title: Condom

text: The United Church of Christ (UCC), a Reformed denomination of the Congregationalist tradition, promotes the distribution of condoms in churches and faith-based educational settings. Michael Shuenemeyer, a UCC minister, has stated that "The practice of safer sex is a matter of life and death. People of faith make condoms available because we have chosen life so that we and our children may live."


title: Condom

text: On the other hand, the Roman Catholic Church opposes all kinds of sexual acts outside of marriage, as well as any sexual act in which the chance of successful conception has been reduced by direct and intentional acts (for example, surgery to prevent conception) or foreign objects (for example, condoms).


title: Condom

text: The use of condoms to prevent STI transmission is not specifically addressed by Catholic doctrine, and is currently a topic of debate among theologians and high-ranking Catholic authorities. A few, such as Belgian Cardinal Godfried Danneels, believe the Catholic Church should actively support condoms used to prevent disease, especially serious diseases such as AIDS. However, the majority view—including all statements from the Vatican—is that condom-promotion programs encourage promiscuity, thereby actually increasing STI transmission. This view was most recently reiterated in 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI.


title: Condom

text: The Roman Catholic Church is the largest organized body of any world religion. The church has hundreds of programs dedicated to fighting the AIDS epidemic in Africa, but its opposition to condom use in these programs has been highly controversial.


title: Condom

text: In a November 2011 interview, Pope Benedict XVI discussed for the first time the use of condoms to prevent STI transmission. He said that the use of a condom can be justified in a few individual cases if the purpose is to reduce the risk of an HIV infection. He gave as an example male prostitutes. There was some confusion at first whether the statement applied only to homosexual prostitutes and thus not to heterosexual intercourse at all. However, Federico Lombardi, spokesman for the Vatican, clarified that it applied to heterosexual and transsexual prostitutes, whether male or female, as well. He did, however, also clarify that the Vatican's principles on sexuality and contraception had not been changed.


title: Condom

text: More generally, some scientific researchers have expressed objective concern over certain ingredients sometimes added to condoms, notably talc and nitrosamines. Dry dusting powders are applied to latex condoms before packaging to prevent the condom from sticking to itself when rolled up. Previously, talc was used by most manufacturers, but cornstarch is currently the most popular dusting powder. Although rare during normal use, talc is known to be potentially irritant to mucous membranes (such as in the vagina). Cornstarch is generally believed to be safe; however, some researchers have raised concerns over its use as well.


title: Condom

text: Nitrosamines, which are potentially carcinogenic in humans, are believed to be present in a substance used to improve elasticity in latex condoms. A 2001 review stated that humans regularly receive 1,000 to 10,000 times greater nitrosamine exposure from food and tobacco than from condom use and concluded that the risk of cancer from condom use is very low. However, a 2004 study in Germany detected nitrosamines in 29 out of 32 condom brands tested, and concluded that exposure from condoms might exceed the exposure from food by 1.5- to 3-fold.


title: Condom

text: In addition, the large-scale use of disposable condoms has resulted in concerns over their environmental impact via littering and in landfills, where they can eventually wind up in wildlife environments if not incinerated or otherwise permanently disposed of first. Polyurethane condoms in particular, given they are a form of plastic, are not biodegradable, and latex condoms take a very long time to break down. Experts, such as AVERT, recommend condoms be disposed of in a garbage receptacle, as flushing them down the toilet (which some people do) may cause plumbing blockages and other problems. Furthermore, the plastic and foil wrappers condoms are packaged in are also not biodegradable. However, the benefits condoms offer are widely considered to offset their small landfill mass. Frequent condom or wrapper disposal in public areas such as a parks have been seen as a persistent litter problem.


title: Condom

text: While biodegradable, latex condoms damage the environment when disposed of improperly. According to the Ocean Conservancy, condoms, along with certain other types of trash, cover the coral reefs and smother sea grass and other bottom dwellers. The United States Environmental Protection Agency also has expressed concerns that many animals might mistake the litter for food.


title: Condom

text: In much of the Western world, the introduction of the pill in the 1960s was associated with a decline in condom use. In Japan, oral contraceptives were not approved for use until September 1999, and even then access was more restricted than in other industrialized nations. Perhaps because of this restricted access to hormonal contraception, Japan has the highest rate of condom usage in the world: in 2008, 80% of contraceptive users relied on condoms.


title: Condom

text: Cultural attitudes toward gender roles, contraception, and sexual activity vary greatly around the world, and range from extremely conservative to extremely liberal. But in places where condoms are misunderstood, mischaracterised, demonised, or looked upon with overall cultural disapproval, the prevalence of condom use is directly affected. In less-developed countries and among less-educated populations, misperceptions about how disease transmission and conception work negatively affect the use of condoms; additionally, in cultures with more traditional gender roles, women may feel uncomfortable demanding that their partners use condoms.


title: Condom

text: As an example, Latino immigrants in the United States often face cultural barriers to condom use. A study on female HIV prevention published in the "Journal of Sex Health Research" asserts that Latino women often lack the attitudes needed to negotiate safe sex due to traditional gender-role norms in the Latino community, and may be afraid to bring up the subject of condom use with their partners. Women who participated in the study often reported that because of the general machismo subtly encouraged in Latino culture, their male partners would be angry or possibly violent at the woman's suggestion that they use condoms. A similar phenomenon has been noted in a survey of low-income American black women; the women in this study also reported a fear of violence at the suggestion to their male partners that condoms be used.


title: Condom

text: A telephone survey conducted by Rand Corporation and Oregon State University, and published in the "Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes" showed that belief in AIDS conspiracy theories among United States black men is linked to rates of condom use. As conspiracy beliefs about AIDS grow in a given sector of these black men, consistent condom use drops in that same sector. Female use of condoms was not similarly affected.


title: Condom

text: In the African continent, condom promotion in some areas has been impeded by anti-condom campaigns by some Muslim and Catholic clerics. Among the Maasai in Tanzania, condom use is hampered by an aversion to "wasting" sperm, which is given sociocultural importance beyond reproduction. Sperm is believed to be an "elixir" to women and to have beneficial health effects. Maasai women believe that, after conceiving a child, they must have sexual intercourse repeatedly so that the additional sperm aids the child's development. Frequent condom use is also considered by some Maasai to cause impotence. Some women in Africa believe that condoms are "for prostitutes" and that respectable women should not use them. A few clerics even promote the lie that condoms are deliberately laced with HIV. In the United States, possession of many condoms has been used by police to accuse women of engaging in prostitution. The Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS has condemned this practice and there are efforts to end it.


title: Condom

text: Middle-Eastern couples who have not had children, because of the strong desire and social pressure to establish fertility as soon as possible within marriage, rarely use condoms.


title: Condom

text: In 2017, India restricted TV advertisements for condoms to between the hours of 10 pm to 6 am. Family planning advocates were against this, saying it was liable to "undo decades of progress on sexual and reproductive health".


title: Condom

text: One analyst described the size of the condom market as something that "boggles the mind". Numerous small manufacturers, nonprofit groups, and government-run manufacturing plants exist around the world. Within the condom market, there are several major contributors, among them both for-profit businesses and philanthropic organizations. Most large manufacturers have ties to the business that reach back to the end of the 19th century.


title: Condom

text: A spray-on condom made of latex is intended to be easier to apply and more successful in preventing the transmission of diseases. , the spray-on condom was not going to market because the drying time could not be reduced below two to three minutes.


title: Condom

text: The Invisible Condom, developed at Université Laval in Quebec, Canada, is a gel that hardens upon increased temperature after insertion into the vagina or rectum. In the lab, it has been shown to effectively block HIV and herpes simplex virus. The barrier breaks down and liquefies after several hours. , the invisible condom is in the clinical trial phase, and has not yet been approved for use.


title: Condom

text: Also developed in 2005 is a condom treated with an erectogenic compound. The drug-treated condom is intended to help the wearer maintain his erection, which should also help reduce slippage. If approved, the condom would be marketed under the Durex brand. , it was still in clinical trials. In 2009, Ansell Healthcare, the makers of Lifestyle condoms, introduced the X2 condom lubricated with "Excite Gel" which contains the amino acid L-arginine and is intended to improve the strength of the erectile response.


title: Condom

text: In March 2013, philanthropist Bill Gates offered US$100,000 grants through his foundation for a condom design that "significantly preserves or enhances pleasure" to encourage more males to adopt the use of condoms for safer sex. The grant information stated: "The primary drawback from the male perspective is that condoms decrease pleasure as compared to no condom, creating a trade-off that many men find unacceptable, particularly given that the decisions about use must be made just prior to intercourse. Is it possible to develop a product without this stigma, or better, one that is felt to enhance pleasure?" In November of the same year, 11 research teams were selected to receive the grant money.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: In statistics, the coefficient of determination, denoted "R" or "r" and pronounced "R squared", is the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s).


title: Coefficient of determination

text: It is a statistic used in the context of statistical models whose main purpose is either the prediction of future outcomes or the testing of hypotheses, on the basis of other related information. It provides a measure of how well observed outcomes are replicated by the model, based on the proportion of total variation of outcomes explained by the model.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: There are several definitions of "R" that are only sometimes equivalent. One class of such cases includes that of simple linear regression where "r" is used instead of "R". When only an intercept is included, then "r" is simply the square of the sample correlation coefficient (i.e., "r") between the observed outcomes and the observed predictor values. If additional regressors are included, "R" is the square of the coefficient of multiple correlation. In both such cases, the coefficient of determination normally ranges from 0 to 1.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: There are cases where "R" can yield negative values. This can arise when the predictions that are being compared to the corresponding outcomes have not been derived from a model-fitting procedure using those data. Even if a model-fitting procedure has been used, "R" may still be negative, for example when linear regression is conducted without including an intercept, or when a non-linear function is used to fit the data. In cases where negative values arise, the mean of the data provides a better fit to the outcomes than do the fitted function values, according to this particular criterion.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: The coefficient of determination can be more (intuitively) informative than MAE, MAPE, MSE, and RMSE in regression analysis evaluation, as the former can be expressed as a percentage, whereas the latter measures have arbitrary ranges. It also proved more robust for poor fits compared to SMAPE on the test datasets in the article.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: When evaluating the goodness-of-fit of simulated ("Y") vs. measured ("Y") values, it is not appropriate to base this on the "R" of the linear regression (i.e., "Y"= "m"·"Y" + b). The "R" quantifies the degree of any linear correlation between "Y" and "Y", while for the goodness-of-fit evaluation only one specific linear correlation should be taken into consideration: "Y" = 1·"Y" + 0 (i.e., the 1:1 line).


title: Coefficient of determination

text: A data set has "n" values marked "y"...,"y" (collectively known as "y" or as a vector y = ["y"...,"y"]), each associated with a fitted (or modeled, or predicted) value "f"...,"f" (known as "f", or sometimes "ŷ", as a vector f).


title: Coefficient of determination

text: In the best case, the modeled values exactly match the observed values, which results in formula_6 and formula_7. A baseline model, which always predicts formula_1, will have formula_9. Models that have worse predictions than this baseline will have a negative formula_10.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: In a general form, "R" can be seen to be related to the fraction of variance unexplained (FVU), since the second term compares the unexplained variance (variance of the model's errors) with the total variance (of the data):


title: Coefficient of determination

text: Suppose "R" = 0.49. This implies that 49% of the variability of the dependent variable in the data set has been accounted for, and the remaining 51% of the variability is still unaccounted for.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: For regression models, the regression sum of squares, also called the explained sum of squares, is defined as


title: Coefficient of determination

text: In some cases, as in simple linear regression, the total sum of squares equals the sum of the two other sums of squares defined above:


title: Coefficient of determination

text: See Partitioning in the general OLS model for a derivation of this result for one case where the relation holds. When this relation does hold, the above definition of "R" is equivalent to


title: Coefficient of determination

text: In this form "R" is expressed as the ratio of the explained variance (variance of the model's predictions, which is "SS" / "n") to the total variance (sample variance of the dependent variable, which is "SS" / "n").


title: Coefficient of determination

text: This partition of the sum of squares holds for instance when the model values "ƒ" have been obtained by linear regression. A milder sufficient condition reads as follows: The model has the form


title: Coefficient of determination

text: where the "q" are arbitrary values that may or may not depend on "i" or on other free parameters (the common choice "q" = "x" is just one special case), and the coefficient estimates formula_16 and formula_17 are obtained by minimizing the residual sum of squares.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: This set of conditions is an important one and it has a number of implications for the properties of the fitted residuals and the modelled values. In particular, under these conditions:


title: Coefficient of determination

text: In linear least squares multiple regression with an estimated intercept term, "R" equals the square of the Pearson correlation coefficient between the observed formula_19 and modeled (predicted) formula_20 data values of the dependent variable.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: In a linear least squares regression with an intercept term and a single explanator, this is also equal to the squared Pearson correlation coefficient of the dependent variable formula_19 and explanatory variable formula_22


title: Coefficient of determination

text: It should not be confused with the correlation coefficient between two explanatory variables, defined as


title: Coefficient of determination

text: where the covariance between two coefficient estimates, as well as their standard deviations, are obtained from the covariance matrix of the coefficient estimates, formula_24.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: Under more general modeling conditions, where the predicted values might be generated from a model different from linear least squares regression, an "R" value can be calculated as the square of the correlation coefficient between the original formula_19 and modeled formula_20 data values. In this case, the value is not directly a measure of how good the modeled values are, but rather a measure of how good a predictor might be constructed from the modeled values (by creating a revised predictor of the form "α" + "βƒ"). According to Everitt, this usage is specifically the definition of the term "coefficient of determination": the square of the correlation between two (general) variables.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: "R" is a measure of the goodness of fit of a model. In regression, the "R" coefficient of determination is a statistical measure of how well the regression predictions approximate the real data points. An "R" of 1 indicates that the regression predictions perfectly fit the data.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: Values of "R" outside the range 0 to 1 occur when the model fits the data worse than the worst possible least-squares predictor (equivalent to a horizontal hyperplane at a height equal to the mean of the observed data). This occurs when a wrong model was chosen, or nonsensical constraints were applied by mistake. If equation 1 of Kvålseth is used (this is the equation used most often), "R" can be less than zero. If equation 2 of Kvålseth is used, "R" can be greater than one.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: In all instances where "R" is used, the predictors are calculated by ordinary least-squares regression: that is, by minimizing "SS". In this case, "R" increases as the number of variables in the model is increased ("R" is monotone increasing with the number of variables included—it will never decrease). This illustrates a drawback to one possible use of "R", where one might keep adding variables (kitchen sink regression) to increase the "R" value. For example, if one is trying to predict the sales of a model of car from the car's gas mileage, price, and engine power, one can include such irrelevant factors as the first letter of the model's name or the height of the lead engineer designing the car because the "R" will never decrease as variables are added and will likely experience an increase due to chance alone.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: This leads to the alternative approach of looking at the adjusted "R". The explanation of this statistic is almost the same as "R" but it penalizes the statistic as extra variables are included in the model. For cases other than fitting by ordinary least squares, the "R" statistic can be calculated as above and may still be a useful measure. If fitting is by weighted least squares or generalized least squares, alternative versions of "R" can be calculated appropriate to those statistical frameworks, while the "raw" "R" may still be useful if it is more easily interpreted. Values for "R" can be calculated for any type of predictive model, which need not have a statistical basis.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: where, for the "i"th case, formula_28 is the response variable, formula_29 are "p" regressors, and formula_30 is a mean zero error term. The quantities formula_31 are unknown coefficients, whose values are estimated by least squares. The coefficient of determination "R" is a measure of the global fit of the model. Specifically, "R" is an element of [0, 1] and represents the proportion of variability in "Y" that may be attributed to some linear combination of the regressors (explanatory variables) in "X".


title: Coefficient of determination

text: "R" is often interpreted as the proportion of response variation "explained" by the regressors in the model. Thus, "R" = 1 indicates that the fitted model explains all variability in formula_19, while "R" = 0 indicates no 'linear' relationship (for straight line regression, this means that the straight line model is a constant line (slope = 0, intercept = formula_1) between the response variable and regressors). An interior value such as "R" = 0.7 may be interpreted as follows: "Seventy percent of the variance in the response variable can be explained by the explanatory variables. The remaining thirty percent can be attributed to unknown, lurking variables or inherent variability."


title: Coefficient of determination

text: A caution that applies to "R", as to other statistical descriptions of correlation and association is that "correlation does not imply causation." In other words, while correlations may sometimes provide valuable clues in uncovering causal relationships among variables, a non-zero estimated correlation between two variables is not, on its own, evidence that changing the value of one variable would result in changes in the values of other variables. For example, the practice of carrying matches (or a lighter) is correlated with incidence of lung cancer, but carrying matches does not cause cancer (in the standard sense of "cause").


title: Coefficient of determination

text: In case of a single regressor, fitted by least squares, "R" is the square of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient relating the regressor and the response variable. More generally, "R" is the square of the correlation between the constructed predictor and the response variable. With more than one regressor, the "R" can be referred to as the coefficient of multiple determination.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: In least squares regression using typical data, "R" is at least weakly increasing with increases in the number of regressors in the model. Because increases in the number of regressors increase the value of "R", "R" alone cannot be used as a meaningful comparison of models with very different numbers of independent variables. For a meaningful comparison between two models, an F-test can be performed on the residual sum of squares , similar to the F-tests in Granger causality, though this is not always appropriate. As a reminder of this, some authors denote "R" by "R", where "q" is the number of columns in "X" (the number of explanators including the constant).


title: Coefficient of determination

text: where "X" is a row vector of values of explanatory variables for case "i" and "b" is a column vector of coefficients of the respective elements of "X".


title: Coefficient of determination

text: The optimal value of the objective is weakly smaller as more explanatory variables are added and hence additional columns of formula_35 (the explanatory data matrix whose "i"th row is "X") are added, by the fact that less constrained minimization leads to an optimal cost which is weakly smaller than more constrained minimization does. Given the previous conclusion and noting that formula_36 depends only on "y", the non-decreasing property of "R" follows directly from the definition above.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: The intuitive reason that using an additional explanatory variable cannot lower the "R" is this: Minimizing formula_37 is equivalent to maximizing "R". When the extra variable is included, the data always have the option of giving it an estimated coefficient of zero, leaving the predicted values and the "R" unchanged. The only way that the optimization problem will give a non-zero coefficient is if doing so improves the "R".


title: Coefficient of determination

text: The use of an adjusted "R" (one common notation is formula_38, pronounced "R bar squared"; another is formula_39 or formula_40) is an attempt to account for the phenomenon of the "R" automatically increasing when extra explanatory variables are added to the model. There are many different ways of adjusting (). By far the most used one, to the point that it is typically just referred to as adjusted "R", is the correction proposed by Mordecai Ezekiel.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: where df is the degrees of freedom of the estimate of the population variance around the model, and df is the degrees of freedom of the estimate of the population variance around the mean. df is given in terms of the sample size "n" and the number of variables "p" in the model, df ="n-p". df is given in the same way, but with "p" being unity for the mean, i.e. df = "n-1".


title: Coefficient of determination

text: The adjusted "R" can be negative, and its value will always be less than or equal to that of "R". Unlike "R", the adjusted "R" increases only when the increase in "R" (due to the inclusion of a new explanatory variable) is more than one would expect to see by chance. If a set of explanatory variables with a predetermined hierarchy of importance are introduced into a regression one at a time, with the adjusted "R" computed each time, the level at which adjusted "R" reaches a maximum, and decreases afterward, would be the regression with the ideal combination of having the best fit without excess/unnecessary terms.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: Adjusted "R" can be interpreted as a less biased estimator of the population "R", whereas the observed sample "R" is a positively biased estimate of the population value. Adjusted "R" is more appropriate when evaluating model fit (the variance in the dependent variable accounted for by the independent variables) and in comparing alternative models in the feature selection stage of model building.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: where formula_44 and formula_45 are the sample variances of the estimated residuals and the dependent variable respectively, which can be seen as biased estimates of the population variances of the errors and of the dependent variable. These estimates are replaced by statistically unbiased versions: formula_46 and formula_47.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: Despite using unbiased estimators for the population variances of the error and the dependent variable, adjusted "R" is not an unbiased estimator of the population "R", which results by using the population variances of the errors and the dependent variable instead of estimating them. Ingram Olkin and John W. Pratt derived the Minimum-variance unbiased estimator for the population "R", which is known as Olkin-Pratt estimator. Comparisons of different approaches for adjusting "R" concluded that in most situations either an approximate version of the Olkin-Pratt estimator or the exact Olkin-Pratt estimator should be preferred over (Ezekiel) adjusted "R".


title: Coefficient of determination

text: The coefficient of partial determination can be defined as the proportion of variation that cannot be explained in a reduced model, but can be explained by the predictors specified in a full(er) model. This coefficient is used to provide insight into whether or not one or more additional predictors may be useful in a more fully specified regression model.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: The calculation for the partial "R" is relatively straightforward after estimating two models and generating the ANOVA tables for them. The calculation for the partial "R" is


title: Coefficient of determination

text: As explained above, model selection heuristics such as the Adjusted formula_10 criterion and the F-test examine whether the total formula_10 sufficiently increases to determine if a new regressor should be added to the model. If a regressor is added to the model that is highly correlated with other regressors which have already been included, then the total formula_10 will hardly increase, even if the new regressor is of relevance. As a result, the above-mentioned heuristics will ignore relevant regressors when cross-correlations are high.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: Alternatively, one can decompose a generalized version of formula_10 to quantify the relevance of deviating from a hypothesis. As Hoornweg (2018) shows, several shrinkage estimators – such as Bayesian linear regression, ridge regression, and the (adaptive) lasso – make use of this decomposition of formula_10 when they gradually shrink parameters from the unrestricted OLS solutions towards the hypothesized values. Let us first define the linear regression model as


title: Coefficient of determination

text: It is assumed that the matrix formula_35 is standardized with Z-scores and that the column vector formula_19 is centered to have a mean of zero. Let the column vector formula_58 refer to the hypothesized regression parameters and let the column vector formula_59 denote the estimated parameters. We can then define


title: Coefficient of determination

text: An formula_10 of 75% means that the in-sample accuracy improves by 75% if the data-optimized formula_59 solutions are used instead of the hypothesized formula_58 values. In the special case that formula_58 is a vector of zeros, we obtain the traditional formula_10 again.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: The individual effect on formula_10 of deviating from a hypothesis can be computed with formula_67 ('R-outer'). This formula_68 times formula_68 matrix is given by


title: Coefficient of determination

text: where formula_71. The diagonal elements of formula_67 exactly add up to formula_10. If regressors are uncorrelated and formula_58 is a vector of zeros, then the formula_75 diagonal element of formula_76 simply corresponds to the formula_77 value between formula_78 and formula_19. When regressors formula_80 and formula_78 are correlated, formula_82 might increase at the cost of a decrease in formula_83. As a result, the diagonal elements of formula_76 may be smaller than 0 and, in more exceptional cases, larger than 1. To deal with such uncertainties, several shrinkage estimators implicitly take a weighted average of the diagonal elements of formula_76 to quantify the relevance of deviating from a hypothesized value. Click on the lasso for an example.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: In the case of logistic regression, usually fit by maximum likelihood, there are several choices of "pseudo-R".


title: Coefficient of determination

text: where formula_87 is the likelihood of the model with only the intercept, formula_88 is the likelihood of the estimated model (i.e., the model with a given set of parameter estimates) and "n" is the sample size. It is easily rewritten to:


title: Coefficient of determination

text: However, in the case of a logistic model, where formula_90 cannot be greater than 1, "R" is between 0 and formula_91: thus, Nagelkerke suggested the possibility to define a scaled "R" as "R"/"R".


title: Coefficient of determination

text: Occasionally, the norm of residuals is used for indicating goodness of fit. This term is calculated as the square-root of the sum of squares of residuals:


title: Coefficient of determination

text: Both "R" and the norm of residuals have their relative merits. For least squares analysis "R" varies between 0 and 1, with larger numbers indicating better fits and 1 representing a perfect fit. The norm of residuals varies from 0 to infinity with smaller numbers indicating better fits and zero indicating a perfect fit. One advantage and disadvantage of "R" is the formula_93 term acts to normalize the value. If the "y" values are all multiplied by a constant, the norm of residuals will also change by that constant but "R" will stay the same. As a basic example, for the linear least squares fit to the set of data:


title: Coefficient of determination

text: If all values of "y" are multiplied by 1000 (for example, in an SI prefix change), then "R" remains the same, but norm of residuals = 302.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: Another single-parameter indicator of fit is the RMSE of the residuals, or standard deviation of the residuals. This would have a value of 0.135 for the above example given that the fit was linear with an unforced intercept.


title: Coefficient of determination

text: The creation of the coefficient of determination has been attributed to the geneticist Sewall Wright and was first published in 1921.


title: Goofy

text: Goofy is a cartoon character created by The Walt Disney Company. He is a tall, anthropomorphic dog who typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, and Max Goof's father. He is normally characterized as hopelessly clumsy and dim-witted, yet this interpretation is not always definitive; occasionally, Goofy is shown as intuitive and clever, albeit in his own unique, eccentric way.


title: Goofy

text: Goofy debuted in animated cartoons, starting in 1932 with "Mickey's Revue" as Dippy Dawg, who is older than Goofy would come to be. Later the same year, he was re-imagined as a younger character, now called Goofy, in the short "The Whoopee Party". During the 1930s, he was used extensively as part of a comedy trio with Mickey and Donald. Starting in 1939, Goofy was given his own series of shorts that were popular in the 1940s and early 1950s. Two "Goofy" shorts were nominated for an Oscar: "How to Play Football" (1944) and "Aquamania" (1961). He also co-starred in a short series with Donald, including "Polar Trappers" (1938), where they first appeared without Mickey Mouse. Three more "Goofy" shorts were produced in the 1960s after which Goofy was only seen in television and Disney comics. He returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with "Mickey's Christmas Carol". His most recent theatrical appearance was "How to Hook Up Your Home Theater" in 2007. Goofy has also been featured in television, most extensively in "Goof Troop" (1992), "House of Mouse" (2001–2003), "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse" (2006–2016), "Mickey Mouse" (2013–2019), and "Mickey and the Roadster Racers / Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures" (2017–2021).


title: Goofy

text: Originally known as Dippy Dawg, the character is more commonly known simply as "Goofy", a name used in his short film series. In his 1950s cartoons, he usually played a character called George G. Geef. Sources from the "Goof Troop" continuity give the character's full name as G. G. "Goofy" Goof, likely in reference to the 1950s name. In many other sources, both animated and comics, the surname Goof continues to be used. In other 2000s-era comics, the character's full name has occasionally been given as Goofus D. Dawg.


title: Goofy

text: According to Pinto Colvig, the original voice artist for the character, Goofy was inspired by a "grinny, half-baked village nitwit" from his hometown of Jacksonville, Oregon, and he had previously used his mannerisms for a stage character he created named "The Oregon Appleknocker". After a discussion with Walt Disney and director Wilfred Jackson, it was decided that this would be the basis for a new member of the expanding Mickey Mouse cast. Colvig would spend the next day in the recording studio acting out the new cartoon character in front of animator Tom Palmer. Based on Colvig's "grotesque poses and expressions", Palmer would sketch out what would become Goofy. Animator Art Babbit is credited for developing his character. In a 1930s lecture, Babbitt described the character as: "Think of the Goof as a composite of an everlasting optimist, a gullible Good Samaritan, a half-wit, a shiftless, good-natured hick".


title: Goofy

text: In the comics and his pre-1992 animated appearances, Goofy was usually single and childless. Unlike Mickey and Donald, he did not have a steady girlfriend. The exception was the 1950s cartoons, in which Goofy played a character called George Geef who was married and at one point became the father of a kid named George Junior. In the "Goof Troop" series (1992–1993), however, Goofy was portrayed as a single father with a son named Max, and the character of Max made further animated appearances until 2004. This marked a division between animation and comics, as the latter kept showing Goofy as a single childless character, excluding comics taking place in the "Goof Troop" continuity. After 2004, Max disappeared from animation, thus removing the division between the two media. Goofy's wife was never shown, while George Geef's wife appeared—but always with her face unseen—in 1950s-produced cartoon shorts depicting the character as a "family man".


title: Goofy

text: In the comics, Goofy usually appears as Mickey's sidekick, though he also is occasionally shown as a protagonist. Goofy lives in Mouseton in the comics and in Spoonerville in "Goof Troop". In comics books and strips, Goofy's closest relatives are his smarter nephew Gilbert. and his grandmother, simply called Grandma Goofy. In Italian comics, he has been given several cousins, including adventurer Arizona Goof (original Italian name: Indiana Pipps), who is a spoof of the fictional archaeologist Indiana Jones.


title: Goofy

text: Goofy's catchphrases are "gawrsh!" (which is his usual exclamation of surprise and his way of pronouncing "gosh"), along with "ah-hyuck!" (a distinctive chuckle) that is sometimes followed by a "hoo hoo hoo hoo!", and especially the Goofy holler. In the classic shorts, he would sometimes say "Somethin' wrong here" (first heard in "Lonesome Ghosts") whenever he suspected something was not right about the situation he was currently in, or sing a few bars of "The World Owes Me a Livin'" from "The Grasshopper and the Ants" (the first instance of Goofy singing this song is "On Ice").


title: Goofy

text: According to biographer Neal Gabler, Walt Disney disliked the Goofy cartoons, thinking they were merely "stupid cartoons with gags tied together" with no larger narrative or emotional engagement and a step backward to the early days of animation. As such, he threatened constantly to terminate the series, but only continued it to provide make-work for his animators. Animation historian Michael Barrier is skeptical of Gabler's claim, saying that his source did not correspond with what was written.


title: Goofy

text: Goofy first appeared in "Mickey's Revue", first released on May 27, 1932. Directed by Wilfred Jackson this short movie features Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Horace Horsecollar and Clarabelle Cow performing another song and dance show. Mickey and his gang's animated shorts by this point routinely featured song and dance numbers. It begins as a typical Mickey cartoon of the time, but what would set this short apart from all that had come before was the appearance of a new character, whose behavior served as a running gag. Dippy Dawg, as he was named by Disney artists (Frank Webb), was a member of the audience. He constantly irritated his fellow spectators by noisily crunching peanuts and laughing loudly, until two of those fellow spectators knocked him out with their mallets (and then did the same exact laugh as he did). This early version of Goofy had other differences with the later and more developed ones besides the name. He was an old man with a white beard, a puffy tail, and no trousers, shorts, or undergarments. But the short introduced Goofy's distinct laughter. This laughter was provided by Pinto Colvig. A considerably younger Dippy Dawg then appeared in "The Whoopee Party", first released on September 17, 1932, as a party guest and a friend of Mickey and his gang. Dippy Dawg made a total of four appearances in 1932 and two more in 1933, but most of them were mere cameos.


title: Goofy

text: In the Silly Symphonies cartoon "The Grasshopper and the Ants", the Grasshopper had an aloof character similar to Goofy and shared the same voice (Pinto Colvig) as the Goofy character.


title: Goofy

text: By his seventh appearance, in "Orphan's Benefit" first released on August 11, 1934, he gained the new name "Goofy" and became a regular member of the gang along with two other new characters: Donald Duck and Clara Cluck.


title: Goofy

text: "Mickey's Service Station" directed by Ben Sharpsteen, first released on March 16, 1935, was the first of the classic "Mickey, Donald, and Goofy" comedy shorts. Those films had the trio trying to cooperate in performing a certain assignment given to them. Early on they became separated from each other. Then the short's focus started alternating between each of them facing the problems at hand, each in their own way and distinct style of comedy. The end of the short would reunite the three to share the fruits of their efforts, failure more often than success. "Clock Cleaners", first released on October 15, 1937, and "Lonesome Ghosts", first released on December 24, 1937, are usually considered the highlights of this series and animated classics.


title: Goofy

text: Progressively during the series, Mickey's part diminished in favor of Donald, Goofy, and Pluto. The reason for this was simple: Between the easily frustrated Donald and Pluto and the always-living-in-a-world-of-his-own Goofy, Mickey—who became progressively gentler and more laid-back—seemed to act as the straight man of the trio. The studio's artists found that it had become easier coming up with new gags for Goofy or Donald than Mickey, to a point that Mickey's role had become unnecessary. "Polar Trappers", first released on June 17, 1938, was the first film to feature Goofy and Donald as a duo. The short features the duo as partners and owners of "Donald and Goofy Trapping Co." They have settled in the Arctic for an unspecified period of time, to capture live walruses to bring back to civilization. Their food supplies consist of canned beans. The focus shifts between Goofy trying to set traps for walruses and Donald trying to catch penguins to use as food — both with the same lack of success. Mickey would return in "The Whalers", first released on August 19, 1938, but this and also "Tugboat Mickey", released on April 26, 1940, would be the last two shorts to feature all three characters as a team.


title: Goofy

text: Goofy next starred at his first solo cartoon "Goofy and Wilbur" directed by Dick Huemer, first released on March 17, 1939. The short featured Goofy fishing with the help of Wilbur, his pet grasshopper.


title: Goofy

text: Jack Kinney would take over the Goofy cartoons with the second short "Goofy's Glider" (1940). Kinney's Goofy cartoons would feature zany, fast-paced action and gags similar to those being made at Warner Bros and MGM, and possibly influenced by Tex Avery. Kinney found Goofy to be "a nice long, lean character that you could move; you could get poses out of him, crazy poses". A sports fan, he would place Goofy in "How to..." themed shorts in which Goofy would demonstrate, poorly, how to perform certain sports.


title: Goofy

text: "How to Ride a Horse", a segment in the 1941 film "The Reluctant Dragon", would establish the tone and style of future shorts like "The Art of Skiing" (1941), "How to Fish" (1942), "How to Swim" (1942) and "How to Play Golf" (1944). Cartoon shorts like "How to Play Baseball" (1942), "How to Play Football" (1944) and "Hockey Homicide" (1945) would feature Goofy not as a single character but multiple characters playing the opposing teams. Animation historian Paul Wells considers "Hockey Homicide" to be the "peak" of the sports cartoons. Some of the later sports-theme cartoons, like "Double Dribble" (1946) and "They're Off" (1948) would be directed by Jack Hannah.


title: Goofy

text: Pinto Colvig had a falling out with Disney in 1937 and left the studio, leaving Goofy without a voice. Kinney recalls "so we had to use whatever was in the library; you know, his laugh and all those things. But he did have a hell of a library, of different lines of dialogue". In addition, the studio had voice artist Danny Webb record new dialog. Kinney also paired Goofy with a narrator voiced by John McLeish: "He had this deep voice, just a great voice, and he loved to recite Shakespeare. So I suggested, my God, we'll get McLeish for a narrator, and don't tell him that he's not doing it straight. Just let him play it". Colvig returned to Disney in 1941 and resumed the voice until 1967.


title: Goofy

text: Disney had started casting Goofy as a suburban everyman in the late 1940s. And with this role came changes in depiction. Goofy's facial stubble and his protruding teeth were removed to give him a more refined look. His clothing changed from a casual style to wearing business suits. He began to look more human and less dog-like, with his ears hidden in his hat. By 1951, Goofy was portrayed as being married and having a son of his own. Neither the wife nor the son was portrayed as dog-like. The wife's face was never seen, but her form was human. The son lacked Goofy's dog-like ears. One notable short made during this era is "Motor Mania" (1950). Kinney disliked making most of these later shorts, stating "...those pictures were disasters, because I didn't fight it hard enough". Goofy would also be given a formal name in these cartoons, George Geef.


title: Goofy

text: Christopher P. Lehman connects this depiction of the character to Disney's use of humor and animal characters to reinforce social conformity. He cites as an example "Aquamania" (1961), where everyman Goofy drives to the lake for a boat ride. During a scene depicting a pile-up accident, every car involved has a boat hitched to its rear bumper. Goofy is portrayed as one of the numerous people who had the same idea about how to spend their day. Every contestant in the boat race also looks like Goofy. Lehman does not think that Disney used these aspects of the film to poke fun at conformity. Instead, the studio apparently accepted conformity as a fundamental aspect of the society of the United States. "Aquamania" was released in the 1960s, but largely maintained and prolonged the status quo of the 1950s. The decade had changed but the Disney studio followed the same story formulas for theatrical animated shorts it had followed in the previous decade. And Lehman points that Disney received social approval for it. "Aquamania" itself received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.


title: Goofy

text: After the 1965 educational film "Goofy's Freeway Troubles", Goofy was mostly retired except for cameos because of the cartoons' fading popularity and the death of voice actor Pinto Colvig. Goofy had an act in the 1969 tour show "Disney on Parade" with costar Herbie the Love Bug. His profile began to rise again after his appearance in "Mickey's Christmas Carol" as the ghost of Jacob Marley. After that, he appeared in "Sport Goofy in Soccermania", a 1987 television special. He made a brief appearance in Disney/Amblin's Academy Award-winning film "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", in which the titular character, Roger Rabbit, says of Goofy: "Nobody takes a wallop like Goofy! What timing! What finesse! What a genius!". He later appears at the end of the film with the other characters.


title: Goofy

text: In the 1990s, Goofy got his own TV series called "Goof Troop". In the show, Goofy lives with his son Max and his cat Waffles, and they live next door to Pete and his family. "Goof Troop" eventually led to Goofy and Max starring in their own movies: "A Goofy Movie" (in 1995) and "An Extremely Goofy Movie" (in 2000); as well as starring in their own segments of "Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas" (in 1999) and "Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas" (in 2004). While Goofy is clearly depicted as a single custodial parent in all of these appearances, by the end of "An Extremely Goofy Movie" he begins a romance with the character Sylvia Marpole, Max being grown and in college by this point.


title: Goofy

text: In one episode of "Bonkers", Goofy has an off-screen cameo whose distinctive laugh is "stolen" by a disgruntled toon. In another episode, both he and Pete cameo as actors who film cartoons at Wackytoon Studios. And in a third episode, Goofy cameos as part of a group of civilians held hostage in a bank robbery.


title: Goofy

text: Goofy returned to his traditional personality in "Mickey Mouse Works" and appeared as a head waiter in "House of Mouse" (2001 to 2004). Goofy's son Max also appeared in "House of Mouse" as the nightclub's valet, so that Goofy juggled not only his conventional antics but also the father-role displayed in "Goof Troop" and its aforementioned related media. In both "Mickey Mouse Works" and "House of Mouse", Goofy also seemed to have a crush on Clarabelle Cow, as he asks her on a date in the "House of Mouse" episode "Super Goof" and is stalked by the bovine in the Mickey Mouse Works cartoon "How To Be a Spy". Though Clarabelle was noted as Horace Horsecollar's fiancé in early decades, comics from the 1960s and 1970s and in later cartoons like the aforementioned "House of Mouse" and "Mickey Mouse Works", as well as "", imply some mutual affections between Goofy and Clarabelle; perhaps as an attempt for Disney to give Goofy a more mainstream girlfriend to match his two male co-stars.


title: Goofy

text: On Disney's Toontown Online, an interactive website for kids, Goofy previously ran his own neighborhood called Goofy Speedway until the close of Toontown. Goofy Speedway was a place where players could race cars and enter the Grand Prix. Tickets were exclusively spent on everything there, instead of the usual jellybean currency. The Grand Prix only came on "Grand Prix Monday" and "Silly Saturday". Goofy's Gag Shop was also found in almost every part of Toontown' except Cog HQs, Goofy Speedway, or Chip & Dale's Acorn Acres. At Goofy's Gag Shop, Toons could buy gags.


title: Goofy

text: Goofy also appears in the children's television series, "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse", with his trademark attire and personality. Goofy appeared in "The Lion King 1½". Goofy starred in a new theatrical cartoon short called "How to Hook Up Your Home Theater", that premiered at the Ottawa International Animation Festival. The short received a positive review from animation historian Jerry Beck and then had a wide release on December 21, 2007, in front of "" and has aired on several occasions on the Disney Channel.


title: Goofy

text: In 2011, Goofy appeared in a promotional webtoon advertising Disney Cruise Line. He is also a main character on "Mickey and the Roadster Racers". He has also appeared in the third season of the 2017 "DuckTales" TV series; based on his "Goof Troop" incarnation. Guest starring in the episode, "Quack Pack", Goofy appears as the Duck family's wacky neighbor after Donald accidentally wished them into a '90s sitcom. Donald hires him to be the photographer for a family photo, but after the Ducks realize what Donald did, Goofy helps him understand that "normal" does not necessarily mean the same thing between families; using the relationship he has with his son Max as an example.


title: Goofy

text: In 2021, it was announced that Goofy would star in a new series of "How to..." shorts entitled "How to Stay at Home" in a reflection of the COVID-19 pandemic. Animator Eric Goldberg (the Genie from "Aladdin") will serve as director of the shorts as well as supervising animator on one of them, while Mark Henn (Belle and Princess Jasmine) and Randy Haycock (Naveen in "The Princess and the Frog") will serve as supervising animators for other shorts. Once again, Farmer will voice the Goof with Corey Burton narrating. Among the announced shorts include "How to Wear a Mask", "Learning to Cook", and "Binge Watching". The shorts were released on Disney+ on August 11, 2021.


title: Goofy

text: Besides his own solo cartoons and supporting character in Mickey shorts, there were also made some theatrical shorts presented as Donald and Goofy cartoons (even though these cartoons are officially Donald shorts):


title: Goofy

text: Comic strips first called the character Dippy Dawg, but his name changed to Goofy by 1936. In the early years, the other members of Mickey Mouse's gang considered him a meddler and a pest but eventually warmed up to him.


title: Goofy

text: The "Mickey Mouse" comic strip drawn by Floyd Gottfredson was generally based on what was going on in the Mickey Mouse shorts at the time, but when Donald Duck's popularity led to Donald Duck gaining his own newspaper strip, Disney decided that he was no longer allowed to appear in Gottfredson's strips. Accordingly, Goofy remained alone as Mickey's sidekick, replacing Horace Horsecollar as Mickey's fellow adventurer and companion. Similarly in comics, the Mickey Mouse world with Goofy as Mickey's sidekick was usually very separate from the Donald Duck world and crossovers were rare.


title: Goofy

text: Goofy also has a characteristic habit of holding his hand in front of his mouth, a trademark that was introduced by Paul Murry.


title: Goofy

text: In 1990, when Disney was publishing their own comics, Goofy starred in "Goofy Adventures", that featured him starring in various parodies. Unfortunately, perhaps because of poor sales, "Goofy Adventures" was the first of the company's titles to be canceled by the Disney Comics Implosion, ending at its 17th issue.


title: Goofy

text: Super Goof is Goofy's superhero alter ego who gets his powers by eating super goobers (peanuts). Goofy became the first Disney character to also be a superhero, but several would follow, including Donald Duck as Paperinik.


title: Goofy

text: The initial concept was developed by Disney Publications Dept. head George Sherman and Disney United Kingdom merchandising representative Peter Woods. It was passed on to Western Publishing scripter Del Connell who refined it, including the eventual device of peanuts providing superpowers.


title: Goofy

text: The initial version of Super Goof appeared in "The Phantom Blot meets Super Goof", in "Walt Disney's The Phantom Blot" No. 2 (Feb. 1965) by Connell (story) and Paul Murry (art). There Goofy mistakenly believes he has developed superpowers. A second version appeared as an actual superhero in the four-page story "All's Well That Ends Awful" in "Donald Duck" No. 102 (July 1965), also by Connell and Murry.


title: Goofy

text: The third and definitive version debuted in "The Thief of Zanzipar" in "Walt Disney Super Goof" No. 1 (Oct. 1965), written by Bob Ogle and drawn by Murry, in which the origin of his powers are special peanuts Goofy finds in his backyard. In this story, Super Goof battles the Super Thief, a scientific genius who shrinks world landmarks, and holds them for ransom.


title: Goofy

text: The effect of Super Goof's special peanuts is temporary, so the superpowers wear off after a couple of hours. Many stories use this as a comical effect with the powers wearing off at the most inappropriate time. The peanuts give similar superpowers to whoever eats them, not just Goofy. In some stories, random criminals who have accidentally eaten the peanuts have temporarily become supervillains.


title: Goofy

text: In a crossover story, Huey, Dewey and Louie found a super goober plant sprouted by a dropped goober, and "borrowed" Super Goof's powers; after doing a round of super deeds, the ducks' powers faded, and they had to be rescued by the Junior Woodchucks. On occasion, Gilbert uses the super goobers to become a superhero under the name Super Gilbert, beginning with the story "The Twister Resisters" in "Walt Disney Super Goof" No. 5.


title: Goofy

text: Gold Key Comics subsequently published the comic-book series "Walt Disney Super Goof" for 74 issues through 1984. A handful of stories were scripted by Mark Evanier. Additional Super Goof stories (both original and reprints) appeared in "Walt Disney Comics Digest". The Dynabrite comics imprint issued by Western in the late 1970s and "Disney Comic Album" No. 8 (1990) from Disney Comics contained reprints. Gemstone reprinted a Disney Studio Program story written by Evanier and drawn by Jack Bradbury as a backup in its 2006 release "Return of the Blotman".


title: Goofy

text: On Disney's Toontown Online during the Halloween season, Goofy is Super Goof for the occasion. He also appeared in one episode of "Disney's House of Mouse" and in two episodes of "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse". In the Disney Channel "Mickey Mouse" TV series, Goofy dresses as Super Goof for the half-hour Halloween special.


title: Goofy

text: Goofy is the captain of the royal guard at Disney Castle in the "Kingdom Hearts" video game series. Averse to using actual weapons, Goofy fights with a shield. Following a letter left by the missing king Mickey Mouse, Goofy and Donald, the court magician, meet Sora and embark on a quest with him to find the King and Sora's missing friends. In the game series, Goofy still suffers from being the butt of comic relief, but also is the constant voice of optimism and, surprisingly, selectively perceptive, often noticing things others miss and keeping his cool when Sora and Donald lose it. Goofy's loyalty was also tested when Riku wielded the Keyblade thus, following the king's orders, he followed Riku instead. As Riku was about to attack Sora, Goofy used his shield to protect Sora; thus disobeying the king. When Sora, Donald, and Goofy enter the realm known as Timeless River, Goofy states that the world looks familiar; a reference to his cartoons done in the early to mid-1930s. At many times in the" Kingdom Hearts" series, Goofy is shown to still be his clumsy self, however, in "Kingdom Hearts II", he is very keen to details and has very accurate assumptions of certain things. For example, he was the first to figure out why Organization XIII was after the Beast, and he was the first to see through Fa Mulan's disguise and discovery that Mulan was actually a woman dressed as a male soldier. There were even several instances where Goofy seemed to have more common sense than Sora and Donald, even saying they should "look before we leap" when Sora and Donald saw Mushu's shadow resembling a dragon, that Sora had mistaken for a Heartless.


title: Goofy

text: Goofy reappears in the prequel, "", in a relatively minor role, having accompanied Mickey (along with Donald) to Yen Sid's tower to watch Mickey's Mark of Mastery Exam. Upon realizing that Mickey has been abducted and taken to the Keyblade Graveyard by Master Xehanort in an attempt to lure Ventus out, Goofy and Donald prepare to venture out to rescue Mickey, but as they will obviously be no match for Master Xehanort, Ventus goes alone. Donald and Goofy later care for their King as he recuperates from his injuries.


title: Goofy

text: Pinto Colvig voiced Goofy for most of his classic appearances from 1932 ("Mickey's Revue") to 1938 ("The Whalers") when he had a fallout with Disney and left the company to work on other projects. He was later replaced by Danny Webb from 1939 to 1941. However, Colvig returned to Disney and resumed the role in 1944 ("How to Be a Sailor") until shortly before his death in 1967. One of his last known performances as the character was for the Telephone Pavilion at Expo 67. Many cartoons featured Goofy silent, recycled dialogue from earlier shorts, or had various different-sounding Goofys instead of the original. Colvig also gave Goofy a normal voice for four George Geef shorts.


title: Goofy

text: Stuart Buchanan voiced Goofy in "The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air". Bob Jackman took Colvig's place when he left the Disney Studios for unknown reasons and voiced Goofy in 1951 for a brief time. Gilbert Mack voiced Goofy in the 1955 Golden Records record, "Goofy the Toreador". Jimmy MacDonald, the voice of Mickey Mouse, voiced Goofy in the 1960s Disney album, "Donald Duck and his Friends". Jack Bailey also voiced Goofy in several Donald Duck cartoons. Bill Lee provided the singing voice for Goofy on the 1964 record, "Children's Riddles and Game Songs." Hal Smith began voicing Goofy in 1967 after Pinto Colvig's death and voiced him until "Mickey's Christmas Carol" in 1983. Walker Edmiston voiced Goofy in the Disneyland record album "An Adaptation of Dickens' Christmas Carol, Performed by The Walt Disney Players" in 1974. Will Ryan did the voice for "DTV Valentine" in 1986 and "Down and Out with Donald Duck" in 1987. Tony Pope voiced Goofy in the 1979 Disney album, "Mickey Mouse Disco" for the song, "Watch out for Goofy". He then voiced him in "Sport Goofy in Soccermania" in 1987 and "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" in 1988.


title: Goofy

text: Aside from those occasions, Bill Farmer has been voicing Goofy since 1987. While Pope was the sole voice credit for Goofy in "Roger Rabbit", Farmer actually provided some of Goofy's lines in the movie as well. Farmer closely imitated Colvig for projects like "The Prince and the Pauper" but began putting his own spin on the character in 1992's "Goof Troop". Farmer also inherited Colvig's other characters, like Pluto, Sleepy, and Practical Pig. Although, in 2001, Jason Marsden (voice actor of Goofy's son Max) provided the voice of Goofy in the DVD storybook adaptation of the 1994 children's storybook "Me and My Dad", included as a bonus feature on the DVD release of "An Extremely Goofy Movie".


title: Goofy

text: Max Goof is Goofy's teenage son. He first appeared in the 1992 television series "Goof Troop" and stars in both the spin-off film "A Goofy Movie" (1995) and its direct-to-video sequel "An Extremely Goofy Movie" (2000). He also features in the direct-to-video "Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas" (1999), its sequel "Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas" (2004), and the 2001 TV series "House of Mouse". Max is a playable character on the Super NES video game "Goof Troop" (1993), the PlayStation 2 video game "Disney Golf" (2002), and the PC video game "Disney's Extremely Goofy Skateboarding" (2001).


title: Goofy

text: Max is one of the few Disney characters aside from his best friend P.J. and Huey, Dewey, and Louie, child or otherwise, who has actually aged in subsequent appearances. He was depicted as an eleven-year-old middle school student in "Goof Troop", then a high school student in "A Goofy Movie", and then a high school graduate teenager starting college in "An Extremely Goofy Movie". In "Disney's House of Mouse", he is still a teenager but old enough to be employed as a parking valet.


title: Goofy

text: The Goofy holler is a stock sound effect that is used frequently in Walt Disney cartoons and films. It is the cry Goofy makes when falling or being launched into the air, that can be transcribed as "Yaaaaaaa-hoo-hoo-hoo-hooey!" The holler was originally recorded by yodeller Hannès Schroll for the 1941 short "The Art of Skiing". Some sources claim that Schroll was not paid for the recording. Bill Farmer, the current voice of Goofy, demonstrated the "Goofy Holler" in the Disney Treasures DVD "The Complete Goofy". He also does this in the "Kingdom Hearts" games.


title: Goofy

text: The holler is also used in films and cartoons in which Goofy does not appear, generally in situations that are particularly "goofy" (examples include "Cinderella", "Bedknobs and Broomsticks", "Pete's Dragon", "The Rescuers", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", "Home on the Range", "Enchanted", and "Moana").


title: Goofy

text: In a "" episode titled "The Strange Secret of Bruce Wayne", the Joker performs the holler when the plane crashes toward a canyon.


title: Goofy

text: The Goofy holler unusually appeared in the Street Fighter movie, where one of M. Bison's troopers performed the holler after he was sent back from an explosion.


title: Goofy

text: In the "Wacky Delly" episode of "Rocko's Modern Life", the holler is heard at the end of the haphazardly made cartoon created by Rocko, Heffer Wolfe, and Filburt for Ralph Bighead.


title: Goofy

text: An imitation of the holler is used in a cut-away in the "Dial Meg for Murder" episode of "Family Guy" when Goofy is cast into Hell for causing 9/11.


title: John Amos

text: John Allen Amos Jr. (born December 27, 1939) is an American actor known for his role as James Evans Sr. on the CBS television series "Good Times". Amos's other television work includes "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", a recurring role as Admiral Percy Fitzwallace on "The West Wing", and the role of Washington, D.C., Mayor Ethan Baker in the series "The District". Amos has appeared on Broadway and in numerous films in his five-decade career. He has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and an NAACP Image Award. On film, he has played numerous supporting roles in movies such as "The Beastmaster" (1982), "Coming to America" (1988), "Die Hard 2" (1990) and "Coming 2 America" (2021).


title: John Amos

text: John A. Amos Jr. was born on December 27, 1939, in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Annabelle and John A. Amos Sr., an auto mechanic. He grew up in East Orange, New Jersey, and graduated from East Orange High School in 1958. He enrolled at Long Beach City College and graduated from Colorado State University, qualifying as a social worker with a degree in sociology. Amos also played on the Colorado State Rams football team. After college, he was a Golden Gloves boxing champion.


title: John Amos

text: In 1964, Amos signed a free agent contract with the American Football League's Denver Broncos. Unable to run the 40-yard dash because of a pulled hamstring, he was released on the second day of training camp. He then played with the Canton Bulldogs and Joliet Explorers of the United Football League. In 1965, he played with the Norfolk Neptunes and Wheeling Ironmen of the Continental Football League. In 1966, he played with the Jersey City Jets and Waterbury Orbits of the Atlantic Coast Football League.


title: John Amos

text: In 1967, Amos signed a free agent contract with the American Football League's Kansas City Chiefs. Coach Hank Stram told him, "You're not a football player, you're a man who is trying to play football." He returned to the Continental League, where he played that year with the Victoria Steelers.


title: John Amos

text: Amos became well known in his first major TV role, playing Gordy Howard, the weatherman on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show," from 1970 until 1973. Upon the death of Betty White, Amos and Joyce Bulifant (who played Marie Slaughter) became the last surviving semi-regular cast members of that show (not counting child actors). In 1971, he appeared with Anson Williams in a commercial for McDonald's. But he is best known for his portrayal of James Evans Sr., the husband of Florida Evans, first appearing three times on the sitcom "Maude" before continuing the role in 61 episodes of "Good Times" from 1974 to 1976.


title: John Amos

text: Although cast as a hard-working middle-aged father of three, Amos was 34 when the show began production in 1973, only eight years older than the actor who played his oldest son (Jimmie Walker) and 19 years younger than his screen wife (Esther Rolle). Much like Rolle, Amos wanted to portray a positive image of an African-American family, struggling against the odds in a poor neighborhood, but saw the premise slighted by lower comedy, and he expressed dissatisfaction.


title: John Amos

text: During his tenure on "Good Times", Amos openly clashed with the writers of the show, due to the scripts' lack of authenticity in portraying the African-American experience. This led to his dismissal by executive producer Norman Lear at the end of season 3 in 1976. In a 2017 interview, Amos said he had told the writers, who, according to Amos, did not understand African-Americans, "That just doesn't happen in the community. We don't think that way. We don't act that way. We don't let our children do that."


title: John Amos

text: In 1980, he starred in the TV film "". Amos played an Archie Bunker-style character in the 1994 sitcom "704 Hauser", a modern spin-off of "All In The Family", but it was canceled after only five episodes (in the series he played a different character than he did in the "All in the Family" spin-off "Maude"). He also portrayed Captain Dolan on the TV show "Hunter" from 1984 to 1985. He co-starred in the CBS police drama "The District". Amos was a frequent guest on "The West Wing", portraying Admiral Percy Fitzwallace, who serves as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for most of the show. He played Buzz Washington in the ABC series "Men in Trees". Amos co-starred with Anthony Anderson in the short-lived TV series "All About the Andersons" in 2003. In 2010, Amos also appeared as recurring character Ed on "Two and a Half Men", and in 2016 as another recurring character, also (coincidentally) named Ed, on the Netflix sitcom "The Ranch". He has guest-starred in a number of other television shows, including "Police Story", "The A-Team", "The Cosby Show", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", "In the House", "Martin" as Sgt. Hamilton Strawn (Tommy's father), "Touched by an Angel", "Psych", "Sanford And Son", "My Name Is Earl", "Lie to Me", and "Murder, She Wrote". He has also appeared as a spokesman for the Cochran Firm (a national personal injury law firm). Amos wrote and produced "Halley's Comet", a critically acclaimed one-man play that he has performed around the world. Amos performed in August Wilson's "Gem of the Ocean" on Broadway and later at the McCarther Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey.


title: John Amos

text: Amos starred in the TV Miniseries Roots, as the adult Kunta Kinte, based on the book and real life family history of author Alex Haley. Amos was featured in Disney's "The World's Greatest Athlete" (1973) with Tim Conway and Jan-Michael Vincent, and also starred as Kansas City Mack in "Let's Do It Again" (1975) with Bill Cosby and Sidney Poitier. His other film appearances include "Vanishing Point" (1971), "The President's Plane Is Missing" (1973), "Touched by Love" (1980), "The Beastmaster" (1982), "Dance of the Dwarfs" (1983), "American Flyers" (1985), "Coming to America" (1988), "Lock Up" (1989), "Two Evil Eyes" (1989), "Die Hard 2" (1990), and "Ricochet" (1991). He appeared in the 1995 film "For Better or Worse" and played a police officer in "The Players Club" (1998). He played Uncle Virgil in "My Baby's Daddy" (2004), and starred as Jud in "Dr. Dolittle 3" (2006). In 2012, Amos had a role in the movie "Madea's Witness Protection", as Jake's father. He also appeared in Ice Cube and Dr. Dre's 1994 video for "Natural Born Killaz."


title: John Amos

text: In 2021, Amos starred in "Because of Charley," as the patriarch of an estranged step-family riding out the hurricane that tore through Florida in 2004.


title: John Amos

text: In addition to his Emmy nomination for "Roots", Amos has also been nominated for a CableACE award, an NAACP Image Award, and a DVD Exclusive Award. Amos has won three TV Land Awards, taking home trophies for his roles on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", "Good Times" and the TV miniseries "Roots".


title: John Amos

text: Amos is a veteran of the 50th Armored Division of the New Jersey National Guard and Honorary Master Chief of the United States Coast Guard.


title: John Amos

text: Amos has been married twice. His first marriage, from 1965 to 1975, was to artist and equestrian Noel Mickelson, with whom he has two children: Shannon Amos, a writer/producer and founder of Afterglow Multimedia, LLC, and Grammy-nominated director K.C. Amos. His second marriage, from 1978 to 1979, was to actress Lillian Lehman.


title: Phonk

text: Phonk () is a subgenre of hip hop and trap music directly inspired by 1990s Memphis rap. Mostly present on the SoundCloud platform, the music is characterized by vocals from old Memphis rap tapes and samples from early-1990s hip hop, often combining them with elements of jazz and funk. The genre deploys distorting techniques such as chopped and screwed to create a darker sound.


title: Phonk

text: Initially developed in the 2000s in the Southern United States, mainly in Houston and Memphis, the genre's early pioneers include DJ Screw, X-Raided, DJ Spanish Fly, DJ Squeeky, and the collective Three 6 Mafia. In the late-2010s, through streaming platforms such as SoundCloud, the genre developed more of an emphasis on jazz and classic hip hop.


title: Phonk

text: Popularized by TikTok and the drift community in social media, "drift phonk" is a subgenre of phonk which emerged in Russia; its main features are the use of four on the floor drum patterns, cowbells and high bass. It is generally used in lo-fi videos showing drifting cars.


title: Phonk

text: Phonk took inspiration from trap roots in the Southern United States in the mid 1990s. Artists or musical groups like DJ Screw, X-Raided, DJ Spanish Fly, DJ Squeeky, and the collective Three 6 Mafia all helped pioneer the foundations for the genre to emerge many years later, with the Houston chopped and screwed seen as the precursor to the genre. While phonk died down at the end of the 2000s, it saw a resurgence in the early 2010s, thanks to artists such as SpaceGhostPurrp.


title: Phonk

text: The word "phonk" was popularized by SpaceGhostPurrp, who released tracks such as "Pheel tha Phonk", "Bringin' tha Phonk", and "Keep Bringin' tha Phonk". In an interview, he explained that "phonk is slang for funk", in reference to the G-funk music genre. YouTube channels such as Ryan Celsius also helped popularize the genre. Phonk producers continued to push this sound in the underground, before the genre gained real momentum during the mid-2010s.


title: Phonk

text: By the end of 2017, phonk had shifted away from the "gritty, dark, Memphis-oriented sound", incorporating more modern vocals, with elements of jazz and classic hip hop. This stream of phonk has been described as "rare phonk" by Celsius, characterized by "more of a cleaner, almost mainstream trap sound". Between 2016 and 2018, phonk was one of the most listened genres on SoundCloud, with the hashtag #phonk among the most trending each year.


title: Phonk

text: In May 2021, following the rise in popularity of the genre in Russia, Spotify released their official curated phonk playlist.


title: Phonk

text: Directly inspired by 1990s Memphis rap, phonk is characterized by old Memphis rap vocals and samples from early-1990s hip hop. These are often combined with jazz and funk samples. The chopped and screwed technique is mainly used, in order to create a darker sound.


title: Phonk

text: A peculiarity of phonk is the fact that it is not anchored to a regional "scene": it is tied to SoundCloud itself as an online platform, which highlights subgenres derived from hip hop and experimental pop. Other notable artists associated with "new-age phonk" include DJ Smokey, DJ Yung Vamp, Soudiere, and Mythic.


title: Phonk

text: Alongside its musical aspect, phonk is characterized by a distinguishable aesthetic, which incorporates cartoon imagery such as Simpsons fan-art. Phonk artists often use "Pen & Pixel"-style graphics for their EPs and albums.


title: Phonk

text: "Drift phonk", a subgenre of phonk, emerged in the late-2010s in Russia. It is characterized by the use of high bass, cowbells and distorted sounds, making the lyrics of the samples often unrecognizable. The tempo of drift phonk tracks is also high. Drift phonk videos often use clips of drifting and street racing cars, which makes it popular in online car culture. The genre quickly gained traction through the app TikTok in 2020. Most of the prominent drift phonk producers come from Russia. The pioneers of the genre are considered to be such performers as Ghostface Playa, Pharmacist, Prxsxnt Fxture, Dvrst, Kaito Shoma and Ya$h.


title: Eva Gabor

text: Eva Gabor ( ; February 11, 1919 – July 4, 1995) was a Hungarian-American actress, businesswoman, singer, and socialite. She voiced Duchess and Miss Bianca in the animated Disney Classics, "The Aristocats" (1970), "The Rescuers" (1977), and "The Rescuers Down Under" (1990). She was popular in her role on the 1965–71 television sitcom "Green Acres" as Lisa Douglas, the wife of Eddie Albert's character Oliver Wendell Douglas. Gabor was successful as an actress in film, on Broadway, and on television. She was also a successful businesswoman, marketing wigs, clothing, and beauty products. Her elder sisters, Zsa Zsa and Magda Gabor, were also actresses and socialites.


title: Eva Gabor

text: Gabor was born in Budapest, Hungary, the youngest of three daughters of Vilmos Gábor, a soldier, and his wife, trained jeweler Jolie (born Janka Tilleman). Her parents were both from Hungarian Jewish families. She was the first of the sisters to immigrate to the U.S., shortly after her first marriage to a Swedish osteopath, Dr. Eric Drimmer, whom she married in 1937 when she was 18 years old.


title: Eva Gabor

text: Her first movie role was in the U.S. in 1941's "Forced Landing" at Paramount Pictures. During the 1950s, she appeared in several feature films, including "The Last Time I Saw Paris", starring Elizabeth Taylor; and "Artists and Models," which featured Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. These roles were bit parts. In 1953, she was given her own television talk show, "The Eva Gabor Show", which ran for one season (1953–54). Through the rest of the 1950s and early 1960s she appeared on television and in movies. She appeared in one episode of the mystery series "Justice" and was on the game show "What's My Line?" as the "mystery challenger." Her film appearances during this era included a remake of "My Man Godfrey", "Gigi", and "It Started with a Kiss."


title: Eva Gabor

text: In 1965, Gabor got the role of Lisa Douglas, whose attorney husband Oliver Wendell Douglas (Eddie Albert) decides to leave the "rat race" of city life. He buys a farm in a rural community, forcing Lisa to leave her beloved big-city urban life. The Paul Henning sitcom "Green Acres" aired on CBS. "Green Acres" was set in Hooterville, the same backdrop for "Petticoat Junction" (1963–70), and would occasionally cross over with its sister sitcom. Despite proving to be a ratings hit, staying in the top 20 for its first four seasons, "Green Acres", along with another sister show, "The Beverly Hillbillies", was cancelled in 1971 in the CBS network's "rural purge" — a policy to get rid of the network's rural-based television shows.


title: Eva Gabor

text: Gabor later did voice-over work for Disney movies, providing the European-accented voices of Duchess in "The Aristocats", and Miss Bianca in "The Rescuers" and "The Rescuers Down Under", as well as the Queen of Time in the Sanrio film "Nutcracker Fantasy". She was a panelist on the Gene Rayburn-hosted "Match Game". From 1983 to 1984, she was on the "Match Game Hollywood Squares Hour" starring Gene Rayburn and Jon Bauman.


title: Eva Gabor

text: Eva appeared as Aunt Renee in the fourth season of “Hart to Hart”, and in 1983, she reunited with Eddie Albert on Broadway as the Grand Duchess Olga Katrina in "You Can't Take It with You". In 1990, she attempted a TV series comeback in the CBS sitcom pilot "Close Encounters"; the pilot aired as a special that summer, but did not make it to series status. She toured post-communist Hungary after a 40-year absence on an episode of "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous".


title: Eva Gabor

text: In 1972, she launched her eponymous fashion collection with Luis Estevez, a Cuban-born American fashion designer.


title: Eva Gabor

text: Gabor also had a long term on-and off affair with actor Glenn Ford which began during the filming of "Don't Go Near the Water" in 1957. They dated between their marriages and almost married in the early 1970s.


title: Eva Gabor

text: After her final marriage, Gabor was involved in a relationship with TV producer Merv Griffin until her death. It was rumored that this was a platonic relationship to hide Griffin's suspected homosexuality.


title: Eva Gabor

text: Gabor died in Los Angeles on Independence Day 1995, from respiratory failure and pneumonia, following a fall in a bathtub in Mexico, where she had been on vacation. Her funeral was held on July 11, 1995, at Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills.


title: Eva Gabor

text: The youngest sister, Eva predeceased her elder sisters and her mother. Eldest sister Magda and mother Jolie Gabor both died two years later, in 1997. Elder sister Zsa Zsa died from cardiac arrest on December 18, 2016.


title: Eva Gabor

text: Gabor is interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery and is buried just yards from both her niece, Francesca Hilton, and her friend and former co-star Eddie Albert.


South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) is a British Overseas Territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of South Georgia and a chain of smaller islands known as the South Sandwich Islands. South Georgia is long and wide and is by far the largest island in the territory. The South Sandwich Islands lie about southeast of South Georgia. The territory's total land area is . The Falkland Islands are about west from its nearest point.


title: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

text: The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, and a very small non-permanent population resides on South Georgia. There are no scheduled passenger flights or ferries to or from the territory, although visits by cruise liners to South Georgia are increasingly popular, with several thousand visitors each summer.


text: The United Kingdom claimed sovereignty over South Georgia in 1775 and the South Sandwich Islands in 1908. The territory of "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" was formed in 1985; previously, it had been governed as part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies. Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927 and claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938.


text: Argentina maintained a naval station, Corbeta Uruguay, on Thule Island in the South Sandwich Islands from 1976 until 1982 when it was closed by the Royal Navy. The Argentine claim over South Georgia contributed to the 1982 Falklands War, during which Argentine forces briefly occupied the island. Argentina continues to claim sovereignty over South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands as part of the Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province.


text: Toothfish are vital to the islands' economy; as a result, Toothfish Day is celebrated on 4 September as a bank holiday in the territory.


text: The island of South Georgia was first sighted in 1675 by Anthony de la Roché, a London merchant and (despite his French name) an Englishman. The island appeared as "Roche Island" on early maps. The commercial Spanish ship "León", operating out of Saint-Malo sighted it on 28 June or 29 June 1756.


text: James Cook circumnavigated the island in 1775 and made the first landing. He claimed the territory for the Kingdom of Great Britain, naming it the "Isle of Georgia" in honour of King George III of the United Kingdom. British arrangements for the government of South Georgia were established under 1843 British letters patent.


text: In 1882–1883 a German expedition for the first International Polar Year set up its base at Royal Bay on the southeast side of the island. The scientists of this group observed the transit of Venus and recorded waves produced by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. Seal hunting at South Georgia began in 1786 and continued throughout the 19th century. The waters proved treacherous and a number of vessels were wrecked there, such as , in late-1801.


text: South Georgia became a base for whaling beginning in the 20th century. A Norwegian, Carl Anton Larsen, established the first land-based whaling station and first permanent habitation at Grytviken in 1904. It operated through his Argentine Fishing Company, which settled in Grytviken. The station operated until 1965. Whaling stations operated under leases granted by the Governor of the Falkland Islands. The seven stations, all on the north coast with its sheltered harbours, were, from the west to east:


text: The whaling stations' tryworks were unpleasant and dangerous places to work. One was called "a charnel house boiling wholesale in Vaseline" by an early 20th-century visitor. Tim Flannery wrote that its "putrid vapors [resembled] the pong of bad fish, manure, and a tanning works mixed together", and noted one bizarre peril: "A rotting whale could fill with gas to bursting, ejecting a fetus the size of a motor vehicle with sufficient force to kill a man."


text: With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the South Georgia Museum and Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken, only their decaying remains survive. From 1905, the Argentine Meteorological Office cooperated in maintaining a meteorological observatory at Grytviken under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949.


text: In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further letters patent that established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic. The letters covered South Georgia, the South Orkneys, the South Shetlands, the South Sandwich Islands, and Graham Land. The claim was extended in 1917 to include a sector of Antarctica reaching to the South Pole. In 1909, an administrative centre and residence were established at King Edward Point on South Georgia, near the whaling station of Grytviken. A permanent local British administration and resident magistrate exercised effective possession, enforcement of British law, and regulation of all economic, scientific, and other activities in the territory, which was then governed as the Falkland Islands Dependencies. In about 1912, what is according to some accounts the largest whale ever caught, a blue whale of , was landed at Grytviken.


text: In April 1916, Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition became stranded on Elephant Island, some southwest of South Georgia. Shackleton and five companions set out in a small boat to summon help, and on 10 May, after an epic voyage, they landed at King Haakon Bay on South Georgia's south coast. While three stayed at the coast, Shackleton and the two others, Tom Crean and Frank Worsley, went on to cover over the spine of the mountainous island to reach help at Stromness whaling station. The remaining 22 members of the expedition, who had stayed on Elephant Island, were subsequently rescued. In January 1922, during a later expedition, Shackleton died on board ship while moored in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. He is buried at Grytviken. The ashes of another noted Antarctic explorer, Frank Wild, who had been Shackleton's second-in-command on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, were interred next to Shackleton in 2011.


text: Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927. The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to the South Sandwich Islands has been questioned. During the Second World War, the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949–1950 by the British Antarctic Survey, which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey.


text: The Falklands War was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them Argentine Marines in "mufti"), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at Leith Harbour on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops attacked and occupied Grytviken. Among the commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was Alfredo Astiz, a captain in the Argentine Navy who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the Dirty War in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in Operation Paraquet.


text: In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became a separate territory. The King Edward Point base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the British Antarctic Survey.


text: Captain James Cook discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the Hawaiian Islands.


text: Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station Teniente Esquivel at Ferguson Bay on the southeastern coast of Thule Island. Argentina maintained a naval base (Corbeta Uruguay) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976, protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the Falklands War. The base was removed on 20 June 1982.


text: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a collection of islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous. At higher elevations, the islands are permanently covered with ice and snow.


text: The South Georgia Group lies about east-southeast of the Falkland Islands, at 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W. It comprises South Georgia Island itself, by far the largest island in the territory, and the islands that immediately surround it and some remote and isolated islets to the west and east-southeast. It has a total land area of , including satellite islands, but excluding the South Sandwich Islands which form a separate island group.


text: South Georgia Island lies at and has an area of . It is mountainous and largely barren. Eleven peaks rise to over high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers; the largest is Fortuna Glacier. The highest peak is Mount Paget in the Allardyce Range at .


text: Geologically, the island consists of gneiss and argillaceous schists with occasional tuffs and other sedimentary layers from which fossils have been recovered. The island is a fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished and was probably a former extension of the Andean system.


text: The South Sandwich Islands () comprise 11 mostly volcanic islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an island arc running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about southeast of South Georgia.


text: The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the Traversay Islands and Candlemas Islands groups, while the southernmost make up Southern Thule. The three largest islandsSaunders, Montagu, and Bristollie between the two. The Islands' highest point is Mount Belinda () on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, Mount Michael () on Saunders Island has a persistent lava lake, known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.


text: The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982 (for details, see above). Automatic weather stations are on Thule Island and Zavodovski. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the Protector Shoal, a submarine volcano.


text: A series of six passages separates each of the islands or island groups in the chain. They are, from north to south: Zavodovski Isl., "Traverse passage", Visokoi Isl., "Brown's passage", Candlemas Isl., "Shackleton's passage", Saunders Isl., "Larsen's passage", Montagu Isl., Biscoe's passage, Bristol Isl., Forsters Passage, Southern Thule. Nelson Channel is the passage between Candlemas and Vindication Island.


text: The climate is classified as polar, and the weather is highly variable and harsh; making a tundra (ET) in Köppen climate classification. Typical daily maximum temperatures in South Georgia at sea level are around in winter (August) and in summer (January). Winter minimum temperatures are typically about and rarely dip below . Annual precipitation in South Georgia is about , much of which falls as sleet or snow, which is possible the entire year. Inland, the snow line in summer is at an altitude of about .


text: Westerly winds blow throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm—indeed, in 1963, 25% of winds were in the calm category at King Edward Point, and the mean wind speed of around is around half that of the Falkland Islands. This gives the eastern side of South Georgia (leeward side) a more pleasant climate than the exposed western side. The prevailing weather conditions generally make the islands difficult to approach by ship, though the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays which provide good anchorage.


text: Sunshine, as with many South Atlantic Islands, is low, at a maximum of just 21.5%. This amounts to around 1,000 hours of sunshine annually. The local topography, however, also contributes significantly to the low insolation. A study published during the early 1960s indicated that sunshine recording instruments remained significantly obscured throughout the year and entirely obscured during June. It was estimated that the theoretical sunshine exposure minus obstructions would be around 14% at Bird Island and 35% at King Edward Pointor, in hourly terms, ranging from around 650 hours in the west to 1,500 hours in the east. This illustrates the effect the Allardyce Range has in breaking up cloud cover.


text: Mountain winds rise over the western slopes of the mountains of South Georgia and down the eastern side and become much warmer and drier due to the Föhn effect; this produces the most pleasant conditions when temperatures can occasionally rise to over on summer days. The highest temperature recorded at the King Edward Point meteorological station (often generically and less accurately called Grytviken) on the sheltered eastern side of South Georgia is . Conversely, the highest recorded temperature at Bird Island on the windward western side is a mere . As one might expect, the sheltered eastern side can also record lower winter temperatures—the absolute minimum temperature for King Edward Point is , but Bird Island just .


text: The seas surrounding South Georgia are cold throughout the year due to the proximity of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. They usually remain free of pack ice in winter, though thin ice may form in sheltered bays, and icebergs are common. Sea temperatures drop to in late August and rise to around only in early April.


text: The South Sandwich Islands are much colder than South Georgia, being farther south and more exposed to cold outbreaks from the Antarctic continent. They are also surrounded by sea ice from the middle of May to late November (even longer at their southern end). Recorded temperature extremes at South Thule Island have ranged from .


text: Executive power is vested in the monarch of the United Kingdom and is exercised by the Commissioner, a post held by the Governor of the Falkland Islands. The current Commissioner is Alison Blake, who took the post on 1 July 2022.


text: The executive, based in Stanley, Falkland Islands, made up of a Chief Executive, three Directors, two managers, and a Business Support Officer.


text: The Financial Secretary and Attorney General of the territory are appointed "ex officio" similar appointments in the Falkland Islands' government.


text: On the island itself, Government Officers manage vessel visits, fishing and tourism, and represent the government 'on the ground'. A summer Deputy Postmaster runs the Post Office at Grytviken during the tourism season.


text: As no permanent inhabitants live on the islands, no legislative council and no elections are needed. The UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) manages the foreign relations of the territory. Since 1982, the territory celebrates Liberation Day on 25 April.


text: The constitution of the territory (adopted 3 October 1985), the manner in which its government is directed and the availability of judicial review were discussed in a series of litigations between 2001 and 2005 (see, in particular, "Regina v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Appellant) ex parte Quark Fishing Limited" [2005] UKHL 57). Although its government is directed by the FCDO, it was held that, since it was acting as an agent of the Crown in right of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands rather than in right of the UK, its decisions under that direction could not be challenged as if they were in law decisions of a UK government department; thus the European Convention on Human Rights did not apply.


text: Commercial sealing occurred on the islands between 1817 and 1909. During that period 20 visits are recorded by sealing vessels.


text: Economic activity in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is limited. The territory has revenues of £6.3 million, 80% of which is derived from fishing licences (2020 figures). Other sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps and coins, tourism, and customs and harbour dues.