title: Pawn Stars

text: "Pawn Stars" began with Brent Montgomery and Colby Gaines of Leftfield Pictures, who were struck by the array of eclectic and somewhat seedy pawn shops in Las Vegas during a 2008 weekend visit to the city. Thinking such shops might contain unique characters, they searched for a family-run shop on which to center a TV series, until they found the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop less than two miles from the Las Vegas Strip. It had been the subject of a 2001 PBS documentary, and the manager and part-owner, Rick Harrison, had been trying unsuccessfully to pitch a show based on his shop for four years. Both the shop and Rick had previously been featured in the Las Vegas episode of "Insomniac with Dave Attell" in 2003.


title: Pawn Stars

text: The series was originally pitched to HBO, though the network preferred the series to have been a "Taxicab Confessions"-style series taking place at the Gold & Silver's night window. The format eventually evolved into the now-familiar family-oriented motif used in the series. History president Nancy Dubuc, who had been charged with creating programming with a more populist appeal to balance out the network's in-depth military programming picked up the series, which was initially titled "Pawning History" before a staffer at Leftfield suggested that "Pawn Stars" would fit better with the locale. The network concurred, believing that name to be more pleasing and easily remembered. The name is an intentional pun on "porn stars." The staffer adjusted its storyline to bring it in line with the network's brand, which included the on-camera experts appraising the items brought into the Gold & Silver, though she did not discourage the interpersonal conflicts among the show's stars.


title: Pawn Stars

text: The series is filmed on location at the World-Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas, Nevada. Although jewelry is the most commonly pawned item at the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, most of the customers featured in episodes bring in a variety of vintage or antique items to the store, which has 12,000 items in its inventory as of July 2011 (5,000 of which are typically held on pawn). Each episode consists of segments devoted to approximately five or six of these items in which one of the staff members, usually Rick Harrison, his son Corey, or Harrison's father Richard (known as the "Old Man"), explains the history behind the object. When the buyer is unable to evaluate an object, they consult with an expert who can evaluate it to determine its authenticity and potential value, and in the case of items needing repair, the cost of restoration or preparing the item for sale. Whoever is evaluating the object goes over the potential value with the customer, including the expert's opinion, if one is given, often interspersed with an interview in which he explains the basis of his decision to the viewer. A price tag graphic at the bottom corner of the screen provides the ever-changing dollar amount as the two negotiate over the item's price. On occasion, Rick will purchase items in need of restoration before determining their restoration costs, thus taking a risk on such costs.


title: Pawn Stars

text: Interpersonal narratives focusing on the relationship and conflicts among Rick, Corey, the Old Man, and Corey's childhood friend, Austin "Chumlee" Russell, who also works at the shop, also comprise episode plots. These usually pertain to arguments over the running of the shop, the elder Harrisons questioning Corey's judgment, and aspersions cast on Chumlee's intelligence and competence. Before the second commercial break, a multiple-choice trivia question related to the shop and its inventory, the cast members, or one of the featured items is shown, with the answer provided after the break; beginning with the Season 8 episode "A Very Vegas Christmas," a trivia question is asked at every commercial break.


title: Pawn Stars

text: In addition to spawning imitators and clones, such as the truTV series "Hardcore Pawn", and History's own "Cajun Pawn Stars", the success of "Pawn Stars" has been a boon to the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, which has become a Las Vegas tourist site, and has expanded its business accordingly. Originally averaging between 70 and 100 customers per day, the shop's traffic increased to more than 1,000 by October 2010. To handle the increased business, the shop hired nearly 30 new employees, and underwent a $400,000 expansion of their showroom by two thirds, to 15,000 square feet, the shop's tenth expansion since it opened. Rick Harrison also mentioned in the fourth season episode "Over the Top" that he was building a gym above the Pawn Shop for the staff's use. The shop also now sells its own brand merchandise, whose designs originate from fans entering design competitions on Facebook, which saves the Harrisons the cost of hiring professional designers. The staff's presence on Facebook and Twitter also ensures audiences during local nightclub appearances, for which Corey Harrison and Chumlee Russell are paid $1,000 a night. However, as a result of filming at the shop, the four main cast members can only work the main counter during shoot days, this is due to laws that require the identity of customers pawning items to remain confidential, and the tourists and fans taking photos and video in the showroom that would preclude this. When shooting episodes of the series, the store is temporarily closed to the public, with only a handful of vetted customers allowed into the showroom.


title: Pawn Stars

text: In July 2011, Harrison signed a record-breaking 80-episode renewal contract for four more seasons of the series.


title: Pawn Stars

text: After being broadcast during its first four years on Mondays at 10 p.m. ET, the program moved to Thursday nights at 9 p.m. ET on May 30, 2013, replacing "Swamp People", which moved an hour later to 10 p.m. ET. The program also received a new opening and theme song, "Winning isn't Everything," performed by Lynyrd Skynyrd. The opening was replaced again with different theme music from an uncredited artist on June 12, 2014.


title: Pawn Stars

text: Professional specialists are sometimes called in by the pawn shop to determine the authenticity and value of the items brought in and in some cases, to restore them. The following is a list of recurring experts who have appeared in two or more episodes.


title: Pawn Stars

text: Cameo appearances have been made by Phil Collen, Joe Elliott, Bob Dylan, Jeremy McKinnon, Meredith Vieira, the Oak Ridge Boys, George Stephanopoulos, Matt Kenseth, Steve Carell, Kip Winger, Roger Daltrey, Katie Couric, Vic Flick, Butch Harmon, Billy Gibbons, and Marc-André Fleury.


title: Pawn Stars

text: By January 2011, "Pawn Stars" was History's highest-rated series. An original episode broadcast on January 24, 2011, was watched by seven million viewers, the most watched telecast ever on the History channel, according to the network and Nielsen Media Research. In 2011, it was the second-highest-rated reality series on TV behind " Jersey Shore", attracting 7.6 million viewers. In 2016, a "New York Times" study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that "Pawn Stars" was most popular in rural Kentucky.


title: Pawn Stars

text: Christopher Long, reviewing the first season DVD for DVD Town, praised the series for its cast and the educational value of the items examined, calling it 'addictive' and "...a big-time winner..." and opined that it is the best show on History, and perhaps cable. In one issue of "TV Guide", writer Rob Moynihan included the show in a list of "guilty pleasures." April McIntyre of Monsters and Critics, whose negative view of pawn shops influenced her view of the series' setting, reviewed one episode of the series, which she labeled a "cool "Antiques Roadshow."" Though she found aspects of it interesting, she criticized what she perceived as an emphasis on cheap laughs at the expense of family patriarch Richard Harrison over the show's historical material, as well as Corey Harrison's weight. She ultimately saw potential for the series if aspects of it that she found to be in poor taste were curbed. "USA Today"'s Gary Strauss opined that the bickering among the Harrisons, as well as the customers seen in the shop, is "alternately amusing and grating." "People" magazine wrote of the show, "Think "Antiques Roadshow", but with neon and far more tattoos." Some of History's viewers were reportedly displeased with how reality series like "Pawn Stars" and "Swamp People" have replaced some of the network's previous history-oriented programming.


title: Pawn Stars

text: The series has also attracted some criticism from other pawnbrokers, who while conceding its entertainment value, claim that the series' focus on the extravagant vintage items brought into the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop are not typical of the average pawn shop, whose business is predicated on an individuals' fixed income who bring in conventional objects in order to pay their bills, such as electronics, tools, and jewelry. Corey Grigson and Charles Brown, who own a shop called Pawn Stars, estimate that their average loan to a customer is between $50 and $100. They also point out that appraisals are handled by the staff, who rely on experience, reference works, and research, and not the outside experts who are frequently seen on the show aiding the Harrisons.


title: Pawn Stars

text: The success of the series has also lent itself to parody. At the June 2011 NHL Awards in Las Vegas, the Hanson Brothers from the movie "Slap Shot" appeared in a spoof sketch in which they try to sell the Stanley Cup to Harrison at the Gold & Silver.


title: Pawn Stars

text: In 2010, Rick Harrison and the staff of the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop were awarded the Pawnbroker of the Year Award by the National Pawnbrokers Association for bringing the industry greater recognition and a better image with the TV show.


title: Pawn Stars

text: On July 17, 2012, the Clark County Commission declared that day to be "Pawn Stars/Gold & Silver Pawn Day." At the Commission meeting, Richard "The Old Man" Harrison donated $1,000 to the Clark County Heritage Museum, and lent the U.S. Senate floor chair used by Senator Patrick McCarran (sold to the Gold and Silver in the "Pawn Stars" episode "Take a Seat") to the museum as part of a display on Senator McCarran.


title: Pawn Stars

text: In October 2012, A+E Networks and History, as well as cast members from the show, were sued in Clark County District Court in Las Vegas for interference with business practices by Wayne Jefferies, a Las Vegas promoter and the Harrisons' manager, who represented them and Austin Lee "Chumlee" Russell in their television business dealings. Jefferies, who was instrumental in helping to launch the series, states that after the show premiered, his influence in the show was increasingly reduced, and he was ultimately fired and left without his promised share of fees and merchandising royalties from the series. Jefferies states that this occurred after a January 2012 leaked story on TMZ that indicated that the "Pawn Stars" cast was taken aback by History's launch of the spinoff "Cajun Pawn Stars", which the cast had been unaware of.


title: Pawn Stars

text: On March 9, 2016, Chumlee's home was raided during the course of an investigation into sexual assault allegations. During searches of his residence, police found crystal meth, marijuana, Xanax, and multiple firearms. Evidence of possible cocaine use was also found. In March 2016, "Chumlee" Russell pleaded guilty to charges stemming from the discovery of an arsenal of weapons, marijuana, and other drugs by police at his home in Las Vegas.


title: Pawn Stars

text: Following the success of "Pawn Stars", Leftfield Pictures created the following spinoffs of "Pawn Stars":


title: Pawn Stars

text: In June 2011, Rick Harrison's autobiography, "License to Pawn: Deals, Steals, and My Life at the Gold & Silver", was published by Hyperion Books. Harrison's autobiography details his childhood, some of the troubles he faced before he got into the pawning business, as well as anecdotes from his time at the Gold & Silver. Also, The Old Man, Corey, and Chumlee have their own chapters in the book, reflecting on their life and experiences at the pawn shop.


title: Pawn Stars

text: In October 2011, the Redwood Hills Financial Group issued the "Modern Cash Prepaid MasterCard Limited Edition: Gold & Silver Pawn Shop" prepaid debit card, in a special tie-in with the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop.


title: Pawn Stars

text: On September 5, 2012, it was announced that Bally Technologies would unveil a new slot machine featuring the cast of "Pawn Stars" the following month at the 2012 Global Gaming Expo, which took place from October 2 to 4, 2012 in Las Vegas.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: The fisher (Pekania pennanti) is a small carnivorous mammal native to North America, a forest-dwelling creature whose range covers much of the boreal forest in Canada to the northern United States. It is a member of the mustelid family (commonly referred to as the weasel family), and is in the monospecific genus Pekania. It is sometimes misleadingly referred to as a fisher cat, even though it is not a cat.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: The fisher is closely related to, but larger than, the American marten ("Martes americana") and Pacific marten ("Martes caurina"). In some regions, the fisher is known as a "pekan", derived from its name in the Abenaki language, or "wejack", an Algonquian word (cf. Cree "wuchak", "otchock", Ojibwa "ojiig") borrowed by fur traders. Other Native American names for the fisher are Chipewyan "thacho" and Carrier "chunihcho", both meaning "big marten", and Wabanaki "uskool".


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers have few predators besides humans. They have been trapped since the 18th century for their fur. Their pelts were in such demand that they were extirpated from several parts of the United States in the early part of the 20th century. Conservation and protection measures have allowed the species to rebound, but their current range is still reduced from its historic limits. In the 1920s, when pelt prices were high, some fur farmers attempted to raise fishers. However, their unusual delayed reproduction made breeding difficult. When pelt prices fell in the late 1940s, most fisher farming ended. While fishers usually avoid human contact, encroachments into forest habitats have resulted in some conflicts.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Male and female fishers look similar, but can be differentiated by size; males being up to twice as large as the females. The fur of the fisher varies seasonally, being denser and glossier in the winter. During the summer, the color becomes more mottled, as the fur goes through a moulting cycle. The fisher prefers to hunt in full forest. Although an agile climber, it spends most of its time on the forest floor, where it prefers to forage around fallen trees. An omnivore, the fisher feeds on a wide variety of small animals and occasionally on fruits and mushrooms. It prefers the snowshoe hare and is one of the few animals able to prey successfully on porcupines. Despite its common name, it rarely eats fish. The reproductive cycle of the fisher lasts almost a year. Female fishers give birth to a litter of three or four kits in the spring. They nurse and care for their kits until late summer, when they are old enough to set out on their own. Females enter estrus shortly after giving birth and leave the den to find a mate. Implantation of the blastocyst is delayed until the following spring, when they give birth and the cycle is renewed.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Despite the name "fisher", the animal is not known to eat fish. The name is instead related to the word "fitch", meaning a European polecat ("Mustela putorius") or pelt thereof, due to the resemblance to that animal. The name comes from colonial Dutch equivalent "fisse" or "visse". In the French language, the pelt of a polecat is also called "fiche" or "fichet". Alternatively, Dr. James DeKay, as reported by John James Audubon and John Bachman, claimed the name "fisher" may have been attributed to the animal's "singular fondness for the fish used to bait traps", although this may have been local lore.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: The Latin specific name "pennanti" honors Thomas Pennant, who described the fisher in 1771. Buffon had first described the creature in 1765, calling it a "pekan". Pennant examined the same specimen, but called it a fisher, unaware of Buffon's earlier description. Other 18th-century scientists gave it similar names, such as Schreber, who named it "Mustela canadensis", and Boddaert, who named it "Mustela melanorhyncha". The fisher was eventually placed in the genus "Martes" by Smith in 1843. In 2008, advances in DNA analysis allowed a more detailed study of the fisher's evolutionary history. The fisher and the genus "Martes" were determined to have descended from a common ancestor, but the fisher was distinct enough to put it in its own genus. It was decided to create the genus "Pekania" and reclassify the fisher as "Pekania pennanti".


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Members of the genus "Pekania" are distinguished by their four premolar teeth on the upper and lower jaws. Its close relative "Mustela" has just three. The fisher has 38 teeth. The dentition formula is:


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Some evidence shows that ancestors of the fisher migrated to North America during the Pliocene era between 2.5 and 5.0 million years ago. Two extinct mustelids, "Pekania palaeosinensis" and "P. anderssoni", have been found in eastern Asia. The first true fisher, "P. diluviana", has only been found in Middle Pleistocene North America. "P. diluviana" is strongly indicated to be related to the Asian finds, which suggests a migration. "P. pennanti" has been found as early as the Late Pleistocene era, about 125,000 years ago. No major differences are seen between the Pleistocene fisher and the modern fisher. Fossil evidence indicates that the fisher's range extended farther south than it does today.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Three subspecies were identified by Goldman in 1935, "Martes. pennanti. columbiana", "M. p. pacifica", and "M. p. pennanti". Later research has debated whether these subspecies could be positively identified. In 1959, E.M. Hagmeier concluded that the subspecies are not separable based on either fur or skull characteristics. Although some debate still exists, in general, the fisher is recognized to be a monotypic species with no extant subspecies.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers are a medium-sized mammal, comparable in size to the domestic cat. Their bodies are long, thin, and low to the ground. The sexes have similar physical features, but they are sexually dimorphic in size, with the male being much larger than the female. Males are in total length and weigh . Females measure and weigh . Head and body lengths for both sexes range from ; the tail adding a further . The largest male fisher ever recorded weighed .


title: Fisher (animal)

text: The fisher's fur changes with the season and differs slightly between sexes. Males have coarser coats than females. In the early winter, the coats are dense and glossy, ranging from on the chest to on the back. The color ranges from deep brown to black, although it appears to be much blacker in the winter when contrasted with white snow. From the face to the shoulders, fur can be hoary-gold or silver due to tricolored guard hairs. The underside of a fisher is almost completely brown except for randomly placed patches of white or cream-colored fur. In the summer, the fur color is more variable and may lighten considerably. Fishers undergo moulting starting in late summer and finishing by November or December.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers have five toes on each foot, with unsheathed, retractable claws. Their feet are large, making it easier for them to move on top of snow packs. In addition to the toes, four central pads are on each foot. On the hind paws are coarse hairs that grow between the pads and the toes, giving them added traction when walking on slippery surfaces. Fishers have highly mobile ankle joints that can rotate their hind paws almost 180°, allowing them to maneuver well in trees and climb down head-first. The fisher is one of relatively few mammalian species with the ability to descend trees head-first.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: A circular patch of hair on the central pad of their hind paws marks plantar glands that give off a distinctive odor. Since these patches become enlarged during breeding season, they are likely used to make a scent trail to allow fishers to find each other so they can mate.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers are generalist predators. Although their primary prey is snowshoe hares and porcupines, they are also known to supplement their diet with insects, nuts, berries, and mushrooms. Since they are solitary hunters, their choice of prey is limited by their size. Analyses of stomach contents and scat have found evidence of birds, small mammals, and even deer—the latter indicating that they are not averse to eating carrion. While the behavior is not common, fishers have been known to kill larger animals, such as wild turkey, bobcat (although, in most cases, confrontations tend to be dominated by the cat, that frequently prey on them and in fact is one of their main predators) and Canada lynx. Researchers in Maine have found "about a dozen" cases of confirmed fisher predation on Canada lynx, and several more suspected cases, in a four township area of Maine. According to Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife wildlife biologist Scott McClellan, the fishers involved in these kills attacked lynx bedded down in snowstorms with a quick "powerful grip" bite to the lynx's neck. Signs of struggle indicated that some lynx attempted to defend themselves but McClellan states that "the fishers would finish the cats off pretty quickly. There was some struggle certainly, but it didn’t appear to last very long. There were some broken branches, tufts of fur, and claw marks where the lynx was trying to get away." The McClellan study in The Journal of Wildlife Management documents 14 fisher-caused mortalities of Canada lynx from 1999 to 2011 in northern Maine, and found that predation was the leading source of mortality of lynx in the study area (18 deaths, 14 by fisher).


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers are one of the few predators that seek out and kill porcupines. Stories in popular literature indicate that fishers can flip a porcupine onto its back and "scoop out its belly like a ripe melon". This was identified as an exaggerated misconception as early as 1966. Observational studies show that fishers make repeated biting attacks on the face of a porcupine and kill it after about 25–30 minutes.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: The female fisher begins to breed at about one year of age and her reproductive cycle is an almost year-long event. Mating takes place in late March to early April. Blastocyst implantation is then delayed for ten months until mid-February of the following year when active pregnancy begins. After gestating for about 50 days, the female gives birth to one to four kits. The female then enters estrus 7–10 days later and the breeding cycle begins again.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Females den in hollow trees. Kits are born blind, helpless, and are partially covered with fine hair. Kits begin to crawl after about three weeks. After about seven weeks, they open their eyes. They start to climb after eight weeks. Kits are completely dependent on their mother's milk for the first eight to ten weeks, after which they begin to switch to a solid diet. After four months, kits become intolerant of their litter mates, and at five months, the mother pushes them out on their own. After one year, juveniles will have established their own range.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers are generally crepuscular, being most active at dawn and night. They are active year-round, and are solitary, associating with other fishers only for mating. Males become more active during mating season. Females are least active during pregnancy and gradually increase activity after birth of their kits.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: A fisher's hunting range varies from in the summer to in the winter. Ranges up to in the winter are possible depending on the quality of the habitat. Male and female fishers have overlapping territories. This behavior is imposed on females by males due to dominance in size and a male's desire to increase mating success.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: As far as is known, adult fishers are not regularly subject to predation. Predators of the fisher included bears ("Ursus spp"), coyotes ("Canis latrans"), golden eagles ("Aquila chrysaetos"), lynxes ("Lynx" sp.), mountain lions ("Puma concolor"), wolverines ("Gulo gulo"), and possibly great horned owls ("Bubo virginianus").


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Parasites of fishers include nematode "Baylisascaris devosi", tapeworm "Taenia sibirica", nematode "Physaloptera" sp., trematodes "Alaria mustelae" and "Metorchis conjunctus", nematode "Trichinella spiralis", and "Molineus" sp.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Although fishers are competent tree climbers, they spend most of their time on the forest floor and prefer continuous forest to other habitats. They have been found in extensive conifer forests typical of the boreal forest, but are also common in mixed-hardwood and conifer forests. Fishers prefer areas with continuous overhead cover with greater than 80% coverage and avoid areas with less than 50% coverage. Fishers are more likely to be found in old-growth forests. Since female fishers require moderately large trees for denning, forests that have been heavily logged and have extensive second growth appear to be unsuitable for their needs.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers also select for forest floors with large amounts of coarse woody debris. In western forests, where fire regularly removes understory debris, fishers show a preference for riparian woodland habitat. Fishers tend to avoid areas with deep snow. Habitat is also affected by snow compaction and moisture content.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers are widespread throughout the northern forests of North America. They are found in the boreal and mixed deciduous-coniferous forest belt that runs across Canada from Nova Scotia in the east to the Pacific shore of British Columbia and north to Alaska. They can be found as far north as Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories and as far south as the mountains of Oregon. Isolated populations occur in the Sierra Nevada of California, throughout New England, in the Catskill mountains of New York and the Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, fishers were virtually eliminated from the southern and eastern parts of their range, including most American states and eastern Canada including Nova Scotia. Overtrapping and loss of forest habitat were the reasons for the decline.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Most states had placed restrictions on fisher trapping by the 1930s, coincidental with the end of the logging boom. A combination of forest regrowth in abandoned farmlands and improved forest management practices increased available habitat and allowed remnant populations to recover. Populations have since recovered sufficiently that the species is no longer endangered. Increasing forest cover in eastern North America means that fisher populations will remain sufficiently robust for the near future. Between 1955 and 1985, some states had allowed limited trapping to resume. In areas where fishers were eliminated, porcupine populations subsequently increased. Areas with a high density of porcupines were found to have extensive damage to timber crops. In these cases, fishers were reintroduced by releasing adults relocated from other places into the forest. Once the fisher populations became re-established, porcupine numbers returned to natural levels. In Washington, fisher sightings were reported into the 1980s, but an extensive survey in the 1990s did not locate any.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Scattered fisher populations now exist in the Pacific Northwest. In 1961, fishers from British Columbia and Minnesota were reintroduced in Oregon to the southern Cascades near Klamath Falls and to the Wallowa Mountains near La Grande. From 1977–1980, fishers were introduced to the region around Crater Lake. Starting in January 2008, fishers were reintroduced into Washington State. The initial reintroduction was on the Olympic peninsula (90 animals), with subsequent reintroductions into the south Cascade Mountains. The reintroduced animals are monitored by radio collars and remote cameras, and have been shown to be reproducing. From 2008 to 2011, about 40 fishers were reintroduced in the northern Sierra Nevada near Stirling City, complementing fisher populations in Yosemite National Park and along California's northern boundary between the Pacific Coast Ranges and the Klamath Mountains. Fishers are a protected species in Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming. In Idaho and California, fishers are protected through a closed trapping season, but they are not afforded any specific protection; however, in California the fisher has been granted threatened status under the Endangered Species Act. In June 2011, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recommended that fishers be removed from the endangered list in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Recent studies, as well as anecdotal evidence, show that fishers have begun making inroads into suburban backyards, farmland, and periurban areas in several US states and eastern Canada, as far south as most of northern Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, Minnesota and Iowa, and even northwestern New Jersey. Having virtually disappeared after the construction of the Cape Cod Canal in the early 1900s, some reports have shown that populations have become re-established on Cape Cod, although the populations are likely smaller than the populations in the western part of New England.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers have had a long history of contact with humans, but most of it has been to the detriment of fisher populations. Unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare, but fishers will attack if they feel threatened or cornered. In one case, a fisher was blamed for an attack on a 6-year-old boy. In another case, a fisher is believed to be responsible for an attack on a 12-year-old boy.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers have been trapped since the 18th century. They have been popular with trappers due to the value of their fur, which has been used for scarves and neck pieces. It is reported that fisher tails were used in the making of spodiks, a form of ceremonial hat worn by Jews of certain Hasidic sects.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: The best pelts are from winter trapping, with secondary-quality pelts from spring trapping. The lowest-quality furs come from out-of-season trapping when fishers are moulting. They are easily trapped, and the value of their fur was a particular incentive for catching this species.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Prices for pelts have varied considerably over the past 100 years. They were highest in the 1920s and 1930s, when average prices were about US$100. In 1936, pelts were being offered for sale in New York City for $450–750 per pelt. Prices declined through the 1960s, but picked up again in the late 1970s. In 1979, the Hudson's Bay Company paid $410 for one female pelt. In 1999, 16,638 pelts were sold in Canada for C$449,307 at an average price of $27.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Between 1900 and 1940, fishers were threatened with near extinction in the southern part of their range due to overtrapping and alterations to their habitat. In New England, fishers, along with most other furbearers, were nearly exterminated due to unregulated trapping. Fishers became extirpated in many northern U.S. states after 1930, but were still abundant enough in Canada to maintain a harvest over 3,000 fishers per year. Limited protection was afforded in the early 20th century, but total protection was not given to the few remaining fishers until 1934. Closed seasons, habitat recovery, and reintroductions have restored fishers to much of their original range.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Trapping resumed in the U.S. after 1962, once numbers had recovered sufficiently. During the early 1970s, the value of fisher pelts soared, leading to another population crash in 1976. After a few years of closed seasons, fisher trapping reopened in 1979 with a shortened season and restricted bag limits. The population has steadily increased since then, with steadily increasing numbers of trapped animals, despite a much lower pelt value.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers have been captured live for fur farming, zoo specimens, and scientific research. From 1920–1946, pelt prices averaged about C$137. Since pelts were relatively valuable, attempts were made to raise fishers on farms. Fur farming was popular with other species such as mink and ermine, so the same techniques were thought to be applicable to fishers. However, farmers found it difficult to raise fishers due to their unusual reproductive cycle. In general, knowledge of delayed implantation in fishers was unknown at the time. Farmers noted that females mated in the spring but did not give birth. Due to declining pelt prices, most fisher farms closed operations by the late 1940s.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers have also been captured and bred by zoos, but they are not a common zoo species. Fishers are poor animals to exhibit because, in general, they hide from visitors all day. Some zoos have had difficulty keeping fishers alive since they are susceptible to many diseases in captivity. Yet at least one example shows a fisher kept in captivity that lived to be 10 years old, and another living to be about 14 years old, well beyond its natural lifespan of 7 years.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: In 1974, R.A. Powell raised two fisher kits for the purpose of performing scientific research. His primary interest was an attempt to measure the activity of fishers to determine how much food the animals required to function. He did this by running them through treadmill exercises that simulated activity in the wild. He compared this to their food intake and used the data to estimate daily food requirements. The research lasted for two years. After one year, one of the fishers died due to unknown causes. The second was released back into the wilderness of Michigan's Upper Peninsula.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: In some areas, fishers can become pests to farmers when they raid chicken coops, and instances of fishers preying on cats and small dogs have been reported. However, a 1979 study examined the stomach contents of all fishers trapped in the state of New Hampshire; cat hairs were found in only one of over 1,000 stomachs. An informal unfinished 2011 study in suburban upstate New York found no cat remains in 24 scat or stomach samples, and an earlier published study found no cat in 226 Massachusetts samples.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: In 2012, a study conducted by the Integral Ecology Research Center, UC Davis, U.S. Forest Service, and the Hoopa tribe showed that fishers in California were exposed to and killed by anticoagulant rodenticides associated with marijuana cultivation. In this study, 79% of fishers that were tested in California were exposed to an average of 1.61 different anticoagulant rodenticides and four fishers died directly attributed to these toxicants. A 2015 follow-up study building on these data determined that the trend of exposure and mortality from these toxicants increased to 85%, that California fishers were now exposed to an average of 1.73 different anticoagulant rodenticides, and that 9 more fishers died, bringing the total to 13. The extent of marijuana cultivation within fishers' home ranges was highlighted in a 2013 study focusing on fisher survival and impacts from marijuana cultivation within the Sierra National Forest. Fishers had an average of 5.3 individual grow sites within their home range. One fisher had 16 individual grow sites within its territory.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: One of the first mentions of fishers in literature occurred in "The Audubon Book of True Nature Stories". Robert Snyder relates a tale of his encounter with fishers in the woods of the Adirondack Mountains of New York. He recounts three sightings, including one where he witnessed a fisher attacking a porcupine.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: In "Winter of the Fisher", Cameron Langford relates a fictional encounter between a fisher and an aging recluse living in the forest. The recluse frees the fisher from a trap and nurses it back to health. The fisher tolerates the attention, but being a wild animal, returns to the forest when well enough. Langford uses the ecology and known habits of the fisher to weave a tale of survival and tolerance in the northern woods of Canada.


title: Fisher (animal)

text: Fishers are mentioned in several other books, including "The Blood Jaguar" (an animal shaman), "Ereth's Birthday" (a porcupine hunter) and in "The Sign of the Beaver", where a fisher is thought to have been caught in a trap.


title: Undertale

text: Undertale is a 2015 2D role-playing video game created by American indie developer Toby Fox. The player controls a child who has fallen into the Underground: a large, secluded region under the surface of the Earth, separated by a magical barrier. The player meets various monsters during the journey back to the surface, although some monsters might engage the player in a fight. The combat system involves the player navigating through mini-bullet hell attacks by the opponent. They can opt to pacify or subdue monsters in order to spare them instead of killing them. These choices affect the game, with the dialogue, characters, and story changing based on outcomes.


title: Undertale

text: Outside of artwork and character designs by Temmie Chang, Fox developed the entirety of the game by himself, including the script and music. The game took inspiration from several sources, including the "Brandish", "Mario & Luigi", and "Mother" role-playing game series, bullet hell shooter series "Touhou Project", role-playing game "", and British comedy show "Mr. Bean". Originally, "Undertale" was meant to be two hours in length and was set to be released in mid-2014. However, development was delayed over the next three years.


title: Undertale

text: The game was released for OS X and Windows in September 2015. It was also ported to Linux in July 2016, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in August 2017, the Nintendo Switch in September 2018, and Xbox One in March 2021. The game was acclaimed for its thematic material, intuitive combat system, musical score, originality, story, dialogue, and characters. The game sold over one million copies and was nominated for multiple accolades and awards. Several gaming publications and conventions listed "Undertale" as game of the year, and others have since listed it as one of the greatest video games. Two chapters of a related game, "Deltarune", were released in 2018 and 2021.


title: Undertale

text: "Undertale" is a role-playing game that uses a top-down perspective. In the game, the player controls a child and completes objectives in order to progress through the story. Players explore an underground world filled with towns and caves, and are required to solve numerous puzzles on their journey. The underground world is the home of monsters, many of whom challenge the player in combat; players decide whether to kill, flee, or befriend them. Choices made by the player radically affect the plot and general progression of the game, with the player's morality acting as the cornerstone for the game's development.


title: Undertale

text: When players encounter enemies in either scripted events or random encounters, they enter a battle mode. During battles, players control a small heart which represents their soul, and must avoid attacks unleashed by the opposing monster similar to a bullet hell shooter. As the game progresses, new elements are introduced, such as colored obstacles, and boss battles which change the way players control the heart. Players may choose to attack the enemy, which involves timed button presses. Killing enemies will cause the player to earn EXP (in turn increasing their LOVE) and gold. They can use the ACT option to check an enemy's attacking and defending attributes as well as perform various other actions, which vary depending on the enemy. If the player uses the right actions to respond to the enemy, or attacks them until they have low HP (but still alive), they can then choose to spare them and end the fight without killing them. For some boss encounters to be completed peacefully, the player is required to survive until the character they are facing has finished their dialogue. The game features multiple story branches and endings depending on whether players choose to kill or spare their enemies; and as such, it is possible to clear the game without killing a single enemy.


title: Undertale

text: Monsters will talk to the player during the battle, and the game will tell the players what the monster's feelings and actions are. Enemy attacks change based on how players interact with them: should players choose non-violent options, enemy attacks are easy, whereas they become less easy if players choose violent options. The game relies on a number of metafictional elements in both its gameplay and story. When players participate in a boss battle on a second playthrough, the dialogue will be altered depending on actions in previous playthroughs.


title: Undertale

text: "Undertale" is set in the Underground, a realm where monsters were banished after war broke out with humans, in the year 201X. The Underground is sealed from the surface by a magic barrier with a singular gap at Mount Ebott. A human child falls into the Underground from Mount Ebott and encounters Flowey, a sentient flower who teaches the player the game's mechanics and encourages them to raise their "LV", or "LOVE", by gaining "EXP" through killing monsters. When Flowey attempts to kill the human, the human is rescued by Toriel, a motherly goat-like monster, who teaches the human how to survive conflict in the Underground without killing. She intends to adopt the human, wanting to protect them from Asgore, the king of the Underground.


title: Undertale

text: The human eventually leaves Toriel to search for Asgore's castle, which contains the barrier to the surface world. They encounter several monsters, such as the skeletons Sans and Papyrus, two brothers who act as sentries for the Snowdin forest; Undyne, the head of the royal guard; Alphys, the kingdom's royal scientist; and Mettaton, a robotic television host Alphys created. Most of the monsters are fought, with the human choosing whether to kill them or to spare and possibly befriend the monster. During their travels, the human learns that many years ago, Asriel, the son of Asgore and Toriel, befriended the first human who fell into the Underground. When the child abruptly died, Asriel used the child's soul to pass through the barrier, intending to return the body to the surface. The humans living there attacked and killed Asriel, causing a grieving Asgore to declare war on humans. In the present day, Asgore has collected six souls from fallen humans, of which he needs one more to destroy the barrier.


title: Undertale

text: The game's ending depends on how the player handles encounters with monsters. If the player completes a playthrough without killing any monsters (or killed some but not all of the monsters) they experience the "Neutral" ending. The human arrives at Asgore's castle and is forced to fight him. Sans stops the human before their confrontation, revealing that the human's "LOVE" and "EXP" are acronyms for "level of violence" and "execution points", respectively. Sans judges the human based on their accumulated "LOVE" and "EXP". The human then fights Asgore, but Flowey interrupts, killing Asgore and stealing the human souls. With the help of the souls, the human defeats Flowey and leaves the Underground. They then receive a phone call from Sans, detailing the state of the Underground after the human's departure.


title: Undertale

text: If the player kills no monsters before completing a "Neutral" ending, they can reload their saved game to complete the "Pacifist" ending. Flowey is revealed to be a reincarnation of Asriel accidentally created by Alphys's experiments. During the fight with Asgore, Toriel stops the battle and is joined by the other monsters the human befriended. Flowey ambushes the group, absorbing the souls of all the humans and monsters in order to take an older Asriel's form. During the ensuing fight, the human manages to connect with the souls of their friends, and eventually defeats Asriel: He reverts to his child form, destroys the barrier, and expresses remorse for his actions before leaving. The human falls unconscious and is awoken to see their friends surrounding them, each with the knowledge of the human's name: Frisk. The monsters peacefully reintegrate with the humans, while Frisk has the option of accepting Toriel as their adoptive mother.


title: Undertale

text: A third ending known as the "No Mercy" or "Genocide" ensues if the player kills all the monsters. When the player reaches Asgore's castle, Sans attempts to stop them, but fails and is slain. Flowey kills Asgore in an attempt to obtain mercy, but is killed by the player. Chara, the first fallen child, then appears and destroys the universe. To enable further replays of the game, the player must give their soul to Chara, restoring the universe and causing a permanent alteration to the Pacifist ending.


title: Undertale

text: "Undertale" was developed by Toby Fox across 32 months. Development was financed through a crowdfunding campaign on the website Kickstarter. The campaign was launched on June 25, 2013 with a goal of US$5,000; it ended on July 25, 2013, with US$51,124 raised by 2,398 people. "Undertale"s creation ensued after Fox created a battle system using the game creation system . He wanted to develop a role-playing game that was different from the traditional design, which he often found "boring to play". He set out to develop a game with "interesting characters", and that "utilizes the medium as a storytelling device ... instead of having the story and gameplay abstractions be completely separate".


title: Undertale

text: Fox worked on the entire game independently, besides some of the art; he decided to work independently to avoid relying on others. Fox had little experience with game development; he and his three brothers often used RPG Maker 2000 to make role-playing games, though few were ever completed. Fox also worked on several "EarthBound" ROM hacks while in high school. Temmie Chang worked as the main artist for the game, providing most of the sprites and concept art. Fox has said that the game's art style would likely remain the same if he had access to a larger team of artists. He found that "there's a psychological thread that says audiences become more attached to characters drawn simply rather than in detail", particularly benefiting from the use of visual gags within the art.


title: Undertale

text: The defensive segment within the battle system was inspired by the "Mario & Luigi" series, as well as bullet hell shooters such as the "Touhou Project" series. When working on the battle system, Fox set out to create a mechanic that he would personally enjoy. He wanted "Undertale" to have a battle system equally engaging as "Super Mario RPG" (1996) and "" (2003). Fox did not want grinding to be necessary at any point in the game, instead leaving it optional to players. He also did not wish to introduce fetch quests, as they involve backtracking, which he dislikes. In terms of the game's difficulty, Fox ensured that it was easy and enjoyable. He asked some friends who are inexperienced with bullet hell shooters to test the game, and found that they were able to complete it. He felt that the game's difficulty is optimal, particularly considering the complications involved in adding another difficulty setting.


title: Undertale

text: The game's dialogue system was inspired by "Shin Megami Tensei" (1992), particularly the gameplay mechanic whereby players can talk to monsters to avoid conflict. Fox intended to expand upon this mechanic, as failing to negotiate resulted in a requirement to fight. "I want to create a system that satisfied my urge for talking to monsters," he said. When he began developing this mechanic, the concept of completing the game without killing any enemies "just evolved naturally". However, he never considered removing the option to fight throughout development. When questioned on the difficulty of playing the game without killing, Fox responded that it is "the crux of one of the major themes of this game", asking players to think about it themselves. Despite not having played it, Fox was inspired by the concepts of "" (1997), which involved the player repairing the damage of the "Hero" and increasing their "Love Level" by helping people instead of hurting them.


title: Undertale

text: According to Fox, the "idea of being trapped in an underground world" was inspired by the video game "Brandish". Fox was partly influenced by the silliness of internet culture, as well as comedy shows like "Mr. Bean". He was also inspired by the unsettling atmosphere of "EarthBound". Fox's desire to "subvert concepts that go unquestioned in many games" further influenced "Undertale"s development. Fox found that the writing became easier after establishing a character's voice and mood. He also felt that creating the world was a natural process, as it expressed the stories of those within it. Fox felt the importance to make the game's monsters "feel like an individual". He cited the "Final Fantasy" series as the opposite; "all monsters in RPGs like "Final Fantasy" are the same ... there's no meaning to that".


title: Undertale

text: The character of Toriel, who is one of the first to appear in the game, was created as a parody of tutorial characters. Fox strongly disliked the use of the companion character Fi in "", in which the answers to puzzles were often revealed early. Fox also felt that role-playing video games generally lack mother characters; in the "Pokémon" series, as well as "Mother" and "EarthBound", Fox felt that the mothers are used as "symbols rather than characters". In response, Fox intended for Toriel's character to be "a mom that hopefully acts like a mom", and "genuinely cares" about players' actions.


title: Undertale

text: Papyrus and Sans are named after the typeface fonts, Papyrus and Comic Sans, and their in-game dialogue is displayed accordingly in their respective eponymous fonts. Both characters are listed in the game's credits as being inspired by J.N. Wiedle, author of "Helvetica", a webcomic series about a skeleton named after the font of the same name. Papyrus in particular was conceived as a sketch in Fox's notebook; he was originally a mean spirited character named "Times New Roman" who wears a fedora.


title: Undertale

text: The game's soundtrack was entirely composed by Fox with FL Studio. A self-taught musician, he composed most of the tracks with little iteration; the game's main theme, "Undertale", was the only song to undergo multiple iterations in development. The soundtrack was inspired by music from Super NES role-playing games, such as "EarthBound", bullet hell series "Touhou Project", as well as the webcomic "Homestuck", for which Fox provided some of the music. Fox also stated that he tries to be inspired by all music he listens to, particularly those in video games. According to Fox, over 90% of the songs were composed specifically for the game. "Megalovania", the song used during the boss battle with Sans, had previously been used within "Homestuck" and in one of Fox's "EarthBound" ROM hacks. For each section of the game, Fox composed the music prior to programming, as it helped "decide how the scene should go". He initially tried using a music tracker to compose the soundtrack, but found it difficult to use. He ultimately decided to play segments of the music separately, and connect them on a track. To celebrate the first anniversary of the game, Fox released five unused musical works on his blog in 2016. Four of the game's songs were released as official downloadable content for the Steam version of Taito's "Groove Coaster".


title: Undertale

text: "Undertale"s soundtrack has been well received by critics as part of the success of the game, in particular for its use of various leitmotifs for the various characters used throughout various tracks. In particular, "Hopes and Dreams", the boss theme when fighting Asriel in the Pacifist run, brings back most of the main character themes, and is "a perfect way to cap off your journey", according to "USgamer"s Nadia Oxford. Oxford notes this track in particular demonstrates Fox's ability at "turning old songs into completely new experiences", used throughout the game's soundtrack. Tyler Hicks of "GameSpot" compared the music to "bit-based melodies".


title: Undertale

text: The "Undertale" soundtrack had frequently been covered by various styles and groups. As part of the fifth anniversary of the game, Fox streamed footage with permission of a 2019 concert of the "Undertale" songs performed by Music Engine, an orchestra group in Japan, with support of Fangamer and 8-4.


title: Undertale

text: The game was released on September 15, 2015, for OS X and Windows, and on July 17, 2016, for Linux. Fox expressed interest in releasing "Undertale" on other platforms, but was initially unable to port it to Nintendo platforms without reprogramming the game due to the engine's lack of support for these platforms. A patch was released in January 2016, fixing bugs and altering the appearance of blue attacks to help colorblind players see them better.


title: Undertale

text: Sony Interactive Entertainment announced during E3 2017 that "Undertale" would get a release for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, a Japanese localization, and a retail version published by Fangamer. These versions were released on August 15, 2017.


title: Undertale

text: A Nintendo Switch version was revealed during a March 2018 Nintendo Direct, though no release date was given at the time; "Undertale"s release on Switch highlighted a deal made between Nintendo and YoYo Games to allow users of GameMaker Studio 2 to directly export their games to the Switch. The Switch version was released on September 15, 2018, in Japan, and on September 18, 2018, worldwide. All the console ports were developed and published by Japanese localizer 8-4 in all regions.


title: Undertale

text: The Xbox One version was released on March 16, 2021. As with the PlayStation 4 and Switch versions, the Xbox One version features unique content specific to that platform.


title: Undertale

text: Other "Undertale" media and merchandise have been released, including toy figurines and plush toys based on characters from the game. The game's official soundtrack, "Undertale Soundtrack", was released by video game music label Materia Collective in 2015, simultaneously with the game's release. Additionally, two official "Undertale" cover albums have been released: the 2015 metal/electronic album "Determination" by RichaadEB and Amie Waters, and the 2016 jazz album "Live at Grillby's" by Carlos Eiene, better known as insaneintherainmusic. Another album of jazz duets based on "Undertale"s songs, "Prescription for Sleep", was performed and released in 2016 by saxophonist Norihiko Hibino and pianist Ayaki Sato. A 2xLP vinyl edition of the "Undertale" soundtrack, produced by iam8bit, was also released in the same year. Two official "UNDERTALE Piano Collections" sheet music books and digital albums, arranged by David Peacock and performed by Augustine Mayuga Gonzales, were released in 2017 and 2018 by Materia Collective. A Mii Fighter costume based on Sans was made available for download in the crossover title "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" in September 2019, marking the character's official debut as a 3D model. This costume also adds a new arrangement of "Megalovania" by Fox as a music track. "Super Smash Bros." director Masahiro Sakurai noted that Sans was a popular request to appear in the game. Music from "Undertale" was also added to "" as downloadable content.


title: Undertale

text: After previously teasing something "Undertale"-related a day earlier, Fox released the first chapter of "Deltarune" on October 31, 2018, for Windows and macOS for free. "Deltarune" is "not the world of "Undertale"", according to Fox, though characters and settings may bring some of "Undertale"s world to mind, and is "intended for people who have completed "Undertale""; the name "Deltarune" is an anagram of "Undertale". Fox stated that this release is the first part of a new project, considering it a "survey program" to determine the project's future direction. Fox clarified that "Deltarune" will be a larger project than "Undertale", stating it took him a few years to create the game's first chapter, much longer than it took him to complete the "Undertale" demo.


title: Undertale

text: "Chapter 2" of "Deltarune" was released on September 17, 2021, after Fox acquired a team to help him with further development. Once all chapters are complete, the game will be released as a complete whole; Fox stated that he does not have an anticipated timetable for completion. "Deltarune" is planned to have only one ending, regardless of what choices the player makes in the game. Although the first two chapters were released at no cost, Fox plans to charge players for the finished release.


title: Undertale

text: "Undertale" received critical acclaim, and was quickly considered a cult classic by numerous publications. Review aggregator Metacritic calculated an average score of 92 out of 100, based on 43 reviews. Metacritic ranks the game the third-highest rated Windows game released in 2015, and among the top 50 of all time. Praise was particularly directed at the game's writing, unique characters, and combat system. "GameSpot" Tyler Hicks declared it "one of the most progressive and innovative RPGs to come in a long time", and "IGN"s Kallie Plagge called it "a masterfully crafted experience". By the end of 2015, in a preliminary report by Steam Spy, "Undertale" was one of the best-selling games on Steam, with 530,343 copies sold. By early February 2016, the game surpassed one million sales, and by July 2018, the game had an estimated total of three and a half million players on Steam. Japanese digital PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita sales surpassed 100,000 copies sold by February 2018.


title: Undertale

text: Daniel Tack of "Game Informer" called the game's combat system "incredibly nuanced", commenting on the uniqueness of each enemy encounter. "Giant Bomb"s Austin Walker praised the complexity of the combat, commenting that it is "unconventional, clever, and occasionally really difficult". Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw of "The Escapist" commended the game's ability to blend turn-based and live combat elements. "IGN"s Plagge praised the ability to avoid combat, opting for friendly conversations instead. Jesse Singal of "The Boston Globe" found the game's ability to make the player empathize with the monsters during combat if they opted for non-violent actions was "indicative of the broader, fundamental sweetness at the core" of "Undertale".


title: Undertale

text: Reviewers praised the game's writing and narrative, with "IGN"s Plagge calling it "excellent". "The Escapist" Croshaw considered "Undertale" the best-written game of 2015, writing that it "is on the one hand hilarious... and is also, by the end, rather heartfelt". "Destructoid"s Ben Davis praised the game's characters and use of comedy, and compared its tone, characters, and storytelling to "Cave Story" (2004). "PC Gamer"s Richard Cobbett provided similar comments, writing that "even its weaker moments... just about work". "Undertale"s absurd humor attracted praise; "Game Rant" found the Annoying Dog's frequent interruptions a standout, and "Kill Screen" considered absurdity a signature quality of Fox's humor.


title: Undertale

text: The game's visuals received mixed reactions. "Giant Bomb"s Walker called it "simple, but communicative". "IGN"s Plagge wrote that the game "isn't always pretty" and "often ugly", but felt that the music and animations compensate. "The Escapist" Croshaw remarked that "it wobbles between basic and functional to just plain bad". Other reviewers liked the graphics: Daniel Tack of "Game Informer" felt that the visuals appropriately match the characters and settings, while Richard Cobbett of "PC Gamer" commended the ability of the visuals to convey emotion.


title: Undertale

text: About a year after release, Fox commented that he was surprised by how popular the game had become and though appreciative of the attention, he found it stressful. Fox said: "It wouldn't surprise me if I never made a game as successful again. That's fine with me though". The character Sans has been well received by players, being the subject of many fan works. Professional wrestler Kenny Omega has expressed his love of "Undertale", dressing as Sans for the October 30, 2019, episode of "". Sans's addition as a Mii fighter costume in "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" garnered positive feedback from fans, although "The Commonwealth Times" considered his addition to be a "potential problem" due to the decreasing nostalgia factor for each new character and ever-increasing size of the roster.


title: Undertale

text: "Undertale"s fanbase has also been subject to controversy, leading to it gaining a negative reputation. After the game's release, some live streamers were harassed by fans of the game for killing in-game enemies and attempting the "genocide" route. YouTuber Markiplier refused to complete his initial play-through of the game, stating that he was "not having fun" due to fan demands.


title: Undertale

text: In July 2016, during a summit about the Internet held at the Vatican, YouTube personality MatPat gifted a copy of "Undertale" to Pope Francis. MatPat explained his choice of gift by referencing the year 2016's status as the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy, and connecting this to "Undertale"s overarching theme of mercy. Later, in January 2022, a circus troupe performed in front of the Pope during his weekly audience at the Vatican to the tune of "Megalovania", drawing parallels with MatPat's symbolic gift of the game to Pope Francis.


title: Undertale

text: The game appeared on several year-end lists of the best games of 2015, receiving Game of the Month and Funniest Game on PC from "Rock Paper Shotgun", Best Game Ever from GameFAQs, and Game of the Year for PC from "The Jimquisition", "Zero Punctuation", and "IGN". It also received Best PC Game from "Destructoid", the Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award and Most Fulfilling Crowdfunded Game from the SXSW Gaming Awards; and Game, Original Role Playing from the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers awards.


title: Undertale

text: "Undertale" garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with praise for its story, narrative and for its role-playing. At "IGN"s Best of 2015, the game received Best Story. "Undertale" was nominated for the Innovation Award, Best Debut, and Best Narrative at the Game Developers Choice Awards. In 2016, at the Independent Games Festival the game won the Audience Award, and garnered three nominations for Excellence in Audio, Excellence in Narrative, and the Seumas McNally Grand Prize. The SXSW Gaming Awards named it the Most Fulfilling Crowdfunded Game, and awarded it the Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award. The same year at the Steam Awards the game received a nomination for the "I'm not crying, there's just something in my eye" award. In 2019, "Polygon" named the game among the decade's best. In 2021, "IGN" listed "Undertale" as the 20th greatest game of all time, while in Japan, a nationwide TV Asahi poll of over 50,000 players listed "Undertale" as the 13th greatest game of all time.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Chevrolet Silverado is a range of trucks manufactured by General Motors under the Chevrolet brand. Introduced for the 1999 model year, the Silverado is the successor to the long running Chevrolet C/K model line. Taking its name from the top trim level from the Chevrolet C/K series, the Silverado is offered as a series of full-size pickup trucks, chassis cab trucks, and medium-duty trucks. The fourth generation of the model line was introduced for the 2019 model year.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Chevrolet Silverado shares mechanical commonality with the GMC Sierra; GMC ended the use of the C/K nomenclature a model generation prior to Chevrolet. In Mexico, high trim level versions of the Silverado use the Chevrolet Cheyenne name. Competing against the Ford F-Series, Ram Pickup, Nissan Titan, and Toyota Tundra, the Silverado is among the best-selling vehicles in the United States, having sold over 12 million examples since its introduction in 1999.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Silverado nameplate made its debut for the 1975 model year, becoming the top trim level on all Chevrolet C/K trucks, slotted above Custom Deluxe, Scottsdale, and Cheyenne. At the same time, GMC C/K trucks used variations of the Sierra name (Sierra, Sierra Classic, Sierra Grande, and High Sierra). Today, Chevrolet still uses the CK and the CC in their current model codes to denote a 2-wheel rear drive (CC), or a four-wheel drive (CK).


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For the 1988 GMT400 model architecture, Chevrolet retained the C/K model nomenclature, with GMC branding its full-size line as Sierras. While sharing chassis and bodies, the model chronology of the Silverado and Sierra are different, with five generations of the Sierra and four of the Silverado.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: In 2018, at the NTEA Work Truck Show in Indianapolis, IN, Chevrolet unveiled the first medium-duty Silverado, expanding the model line to a 4500, 5500, and 6500 chassis cab. Largely the successor to the 2003-2010 GMT560 chassis, the medium-duty truck is exclusive to Chevrolet, with no plans for an equivalent GMC version. Instead, International would sell the Silverado Medium Duty as a rebadged counterpart, called the "CV".


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The GMT800 Silverado/Sierra 1500 and 2500 pickup trucks were released in August 1998 as 1999 models. The "classic" light-duty GMT400 C/K trucks were continued in production for that first year alongside the new models, and the Heavy-Duty GMT400 pickups (alongside the GMT400 SUVs) were continued until 2000, with the new GMT800 Silverado/Sierra HD (Heavy Duty) released a year later. A small refresh for 2003 models was introduced in 2002, bringing slight design changes and an upgrade to the audio and HVAC controls. The later 2007.5 GMT800 production unit used the name "Classic" to denote the difference between the first- and second-generation trucks.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: In January 1993, GM began development on the GMT800 pickup program with numerous teams coming together. A new design was chosen and finalized for production in June 1995, 36 months ahead of the scheduled start in June 1998. Development sign-off was issued in late 1997, with pre-production and series production commencement in June 1998.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: There are a number of models of light-duty Silverados and Sierras, including the half-ton, SS, and Hybrid.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The light-duty trucks use the 1500 name. They are available in three cab lengths, 2-door standard/regular cab, 3 or 4-door extended cab, and later, a front-hinged 4-door crew cab. Three cargo beds are available: a short box, standard box, and a long box. The short box is only available with the crew cab and extended cab.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For the first year, only a regular cab and 3-door extended cab were available, along with the Vortec 4300 V6, Vortec 4800 V8, and the Vortec 5300 V8. In 2000, a driver's side door option became available for the extended cab, giving it four doors, and the crew-cab body was added to the lineup in 2004. Output on the 5.3 L engine also increased to and .


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 was standard on the 2500 and was added for the 2001 Heavy Duty models, rated at , with the GMC Sierra 1500 "C3" getting an uprated version of this engine. The Silverado "Z71" got an optional lighter composite box, with a suspension package for towing, but lacked the high-output engine. The "C3" became the "Denali" for 2002 (derived from the pre-existing 1999 GMC Yukon Denali), and Quadrasteer was added.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: GM introduced a reworked version of the Silverado and Sierra in 2003, with a new front end and a slightly updated rear end. In 2006 the Silverado received another facelift, similar to the HD version introduced on 2005 HD models. In addition to that, Chevrolet has removed their own word scripting off the tailgate that was used from 1998 to 2005. Its SUV counterparts, the Suburban, Tahoe, and Yukon retained the use of the pre-facelift sheet metal. During the 2005 model year, all light-duty GMT800 pickups reverted to front disc/rear drum brakes as a cost-cutting measure; heavy duty trucks and the SUVs retained their 4-wheel disc brakes.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) gave the Silverado an overall "marginal" score on the frontal offset crash test for poor structural integrity and poor dummy control, although no injuries were recorded on the dummy's body regions.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: GMC created an upscale version of its Sierra 1500 in 2001 called the Sierra C3. It used all-wheel drive with a 3.73 final drive gear ratio and included the 6.0 L "Vortec 6000" LQ4 V8 rated at at 5000 rpm and 370 lb•ft (502 N·m) of torque at 4000 rpm. It was coupled to a 4L60E-HD 4-speed automatic transmission along with other upscale equipment. For 2002, the name was changed to Sierra Denali, but the specifications remained essentially the same except for the addition of Quadrasteer and GM changed from the 4L60E-HD to the 4L65E in conjunction with a 4.10 final drive gear ratio.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Sierra Denali was initially equipped with Delphi's Quadrasteer system as standard equipment. It was a 4-wheel steering system that greatly reduced the truck's turning radius and improved lane changing while towing. General Motors dropped Quadrasteer from the Sierra Denali after the 2004 model year and its entire lineup after 2005 due to poor sales of this expensive option.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Launched in early 2003, the Silverado SS is a high-performance pickup truck built by Chevrolet. It is based on the Silverado 1500 Extended Cab with a Fleetside Box and features upgrades in the drivetrain and both exterior and interior appearance. It was equipped standard with the 6.0-liter Vortec High-Output V8 rated at at 5200 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm coupled to a 4L65E four-speed automatic transmission. This was the same engine used for the second generation Cadillac Escalade and GMC Yukon Denali. Chevrolet and GMC advertised this engine as the Vortec High Output and later as the "VortecMAX", while Cadillac calls it the "HO 6000". The SS debuted in 2003 with a standard All Wheel Drive setup with a 4.10 final drive gear ratio and 4-wheel disc brakes. In 2005, in an attempt to increase sales, a 2-wheel drive version became available (the 2WD SS also lost its rear disc brakes in favor of drums, as did the rest of the 1/2-ton GMT800s). 2005 was also the first year the sunroof was available in the SS line up. In 2006, the AWD variant was dropped, and the rear wheel drive was the only driveline layout available. In a further effort to reduce cost, buyers could also choose cloth interior and/or a bench seat. The Silverado SS also comes with the Z60 performance suspension and 20-inch aluminum wheels. All the SS trucks in both 2-wheel drive and AWD used the torsion bar style front suspension for better handling. SS themed trucks were only available from the factory in "Black", "Victory Red", and "Arrival Blue Metallic" from 2003 to 2004. In 2005, "Arrival Blue Metallic" was dropped from the color choices and replaced with "Silver Birch Metallic".


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: In 2006, Chevrolet released a special edition Silverado SS under the name "Intimidator SS" (licensed by Dale Earnhardt, Inc.) to honor the late Dale Earnhardt. The truck came with several minor appearance upgrades (rear spoiler, embroidered headrests, Intimidator custom badging), but was essentially a standard Silverado SS. Of the 1,033 scheduled trucks, only 933 were made (the remaining 100 were sold as 2007 Silverado SS "Classic" body style trucks before the 2007.5 MY changeover. These trucks were only available in Black exterior but could be ordered with cloth or leather interior.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Vortec High Output option was first introduced in 2004 to a limited market (mainly consisting of Texas and several surrounding areas); it was available nationwide for MY 2005. It was available for both the Chevy and GMC for 1500 series trucks. This special edition package (under option code B4V) included several options previously not found on the standard 1500 model, most notably the LQ9 6.0 L V8 engine (the same used for the Silverado SS, the Cadillac Escalade, and GMC Yukon Denali). The LQ9 motor was rated at at 5200 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm, which was the same specifications shared in the SS models. The B4V package could only be ordered on extended cab standard box 2WD trucks. They were all built at the Canadian assembly plant and were equipped with the Z60 High Performance suspension package, in addition to the M32 = 4L65E transmission, GT4 = 3.73 rear gear, and G80 Gov Lock as standard equipment. The 2004 models were equipped with the standard 10 bolt 8.625 rear end. The 2005 models were upgraded with the larger 14 bolt 9.5 rear end under RPO option AXN. The package also included one style of the newly introduced GM 20-inch wheels installed from the factory. This marked the first time the LQ9 engine was available for a two-wheel drive application. Unlike the previous years with the SS Package, interior choices ranged from basic cloth to fully loaded. There were also more exterior color options available with this package.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: In 2006, the Vortec Max trailering package became available. The Vortec Max package was added to the option list with an array of similar features and new badges, and at its core retained the LQ9/4L65-E powertrain. However, the Vortec Max package differed from the Performance edition in that it also came with a variant of the Z85 Handling/Trailering suspension, as well as 17-inch wheels and tires under the option code NHT (and was available on 4x4 models in addition to 4x2 trucks) versus the Z60 High Performance Suspension and 20-inch wheel and tire package of the regular B4V (which was limited to 2-wheel drive trucks). This was because the Vortec Max package was intended for max trailer towing, while the Performance Edition was intended more for customers who wanted the Silverado SS mechanicals without the visuals of the SS. It was also made available (in addition to the extended cab) in the light-duty 4-door crew cab models. Towing capacity with the VortecMax Trailing package was 10,800 pounds.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: GM launched a hybrid version of the Silverado/Sierra in 2004, becoming the first ever GM hybrid passenger vehicle. Known within GM as the Parallel Hybrid Truck or PHT, it is not actually a parallel hybrid by the current definition, but a type of micro hybrid design. The electric motor housed within the transmission flywheel housing, serves only to provide engine cranking/starting, battery charging, and powering accessories. The engine automatically shuts down as the truck comes to a stop and uses 42 Volt electric power to the starter/generator unit to restart the engine as the brake pedal is released. Besides the typical 12 V automotive battery the PHT uses three additional 14 V valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries mounted under the rear seat to store and provide power. The truck uses a 5.3 L "Vortec 5300" V8 for primary propulsion power. These trucks were also purchased back from customers for more than what they were worth in the late 2000s.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The PHT features four 120-volt 20 amp AC outlets, two in the bed and two inside the cab under the rear seat. These are particularly interesting to the building/construction contractor market, since they often require AC power when on the job. Additionally, the extra reserves of power for the accessories make this truck well-suited to that market, where trucks often sit at idle for hours at a time.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Availability was extremely limited at first, with commercial buyers getting the first allotment. Later in 2005, the truck was offered at retail in Alaska, California, Florida, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and Canada. For 2006–07 the truck was generally available to retail buyers throughout North America. The Parallel Hybrid Truck was discontinued for the 2008 model year with the release of the GMT900 truck line. Starting in 2009, General Motors offers a second-generation Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra equipped with a Two-Mode Hybrid powertrain and CVT.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The HD variant is a heavy-duty truck. On Crew Cabs, they were a strengthened version of the Silverado/Sierra light-duty, and was available in the 1500HD, 2500HD, and 3500HD models. The 1500HD, introduced in 2000, offered a Vortec 6000 V8 with at 5200 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm with a Hydra-Matic 4L80E four-speed automatic transmission. The 2500HD also offered the LB7 Duramax V8 with at 3100 rpm and of torque at 1800 rpm, the LLY Duramax V8 with 310 hp (231 kW) at 3000 rpm and 605 lb·ft (820 N·m) at 1600 rpm, and the LBZ Duramax V8 with 360 hp (268 kW) at 3200 rpm and 650 lb·ft (881 N·m) at 1600 rpm. Also available was the Vortec 8100 V8 with at 4200 rpm and of torque at 3200 rpm.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The 2500HD had an available five-speed (six-speed for 2006–2007 models) Allison 1000 transmission with the Vortec 8100 and 6.6L Duramax. The Silverado 3500 offered the same engines and transmissions that the 2500HD used. However, it was usually equipped with "dually" twin wheels at the rear and had a stronger suspension. The HD models were primarily used for towing and high-weight cargo. The Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD came in at #2 in a 2016 study by iSeeCars.com ranking the top 10 longest-lasting vehicles. The Silverado 2500HD had 5.7% of vehicles over 200,000 miles, according to the iSeeCars study.:)


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For 2002, GMC introduced a new limited edition Sierra Professional. Built as either a 1500 or 2500HD "Extended Cab Standard Box" model with two and four-wheel-drive, the Professional was the ultimate contractor's truck. The center console area provided an area to store PDAs, cell phones and laptop computers as well as extra charging points for them and an area to hang file folders. There were also extra storage trays and larger cupholders throughout the cab, including one temperature controlled cupholder. The exterior featured lower body cladding, Professional badging, and a full-chrome grille. These trucks also featured a standard bedliner, box-rail protectors, in-bed power outlet, and many optional accessories suited to tradesmen (ladder racks, toolboxes, etc.). The 1500 series came standard with the 5.3L "Vortec 5300" V8, but the 4.8L V8 could be ordered with an option credit if so desired. 2500HD models came with the 6.0L "Vortec 6000" V8 only. All trucks had the four-speed automatic transmission with tow/haul mode. Customers could choose from either SLE or SLT decor. The base price for a 2002 1500 2WD with SLE decor was $29,591. 2003 was the final year the Professional was offered.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Towing capacity for the 2500HD is rated at with the gasoline 8.1L V8 with 3.73:1 rear and can haul in the bed depending on options.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Towing capacity for the 3500HD is rated at and can haul in the bed depending on options. The addition of 4 wheel drive tends to reduce the towing and carrying capacity by 200 to , depending upon year and model. Other factors, such as options, can also affect these numbers.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For 2003, along with all GMT800-based full-size pickup trucks and SUVs, the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra models received a mid-cycle facelift. All Silverados and Sierras received a revised front end design, as well as new tail lamps, and most models also received new wheel designs. The interior was also redesigned, with a new dashboard design that included a new instrument cluster with an optional enhanced Driver Information Center (DIC), and a new four-spoke steering wheel. New audio system options for 2003 included newly-available XM Satellite Radio capabilities, as well as a Bose premium audio system, and an integrated six-disc CD changer. All trucks also received new front seats with new upholstery designs and color schemes. New for 2003 was a Work Truck (WT; or W/T) trim that was offered alongside the Base trim, and later became the new "Base model" Silverado and Sierra. The Silverado 1500 lineup received a new "SS" trim that included the 6.0L LQ9 Vortec V8 gasoline engine, while the LT model was divided into LT1, LT2, and LT3 trims. Other additions to the powertrain lineup for 2003 included a new E85 (FlexFuel)-capable version of the 5.3L Vortec V8 gasoline engine, which was available in non-California emissions states.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The all-new GMT900 generation of the Silverado/Sierra arrived in the last quarter of 2006 as a 2007 model. It features a redesigned exterior, interior, frame, and suspension as well as power increases on certain engines. Like previous generations, it takes styling cues from the GMT900 SUVs of the same year. And otherwise, the Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon pickups. Like the GMT900 SUVs, these pickups also have greatly improved aerodynamics over their predecessors like steeply raked windshields and tighter panel gaps which improve fuel economy. The previous GMT800 models were continued through 2007 badged as "Classic", just as the GMT400 models continued for two years after the GMT800's introduction.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The new Silverado earned the "North American Truck of the Year" award for 2007 and was "Motor Trend" magazine's Truck of the Year for 2007. Like its predecessors, the new Silverado offers buyers a choice of two-door regular cabs, four-door extended cabs (with front-opening rear doors that now open 170 degrees similar to the Nissan Titan) and four-door crew cabs. GM also offers the trucks in the traditional two- and four-wheel-drive configurations.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For the 2007 model year, the Sierra Denali shares the same billet grille from the other Denali models, and also has the same dash as the 2007 SUV's. The 2007 Sierra Denali was initially the only half-ton pickup that had a 6.2L V8 engine with and of torque coupled to a six-speed automatic transmission. This truck is also an optional all-wheel-drive vehicle and goes in 6.3 seconds.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Generation III small block V8 engines offered in the GMT800 trucks were replaced in the GMT900 series by the Generation IV small block V8 engine family, featuring upgrades such as increased power and Active Fuel Management on the 5.3 L and 6.0 L V8s. A new high performance 6.2 liter V8 (with and of torque) was introduced with the 2007 Cadillac Escalade and 2007 GMC Denali line, and was made available in the Silverado 1500 for MY 2009.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: After skipping the 2008 model year, with 2007 being the last for the GMT800 hybrid line, a two-mode hybrid model was introduced in late 2008 as a 2009 model. General Motors discontinued the Silverado Hybrid due to poor sales along with the GMC Sierra Hybrid, Chevy Avalanche, Chevy Tahoe Hybrid, GMC Yukon Hybrid, Cadillac Escalade Hybrid, and Cadillac Escalade EXT after the 2013 model year although it was the one of the first two hybrid pickup trucks ever manufactured. Available in either two- or four-wheel-drive, the Sierra 1500 Hybrid is powered by a 6.0-liter V8. It's joined by two 60-kilowatt electric motors supplied by a nickel–metal hydride battery pack under the rear seat. On its own, the V8 is rated at 332 horsepower and 367 pound-feet of torque. GM engineers say that combined output with the electric motors is 379 hp. The unique transmission houses the electric motors along with three different planetary gear sets and four traditional clutches.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: There were two dash options offered in this model Silverado and Sierra: a luxury-inspired dash that closely mimics the dash in their GMT900 SUVs, and a more traditional upright dash to make room for a passenger seat in place of a center console.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: As of 2008, GM full-size trucks were no longer sold in United States and Canada with manual transmissions; they were only offered in Mexico in the Silverado 1500 V6 engine and Silverado 3500.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: All Silverado & Sierra 1/2-ton models received a revised bumper and shortened front fascia for the 2009 model year, and extended and crew cab models equipped with the Vortec 5300 V8 received a new six-speed 6L80 automatic transmission. The Vortec 6200 V8 was made available for LTZ and SLT models. Bluetooth was added to the equipment list, becoming standard on Denali, SLT, and LTZ - and optional on SLE and LT, as was an optional rear vision camera. An integrated trailer brake controller, first available on the Silverado and Sierra HD for 2007, is now an option on 1500 series trucks. The XFE package was new for 2009, available only on Silverado 1500 Crew Cab LT 2-wheel-drive models, it included the 5.3L Vortec V8, soft tonneau cover, XFE badging, aluminum wheels, and low rolling resistance tires.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: A refresh followed with all 2010 models, including new interior door panels (which moved the handle forward and added an additional cup holder), and a six-speed automatic transmission on Regular Cab models with the 5.3L V8 was also made standard. The Vortec 6200 V8 was given wider availability, now being optional on LT and SLE Extended and Crew Cabs, completely supplanting the light-duty Vortec 6000 V8 in the process. The new Z71 Appearance Package was optional on LT and LTZ, it included: body-color grille and front fascia, body-color door handles and mirror caps, unique Z71 box side decals, chrome sill plates, and a unique Z71 gauge cluster. Two new exterior colors were added: Taupe Gray Metallic and Sheer Silver Metallic.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For 2012, the Sierra and Silverado 1500 received another refresh. This time the Silverado was given new grille and front fascia treatments for both LT and LTZ models. A newly redesigned touch-screen navigation radio was optional on LTZ, SLT, and Denali. Trailer sway control and hill start assist are now standard on all models. Cooled seats were made optional on LTZ and SLT and the woodgrain trim was replaced with brushed aluminum.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For the first time, the 8.1 L big block V8 is no longer offered on the Heavy-Duty models, and no replacement has been announced. The 6L90 6-speed automatic transmission is standard in all Heavy-Duty models. The Allison 1000 transmission is paired with the optional Duramax V8 diesel.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: As of 2011, the GMC and Chevrolet Heavy Duty models have been upgraded with a new fully boxed high strength steel frame from front to rear improving stiffness by 92% with bigger rear springs, larger engine and transmission mounts and new hydraulic body mounts to improve the ride. The front suspension incorporates new upper and lower control arms and new torsion bars tailored to one of five different gross axle weight ratings. Upper control arms are constructed from forged steel that is both stronger and lighter than the previous arms, while the new lower arms are cast iron to maximize load capacity. Using a unique torsion bar for each gross weight rating allows for better control over vehicle height, resulting in improved handling and better alignment for reduced tire wear. These improvements allow for up to a 6,000-pound front axle weight rating, allowing all 4wd trucks to accommodate a snowplow.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Additional front suspension enhancements come from new urethane bump stops, two per side. The upper shock mount has been changed from a single stem mount to a two-bolt design to eliminate the possibility of squeaks and thumps.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The rear suspension design uses asymmetrical leaf springs that are wider and capable of greater load handling. The design features 3-inch-wide leaves, with front and rear spring sections of different lengths to reduce the twisting that can result in axle hop and loss of traction. The 2500HD uses a two-stage design with a rating of , and 3500HD models have a three-stage design with and ratings on single and dual-wheel models, respectively.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For the 2011 model year of the Silverado/Sierra, the production of 1500 crew cab models partially moved from Silao, Mexico to Flint, Michigan.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Silverado comes standard with four-wheel ABS. StabiliTrak and side curtain airbags are optional on certain trim levels.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The IIHS gave the Silverado a "Good" score in their frontal crash test. The 2007-09 models equipped with or without optional side curtain airbags received a "Poor" rating in the side impact test. For 2010, the side structure was strengthened, side torso air bags were added, and side airbags became standard leading to the IIHS side impact overall rating improving to "Acceptable" and the overall side structure rating improved from "Poor" to "Acceptable". The crew cab variant of the 2011-13 Silverado is also rated "Marginal" in the IIHS roof strength test.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: In 2011 developer of the Chevrolet Volt and former vice chairman Bob Lutz joined VIA Motors in developing electric versions of the Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra called VIA VTrux.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: On December 13, 2012, the redesigned 2014 Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra were both introduced in Detroit, Michigan, later making their public debut at the North American International Auto Show. GM dropped the 900 platform and changed to K2XX. The third generation Silverado 1500 has three gas engine options; a 4.3 L EcoTec3 V6, a 5.3 L EcoTec3 V8, and a 6.2 L EcoTec3 V8. Chevrolet's MyLink touch-screen multimedia interface system became available on most models. It included A2DP stereo streaming technologies, Bluetooth hands-free telephone, USB hookups, and an input for an Apple iPod or iPhone. When connected via the USB port, an iPhone 4/4S, iPhone 5/iPhone 5S, iPhone 6, or iPhone 6 Plus is able to stream music from Pandora Radio. A Bose premium audio system, as well as a Bose surround sound audio system is available on most models. OnStar became standard on all models.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Underneath, the Silverado rides on a fully boxed high-strength steel frame with hydroforming technology; truck cab's frame is built with high strength steel as well. The third generation Silverado uses aluminum on the hood, for the engine block and for the control arms in order to save mass. The truck's bed is made of roll-formed steel instead of stamped steel used by other manufacturers in order to save weight and gain strength. The third generation Silverado introduced the all-new upmarket top-of-the-line "High Country" trim level which includes saddle brown leather interior, which is Chevrolet's first entry into the luxury truck market. A fully-squared front end takes styling cues from the 1994-1998 C/K trucks, and, on Z71 models, a Z71 badge was added to the front grille. The first production Silverado completed assembly on April 29, 2013. The Silverado 1500 went on sale in May 2013 as a 2014 model, with the Silverado HD being available in early 2014 for the 2015 model year. On January 10, 2014, a recall was issued for 370,000 Silverado and Sierra pickups due to a fire risk.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The American model version of the 2014 Chevrolet Silverado 1500/2500HD/3500HD and the 2015 Chevrolet Silverado High Country was introduced to the Philippines market by Chevrolet Motorama Show late November 2014 as a MY2015, along with the MY2015 Chevrolet Suburban, 2015 Chevrolet Tahoe, 2015 Chevrolet Impala, 2015 Chevrolet Express Van, 2015 Chevrolet Trax and 2015 Chevrolet Colorado.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: On January 14, 2014, The Silverado, along with the Chevrolet Corvette Stingray, received the 2014 North American International Auto Show's Car and Truck of the Year awards.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For 2018, this generation of Silverado was officially exported to Australia and converted to the right-hand-drive and Australian Design Rules (ADR) by General Motors Australian subsidiary, Holden Special Vehicles (HSV). In the past, several independent specialists imported and converted Silverado and GMC Sierra for Australian and right-hand-drive markets. The 2500HD and 3500HD were fitted with 6.6-liter/litre Duramax diesel V8, the sole engine choice for Australia. No 1500 version was offered.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For the 2015 model year, the 6.2L EcoTec3 was paired with the new 8-speed 8L90 transmission, offering a wider ratio spread with more closely spaced gears, quicker shifts, improved acceleration, and fuel economy. The Silverado 2500HD/3500HD models continue to use the 6.0L L96 flex fuel capable Vortec engine combined with the 6L90E transmission, installed with engine oil and transmission fluid coolers for hauling/towing applications. The 6.6L Duramax also continued to be backed by the 6-speed Allison 1000 automatic.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The GMC Sierra 2500HD/3500HD were the first "heavy-duty" trucks to offer an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), a Forward Collision Warning System (FCWS), and a Lane Departure Warning System (LDWS) available together as part of the available Driver Assist Package. The Driver Assist Package was standard equipment on the GMC Sierra 2500HD/3500HD Denali, and optional on most other Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD/3500HD and GMC Sierra 2500HD/3500HD models. Other new options for the Silverado and Sierra 2500HD/3500HD models included an eight-inch, full-color, reconfigurable LCD Driver Information Center (DIC) screen (for Sierra 2500HD/3500HD Denali models only), a 110-Volt AC household-style power outlet, up to six available USB ports, an available eight-inch touchscreen infotainment system, and a power-sliding rear window with integrated defroster.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: In mid-year 2015, Chevrolet and GMC made enhancements to the all-new Silverado 2500HD/3500HD and Sierra 2500HD/3500HD. Some of these enhancements included a new OnStar telematics system with 4G LTE Wi-Fi capabilities, new wheel designs, new exterior paint color options, new exterior tow mirror designs, a USB port added the glove compartment of trucks equipped with a front bench seat, DURALIFE brake rotors, the availability of dual 150 and 220 amp alternators for models equipped with the 6.6L Duramax Turbodiesel V8 engine, an off-road information screen added to the instrument cluster of 4X4 models equipped with the Z71 or All-Terrain Packages (the latter is a GMC-only option), a Bi-Fi Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) option for models equipped with the 6.0L Vortec gasoline V8 engine, a new All-Terrain Package available on SLE and SLT Double Cab and Crew Cab models (for GMC models only), a standard heavy-duty locking rear axle for all models, and the removal of HD Radio from the "up-level" IO5 and IO6 infotainment systems. A Regular Production Option (RPO) Code of "AVF" in the upper glove compartment distinguishes early-build 2015 models from their 2015.5 successors.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For 2015, Chevrolet introduced Special Edition for the Silverado truck series. They are in the following series of Rally Edition 1 and 2, Midnight Edition, Custom Sport Edition, Custom Sport Plus Edition, Black Out Edition, and Texas Edition.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For 2016, the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 received its first mid-cycle refresh, similar to 2003 first generation models. The refreshed Silverado and Sierra received a new grille, new headlights and new front fascia, with design influences from the 2015 Chevrolet Colorado, as well as all-new LED taillights on the 2016 Silverado LTZ and High Country, 2016 GMC Sierra SLT and Denali trim levels while the 2016 Chevy Silverado LT trim levels and below still have the pre-facelifted incandescent taillights along with the 2016 GMC Sierra SLE trim levels and below. Silverado 1500 LTZ and High Country, as well as Sierra 1500 SLT and Denali models equipped with LED headlights, can be optioned with the Intellibeam high beam assist system. On October 1, 2015, HD Radio was added to the Silverado, Sierra, and their HD level models. The Silverado/Silverado HD adds HD Radio to their 8-inch MyLink system as a standard on the LT and LTZ trims, while the Sierra/Sierra HD includes the feature in its IntelliLink system as a standard on all its trims. 2016 Silverado and Sierra models optioned with the 8-inch touch screen feature Apple CarPlay and Android Auto capability. Trucks ordered with bucket seats and center console now feature a wireless charging pad on the console lid. New color options for the Silverado include "Iridescent Pearl Tricoat" (1500 only), "Autumn Bronze Metallic", "Siren Red Tintcoat" and "Red Hot", while the Sierra's new colors include "White Frost Tricoat" (also 1500 only), "Mahogany Metallic", "Crimson Red Tintcoat" and "Cardinal Red".