltzmann constant and formula_41 the system's temperature. From this, it is readily derived that


title: Photon

text: Einstein could not fully justify his rate equations, but claimed that it should be possible to calculate the coefficients formula_25, formula_19 and formula_26 once physicists had obtained "mechanics and electrodynamics modified to accommodate the quantum hypothesis". Not long thereafter, in 1926, Paul Dirac derived the formula_26 rate constants by using a semiclassical approach, and, in 1927, succeeded in deriving "all" the rate constants from first principles within the framework of quantum theory. Dirac's work was the foundation of quantum electrodynamics, i.e., the quantization of the electromagnetic field itself. Dirac's approach is also called "second quantization" or quantum field theory; earlier quantum mechanical treatments only treat material particles as quantum mechanical, not the electromagnetic field.


title: Photon

text: Einstein was troubled by the fact that his theory seemed incomplete, since it did not determine the "direction" of a spontaneously emitted photon. A probabilistic nature of light-particle motion was first considered by Newton in his treatment of birefringence and, more generally, of the splitting of light beams at interfaces into a transmitted beam and a reflected beam. Newton hypothesized that hidden variables in the light particle determined which of the two paths a single photon would take. Similarly, Einstein hoped for a more complete theory that would leave nothing to chance, beginning his separation from quantum mechanics. Ironically, Max Born's probabilistic interpretation of the wave function was inspired by Einstein's later work searching for a more complete theory.


title: Photon

text: In 1910, Peter Debye derived Planck's law of black-body radiation from a relatively simple assumption. He decomposed the electromagnetic field in a cavity into its Fourier modes, and assumed that the energy in any mode was an integer multiple of formula_50, where formula_2 is the frequency of the electromagnetic mode. Planck's law of black-body radiation follows immediately as a geometric sum. However, Debye's approach failed to give the correct formula for the energy fluctuations of black-body radiation, which were derived by Einstein in 1909.


title: Photon

text: In 1925, Born, Heisenberg and Jordan reinterpreted Debye's concept in a key way. As may be shown classically, the Fourier modes of the electromagnetic field—a complete set of electromagnetic plane waves indexed by their wave vector k and polarization state—are equivalent to a set of uncoupled simple harmonic oscillators. Treated quantum mechanically, the energy levels of such oscillators are known to be formula_52, where formula_2 is the oscillator frequency. The key new step was to identify an electromagnetic mode with energy formula_52 as a state with formula_55 photons, each of energy formula_50. This approach gives the correct energy fluctuation formula.


title: Photon

text: Dirac took this one step further. He treated the interaction between a charge and an electromagnetic field as a small perturbation that induces transitions in the photon states, changing the numbers of photons in the modes, while conserving energy and momentum overall. Dirac was able to derive Einstein's formula_25 and formula_26 coefficients from first principles, and showed that the Bose–Einstein statistics of photons is a natural consequence of quantizing the electromagnetic field correctly (Bose's reasoning went in the opposite direction; he derived Planck's law of black-body radiation by "assuming" B–E statistics). In Dirac's time, it was not yet known that all bosons, including photons, must obey Bose–Einstein statistics.


title: Photon

text: Dirac's second-order perturbation theory can involve virtual photons, transient intermediate states of the electromagnetic field; the static electric and magnetic interactions are mediated by such virtual photons. In such quantum field theories, the probability amplitude of observable events is calculated by summing over "all" possible intermediate steps, even ones that are unphysical; hence, virtual photons are not constrained to satisfy formula_59, and may have extra polarization states; depending on the gauge used, virtual photons may have three or four polarization states, instead of the two states of real photons. Although these transient virtual photons can never be observed, they contribute measurably to the probabilities of observable events.


title: Photon

text: Indeed, such second-order and higher-order perturbation calculations can give apparently infinite contributions to the sum. Such unphysical results are corrected for using the technique of renormalization.


title: Photon

text: Other virtual particles may contribute to the summation as well; for example, two photons may interact indirectly through virtual electron–positron pairs. Such photon–photon scattering (see two-photon physics), as well as electron–photon scattering, is meant to be one of the modes of operations of the planned particle accelerator, the International Linear Collider.


title: Photon

text: In modern physics notation, the quantum state of the electromagnetic field is written as a Fock state, a tensor product of the states for each electromagnetic mode


title: Photon

text: where formula_61 represents the state in which formula_62 photons are in the mode formula_63. In this notation, the creation of a new photon in mode formula_63 (e.g., emitted from an atomic transition) is written as formula_65. This notation merely expresses the concept of Born, Heisenberg and Jordan described above, and does not add any physics.


title: Photon

text: The electromagnetic field can be understood as a gauge field, i.e., as a field that results from requiring that a gauge symmetry holds independently at every position in spacetime. For the electromagnetic field, this gauge symmetry is the Abelian U(1) symmetry of complex numbers of absolute value 1, which reflects the ability to vary the phase of a complex field without affecting observables or real valued functions made from it, such as the energy or the Lagrangian.


title: Photon

text: The quanta of an Abelian gauge field must be massless, uncharged bosons, as long as the symmetry is not broken; hence, the photon is predicted to be massless, and to have zero electric charge and integer spin. The particular form of the electromagnetic interaction specifies that the photon must have spin ±1; thus, its helicity must be formula_66. These two spin components correspond to the classical concepts of right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized light. However, the transient virtual photons of quantum electrodynamics may also adopt unphysical polarization states.


title: Photon

text: In the prevailing Standard Model of physics, the photon is one of four gauge bosons in the electroweak interaction; the other three are denoted W, W and Z and are responsible for the weak interaction. Unlike the photon, these gauge bosons have mass, owing to a mechanism that breaks their SU(2) gauge symmetry. The unification of the photon with W and Z gauge bosons in the electroweak interaction was accomplished by Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg, for which they were awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in physics. Physicists continue to hypothesize grand unified theories that connect these four gauge bosons with the eight gluon gauge bosons of quantum chromodynamics; however, key predictions of these theories, such as proton decay, have not been observed experimentally.


title: Photon

text: Measurements of the interaction between energetic photons and hadrons show that the interaction is much more intense than expected by the interaction of merely photons with the hadron's electric charge. Furthermore, the interaction of energetic photons with protons is similar to the interaction of photons with neutrons in spite of the fact that the electric charge structures of protons and neutrons are substantially different. A theory called Vector Meson Dominance (VMD) was developed to explain this effect. According to VMD, the photon is a superposition of the pure electromagnetic photon which interacts only with electric charges and vector mesons. However, if experimentally probed at very short distances, the intrinsic structure of the photon is recognized as a flux of quark and gluon components, quasi-free according to asymptotic freedom in QCD and described by the photon structure function. A comprehensive comparison of data with theoretical predictions was presented in a review in 2000.


title: Photon

text: The energy of a system that emits a photon is "decreased" by the energy formula_67 of the photon as measured in the rest frame of the emitting system, which may result in a reduction in mass in the amount formula_68. Similarly, the mass of a system that absorbs a photon is "increased" by a corresponding amount. As an application, the energy balance of nuclear reactions involving photons is commonly written in terms of the masses of the nuclei involved, and terms of the form formula_68 for the gamma photons (and for other relevant energies, such as the recoil energy of nuclei).


title: Photon

text: This concept is applied in key predictions of quantum electrodynamics (QED, see above). In that theory, the mass of electrons (or, more generally, leptons) is modified by including the mass contributions of virtual photons, in a technique known as renormalization. Such "radiative corrections" contribute to a number of predictions of QED, such as the magnetic dipole moment of leptons, the Lamb shift, and the hyperfine structure of bound lepton pairs, such as muonium and positronium.


title: Photon

text: Since photons contribute to the stress–energy tensor, they exert a gravitational attraction on other objects, according to the theory of general relativity. Conversely, photons are themselves affected by gravity; their normally straight trajectories may be bent by warped spacetime, as in gravitational lensing, and their frequencies may be lowered by moving to a higher gravitational potential, as in the Pound–Rebka experiment. However, these effects are not specific to photons; exactly the same effects would be predicted for classical electromagnetic waves.


title: Photon

text: Light that travels through transparent matter does so at a lower speed than "c", the speed of light in a vacuum. The factor by which the speed is decreased is called the refractive index of the material. In a classical wave picture, the slowing can be explained by the light inducing electric polarization in the matter, the polarized matter radiating new light, and that new light interfering with the original light wave to form a delayed wave. In a particle picture, the slowing can instead be described as a blending of the photon with quantum excitations of the matter to produce quasi-particles known as polariton (see this list for some other quasi-particles); this polariton has a nonzero effective mass, which means that it cannot travel at "c". Light of different frequencies may travel through matter at different speeds; this is called dispersion (not to be confused with scattering). In some cases, it can result in extremely slow speeds of light in matter. The effects of photon interactions with other quasi-particles may be observed directly in Raman scattering and Brillouin scattering.


title: Photon

text: Photons can be scattered by matter. For example, photons engage in so many collisions on the way from the core of the Sun that radiant energy can take about a million years to reach the surface; however, once in open space, a photon takes only 8.3 minutes to reach Earth.


title: Photon

text: Photons can also be absorbed by nuclei, atoms or molecules, provoking transitions between their energy levels. A classic example is the molecular transition of retinal (CHO), which is responsible for vision, as discovered in 1958 by Nobel laureate biochemist George Wald and co-workers. The absorption provokes a cis–trans isomerization that, in combination with other such transitions, is transduced into nerve impulses. The absorption of photons can even break chemical bonds, as in the photodissociation of chlorine; this is the subject of photochemistry.


title: Photon

text: Photons have many applications in technology. These examples are chosen to illustrate applications of photons "per se", rather than general optical devices such as lenses, etc. that could operate under a classical theory of light. The laser is an extremely important application and is discussed above under stimulated emission.


title: Photon

text: Individual photons can be detected by several methods. The classic photomultiplier tube exploits the photoelectric effect: a photon of sufficient energy strikes a metal plate and knocks free an electron, initiating an ever-amplifying avalanche of electrons. Semiconductor charge-coupled device chips use a similar effect: an incident photon generates a charge on a microscopic capacitor that can be detected. Other detectors such as Geiger counters use the ability of photons to ionize gas molecules contained in the device, causing a detectable change of conductivity of the gas.


title: Photon

text: Planck's energy formula formula_70 is often used by engineers and chemists in design, both to compute the change in energy resulting from a photon absorption and to determine the frequency of the light emitted from a given photon emission. For example, the emission spectrum of a gas-discharge lamp can be altered by filling it with (mixtures of) gases with different electronic energy level configurations.


title: Photon

text: Under some conditions, an energy transition can be excited by "two" photons that individually would be insufficient. This allows for higher resolution microscopy, because the sample absorbs energy only in the spectrum where two beams of different colors overlap significantly, which can be made much smaller than the excitation volume of a single beam (see two-photon excitation microscopy). Moreover, these photons cause less damage to the sample, since they are of lower energy.


title: Photon

text: In some cases, two energy transitions can be coupled so that, as one system absorbs a photon, another nearby system "steals" its energy and re-emits a photon of a different frequency. This is the basis of fluorescence resonance energy transfer, a technique that is used in molecular biology to study the interaction of suitable proteins.


title: Photon

text: Several different kinds of hardware random number generators involve the detection of single photons. In one example, for each bit in the random sequence that is to be produced, a photon is sent to a beam-splitter. In such a situation, there are two possible outcomes of equal probability. The actual outcome is used to determine whether the next bit in the sequence is "0" or "1".


title: Photon

text: Much research has been devoted to applications of photons in the field of quantum optics. Photons seem well-suited to be elements of an extremely fast quantum computer, and the quantum entanglement of photons is a focus of research. Nonlinear optical processes are another active research area, with topics such as two-photon absorption, self-phase modulation, modulational instability and optical parametric oscillators. However, such processes generally do not require the assumption of photons "per se"; they may often be modeled by treating atoms as nonlinear oscillators. The nonlinear process of spontaneous parametric down conversion is often used to produce single-photon states. Finally, photons are essential in some aspects of optical communication, especially for quantum cryptography.


title: Photon

text: Two-photon physics studies interactions between photons, which are rare. In 2018, MIT researchers announced the discovery of bound photon triplets, which may involve polaritons.


title: Radha Mitchell

text: Radha Rani Amber Indigo Ananda Mitchell is an Australian actress. She started her career with various appearances on Australian television, including a regular role as Catherine O'Brien in the soap opera "Neighbours" (1996–97).


title: Radha Mitchell

text: Mitchell later transitioned to working in Hollywood, with leading and supporting roles in films such as "High Art" (1998), "Pitch Black" (2000), "Phone Booth" (2002), "Man on Fire" (2004), "Finding Neverland" (2004), "Melinda and Melinda" (2004), "Mozart and the Whale" (2005), "Silent Hill" (2006), "Rogue" (2007), "The Crazies" (2010), "The Frozen Ground" (2013), "Olympus Has Fallen" (2013) and its sequel "London Has Fallen" (2016), "The Darkness" (2016), and "Run Hide Fight" (2020).


title: Radha Mitchell

text: Mitchell's first name "Radha" (Sanskrit:राधा) stems from the Hare Krishna faith. The other parts of her name "Rani" (रानी – queen) and "Ananda" (आनन्द – joy) also come from similar origins. She credits her name as being a result of her mother's experiences in India during the 1970s and her fascination with Indian philosophies. She grew up just around the corner from the Como Centre, on Chapel Street, where her mother ran a shop. Mitchell attended St Michael's Grammar School in St Kilda. Her first credited screen role was that of an eleven-year-old girl from the Australian bush sent to live with her grandmother, on the ABC TV children's television series "Sugar and Spice", which was broadcast between 1988 and 1989. Her experience in the series, along with the drama course she took at St Michael's, sparked her interest in acting. She then enrolled at Swinburne University of Technology, with the idea of becoming a psychologist. "I thought it was going to be group therapy, that we would go in there and talk about life and people and stuff like that. But it was all rats and stats. I didn't last beyond the first year." Instead, she obtained her Bachelor of Arts in literature and media studies.


title: Radha Mitchell

text: Mitchell played a recurring character in the sitcom "All Together Now" (1992–1993) and guest-starred in "Phoenix" (1993), "Law of the Land" (1993) and "Blue Heelers" (1994–96). After obtaining a ten-episode arc as a parachute instructor in "Neighbours" in 1994, Mitchell returned to play the regular role of Catherine O'Brien, a strong-minded and opinionated student, from 1996 to 1997. The series brought the actress to a wider exposure from audiences.


title: Radha Mitchell

text: Mitchell quickly "established herself as a versatile and accomplished fixture on the moody art-house flick circuit". As noted by "The Guardian", she launched "her assault on the indie scene by 'cornering the market on the lesbian ingenue'". Her film debut came in the role of a gay University of Melbourne film student in the romantic comedy "Love and Other Catastrophes" (1996), which grossed US$1.6 million at the Australian box office. It was her next project, Lisa Cholodenko's Independent Spirit Award winning independent drama "High Art" (1998), alongside Ally Sheedy, that gave Mitchell her first impression on American audiences. She was acclaimed for her performance of a young female intern at a magazine company who becomes involved with a drug-addicted lesbian photographer. Roger Ebert wrote that ""High Art" is so perceptive and mature it makes similar films seem flippant. The performances are on just the right note, scene after scene, for what needs to be done ...". IndieWire listed it as #7 of "The 15 Greatest Lesbian Movies of All Time", while Autostraddle listed it as #31 of "100 Best Lesbian Movies Of All Time" in 2015. She played one half of a house sitting couple in the psychological drama "Cleopatra's Second Husband" (also 1998).


title: Radha Mitchell

text: In 1999, Mitchell starred as the former girlfriend of a lesbian make-up artist in the short drama "Sleeping Beauties" and as the pampered, bratty girlfriend of a champion rugby player in the drama "Kick". While "Sleeping Beauties" premiered at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival and went on to play at over thirty film festivals, "Kick" had a brief cinema screening in Europe before it was released on DVD.


title: Radha Mitchell

text: Mitchell was cast as Carolyn Fry, a docking pilot, in the science fiction horror film "Pitch Black" (2000), opposite Vin Diesel. She found the experience of acting in a studio film "physically challenging", but was eager to take on the role, explaining: "Well, it's an interesting script, great character, shot in Australia, get to go home, you know, a whole range of reasons. And because I guess it's not something I would often have the opportunity to do; it's a genre piece and I felt it was an opportunity to learn". Despite mixed reviews from critics, the film was a sleeper hit, grossing over US$53 million worldwide and developing its own cult following. In 2000, she also starred as an expecting mother in the psychological drama "Everything Put Together", which was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival, and as the love interest of a lawyer in the romantic comedy "Cowboys and Angels".


title: Radha Mitchell

text: In 2001, Mitchell played a woman giving monologues to camera in the drama "Ten Tiny Love Stories", a diner waitress in the comedy "Nobody's Baby" and the owner of a remote roadside diner in the thriller "When Strangers Appear". Her next film release was the crime drama "Dead Heat" (2002), in which she played the wife of a police officer. Joel Schumacher's thriller "Phone Booth" (2003), opposite Colin Farrell, featured her as the wife of a young arrogant publicist who becomes a victim of a mysterious caller who threatens to harm him. It was a critical and commercial success, grossing US$97.8 million worldwide. She starred as the first woman to sail around the world solo in the horror film "Visitors" (also 2003).


title: Radha Mitchell

text: Her three 2004 film releases —"Man on Fire" (2004), with Denzel Washington, the Academy Award–winning "Finding Neverland", with Johnny Depp and Kate Winslet, and Woody Allen's "Melinda and Melinda"— were well received by critics and successful at the box office. In "Man on Fire", she played the mother of a nine-year-old abducted in Mexico City and what "Houston Chronicle" described as an "American trophy wife with a Southern accent that seems to come and go". "Finding Neverland" featured her as Mary Ansell, the wife of novelist J.M. Barrie, and earned her, as a member of the cast, a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture. "Melinda and Melinda" starred her as the title role of a woman attempting to straighten out her life. "Man on Fire" made US$130.2 million, "Finding Neverland" $116.8 million, and "Melinda and Melinda" US$20 million in limited markets.


title: Radha Mitchell

text: In "Mozart and the Whale" (2005), a romantic dramedy with Josh Hartnett, Mitchell played a woman suffering from Asperger syndrome. In its review for the film, "Variety" noted: "Mitchell socks over her role as a dynamo whose emotional insecurity is buried under a fabulously attractive exterior; by virtue of her character’s assertiveness, she dominates the screen".


title: Radha Mitchell

text: In "Silent Hill" (2006), the adaptation of Konami's 1999 video game of the same name, Mitchell portrayed Rose Da Silva, the desperate mother who seeks a cure for her daughter Sharon's nightmarish sleepwalking by taking her to the town of Silent Hill. James Berardinelli noted: "Radha Mitchell normally does smaller movies, but her experience from "Pitch Black" serves her well here; she's credible as a mother who will fight off hoards of dead to save her daughter". Despite mixed reviews, the film opened with top numbers at the box office, with over US$20 million in sales. It eventually made US$97 million globally. In 2006, she also appeared as the adoring wife of a nuclear reprocessing facility worker in the HBO film "Pu-239".


title: Radha Mitchell

text: In 2007, Mitchell starred in Robert Benton's romantic dramedy "Feast of Love", opposite Greg Kinnear and Morgan Freeman, as a successful realtor carrying on an affair with a married man, and in the horror film "Rogue", with Michael Vartan, as a wildlife researcher fighting a giant, man-eating crocodile. Both "Feast of Love" and "Rogue" made about US$5 million worldwide. In 2008, she took on the roles of a mother to a mute seven-year old in the dramedy "Henry Poole Is Here" opposite Luke Wilson, and that of a courageous nurse assisting British journalist George Hogg in the historical war drama "The Children of Huang Shi" opposite Jonathan Rhys-Meyers. In 2009, she played a woman kidnapped by the Russian mafia in the heist action film "Thick as Thieves", which reunited her with Morgan Freeman, and also an FBI agent in the sci-fi thriller "Surrogates", a film adaptation of the comic book of the same name co-starring Bruce Willis.


title: Radha Mitchell

text: The horror film "The Crazies" (2010) featured Mitchell as a pregnant woman and one of the residents of a fictional Iowa town that becomes afflicted by a military virus that turns those infected into violent killers. The film garnered positive reviews and, with a worldwide gross of US$55 million, it emerged as a moderate commercial success. In 2010, she also starred as a successful, self-starting lawyer and one half of a couple trying to adopt a child in Claire McCarthy's drama "The Waiting City", which was acclaimed by critics. "The Sydney Morning Herald" asserted: "Featuring standout performances from Mitchell and Edgerton, this is an example of what Australian films can and should be, thought provoking, entertaining and stunning to behold". For her role, Mitchell won as Best Actress at the Antipodes Film Festival in Saint Tropez, France.


title: Radha Mitchell

text: Mitchell reprised her role of Rose Da Silva in "Silent Hill: Revelation" (2012), which was a moderate box office success, grossing over US$56 million worldwide, but was heavily panned by critics and audiences, Her next seven screen projects —the films "Big Sur", "Olympus Has Fallen", "Evidence", "The Frozen Ground", "Standing Up", "Expecting" and the ABC drama series "Red Widow"— were released throughout 2013. "Olympus Has Fallen", in which she portrayed a nurse and the wife of a Secret Service agent, proved to be her most successful film of the year, grossing US$170.3 million globally, and spawning a film trilogy. In "Fugly!" (2014), a comedy written by and starring John Leguizamo, Mitchell played a neurotic uptown girl and the love interest of an unattractive man rejected by women because of his donkey-faced appearance.


title: Radha Mitchell

text: In "Looking for Grace" (2015), a drama screened in the main competition section of the 72nd Venice International Film Festival, Mitchell starred as a mother hiring a private detective in an attempt to find her missing daughter. Her comic portrayal was hailed as "amusingly tetchy" by "Variety" and "well-tuned" by "Time Out Sydney".


title: Radha Mitchell

text: In 2016, Mitchell returned to the "Fallen" trilogy in "London Has Fallen", which made US$205.9 million, and took on the roles of the matriarch of a family who brings home a supernatural force from the Grand Canyon in the horror film "The Darkness", an obstetrician living in the remote Shetland Islands in the thriller "Sacrifice", as well as that of one half of a couple in the short film "Whoever Was Using This Bed". The Christian drama "The Shack" (2017), which featured Mitchell as a devoutly religious wife, opened with US$16.1 million in North America, finishing above expectations. It eventually earned US$96.9 million worldwide.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: Ghost in the Shell is a Japanese cyberpunk media franchise based on the seinen manga series of the same name written and illustrated by Masamune Shirow. The manga, first serialized in 1989 under the subtitle of "The Ghost in the Shell", and later published as its own tankōbon volumes by Kodansha, told the story of the fictional counter-cyberterrorist organization Public Security Section 9, led by protagonist Major Motoko Kusanagi, and is set in mid-21st century Japan.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: Animation studio Production I.G has produced several anime adaptations of the series. These include the 1995 film of the same name and its sequel, ""; the 2002 television series, "", and its 2020 follow-up, ""; and the "" original video animation (OVA) series. In addition, an American-produced live-action film was released on March 31, 2017.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: The original editor Koichi Yuri says: At first, "Ghost in the Shell" came from Shirow, but when Yuri asked "something more flashy", Shirow came up with "攻殻機動隊 "Koukaku Kidou Tai (Shell Squad)"" for Yuri. But Shirow was attached to including "Ghost in the Shell" as well even if in smaller type.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: Primarily set in the mid-twenty-first century in the fictional Japanese city of , otherwise known as , the manga and the many anime adaptations follow the members of Public Security Section 9, a task-force consisting of various professionals skilled at solving and preventing crime, mostly with some sort of police background. Political intrigue and counter-terrorism operations are standard fare for Section 9, but the various actions of corrupt officials, companies, and cyber-criminals in each scenario are unique and require the diverse skills of Section 9's staff to prevent a series of incidents from escalating.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: In this post-cyberpunk iteration of a possible future, computer technology has advanced to the point that many members of the public possess cyberbrains, technology that allows them to interface their biological brain with various networks. The level of cyberization varies from simple minimal interfaces to almost complete replacement of the brain with cybernetic parts, in cases of severe trauma. This can also be combined with various levels of prostheses, with a fully prosthetic body enabling a person to become a cyborg. The main character of "Ghost in the Shell", Major Motoko Kusanagi, is such a cyborg, having had a terrible accident befall her as a child that ultimately required her to use a full-body prosthesis to house her cyberbrain. This high level of cyberization, however, opens the brain up to attacks from highly skilled hackers, with the most dangerous being those who will hack a person to bend to their whims.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: The original "Ghost in the Shell" manga ran in Japan from April 1989 to November 1990 in Kodansha's manga anthology "Young Magazine", and was released in a "tankōbon" volume on October 5, 1991. "Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface" followed in 1997 for 9 issues in "Young Magazine", and was collected in the "Ghost in the Shell: Solid Box" on December 1, 2000. Four stories from "Man-Machine Interface" that were not released in tankobon format from previous releases were later collected in "Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor", and published by Kodansha on July 23, 2003. Several art books have also been published for the manga.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: Two animated films based on the original manga have been released, both directed by Mamoru Oshii and animated by Production I.G. "Ghost in the Shell" was released in 1995 and follows the "Puppet Master" storyline from the manga. It was re-released in 2008 as "Ghost in the Shell 2.0" with new audio and updated 3D computer graphics in certain scenes. "Innocence", otherwise known as "", was released in 2004, with its story based on a chapter from the first manga.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: On September 5, 2014, it was revealed by Production I.G. that a new "Ghost in the Shell" animated film, in Japanese, would be released in 2015 promising to show the "further evolution [of the series]". On January 8, 2015, a short teaser trailer was revealed for the project unveiling a redesigned Major more closely resembling her appearance from the older films, and a plot following the Arise continuity of the franchise. The trailer listed Kazuya Nomura as the director, Kazuchika Kise as the general director and character designer, Toru Okubo as the animation director, Tow Ubukata as the screenplay writer and Cornelius as the composer. The film premiered on June 20, 2015, in Japanese theaters.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: In 2008, DreamWorks and producer Steven Spielberg acquired the rights to a live-action film adaptation of the original "Ghost in the Shell" manga. On January 24, 2014, Rupert Sanders was announced as director, with a screenplay by William Wheeler. In April 2016, the full cast was announced, which included Juliette Binoche, Chin Han, Lasarus Ratuere and Kaori Momoi, and Scarlett Johansson in the lead role; the casting of Johansson drew accusations of whitewashing. Principal photography on the film began on location in Wellington, New Zealand, on February 1, 2016. Filming wrapped in June 2016. "Ghost in the Shell" premiered in Tokyo on March 16, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 31, 2017, in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D. It received mixed reviews, with praise for its visuals and Johansson's performance but criticism for its script and grossing a substantive box office.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: In 2002, "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex" premiered on Animax, presenting a new telling of "Ghost in the Shell" independent from the original manga, focusing on Section 9's investigation of the Laughing Man hacker. It was followed in 2004 by a second season titled "Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG", which focused on the Individual Eleven terrorist group. The primary storylines of both seasons were compressed into OVAs broadcast as "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex The Laughing Man" in 2005 and "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Individual Eleven" in 2006. Also in 2006, "", featuring Section 9's confrontation with a hacker known as the Puppeteer, was broadcast, serving as a finale to the anime series. for the series and its films was composed by Yoko Kanno.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: Kodansha and Production I.G announced on April 7, 2017 that Kenji Kamiyama and Shinji Aramaki would be co-directing a new "Kōkaku Kidōtai" anime production. On December 7, 2018, it was reported by Netflix that they had acquired the worldwide streaming rights to the original net animation (ONA) anime series, titled "", and that it would premiere on April 23, 2020. The series will be in 3DCG and Sola Digital Arts will be collaborating with Production I.G on the project. It was later revealed that Ilya Kuvshinov will handle character designs. It was stated that the new series will have two seasons of 12 episodes each. For the first season, the opening theme song music was “Fly with me” as performed by Daiki Tsuneta, while the ending was “Sustain++” as performed by Mili.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: In addition to the anime, a series of published books, two separate manga adaptations, and several video games for consoles and mobile phones have been released for "Stand Alone Complex".


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: In 2013, a new iteration of the series titled "" premiered, taking an original look at the "Ghost in the Shell" world, set before the original manga. It was released as a series of four original video animation (OVA) episodes (with limited theatrical releases) from 2013 to 2014, then recompiled as a 10-episode television series under the title of "Kōkaku Kidōtai: Arise - Alternative Architecture". An additional fifth OVA titled "Pyrophoric Cult", originally premiering in the "Alternative Architecture" broadcast as two original episodes, was released on August 26, 2015. Kazuchika Kise served as the chief director of the series, with Tow Ubukata as head writer. Cornelius was brought onto the project to compose the score for the series, with the Major's new voice actress Maaya Sakamoto also providing vocals for certain tracks.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: "Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie", also known as "Ghost in the Shell: Arise − The Movie" or "New Ghost in the Shell", is a 2015 film directed by Kazuya Nomura that serves as a finale to the "Ghost in the Shell: Arise" story arc. The film is a continuation to the plot of the "Pyrophoric Cult" episode of "Arise", and ties up loose ends from that arc.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: A manga adaptation was serialized in Kodansha's "Young Magazine", which started on March 13 and ended on August 26, 2013.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: "Ghost in the Shell" was developed by Exact and released for the PlayStation on July 17, 1997, in Japan by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is a third-person shooter featuring an original storyline where the character plays a rookie member of Section 9. The video game's soundtrack "Megatech Body" features various techno artists, such as Takkyu Ishino, Scan X or Mijk Van Dijk.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: Several video games were also developed to tie into the "Stand Alone Complex" television series, in addition to a first-person shooter by Nexon and Neople titled "", released in 2016.


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: "Ghost in the Shell" influenced some prominent filmmakers. The Wachowskis, creators of "The Matrix" and its sequels, showed it to producer Joel Silver, saying, "We wanna do that for real." "The Matrix" series took several concepts from the film, including the Matrix digital rain, which was inspired by the opening credits of "Ghost in the Shell", and the way characters access the Matrix through holes in the back of their necks. Other parallels have been drawn to James Cameron's "Avatar", Steven Spielberg's "A.I. Artificial Intelligence", and Jonathan Mostow's "Surrogates". James Cameron cited "Ghost in the Shell" as a source of inspiration, citing it as an influence on "Avatar".


title: Ghost in the Shell

text: Bungie's 2001 third-person action game "Oni" draws substantial inspiration from "Ghost in the Shell" setting and characters. "Ghost in the Shell" also influenced video games such as the "Metal Gear Solid" series, "Deus Ex", and "Cyberpunk 2077".


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies are a British pop rock band, formed in 1962. One of the leading British groups of the 1960s and into the mid 1970s, they are known for their distinctive three-part vocal harmony style. Allan Clarke and Graham Nash founded the band as a Merseybeat-type group in Manchester, although some of the band members came from towns further north in East Lancashire. Nash left the group in 1968 to form Crosby, Stills & Nash, though he has reunited with the Hollies on occasion.


title: The Hollies

text: They enjoyed considerable popularity in the UK and Europe during the mid-1960s with a string of hit singles that included "Just One Look" (1964), "Here I Go Again" (1964), "I'm Alive" (1965; their first of two UK number-ones), "Look Through Any Window" (1965) and "I Can't Let Go" (1966), although they did not achieve US chart success until "Bus Stop" was released in 1966. The group went on to have periodic success on both sides of the Atlantic over the next decade with hits such as "Stop Stop Stop" (1966), "On a Carousel" (1967), "Carrie Anne" (1967), "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (1969), "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress" (1972) and "The Air That I Breathe" (1974). "He Ain't Heavy" reached number-one on the UK Singles Chart following a 1988 re-release. Overall, the Hollies had over 30 charting singles on the UK Singles Chart and 22 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies are one of the few UK groups of the early 1960s, along with the Rolling Stones, who have never disbanded and continue to record and perform. In recognition of their achievements, the Hollies were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010.


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies originated as a duo formed by Allan Clarke and Graham Nash, who were best friends from primary school and began performing together during the skiffle craze of the late 1950s. Eventually Clarke and Nash became a vocal and guitar duo modelled on American duo the Everly Brothers under the names "Ricky and Dane Young." Under this name, they teamed up with a local band, the Fourtones, consisting of Pete Bocking on guitar, John 'Butch' Mepham on bass, Keith Bates on drums, and Derek Quinn on guitar. When Quinn quit to join Freddie and the Dreamers in 1962, Clarke and Nash also quit and joined another Manchester band, the Deltas, consisting of Vic Steele on lead guitar, Eric Haydock on bass guitar, and Don Rathbone on drums, which had just lost two members including Eric Stewart, who left to join a "professional" band, the Mindbenders. During these periods the group were managed and promoted by Michael Cohen, a music enthusiast and clothing retailer from Oldham.


title: The Hollies

text: The Deltas first called themselves The Hollies for a December 1962 gig at the Oasis Club in Manchester. It has been suggested that Eric Haydock named the group in relation to a Christmas holly garland, though in a 2009 interview Graham Nash said that the group decided just prior to a performance to call themselves The Hollies because of their admiration for Buddy Holly. In 2009, Nash wrote, "We called ourselves The Hollies, after Buddy and Christmas."


title: The Hollies

text: In January 1963, the Hollies performed at the Cavern Club in Liverpool, where they were seen by Parlophone assistant producer Ron Richards, who had been involved in producing the first Beatles session. Richards offered them an audition with Parlophone, but Steele did not want to be a "professional" musician and left the band in April 1963. For the audition, they brought in Tony Hicks to replace the departing Steele. Hicks played in a Nelson band called the Dolphins, which also featured Bobby Elliott on drums and Bernie Calvert on bass. Not only were the Hollies signed by Richards, who continued to produce the band until 1976 and once more in 1979, but a song from the audition, a cover of the Coasters' 1961 single "(Ain't That) Just Like Me", was released as their debut single in May 1963 and hit No. 25 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: The Hollies

text: Their second single, another cover of the Coasters, this time 1957's "Searchin'", hit No. 12. At this point, after recording only eight songs for Parlophone, Rathbone also decided to leave the band, and Hicks was able to arrange for his Dolphins bandmate Bobby Elliott to replace him as the Hollies' new drummer in August 1963. They then scored their first British Top 10 hit in early 1964 with a cover of Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs' "Stay", which reached No. 8 in the UK. It was lifted from the band's Parlophone debut album, "Stay with The Hollies", released on 1 January 1964, which went to No. 2 on the UK album chart.


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies became known for doing cover versions, and they followed up with "Just One Look" (February 1964, UK No. 2), a song that had already had top 10 success in the US for Soul star Doris Troy. The hits continued with "Here I Go Again" (May 1964, UK No. 4). At this point, there was some North American interest in the group, and versions of "Stay with The Hollies", with these two singles added, were issued in both Canada (by Capitol Records) and the US (by Imperial Records), with the title changed to "Here I Go Again". Like their Parlophone labelmates the Beatles, the Hollies' albums released in North America remained very different from their UK counterparts.


title: The Hollies

text: By this time, the Hollies were writing and performing a substantial amount of original material, written by the group's songwriting team of Clarke, Nash, and Hicks, and producer Richards finally permitted the group to release its first self-penned hit, "We're Through" (Sep. 1964, UK No. 7) (credited to a pseudonym, "L. Ransford", the name of Graham Nash's grandfather, as were all their early compositions). This was followed by two more cover versions, "Yes I Will" (Jan. 1965, UK No. 9) and finally the Clint Ballard, Jr.-penned "I'm Alive" (May 1965, the band's first UK No. 1, US No. 103, Canada No. 11). Their second album, "In The Hollies Style" (1964), did not chart in the Record Retailer top ten album chart, although it did feature in the New Musical Express album chart, making the top ten. None of the tracks from the album were released in the US, although a version of it was released in Canada, with the addition of the British singles.


title: The Hollies

text: Finally, the Hollies broke through in North America with an original song that they requested from Manchester's Graham Gouldman. "Look Through Any Window" (September 1965, UK No. 4) broke the Hollies into the US Top 40 (No. 32, Jan. 1966) and into the Canadian top 10 (No. 3, Jan. 1966), both for the first time. Their follow-up single, an original recording of George Harrison's new song "If I Needed Someone" (December 1965), was undercut when the Beatles decided to release their own version on the UK album "Rubber Soul"; it only reached No. 20 in the UK and was not released in North America. Their third album, simply called "Hollies", hit No. 8 in the UK in 1965 but, under the name "Hear! Here!", failed to chart in the US despite its inclusion of "Look Through Any Window" and "I'm Alive".


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies then returned to the UK Top 10 with "I Can't Let Go" (Feb. 1966, UK No. 2, US No. 42). Their fourth album, "Would You Believe?" which included the hit, made it to No. 16 in 1966. Released in the US as "Beat Group!", it also failed to crack the US top 100.


title: The Hollies

text: At this point, a dispute between the Hollies and their management broke out over what bass guitarist Eric Haydock contended were excessive fees being charged to the group by management. As a result, Haydock decided to take a leave of absence from the group. While he was gone, the group brought in the Beatles' good friend Klaus Voormann to play on a few gigs and recorded two singles with fill-ins on bass: the Burt Bacharach-Hal David song "After the Fox" (Sep. 1966), which featured Peter Sellers on vocals, Jack Bruce on electric bass and Burt Bacharach himself on keyboards, and was the theme song from the Sellers film of the same name (which failed to chart), and "Bus Stop" (UK No. 5, US No. 5, June 1966), another Gouldman song, which featured Bernie Calvert, a former bandmate of Hicks and Elliott in the Dolphins, on bass. Calvert also played a tour of Yugoslavia with the band in May 1966.


title: The Hollies

text: "Bus Stop" gave the Hollies their first US top ten single. As a result, a US/Canadian "Bus Stop" album, made of the single mixed with unreleased songs from earlier in the band's career, climbed to No. 75—the group's first album to enter the US Top 100. Although Haydock ultimately proved to be correct about the fee dispute, he was sacked in early July 1966 in favour of Calvert after "Bus Stop" became a huge hit.


title: The Hollies

text: At the time of Haydock's departure, Clarke, Nash and Hicks participated (along with session guitarist Jimmy Page, bass guitarist John Paul Jones and pianist Elton John) in the recording of the Everly Brothers' 1966 album "Two Yanks in England", which consisted largely of covers of "L. Ransford" compositions. After the Everly Brothers album, the Hollies stopped publishing original songs under a pseudonym, and from this point until Nash's last single with the Hollies in 1968, all of their single A-sides were original compositions, except the final Nash era single 'Listen To Me' (1968) which was written by Tony Hazzard.


title: The Hollies

text: In October 1966, the group's fifth album, "For Certain Because" (UK No. 23, 1966), became their first album consisting entirely of original compositions by Clarke, Nash and Hicks. Released in the US as "Stop! Stop! Stop!", it reached No. 91 there and spawned a US release-only single, "Pay You Back with Interest", which was a modest hit, peaking at No. 28. Another track, "Tell Me to My Face", was a moderate hit by Mercury artist Keith, and was also covered a decade later by Dan Fogelberg and Tim Weisberg on their "Twin Sons of Different Mothers" album.


title: The Hollies

text: Meanwhile, the Hollies continued to release a steady stream of international hit singles: "Stop Stop Stop" (Oct. 1966, UK No. 2, US No. 7) from "For Certain Because", known for its distinctive banjo arrangement; "On a Carousel" (Feb. 1967; UK No. 4, 1967, US No. 11, Australia No. 14); "Carrie Anne" (May 1967, UK No. 3, US No. 9, Australia No. 7).


title: The Hollies

text: In mid-February 1967, Bobby Elliott collapsed on stage due to an inflamed appendix. The Hollies were forced to continue their touring commitments without him, using Tony Mansfield, Dougie Wright and Tony Newman as stand-ins for further live dates, and Wright, Mitch Mitchell and Clem Cattini when they began recording for their next album, "Evolution", which was released on 1 June 1967, the same day as the Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". It was also their first album for their new US label Epic, and reached No. 13 in the UK and No. 43 in the US. The US version included the single "Carrie Anne". In addition, The Searchers and Paul & Barry Ryan each had a minor UK chart hit covering the "Evolution" song "Have You Ever Loved Somebody" in 1967.


title: The Hollies

text: Also in 1967, the Hollies participated in the Festival di San Remo with the song "Non prego per me", written by Italian songwriter Lucio Battisti and Italian lyricist Mogol.


title: The Hollies

text: Nash's attempt to expand the band's range with a more ambitious composition, "King Midas in Reverse", only reached No. 18 in the UK charts. The Hollies then released the ambitious, psychedelic album "Butterfly", retitled for the US market as "King Midas in Reverse/Dear Eloise", but it failed to chart. In response, Clarke and Nash wrote a more conventional pop song, "Jennifer Eccles" (named after their wives) (Mar. 1968, UK No. 7, US No. 40, Australia No. 13), which was a hit. The Hollies donated a Clarke-Nash song, "Wings", to "No One's Gonna Change Our World", a charity album in aid of the World Wildlife Fund, in 1969.


title: The Hollies

text: In addition to his Hollies work, Graham Nash co-wrote John Walker's first solo hit "Annabella" in 1967, and the following year sang on the Scaffold's UK chart-topper, "Lily the Pink" (which referenced "Jennifer Eccles"). The failure of "King Midas in Reverse" had increased tension within the band, with Clarke and Hicks wanting to record more "pop" material than Nash did. Matters reached a head when the band rejected Nash's "Marrakesh Express" and then decided to record an album made up entirely of Bob Dylan covers. Nash did take part in one Dylan cover, "Blowin' in the Wind", but made no secret of his disdain for the idea and repeatedly clashed with producer Ron Richards.


title: The Hollies

text: In August 1968, the Hollies recorded "Listen to Me" (written by Tony Hazzard) (Sept. 1968, UK No. 11), which featured Nicky Hopkins on piano. That proved to be Nash's last recording session with the Hollies; he officially left the group to move to Los Angeles, where he tentatively planned to become primarily a songwriter, after a performance in a charity concert at the London Palladium on 8 December 1968. Nash told "Disc" magazine, "I can't take touring any more. I just want to sit at home and write songs. I don't really care what the rest of the group think." After relocating to Los Angeles, he joined with former Buffalo Springfield guitarist Stephen Stills and ex-Byrds singer and guitarist David Crosby to form one of the first supergroups, Crosby, Stills & Nash, which released "Marrakesh Express" as its debut single.


title: The Hollies

text: The B-side of "Listen to Me" was "Do the Best You Can", the last original recording of a Clarke-Hicks-Nash song to appear on a Hollies record (although "Survival of the Fittest", written by Clarke-Hicks-Nash, was re-cut with Terry Sylvester and issued as a US single in 1970).


title: The Hollies

text: Graham Nash was replaced in the Hollies in January 1969 by Terry Sylvester, formerly of the Escorts and the Swinging Blue Jeans. Sylvester also substituted for Nash as part of the group's songwriting team, with Clarke and Hicks. As planned before Nash's departure, the group's next album was "Hollies Sing Dylan", which reached No. 3 on the UK chart, while the US version, "Words and Music by Bob Dylan", was ignored.


title: The Hollies

text: Nash's departure saw the Hollies again turn to outside writers for their single A-sides, but the group's British chart fortunes rallied during 1969 and 1970, and they scored four consecutive UK Top 20 hits (including two consecutive Top 5 placings) in this period, beginning with the Geoff Stephens/Tony Macaulay song, "Sorry Suzanne" (Feb. 1969), which reached No. 3 in the UK. The follow-up was the emotional ballad "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell, which featured the piano playing of Elton John; it reached No. 3 in the UK in October 1969, and No. 7 in the US in March 1970. The next album "Hollies Sing Hollies" did not chart in the UK, but did well in the USA—where it reached No. 32 after being retitled "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" and including that song—and in Canada.


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies' next single, "I Can't Tell the Bottom from the Top", again featured the young Elton John on piano and reached UK No. 7 in May 1970, charting in twelve countries. The UK hits continued with "Gasoline Alley Bred" (written by Cook/Greenaway/Macaulay) (Oct. 1970, UK No. 14, Australia No. 20), while the Tony Hicks song "Too Young to Be Married" – merely an album track in the UK and the US – became a No. 1 single in Australia, New Zealand and Malaysia, also reaching No. 9 in Singapore. Allan Clarke's hard-edged rocker "Hey Willy" made No. 22 in the UK in 1971 and charted in eight other countries.


title: The Hollies

text: Like Graham Nash before him, frontman Allan Clarke by 1971 was growing frustrated, and he too began clashing with producer Ron Richards over material; after seeing Nash's success since departing, he was eager to leave the group and cut a solo album. After the 1971 album "Distant Light", which concluded the band's EMI/Parlophone contract in the UK (and reached No. 21 on the American "Billboard" chart), Clarke departed from the Hollies in December, a move which surprised both the band's fans and the public in general.


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies signed with Polydor for the UK/Europe in 1972, although their US contract with Epic still had three more albums to run. Swedish singer Mikael Rickfors, formerly of the group Bamboo (who had supported the Hollies in Sweden in 1967), was quickly recruited by the rest of the band and sang lead on the group's first Polydor single "The Baby" (UK No. 26, March 1972). When Mikael first auditioned for them, he tried to sing in Allan Clarke's higher vocal range, and the results were terrible. The rest of the group decided it might be better to record songs with him starting from scratch. Terry Sylvester and Tony Hicks blended with Rickfors' baritone voice instead of him trying to imitate Clarke's tenor voice. There were rumours that Rickfors couldn't speak a word of English and had to learn the words of "The Baby" phonetically. The rumour about him not knowing English was false, though he did struggle to understand English words that he had not put together.


title: The Hollies

text: Meanwhile, in a counter-programming move, Parlophone lifted a Clarke-composed track from the previously-unsuccessful album "Distant Light" that also featured Clarke on lead vocals and lead guitar, the Creedence Clearwater Revival-inspired "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress". Parlophone released this as a rival single to "The Baby" in February 1972, although it was only moderately successful in the UK (No. 32). In the US, Epic, which owned the rights to "Distant Light" but had not released it, finally released the album in April 1972 and the single in May 1972. Surprisingly, the song became a smash hit outside of Europe, peaking at No. 2 in the US (the Hollies' highest-charting single in the US) and Australia.


title: The Hollies

text: "Long Dark Road" is another track from "Distant Light", with lead vocals by Hicks and the end of the song sung by Rickfors. Both Rickfors and Hicks also swapped their main instruments for the song, with Hicks playing bass and Rickfors lead guitar. Their distinctive three-part harmonies, and a harmonica throughout, was then also released as a US single, reaching No. 26. As a result, Epic pressured Clarke and the Hollies to reform, despite the fact that they had split over a year previously, placing Rickfors in an awkward position.


title: The Hollies

text: Meanwhile, the Rickfors-led Hollies released their first album "Romany" (which reached No. 84 in the US) in October 1972. A second Rickfors-sung single, "Magic Woman Touch" (1972), failed to chart in the UK, becoming the band's first official single to miss the UK charts since 1963, although it did chart in seven other countries, reaching the Top Ten in the Netherlands, New Zealand and Hong Kong. A second Rickfors/Hollies album, "Out on the Road" (1973), was recorded and issued in Germany. With the US success of "Distant Light" and its singles, Clarke decided to rejoin the band in the summer of 1973, and Rickfors left. Accordingly, there was no UK or US release of "Out on the Road", giving this "lost" Hollies album legendary status among the band's fans—and high prices on the original German release.


title: The Hollies

text: After Clarke's return, the Hollies returned to the UK Top 30 with another swamp rock-style song penned by Clarke, "The Day That Curly Billy Shot Down Crazy Sam McGee" (UK No. 24, 1973). In 1974 they scored what was to be their last major new US and UK hit single with the Albert Hammond/Mike Hazlewood-composed love song "The Air That I Breathe" (previously recorded by Hammond and by Phil Everly on his 1973 solo album, "Star Spangled Springer"), which reached No. 2 in the UK and Australia and made the Top 10 in the US. The single "Another Night", produced by Alan Parsons, which was released after the aforementioned single, appeared on "Billboard"'s Rock Singles Best Sellers chart at no. 32 on 28 July 1975 and peaked at no. 71 on the publication's Hot 100.


title: The Hollies

text: After the US failure of the Hollies' single "4th of July, Asbury Park", written by Bruce Springsteen, Epic gave up on the Hollies in the US, combining their two 1976 albums into their last US release of the decade, "Clarke, Hicks, Sylvester, Calvert, Elliott" (again including the Springsteen song to give it one last chance at success).


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies continued to have singles chart hits during the rest of the seventies, although mostly in Europe as well as in New Zealand where they performed and recorded in 1975/76. In 1976, for example, the group released three singles in three different styles, none of which charted in the UK or the US. "Star", an uptempo harmony number reminiscent of their sixties hits, charted only in New Zealand and Australia, the hard rock number "Daddy Don't Mind" charted only in the Netherlands and Germany, and "Wiggle That Wotsit", an excursion into disco territory, charted only in the Netherlands, Sweden, and New Zealand. Especially popular outside the US, always very professional in their continuous concert engagements, the Hollies had album chart successes with compilation albums in 1977 and 1978, which kept them going through the late 1970s.


title: The Hollies

text: In 1980, the Hollies returned to the UK charts with the single "Soldier's Song", written and produced by Mike Batt, which was a minor hit in 1980 reaching No. 58 in the UK. They also released an album of Buddy Holly covers named "Buddy Holly" which didn't chart in the UK or the US, but did chart in the Netherlands among other places.


title: The Hollies

text: In May 1981, Calvert and Sylvester left the group after musical disagreements with Bruce Welch, who was producing them at that time (nothing from the Welch sessions was ever released during this time). Sylvester also disagreed strongly with the band's sacking of their long-time manager Robin Britten. Alan Coates joined the band on rhythm guitar and high harmony vocals shortly afterwards.


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies went back in the studio on 6 June 1981 with singer/writer/guitarist John Miles and session bassist Alan Jones to record "Carrie" and "Driver". But neither one of these songs was released at this time ("Carrie" appeared as the b-side of the re-released "He Ain't Heavy" in 1988).


title: The Hollies

text: In August 1981, the remaining Hollies released "Holliedaze" on EMI, a medley edited together by Tony Hicks from their hit records, which returned them to the UK Top 30. At the request of the BBC, Nash and Haydock briefly rejoined in September 1981 to promote the record on "Top of the Pops". The Hollies issued their last Polydor single "Take My Love and Run" (written by keyboard player Brian Chatton, who also appeared with the Hollies while they promoted the single on TV) in November 1981 but this failed to chart.


title: The Hollies

text: Graham Nash joined them for the recording of an Alan Tarney song, "Somethin' Ain't Right", on 10 September 1982, which led to a proper reunion album, "What Goes Around...", issued on WEA Records. Nash continued appearing with the Hollies through early 1984, culminating in the Hollies' last hit in the USA Top 40 with a remake of the Supremes' "Stop in the Name of Love", which reached No. 29 in 1983. "Stop in the Name of Love" was taken from "What Goes Around...", which was released in July 1983 and charted in the US on the "Billboard" top 200 albums at No. 90. A live album featuring the Clarke-Hicks-Elliott-Nash re-grouping, "Reunion", was recorded at Kings Island Amusement Park in Ohio, during a US tour that followed that same year, finally being issued first in 1997 as "Archive Alive", then retitled "Reunion" (with two extra tracks) in 2004.


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies continued to tour and perform through the 1980s, by this time reaching classic rock status and drawing crowds around the world to see them. In the mid 80s, the band began to lower the keys of their songs when Clarke began to lose range.


title: The Hollies

text: After its use in a TV beer commercial (for Miller Lite lager) in the summer of 1988, "He Ain't Heavy" was reissued in the UK and reached No. 1, thus establishing a new record for the length of time between chart-topping singles for one artist of 23 years (the Hollies' only previous UK No. 1 having been 1965's "I'm Alive"). By this time, bassist Ray Stiles, formerly a member of 1970s chart-topping glam rock group Mud, had joined the permanent line-up.


title: The Hollies

text: 1988 also saw the release of compilation album "All the Hits & More: The Definitive Collection" which charted in the UK.


title: The Hollies

text: In 1993, the Hollies had their 30th anniversary as a band. A compilation album, "The Air That I Breathe: The Very Best of The Hollies", charted at No. 15 in the UK. This album included a new single, "The Woman I Love", which charted at No. 42 in the UK. Graham Nash again reunited with the Hollies to record a new version of "Peggy Sue Got Married" that featured prerecorded lead vocals by Buddy Holly, taken from an 'alternate' version of the song given to Nash by Holly's widow, María Elena Holly. This "Buddy Holly & The Hollies" recording opened the "Not Fade Away" tribute album to Holly by various artists. The Hollies also continued to tour and make TV appearances.


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies were awarded an Ivor Novello Award in 1995 for Outstanding Contribution to British Music.


title: The Hollies

text: Allan Clarke retired in February 2000. He was replaced by Carl Wayne, former lead singer of the Move. A New Zealand "Hollies Greatest Hits" compilation made No. 1 in that country in 2001, dislodging the Beatles' "1" collection from the top spot. While re-establishing the band as a touring attraction over 2000 to mid-2004, Carl Wayne only recorded one song with them, "How Do I Survive?" the last (and only new) track on the 2003 "Greatest Hits" (which reached No. 21 in the UK Album chart). After Wayne's death from cancer in August 2004, he was replaced by Peter Howarth. Shortly after, Alan Coates left the band and was replaced by Steve Lauri.


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies charted at No. 21 in the UK in 2003 with the compilation album "Greatest Hits" from EMI in CD format. (EMI has released most of the Hollies' EMI music on CD over the past 25 years.)


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies were inducted into the 'Vocal Group Hall of Fame' in the US in 2006. Also in 2006, the Hollies' first new studio album since 1983, "Staying Power", was released by EMI featuring Peter Howarth on lead vocals.


title: The Hollies

text: The group released a studio album, "Then, Now, Always", in late March 2009, again featuring Peter Howarth on lead vocals. The album was later given an official release by EMI in 2010 with the addition of an extra original song, "She'd Kill for Me".


title: The Hollies

text: In recognition of their achievements, the Hollies were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010. In the same year, a compilation album, "Midas Touch: The Very Best of The Hollies", charted in the UK at No. 23.


title: The Hollies

text: In 2012, the Hollies released "Hollies Live Hits! We Got The Tunes!", a live Double CD featuring the Hollies' live performances recorded during the band's 2012 UK Tour.


title: The Hollies

text: In 2013, the Hollies 50th year was packed with a worldwide 50th Anniversary Concert Tour performing over 60 concerts.


title: The Hollies

text: In 2014, EMI released a 3CD compilation; "50 At Fifty" which concluded with one new song; "Skylarks" written by Bobby Elliott, Peter Howarth and Steve Vickers.


title: The Hollies

text: During 2021, two new books were published, each detailing the career of the band. The first was Bobby Elliott's autobiography "It Ain't Heavy, It's My Story", which told the story through Bobby's own perspective. The second one was by UK author Malcolm C. Searles, entitled "Riding the Carousel", which covered the entire career of the group across its 600 pages.


title: The Hollies

text: The Hollies were one of the last of the major British Invasion groups to have significant chart success in the United States. Their first single was not issued in the US and, although they had a minor US hit in 1964 with "Just One Look", it was not until "Look Through Any Window" that the band reached the US Top 40. Many of their early singles that had been major hits in the UK, including "Here I Go Again", "I'm Alive", "Yes I Will" and "We're Through", failed to even reach the Top 100 in the US.


title: The Hollies

text: From 1966 until after they signed to Epic in 1967, the band had their most concentrated success in the US, including four Top 15 songs ("Bus Stop", "Stop Stop Stop", "On a Carousel", and "Carrie Anne"). The move to Epic followed by Graham Nash's departure ended this streak. But they had a few more huge hits: "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (No. 7, 1969), "Long Cool Woman" (No. 2, 1972), and "The Air That I Breathe" (No. 6, 1974). They did have additional US chart hits with the non-UK singles "Pay You Back with Interest" (No. 28 in 1966), "Dear Eloise" (No. 50 in 1967), "Long Dark Road" (No. 26 in 1972), and the "reunion" single "Stop! In the Name of Love" (No. 29 in 1983).


title: The Hollies

text: In 2010, the Hollies were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The band members inducted were Allan Clarke, Graham Nash, Tony Hicks, Eric Haydock, Bobby Elliott, Bernie Calvert, and Terry Sylvester.


title: Gary Moore

text: Robert William Gary Moore (4 April 19526 February 2011) was a Northern Irish musician. Over the course of his career he played in various groups and performed a range of music including blues, blues rock, hard rock, heavy metal, and jazz fusion.


title: Gary Moore

text: Influenced by Peter Green and Eric Clapton, Moore began his career in the late 1960s when he joined Skid Row, with whom he released two albums. After Moore left the group he joined Thin Lizzy, featuring his former Skid Row bandmate and frequent collaborator Phil Lynott. Moore began his solo career in the 1970s and achieved major success with 1978's "Parisienne Walkways", which is considered his signature song. During the 1980s, Moore transitioned into playing hard rock and heavy metal with varying degrees of international success. In 1990, he returned to his roots with "Still Got the Blues", which became the most successful album of his career. Moore continued to release new music throughout his later career, collaborating with other artists from time to time. Moore died on 6 February 2011 from a heart attack while on holiday in Spain.


title: Gary Moore

text: Moore was often described as a virtuoso and has been cited as an influence by many other guitar players. He was voted as one of the greatest guitarists of all time on respective lists by "Total Guitar" and "Louder". Irish singer-songwriter Bob Geldof said that "without question, [Moore] was one of the great Irish bluesmen". For most of his career, Moore was heavily associated with Peter Green's famed 1959 Gibson Les Paul guitar. Later he was honoured by Gibson and Fender with several signature model guitars.


title: Gary Moore

text: Robert William Gary Moore was born in Belfast on 4 April 1952, the son of Winnie, a housewife, and Robert Moore, a promoter who ran the Queen's Hall ballroom in Holywood. He grew up near Belfast's Stormont Estate with four siblings. He credited his father for getting him started in music. When Moore was six years old, his father invited him onstage to sing "Sugartime" with a showband at an event he had organised, which first sparked his interest in music. His father bought him his first guitar, a second-hand Framus acoustic, when Moore was 10 years old. Though left-handed, he learned to play the instrument right-handed. Not long after, he formed his first band, The Beat Boys, who mainly performed Beatles songs. He later joined Platform Three and The Method, amongst others. Around this time, he befriended guitarist Rory Gallagher, who often performed at the same venues as him. He left Belfast for Dublin in 1968 just as The Troubles were starting in Northern Ireland. A year later, his parents separated.


title: Gary Moore

text: After moving to Dublin, Moore joined Irish blues rock band Skid Row. At the time, the group were fronted by vocalist Phil Lynott. He and Moore soon became friends, and they shared a bedsit in Ballsbridge. However, after a medical leave of absence, Lynott was asked to leave Skid Row by the band's bassist Brush Shiels, who had taken over lead vocal duties. In 1970, Skid Row signed a recording contract with CBS, and released their debut album "Skid", which reached number 30 on the UK Albums Chart. After the album "34 Hours" in 1971, and tours supporting The Allman Brothers Band and Mountain amongst others, Moore decided to leave the band. Moore had become frustrated by Skid Row's "limitations", opting to start a solo career. In retrospect, Moore stated: "Skid Row was a laugh but I don't have really fond memories of it, because at the time I was very mixed up about what I was doing." Sebastian Bach, former frontman of the American heavy metal band Skid Row, claimed that Moore sold them the rights to the name in 1987 for a reported $35,000. Brush Shiels contested the story in 2012, claiming he still owns the rights. Rachel Bolan of the American Skid Row also refuted the story in 2019, stating: "There was never any money exchange. Snake and I went and trademarked the name, and there was no problem."


title: Gary Moore

text: After leaving Skid Row, Phil Lynott formed the hard rock group Thin Lizzy. After the departure of guitarist Eric Bell, Moore was recruited to help finish the band's ongoing tour in early 1974. During his time with the group, Moore recorded three songs with them, including "Still in Love with You", which he co-wrote. The song was later included on Thin Lizzy's fourth album "Nightlife". Moore then left Thin Lizzy in April 1974. While he enjoyed his time in the band, Moore felt it wasn't good for him, stating: "After a few months I was doing myself in, drinking and high on the whole thing."


title: Gary Moore

text: In 1977, Moore rejoined Thin Lizzy for a tour of the United States after guitarist Brian Robertson injured his hand in a bar fight. After finishing the tour, Lynott asked Moore to join the band on a permanent basis, but he declined. Brian Robertson eventually returned to the group, before leaving for good in 1978. Moore took his place once again, this time for long enough to record the album "", which was released in 1979. The record was a success, being certified gold in the UK. However, Moore abruptly left Thin Lizzy that July in the middle of another tour. He had become fed up with the band's increasing drug use and the effects it was having on their performance. Moore subsequently said he had no regrets about leaving the band, "but maybe it was wrong the way I did it. I could've done it differently, I suppose. But I just had to leave." Thin Lizzy would eventually disband in 1983 with Moore making guest appearances on the band's farewell tour. Some of the performances were released on the live album "Life".


title: Gary Moore

text: Following Lynott's death in January 1986, Moore performed with members of Thin Lizzy at the Self Aid concert the following May. He joined the stage with former Thin Lizzy members again in August 2005, when a bronze statue of Lynott was unveiled in Dublin. A recording of the concert was released as "".


title: Gary Moore

text: In 1973, Moore released the album "Grinding Stone", which was credited to The Gary Moore Band. An eclectic mix of blues, rock and jazz, the album proved to be a commercial flop with Moore still unsure of his musical direction. While still a member of Thin Lizzy, Moore released his first proper solo album "Back on the Streets" in 1978. It spawned the hit single "Parisienne Walkways", which also featured Phil Lynott on lead vocals and bass. The song reached number eight on the UK Singles Chart and is considered Moore's signature song. After leaving Thin Lizzy in 1979, Moore relocated to Los Angeles where he signed a new recording contract with Jet Records. He recorded the album "Dirty Fingers", which was shelved in favour of the more "radio-oriented" "G-Force" album, which came out in 1980. "Dirty Fingers" was eventually released in Japan in 1983, followed by an international release the next year.


title: Gary Moore

text: After moving to London and signing a new recording contract with Virgin, Moore released his second solo album "Corridors of Power" in 1982. While not a major success, it was the first album to feature Moore on lead vocals throughout, as well as his first solo release to crack the "Billboard" 200 chart. Musically "Corridors of Power" featured "more of a rock feel", with additional influences from AOR bands, such as Journey and REO Speedwagon. The album also featured former Deep Purple drummer Ian Paice, Whitesnake bassist Neil Murray, and keyboardist Tommy Eyre, who had previously played with Moore in Greg Lake's backing band. During the supporting tour for "Corridors of Power", singer John Sloman was also hired to share lead vocal duties with Moore, while Eyre was replaced by Don Airey. In 1983, Moore released the album "Victims of the Future", which marked another musical change, this time towards hard rock and heavy metal. The album also saw the addition of keyboardist Neil Carter, who would continue to push Moore in this new musical direction. For the supporting tour, they were joined by former Rainbow bassist Craig Gruber and drummer Bobby Chouinard, who were later replaced by Ozzy Osbourne bassist Bob Daisley and former Roxy Music drummer Paul Thompson, respectively.


title: Gary Moore

text: In 1985, Moore released his fifth solo album "Run for Cover", which featured guest vocals by Phil Lynott and Glenn Hughes. Moore and Lynott performed the hit single "Out in the Fields", which reached the top five in both Ireland and the UK. On the back of its success, "Run for Cover" achieved gold certification in Sweden, as well as silver in the UK. For the album's supporting tour, Paul Thompson was replaced by drummer Gary Ferguson. Glenn Hughes was supposed to join the band on bass, but due to his substance abuse problems, he was replaced by Bob Daisley. Following Phil Lynott's death, Moore dedicated his sixth solo album, 1987's "Wild Frontier", to him. A blend Celtic folk music, blues and rock, the album proved to be another success, being certified platinum in Sweden, gold in Finland and Norway, as well as silver in the UK. The album also spawned the hit single "Over the Hills and Far Away", which charted in nine countries. For the accompanying tour, former Black Sabbath drummer Eric Singer joined Moore's backing band. "Wild Frontier" was followed up by 1989's "After the War", which featured drummer Cozy Powell. However, he was replaced by Chris Slade for the supporting tour. While "After the War" achieved gold status in Germany and Sweden, as well as silver in the UK, Moore had grown tired of his own music. Moore told former Thin Lizzy guitarist Eric Bell that after listening to some of his own albums, he thought they were "the biggest load of fucking shite" he had ever heard. In his own words, Moore had lost his "musical self‑respect".


title: Gary Moore

text: In 1990, Moore released the album "Still Got the Blues", which saw him returning to his blues roots and collaborating with the likes of Albert King, Albert Collins and George Harrison. The idea for the record had come up during the supporting tour for "After the War" – Moore would often play the blues by himself in the dressing room when one night Bob Daisley jokingly suggested that he do a whole blues album. This change in musical style was also underlined by a change in Moore's wardrobe. He now sported a smart blue suit for videos and live performances instead of being "all dolled up like some guy in Def Leppard". This was a conscious decision by Moore to attract new listeners and inform his old audience that "this was something new". In the end, "Still Got the Blues" proved to be the most successful album of Moore's career, selling over three million copies worldwide. The album's title track also became the only single of Moore's solo career to chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100, where it reached number 97 in February 1991. For the album's supporting tour, Moore assembled a new backing band, dubbed The Midnight Blues Band, featuring Andy Pyle, Graham Walker, Don Airey, as well as a horn section.


title: Gary Moore

text: "Still Got the Blues" was followed up by 1992's "After Hours", which went platinum in Sweden and gold in the UK. The record also became Moore's highest charting album in the UK where it reached number four. In 1995, Moore released "Blues for Greeny", a tribute album to his friend and mentor Peter Green. After experimenting with electronic music on "Dark Days in Paradise" (1997) and "A Different Beat" (1999), Moore once again returned to his blues roots with 2001's "Back to the Blues". This was followed-up by "Power of the Blues" (2004), "Old New Ballads Blues" (2006), "Close as You Get" (2007), and finally "Bad for You Baby" (2008). Prior to his death, Moore was working on a new Celtic rock album that was left unfinished. Some of the songs would later appear on the live album "Live at Montreux 2010". Additional unreleased recordings of Moore's were released on the album "How Blue Can You Get" in 2021.


title: Gary Moore

text: In 1975, Moore joined progressive jazz fusion group Colosseum II, which was formed after the demise of bandleader Jon Hiseman's previous band Colosseum. Moore recorded three albums with the group, before leaving to join Thin Lizzy in 1978. While living in Los Angeles in 1979, Moore formed the band G-Force with Glenn Hughes and Mark Nauseef. However, Hughes was soon replaced by Willie Dee and Tony Newton due to his drinking problem. At the same time, Moore was also being courted to join Ozzy Osbourne's band. He declined, but G-Force helped Osbourne audition other musicians for his band. G-Force later released their self-titled debut album in 1980, and toured opening for Whitesnake. Before the end of the year, however, the band broke up. Moore was then recruited to play guitar in Greg Lake's solo band. They recorded two studio albums together, 1981's "Greg Lake" and 1983's "Manoeuvres", as well as the live album "King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Greg Lake in Concert", which was released in 1995. In 1982, Moore was considered for the guitarist position in Whitesnake, but vocalist David Coverdale opted not to recruit Moore as the band were in the process of severing ties with their management. In 1987, Moore collaborated on the UK charity record "Let It Be", which was released under the group name Ferry Aid.


title: Gary Moore

text: From 1993 to 1994, Moore was a member of the short-lived power trio BBM ("Baker Bruce Moore"), which also featured Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker, both formerly of Cream. After just one album and a European tour, the trio disbanded. The project was marred by personality clashes between members as well as "ear problems" Moore sustained during the tour. Moore later said of the band's break-up: "There were a lot of things within the band that would have made it impossible, long term. I think that politically Jack [Bruce] was used to having his own band, I was used to having my own band and so it was very difficult." In 2002, Moore collaborated with former Skunk Anansie bassist Cass Lewis and Primal Scream drummer Darrin Mooney in Scars, which released one album. Moore also performed on the One World Project charity single "Grief Never Grows Old", which was released in 2005.


title: Gary Moore

text: Over the course of his career, Moore played with several of other artists, including George Harrison, Dr. Strangely Strange, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Rod Argent, Gary Boyle, B.B. King, The Traveling Wilburys and The Beach Boys.


title: Gary Moore

text: In the mid-1970s, Moore was involved in a bar fight which left him with facial scars. According to Eric Bell, Moore was with his girlfriend at Dingwalls when two men "started mouthing about Gary's girlfriend [...] what they'd like to do to her". After Moore confronted them about it, one of the men smashed a bottle on the bar and slashed Moore's face with it. This had a profound effect on him. Bell said, "It did change him. A lot of that pent-up anger and emotion would come out in his playing. And it came out in other ways too. It must be a hard thing to come back from something like that." During the 1980s, he would hide his scars in photographs and videos by looking down or being framed from a distance.


title: Gary Moore

text: Moore was married to his first wife Kerry from 1985 to 1993. They had two sons, Jack (who would also go on to become a musician) and Gus, before divorcing. Moore later had a daughter, Lily (who also embarked on a career in music), during a relationship with Jo Rendle. Moore also had a daughter named Saoirse from another relationship. At the time of his death, Moore was in a relationship.


title: Gary Moore

text: During the early hours of 6 February 2011, Moore died of a heart attack in his sleep at the age of 58. At the time, he was on holiday with his girlfriend at the Kempinski Hotel in Estepona, Spain. His death was confirmed by Thin Lizzy's manager Adam Parsons. "The Daily Telegraph" reported that his heart attack was brought on by a high level of alcohol in his body: 380 mg of alcohol per 100 ml of blood. According to music journalist Mick Wall, Moore had developed a serious drinking problem during the last years of his life.