title: Adrian Peterson

text: Peterson started Week 1 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, although his status was listed as questionable. He rushed for 84 yards and two touchdowns in his first game in eight months after his ACL and MCL tear. He passed Robert Smith to most rushing yards in franchise history. On October 21, against the Arizona Cardinals, he had 153 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in the 21–14 victory. For the sixth time in his career, he earned Offensive Player of the Week honors. On November 4, against the Seattle Seahawks, he had 182 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 30–20 loss. He followed that up with 171 rushing yards and a touchdown in a 34–24 victory in the second divisional matchup with the Detroit Lions. On December 2, against the Green Bay Packers, he had 210 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in the 23–14 loss. In Week 14, against the Chicago Bears, he had 154 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns to earn another Offensive Player of the Week nod. In Week 15, against the St. Louis Rams, he had 212 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in the 36–22 win. By Week 16, Peterson was leading the NFL in rushing with 1,898 yards and averaging 6.0 yards a carry. In addition, he had 11 touchdowns, along with 215 receiving yards.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: Entering Week 17, he needed 208 yards to break the NFL single-season record for the most rushing yards (2,105), set in 1984 by Eric Dickerson. That week, the Vikings played the Green Bay Packers needing a win to clinch a playoff berth. The game was tied at 34 in the fourth quarter when Peterson ran for 26 yards, setting the Vikings up for a game-winning field goal with three seconds left. The Vikings chose the field goal, which sent them to the playoffs, but also left Peterson nine yards short of breaking the record. In December, Peterson rushed for a total of 861 yards, the most for a single month in NFL history. As a result, he earned NFC Offensive Player of the Month for December. Peterson became the second player (Earl Campbell, 1980) to rush for 150 or more yards in seven games during an NFL season and had 1,019 yards after contact. He finished the 2012 season with 348 carries for 2,097 rushing yards, the second-most ever for a running back in a single season. Peterson became only the seventh player in NFL history to eclipse 2,000 rushing yards. The Vikings improved from 3–13 in 2011 to 10–6, qualifying as the NFC's sixth seed in the playoffs. In the , with Vikings' starting quarterback Christian Ponder unable to start due to injury, the Vikings fell to the Green Bay Packers in a rematch by a score of 24–10. The team's record, alongside Peterson's historic season, earned him the NFL Offensive Player of the Year and the NFL Most Valuable Player awards. In addition, he earned the Bert Bell Award for the second time in his career. His comeback from an ACL tear the season before also earned him second place in NFL Comeback Player of the Year award voting, coming in second to Denver Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning. He was named to his fifth career Pro Bowl and was named as a first-team All-Pro for the third time. After the completion of the season, Peterson underwent surgery for a sports hernia. It became known that Peterson played through this injury starting in the last quarter of the season. He was ranked as the best player in the NFL amongst his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: Peterson opened his 2013 season by taking his first carry of the year 78 yards for a touchdown. He finished the game with 18 carries for 93 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 34–24 loss to the Detroit Lions. Peterson struggled in the first three games of the season without All-Pro fullback Jerome Felton, but upon his return in Week 4, Peterson rushed for 140 yards against the Pittsburgh Steelers. On October 10, Peterson missed practice for a "personal reason" and it was later revealed that his son was in critical condition. Peterson's son later died due to injuries suffered from an assault, apparently by the mother's live-in boyfriend. The child was two years old. Despite the loss and time spent answering relentless media inquiries, he played against the Carolina Panthers. The Panthers defeated the Vikings by a score of 35–10. On November 3, against the Dallas Cowboys, he had 140 rushing yards and a touchdown. On November 24, in a 26–26 tie with the Green Bay Packers, he had 146 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown. On December 1, against the Chicago Bears, he had 35 carries for 211 rushing yards in the 23–20 victory. Against the Bears, Peterson reached 10,000 career rushing yards. He became the third fastest player to reach the milestone. Peterson turned in the fifth highest rushing yardage total for the season with 1,266 yards and 10 touchdowns in just 14 games. He was named to his sixth career Pro Bowl as a result of his successful season. He was ranked fourth by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014 for his fourth consecutive finish in the top ten in the players' ranking.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: Peterson opened the 2014 season rushing for 75 yards on 21 carries in a 34–6 road victory over the St. Louis Rams. Five days later, on September 12, 2014, Peterson was indicted on child abuse charges and subsequently deactivated for Minnesota's Week 2 game against the New England Patriots. Amid the child abuse allegations, on September 15, the Vikings reinstated Peterson and he was scheduled to play against the New Orleans Saints. However, on September 17, Peterson was placed on the NFL's Exempt/Commissioner's Permission list, a similar transaction to the Restricted List, which required that Peterson was to "remain away from all team activities". After accepting a plea deal in early November, Peterson planned to return as early as Week 11. On November 18, the NFL announced that Peterson would be suspended for the remainder of the 2014 season without pay. In December, his league appeal was upheld, and Peterson was scheduled for a federal court appeal hearing on February 6, 2015. Despite his tumultuous season, he was ranked 62nd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015, dropping 58 spots from the previous season.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: On February 26, 2015, Peterson was reinstated to the league after U.S. District Court Judge David Doty ruled in the NFL Players Association's lawsuit against the NFL on Peterson's behalf. Peterson returned to the Vikings on June 2. Peterson struggled in his first game back, taking the ball ten times for 31 yards in a 20–3 loss to the San Francisco 49ers. He bounced to form in Week 2, picking up 134 yards on 29 carries against the Detroit Lions (the eighth 100+ yard rushing game against the Lions in his career). The Vikings rushed out to an 8–3 start, with Peterson averaging 106 rushing yards per game and breaking eight touchdowns. The period was highlighted with the game against the Oakland Raiders on November 15, in which Peterson rushed 26 times for 203 yards, including an 80-yard touchdown run. This was his sixth career 200+ yard rushing game, tying with O. J. Simpson for the most in history. Two weeks later, against the Atlanta Falcons, he had 158 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 20–10 victory. For the second time in his career, he earned NFC Offensive Player of the Month.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: Peterson struggled more down the stretch, eclipsing 100 yards only once in the final five regular season games and one playoff game. In the first quarter of a narrow 23–20 loss on the road against the Arizona Cardinals in Week 14, Peterson scored his 100th career touchdown. Week 17 saw the Vikings defeat the Green Bay Packers for the NFC North Division Championship. In the game, Peterson recovered a Teddy Bridgewater fumble late in regulation to help preserve the 20–13 victory. Peterson was just the third player in history over the age of 30 to lead the NFL in single-season rushing yards. He finished with a league-high 327 carries for 1,485 rushing yards and 11 touchdowns. He earned this third career rushing title, becoming the first player to accomplish the feat three times since Barry Sanders. He was named as a first-team All-Pro for the fourth time and was chosen for his seventh career Pro Bowl. He was ranked as the best running back and the fifth best player on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016 players' list. In the of the playoffs against the Seattle Seahawks, he had 45 rushing yards, 12 receiving yards, and a fumble in the narrow 10–9 home loss.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: Peterson started the 2016 season quietly with only 31 rushing yards on 19 carries in a 25–16 win over the Tennessee Titans. With the Vikings playing the first ever regular season game at U.S. Bank Stadium in Week 2 against the Green Bay Packers on "Sunday Night Football", Peterson rushed for 19 yards until leaving the game with an apparent right knee injury. The next day, it was revealed that the right knee had a torn meniscus. On September 22, Peterson underwent successful surgery to repair the meniscus. It was also revealed that the knee had a mild LCL sprain, but it did not need surgery. He was placed on injured reserve on September 23, 2016. On December 17, the Vikings activated Peterson to the active roster. He returned to action in Week 15 against the Indianapolis Colts. Despite only playing three games, Peterson was still ranked 98th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: On February 28, 2017, the Vikings announced that they would not exercise Peterson's 2017 option on his contract, making him a free agent at the start of the 2017 league year. Had the Vikings exercised the option, they would have had to pay him $18 million for the 2017 season. Peterson's tenure with the Vikings ended with him leading the NFL in rushing yards and rushing touchdowns during that time period from the 2007 season to the 2016 season.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: On April 25, 2017, Peterson signed a two-year, $7 million contract with the New Orleans Saints, which included a $2.5 million signing bonus.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: Peterson played his first game with the Saints on September 11, 2017, against his former team, the Minnesota Vikings. He was limited to only 18 rushing yards on six carries as the Saints lost by a score of 29–19 on "Monday Night Football". In the same game, Vikings rookie Dalvin Cook broke the team record for rushing yards on rookie debut, a record previously held by Peterson himself. In four games, of which he started one, with the Saints to begin the 2017 season, Peterson rushed for 81 total yards on 27 carries.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: On October 10, 2017, Peterson was traded to the Arizona Cardinals for a conditional sixth-round draft pick. He played his first game with the Cardinals on October 15, in which he rushed for 134 yards and two touchdowns in a 38–33 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, earning him NFC Offensive Player of the Week for the first time since Week 14 of the 2012 season. During Week 9 against the San Francisco 49ers, Peterson posted another impressive performance with a career-high 37 carries for 159 rushing yards as the Cardinals won 20–10. He was sidelined for Weeks 13 and 14 due to a neck injury, and was subsequently placed on injured reserve on December 15, 2017. Overall, in the 2017 season, he finished with 529 rushing yards, two rushing touchdowns, 11 receptions, and 70 receiving yards. On March 13, 2018, Peterson was released.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: Peterson signed a one-year, veteran minimum contract with the Washington Redskins on August 20, 2018. He was signed following a number of preseason injuries to their running backs. In Washington's regular-season opener at the Arizona Cardinals on September 9, 2018, Peterson rushed for 96 yards on 26 carries and caught two passes for another 70 yards. This moved Peterson past Jim Brown to move into the top 10 on the career rushing yards list with 12,372 yards. He scored his 100th career rushing touchdown in the 24–6 win over the Cardinals, moving him into a three-way tie for seventh place on the career rushing touchdowns list. In Week 3, in a 31–17 victory over the Green Bay Packers, Peterson had 19 carries for 120 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. In Week 8, Peterson rushed for 149 yards on 26 carries, including a 64-yard touchdown in a 20–13 win over the New York Giants, earning him NFC Offensive Player of the Week. In Week 13, against the Philadelphia Eagles on "Monday Night Football", Peterson recorded a career-high 90-yard rushing touchdown in the 28–13 loss. In Week 16, Peterson ran for 119 yards on 26 carries against the Tennessee Titans, passing the 1,000-yard mark on the season. In the game, Peterson passed Eric Dickerson in eighth place on the career rushing yards list with 13,318 yards. Peterson became one of five NFL players in history aged 33 or older to rush for 1,000 yards in a season. In addition, he became the oldest player to reach the mark since John Riggins in 1984. Peterson was held to no yards on four carries in the regular season finale against the Philadelphia Eagles making his final total 1,042 rushing yards and seven rushing touchdowns on the season.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: On March 13, 2019, Peterson signed a two-year, $8 million contract to stay with the Washington Redskins. After being a healthy scratch in Week 1, Peterson was slated to become the starter following a knee injury to starter Derrius Guice. He got the start in Week 2 against the Dallas Cowboys. In the 31–21 loss, Peterson rushed for his 107th career touchdown, which passed Jim Brown for fifth on the all-time rushing touchdown list.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: In Week 8, against the Minnesota Vikings, Peterson passed Jerome Bettis and LaDainian Tomlinson for sixth all-time on the career rushing yards list.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: On December 15, against the Philadelphia Eagles, Peterson passed Curtis Martin for fifth all-time in rushing yards, as well as becoming the tenth player in NFL history to reach 3,000 career rushing attempts and tied Walter Payton for fourth all-time in rushing touchdowns with 110. Peterson finished the season with 211 carries for 898 rushing yards and five rushing touchdowns while adding 17 receptions for 142 receiving yards. He recorded two games going over 100 rushing yards. He was the recipient of the Art Rooney Award. Peterson was named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame All-Decade Team for the 2010s. He was released by the team on September 4, 2020.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: On September 6, 2020, Peterson signed a one-year $1.05 million contract with the Detroit Lions. In his first game for the Lions, he rushed 14 times for 93 yards and had three receptions for 21 receiving yards in a 27–23 loss to the Chicago Bears. In Week 12, against the Houston Texans, he had 15 carries for 55 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 41–25 loss.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: In Week 13 against the Chicago Bears, Peterson rushed for 57 yards and two touchdowns, including the game winner late in the fourth quarter, during the 34–30 win. Overall, Peterson appeared in 16 games and started ten games for the Lions in 2020. Throughout the season, he shared the backfield with D'Andre Swift and Kerryon Johnson. He finished with 156 carries for 604 yards and seven rushing touchdowns.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: After an injury to running back Derrick Henry, the Tennessee Titans signed Peterson to their practice squad on November 2, 2021. He was promoted to the active roster on November 5, 2021. He recorded his first rushing touchdown as a Titan in his team debut against the Los Angeles Rams in Week 9. On November 23, 2021, the Titans waived Peterson.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: On December 1, 2021, Peterson was signed to the Seattle Seahawks practice squad. On December 4, 2021, Peterson was activated off the practice squad for the Seahawks' Week 13 game against the San Francisco 49ers, which the Seahawks won 30–23. Peterson scored a rushing touchdown in that game and tied Jim Brown for tenth on the all-time rushing touchdowns list with 126. Peterson became the first player in NFL history to score a rushing touchdown with six different teams. He was inactive for the remaining five games of the 2021 season. On January 17, 2022, he became a free agent.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: One of Peterson's half-brothers was murdered the night before Peterson participated in the NFL Combine. When Peterson was a teenager, his father was sentenced to 10 years in prison for laundering drug money. Peterson has six children. His two-year-old son died on October 11, 2013, at a hospital in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, due to injuries sustained during an alleged assault by Joseph Robert Patterson, the boyfriend of the child's mother. Peterson had learned about his son only a few weeks prior to his death, and had never met him.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: Peterson identifies as a Christian. He spoke of his faith in relation to his injuries, "This is a blessing in disguise. I'll come back stronger and better than I was before. What flashed in my mind was, 'I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.'"


title: Adrian Peterson

text: Peterson is the nephew of former NFL running back Ivory Lee Brown. Peterson is friends with offensive tackle Trent Williams, who was a teammate at the University of Oklahoma and with the Washington Redskins. In 2016, he and Williams opened a gym in Houston that includes a soccer field, an MMA training area and an incline running hill.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: On September 12, 2014, Peterson was indicted by a Montgomery County, Texas, grand jury on charges of reckless or negligent injury to a child, after he had used a wooden implement to discipline his 4-year-old son in Spring, Texas, in May. The prosecution in the case alleged that Peterson used a tree branch to beat his son repeatedly on his back, buttocks, genitals, ankles, and legs. Peterson described the implement as a "switch", a form of punishment that was used on Peterson in his own childhood. Photos posted on "TMZ.com" showed his son's legs with slash-like wounds. Peterson was subsequently deactivated for one game by the Vikings.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: On November 4, 2014, Peterson pleaded no contest to the misdemeanor charge of recklessly assaulting his son. He avoided a jail sentence after reaching a plea agreement. Peterson was put on probation and also fined $4,000. He was also ordered to undergo 80 hours of community service. Peterson was suspended by the NFL. His 2014 season was over after arbitrator Shyam Das ruled in favor of the NFL on November 18, 2014, saying, "the league can keep Adrian Peterson on the commissioner's exempt list," effectively terminating any possibility the Minnesota Vikings running back would play again that season.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: In December 2014, Harold Henderson, the NFL-appointed arbitrator for Peterson's appeal affirmed Peterson's unpaid suspension until at least spring 2015. However, the NFL Players Association said it was "considering immediate legal remedies" to the decision. On August 4, 2016, ESPN reported that the NFL won an appeal in a case against Peterson, reversing a ruling which had overturned Peterson's suspension and fine. In 2018, Peterson admitted that he was still using a belt to discipline his son.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: In 2018, Peterson was ordered to repay a Minnesota bank for defaulting on a 2016 loan. In July 2019, a Maryland state judge ordered him to pay another creditor $2.4 million.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: In 2018, DeAngelo Vehicle Sales LLC, a Pennsylvania loan company, sued Peterson after he defaulted on a 2016 loan and failed to make the full payment of $5.2 million by March 1, 2017. In 2019, Peterson reached a settlement agreement. In January 2021, Peterson was ordered by a New York State Supreme Court judge to pay DeAngelo Vehicle Sales LLC $8.3 million after Peterson defaulted on the settlement.


title: Adrian Peterson

text: On February 13, 2022, Peterson was arrested by the Los Angeles Airport Police for a domestic violence incident with his wife, Ashley, on a Los Angeles International Airport flight to Houston, Texas. Due to the incident, the plane was forced to return to the airport gate and Peterson was removed from the plane. The same day, Peterson posted a $50,000 bond and was released from Los Angeles Airport Police's custody. Days later, Peterson's wife made a statement that at no point during the flight did Peterson strike or hit her but that they had had a verbal argument. The Los Angeles District Attorney's office stated the domestic violence charge against Peterson would be dropped.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris, native to North America. There are two extant turkey species: the wild turkey ("Meleagris gallopavo") of eastern and central North America and the ocellated turkey ("Meleagris ocellata") of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Males of both turkey species have a distinctive fleshy wattle, called a snood, that hangs from the top of the beak. They are among the largest birds in their ranges. As with many large ground-feeding birds (order Galliformes), the male is bigger and much more colorful than the female.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: Native to North America, the wild species was bred as domesticated turkey by indigenous peoples. It was this domesticated turkey that later reached Eurasia, during the Columbian exchange. In English, "turkey" probably got its name from the domesticated variety being imported to Britain in ships coming from the Turkish Levant via Spain. The British at the time therefore associated the bird with the country Turkey and the name prevailed. An alternative theory posits that another bird, a guinea fowl native to Madagascar introduced to England by Turkish merchants, was the original source, and that the term was then transferred to the New World bird by English colonizers with knowledge of the previous species.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: The earliest turkeys evolved in North America over 20 million years ago. They share a recent common ancestor with grouse, pheasants, and other fowl. The wild turkey species is the ancestor of the domestic turkey, which was domesticated approximately 2,000 years ago.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: The genus "Meleagris" was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae". The genus name is from the Ancient Greek μελεαγρις, "meleagris" meaning "guineafowl". The type species is the wild turkey ("Meleagris gallopavo").


title: Turkey (bird)

text: Turkeys are classed in the family Phasianidae (pheasants, partridges, francolins, junglefowl, grouse, and relatives thereof) in the taxonomic order Galliformes. They are close relatives of the grouse and are classified alongside them in the tribe Tetraonini.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: The linguist Mario Pei proposes two possible explanations for the name "turkey". One theory suggests that when Europeans first encountered turkeys in the Americas, they incorrectly identified the birds as a type of guineafowl, which were already being imported into Europe by Turkey merchants via Constantinople. The birds were therefore nicknamed "turkey coqs". The name of the North American bird may have then become "turkey fowl" or "Indian turkeys", which was eventually shortened to "turkeys".


title: Turkey (bird)

text: A second theory arises from turkeys coming to England not directly from the Americas, but via merchant ships from the Middle East, where they were domesticated successfully. Again the importers lent the name to the bird; hence" turkey-cocks" and "turkey-hens", and soon thereafter, "turkeys".


title: Turkey (bird)

text: In 1550, the English navigator William Strickland, who had introduced the turkey into England, was granted a coat of arms including a "turkey-cock in his pride proper". William Shakespeare used the term in "Twelfth Night", believed to be written in 1601 or 1602. The lack of context around his usage suggests that the term was already widespread.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: Other European names for turkeys incorporate an assumed Indian origin, such as ('from India') in French, (, 'bird of India') in Russian, in Polish and Ukrainian, and ('Indian') in Turkish. These are thought to arise from the supposed belief of Christopher Columbus that he had reached India rather than the Americas on his voyage. In Portuguese a turkey is a ; the name is thought to derive from 'Peru'.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: Several other birds that are sometimes called turkeys are not particularly closely related: the brushturkeys are megapodes, and the bird sometimes known as the "Australian turkey" is the Australian bustard ("Ardeotis australis"). The anhinga ("Anhinga anhinga") is sometimes called the "water turkey", from the shape of its tail when the feathers are fully spread for drying.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: Turkeys were likely first domesticated in Pre-Columbian Mexico, where they held a cultural and symbolic importance. The Classical Nahuatl word for the turkey, ( in Spanish), is still used in modern Mexico, in addition to the general term . Mayan aristocrats and priests appear to have had a special connection to ocellated turkeys, with ideograms of those birds appearing in Mayan manuscripts. Spanish chroniclers, including Bernal Díaz del Castillo and Father Bernardino de Sahagún, describe the multitude of food (both raw fruits and vegetables as well as prepared dishes) that were offered in the vast markets () of Tenochtitlán, noting there were tamales made of turkeys, iguanas, chocolate, vegetables, fruits and more.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: Turkeys were first exported to Europe via Spain around 1519, where they gained immediate popularity among the aristocratic classes. Turkeys arrived in England in 1541. From there, English settlers brought turkeys to North America during the 17th century.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: In what is now the United States, there were an estimated 10 million turkeys in the 17th century. By the 1930s, only 30,000 remained. In the 1960s and 1970s, biologists started trapping wild turkeys from the few places they remained (including the Ozarks and New York), and re-introducing them into other states, including Minnesota and Vermont.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: Turkeys have been known to be aggressive toward humans and pets in residential areas. Wild turkeys have a social structure and pecking order and habituated turkeys may respond to humans and animals as they do other turkeys. Habituated turkeys may attempt to dominate or attack people that the birds view as subordinates.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: In 2017, the town of Brookline, Massachusetts, recommended a controversial approach when confronted with wild turkeys. Besides taking a step forward to intimidate the birds, officials also suggested "making noise (clanging pots or other objects together); popping open an umbrella; shouting and waving your arms; squirting them with a hose; allowing your leashed dog to bark at them; and forcefully fending them off with a broom". This advice was quickly rescinded and replaced with a caution that "being aggressive toward wild turkeys is not recommended by State wildlife officials.”


title: Turkey (bird)

text: A number of turkeys have been described from fossils. The Meleagridinae are known from the Early Miocene ( mya) onwards, with the extinct genera "Rhegminornis" (Early Miocene of Bell, U.S.) and "Proagriocharis" (Kimball Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lime Creek, U.S.). The former is probably a basal turkey, the other a more contemporary bird not very similar to known turkeys; both were much smaller birds. A turkey fossil not assignable to genus but similar to "Meleagris" is known from the Late Miocene of Westmoreland County, Virginia. In the modern genus "Meleagris", a considerable number of species have been described, as turkey fossils are robust and fairly often found, and turkeys show great variation among individuals. Many of these supposed fossilized species are now considered junior synonyms. One, the well-documented California turkey "Meleagris californica", became extinct recently enough to have been hunted by early human settlers. It has been suggested that its demise was due to the combined pressures of human hunting and climate change at the end of the last glacial period.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: The Oligocene fossil "Meleagris antiquus" was first described by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1871. It has since been reassigned to the genus "Paracrax", first interpreted as a cracid, then soon after as a bathornithid Cariamiformes.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: Turkeys have been considered by many authorities to be their own family—the Meleagrididae—but a recent genomic analysis of a retrotransposon marker groups turkeys in the family Phasianidae. In 2010, a team of scientists published a draft sequence of the domestic turkey ("Meleagris gallopavo") genome.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: In anatomical terms, a "snood" is an erectile, fleshy protuberance on the forehead of turkeys. Most of the time when the turkey is in a relaxed state, the snood is pale and 2–3 cm long. However, when the male begins strutting (the courtship display), the snood engorges with blood, becomes redder and elongates several centimeters, hanging well below the beak (see image).


title: Turkey (bird)

text: While fighting, commercial turkeys often peck and pull at the snood, causing damage and bleeding. This often leads to further injurious pecking by other turkeys and sometimes results in cannibalism. To prevent this, some farmers cut off the snood when the chick is young, a process known as "de-snooding".


title: Turkey (bird)

text: The snood functions in both intersexual and intrasexual selection. Captive female wild turkeys prefer to mate with long-snooded males, and during dyadic interactions, male turkeys defer to males with relatively longer snoods. These results were demonstrated using both live males and controlled artificial models of males. Data on the parasite burdens of free-living wild turkeys revealed a negative correlation between snood length and infection with intestinal coccidia, deleterious protozoan parasites. This indicates that in the wild, the long-snooded males preferred by females and avoided by males seemed to be resistant to coccidial infection.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: The species "Meleagris gallopavo" is eaten by humans. They were first domesticated by the indigenous people of Mexico from at least 800 BC onwards. By 200 BC, the indigenous people of what is today the American Southwest had domesticated turkeys; though the theory that they were introduced from Mexico was once influential, modern studies suggest that the turkeys of the Southwest were domesticated independently from those in Mexico. Turkeys were used both as a food source and for their feathers and bones, which were used in both practical and cultural contexts. Compared to wild turkeys, domestic turkeys are selectively bred to grow larger in size for their meat.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: Turkey forms a central part of modern Thanksgiving celebrations in the United States of America, and is often eaten at similar holiday occasions, such as Christmas.


title: Turkey (bird)

text: In her memoirs, Lady Dorothy Nevill (1826–1913) recalls that her great-grandfather Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford (1723–1809), imported a quantity of American turkeys which were kept in the woods around Wolterton Hall and in all probability were the embryo flock for the popular Norfolk turkey breeds of today.


title: Tim Stokely

text: Timothy Christopher Stokely (born July 1983) is a British businessman and the founder and former CEO of the internet site OnlyFans. He has been described by "The Sunday Times" as "the king of homemade porn".


title: Tim Stokely

text: Tim Stokely was born in Harlow, Essex, in July 1983, the youngest of four children of Guy Stokely, a retired ex-Barclays investment banker. He has a degree from Anglia Ruskin University.


title: Tim Stokely

text: Stokely's first businesses were the adult performance websites GlamWorship and Customs4U, and a site to connect customers to tradespeople. He founded OnlyFans in 2016 alongside his older brother, Thomas Stokely and with the help of a £10,000 loan from his father, Guy, who told him "Tim, this is going to be the last one". His brother is the company's chief operating officer and his father is head of finance for OnlyFans. He sought to avoid the mistakes of his earlier sites by building in a referral system that gave third parties an incentive to recruit new content creators to the site.


title: Tim Stokely

text: He has been described by "The Sunday Times" as "the king of homemade porn" as the majority of OnlyFans' content is pornographic. Stokely cites the investor Warren Buffett and his book "Warren Buffett on Business" as one of his influences.


title: Tim Stokely

text: In 2018, Stokely sold a 75% stake in OnlyFans' parent company Fenix International to Leonid Radvinsky, a Ukrainian-American businessman and the owner of porn site MyFreeCams. After this, OnlyFans became increasingly focused on not safe for work (NSFW) content and "gained a pop culture reputation for being a hive of pornography".


title: Tim Stokely

text: Stokely lives in a "gated mansion with a cinema and sauna" in Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire. He subscribes to two OnlyFans content creators, James Haskell and Chris Robshaw, which reflects his interest in rugby.


title: Tim Stokely

text: On 23 December 2021, Tim Stokely stepped down as CEO of OnlyFans, and was succeeded by Indian-American businesswoman Amrapali Gan. Gan originally joined the company in 2020 as its chief marketing and communications officer.


title: Sepultura

text: Sepultura (, "grave") is a Brazilian heavy metal band from Belo Horizonte. Formed in 1984 by brothers Max and Igor Cavalera, the band was a major force in the groove metal, thrash metal and death metal genres during the late 1980s and early 1990s, with their later experiments drawing influence from alternative metal, world music, nu metal, hardcore punk, and industrial metal. Sepultura has also been credited as one of the second wave of thrash metal acts from the late 1980s to early-to-mid-1990s.


title: Sepultura

text: The band has had several lineup changes throughout its existence, with Max and Igor Cavalera departing in 1996 and 2006, respectively. Sepultura's current lineup consists of vocalist Derrick Green (who replaced Max in 1997), guitarist Andreas Kisser, bassist Paulo Jr. and drummer Eloy Casagrande (who replaced Igor's successor Jean Dolabella in 2011). Since Igor Cavalera's departure in 2006, there have been no original members left in the band. Although Paulo Jr. joined Sepultura shortly after its formation in late 1984 and is the longest serving member, he did not play on any of the band's studio albums until "Chaos A.D." (1993). Kisser, who replaced onetime guitarist Jairo Guedz, has appeared on all of Sepultura's albums since their second full-length "Schizophrenia" (1987); he also recorded bass guitar until "Chaos A.D.".


title: Sepultura

text: Sepultura has released fifteen studio albums to date, the latest being "Quadra" (2020). Their most successful records are "Beneath the Remains" (1989), "Arise" (1991), "Chaos A.D." (1993), and "Roots" (1996). Sepultura has sold over three million units in the United States and almost 20 million worldwide, gaining multiple gold and platinum records around the globe, including in countries as diverse as France, Australia, Indonesia, United States, Cyprus, and their native Brazil.


title: Sepultura

text: Sepultura was formed in 1984 in Belo Horizonte, the capital city of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The band was founded by brothers Max and Igor Cavalera, the impoverished sons of Vânia, a model, and Graciliano, a well-to-do Italian diplomat whose fatal heart attack left his family in financial ruin. Graciliano's death deeply affected his sons, inspiring them to form a band after Max heard Black Sabbath's 1972 album "Black Sabbath Vol. 4" the very same day. They chose the band name Sepultura, the Portuguese word for "grave", when Max translated the lyrics of the Motörhead song "Dancing on Your Grave".


title: Sepultura

text: The brothers' early influences included Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, and Deep Purple, and metal and hard rock artists of the early 1980s, such as Van Halen, Iron Maiden, Motörhead, AC/DC, Judas Priest, Ozzy Osbourne, and V8, as well as hardcore punk acts, such as Terveet Kädet, Rattus and Discharge. They would travel to a record shop in São Paulo that mixed tapes of the latest records by American bands. Their listening habits changed dramatically after being introduced to Venom. As Igor Cavalera put it:


title: Sepultura

text: The Cavalera brothers started listening to more extreme metal bands at the time such as Hellhammer, Celtic Frost, Kreator, Sodom, Slayer, Megadeth, Exodus, and Exciter. They also had influences on Brazilian metal from bands like Stress, Sagrado Inferno, and Dorsal Atlântica. By 1984, they had dropped out of school. After several early membership changes, Sepultura established a stable lineup of Max on guitar, Igor on drums, lead vocalist Wagner Lamounier, and bassist Paulo Jr. Lamounier departed in March 1985 after disagreements with the band, and moved on to become the leader of the pioneering Brazilian black metal band Sarcófago. After his departure, Max took over the vocal duties. Jairo Guedes was invited to join the band as lead guitarist.


title: Sepultura

text: After about a year of performing, Sepultura signed to Cogumelo Records in 1985. Later that year, they released "Bestial Devastation", a shared EP with fellow Brazilian band Overdose. It was recorded and self-produced in just two days. The band recorded their first full-length album, "Morbid Visions", in August 1986. It contained their first hit, "Troops of Doom", which gained some media attention. The band then decided to relocate to the larger city of São Paulo.


title: Sepultura

text: In early 1987, Jairo Guedz quit the band. Guedz was replaced by São Paulo-based guitarist Andreas Kisser, and they released their second studio album, "Schizophrenia", later that year. The album reflected a stylistic change towards a more thrash metal-oriented sound, while still keeping the death metal elements of "Morbid Visions". "Schizophrenia" was an improvement in production and performance, and became a minor critical sensation across Europe and America as a much sought-after import. The band sent tapes to the United States that made radio playlists at a time when they were struggling to book gigs, because club owners were afraid to book them due to their style. The band gained attention from Roadrunner Records who signed them and released "Schizophrenia" internationally before seeing the band perform in person.


title: Sepultura

text: During a May 2018 interview with teenyrockers.com, Kisser noted that Sepultura would not have been possible without family support, not only from his own family, but also from the families of Max and Igor, and Paulo Jr.


title: Sepultura

text: The band's third studio album, "Beneath the Remains", was released in 1989. The album was recorded in a rustic studio in Rio de Janeiro while the band communicated through translators with the American producer Scott Burns. It was an immediate success and became known in thrash metal circles as a classic on the order of Slayer's "Reign in Blood". It was hailed by "Terrorizer" magazine as one of the all-time top 20 thrash metal albums, as well as gaining a place in their all-time top 40 death metal records. AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5 and said, "The complete absence of filler here makes this one of the most essential death/thrash metal albums of all time." A long European and American tour furthered the band's reputation, despite the fact that they were still very limited English speakers. Sepultura's first live dates outside of Brazil were opening for Sodom on their "Agent Orange" tour in Europe; following this was Sepultura's first US show, which was held on October 31, 1989 at the Ritz in New York City, opening for Danish heavy metal band King Diamond. The band filmed its first video for the song "Inner Self", which received considerable airplay on MTV's "Headbangers Ball", giving Sepultura their first exposure in North America. Touring in support of "Beneath the Remains" continued throughout much of 1990, including three shows in Brazil with Napalm Death, European dates with Mordred and a US tour with Obituary and Sadus.


title: Sepultura

text: In January 1991, Sepultura played for more than 100,000 people at the Rock in Rio II festival. The band relocated from their native Brazil to Phoenix, Arizona in 1990, obtained new management, and recorded the album "Arise" at Morrisound Studios in Tampa, Florida. By the time the album was released in March 1991, the band had become one of the most critically praised thrash/death metal bands of the time. The first single "Dead Embryonic Cells" was a success, and the title track gained additional attention when its video was banned by MTV America due to its apocalyptic religious imagery; it did, however, get some airplay on "Headbangers Ball" as did the music videos for "Dead Embryonic Cells" and "Desperate Cry". "Arise" was critically acclaimed and their first to chart on the "Billboard" 200, reaching No. 119.


title: Sepultura

text: Sepultura toured relentlessly throughout 1991 and 1992 in support of "Arise"; its touring cycle began in May 1991 with a European trek with Sacred Reich and Heathen, followed by the New Titans on the Block tour in the US that included support from Sacred Reich, Napalm Death and Sick of It All. They also played with several other bands, including Slayer, Testament, Motörhead, Kreator, White Zombie, Type O Negative and Fudge Tunnel, and along with Alice in Chains, Sepultura supported Ozzy Osbourne on his "No More Tears" tour. Max Cavalera married the band's manager Gloria Bujnowski during this period. The "Arise" tour concluded in December 1992 with a US tour, where the band (along with Helmet) supported Ministry's "" tour.


title: Sepultura

text: Sepultura's fifth album, "Chaos A.D.", was released in 1993. Supported by the singles "Refuse/Resist", "Territory" and "Slave New World", this was their only album to be released in North America by Epic Records, and the first of two albums by Sepultura to be certified gold there. It saw a departure from their death metal style, adding influences of groove metal, industrial and hardcore punk. While "Chaos A.D." is not a death metal album, it does include elements of thrash metal music. AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5 and wrote that, ""Chaos A.D." ranks as one of the greatest heavy metal albums of all time." The band did a year-long tour in support of "Chaos A.D.", starting with a headlining European run with Paradise Lost, followed by a US tour with Fudge Tunnel, Fear Factory and Clutch. They were also one of the support acts (along with Biohazard and Prong) for Pantera's "Far Beyond Driven" tour in North America, and then opened for the Ramones in South America and toured Australia and New Zealand with Sacred Reich. By the time the "Chaos A.D." tour ended in November 1994, Sepultura was one of the most successful heavy metal bands of the day.


title: Sepultura

text: Also in 1994, Max and Igor collaborated with Alex Newport of Fudge Tunnel to form Nailbomb. They released an even more industrial-oriented album, "Point Blank" the same year. The group performed only one full live gig at Dynamo Open Air in 1995, and the performance was released as "Proud to Commit Commercial Suicide". Nailbomb was disbanded shortly afterwards.


title: Sepultura

text: Sepultura's sound change continued with their sixth album, "Roots", which was released in 1996. On this album the band experimented with elements of the music of Brazil's indigenous peoples, and adopted a slower, down-tuned sound. The album was hailed as a modern-day heavy metal classic and a major influence on the then-nascent nu metal scene. AllMusic gave it 4.5 stars out of 5 and said, ""Roots" consolidates Sepultura's position as perhaps the most distinctive, original heavy metal band of the 1990s." In 1996, Sepultura performed "War (Guerra)" for the AIDS benefit album "" produced by the Red Hot Organization.


title: Sepultura

text: In August 1996, Sepultura played on the Castle Donington Monsters of Rock main stage alongside Ozzy Osbourne, Paradise Lost, Type O Negative, Biohazard, and Fear Factory. The band was suddenly a three-piece with Andreas Kisser taking over on lead vocals, after Max Cavalera left the concert site earlier in the day upon learning of the death of his stepson Dana Wells in a car accident. After Dana Wells' funeral was finished, Max returned and continued to tour with Sepultura. A few months after Wells' death, the band had a meeting with Max and said that they wanted to fire their manager Gloria Bujnowski, who was Max's wife and Dana's mother, and find new management. Their reasoning was that Bujnowski was giving preferential treatment to Max while neglecting the rest of the band. Max, who was still coming to terms with the death of Wells, felt betrayed by his bandmates for wanting to get rid of Bujnowski and abruptly quit the band. Max Cavalera's final performance with Sepultura was at Brixton Academy in England on December 16, 1996.


title: Sepultura

text: Following Max Cavalera's departure, the remaining members of Sepultura announced plans to find a new vocalist. Among those who auditioned were Chuck Billy of Testament, Phil Demmel of Machine Head and Vio-lence, Marc Grewe of Morgoth, Jorge Rosado of Merauder and a then-unknown Jason "Gong" Jones. American musician Derrick Green from Cleveland, Ohio, was selected as the band's new front-man. The first album with the new line-up was "Against", which was released in 1998. The album was critically and commercially less successful than previous albums and sold considerably fewer copies than the debut album by Max Cavalera's new band Soulfly. In a retrospective review AllMusic gave the album 3 stars out of 5, stating that "there are enough flashes of the old Sepultura brilliance to suggest that great things are still to come".


title: Sepultura

text: The band's eighth album, "Nation", released in 2001, sold poorly. It would be their last studio album with Roadrunner Records. AllMusic gives the album 3 stars out of 5 and said, "As Green scrapes the lining of his vocal chords through the brash, impassioned tracks, he's singing about more than just 'one nation, Sepulnation'; he's suggesting something bigger, something worth shouting about and fighting for." In an interview, Derrick Green said that, "Every song will be related to the idea of building this nation. We will have our own flags, our own anthem." A recording of Max Cavalera's last live show with Sepultura, titled "Under a Pale Grey Sky", was released in 2002 by Roadrunner Records.


title: Sepultura

text: After recording "Revolusongs", an EP of covers in 2002, the band released their ninth studio album, "Roorback", in 2003. Despite receiving greater critical acclaim than its predecessors, sales remained low. It was their first album with SPV Records. AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5 and said, "if there are still any lingering doubts about the Green/Sepultura match, 2003's excellent "Roorback" should put them to rest for good. Green is passionate and focused throughout the album — he has no problem going that extra mile — and the writing is consistently strong." In 2005, the band played in Dubai for the annual Dubai Desert Rock Festival. In November of that year, a live double DVD/double CD package, "Live in São Paulo", was released. This was the first official live album from the band.


title: Sepultura

text: Sepultura's tenth album, "Dante XXI", was released on March 14, 2006. It is a concept album based on Dante Alighieri's "The Divine Comedy". Music videos were recorded for the songs "Convicted in Life" and "Ostia". AllMusic gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that, "Overall, Dante XXI is easily one of Sepultura's strongest releases to feature Green on vocals."


title: Sepultura

text: In a 2007 interview with "Revolver" magazine, Max Cavalera stated that he and Igor, both of whom having recently reconciled after a decade-long feud, would reunite with the original Sepultura lineup. There were also rumors that the reunited line up would play on the main stage at Ozzfest 2007. However, this was denied by Kisser and the reunion did not occur. Instead, Igor Cavalera left the band after the release of "Dante XXI" and was replaced by Brazilian drummer Jean Dolabella, leaving the band without any of its original members. After leaving Sepultura, Igor and Max formed Cavalera Conspiracy.


title: Sepultura

text: The band was one of the featured musical guests at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2008 on November 13. They performed a cover of "The Girl from Ipanema", and "We've Lost You" from the album "A-Lex". The 9th annual Latin Grammy Awards ceremony was held at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas and aired on Univision. Sepultura also appeared in a successful ad campaign for Volkswagen motors commercial that aired nationally throughout Brazil in 2008. The spot said that "it's the first time you've seen Sepultura like this. And a Sedan like this one too". The Volkswagen TV spot shows Sepultura playing bossa nova, the opposite of its heavy metal style, to say that "you never saw something like this, as you never saw a car like the new Voyage."


title: Sepultura

text: Sepultura released the album "A-Lex" on January 26, 2009. This was the first Sepultura album to include neither of the Cavalera brothers, with bassist Paulo Jr. as the sole remaining member from the band's debut album. "A-Lex" is a concept album based on the book "A Clockwork Orange". The album was recorded at Trama Studios in São Paulo, Brazil, with producer Stanley Soares. AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5 and said, "Personnel changes can have a very negative effect on a band, but Sepultura have maintained their vitality all these years – and that vitality is alive and well on the superb A-Lex." In the same year Andreas Kisser contributed his recipe for "Churrasco in Soy Sauce" to "", stating in the recipe that he prefers his meat "medium-rare". Sepultura supported Metallica on January 30 and 31, 2010, at Morumbi Stadium in São Paulo, Brazil. The two concerts were attended by 100,000 people. The band filmed a concert DVD in 2010. Sepultura played at Kucukciftlik Park, Istanbul, on April 27, 2010. On August 8, 2010 visited the UK to play at the Hevy Music Festival near Folkestone.


title: Sepultura

text: On July 6, 2010, it was announced that Sepultura were signed with Nuclear Blast Records, and would release their first album for the label in 2011. The band confirmed that there would be no reunion of the classic lineup. By the end of 2010, the band began writing new material and entered the studio to begin recording their 12th album with producer Roy Z (Judas Priest, Halford, Iron Maiden's Bruce Dickinson, Helloween and Andre Matos). On March 1, 2011, Sepultura had completed recording their new album, entitled "Kairos", which was released in June 2011.


title: Sepultura

text: The album includes cover versions of Ministry's "Just One Fix" and The Prodigy's "Firestarter", both of which are available as bonus tracks on various special-edition releases. Sepultura played on the Kairos World Tour and at Wacken Open Air 2011. Drummer Jean Dolabella left the band and was replaced by 20-year-old Eloy Casagrande in November 2011, who had already played in Brazilian heavy metal singer Andre Matos' solo band and in the Brazilian post-hardcore band Gloria. In November and December 2011 Sepultura participated the Thrashfest Classics 2011 tour alongside thrash metal bands like Exodus, Destruction, Heathen, and Mortal Sin.


title: Sepultura

text: In May 2012, guitarist Andreas Kisser told Metal Underground that Sepultura would soon "start working on something new with Eloy" and see if they could "get ready for new music early next year". In an interview at England's Bloodstock Open Air on August 10, 2012, Kisser revealed that Sepultura would be filming a live DVD with the French percussive group Les Tambours du Bronx. He also revealed that the band was "already thinking about new ideas" for their next album and would "have something new going on" in 2013.


title: Sepultura

text: On December 10, 2012, producer Ross Robinson, who produced Sepultura's "Roots" album, tweeted: "Oh, didn't mention.. Spoke to Andreas, it's on. My vision, smoke Roots" suggesting he would be producing the band's next album. This was later confirmed, as well as an announcement that the album would be co-produced by Steve Evetts. Former Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo made a guest appearance on the album.


title: Sepultura

text: On January 25, 2013, it was announced that author Jason Korolenko was working on "Relentless – 30 Years of Sepultura", which is described in a press release as "the only book-length biography to cover the band's entire 30-year career." "Relentless" was published on October 8, 2014 in Poland under the title "Brazylijska Furia," and the English language edition was published via Rocket 88 on December 4, 2014. The Brazilian edition, titled "Relentless – 30 Anos de Sepultura," is scheduled for publication via Benvira in early 2015. The French language edition of "Relentless" was published in France on October 19, 2015.


title: Sepultura

text: On July 19, 2013, it was revealed that the title of the band's thirteenth album was "The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart". In September 2013, they performed at Rock in Rio with Brazilian rock/MPB artist Zé Ramalho – this line-up was named "Zépultura", a portmanteau of both artists' names.


title: Sepultura

text: After spending more than two years of touring in support of "The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart", Sepultura entered the studio in mid-2016 to begin recording their fourteenth studio album, with Jens Bogren as the producer. The resulting album, "Machine Messiah", was released on January 13, 2017. Sepultura promoted the album with a series of world tours, including supporting Kreator on their "Gods of Violence" tour in Europe in February–March 2017, and along with Prong, they supported Testament on the latter's "Brotherhood of the Snake" tour in the United States in April–May 2017. The band also toured Europe in February and March 2018 with Obscura, Goatwhore and Fit for an Autopsy, and Australia in May with Death Angel.


title: Sepultura

text: The first official Sepultura documentary, "Sepultura Endurance", was premiered in May 2017 and released on June 17. Max and Igor declined to be interviewed for the film and also refused to allow early material of the band to be used.


title: Sepultura

text: In an August 2018 interview at Wacken Open Air, Kisser confirmed that Sepultura had begun the songwriting process of their fifteenth studio album, and stated later that month that it was not expected to be released before 2020. The band began recording the album, again with producer Bogren, in August 2019 for a tentative February 2020 release.


title: Sepultura

text: In October 2019, during their performance at Rock in Rio 8, the band announced the name and revealed the cover for their fifteenth studio album, which would be named "Quadra". They also played the lead single, named "Isolation", which is also the opening track for the album. On November 8, they released the studio version of "Isolation" and announced that "Quadra" would be released on February 7, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Sepultura had not been able to tour or play any shows in support of "Quadra" for over two years after its release. They played their first show in two years at Circo Voador in Rio de Janeiro on February 12, 2022. The band promoted "Quadra" by touring the United States with Sacred Reich, Crowbar and Art of Shock, and Europe with the two-thirds of US leg (only Sacred Reich and Crowbar remaining); due to the COVID-19 situation, the tours had been rescheduled to two years from March and April 2020 and a year from the fall of 2021 respectively. Drummer Bruno Valverde of Angra was brought to fill in for Eloy Casagrande on the last three dates of the US tour, as the latter could not perform due to a leg injury. Due to a "family emergency", Kisser was temporarily filled in by Jean Patton of Project46 on the summer 2022 European tour; the reason behind this "family emergency" situation turned out to be Kisser's wife Patricia's battle with colon cancer, which she died from on July 3.


title: Sepultura

text: Sepultura released a quarantine collaboration album on August 13, 2021, titled "SepulQuarta", which includes contributions by members of Megadeth, Testament, Anthrax, System of a Down, Trivium and Sacred Reich.


title: Sepultura

text: In a July 2022 interview, frontman Derrick Green confirmed that Sepultura would begin working on their next studio album after the tour for "Quadra" ends, in 2024 at the earliest.


title: Sepultura

text: Sepultura has been influenced by a variety of music, including heavy metal and hard rock groups such as Queen, Kiss, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Motörhead, Iron Maiden, Scorpions, Venom, Celtic Frost, Twisted Sister and Whitesnake, thrash metal bands Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, Exodus, Testament, Anthrax, Kreator, Sodom and Destruction and death metal bands Possessed and Death. They were also influenced by punk rock music, including bands such as the Ramones, the Sex Pistols, Terveet Kädet, Rattus, Black Flag, Dead Kennedys, Kaaos, Discharge, S.O.D., Amebix and New Model Army. Andreas Kisser has affirmed that "without Slayer, Sepultura would never be possible."


title: Sepultura

text: Sepultura's music comes in a wide range of heavy metal musical styles. The band has been described mainly as thrash metal and death metal, and considered one of the primary inventors of the latter genre. Another genre the band has been commonly categorized under is groove metal. The band later on started experimenting with elements of other musical genres such as hardcore punk, industrial metal, alternative metal, world music and nu metal.


title: Sepultura

text: Elements of Latin music, samba and Brazilian folk and tribal music have also been incorporated into Sepultura's metal style, particularly on "Roots". "Roots" was partly recorded with the indigenous Xavante tribe in Mato Grosso, and incorporates percussion, rhythms, chanting and lyrical themes inspired by the collaboration.


title: Sepultura

text: Looking back on the band's career arc for a 2016 article on Max and Igor Cavalera's retrospective Return to Roots tour (in commemoration of the album's 20th anniversary), Nashville Scene contributor Saby Reyes-Kulkarni observed that "Before "Chaos A.D.", the overwhelming majority of metal had a 'white' feel to it. Sepultura changed that forever. And with "Roots," the band went a step further, asserting once and for all that the genre can accommodate native stylings from any culture, much like jazz had done for decades prior."


title: Sepultura

text: MTV has called Sepultura the most successful Brazilian heavy metal band in history and "perhaps the most important heavy metal band of the '90s." In 1993, Robert Baird of "Phoenix New Times" wrote that the band played "machine-gun-tempo mayhem" and that the members "love to attack organized religion and repressive government."


title: Sepultura

text: A number of bands have cited Sepultura as an influence, including Slipknot, Korn, Hatebreed, Alien Weaponry, Krisiun, Gojira, Between the Buried and Me, Xibalba, Vein, Toxic Holocaust, Code Orange, Puya and Nails.


title: Arbaaz Khan

text: Arbaaz Salim Abdul Rashid Khan (born 4 August 1967) is an Indian actor and film producer who primarily works in Hindi cinema, in addition to Telugu and Malayalam cinema.


title: Arbaaz Khan

text: Since making his debut in 1996, he has acted in many leading and supporting roles. He ventured into film production in Bollywood film industry, with Arbaaz Khan Productions, launched with "Dabangg" (2010), in which he starred as the younger brother of his real-life brother Salman Khan. The film went on to become one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time. He also won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment for the same. He also hosted the reality show "Power Couple", which aired on Sony TV. In 2019, Khan made his digital debut with the crime-thriller web series "Poison".


title: Arbaaz Khan

text: Khan was born as the second son into a family with strong ties to the Bollywood film industry; his father is Salim Khan, a successful screenwriter, and his mother is Sushila Charak (now known as Salma Khan), while his stepmother is dancer and Bollywood actress Helen Khan. He is the brother of Bollywood actor Salman Khan—with whom he attended the Scindia School, Gwalior—and actor-producer Sohail Khan. He has one sister Alvira Khan (now known as Alvira Khan Agnihotri) and an adopted sister Arpita Khan. His brother-in-law is actor Atul Agnihotri and Aayush Sharma.


title: Arbaaz Khan

text: Khan made his debut in the 1996 film "Daraar" in a villainous role of a psychotic wife-beater. He received the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role for his performance. He has starred in many multi-starrer hit films such as "Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya" (1998), for which he received a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination, and "" (2004) where he acted opposite his brother Salman.


title: Arbaaz Khan

text: He played a villainous role in the film "" (2003) which was also successful at the box office. He also played supporting roles in film director Priyadarshan's comedy films "Hulchul" (2004), "Malamaal Weekly" (2006) and "Bhagam Bhag" (2006). He played supporting roles as a police officer (Constable Javed Shaikh) and a mobster (Moscow Chikna) respectively in the multi-starrers "Shootout at Lokhandwala" and "Fool and Final" in 2007. He also made a cameo, alongside brother Sohail Khan, in the blockbuster "Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na", starring Imran Khan and Genelia D'Souza. In 2009 he starred alongside Sohail in "Kisaan" and played the villain in "Jai Veeru". Khan also appeared in the television serial "Karishma - The Miracles of Destiny" in 2003 and has appeared in many TV programs from time to time.


title: Arbaaz Khan

text: He also played the main villain in the Telugu film "Jai Chiranjeeva" starring Chiranjeevi. The movie was extensively shot in Los Angeles, California and Las Vegas.


title: Arbaaz Khan

text: In 2010, Khan ventured into film production, with Arbaaz Khan Productions and his first film as producer was "Dabangg" which released in September 2010. The film starred his brother Salman in the leading role as the anti-hero Chulbul Pandey, alongside Arbaaz as his younger brother Makhi. His former wife Malaika Arora Khan featured in the popular item number "Munni Badnaam". The film became a blockbuster within the first week of its release and broke several box office records, becoming the second highest grossing Bollywood film of all time at the time of its release. On 12 March 2011, while Khan was a special guest of Australia's Indian film festival, Bollywood & Beyond, he helped his former wife Malaika Arora lead a successful world record attempt in Melbourne. 1235 participants successfully performed a choreographed dance to "Munni Badnaam" from the "Dabangg" soundtrack.


title: Arbaaz Khan

text: Khan married model and actress Malaika Arora in 1998. They have a son, Arhaan Khan, born in 2002. The couple announced their separation on 28 March 2016 and officially got divorced on 11 May 2017.


title: Arbaaz Khan

text: On 1 July 2012, a 70-year-old woman was killed by a Land Cruiser owned by Khan, and the woman's family demanded compensation from the actor. However, the Khan family refused to pay compensation to the family, as the old woman had been disowned by her family.


title: Arbaaz Khan

text: In 2018, Arbaaz Khan confessed to having placed bets on Indian Premier League matches (IPL) in the previous five years. According to a police official, the Bollywood actor admitted that he had been betting on cricket matches for the past five to six years. Thane Police sources also informed that Arbaaz and the accused bookie—Sonu Jalan, a.k.a. Sonu Malad—were brought face-to-face during the interrogation. It was then that Arbaaz confessed about his betting involvement.


title: Arbaaz Khan

text: Arbaaz Khan, his father Salim Khan, and his brothers Sohail and Salman have been accused by director, Abhinav Kashyap of sabotaging his film "Besharam" and his career. Abhinav had directed the Khans' blockbuster film "Dabangg". Arbaaz Khan replied by saying that they are taking legal action against the said director.


title: Defamation

text: Defamation is the act of communicating to a third party false statements about a person, place or thing that results in damage to its reputation. It can be spoken (slander) or written (libel). It constitutes a tort or a crime. The legal definition of defamation and related acts as well as the ways they are dealt with can vary greatly between countries and jurisdictions (what exactly they must consist of, whether they constitute crimes or not, to what extent proving the alleged facts is a valid defence).


title: Defamation

text: Defamation law has a long history stretching back to classical antiquity. While defamation has been recognized as an actionable wrong in various forms across historical legal systems and in various moral and religious philosophies, defamation law in contemporary legal systems can primarily be traced back to Roman and early English law. Roman law, which forms the basis for contemporary civil and mixed law legal systems, aimed to provide society with sufficient scope for the discussion of an individual's character while protecting individuals from unnecessary insult and pain. The primary remedy for verbal defamation was long confined to a civil action for a monetary penalty calculated with regard to the significance of the defamatory statement serving both to vindicate the defamed party's reputation and to provide compensation for any damages incurred as a result of the statement, but a new remedy was introduced with the extension of the criminal law under which many kinds of defamation were punished with great severity. At the same time, increased importance attached to the publication of defamatory books and writings, the "libri" or "libelli famosi", from which is derived the modern use of the word "libel", and, under the later emperors the latter term came to be specially applied to anonymous accusations or "pasquils", the dissemination of which was regarded as particularly dangerous and visited with very severe punishment whether the matters contained in them were true or false. Aside from it being a familiar concept to those studying or knowing law, defamation, or "slander", is also known as a "smear campaign" in psychology. Those who suffer from narcissism, sociopathy, and psychopathy use it as a weapon to discredit their victims, typically when they feel you are about to expose them, or are dangerous, but oftentimes it can happen with no known motive. It is one of many forms of crazy-making behavior that these types of trashy people exhibit. They often tell you that you're guilty of what they're guilty of (Psychological projection ), and include this in their defamation.


title: Defamation

text: The Praetorian Edict, codified circa AD 130, declared that an action could be brought up for shouting at someone contrary to good morals: ""qui, adversus bonos mores convicium cui fecisse cuiusve opera factum esse dicitur, quo adversus bonos mores convicium fieret, in eum iudicium dabo."" In this case, the offence was constituted by the unnecessary act of shouting. According to Ulpian, not all shouting was actionable. Drawing on the argument of Labeo, he asserted that the offence consisted in shouting contrary to the morals of the city (""adversus bonos mores huius civitatis"") something apt to bring in disrepute or contempt (""quae... ad infamiam vel invidiam alicuius spectaret"") the person exposed thereto. Any act apt to bring another person into disrepute gave rise to an "actio injurarum". In such a case the truth of the statements was no justification for the public and insulting manner in which they had been made, but, even in public matters, the accused had the opportunity to justify his actions by openly stating what he considered necessary for public safety to be denounced by the libel and proving his assertions to be true. The second head included defamatory statements made in private, and in this case the offense lay in the content of the imputation, not in the manner of its publication. The truth was therefore a sufficient defense, for no man had a right to demand legal protection for a false reputation.


title: Defamation

text: In Anglo-Saxon England, whose legal tradition is the predecessor of contemporary common law jurisdictions, slander was punished by cutting out the tongue. Historically, while defamation of a commoner in England was known as libel or slander, the defamation of a member of the English aristocracy was called "scandalum magnatum," literally "the scandal of magnates".


title: Defamation

text: Defamation has historically featured prominently in religious ethics and jurisprudence particularly in Abrahamic faiths. In Judaism, lashon hara is a variety of defamation actionable under halakhic law. "Lashon hara" differs from other conceptions of defamation in that its focus is on the use of true speech for a wrongful purpose, rather than falsehood and harm arising. By contrast, "hotzaat shem ra" ("spreading a bad name"), also called "hotzaat diba", consists of untrue remarks and is best translated as "slander" or "defamation". "Hotzaat shem ra" is worse on account of its inherent dishonesty and is consequently considered a graver sin than "lashon hara". In Roman Catholic theology, defamation is seen through the lens of two distinct sins, that of lying and that of impinging on a person's right to a reputation. It is considered to be close to detraction, the sin of revealing previously unknown faults or sins of another person to a third person. While, particularly in the case of halakhic courts and dispute resolution, Jewish and Christian theological approaches to defamation are influential in shaping attitudes and public policy toward defamation, their practical influence over defamation in tort and criminal law is limited in contemporary secular legal systems.


title: Defamation

text: Under Islamic law, there are various defamation-related offences and sins rooted in the historical development of Islamic jurisprudence. While contemporary Islamic or Muslim-majority jurisdictions are typically primarily common or civil law jurisdictions, Islamic jurisprudence exercises a significant influence over jurisdictions in the Islamic world seeking to "harmonise" their legal systems with Islamic worldviews. The Islamic concept of "tashir", i.e. the principle that conduct aimed at discrediting an individual's dignity or honour in the eyes of the community is inherently wrongful, informs jurists' approach to defamation in the Islamic world. Furthermore, with regard to the tension between the protection of community members' honour (which is viewed as a public good, or "God's right") and freedom of speech (which is viewed as an individual "man's right"), Islamic jurisprudence places greater emphasis on the former than on the latter.


title: Defamation

text: Following the Second World War and with the rise of contemporary international human rights law, the right to a legal remedy for defamation is rooted in Article 17 of the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which states that:


title: Defamation

text: This implies a right to legal protection against defamation; however, this right co-exists with the right to freedom of opinion and expression under Article 19 of the ICCPR as well as Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 19 of the ICCPR expressly provides that the right to freedom of opinion and expression may be limited so far as it is necessary "for respect of the rights or reputations of others". Consequently, international human rights law provides that while individual's should have the right to a legal remedy for defamation, this right must be balanced with the equally protected right to freedom of opinion and expression. In general, ensuring that domestic defamation law adequately balances individuals' right to protect their reputation with freedom of expression and of the press entails:


title: Defamation

text: In most of Europe, article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights permits restrictions on freedom of speech when necessary to protect the reputation or rights of others. Additionally, restrictions of freedom of expression and other rights guaranteed by international human rights laws (including the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)) and by the constitutions of a variety of countries are subject to some variation of the three-part test recognised by the United Nations Human Rights Committee which requires that limitations be: 1) "provided by law that is clear and accessible to everyone", 2) "proven to be necessary and legitimate to protect the rights or reputations of others", and 3) "proportionate and the least restrictive to achieve the purported aim". This test is analogous to the Oakes Test applied domestically by the Supreme Court of Canada in assessing whether limitations on constitutional rights are "demonstrably justifiable in a free and democratic society" under Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the "necessary in a democratic society" test applied by the European Court of Human Rights in assessing limitations on rights under the ECHR, Section 36 of the post-Apartheid Constitution of South Africa, and Section 24 of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya.


title: Defamation

text: While each legal tradition approaches defamation differently, it is typically regarded as a tort for which the offended party can take civil action. The range of remedies available to successful plaintiffs in defamation cases varies between jurisdictions and range from damages to court orders requiring the defendant to retract the offending statement or to publish a correction or an apology.


title: Defamation

text: Modern defamation in common law jurisdictions are historically derived from English defamation law. English law allows actions for libel to be brought in the High Court for any published statements alleged to defame a named or identifiable individual or individuals (under English law companies are legal persons, and allowed to bring suit for defamation) in a manner that causes them loss in their trade or profession, or causes a reasonable person to think worse of them.


title: Defamation

text: In contemporary common law jurisdictions, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions distinguish between spoken defamation, called "slander", and defamation in other media such as printed words or images, called "libel". The fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the "form" in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, such as spoken words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like, then it is slander. In contrast, libel encompasses defamation by written or printed words, pictures, or in any form other than spoken words or gestures. The law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of libel. The highest award in an American defamation case, at US$222.7 million was rendered in 1997 against Dow Jones in favour of MMAR Group Inc; however, the verdict was dismissed in 1999 amid allegations that MMAR failed to disclose audiotapes made by its employees.


title: Defamation

text: In common law jurisdictions, civil lawsuits alleging defamation have frequently been used by both private businesses and governments to suppress and censor criticism. A notable example of such lawsuits being used to suppress political criticism of a government is the use of defamation claims by politicians in Singapore's ruling People's Action Party to harass and suppress opposition leaders such as J. B. Jeyaretnam Over the first few decades of the twenty first century, the phenomenon of strategic lawsuits against public participation has gained prominence in many common law jurisdictions outside Singapore as activists, journalists, and critics of corporations, political leaders, and public figures are increasingly targeted with vexatious defamation litigation. As a result, tort reform measures have been enacted in various jurisdictions; the California Code of Civil Procedure and Ontario's Protection of Public Participation Act do so by enabling defendants to make a special motion to strike or dismiss during which discovery is suspended and which, if successful, would terminate the lawsuit and allow the party to recover its legal costs from the plaintiff.


title: Defamation

text: There are a variety of defences to defamation claims in common law jurisdictions. The two most fundamental defences arise from the doctrine in common law jurisdictions that only a false statement of fact (as opposed to opinion) can be defamatory. This doctrine gives rise to two separate but related defences: opinion and truth. Statements of opinion cannot be regarded as defamatory as they are inherently non-falsifiable. Where a statement has been shown to be one of fact rather than opinion, the most common defence in common law jurisdictions is that of truth. Proving the truth of an allegedly defamatory statement is always a valid defence. Where a statement is partially true, certain jurisdictions in the Commonwealth have provided by statute that the defence "shall not fail by reason only that the truth of every charge is not proved if the words not proved to be true do not materially injure the claimant’s reputation having regard to the truth of the remaining charges". Similarly, the American doctrine of substantial truth provides that a statement is not defamatory if it has "slight inaccuracies of expression" but is otherwise true. Since a statement can only be defamatory if it harms another person's reputation, another defence tied to the ability of a statement to be defamatory is to demonstrate that, regardless of whether the statement is true or is a statement of fact, it does not actually harm someone's reputation.


title: Defamation

text: Many common law jurisdictions recognise that some categories of statements are considered to be defamatory "per se", such that people making a defamation claim for these statements do not need to prove that the statement was defamatory. In an action for defamation "per se", the law recognises that certain false statements are so damaging that they create a presumption of injury to the plaintiff's reputation, allowing a defamation case to proceed to verdict with no actual proof of damages. Although laws vary by state, and not all jurisdictions recognise defamation "per se", there are four general categories of false statement that typically support a "per se" action:


title: Defamation

text: If the plaintiff proves that such a statement was made and was false, to recover damages the plaintiff need only prove that someone had made the statement to any third party. No proof of special damages is required. However, to recover full compensation a plaintiff should be prepared to prove actual damages.


title: Defamation

text: As with any defamation case, truth remains an absolute defence to defamation "per se". This means that even if the statement would be considered defamatory "per se" if false, if the defendant establishes that it is in fact true, an action for defamation "per se" cannot survive. The conception of what type of allegation may support an action for defamation per se can evolve with public policy. For example, in May 2012 an appeals court in New York, citing changes in public policy with regard to homosexuality, ruled that describing someone as gay is not defamation.


title: Defamation

text: While defamation torts are broadly similar across common law jurisdictions; differences have arisen as a result of diverging case law, statutes and other legislative action, and constitutional concerns specific to individual jurisdictions.


title: Defamation

text: Some jurisdictions have a separate tort or delict of injury, intentional infliction of emotional distress, involving the making of a statement, even if truthful, intended to harm the claimant out of malice; some have a separate tort or delict of "invasion of privacy" in which the making of a true statement may give rise to liability: but neither of these comes under the general heading of "defamation". The tort of harassment created by Singapore's Protection from Harassment Act 2014 is an example of a tort of this type being created by statute. There is also, in almost all jurisdictions, a tort or delict of "misrepresentation", involving the making of a statement that is untrue even though not defamatory. Thus a surveyor who states a house is free from risk of flooding has not defamed anyone, but may still be liable to someone who purchases the house relying on this statement. Other increasingly common claims similar to defamation in U.S. law are claims that a famous trademark has been diluted through tarnishment, see generally trademark dilution, "intentional interference with contract", and "negligent misrepresentation". In America, for example, the unique tort of false light protects plaintiffs against statements which are not technically false but are misleading. Libel and slander both require publication.


title: Defamation

text: Although laws vary by state; in America, a defamation action typically requires that a plaintiff claiming defamation prove that the defendant:


title: Defamation

text: Additionally, American courts apply special rules in the case of statements made in the press concerning public figures, which can be used as a defence. While plaintiff alleging defamation in an American court must usually prove that the statement caused harm, and was made without adequate research into the truthfulness of the statement; where the plaintiff is a celebrity or public official, they must additionally prove that the statement was made with actual malice (i.e. the intent to do harm or with reckless disregard for the truth). A series of court rulings led by "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan", 376 U.S. 254 (1964) established that for a public official (or other legitimate public figure) to win a libel case in an American court, the statement must have been published knowing it to be false or with reckless disregard to its truth (i.e. actual malice). The Associated Press estimates that 95% of libel cases involving news stories do not arise from high-profile news stories, but "run of the mill" local stories like news coverage of local criminal investigations or trials, or business profiles. Media liability insurance is available to newspapers to cover potential damage awards from libel lawsuits. An early example of libel is the case of John Peter Zenger in 1735. Zenger was hired to publish the "New York Weekly Journal". When he printed another man's article criticising William Cosby, the royal governor of Colonial New York, Zenger was accused of seditious libel. The verdict was returned as "not guilty" on the charge of seditious libel, because it was proven that all the statements Zenger had published about Cosby had been true, so there was not an issue of defamation. Another example of libel is the case of "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan" (1964). The American Supreme Court overruled a state court in Alabama that had found "The New York Times" guilty of libel for printing an advertisement that criticised Alabama officials for mistreating student civil rights activists. Even though some of what "The Times" printed was false, the court ruled in its favour, saying that libel of a public official requires proof of actual malice, which was defined as a "knowing or reckless disregard for the truth".


title: Defamation

text: Many jurisdictions within the Commonwealth (e.g. Singapore, Ontario, and the United Kingdom) have enacted legislation to:


title: Defamation

text: Defamation in Indian tort law largely resembles that of England and Wales. Indian courts have endorsed the defences of absolute and qualified privilege, fair comment, and justification. While statutory law in the United Kingdom provides that, if the defendant is only successful in proving the truth of some of the several charges against him, the defence of justification might still be available if the charges not proved do not materially injure the reputation, there is no corresponding provision in India, though it is likely that Indian courts would treat this principle as persuasive precedent. Recently, incidents of defamation in relation to public figures have attracted public attention.


title: Defamation

text: The origins of U.S. defamation law pre-date the American Revolution. Though the First Amendment of the American Constitution was designed to protect freedom of the press, it was primarily envisioned to prevent censorship by the state rather than defamation suits; thus, for most of American history, the Supreme Court did not interpret the First Amendment as applying to libel cases involving media defendants. This left libel laws, based upon the traditional common law of defamation inherited from the English legal system, mixed across the states. The 1964 case "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan" dramatically altered the nature of libel law in the country by elevating the fault element for public officials to actual malicethat is, public figures could win a libel suit only if they could demonstrate the publisher's "knowledge that the information was false" or that the information was published "with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not". Later the Supreme Court held that statements that are so ridiculous to be clearly not true are protected from libel claims, as are statements of opinion relating to matters of public concern that do not contain a provably false factual connotation. Subsequent state and federal cases have addressed defamation law and the Internet.


title: Defamation

text: American defamation law is much less plaintiff-friendly than its counterparts in European and the Commonwealth countries. A comprehensive discussion of what is and is not libel or slander under American law is difficult, as the definition differs between different states and is further affected by federal law. Some states codify what constitutes slander and libel together, merging the concepts into a single defamation law.


title: Defamation

text: Australian law of defamation developed out of the English law of defamation and its cases; however, as in America, there are differences introduced by statute and by the implied constitutional limitation on governmental powers to limit speech of a political nature established in "Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997)". In 2006, uniform defamation laws came into effect across Australia. In addition to fixing the problematic inconsistencies in law between individual States and Territories, the laws made a number of reforms, including:


title: Defamation

text: The 2006 reforms also established across all Australian states the availability of truth as an unqualified defence; previously a number of states only allowed a defence of truth with the condition that a public interest or benefit existed. The defendant however still needs to prove that the defamatory imputations are substantially true. The law as it currently stands in Australia was summarised in the 2015 case of Duffy v Google by Justice Blue in the Supreme Court of South Australia.


title: Defamation

text: Similarly, New Zealand received English law with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840. The current Act is the Defamation Act 1992 which came into force on 1 February 1993 and repealed the Defamation Act 1954. New Zealand law allows for the following remedies in an action for defamation: compensatory damages; an injunction to stop further publication; a correction or a retraction; and in certain cases, punitive damages. Section 28 of the Act allows for punitive damages only when a there is a flagrant disregard of the rights of the person defamed. As the law assumes that an individual suffers loss if a statement is defamatory, there is no need to prove that specific damage or loss has occurred. However, Section 6 of the Act allows for a defamation action brought by a corporate body to proceed only when the body corporate alleges and proves that the publication of the defamation has caused or is likely to cause pecuniary loss to that body corporate.


title: Defamation

text: As is the case for most Commonwealth jurisdictions, Canada follows English law on defamation issues (except in Quebec where the private law is derived from French civil law). In common law provinces and territories, defamation covers any communication that tends to lower the esteem of the subject in the minds of ordinary members of the public. Probably true statements are not excluded, nor are political opinions. Intent is always presumed, and it is not necessary to prove that the defendant intended to defame. In "Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto" (1995), the Supreme Court of Canada rejected the "actual malice" test adopted in the US case "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan". Once a claim has been made, the defendant may avail themselves of a defence of justification (the truth), fair comment, responsible communication, or privilege. Publishers of defamatory comments may also use the defence of innocent dissemination where they had no knowledge of the nature of the statement, it was not brought to their attention, and they were not negligent.


title: Defamation

text: Defamation in jurisdictions applying Roman Dutch law (i.e. most of Southern Africa, Indonesia, Suriname, and the Dutch Caribbean) gives rise to a claim by way of "actio iniuriarum". For liability under the "actio iniuriarum", the general elements of delict must be present, but specific rules have been developed for each element. Causation, for example, is seldom in issue, and is assumed to be present. The elements of liability under the "actio iniuriarum" are as follows:


title: Defamation

text: Under the "actio iniuriarum", harm consists in the infringement of a personality right, either "corpus", "dignitas", or "fama". "Dignitas" is a generic term meaning ‘worthiness, dignity, self-respect’, and comprises related concerns like mental tranquillity and privacy. Because it is such a wide concept, its infringement must be serious. Not every insult is humiliating; one must prove "contumelia". This includes insult ("iniuria" in the narrow sense), adultery, loss of consortium, alienation of affection, breach of promise (but only in a humiliating or degrading manner), et cetera. "Fama" is a generic term referring to reputation and actio iniuriarum pertaining to it encompasses defamation more broadly Beyond simply covering actions that fall within the broader concept of defamation, "actio iniuriarum" relating to infringements of a person's "corpus" provides civil remedies for assaults, acts of a sexual or indecent nature, and ‘wrongful arrest and detention’.


title: Defamation

text: In Scots law, which is closely related to Roman Dutch law, the remedy for defamation is similarly the actio iniuriarium and the most common defence is "veritas" (i.e. proving the truth of otherwise defamatory statement). Defamation falls within the realm of non-patrimonial (i.e. dignitary) interests. The Scots law pertaining to the protection of non-patrimonial interests is said to be 'a thing of shreds and patches'. This notwithstanding, there is ‘little historical basis in Scots law for the kind of structural difficulties that have restricted English law' in the development of mechanisms to protect so-called 'rights of personality'. The "actio iniuriarum" heritage of Scots law gives the courts scope to recognise, and afford reparation in, cases in which no patrimonial (or 'quasi-patrimonial') 'loss' has occurred, but a recognised dignitary interest has nonetheless been invaded through the wrongful conduct of the defender. For such reparation to be offered, however, the non-patrimonial interest must be deliberately affronted: negligent interference with a non-patrimonial interest will not be sufficient to generate liability. An "actio iniuriarum" requires that the conduct of the defender be 'contumelious' - that is, it must show such hubristic disregard of the pursuer's recognised personality interest that an intention to affront ("animus iniuriandi") might be imputed.


title: Defamation

text: There are four distinct systems of tort, and therefore civil defamation, law presently in force in China, three of which are in force in different regions administered by the People's Republic of China and one of which is in force in the Republic of China. Areas administered by the Republic of China include:


title: Defamation

text: While tort law in Mainland China is generally governed by Book Seven ("Tort Liability") of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (CCPRC), liability for defamation is provided for in Book Four ("Personality Rights"). Article 1024 provides that "no organisation or individual may infringe upon other’s right to reputation by insultation, defamation, or the like", defining "reputation" as "a social evaluation of the moral character, prestige, talent, and credit of a person". In addition to damages, remedies for defamation may include the right to request a "correction" or the timely deletion of defamatory content.


title: Defamation

text: Qualified privilege for journalists and individuals acting "for public interest purposes" and such individuals "shall not bear civil liability for defamation except where one of the following situations exists:


title: Defamation

text: Article 1027 provides that, while "literary or artistic work" depicts actual people "with insulting or defamatory content" that "infringes upon another persons’ right to reputation" is considered defamation under the CCPRC, works which do "not depict a specific person" but "some patterns of the story are similar to the situation of such person" shall not constitute defamation.


title: Defamation

text: Liability for defamation under the Civil Code of the Republic of China stems from article 195 which provides for tort liability in the case of certain non-pecuniary injuries, particularly "reputation", "privacy", and "personality".


title: Defamation

text: While defamation law in most jurisdictions centres on the protection of individuals' dignity or reputation, defamation law in France is particularly rooted in protecting the privacy of individuals. While the broader scope of the rights protected make defamation cases easier to prove in France than, for example, in England; awards in defamation cases are significantly lower and it is common for courts to award symbolic damages as low as €1. Controversially, damages in defamation cases brought by public officials are higher than those brought by ordinary citizens, which has a chilling effect on criticism of public policy While the only statutory defence available under French defamation law is to demonstrate the truth of the defamatory statement in question, a defence that is unavailable in cases involving an individual's personal life; French courts have recognised three additional exceptions:


title: Defamation

text: Under article 723 of the Japanese Civil Code, a court is empowered to order a tortfeasor in a defamation case to "take suitable measures for the restoration of the [plaintiff's] reputation either in lieu of or together with compensation for damages". An example of a civil defamation case in Japan can be found at Japan civil court finds against ZNTIR President Yositoki (Mitsuo) Hataya and Yoshiaki.


title: Defamation

text: In some systems, notably the Philippines, truth alone is not a defence. It is also necessary in these cases to show that there is a well-founded public interest in the specific information being widely known, and this may be the case even for public figures. Public interest is generally not "what the public is interested in", but rather "what is in the interest of the public". In a 2012 ruling involving Philippine libel law, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights commented, "Penal defamation laws should include defence of truth."


title: Defamation

text: In practice, defamation law in Thailand has been found by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to be facilitate hostile and vexatious litigation by business interests seeking to suppress criticism.


title: Defamation

text: In Quebec, defamation was originally grounded in the law inherited from France and is presently established by Chapter III, Title 2 of Book One of the Civil Code of Quebec, which provides that "every person has a right to the respect of his reputation and privacy".


title: Defamation

text: To establish civil liability for defamation, the plaintiff must establish, on a balance of probabilities, the existence of an injury (fault), a wrongful act (damage), and of a causal connection (link of causality) between the two. A person who has made defamatory remarks will not necessarily be civilly liable for them. The plaintiff must further demonstrate that the person who made the remarks committed a wrongful act. Defamation in Quebec is governed by a reasonableness standard, as opposed to strict liability; a defendant who made a false statement would not be held liable if it was reasonable to believe the statement was true.


title: Defamation

text: In addition to tort law, many jurisdictions treat defamation as a criminal offence and provide for penalties as such. Article 19, a British free expression advocacy group, has published global maps charting the existence of criminal defamation law across the globe, as well as showing countries that have special protections for political leaders or functionaries of the state.