title: Carbon monoxide

text: With main group reagents, CO undergoes several noteworthy reactions. Chlorination of CO is the industrial route to the important compound phosgene. With borane CO forms the adduct HBCO, which is isoelectronic with the acetylium cation [HCCO]. CO reacts with sodium to give products resulting from C−C coupling such as sodium acetylenediolate 2·. It reacts with molten potassium to give a mixture of an organometallic compound, potassium acetylenediolate 2·, potassium benzenehexolate 6, and potassium rhodizonate 2·.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: The compounds cyclohexanehexone or triquinoyl (CO) and cyclopentanepentone or leuconic acid (CO), which so far have been obtained only in trace amounts, can be regarded as polymers of carbon monoxide. At pressures exceeding 5 GPa, carbon monoxide converts to polycarbonyl, a solid polymer that is metastable at atmospheric pressure but is explosive.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide is conveniently produced in the laboratory by the dehydration of formic acid or oxalic acid, for example with concentrated sulfuric acid. Another method is heating an intimate mixture of powdered zinc metal and calcium carbonate, which releases CO and leaves behind zinc oxide and calcium oxide:


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Thermal combustion is the most common source for carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds; it forms when there is not enough oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (), such as when operating a stove or an internal combustion engine in an enclosed space. For example, during World War II, a gas mixture including carbon monoxide was used to keep motor vehicles running in parts of the world where gasoline and diesel fuel were scarce. External (with a few exceptions) charcoals or wood gas generators were fitted, and the mixture of atmospheric nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and small amounts of other gases produced by gasification was piped to a gas mixer. The gas mixture produced by this process is known as wood gas.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: A large quantity of CO byproduct is formed during the oxidative processes for the production of chemicals. For this reason, the process off-gases have to be purified. On the other hand, considerable research efforts are made in order to optimize the process conditions, develop catalyst with improved selectivity and to understand the reaction pathways leading to the target product and side products.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: A major industrial source of CO is producer gas, a mixture containing mostly carbon monoxide and nitrogen, formed by combustion of carbon in air at high temperature when there is an excess of carbon. In an oven, air is passed through a bed of coke. The initially produced equilibrates with the remaining hot carbon to give CO. The reaction of with carbon to give CO is described as the Boudouard reaction. Above 800 °C, CO is the predominant product:


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Another source is "water gas", a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide produced via the endothermic reaction of steam and carbon:


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide can also be produced by high-temperature electrolysis of carbon dioxide with solid oxide electrolyzer cells. One method developed at DTU Energy uses a cerium oxide catalyst and does not have any issues of fouling of the catalyst.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide is also a byproduct of the reduction of metal oxide ores with carbon, shown in a simplified form as follows:


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide is also produced by the direct oxidation of carbon in a limited supply of oxygen or air.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Since CO is a gas, the reduction process can be driven by heating, exploiting the positive (favorable) entropy of reaction. The Ellingham diagram shows that CO formation is favored over in high temperatures.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide is an industrial gas that has many applications in bulk chemicals manufacturing. Large quantities of aldehydes are produced by the hydroformylation reaction of alkenes, carbon monoxide, and H. Hydroformylation is coupled to the Shell higher olefin process to give precursors to detergents.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Phosgene, useful for preparing isocyanates, polycarbonates, and polyurethanes, is produced by passing purified carbon monoxide and chlorine gas through a bed of porous activated carbon, which serves as a catalyst. World production of this compound was estimated to be 2.74 million tonnes in 1989.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Methanol is produced by the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. In a related reaction, the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide is coupled to C−C bond formation, as in the Fischer–Tropsch process where carbon monoxide is hydrogenated to liquid hydrocarbon fuels. This technology allows coal or biomass to be converted to diesel.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: In the Cativa process, carbon monoxide and methanol react in the presence of a homogeneous Iridium catalyst and hydroiodic acid to give acetic acid. This process is responsible for most of the industrial production of acetic acid.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide is a strong reductive agent and has been used in pyrometallurgy to reduce metals from ores since ancient times. Carbon monoxide strips oxygen off metal oxides, reducing them to pure metal in high temperatures, forming carbon dioxide in the process. Carbon monoxide is not usually supplied as is, in the gaseous phase, in the reactor, but rather it is formed in high temperature in presence of oxygen-carrying ore, or a carboniferous agent such as coke, and high temperature. The blast furnace process is a typical example of a process of reduction of metal from ore with carbon monoxide.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Likewise, blast furnace gas collected at the top of blast furnace, still contains some 10% to 30% of carbon monoxide, and is used as fuel on Cowper stoves and on Siemens-Martin furnaces on open hearth steelmaking.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide has been proposed for use as a fuel on Mars. Carbon monoxide/oxygen engines have been suggested for early surface transportation use as both carbon monoxide and oxygen can be straightforwardly produced from the carbon dioxide atmosphere of Mars by zirconia electrolysis, without using any Martian water resources to obtain hydrogen, which would be needed to make methane or any hydrogen-based fuel.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide is a bioactive molecule which acts as a gaseous signaling molecule. It is naturally produced by many enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways, the best understood of which is the catabolic action of heme oxygenase on the heme derived from hemoproteins such as hemoglobin. Following the first report that carbon monoxide is a normal neurotransmitter in 1993, carbon monoxide has received significant clinical attention as a biological regulator.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Because of carbon monoxide's role in the body, abnormalities in its metabolism have been linked to a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerations, hypertension, heart failure, and pathological inflammation. In many tissues, carbon monoxide acts as anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, and encouragers of neovascular growth. In animal model studies, carbon monoxide reduced the severity of experimentally induced bacterial sepsis, pancreatitis, hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, colitis, osteoarthritis, lung injury, lung transplantation rejection, and neuropathic pain while promoting skin wound healing. Therefore, there is significant interest in the therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide becoming pharmaceutical agent and clinical standard of care.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Studies involving carbon monoxide have been conducted in many laboratories throughout the world for its anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties. These properties have the potential to be used to prevent the development of a series of pathological conditions including ischemia reperfusion injury, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, severe sepsis, severe malaria, or autoimmunity. Many pharmaceutical drug delivery initiatives have developed methods to safely administer carbon monoxide, and subsequent controlled clinical trials have evaluated the therapeutic effect of carbon monoxide.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Microbiota may also utilize carbon monoxide as a gasotransmitter. Carbon monoxide sensing is a signaling pathway facilitated by proteins such as CooA. The scope of the biological roles for carbon monoxide sensing is still unknown.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: The human microbiome produces, consumes, and responds to carbon monoxide. For example, in certain bacteria, carbon monoxide is produced via the reduction of carbon dioxide by the enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase with favorable bioenergetics to power downstream cellular operations. In another example, carbon monoxide is a nutrient for methanogenic archaea which reduce it to methane using hydrogen.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide has certain antimicrobial properties which have been studied to treat against infectious diseases.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide is used in modified atmosphere packaging systems in the US, mainly with fresh meat products such as beef, pork, and fish to keep them looking fresh. The benefit is two-fold, carbon monoxide protects against microbial spoilage and it enhances the meat color for consumer appeal. The carbon monoxide combines with myoglobin to form carboxymyoglobin, a bright-cherry-red pigment. Carboxymyoglobin is more stable than the oxygenated form of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin, which can become oxidized to the brown pigment metmyoglobin. This stable red color can persist much longer than in normally packaged meat. Typical levels of carbon monoxide used in the facilities that use this process are between 0.4% and 0.5%.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: The technology was first given "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) status by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002 for use as a secondary packaging system, and does not require labeling. In 2004, the FDA approved CO as primary packaging method, declaring that CO does not mask spoilage odor. The process is currently unauthorized in many other countries, including Japan, Singapore, and the European Union.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common type of fatal air poisoning in many countries. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that several thousand people go to hospital emergency rooms every year to be treated for carbon monoxide poisoning. According to the Florida Department of Health, "every year more than 500 Americans die from accidental exposure to carbon monoxide and thousands more across the U.S. require emergency medical care for non-fatal carbon monoxide poisoning." The American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) reported 15,769 cases of carbon monoxide poisoning resulting in 39 deaths in 2007. In 2005, the CPSC reported 94 generator-related carbon monoxide poisoning deaths.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. As such, it is relatively undetectable. It readily combines with hemoglobin to produce carboxyhemoglobin which potentially affects gas exchange; therefore exposure can be highly toxic. Concentrations as low as 667 ppm may cause up to 50% of the body's hemoglobin to convert to carboxyhemoglobin. A level of 50% carboxyhemoglobin may result in seizure, coma, and fatality. In the United States, the OSHA limits long-term workplace exposure levels above 50 ppm.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: In addition to affecting oxygen delivery, carbon monoxide also binds to other hemoproteins such as myoglobin and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, metallic and non-metallic cellular targets to affect many cell operations.


title: Carbon monoxide

text: Carbon monoxide had been used for genocide during the Holocaust at some extermination camps, the most notable by gas vans in Chełmno, and in the Action T4 "euthanasia" program.


title: Clea DuVall

text: Clea Helen D'Etienne DuVall (born September 25, 1977) is an American actress, writer, producer, and director. She is known for her appearances in the films "The Faculty" (1998), "She's All That"; "But I'm a Cheerleader"; "Girl, Interrupted" (all 1999); "Identity", "21 Grams" (both 2003), "The Grudge" (2004), "Zodiac" (2007), "Conviction" (2010), and "Argo" (2012).


title: Clea DuVall

text: On television, she played Sofie in "Carnivàle" (2003–2005), Audrey Hanson in "Heroes" (2006–2007), Wendy Peyser in "" (2012–2013), Emma Borden in "The Lizzie Borden Chronicles" (2015), Lara Cruz in "Better Call Saul" (2015–2017), Marjorie in "Veep" (2016–2019), and Sylvia in "The Handmaid's Tale" (2018–2022).


title: Clea DuVall

text: In 2016, DuVall made her feature directorial debut with "The Intervention", which she also wrote and co-produced. Her next project as director was "Happiest Season" in 2020.


title: Clea DuVall

text: DuVall was born in Los Angeles, California. Her father, Steph DuVall, is also an actor. Her forename derives from the novel "Clea" by Lawrence Durrell. She once worked in a coffee shop and studied at the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts.


title: Clea DuVall

text: DuVall made her debut in the low-budget horror film "Little Witches" (1996). This was followed by roles in several independent films and guest appearances on episodes of "ER" and "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", before her breakthrough in 1998 as a goth high school student in Robert Rodriguez's "The Faculty". She also had a supporting role in the cult teen comedy "Can't Hardly Wait" (1998), which included appearances by Jason Segel and Selma Blair before they were well-known.


title: Clea DuVall

text: In 1999, she had prominent roles in several films, including "The Astronaut's Wife" alongside Johnny Depp; "Girl Interrupted" opposite Winona Ryder; the hit romantic comedy "She's All That"; and the independent features "Wildflowers" and "But I'm a Cheerleader". For her performance in "Wildflowers", DuVall received rave reviews from critics. The latter film, in which she played a lesbian undergoing conversion therapy, has since developed a cult following and is often cited as a favorite among fans of LGBT cinema.


title: Clea DuVall

text: Over the next few years, DuVall had roles in a variety of films, including John Carpenter's "Ghosts of Mars" (2001); "Thirteen Conversations About One Thing" (2001) with Matthew McConaughey; "The Laramie Project" (2002); "The Slaughter Rule" (2002) with Ryan Gosling; "Identity" (2003); and the Academy Award-nominated "21 Grams" (2003), opposite Sean Penn. She then appeared as part of the main cast of HBO's "Carnivàle", which ran from 2003–05 and received several Creative Arts Emmy Awards. During that time, she also starred in the television film "Helter Skelter" (2004), which earned her a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actress, and in the box office hit "The Grudge" (2004), with Sarah Michelle Gellar.


title: Clea DuVall

text: Subsequent projects included a guest role on "" (2005); supporting roles in the films "Two Weeks" (2006), opposite Sally Field, and David Fincher's critically acclaimed "Zodiac" (2007); and a recurring character on NBC's popular science fiction series, "Heroes" (2006–2007).


title: Clea DuVall

text: Next, she appeared in the thrillers "Anamorph" (2007), with Willem Dafoe; "Passengers" (2008), with Anne Hathaway; and "The Killing Room" (2009), with Chloë Sevigny. This was followed by guest roles on "Lie to Me" (2009), "Numb3rs", "Bones", and "Law & Order" (all 2010).


title: Clea DuVall

text: In 2012, she co-starred in the film "Argo", based on the Iran hostage crisis. DuVall played Cora Amburn-Lijek, one of the six American diplomats rescued from Iran in 1980. She, along with the rest of the "Argo" cast, received the 2013 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Also in 2012, DuVall appeared in a recurring role on the of the FX anthology series "American Horror Story", as Wendy Peyser.


title: Clea DuVall

text: In 2014, DuVall starred as Emma Borden, sister of Lizzie Borden (played by Christina Ricci), in the Lifetime television film, "Lizzie Borden Took an Ax". She then reprised the role for the limited series "The Lizzie Borden Chronicles" (2015). The latter received mixed reviews, but critics praised the performances of Ricci and DuVall. Writing for "The Hollywood Reporter", Keith Uhlich said the actresses "have a delectable rapport not too far removed from Bette Davis and Joan Crawford at their hag-horror peak in "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?""


title: Clea DuVall

text: In 2016, DuVall made her feature directorial debut with the comedy-drama "The Intervention", which she also wrote, starred in, and produced. The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival and was later acquired by Paramount Pictures. "The Intervention" received positive reviews; Andy Webster of "The New York Times" noted that "DuVall juggles the emotional dynamics with fluid editing and light comic touches". The same year, she starred in the independent features "Zen Dogs" and "Heaven's Floor", and guest starred on AMC's "Better Call Saul".


title: Clea DuVall

text: From 2016 to 2019, she played Marjorie on the HBO series "Veep", for which she was twice nominated—along with her co-stars—for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series, winning in 2018.


title: Clea DuVall

text: DuVall appeared in four episodes of the Hulu drama series "The Handmaid's Tale" in 2018 and 2019. She also starred in the independent comedy "All About Nina", alongside Mary Elizabeth Winstead.


title: Clea DuVall

text: DuVall wrote and direct the 2020 film "Happiest Season", which premiered on Hulu. The film, co-written by DuVall and Mary Holland, won the 2021 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release.


title: Clea DuVall

text: DuVall identifies as a lesbian and is married. She came out in 2016. DuVall also said that she was "very closeted" while making "But I'm a Cheerleader."


title: MasterChef Australia

text: MasterChef Australia is an Australian competitive cooking reality show based on the original British "MasterChef". It is produced by Endemol Shine Australia and screens on Network 10. Restaurateur and chef Gary Mehigan, chef George Calombaris and food critic Matt Preston served as the show's main judges until 2019, when they were replaced by Series 4 winner and chef Andy Allen, food critic Melissa Leong, and restaurateur and chef Jock Zonfrillo.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The series has also spawned five spin-off series: "Celebrity MasterChef Australia", which featured celebrity contestants, "Junior MasterChef Australia", which featured younger contestants, "MasterChef Australia All-Stars", which featured returning contestants from the first three series, "", which featured professional chefs as contestants, and the upcoming "MasterChef: Dessert Masters", which will feature pastry chefs.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: "MasterChef Australia" has a different format from that of the original British "MasterChef" and "MasterChef Goes Large" formats. Initial rounds consist of a large number of hopeful contestants from across Australia individually "auditioning" by presenting a food dish before the three judges in order to gain one of 50 semi-final places. Entrants must be over 18 years old and their main source of income cannot come from preparing and cooking fresh food in a professional environment.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The semi-finalists then compete in several challenges that test their food knowledge and preparation skills. In Season 1, the top 50 competed until 20 were left, with the final 20 progressing to the main stage of the show. From Season 2 onwards, 24 contestants progress. The contestants will then be whittled down through a number of individual and team-based cooking challenges and weekly elimination rounds until a winning MasterChef is crowned. The winner plays for a prize that includes chef training from leading professional chefs, the chance to have their own cookbook published, and A$250,000 in cash.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: "MasterChef Australia" airs five nights a week from Sunday to Thursday. Each night features a different episode format, however some episodes modify the format slightly. The typical episode formats are as follows:


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Sunday is the "Challenge" night. From series 3, it can range from a variety of challenges, including a Mystery Box, where each contestant is given the same box of ingredients and are to create a dish using only those ingredients. The Judges then pick three dishes Based on Technique and Visual Appearance Alone and a winner chosen. There can also be an Invention Test, where contestants have to invent a dish relevant to a theme using a core ingredient. There can also be Off-Site Challenges and Team Challenges, which often involve cooking for large numbers of people. The top three contestants who made the best dishes are selected by the judges, from which a winner is chosen to compete in the Immunity Challenge. After this the bottom three are revealed, who will face off in an elimination challenge the next night. In the first two series, it would always consist of a Mystery Box, where the winner was able to choose the core ingredient for the Invention Test.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Monday episodes feature the "Pressure Test". The bottom three from the previous night's challenge are given a recipe for a particular dish they are to emulate in an allocated time. Once completed they are taken in to the judges to be tasted, before all three contestants are seated in front of the judges for critiquing. The judges then eliminate the contestant out of the three that performed least adequately in the test.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Tuesday episodes feature the "Immunity Challenge", where the winner of the Sunday challenge competes against a guest, which can vary from a chef, apprentice, or to a home cook in a cook off. The contestant is given the choice of two pantries of ingredients they can use, usually contrasting such as "Black" and "White". The contestant gets a head start to complete the dish before their opponent starts cooking and after the allotted time for both is finished, the dishes are presented to the judges for tasting and scoring out of ten. The judges are not aware which dish was made by which person, however. If the contestant's dish's score is equal to or higher than that of the guest, they are crowned the winner of the challenge. In the first series they are given a free pass to the finals week of the competition and can go home. From series 2 onwards, they receive a pin that allows them to save themselves from one future elimination.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Wednesday features a "Team Challenge". The contestants are split into teams, and are given a task, and a set amount of time to complete the challenge. Tasks have included presenting a three course meal to a celebrity guest, running a restaurant for an evening or catering an event such as a birthday party or wedding. Once completed and judged the teams are given the results, which can be determined by which team the judges think did the best, or receiving the most votes or making the most money by the people the teams had to cook for, with members of the losing team facing an elimination the next night. The winning team safe from elimination receives a reward (for example lunch at a top restaurant).


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Thursday is another "Elimination". The two worst performing contestants from the losing team in the team challenge compete against each other in a head-to-head challenge to determine who will be eliminated. The loser of the challenge is then eliminated. On some occasions, all members of the losing team will be selected to compete as individuals in the elimination challenge. In the first series, a different elimination process was used. The contestants from the losing team were to vote for a contestant that they each feel did not perform to their best and may have cost them the challenge. After voting the team is called in together to announce the results of the vote, with the contestant with the most votes being eliminated from the competition. If the previous challenge was an individual challenge, the bottom two contestants competed in a head-to-head taste test where one contestant at a time named one ingredient of a particular dish or sauce, and the first person to name an incorrect ingredient is eliminated. "MasterClass" airs on Thursday following the elimination show and is generally limited to themed weeks. Here, judges George, Gary and Matt run a masterclass for the remaining contestants, which usually call back to some of the challenges from the previous week. For example, they may revisit the Mystery Box challenge and demonstrate some other dishes that could have been made or redo one of the contestants' dishes to give tips on how it could have been improved.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: For series 12, the weekly format was modified to air a Team Challenge on Mondays, Pressure Tests on Tuesdays, Mystery Box on Wednesdays, Immunity Challenge on Thursdays and an All-In Elimination Challenge on Sundays. While an Immunity Pin was offered in the first challenge of the season, the Pins (as a regular weekly feature) were replaced with "Weekly Immunity", granting a contestant safety from the week's All-In Elimination, which involved all contestants except for one immune contestant. Immunity Challenges no longer involved competing against well-known chefs (hence there being no need for a mentor), and instead involved one or two challenge rounds which contestants progressed through to win Immunity. This format is also used in series 13.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, the format for Series 12 was changed again, to a three-day format from mid-June, in which the winners of the Mystery Box on Monday participated in the Immunity Challenge on Tuesday. The winner of the challenge was immune from Sunday's All-In Elimination. Pressure Tests and Team Challenges were discarded and only one contestant was eliminated each week.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The first series of "MasterChef Australia" was broadcast between 27 April 2009 and 19 July 2009. Applications for contestants closed on 8 January 2009, with subsequent auditions held in Perth, Brisbane, Melbourne, Adelaide and Sydney. Over 7000 people auditioned for the show.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The Top 50 portion of the series was filmed at the Australian Technology Park in Sydney. From the Top 20 onwards, filming was moved to a studio on Doody Street in Alexandria, Sydney. The series one finale was filmed on 2 July 2009, two and a half weeks before its actual television broadcast.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The second series of "MasterChef Australia" premiered on 19 April 2010, with the initial call for contestants held in mid-2009.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Other changes to Season 2 include not showing the initial auditions, with the series beginning instead with the Top 50 which were filmed at a Redfern Train Works building in Sydney, and having a Top 24 instead of a Top 20. Also, unlike Season 1, the last 45 minutes of the finale were broadcast live.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: On 4 July 2010, Network Ten confirmed the return of MasterChef with new judge Matt Moran joining the original judges for series 3.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: MasterChef Australia premiered Sunday 6 May on Network Ten. Regular judges, chefs George Calombaris and Gary Mehigan and food critic Matt Preston, returned for Season 4.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Network Ten confirmed in August 2012 that they have commissioned a fifth series for 2013. The program was filmed at the Melbourne Showgrounds in Ascot Vale, Victoria. Emma Dean won, with Lynton Tapp as the runner-up.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Series 5 featured a number of changes to the format including casting that focussed on contestant's personalities above cooking ability in response to the success of the Seven Network's rival cooking show "My Kitchen Rules". The changes were not well received by both critics and audiences, and led to disappointing ratings compared to previous seasons. As a result of the show's poor audience response Network Ten cancelled all spin-off versions of Masterchef Australia as well as live events such as "Masterchef Live" in order to focus on "a new, fresh version in 2014 that will appeal to the loyal MasterChef fans as well as new viewers" according to Ten's chief programming officer, Beverley McGarvey.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Network Ten confirmed in August 2013 that they had recommissioned the show for another series, which aired in 2014. The program was once again filmed in Ascot Vale, Victoria at the Melbourne Showgrounds. In addition to the return of all three judges, Kylie Kwong was a guest mentor who appeared during the immunity challenges. Heston Blumenthal and Marco Pierre White joined the show for a full week of challenges.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Shannon Bennett replaces Kwong as the regular in-house mentor for the immunity challenges. This season marked the return in stronger ratings for "MasterChef Australia", with a series average of nearly 1.2 million metropolitan viewers. The finale (winner announced) was the highest rating non-sport TV event of 2015, with 2.2 million viewers (in metropolitan consolidated numbers). This series also attracted praise and critical acclaim from TV critics and writers, as well as many media personalities and many of the viewers.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The eighth season premiered on 1 May 2016. It was won by Elena Duggan with Matt Sinclair as runner-up.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The eleventh season premiered on 29 April 2019. This season, former contestants Poh Ling Yeow, Billie McKay, and Matt Sinclair replace Shannon Bennett as in-house mentors. This is the final season to feature Gary Mehigan, George Calombaris and Matt Preston as the show's judges.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: In October 2019, it was announced that Jock Zonfrillo, Melissa Leong and season four winner Andy Allen would replace Mehigan, Calombaris and Preston as series judges. It was also announced that they would be joined by previous contestants who had returned to have another chance to win the title of "Masterchef" and the A$250,000 grand cash prize.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: It was won by Justin Narayan scoring 125 points with Pete Campbell as runner-up with 124 points and Kishwar Chowdhury in third place with 114 points. Only one ending was filmed where in some previous years two endings were filmed. This led to speculation that the winner had been leaked and influenced betting.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The fourteenth series premiered on 18 April 2022. Subtitled "Fans & Favourites", the season saw 12 new contestants go up against 12 former and returning "MasterChef" contestants including past winners Julie Goodwin, Billie McKay and Sashi Cheliah. It was won by McKay with Sarah Todd as runner-up.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The fifteenth series, subtitled "Secrets & Surprises", was announced at Paramount's and Network 10's upfronts in October 2022.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: "Celebrity MasterChef Australia", a spin-off featuring celebrities as contestants began production in early September 2009, and aired for ten weeks starting from 30 September 2009. The celebrity version, which features a heats and semi-finals format similar to "MasterChef Goes Large", is based around weekly episodes.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Presenter Sarah Wilson did not return to present the show. Ten states that she was dropped because "the appropriate role for Sarah was not achievable without dramatically changing the format", but Gary Mehigan, George Calombaris and Matt Preston returned as judges, Calombaris and Mehigan took Wilson's presenting role. It was won by Olympic swimmer Eamon Sullivan, who took home $50,000 for charity Swim Survive Stay Alive.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: In February 2010, executive producer Mark Fennessy stated that he doubted the spin-off would return for a second series.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: On 25 May 2021, it was announced that a second edition of "Celebrity MasterChef Australia" had been commissioned, 12 years after the first edition had aired, it is set to air in late 2021. Andy Allen, Melissa Leong and Jock Zonfrillo will undertake the role of judges in the new season.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: On 17 June 2021, Network Ten announced the 10 celebrity contestants competing on the second series of the show. Former AFL player Nick Riewoldt won the series, winning $100,000 for charity Maddie Riewoldt's Vision.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Production of a junior version of the show was initially suggested in October 2009. The first series of the show, featuring 8- to 12-year-old contestants, was filmed after the second series of "MasterChef Australia". "Junior MasterChef Australia" is produced by Shine Australia.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: On 27 April 2020, it was announced that a third season of "Junior MasterChef Australia" had been commissioned for late 2020, nine years after the second series aired. Casting was open to children aged between 9 and 14 years.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Ten began broadcast of a special all-stars version of the show on 26 July 2012 that aired during the 2012 Summer Olympics. It featured a number of returning contestants from the first three series, including series 1 and 3 winners Julie Goodwin and Kate Bracks, who revisited past challenges in order to raise money for charity.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: It was won by series 2 runner-up Callum Hann, who ultimately raised $20,000 for Cancer Council Australia.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: A spin-off based the original BBC "" series began airing on 20 January 2013. It featured 18 professional chefs competing against each other as opposed to amateur cooks. Matt Preston and chef Marco Pierre White hosted the spin-off.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: A new spin-off, "MasterChef: Dessert Masters", was announced at Paramount's and Network 10's upfronts in October 2022. The series will see pastry chefs from around Australia compete in the "MasterChef" kitchen for a $100,000 prize.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The one-hour series premiere of "MasterChef Australia" attracted an average of 1.42 million viewers, making it the most watched show in its timeslot. Ratings steadily grew throughout the first series, with the show dominating Australian ratings as it entered finals week, averaging around or above 2 million viewers an episode, and on daily rankings placing ahead of other high rating shows such as the Seven Network's "Packed to the Rafters" and Nine's Rugby League State of Origin broadcast. Its success is despite initial belief from critics that the series would be a dud based on the performance of previous prime time cooking shows, as well as general cynicism against a new reality show format.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The first series finale of "MasterChef Australia" attracted an average of 3,745,000 viewers, and peaked at 4.11 million viewers. This figure was for the last half-hour of the show, titled "MasterChef Australia: The Winner Announced", while the first 90 minutes of the finale averaged 3,313,000 viewers. The figure also eclipsed the show's previous high, set on the last elimination episode, of 2.36 million viewers and also surpassed the previous high for a non-sporting event ("Australian Idol"'s 2004 finale, which averaged in 3.35 million) since OzTAM ratings started in 2001. It is currently the 4th highest rating television program in Australia since 2001, behind the 2005 Australian Open final between Lleyton Hewitt and Marat Safin, and the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final. Ten's share for the night was 41.3%, almost 20% ahead of its nearest rival. The first series finale was the most watched television program of 2009.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The highly anticipated second series premiere of the show attracted 1.69 million viewers, peaking at 2.11 million nationwide. In general, the second series rated higher on average compared to the first series, with weekday episodes seeing a 35% increase in viewers by the midpoint of the series. The last half-hour of the second series final attracted 3,962,000 viewers and 3,542,000 during the rest of the final out rating the series 1 final to become the 3rd highest rating show of all time.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Based on the number of viewers and the nightly ratings, Season 5 of Masterchef was considered the worst season, with the finale being ranked only the 5th most viewed television show that night, compared to every other season of Masterchef ranking #1. It is also the only season of the show to have under 1 million viewers of the finale, and it has received the lowest nightly rankings with several episodes below the top 20 in terms of most viewed shows. In total there were only half the number of viewers from Season 4. As a result of the show's poor audience response Network Ten cancelled all spin-off versions of Masterchef Australia (including: Junior Masterchef and as well as live events such as "Masterchef Live" and "Masterchef Dining") in order to focus on "a new, fresh version in 2014 that will appeal to the loyal MasterChef fans as well as new viewers" according to Ten's chief programming officer, Beverley McGarvey.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Despite success in ratings, the series initially received mixed reviews, with fans of the original British version describing the Australian show to be incomparable to that version in terms of quality, structure, judgement and skill of the contestant. Other commentators have also criticised the show for using a competition format similar to other reality shows such as "Australian Idol", "The Biggest Loser" and "Project Runway Australia" that focuses more on the elimination of contestants than the food and cooking itself. Ten's programming chief David Mott admitted that using the new format was "a huge risk", while FremantleMedia's Paul Franklin has asserted that "for a commercial audience we needed to pump it up and make it bigger, a little over the top, with more drama and storytelling and a sense of theatre".


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Despite these harsh views, it is still popular amongst many others who have praised the balance of entertainment, skill and overall presentation which is more fun-loving in its (Australian) attitude in comparison with the original British format. The show has been described as "an antidote for cynicism" and a reflection of multicultural Australia, while the show's success has been attributed to audiences "uncomfortable with the win-at-all-cost mould of reality shows of old" and a shift in values in the face of the recent financial crisis. As is noted in "MasterChef Australia"'s premiere episode of Season 4, since it premiered in 2009 (the first "MasterChef" series outside of the UK (est. 1990)), it has been such a success that France, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, New Zealand, India, Peru, Finland, Sweden, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Norway, the US and many other countries have all followed Australia's lead and formed their own series of the show in their respective countries; this in itself reveals the popularity of the Australian show from an international audience's perspective compared to that of the British version.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Cooking schools have reported an increase in enrolments due to the success of the series, while kitchenware retailers and upmarket restaurants have also seen increased trade. Supermarkets and specialty food retailers have reported increased demand from the public for more unusual ingredients, such as quail, custard apple and squab, after such were featured on the program. The success of the show led Ten to explore possible spin-offs such as the celebrity and junior versions, as well as one featuring professional chefs as contestants. The success of the show has also led competing networks to commission their own competitive cooking programs, such as Seven's "My Kitchen Rules" and Nine's "The Great Aussie Cook-Off" after the first series of the Australian version, with reports that both networks were planning more copycat shows to air in late 2010 and early 2011.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: "MasterChef Australia" won the award for Most Popular Reality Program at the 2010 Logie Awards. In addition, Matt Preston won the Graham Kennedy Award for Most Outstanding New Talent for his work on the program.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Significant numbers of viewers have raised allegations that the voting on the series one finale of "MasterChef" was fraudulent after Julie Goodwin won the crown over Poh Ling Yeow. After the airing of the finale talkback radio became inundated with calls, both for and against the verdict, and the finale also became a top trending topic on social networking site Twitter, where many users said they felt "deflated" and "ripped off" by the final episode of the hit show. Similar allegations were raised when contestants were eliminated throughout the series.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Judge Matt Preston has denied that eliminations were rigged or the result of a popularity contest, and asserted that Julie had won the title because she was the better cook on the night. Goodwin herself has also asserted that her victory was not the result of rigging, insisting that the professional integrity of the three judges would be damaged if it were.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: During their time playing "MasterChef", the contestants are paid a retainer of $500 a week. This is slightly below the national Australian minimum wage of $589.30 and less than half the average wage of $1,291.34. However, contestants have their accommodation provided for the duration of their time in the competition, meaning they live rent-free. These facts were revealed in 2011 along with the knowledge that most contestants quit their jobs before entering the competition and faced seeking re-employment once eliminated from the show.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: Following comments made by judge Matt Preston about Marco Pierre White's son's admitted $500,000 splurge of his father's money on drugs and prostitution, White stopped making guest appearances on "MasterChef Australia" after the 8th season and joined the rival programme "Hell's Kitchen Australia". In 2016, whilst on "The Kyle and Jackie O Show", Preston was asked about Marco Jr.'s time on "Big Brother UK", which included his alleged on–air sex and the above admission to purchasing illicit drugs and sex workers. Preston said "I think it is that terrible thing when you have kids that go off the rails... the drugs might be a little bit of a worry". This sparked a series of profanity–filled social media attacks by Marco Jr. which he has since apologised for. The senior White later said of Preston that "I will never forgive that man... with my hand on my mother’s grave I will get that man". White eventually returned to the program in season 14, after Preston had left the show.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: The "Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1" was published by Random House Australia in December 2009. It contains recipes from the series 1 Top 20 contestants and top Australian and international chefs: Martin Boetz, Donovan Cooke, Pete Evans, Manu Feildel, Guy Grossi, Alex Herbert, Matt Moran and Andrew Honeysett, Ben O'Donoghue, Adrian Richardson, Frank Shek, Emmanuel Stroobant and Adriano Zumbo. There are also behind-the-scenes stories and culinary tips and tricks.


title: MasterChef Australia

text: "MasterChef Magazine", a monthly spin-off publication adopting the series' brand, went on sale in May 2010. Following a high-profile launch, the magazine exceeded its initial sales target within a short period of time, selling 90,000 copies in three days. The magazine was published by News Magazines, a subsidiary of News Limited.


title: The Silent Sea (TV series)

text: The Silent Sea () is a 2021 South Korean streaming television series starring Bae Doona, Gong Yoo and Lee Joon. Director Choi Hang-yong created the series of eight episodes as an adaptation of his 2014 short film, "The Sea of Tranquility", with the help of writer Park Eun-kyo. It premiered on Netflix on December 24, 2021. The title "The Silent Sea" comes from the Sea of Tranquility on the moon; the story follows a crewed mission to retrieve samples from a lunar research base. Mostly science fiction, it also blends genres like thriller and mystery. It received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences.


title: The Silent Sea (TV series)

text: On a near-future Earth suffering from extreme desertification, draconian measures have been put in place for potable water rationing. Scientist Song JiAn (Bae Doona) joins a hand-picked team of elite personnel on a mission to the moon. They are headed to an abandoned research facility, "Balhae Station", where her sister died five years prior, after 117 personnel were killed in an incident. The circumstances surrounding the incident are secret. Their mission is to retrieve a mysterious and sensitive sample. The captain of the team, Han YunJae (Gong Yoo), is a soldier for the space agency. Lieutenant Ryu Taeseok (Lee Joon) of the Ministry of National Defense volunteers to be part of the crew.


title: The Silent Sea (TV series)

text: At the lunar facility, Song ascertains that the higher-ups have floated a bunch of half-truths and outright lies regarding the mission and the facility, and the nature of the accident that wiped out the staff. The sample turns out to consist of a new element that ostensibly looks like water, but multiplies like a virus when it comes in contact with living cells. The team is attacked by a violent superhuman girl on the space station, one who is immune to the effects of "lunar water". Meanwhile, they must contend with the fact that some members of their own party may have ulterior motives that lead to betrayal.


title: The Silent Sea (TV series)

text: In December 2019, Netflix announced that it would produce the television series "The Silent Sea", adapted from the 2014 eponymous short film directed by Choi Hang-yong. He will also be directing the series, with Jung Woo-sung standing in as the executive producer.


title: The Silent Sea (TV series)

text: In April 2020, Bae Doona and Gong Yoo were cast in lead roles. In September 2020, they were officially joined by Heo Sung-tae and Lee Moo-saeng.


title: The Silent Sea (TV series)

text: The site's critical consensus reads, ""The Silent Sea" marks one small step for man, one overlong leap for television, but it delivers enough intrigue and menace to satisfy patient viewers."


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: The game is played from a third-person perspective in an open world which can be explored either on foot or by modes of transport. Snake can use a wide repertoire of weapons and items and several companions that allows the player to combat enemies either stealthily or directly. Enemy soldiers and resources found in the world can be transported to Snake's headquarters, allowing for its expansion and the development of further technology. The game includes two separate multiplayer modes, "Metal Gear Online" and Forward Operating Bases (FOBs); the latter mode allows players to develop FOBs, which can then be invaded by other players.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: "Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain" was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on September 1, 2015. It received critical acclaim, with praise for its gameplay, player freedom, open world, graphics, themes, and performances; its narrative and certain changes to the series formula divided critics, while the appearance of the character Quiet drew criticism. The game's repeated missions and ending that left plot points unresolved, attributed with conclusive evidence of removed content, led some to label the game unfinished. "The Phantom Pain" shipped 6 million units by December 2015. It received several awards and has been considered as one of the greatest stealth games of all time.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: "Metal Gear Solid V: The Definitive Experience", a bundle that includes both "The Phantom Pain" and "Ground Zeroes", along with all additional content for both games, was released in October 2016.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: "Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain" is a stealth game in which players take the role of Punished "Venom" Snake from a third-person perspective in an open world. Gameplay elements are largely unchanged from "Ground Zeroes", meaning that players must sneak from several points in the game world, avoiding enemy guards, and remaining undetected. Included in Snake's repertoire are binoculars, a variety of weapons, explosives, and stealth-based items such as cardboard boxes and decoys. Following one of the series traditions, "The Phantom Pain" encourages players to progress through the game without killing, using non-lethal weapons such as tranquilizer darts to subdue enemies. Players may traverse the game world with vehicles such as jeeps and tanks, in addition to traveling on foot or on horseback, and as certain locations are mountainous, occasionally, players can opt to go rock climbing as a shortcut. They may call for helicopter support against enemy soldiers or request airstrikes that can bomb the target area or change the weather. Snake can call on AI "buddy" companions—including Quiet, a silent female sniper with supernatural abilities; D-Horse, a horse capable of wearing armor and hiding Snake during travel; D-Walker, a manned, highly agile mobile weapons platform that can provide heavy weapons support; and D-Dog, a wolf pup raised to assist him in the field. The companions' abilities and their effectiveness depends on the player's relationship with them. There is a large emphasis on tactics in "The Phantom Pain".


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: As in "Peace Walker", "The Phantom Pain" features a base-building system that allows players to develop weapons and items from their headquarters, Mother Base. Recruitment of enemy soldiers and prisoners has returned for this purpose, allowing the base to grow through organization. The player is given the option to access their base from their real-life smartphones and other devices via a companion app. Unlike in "Peace Walker" where players can only see Mother Base from the air, "The Phantom Pain" allows players to control Snake as he explores the complex on foot. The Fulton surface-to-air recovery system, an item introduced into gameplay in "Peace Walker", returns as well, with players able to transport captured soldiers and other objects such as animals and vehicles back to Mother Base. An in-game currency called GMP is used for upgrading Mother Base's defenses and technology, and can be collected from objects found all over the map, such as rough diamonds, shipping containers, and special blueprint boxes, as well as sending recruited soldiers on combat missions around the world. The income is invested in upgrades to the appearance and abilities, weapons and equipment of Snake, his AI companions, and vehicles. For example, Snake's prosthetic arm can be modified with a taser, echolocation function, or remote controls that allow it to fly as a drone.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Game design direction allows the player to choose in what order the story events take place by selecting missions in any order they like, and yet still "understand the encompassing message by the end". The enemy AI has improved in terms of situational awareness. If players frequently use particular weapons or tactics to subdue enemy soldiers, enemies will increase in number and be outfitted with better equipment; for example, frequent use of headshots will result in enemy soldiers donning metal helmets to make targeting the head harder. Other actions from the player can affect the wider game world further; for example, sabotaging a radar installation will open up new entry points.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: The game has a dynamic weather system and day-night cycle that runs in real-time. The cycle is able to be fast-forwarded when Snake lights a "Phantom Cigar", a type of electronic cigar; a digital silver Seiko watch panel appears on screen to denote time. The passage of time enables players to analyze the movement of marked enemy forces in the area, such as shifts in sentry patrols and individual patrol routes. Weather effects, such as sandstorms and rain, affects the gameplay environment by reducing visibility or masking the sound of footsteps.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: "Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain" includes two multiplayer modes: first, the new "Metal Gear Online", developed by Kojima Productions' newly formed Los Angeles division (now known as Konami Los Angeles Studio). The second multiplayer mode is an extension of the Mother Base base-building feature. Players are able to expand their operations to include "Forward Operating Bases" which can be used to generate resources and income for the single-player campaign. These facilities can be attacked by other players, making a player-versus-player mode available whereby the attacking team attempts to steal resources and/or soldiers and the defending team tries to protect the Forward Operating Base from the intruder. Defenders are able to call on their friends to aid in the defense, especially if their Forward Operating Base is attacked during a story mission. Players are able to customize the security, staffing, and layout of their Forward Operating Bases, allowing for a large number of compound configurations. Following the success or failure of the intrusion, the location of the attacking player's Forward Operating Base is revealed to the defending player; however, defending players can only launch a retaliatory strike if the attacker was discovered during their infiltration. The Forward Operating Base feature is a separate multiplayer experience to "Metal Gear Online" and is needed to increase the number of combat units the player can deploy.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: In the aftermath of the events of "Ground Zeroes" and the destruction of Militaires Sans Frontières (MSF), Big Boss (Kiefer Sutherland/Akio Ōtsuka) falls into a coma. Nine years later, he awakens and helps lead a new mercenary group, Diamond Dogs. Adopting the codename "Venom Snake", he ventures into Afghanistan during the Soviet–Afghan War and the Angola—Zaire border region during the Angolan Civil War to track down the people responsible for MSF's destruction. Along the way, he becomes reacquainted with his former rival Ocelot (Troy Baker/Satoshi Mikami) and encounters Quiet (Stefanie Joosten), an assassin and sniper with supernatural abilities. While he and Kazuhira Miller (Robin Atkin Downes/Tomokazu Sugita) are initially driven to exact revenge, Snake unearths a plot by the Patriots organization to develop a new model of the Metal Gear system known as the ST-84 "Sahelanthropus".


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: In contrast to previous "Metal Gear" installments, Kojima Productions conducted the voice acting and motion capture with English-speaking actors and stuntmen first. While facial motion capture was used before for "", it was done separately from the actual voice acting. The Japanese voice acting was dubbed over the English cast's performance afterward, in contrast to previous releases in the series since "", which had the characters' vocal and facial expressions lip-synched specifically to both, Japanese and English voice acting.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: At E3 2013, Konami confirmed that actor Kiefer Sutherland would provide Snake's voice and motion capture work for the game, taking a role over voice actor David Hayter. Kojima's reason for replacing Hayter was to "have a more subdued performance expressed through subtle facial movements and tone of voice rather than words", and that he "needed someone who could genuinely convey both the facial and vocal qualities of a man in his late 40s". Hollywood producer and director Avi Arad suggested to Kojima that Sutherland could fulfill his requirements. Akio Ōtsuka was unaffected by this casting change and continued to voice Snake in the Japanese version. On March 4, 2015, Kojima revealed that Snake would have less dialogue in "The Phantom Pain" than previous installments. The reasoning behind it was to make Snake come across as an extension to the player and that he "will act based on [player's actions] rather than doing things like making spontaneous comments or flirting with women."


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Other members of the voice cast include Troy Baker as Ocelot, Jay Tavare as Code Talker, James Horan as Skull Face, Robin Atkin Downes as Kazuhira Miller, Christopher Randolph as Dr. Emmerich and Piers Stubbs as Eli. The Japanese dub features Tomokazu Sugita as Miller, Hideyuki Tanaka as Emmerich, Takaya Hashi as Skull Face, Satoshi Mikami as Ocelot, Osamu Saka (whose previous roles include Sergei Gurlukovich in "" and The End in "") as Code Talker, and Yūtarō Honjō as Eli. Dutch model Stefanie Joosten provides the likeness, voice and motion capture for the new character Quiet, a mute sniper with supernatural abilities who may assist Snake on missions depending on the player's actions during a certain mission. She provides the vocals for "Quiet's Theme".


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: In 1984, nine years after the , Big Boss awakens from a coma in a hospital on a British military base in Cyprus. Quiet, a Cipher assassin, attempts to kill him, but he is rescued by a heavily bandaged man called Ishmael. The pair escapes the hospital while evading pursuit from Cipher soldiers and two superhumans, the "Third Child" and the "Man on Fire". Big Boss loses Ishmael, but is recovered by Revolver Ocelot and brought aboard Diamond Dogs, a new mercenary group founded by Kazuhira Miller on an offshore platform near Seychelles.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Big Boss adopts the code name "Venom Snake" and begins searching for Cipher. Snake becomes involved in the Soviet–Afghan War and the Angolan Civil War. He recruits the superhuman mute sniper Quiet; scientist and MSF associate, Dr. Huey Emmerich; and Code Talker, a Navajo expert on parasites forced to work for Cipher. Snake captures Eli, a British child believed to be a clone of Snake and leader of several child soldiers; a DNA test confirms that Venom Snake and Eli are not genetically related.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Snake learns that Cipher's leader Zero was usurped and XOF, a rogue faction of Cipher, was responsible for destroying MSF. XOF's leader Skull Face considers Cipher's plan for world peace akin to making it culturally American, and intends to release a parasite that kills anyone who speaks English. A modified parasite gave Quiet and XOF's elite soldiers, the Skulls, their unusual abilities. After releasing the English strain parasite, Skull Face plans to use the threat of the latest Metal Gear "Sahelanthropus" to make nuclear weapons desirable, believing that nuclear deterrence will attain world peace while protecting other cultures; in secret, he will retain remote control of the weapons. Skull Face refuses to use an AI for Sahelanthropus, so is dependent on the Third Child's psychic abilities.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: During a test, the Third Child betrays Skull Face, having Sahelanthropus seriously wound him and crush the Man on Fire. Snake defeats Sahelanthropus, and recovers one of Skull Face's three parasite vials; one is missing and the other is taken by the Third Child and given to Eli. Skull Face is left to die by Snake and Miller, but Huey executes him. Sahelanthropus is returned to Diamond Dogs' base. Eli, the Third Child, and the child soldiers later steal Sahelanthropus and flee. It is revealed that the Third Child's powers enthralled him to the will of the most vengeful person nearby, meaning Sahelanthropus' attack was instigated by Eli.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: An epidemic of parasites occurs on base, forcing Snake to kill many of his men to contain it. To honor them, he has their cremated remains turned into diamonds to carry into battle. Huey is accused of causing the epidemic while attempting to mutate the parasites to sell as weapons. Alongside suspicion of his role in MSF's destruction and evidence that he murdered his wife Dr. Strangelove for using their son Otacon in experiments, Snake exiles him from Diamond Dogs. Quiet disappears in Afghanistan. Code Talker reveals that Quiet was infected with the English parasite to spread it within Diamond Dogs, but her allegiances shifted and she remained silent to prevent an outbreak. Huey's mutation of the parasites convinced Quiet that she could not guarantee the group's safety. Snake finds her and helps fight off Soviet forces before they hide. Quiet is forced to speak to summon Diamond Dogs when Snake is bitten by a venomous snake, and flees to avoid causing another epidemic.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: It is revealed that Venom Snake is not Big Boss, but an MSF medic caught in the , the real Big Boss. During his coma, the medic was transformed via plastic surgery and hypnotherapy to serve as a decoy for Big Boss while he wages a covert war against Cipher. Venom Snake goes on to set the events of the Outer Heaven uprising in motion. After his death, Big Boss resurfaces during the . Miller and Ocelot discuss Big Boss' plans to create Outer Heaven. While Ocelot remains supportive, Miller is disgusted at his former ally's deception and vows to assist Venom and Big Boss' son Solid Snake in hopes of contributing to Big Boss' downfall.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: In February 2012, a site owned by Konami, "Development Without Borders", promoted development for a new "Metal Gear" title, for "The "next" MGS". The site was recruiting staff for the 2012 GDC pavilion in March, and requested applications for several positions for the latest "Metal Gear Solid" targeted for "high-end consoles" and "next-gen Fox engine". As the year went on, screenshots and videos of the newly announced Fox Engine were unveiled by the team. This media demonstrated many random settings and characters, although none related to the "Metal Gear" series. Certain screenshots, however, were noted to feature a character who resembled the Big Boss character of "Metal Gear", walking up to a Stryker AFV previously seen in "Metal Gear Solid 4".


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Konami unveiled "Ground Zeroes" at a private function celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the "Metal Gear" series on August 30, 2012. The game made its public debut two days later at the 2012 Penny Arcade Expo. Kojima revealed very little detail about the project at the time other than it was a prologue to "Metal Gear Solid V",<ref name="VG24/7"></ref> and that it would be the first game to use the Fox Engine, a game engine developed by Kojima Productions. In January 2013, Kojima revealed that "Ground Zeroes" would be the first title in the series to be subtitled in Arabic, a feature the team had planned for previous games. He also confirmed that the length of the cutscenes was reduced, as he believed that long cutscenes had become outdated.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: In an interview with VG247, Kojima expressed concerns over whether or not "Ground Zeroes" would be released. He claimed that his aim was to target taboos and mature themes, which he considered to be "quite risky", adding that his roles as creator and producer were in conflict with one another; as creator, Kojima wanted to take the risk of exploring themes that might alienate audiences, but as producer, he had to be able to tone down the content in order to sell as many copies of the game as possible. Ultimately, the role of creator won out, and Kojima described his approach as "prioritizing creativity over sales".


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: At the Spike Video Game Awards in December 2012, a teaser trailer for a game known as "The Phantom Pain" was shown, credited to a new Swedish developer known as Moby Dick Studio, and was described as being "100% gameplay". Allegedly led by Joakim Mogren, the studio's mission statement read that it aimed to "deliver an uncompromising, exciting, and touching game experience to people all around the globe." After the presentation, commentators speculated that "The Phantom Pain" was actually a "Metal Gear" game, noting the protagonist's resemblance to Big Boss, graphics similar to those produced by the Fox Engine, the quote "V has come to" at the end of the trailer, and that the title "Metal Gear Solid V" fits in the negative space and indentations of the game's logo when using the same font. The name "Joakim" was an anagram of "Kojima", the domain name for the studio's website had only been registered about two weeks prior to the announcement, and that several people wearing Moby Dick Studio shirts were sitting in a VIP area intended for Konami staff. Kojima stated he was impressed by the trailer and how Mogren was inspired by "Metal Gear".


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: An actor playing a heavily bandaged Mogren appeared in an interview on the March 14, 2013 episode of "GameTrailers TV"; while stating that he could not reveal many details, he confirmed that more details about "The Phantom Pain" would be revealed at the upcoming Game Developers Conference, and showed a series of screenshots on an iPad to the show's host Geoff Keighley. After Keighley pointed out the Fox Engine logo in the screenshots, Mogren appeared nervous and the segment abruptly ended.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: On March 27, 2013, at GDC 2013, Kojima confirmed that his studio was behind the trailer, and announced that "Metal Gear Solid V" would be two separate games; "Ground Zeroes" would now serve as a prologue for the main game, which was officially announced as "Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain". He subsequently presented a trailer for the game and showcased the Fox Engine. The trailer featured the song "Not Your Kind of People" from Garbage's 2012 album of the same name.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: In an interview with "GameTrailers" on March 29, 2013, Kojima revealed that "The Phantom Pain" was initially presented as an independent game so as to assess the public and industry response to the Fox Engine, as he felt that announcing the game as part of "Metal Gear Solid V" would bias reactions to the engine. He stated the idea had been conceived and planned with Keighley over the course of two years and was designed to encourage social media activity from fans.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: While the official trailer announcing the game was running on a PC, the game was released for the seventh and eighth generations of video game consoles. In an interview during E3 2013, when asked about a PC release Kojima stated "We are making it, and it will be on par with the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions." However, he made it clear that the PC port was not their priority. Kojima confirmed that the visuals seen in the trailer would look close to those in the final game. He also stated that he would like "Metal Gear Solid V" to be his final "Metal Gear" game, noting that unlike previous titles where he had announced that he had finished making games in the series, only to return for subsequent games, his involvement with the franchise would be over this time around. Although the trailer had Snake suffering from hallucinations in the form of a flaming whale, Kojima assured that there would be a balance in realism.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: At E3 2013, a fourth trailer was shown at the Microsoft press conference, demonstrating the new gameplay mechanics, as well as the cast of characters. The development of an Xbox One version was also announced at the conference. The PlayStation 4 version was announced the following day when Konami uploaded the red band version of the trailer on their YouTube channel in addition to the standard green band version.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: The trailers for "Metal Gear Solid V" showed the game running on a PC hardware, but according to Kojima with textures and character models somewhat based on seventh generation hardware. The developers aimed to improve the technical quality for the versions released for the eighth generation of consoles.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Kojima alluded to the game possibly being "too big to clear", adding that the game is "200 [times larger] than "Ground Zeroes"". He spoke about the restrictive nature of previous "Metal Gear Solid" titles, saying that they "set [the player] on one rail to get from point A to point B, with a certain amount of freedom between". In stark contrast, "The Phantom Pain" offers players new ways of traversal and sneaking methods, such as taking a helicopter to the mission area. Players are able to traverse the game world or deploy directly to landing zones that allow for different approaches. A video published after the E3 2015 convention showcased this, with the same mission played four times in a number of different ways: with the player opting for stealth, launching a direct assault via helicopter gunship, attempting to assassinate a target with a sniper rifle, and smuggling an explosive device into an enemy base by way of an unsuspecting patrol vehicle crew. Weapons are unlicensed and fictional in "The Phantom Pain", just as they were in "Ground Zeroes". It was confirmed that players who have previously played "Ground Zeroes" are able to import save data into "The Phantom Pain" and gain special perks.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Kojima wanted the player to connect with Snake in "The Phantom Pain". To accomplish this, the loss of Mother Base, which the player developed throughout "Peace Walker", would serve as motivation for revenge for both Snake and the player. Kojima also tried making Snake relatable to newcomers of the series by making him unaware of what happened in the nine years during which he was in a coma.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: At E3 2014, a fifth trailer featuring Mike Oldfield's song "Nuclear" was shown, unveiling more plot details surrounding the Diamond Dogs and Snake's antagonistic descent. It was leaked a day earlier, due to an accidental post from Konami's YouTube channel. Alongside the new trailer, the website for "Metal Gear Solid V" was updated and included new information and images such as the developmental progress of the in-game map and the evolution of Snake's design across all games in the series. On August 25, 2015, Kojima released a launch trailer showing "Metal Gear's Evolution and Harmony" with clips from the previous games along with the reveal of the new "Metal Gear Sahelanthropus".


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: The first footage for "The Phantom Pain"s multiplayer was revealed in December 2014. While originally set for launch alongside the release of the game, "Metal Gear Online" was postponed to October 6 for consoles and January 2016 for Windows.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: During development, Kojima Productions and Konami attracted criticism for their decision to include microtransactions; a system that allows players to pay for access to content in the game. However, a spokesperson for Kojima Productions confirmed that the system was included to benefit players who may not have the time to complete the game, given its scale, and that no content would be available exclusively through microtransactions. Further controversy emerged following the publication of an article claiming that the Forward Operating Base mode was behind a paywall, which Konami refuted saying that microtransactions acted as an accelerator rather than a paywall.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: The music of "The Phantom Pain" was produced by Harry Gregson-Williams, making it his fourth "Metal Gear" title, and composed by Ludvig Forssell, Justin Burnett, and Daniel James. Also featured in "The Phantom Pain" are collectable music tapes the player can listen to in-game, with a mixture of licensed music from the era, and music from past "Metal Gear" titles.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: "Metal Gear Solid V Original Soundtrack" was released on September 2, 2015, containing 50 tracks selected from both "Ground Zeroes" and "The Phantom Pain". Following this on December 23, 2015, was "Metal Gear Solid V Extended Soundtrack", containing 114 tracks again selected from both "Metal Gear Solid V" games. "Metal Gear Solid V Original Soundtrack The Lost Tapes" was released on March 30, 2016, primarily consisting of tracks written by Ludvig Forssell for the in-game cassette tapes. The latter two releases also include music that went unused in the game, with "Metal Gear Solid V Extended Soundtrack" in particular containing two tracks from the cut "Mission 51: Kingdom of the Flies".


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: The game's soundtrack later won the award for Best Score/Soundtrack at The Game Awards 2015. The event had Stefanie Joosten, Quiet's voice actress, on stage performing "Quiet's Theme".


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: In March 2015, Konami announced plans for a corporate restructuring that saw them part ways with Hideo Kojima and his development studio Kojima Productions. As part of the separation, Kojima's name was removed from the game cover, all of its associated paraphernalia and future releases of "Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes" and "Metal Gear Solid: The Legacy Collection". A Konami spokesperson stated that Kojima would still be involved with Konami and the "Metal Gear" franchise, and despite the dispute, the company expressed confidence that the game would be declared Game of the Year.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: In July 2015, series composer Rika Muranaka told "Fragged Nation" in an interview that over 30 commissioned songs for the series were never used, with Muranaka believing that Kojima has a lack of business sense that played a part in his split from Konami.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: "Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain" was released in different editions. Special Day One editions of the game for each platform featured downloadable content (DLC) vouchers for special weapons and "Metal Gear Online" experience points. The North American Collector's Edition (which was available for PS4 and Xbox One) comes with a steelbook and a small-size replica of Snake's bionic arm; the Premium Package for the Japanese release (which was available for PS4, PS3, and Xbox One) features a full-size replica, which was also sold separately in May 2016. Sony released a PlayStation 4 bundle with the unit painted in the colors of the arm.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: The physical PC release of "The Phantom Pain" only includes a CD key and a disc with a Steam installer contained within. Game files are not included on-disc and must be downloaded.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Tie-in products were released for the game. Sony Mobile Communications released special edition Walkman, Xperia Z4, Xperia Z3 Tablet Compact, and Xperia J Compact devices, each featuring Outer Heaven emblems, soundtrack audio, and wallpapers. Watch manufacturer Seiko released a digital watch, resembling Venom Snake's watch from the game. Eyeglasses maker JF Rey produced themed eyewear patterned after what Kaz and Ocelot are wearing in the game. Japanese toy company Sentinel, which previously made an iDroid casing for the iPhone 5 and 5S, produced a transformable figure of the Sahelanthropus, while Kotobukiya readied a 1/100 scale kit of the unit. Sports apparel company Puma joined the project through a line of sports jackets, T-shirts, and footwear, including Snake's sneaking boots.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Square Enix's PlayArts "Kai" figure line featured several of the game's characters, while Kaiyodo produced Venom Snake and a Soviet Army soldier for the RevoMini figure category. A Japanese language novelization of "The Phantom Pain" was written by author Kenji Yano (under the pen name Hitori Nojima) and published by Kadokawa Shoten in "bunkobon" and e-book formats on October 25, 2015, following the author's two part novelization of the original "Metal Gear Solid" and "Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty" published the prior two months. An art book, titled "The Art of Metal Gear Solid V", was published by Dark Horse Comics on November 2, 2016.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: A complete edition of the game, titled "Metal Gear Solid V: The Definitive Experience", was released for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Steam on October 11 in North America, October 13 in Europe, and November 10 in Japan. The bundle includes the "Ground Zeroes" prologue and "The Phantom Pain" in one package, along with all previously released downloadable content for both games.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Following the release of "The Phantom Pain", buyers of the Collector's Edition found that the bonus disc included development details of an unreleased in-game mission, "Episode 51: Kingdom of the Flies", that took place after the end of the campaign. The story ending was criticized for feeling abrupt, and critics agreed that Episode 51 would have given the game a more satisfying conclusion, due to it resolving several plot threads. Others also felt it allowed certain characters further development that tied into their previous appearances in the series.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Some critics found fault with "The Phantom Pain"s structure, particularly during its second half. The requirement that players replay past missions to progress resulted in theories that they had been used in place of original envisioned content that had not been incorporated due to time constraints. This assumption was supported by further evidence of removed content: shortly after the discovery of Episode 51, Facepunch forum users who had been extracting data from the game's PC version found evidence of another story chapter, titled "Chapter 3: Peace", that was not included in the final version. The game's producer Kenichiro Imaizumi refused to comment on fans' enquiries, while "Metal Gear Solid" community manager Robert Allen Peeler refuted the possibility of story downloadable content for "The Phantom Pain". Some fans theorized a link between Chapter 3 and Konami's "Nuclear Disarmament Event", which was opened shortly after launch with the goal of revealing a secret in the game once all in-game nuclear weapons that had been manufactured by players were disposed of; a cutscene that would seemingly be released once the event had finished had been discovered by data miners some days after the game's release. Robert Allen Peeler did not deny that further events may occur once the disarmament had concluded, but stated that "the simplest answer is... the correct one, no need to overthink it." On February 2, 2018, the completion of the Nuclear Disarmament Event was triggered prematurely on the Steam version of the game, despite there being over 9000 player nukes in existence at the time, resulting in the release of the previously uncovered cutscene. After investigation, Konami announced that this was the result of a technical error owing to the game's servers being sent incorrect values. Similarly, the event would apparently go on to be achieved by players of the PlayStation 3 version of the game on July 27, 2020, although in October 2020 Konami clarified this had been the work of a cheater.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Critics attributed the missing content to the disclosed tensions between Konami and Kojima during development; the general consensus was that Konami had given deadlines for the game's release, owing to Kojima's increasing spending on development. Data miners uncovered numerous other examples of content that had not been included in the game, ranging from gameplay features to audio files, although Jorge Jimenez of "PC Gamer" wrote it was possible that content had been cut for other expected reasons. Due to the perceived narrative flaws and evidence of removed story content, the game was labeled by critics as being unfinished. Conversely, "GamesRadar+"s Dan Dawkins argued that what fans saw as being unfinished could have been deliberate on Kojima's part, and wrote that claims of the game being incomplete were neither right nor wrong. Speaking to "IGN", Kojima stated that the new intellectual property he was developing since leaving Konami (later revealed as "Death Stranding") would be "a complete game". After the announcement of "Metal Gear Solid V: The Definitive Experience" in 2016, which would include all previously released downloadable content, several fans took this as an opportunity to voice their concerns via Twitter about the missing content that had been uncovered, particularly with regards to Episode 51. Konami responded that Episode 51 had been removed in the early development stages of the game as it had not been intended to be a pivotal ending to the story, and that there were no future plans to have the mission available to play. In 2021, "PC Gamer"s Jorge Jimenez and "Collider"s Ernesto Valenzuela expressed the desire for a director's cut of the game that would include the removed content, though feeling that the possibility of one would be very unlikely.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: "Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain" received "universal acclaim" from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. It was praised for its varied gameplay mechanics, level of player freedom, open world design, visual fidelity, mature themes, and cast performances, though critics were divided on its narrative and certain changes to the series formula. Reviewers considered it to be one of the best "Metal Gear" games, and it has been cited as one of the greatest stealth games ever made. Rich Stanton of "Eurogamer" wrote that "every hand-polished element slots together into a head-spinningly ambitious structure and they combine into something you can only call visionary." "IGN"s Vince Ingenito felt they had never expected a game to exist "where every minute gameplay detail has true purpose", and Spencer Campbell of "EGM" described "The Phantom Pain" as "changing the idea of what can be accomplished with an open world game, both narratively and mechanically." "GameSpot"s Peter Brown wrote that there had never been a "Metal Gear" game "so consistent in tone, daring in subject matter, and so captivating in presentation [...] with such depth to its gameplay, or so much volume in content." "The Phantom Pain" was the twenty-third game—and the third in the "Metal Gear" series—to receive a perfect 40/40 review rating from Japanese magazine "Famitsu".


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Critics lauded the gameplay systems and mechanics, controls, and open world design. "GameSpot"s Brown wrote that playing was an "engrossing and varied experience", calling the gameplay "near-impeccable" and discoverable scenarios "the third pillar" of the world design. Stanton of "Eurogamer" commended how the open world felt alive through "density and intimacy" over scale, making tasks like crossing a guarded bridge "thrilling". Writing for "Time", Matt Peckham described the world as an "unparalleled tactical toybox", a sentiment echoed by other critics; "Game Informer"s Joe Juba likened each mission to a playground that encouraged players to experiment with tools. "Destructoid"s Chris Carter noted the "hundreds" of loadout variations to confront scenarios in "completely different ways". Some praised the artificial intelligence of enemies, and how their tactics changed to combat the player's favored playstyles. David Roberts of "GamesRadar+" felt that the game's handling of its systems respected the player's intelligence during mistakes. Conversely, "USgamer"s Kat Bailey wrote that the game was sometimes too unforgiving in its room for error. Ingenito of "IGN" thought that, unlike other stealth games, deviating from stealth never felt like the "wrong" approach. The action set pieces were praised as "exhilarating" by "PC Gamer"s Jorge Jimenez, and "terrifying" for their consequences by "Eurogamer"s Stanton, though some voiced frustration at encounters with the Skulls. Campbell of "EGM" noted that attacks on the player's Forward Operating Bases could interrupt and distract from completing story missions. "Time"s Peckham found the requirements to unlock the fast travel system excessive.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: The narrative divided critics. "EGM"s Campbell praised it as "one of the strongest yet" in the "Metal Gear" series, writing he had never been as moved by entertainment as the game's final moments. "Polygon"s McWhertor described it as "captivating" but often "a bit messy". Brown of "GameSpot" was similarly captivated by the story and characters, and lauded the tonal consistency and handling of mature themes. Other critics echoed praise of the latter aspect; "Eurogamer"s Stanton commended how the theme of war was used to explore subject matter, contrasting with other game series "in thrall to the military". Conversely, "IGN"s Ingenito felt the subject matter was only acknowledged, while plot-related questions were answered in a "rushed and unsatisfying" way. Roberts of "GamesRadar+" described the narrative as "a whole lot of nothing happen[ing] in between quick bursts of exposition", and criticized the game's handling of its villains. Jimenez of "PC Gamer" called the story "aimless" and the worst in the series, due in part for its "mostly dry" script and reliance on "boring" audio logs. Jason Schreier of "Kotaku" considered the story "damn unfulfilling", criticizing its pacing, dialogue, and characterization, and asserted the game was incomplete. Reviewers disapproved of the requirement that missions were replayed on higher difficulty settings to unlock the final missions; some felt that it added unnecessary padding to the most emotional section of the plot.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Brown of "GameSpot" thought the voice acting alternately met and exceeded standards of film and television, making "extraordinary" characters seem believable. Ingenito of "IGN" praised the "workmanship" performances from the cast, while "Eurogamer"s Stanton commended the "leap in voice talent" over the game's predecessors. Kiefer Sutherland was praised for his performance as Venom Snake by critics, though some expressed bemusement at his minimal dialogue; "Kotaku"s Schreier and "IGN"s Ingenito wrote that Snake's silence during emotional cutscenes was "jarring", the latter feeling it went beyond "mere stoicism".


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: "PC Gamer"s Jimenez found the ending twist that the player character is not Big Boss as "one perfect moment in a bad story". He felt that by removing the identity of Big Boss, the epilogue became "a perfect thematic match" for the game by reflecting the player's own gameplay experience. Carter of "Destructoid" wrote that the series had always "dabbled in the concept of "the legend" being stronger than the actual person", but was disappointed that the game's ending was not a remake of the original "Metal Gear". "Kotaku"s Schreier and "GamesRadar+"s Roberts commended a player-created avatar for Big Boss as "neat" and "purely and distinctly "Metal Gear"", respectively, but that the reveal raised questions under scrutiny; Schreier thought that experiencing a character arc that was not Big Boss' cheapened the rationale behind many of the plot events, and that the story failed to explain how Venom Snake and Big Boss would become villains. Roberts felt that the reveal lacked closure and caused the story to feel "hollow" because of the "slapped in" ending and repeated missions.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Many noted changes to typical traits of the series. "USgamer"s Bailey felt it was the right approach that risks were taken to distance "The Phantom Pain" from the usual "Metal Gear" formula. Jimenez of "PC Gamer" described the boss fights as being "pretty dull" to previous installments, but appreciated the lack of an "overbearing mythos" in the story; "Polygon"s Michael McWhertor and "Eurogamer"s Stanton praised the shorter length of the cutscenes. Conversely, Ingenito of "IGN" felt they would have preferred "too many" cutscenes and emotional moments that they thought "Guns of the Patriots" had suffered from. Some criticized the choice to include story information in optional audio logs, noting it left certain plot points without necessary context. Others commented on the game's more serious tone; Roberts of "GamesRadar+" wrote that the "brilliantly horrifying and bizarre-even-by-"Metal"-"Gear"-standards" prologue establishes an "equally harrowing plot". "PC Gamer"s Jimenez was disappointed in the tone and reduced humour, and that the story felt non-canonical as a result.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Carter of "Destructoid" praised the power of the Fox Engine, calling the graphical rendering "beautiful" and the sound design "impeccable". Schreier of "Kotaku" lauded the game as being "exceptionally polished" and looking "phenomenal", praising Snake's character model and animations. "USgamer"s Bailey similarly wrote that D-Dog "exhibits almost Pixar-like levels of detail" in its movement and interactions. "GameSpot"s Brown and "IGN"s Ingenito described the cinematography as "top-notch" and "beautiful", respectively. Juba of "Game Informer" felt that the visuals were "great", though noted some occasional texture pop-in. Critics praised the game's performance as "smooth" in spite of its high graphical fidelity.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Before the release of the game, the presentation of the female character Quiet became a topic of controversy concerning her appearance. "Halo" content producer David Ellis criticized her for being oversexualized and a negative affirmation of the stereotype of the game industry as "full of man babies". Kojima and Konami released Quiet figurines in May 2015 as part of the game's promotion. The figure's soft, pliable breasts were criticized by some in the West in social media and in the press. The finished game drew more criticism of Quiet's portrayal in both reviews and opinion pieces. "GamesRadar+"s David Roberts described Quiet as "one of the most complex and conflicted characters in "MGS5"", but that her depiction was an example of a "juvenile approach to sexuality" that typifies Kojima's work and the "Metal Gear" series as a whole. Michael McWhertor of "Polygon" described the justification for Quiet's lack of clothing as "inextricably tied to the game's convoluted story", and criticized how the game similarly presented other female characters by "zeroing in on their jiggling breasts and panning across their asses in a silly, oversexualized way."


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: On the other hand, "GameZone"s James Wynne felt that the game's story explanation was a valid enough reason for her scantily-clad appearance and succeeds in Kojima's aim to make Quiet "a true antithesis to sexy-just-because female characters." He wrote that "Fan service doesn't erase the fact that Quiet is a strong, well-written character that doesn't need a man to save her. That puts her on a level comparable to The Boss, who was the most impressive female character to ever grace a video game." "IGN"s Ingenito called Quiet the most interesting character in the game, writing that her "warm, childlike sincerity and battlefield ferocity cause her to steal every scene she's in." However, he felt disappointed that she was also "required to be a lust-object."


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: "Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain" shipped 3 million physical copies within its first five days of release, across all platforms. On its release date, the game grossed US$179 million, higher than the combined opening day box office of the films "" and "Jurassic World". "The Phantom Pain" debuted at number one on the United Kingdom charts. It became the third biggest video game launch of 2015 in the UK, behind "" and "". "The Phantom Pain" was the most successful launch for the series in the UK, beating the previous record holder, "", by 37 percent. The game sold 411,199 physical retail copies on PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 within the first week of release in Japan, topping the Japanese software sales charts that week.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: In the United Kingdom, the game sold noticeably more on the PlayStation family of consoles than the Xbox. Excluding computer sales, "The Phantom Pain" moved approximately 72 percent of copies on PlayStation 4, roughly three times the amount sold on the Xbox One, which accounted for 22 percent of sales. three percent of sales were on PlayStation 3, and two percent on Xbox 360. By the end of September 2015, "Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain" had shipped over five million copies worldwide, which had raised to over six million by December 2015.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: "Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain" was awarded Game of the Year from several publications, including "PC Gamer", "Game Revolution", "GamesRadar+", and "Entertainment Weekly". It also won the Critic's Choice award at the 2015 Golden Joystick Awards, and the awards for Best Action/Adventure and Best Score/Soundtrack at The Game Awards 2015.


title: W

text: W, or w, is the twenty-third and fourth-to-last letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. It represents a consonant, but in some languages it represents a vowel. Its name in English is "double-u", plural "double-ues".


title: W

text: The classical Latin alphabet, from which the modern European alphabets derived, did not have the "W' character. The "W" sounds were represented by the Latin letter "V" (at the time, not yet distinct from "U").


title: W

text: The sounds (spelled ) and (spelled ) of Classical Latin developed into a bilabial fricative between vowels in Early Medieval Latin. Therefore, no longer adequately represented the labial-velar approximant sound of Germanic phonology.


title: W

text: The Germanic phoneme was therefore written as or ( and becoming distinct only by the Early Modern period) by the earliest writers of Old English and Old High German, in the 7th or 8th centuries. Gothic (not Latin-based), by contrast, had simply used a letter based on the Greek Υ for the same sound in the 4th century. The digraph / was also used in Medieval Latin to represent Germanic names, including Gothic ones like Wamba.


title: W

text: It is from this digraph that the modern name "double U" derives. The digraph was commonly used in the spelling of Old High German, but only in the earliest texts in Old English, where the sound soon came to be represented by borrowing the rune , adapted as the Latin letter wynn: . In early Middle English, following the 11th-century Norman Conquest, gained popularity again and by 1300 it had taken wynn's place in common use.


title: W

text: Scribal realisation of the digraph could look like a pair of Vs whose branches crossed in the middle: both forms (separate and crossed) appear for instance in the "running text" (in Latin) of the Bayeux tapestry in proper names such as EDVVARDVS, VVILLELMVS, etc. (or the same with crossed Vs). Another realisation, common in roundhand, kurrent and blackletter, takes the form of an whose rightmost branch curved around as in a cursive (viz. formula_1) It was used up to the nineteenth century in Britain and continues to be familiar in Germany.


title: W

text: The shift from the digraph to the distinct ligature is thus gradual, and is only apparent in abecedaria, explicit listings of all individual letters. It was probably considered a separate letter by the 14th century in both Middle English and Middle German orthography, although it remained an outsider, not really considered part of the Latin alphabet proper, as expressed by Valentin Ickelshamer in the 16th century, who complained that:


title: W

text: In Middle High German (and possibly already in late Old High German), the West Germanic phoneme became realized as ; this is why, today, the German represents that sound.


title: W

text: English uses to represent . There are also a number of words beginning with a written that is silent in most dialects before a (pronounced) , remaining from usage in Old English in which the was pronounced: "wreak, wrap, wreck, wrench, wroth, wrinkle", etc. Certain dialects of Scottish English still distinguish this digraph. represents a vowel sound, , in the word pwn, and in the Welsh loanwords cwm and crwth it retains the Welsh pronunciation, . is also used in digraphs: , , , wherein it is usually an orthographic allograph of in final positions. It is the fifteenth most frequently used letter in the English language, with a frequency of about 2.56% in words.