title: Roger Ailes

text: In 1989, Ailes wrote the book with Joh Kraushar entitled "You Are the Message: Getting What You Want by Being Who You Are".


title: Roger Ailes

text: Ailes eventually made his way back to television, this time focusing on cable news. In 1993, he became president of CNBC and later created the America's Talking channel, which would eventually become MSNBC. He hosted an interview program on "America's Talking". In 1995, NBC hired a law firm to conduct an internal investigation after Roger Ailes allegedly called NBC executive David Zaslav a "little fucking Jew prick." This was not confirmed as the reason for his departure.


title: Roger Ailes

text: Ailes was hired by News Corp chairman Rupert Murdoch in 1996 to become the CEO of Fox News, effective on October 7.


title: Roger Ailes

text: After the departure of Lachlan Murdoch from News Corporation, Ailes was named Chairman of the Fox Television Stations Group on August 15, 2005. Following his newest assignment, one of his first acts was canceling "A Current Affair" in September 2005 and replacing it with a new Geraldo Rivera show, "Geraldo at Large", which debuted on Halloween, 2005. Rivera's show drew about the same ratings as "A Current Affair" in January 2007.


title: Roger Ailes

text: Ailes hired former Viacom executive Dennis Swanson in October 2005 to be president of the Fox Television Stations Group. Additionally, there were changes in affiliates' news programs with the standardization of Fox News Channel-like graphics, redesigned studios, news-format changes, and the announcement of a new morning television show called "The Morning Show with Mike and Juliet" to be produced by Fox News Channel.


title: Roger Ailes

text: In January 2011, 400 rabbis, including leaders from various branches of Judaism in the United States, published an open letter in "The Wall Street Journal" on the UN-designated Holocaust Remembrance Day. They called on Rupert Murdoch to sanction Fox News commentator Glenn Beck for his use of the Holocaust to "discredit any individual or organization you disagree with." An executive at Fox News rejected the letter, calling it the work of a "George Soros-backed left wing political organization." Ailes is also said to have once referred to Jewish critics of his as "left-wing rabbis."


title: Roger Ailes

text: Also in 2011, Ailes was criticized for referring to executives of the public radio network NPR as "Nazis" for firing a news analyst, Juan Williams, after Williams had made remarks considered by NPR to be offensive. Ailes apologized to a Jewish group, but not to NPR, for using the expression, writing to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL): "I was of course ad-libbing and should not have chosen that word, but I was angry at the time because of NPR's willingness to censor Juan Williams for not being liberal enough ... My now considered opinion 'nasty, inflexible bigot' would have worked better."


title: Roger Ailes

text: The ADL welcomed and accepted the apology through its National Director, Abraham Foxman; in a subsequent letter to "The Wall Street Journal" Foxman said that both Ailes and Beck were "pro-Israel stalwarts." In October 2012, his contract with the network was renewed for four years, through 2016. If completed, he would have served as head of Fox News Channel for 20 years. Salary terms were not made public, although his earnings for the 2012 fiscal year were $21 million inclusive of bonuses. In addition to heading Fox News and chairing Fox Television Stations, Ailes also chaired 20th Television, MyNetworkTV and Fox Business Network.


title: Roger Ailes

text: In a book published in 2014, Gabriel Sherman alleged that, in the 1980s, Ailes offered a television producer a raise if she would sleep with him. Fox News denied the allegation and rejected the authenticity of Sherman's book.


title: Roger Ailes

text: On July 6, 2016, former Fox News anchor Gretchen Carlson filed a sexual harassment lawsuit against Ailes; Carlson's allegations were the impetus for more than a dozen female employees at 21st Century Fox to step forward regarding their own experiences with Ailes's behaviour. Carlson alleged that she had been fired for rebuffing Ailes's advances. Ailes, through his attorney, Susan Estrich, denied the charges. Three days later, Sherman reported accounts from six women (two publicly and four anonymously) who alleged sexual harassment by Ailes. In response, Ailes's counsel released a statement: "It has become obvious that Ms. Carlson and her lawyer are desperately attempting to litigate this in the press because they have no legal case to argue."


title: Roger Ailes

text: Ten days later, "New York" magazine reported that an internal review into Carlson's claims had expanded into a broader review of Ailes's stewardship. It also claimed Rupert Murdoch and his sons, Lachlan and James, had seen enough information in the preliminary review to conclude that Ailes had to go. They disagreed on the timing, however; James wanted Ailes out immediately, while Rupert and Lachlan wanted to wait until after the Republican National Convention. On July 19, "New York" reported that Megyn Kelly told investigators Ailes made "unwanted sexual advances toward her" at the start of her career. The magazine also reported that the Murdochs had given Ailes an ultimatum—resign by August 1 or be fired.


title: Roger Ailes

text: On July 21, 2016, Ailes resigned from Fox News, receiving $65 million from 21st Century Fox (the then-parent company of 20th Century Fox and Fox News) in an exit agreement. Rupert Murdoch succeeded him as chairman, and as interim CEO until the naming of a permanent replacement. In a letter to Murdoch, Ailes wrote: "I will not allow my presence to become a distraction from the work that must be done every day to ensure that Fox News and Fox Business continue to lead our industry." Ailes was thanked for his work, without mention of the allegations. He continued to advise Murdoch and 21st Century Fox through 2017 until his death.


title: Roger Ailes

text: Following Ailes' resignation, Andrea Tantaros claimed in August 2016 that she approached Fox News executives about Ailes' behavior towards her in 2015. She stated that her allegations resulted first in her being demoted, and then in her being taken off the air in April 2016. Tantaros filed a lawsuit against Fox News in August 2016 for sexual harassment, also accusing Bill O'Reilly and Scott Brown.


title: Roger Ailes

text: On August 8, 2016, Shelley Ross, writing for "The Daily Beast", described her encounter of sexual harassment with Ailes in 1981. She claimed that at a lunch meeting Ailes asked her, "When did you first discover you were sexy?" When Ross explained to Ailes that she found the conversation "very embarrassing," he responded that "the best expression of loyalty comes in the form of a sexual alliance." The next month, 21st Century Fox announced it had settled a lawsuit with Carlson over her allegations of harassment against Ailes. 21st Century Fox was also reported to have made separate settlements with at least two other women who made complaints about Ailes.


title: Roger Ailes

text: In November 2016, Fox News anchor Megyn Kelly wrote in her book about the details of her sexual abuse allegations against Ailes. According to Kelly, when she first joined Fox News, Ailes would have meetings with her, during which he would make sexual remarks. Kelly alleges that he also tried to kiss her several times during a closed-door meeting, but she was able to get away and leave the office. After that incident in 2006, Kelly says that Ailes did not sexually harass her again. Then, in 2016, when Gretchen Carlson first made her sexual abuse allegations, 21st Century Fox pressured Kelly to defend Ailes, which she refused to do.


title: Roger Ailes

text: In 2016, after he left Fox News, he became an adviser to Donald Trump's presidential campaign, where he assisted with debate preparation.


title: Roger Ailes

text: He married his third wife Elizabeth Tilson (born 1960) on February 14, 1998. Formerly a television executive, she was the owner and publisher of local New York state newspapers "The Putnam County News & Recorder" and "The Putnam County Courier". Roger Ailes had one son, named Zachary, with Elizabeth. The family resided in Garrison, New York, on a hilltop parcel in a home constructed of Adirondack river stone across the Hudson River from United States Military Academy at West Point. Ailes also had residences in Cresskill, New Jersey, and Palm Beach, Florida.


title: Roger Ailes

text: In October 2007, Ailes donated to Ohio University for a renovated student newsroom. Ailes had majored in radio and television while at Ohio University and served two years as manager of the school's radio station. Starting in 1994, he funded scholarships for Ohio University students in the school's telecommunications programs.


title: Roger Ailes

text: Ailes and his wife Elizabeth, through their charity, ACI Senior Development Corp., promised $500,000 toward the completion of a senior center in Cold Spring, Putnam County, New York. Local opposition to Ailes's participation in the project arose after publication of the sexual harassment accusations against him and in response to a "Journal News" report about previously undisclosed conditions attached to the proposed gift. Under those conditions, ACI would act as general contractor for the project with no obligation to conduct competitive bidding before awarding construction management and other subcontracts.


title: Roger Ailes

text: Further, ACI was excused from any obligation to pay prevailing wages to workers on the project, workers and subcontractors would have no recourse against ACI in case of payment disputes and ACI would deliver its work without warranty. There was extensive public objection to Ailes's participation. At an August 2, 2016 public hearing, the Putnam County Legislature suspended adoption of the proposed charitable donation agreement with ACI. The next day Ailes withdrew the gift.


title: Roger Ailes

text: In a 2013 book excerpt from "Roger Ailes: Off Camera", Ailes spoke about facing death, saying, "Because of my hemophilia, I've been prepared to face death all of my life. When it comes, I'll be fine, calm. I'll miss life, though. Especially my family."


title: Roger Ailes

text: On May 10, 2017, Ailes fell and hit his head at his Palm Beach, Florida home. He died on May 18, three days after his 77th birthday due to injuries from the fall. The Palm Beach County Medical Examiner attributed his death to a subdural hematoma, aggravated by hemophilia. His wife, Elizabeth, announced his death in a statement on the "Drudge Report".


title: Roger Ailes

text: George H. W. Bush, Rupert Murdoch, Sean Hannity, Bill Hemmer, Bret Baier, Geraldo Rivera, Laura Ingraham, Kimberly Guilfoyle, Jesse Jackson, Ainsley Earhardt, Shannon Bream, Al Sharpton, David Axelrod, Jeanine Pirro, Martha MacCallum, Newt Gingrich, and Lou Dobbs paid tribute to Ailes.


title: Roger Ailes

text: In 2019, Russell Crowe portrayed Roger Ailes in Showtime's limited series "The Loudest Voice" alongside Naomi Watts as Gretchen Carlson. Crowe won a Golden Globe for the performance.


title: Roger Ailes

text: The same year, John Lithgow received critical acclaim for playing Ailes in Jay Roach's film "Bombshell", also starring Charlize Theron as Megyn Kelly and Nicole Kidman as Gretchen Carlson.


title: Redd Foxx

text: John Elroy Sanford (December 9, 1922 – October 11, 1991), better known by his stage name Redd Foxx, was an American stand-up comedian and actor. Foxx gained success with his raunchy nightclub act before and during the civil rights movement. Known as the "King of the Party Records", he performed on more than 50 records in his lifetime. He portrayed Fred G. Sanford on the television show "Sanford and Son" and starred in "The Redd Foxx Show" and "The Royal Family". His film projects included "All the Fine Young Cannibals" (1960), "Cotton Comes to Harlem" (1970), "Norman... Is That You?" (1976) and "Harlem Nights" (1989).


title: Redd Foxx

text: In 2004, Foxx ranked 24th in "Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time". Foxx not only influenced many comedians but was often portrayed in popular culture as well, mainly as a result of his catchphrases, body language and facial expressions exhibited on "Sanford and Son". During the show's five-year run, Foxx won a Golden Globe Award and received an additional three nominations, along with three Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Foxx was posthumously given a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame in 1992.


title: Redd Foxx

text: John Elroy Sanford was born on December 9, 1922, in St. Louis, Missouri, and raised in Chicago's South Side. His father, Fred Sanford, an electrician and auto mechanic from Hickman, Kentucky, left the family when Foxx was four years old. He was raised by his half-Seminole mother, Mary Hughes, from Ellisville, Mississippi, his grandmother and his minister. Foxx attended DuSable High School in Chicago's Bronzeville neighborhood with future Chicago mayor Harold Washington. Foxx had an older brother, Fred Jr., who provided the name for his character on "Sanford and Son". On July 27, 1939, Foxx performed on the Major Bowes Amateur Hour radio show as part of the Jump Swinging Six.


title: Redd Foxx

text: In the 1940s, he befriended Malcolm Little, later known as Malcolm X, a fellow dishwasher at Jimmy's Chicken Shack in Harlem. Both men had reddish hair, so Sanford was called "Chicago Red" after his hometown and Malcolm was known as "Detroit Red". In Malcolm's autobiography, Foxx is referred to as "Chicago Red, the funniest dishwasher on this earth." He earned the nickname because of his reddish hair and complexion. During World War II, Foxx dodged the draft by eating half a bar of soap before his physical, a trick that resulted in heart palpitations. On September 30, 1946, Foxx recorded five songs for the Savoy label under the direction of Teddy Reig.


title: Redd Foxx

text: Foxx's raunchy nightclub act proved successful. After performing on the East Coast, his big break came after singer Dinah Washington insisted that he come to Los Angeles, where Dootsie Williams of Dootone records caught his act at the Brass Rail nightclub. Foxx was one of the first black comics to play to white audiences on the Las Vegas Strip. He was signed to a long-term contract and released a series of comedy albums on half a dozen record labels that quickly became cult favorites.


title: Redd Foxx

text: Foxx achieved his most widespread fame starring in the television sitcom "Sanford and Son," an adaptation of the BBC series "Steptoe and Son". Foxx played the role of Fred G. Sanford ("Fred Sanford" was actually Foxx's father's and brother's name), while co-star Demond Wilson played the role of his son Lamont. In this sitcom, Fred and Lamont were owners of a junk/salvage store in Watts, California, who dealt with many humorous situations. The series was notable for its racial humor and overt prejudices which helped redefine the genre of black situation comedy.


title: Redd Foxx

text: The series premiered on the NBC television network on January 14, 1972, and was broadcast for six seasons. In 1974, Foxx was sued for $10 million by Tandem Productions, producers of the show, for not showing up to start taping the new season. The final episode aired on March 25, 1977.


title: Redd Foxx

text: The show also had several running gags. When angry with Lamont, Fred would often say, "You big dummy!" or would often fake heart attacks by putting his hand on his chest and saying (usually while looking up at the sky), "It's the big one, I'm coming to join ya honey/Elizabeth" (referring to his late wife). Fred would also complain about having "arthur-itis" to get out of working by showing Lamont his cramped hand. Foxx portrayed a character who was in his 60s, although in real life he was a decade younger.


title: Redd Foxx

text: Foxx used his starring role on "Sanford and Son" to help get jobs for acquaintances such as LaWanda Page, Slappy White, Gregory Sierra, Don Bexley, Beah Richards, Stymie Beard, Leroy Daniels, Ernest Mayhand and Noriyuki "Pat" Morita.


title: Redd Foxx

text: Wilson was asked whether he kept in touch with everybody from "Sanford & Son", especially the series' star himself, after the series was canceled: "No. I saw Redd Foxx once before he died, circa 1983, and I never saw him again. At the time I was playing tennis at the Malibu Racquet Club and I was approached by some producers about doing a Redd Foxx 50th Anniversary Special. I hadn’t spoken to him since 1977, and I called the club where (Redd) was playing. And we met at Redd’s office, but he was less than affable. I told those guys it was a bad idea. I never had a cross word with him. People say I’m protective of Redd Foxx in my book ("Second Banana", Wilson’s memoir of the ""Sanford"" years). I had no animosity toward Foxx [for quitting the show in 1977] because I had a million-dollar contract at CBS to do "Baby... I'm Back!". My hurt was that he didn't come to me about throwing the towel in—I found out in the hallway at NBC from a newscaster. I forgave him and I loved Redd, but I never forgot that. The love was there. You can watch any episode and see that."


title: Redd Foxx

text: In 1977, Foxx left "Sanford and Son" after six seasons to star in a short-lived ABC variety show, resulting in the cancellation of the NBC series. In 1980 he was back playing Fred G. Sanford in a short-lived revival/spin-off, "Sanford". In 1986, he returned to television in the ABC series "The Redd Foxx Show", which was canceled after 12 episodes due to low ratings. Foxx appeared as an "Obi-Wan Kenobi"-like character in the "Star Wars" special of the "Donny & Marie" show. In an homage to his show, he mentioned the planet Sanford, which has no sun.


title: Redd Foxx

text: In 1989, Foxx was featured in the film "Harlem Nights", written, directed, produced and starring Eddie Murphy.


title: Redd Foxx

text: Foxx made a comeback with the short-lived series "The Royal Family", in which he co-starred with Della Reese.


title: Redd Foxx

text: At some point in the late 1970s and/or early 1980s, Foxx had a business on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood where car owners could have their vehicles' roofs "velvetized"—a process that added a fuzzy, velvety texture to the brougham vinyl tops of some cars of that period, especially those that were referred to at the time as "pimp-mobiles." It was called "Redd Foxx’s Car Velvetizing."


title: Redd Foxx

text: According to "People" magazine, "Foxx reportedly once earned $4 million in a single year, but depleted his fortune with a lavish lifestyle, exacerbated by what he called 'very bad management.'" Contributing to his problems were his divorces. Foxx spent over $150,000 awaiting his divorce from his second wife Betty Jean which included monthly support payments of $10,000 following their separation in 1974. He also was ordered to pay $2,500 a month while awaiting divorce from third wife Joi after their separation in 1979, and then paid her a $300,000 divorce settlement in 1981.


title: Redd Foxx

text: In 1983, he filed for bankruptcy with proceedings continuing at least through 1989. The IRS filed tax liens against Redd Foxx's property for income taxes he owed for the years 1983 to 1986 totaling $755,166.21. On November 28, 1989, the IRS seized his home in Las Vegas and seven vehicles (including a 1927 Model T, a 1975 Panther J72, a 1983 Zimmer, and a Vespa motor scooter) to pay the taxes which by then had grown to $996,630, including penalties and interest. Agents also seized "$12,769 in cash and a dozen guns, including a semiautomatic pistol," among some 300 items in total, reportedly leaving only Foxx's bed.


title: Redd Foxx

text: Foxx stated that the IRS "took my necklace and the ID bracelet off my wrist and the money out of my pocket ... I was treated like I wasn't human at all." It has been reported that at the time of his death in 1991 Foxx owed more than $3.6 million in taxes.


title: Redd Foxx

text: Redd Foxx wed four times. His first marriage was to Evelyn Killebrew in 1948 and ended in divorce in 1951.


title: Redd Foxx

text: On July 5, 1956, Foxx married Betty Jean Harris, a showgirl and dancer, who was a colleague of LaWanda Page (later to be Foxx's TV rival Aunt Esther on "Sanford and Son"). They met at a nightclub where they were appearing on the same bill. As per their agreement, Harris gave up her career in show business to become a full-time housewife. Foxx adopted Harris's nine-year-old daughter Debraca, who assumed the surname "Foxx." Harris handled most of Foxx's business ventures such as Redd Foxx Enterprises, which included a chain of record stores in Los Angeles. The couple separated in 1974 due to Foxx's infidelity. After 18 years of marriage, Foxx filed for divorce on the grounds of incompatibility in May 1974. He also obtained a restraining order that prevented Harris from "removing, hiding or secreting property" from their home in Las Vegas, and she had to return $110,000 that was removed from bank accounts. Foxx was absent from Debraca's wedding in 1975.


title: Redd Foxx

text: Foxx married his third wife Joi Yun Chi Chung at the Thunderbird Hotel in Las Vegas on December 31, 1976. Foxx met Joi, who was 20 years his junior, when she was a cocktail waitress at the Las Vegas Hilton, shortly after her arrival from Korea. After Foxx filed for divorce in October 1979, she responded with her own divorce suit charging him with cruelty. During their divorce proceedings, Foxx told "Jet" magazine: "I've been married three times and I'm out." He added: "I'd rather have kids because when I give up all this money on divorce, it should go to the children and not some guy." Their divorce was finalized in 1981; Foxx paid a $300,000 divorce settlement.


title: Redd Foxx

text: In July 1991, Foxx wed Kaho Cho from Seoul, South Korea. They met at Bally's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. Despite denouncing marriage after his third divorce, Foxx told "Jet" magazine that he married Cho because she stuck by him through his trials and tribulations with the IRS. "She saw me with a nickel. And hopefully, she will see me with a dollar. I'll give her seventy-five cents of it," he said. They were married at Little Church of the West in Las Vegas followed by a reception at the Hacienda Hotel.


title: Redd Foxx

text: On October 11, 1991, during a break from rehearsals for "The Royal Family", Foxx suffered a heart attack on the set. According to Della Reese, Foxx was chatting with a reporter from "Entertainment Tonight". The scene he was supposed to be in was not ready to shoot and Foxx and Reese were practicing. In fact, Foxx had no lines in the scene at all; as Reese said, all he had to do was "walk behind the back of my chair".


title: Redd Foxx

text: While Foxx was giving the interview, one of the producers entered the stage and asked where he was. Reese told him, and the producer responded by grabbing Foxx and taking him into the set, saying: "If he's supposed to be in the scene he should be here." Reese said that this was another in the long line of disputes Foxx had with the producers, including an instance where one claimed he could "teach [Foxx] to be funny."


title: Redd Foxx

text: Foxx, irate, did his scripted pass. However, he fell to the floor immediately after doing so. Reese said that nobody initially suspected anything was wrong. Foxx, after all, was famous for having Fred Sanford fake heart attacks on "Sanford and Son" and was particularly skilled at pratfalls. Reese went to the floor when Foxx did not immediately rise and heard him say "get my wife" twice. Reese called for paramedics, who initially pronounced Foxx dead at the scene. According to Joshua Rich at "Entertainment Weekly": "It was an end so ironic that for a brief moment castmates figured Foxx–whose 1970s TV character often faked coronaries–was kidding when he grabbed a chair and fell to the floor."


title: Redd Foxx

text: Foxx was temporarily resuscitated and taken to Queen of Angels Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center. Four and a half hours after admission, he again was pronounced dead.


title: Redd Foxx

text: Foxx's mother Mary Sanford Carson (1903–1993) outlived her son by two years. She had been lingering in and out of a coma for a few years before her death in 1993. She is buried beside him.


title: Redd Foxx

text: Comedian and actor Richard Pryor cited Redd Foxx as an influence. "He gave me inspiration and encouragement so I could be more me," Pryor told "Ebony" magazine in 1990. Comedian Chris Rock also cites Redd Foxx as an influence. An episode of his show "Everybody Hates Chris" shows young Chris Rock overhearing his parents' Redd Foxx albums and getting started doing stand-up by retelling the jokes at school. Actor and comedian Jamie Foxx has stated that he chose his professional surname as a tribute to Foxx. Pat Morita also named Foxx as his mentor from his early days as a nightclub comedian.


title: Redd Foxx

text: In 1990, in the pilot episode of "In Living Color", in reference to Foxx's financial troubles, Foxx was portrayed by Damon Wayans, who is making a public service announcement to encourage people to pay their taxes.


title: Redd Foxx

text: In the 1992 Seinfeld episode "The Opera", Jerry chastises George for swearing during a wedding speech, saying "You were like a Redd Foxx record."


title: Redd Foxx

text: In the 1996 music video for "I Ain't Mad At Cha" by 2Pac featuring Danny Boy, look-alikes of many deceased entertainers are revealed to be playing featuring (among others), Redd Foxx, Jimi Hendrix, Bob Marley, Nat King Cole, Miles Davis, Marvin Gaye, Billie Holiday, Florence Ballard, Sammy Davis Jr., and Louis Armstrong.


title: Redd Foxx

text: In the film "Why Do Fools Fall in Love", Foxx is portrayed by Aries Spears. He is shown performing a stand-up comedy routine.


title: Redd Foxx

text: In 2007, in the animated television series "Family Guy" episode "Blue Harvest," a parody of the 1977 film "", Redd Foxx appears very briefly as an X-wing pilot. When his ship is shot down he cries, "I'm coming Elizabeth!," before dying. In addition to this, he has been parodied on "Family Guy" by Francis Griffin acting as Foxx's "Sanford and Son" character.


title: Redd Foxx

text: Foxx was meant to be featured in the MTV show "Celebrity Deathmatch", advertised as taking on Jamie Foxx in the episode "When Animals Attack." Instead of Redd Foxx, however, Jamie Foxx fought Ray Charles. Krusty the Klown reportedly, in an early episode of The Simpsons had a heart attack on the air, in the same vein as Fred Sanford; oddly, the episode predates Foxx's death, which in fact was the result of heart failure.


title: Redd Foxx

text: In the "Boondocks" episode "" he is portrayed as Lord Rufus Crabmiser, one of Stinkmeaner's old friends coming to kill the Freeman family. Childhood friend and "Sanford & Son" co-star Lawanda Page is also portrayed in the same episode as Lady Esmeralda Gripenasty.


title: Redd Foxx

text: Redd Foxx appears as a minor character in the 2009 James Ellroy novel "Blood's a Rover". He gives a bawdy eulogy at the wake of Scotty Bennett, a murdered rogue LAPD detective, including the line: "Scotty Bennett was fucking a porcupine. I gots to tell you motherfuckers that it was a female porcupine, so I don't see nothing perverted in it."


title: Redd Foxx

text: In the 1999 film "Foolish" starring comedian Eddie Griffin and rapper Master P, the ghost of Redd Foxx gives Griffin's character advice from behind a stall door in a men's restroom at a comedy club before he goes onstage to perform a show.


title: Redd Foxx

text: In 2015, it was said that comedian Tracy Morgan would portray Redd Foxx in a Richard Pryor biopic starring opposite comedian Mike Epps.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus or Tomb of Mausolus (; ) was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC in Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) for Mausolus, an Anatolian from Caria and a satrap in the Achaemenid Empire, and his sister-wife Artemisia II of Caria. The structure was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius of Priene. Its elevated tomb structure is derived from the tombs of neighbouring Lycia, a territory Mausolus had invaded and annexed c. 360 BC, such as the Nereid Monument.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: The Mausoleum was approximately in height, and the four sides were adorned with sculptural reliefs, each created by one of four Greek sculptors: Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas of Paros, and Timotheus. The mausoleum was considered to be such an aesthetic triumph that Antipater of Sidon identified it as one of his Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was destroyed by successive earthquakes from the 12th to the 15th century; it was the last surviving of the six destroyed wonders.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: In the 4th century BC, Halicarnassus was the capital of a small regional kingdom of Caria within the Achaemenid Empire on the western coast of Asia Minor.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: In 377 BC, the nominal ruler of the region, Hecatomnus of Milas, died and left control of the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Hecatomnus, a local dynast under the Persians, took control of several of the neighboring cities and districts. After Artemisia and Mausolus, he had several other daughters and sons: Ada (adoptive mother of Alexander the Great), Idrieus, and Pixodarus. Mausolus extended his territory as far as the southwest coast of Anatolia, invading, in particular, the territory of Lycia, remarkable for its numerous monumental tombs such as the Tombs at Xanthos, from which he took his inspiration for his mausoleum.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: Artemisia and Mausolus ruled from Halicarnassus over the surrounding territory for 24 years. Mausolus, although descended from local people, spoke Greek and admired the Greek way of life and government. He founded many cities of Greek design along the coast and encouraged Greek democratic traditions.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: Mausolus decided to build a new capital, one as safe from capture as it was magnificent to be seen. He chose the city of Halicarnassus. Artemisia and Mausolus spent huge amounts of tax money to embellish the city. They commissioned statues, temples and buildings of gleaming marble. In 353 BC, Mausolus died, leaving Artemisia to rule alone. As the Persian satrap, and as the Hecatomnid dynast, Mausolus had planned for himself an elaborate tomb. When he died the project was continued by his siblings. The tomb became so famous that Mausolus's name is now the eponym for all stately tombs, in the word "mausoleum".


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: Artemisia lived for only two years after the death of her husband. The urns with their ashes were placed in the yet unfinished tomb. As a form of sacrifice, the bodies of a large number of dead animals were placed on the stairs leading to the tomb, and then the stairs were filled with stones and rubble, sealing the access. According to the historian Pliny the Elder, the craftsmen decided to stay and finish the work after the death of their patron "considering that it was at once a memorial of his own fame and of the sculptor<nowiki>'s art"</nowiki>.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: It is likely that Mausolus started to plan the tomb before his death, as part of the building works in Halicarnassus, so that when he died, Artemisia continued the building project. Artemisia spared no expense in building the tomb. She sent messengers to Greece to find the most talented artists of the time. These included Scopas, the man who had supervised the rebuilding of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The famous sculptors were (in the Vitruvius order): Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas, and Timotheus, as well as hundreds of other craftsmen.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: The tomb was erected on a hill overlooking the city. The whole structure sat in an enclosed courtyard. At the center of the courtyard was a stone platform on which the tomb sat. A stairway flanked by stone lions led to the top of the platform, which bore along its outer walls many statues of gods and goddesses. At each corner, stone warriors mounted on horseback guarded the tomb. At the center of the platform, the marble tomb rose as a square tapering block to one-third of the Mausoleum's height. This section was covered with bas-reliefs showing action scenes, including the battle of the centaurs with the lapiths and Greeks in combat with the Amazons, a race of warrior women.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: On the top of this section of the tomb thirty-six slim columns, ten per side, with each corner sharing one column between two sides; rose for another third of the height. Standing between each pair of columns was a statue. Behind the columns was a solid cella-like block that carried the weight of the tomb's massive roof. The roof, which comprised most of the final third of the height, was pyramidal. Perched on the top was a quadriga: four massive horses pulling a chariot in which rode images of Mausolus and Artemisia.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: Modern historians have pointed out that two years would not be enough time to decorate and build such a complex and extravagant building. Therefore, it is believed that construction was begun by Mausolus before his death or continued by the next leaders. The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus resembled a temple and the only way to tell the difference was its slightly higher outer walls. The Mausoleum was in the Greek-dominated area of Halicarnassus, which in 353 was controlled by the Achaemenid Empire. According to the Roman architect Vitruvius, it was built by Satyros and Pytheus who wrote a treatise about it; this treatise is now lost. Pausanias adds that the Romans considered the Mausoleum one of the greatest wonders of the world and it was for that reason that they called all their magnificent tombs mausolea, after it.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: It is unknown exactly when and how the Mausoleum came to ruin: Eustathius, writing in the 12th century on his commentary of the "Iliad", says "it was and is a wonder". Because of this, Fergusson concluded that the building was ruined, probably by an earthquake, between this period and 1402, when the Knights of St John of Jerusalem arrived and recorded that it was in ruins. However, Luttrell notes that at that time the local Greeks and Turks had no name for – or legends to account for – the colossal ruins, suggesting a destruction at a much earlier period.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: Many of the stones from the ruins were used by the knights to fortify their castle at Bodrum; they also recovered bas-reliefs with which they decorated the new building. Much of the marble was burned into lime. In 1846, Lord Stratford de Redcliffe obtained permission to remove these reliefs from the Bodrum.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: At the original site, all that remained by the 19th century were the foundations and some broken sculptures. This site was originally indicated by Professor Donaldson and was discovered definitively by Charles Newton, after which an expedition was sent by the British government. The expedition lasted three years and ended in the sending of the remaining marbles. At some point before or after this, grave robbers broke into and destroyed the underground burial chamber, but in 1972, there was still enough of it remaining to determine a layout of the chambers when they were excavated.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: This monument was ranked the seventh wonder of the world by the ancients, not because of its size or strength but because of the beauty of its design and how it was decorated with sculpture or ornaments. The mausoleum was Halicarnassus' principal architectural monument, standing in a dominant position on rising ground above the harbor.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: A jar in calcite or alabaster, an "alabastron", with the quadrilingual signature of Achaemenid ruler Xerxes I (ruled 486–465 BC) was discovered in the ruins of the Mausoleum, at the foot of the western staircase. The vase contains an inscription in Old Persian, Egyptian, Babylonian, and Elamite:


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: Such jars, of Egyptian origin, were very precious to the Achaemenids, and may therefore have been offered by Xerxes to Carian rulers, and then kept as a precious object. In particular, the precious jar may have been offered by Xerxes to the Carian dynast Artemisia I, who had acted with merit as his only female Admiral during the Second Persian invasion of Greece, and particularly at the Battle of Salamis. The jar testifies to the close contacts between Carian rulers and the Achaemenid Empire.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: Much of the information that has been gathered about the Mausoleum and its structure has come from the Roman polymath Pliny the Elder. He wrote some basic facts about the architecture and some dimensions. The building was rectangular, not square, surrounded by a colonnade of thirty-six columns. There was a pyramidal superstructure receding in twenty four steps to the summit. On top there were 4 horse chariots of marble. The building was accented with both sculptural friezes and free standing figures. "The free standing figures were arranged on 5 or 6 different levels." We are now able to justify that Pliny's knowledge came from a work written by the architect. It is clear that Pliny did not grasp the design of the mausoleum fully which creates problems in recreating the structure. He does state many facts which help the reader recreate pieces of the puzzle. Other writings by Pausanias, Strabo, and Vitruvius also help us to gather more information about the Mausoleum.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: According to Pliny, the mausoleum was north and south, shorter on other fronts, perimeter, and 25 cubits () in height. It was surrounded by 36 columns. They called this part the pteron. Above the pteron there was a pyramid on top with 24 steps and equal in height to the lower part. The height of the building was . The only other author that gives the dimensions of the Mausoleum is Hyginus a grammarian in the time of Augustus. He describes the monument as built with shining stones, high and in circumference. He likely meant cubits which would match Pliny's dimensions exactly but this text is largely considered corrupt and is of little importance. We learn from Vitruvius that Satyros and Phytheus wrote a description of their work which Pliny likely read. Pliny likely wrote down these dimensions without thinking about the form of the building.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: A number of statues were found slightly larger than life size, either . or . in length; these were 20 lion statues. Another important find was the depth on the rock on which the building stood. This rock was excavated to deep over an area .


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: The sculptures on the north were created by Scopas, the ones on the east Bryaxis, on the south Timotheus and on the west Leochares.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: The Mausoleum was adorned with many great and beautiful sculptures. Some of these sculptures have been lost or only fragments have been found. Several of the statues' original placements are only known through historical accounts. The great figures of Mausolus and Artemisia stood in the chariot at the top of the pyramid. The detached equestrian groups are placed at the corners of the sub podium. The semi-colossal female heads they may have belonged to the acroteria of the two gables which may have represented the six Carian towns incorporated in Halicarnassus. Work still continues today as groups continue to excavate and research the mausoleum's art.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: The Mausoleum overlooked the city of Halicarnassus for many years. It was untouched when the city fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC and still undamaged after attacks by pirates in 62 and 58 BC. It stood above the city's ruins for sixteen centuries. Then a series of earthquakes shattered the columns and sent the bronze chariot crashing to the ground. By AD 1404, only the base of the Mausoleum was still recognizable.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: The Knights of St John of Rhodes invaded the region and built Bodrum Castle ("Castle of Saint Peter"). When they decided to fortify it in 1494, they used the stones of the Mausoleum. This is also about when "imaginative reconstructions" of the Mausoleum began to appear. In 1522, rumours of a Turkish invasion caused the Crusaders to strengthen the castle at Halicarnassus (which was by then known as Bodrum) and much of the remaining portions of the tomb were broken up and used in the castle walls. Sections of polished marble from the tomb can still be seen there today. Suleiman the Magnificent conquered the base of the knights on the island of Rhodes, who then relocated first briefly to Sicily and later permanently to Malta, leaving the Castle and Bodrum to the Ottoman Empire.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: During the fortification work, a party of knights entered the base of the monument and discovered the room containing a great coffin. In many histories of the Mausoleum one can find the following story of what happened: the party, deciding it was too late to open it that day, returned the next morning to find the tomb, and any treasure it may have contained, plundered. The bodies of Mausolus and Artemisia were missing too. The small museum building next to the site of the Mausoleum tells the story. Research done by archeologists in the 1960s shows that long before the knights came, grave robbers had dug a tunnel under the grave chamber, stealing its contents. Also the museum states that it is most likely that Mausolus and Artemisia were cremated, so only an urn with their ashes was placed in the grave chamber. This explains why no bodies were found.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: Before grinding and burning much of the remaining sculpture of the Mausoleum into lime for plaster, the Knights removed several of the best works and mounted them in the Bodrum castle. There they stayed for three centuries.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: In the 19th century a British consul obtained several of the statues from Bodrum Castle; these now reside in the British Museum. In 1852, the British Museum sent the archaeologist Charles Thomas Newton to search for more remains of the Mausoleum. He had a difficult job. He did not know the exact location of the tomb, and the cost of buying up all the small parcels of land in the area to look for it would have been astronomical. Instead Newton studied the accounts of ancient writers like Pliny to obtain the approximate size and location of the memorial, then bought a plot of land in the most likely location. Digging down, Newton explored the surrounding area through tunnels he dug under the surrounding plots. He was able to locate some walls, a staircase, and finally three of the corners of the foundation. With this knowledge, Newton was able to determine which plots of land he needed to buy.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: Newton then excavated the site and found sections of the reliefs that decorated the wall of the building and portions of the stepped roof. Also discovered was a broken stone chariot wheel some in diameter, which came from the sculpture on the Mausoleum's roof. Finally, he found the statues of Mausolus and Artemisia that had stood at the pinnacle of the building. In October 1857, Newton carried blocks of marble from this site by and landed them in Malta. These blocks were used for the construction of a new dock in Malta for the Royal Navy. Today this dock is known at Dock No. 1 in Cospicua, but the building blocks are hidden from view, submerged in Dockyard Creek in the Grand Harbour.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: From 1966 to 1977, the Mausoleum was thoroughly researched by Prof. Kristian Jeppesen of Aarhus University, Denmark. He has produced a six-volume monograph, "The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos".


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: The beauty of the Mausoleum was not only in the structure itself, but in the decorations and statues that adorned the outside at different levels on the podium and the roof: statues of people, lions, horses, and other animals in varying scales. The four Greek sculptors who carved the statues: Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus were each responsible for one side. Because the statues were of people and animals, the Mausoleum holds a special place in history, as it was not dedicated to the gods of Ancient Greece.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: Today, the massive castle of the Knights Hospitaller (Knights of St. John) still stands in Bodrum, and the polished stone and marble blocks of the Mausoleum can be spotted built into the walls of the structure. At the site of the Mausoleum, only the foundation remains, and a small museum. Some of the surviving sculptures at the British Museum include fragments of statues and many slabs of the frieze showing the battle between the Greeks and the Amazons. There the images of Mausolus and his queen watch over the few broken remains of the beautiful tomb she built for him.


title: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: Modern buildings whose designs were based upon or influenced by interpretations of the design of the Mausoleum of Mausolus include Fourth and Vine Tower in Cincinnati; the Civil Courts Building in St. Louis; the National Newark Building in Newark, New Jersey; Grant's Tomb and 26 Broadway in New York City; Los Angeles City Hall; the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne; the spire of St. George's Church, Bloomsbury in London; the Indiana War Memorial (and in turn Salesforce Tower) in Indianapolis; the House of the Temple in Washington D.C.; the National Diet in Tokyo; the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall in Pittsburgh; and the in Peoria, IL.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: This Is Spinal Tap (also known as This Is Spınal Tap: A Rockumentary by Martin Di Bergi) is a 1984 American mockumentary film co-written and directed by Rob Reiner (in his feature directorial debut). The film stars Christopher Guest, Michael McKean and Harry Shearer as members of the fictional British heavy metal band Spinal Tap, one of England's "loudest bands", with Reiner as Martin "Marty" Di Bergi, a documentary filmmaker who follows them on their American tour. The film satirizes the behavior and musical pretensions of rock bands and the hagiographic tendencies of rock documentaries such as "The Song Remains the Same" (1976) and "The Last Waltz" (1978), and follows the similar "All You Need Is Cash" (1978) by the Rutles. Most of its dialogue was improvised and dozens of hours were filmed.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: "This Is Spinal Tap" was released to critical acclaim, but its initial release found only modest commercial success. Its later VHS release, however, brought it greater success and a cult following. In 2002, it was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress, and was selected for preservation by the National Film Registry.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Filmmaker Martin "Marty" Di Bergi is creating a documentary that follows the English rock group Spinal Tap on their 1982 United States concert tour to promote their new album "Smell the Glove". The band comprises childhood friends David St. Hubbins and Nigel Tufnel on vocals and guitar, bassist Derek Smalls, keyboardist Viv Savage, and drummer Mick Shrimpton. They were known as the Originals until they found out another band had that name, so they changed their name to the New Originals. They had a hit as the Thamesmen with their single "Gimme Some Money", before changing their name to Spinal Tap and achieving a minor hit with the flower power anthem "Listen to the Flower People", and finally transitioning to heavy metal. Several of their previous drummers died in strange circumstances: spontaneous human combustion (Peter "James" Bond), a "bizarre gardening accident" (John "Stumpy" Pepys), and choking on (someone else's) vomit (Eric "Stumpy Joe" Childs). Segments of Marty's film show David and Nigel to be competent but dimwitted and immature musicians. At one point, Nigel shows Marty a custom-made amplifier that has volume knobs that go up to eleven, believing this would make their output louder.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Several of the band's tour shows are canceled because of low ticket sales, and major retailers refuse to sell "Smell the Glove" because of its sexist cover art. Tensions arise between the band and their manager Ian Faith. David's girlfriend Jeanine, a manipulative yoga and astrology devotee, joins the group on tour and participates in band meetings, influencing their costumes and stage presentation. The band's distributor opts to release "Smell the Glove" with an entirely black cover without consulting the band. Despite their manager convincing the band that it would have a similar appeal to the Beatles' White Album, the album fails to draw crowds to autograph sessions with the band.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Nigel suggests staging a lavish show, and asks Ian to order a Stonehenge megalith. However, Nigel, rushing a sketch on a napkin, mislabels its dimensions; the resulting prop is only 18 inches high rather than 18 feet, making the group a laughing stock. The group blames Ian, and when David suggests Jeanine should co-manage the group, Ian quits. The tour continues, rescheduled into smaller and smaller venues. Nigel is marginalized by Jeanine and David. At a gig at a United States Air Force base, Nigel is upset by an equipment malfunction and quits mid-performance. At their next gig, in an amphitheater at an amusement park, the band finds their repertoire is severely limited without Nigel, and improvise an experimental "Jazz Odyssey", which is poorly received.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: At the last show of the tour, David and Derek consider exploring old side projects, such as a musical theatre production about Jack the Ripper. Before they go on stage, Nigel arrives (to a very cool reception from David and Jeanine) to tell them that their song "Sex Farm" has become a major hit in Japan, and that Ian wants to arrange a tour there. In the wings, as Nigel watches the band performing, David relents and invites him to join the band onstage, giving huge delight to everyone but a furious Jeanine. With Ian reinstalled as manager, Spinal Tap performs a series of sold-out shows in Japan, despite the loss of drummer Mick, who explodes onstage.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Michael McKean and Christopher Guest met while in college in New York City in the late 1960s, and they played music together. They worked with Harry Shearer and Rob Reiner on a TV pilot in 1978 for a sketch comedy show called "The TV Show", which featured a parody rock band called Spinal Tap. During production of that sketch (while being burned with oil from on-stage effect) McKean and Guest began to improvise, inventing characters that became David St. Hubbins and Nigel Tufnel.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Guest had previously played guitar under the name "Nigel Tufnel" on Michael McKean and David Lander's album "Lenny and the Squigtones".


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: The entire film was shot in Los Angeles County, over a period of about five weeks. The visit to Elvis Presley's grave was filmed in a park in Altadena, with a mock-up of the grave site. The band sings "Heartbreak Hotel" because that was the only Elvis song for which producer Karen Murphy could obtain rights.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Rob Reiner procured $60,000 from Marble Arch Productions to write a screenplay with McKean, Guest and Shearer, based on the Spinal Tap characters. They realized after a few days of writing that no script could capture the kind of movie they wanted to make, so they decided instead to shoot a short demo of the proposed film. They shopped the demo around to various studios but had no takers, until television writer-producer Norman Lear decided to back the project.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Virtually all dialogue in the film is improvised. Actors were given outlines indicating where scenes would begin and end and character information necessary to avoid contradictions, but everything else came from the actors. As often as possible, the first take was used in the film, to capture natural reactions. Reiner wanted to list the entire cast as writers on the film to acknowledge their contributions, but the Writers' Guild objected, and so only he, Guest, McKean, and Shearer received writing credit.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Veteran documentary cameraman Peter Smokler worked as cinematographer on the film. Smokler had great instincts for camera placement on set, according to Reiner, and is responsible for the film's handheld cinéma vérité style—although the cinematographer did not understand what was supposed to be funny about the movie. With Smokler behind the camera, the film was shot not as a feature film, but as a documentary, without a script or traditional shooting schedule. So much footage was filmed (over 100 hours) that it eventually required three editors to complete the film.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Inspirations for the film included the documentaries "Don't Look Back" (1967), which was made about Bob Dylan, and "The Last Waltz" (1978), which was about The Band. The famous scene where Spinal Tap becomes lost backstage was inspired by a video of Tom Petty at a concert in Germany, walking through a series of doors trying to find the stage, but ending up on an indoor tennis court. Rob Reiner also went to see the English heavy metal band Judas Priest in concert as part of his preparation for the film. He later said, "It physically hurt my chest. The reverberation in the hall was so strong that I couldn’t stay there any longer." According to Harry Shearer in the Criterion edition DVD commentary, keyboard player John Sinclair had just returned from touring with Uriah Heep when principal photography was about to begin, and told them how they had been booked to play an air force base. They subsequently used the story in the film.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: In post-production, Christopher Guest was very concerned with the verisimilitude of the finger positions on the band's instruments during the concert scenes, and even re-shot some footage after the movie was edited to ensure their hands appeared in sync with the music.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: The character of Jeanine, David's disruptive girlfriend, was added during the production to provide a storyline to the material—in part to mollify studio executives who worried the movie would be plotless. Actress Victoria Tennant was briefly considered for the role, but June Chadwick won the part, thanks to her chemistry with the cast and her improvisation skills.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Robert Bauer played the same character, Moke, in two Rob Reiner movies, "The Sure Thing" (1985) and this one.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Since its release, "This Is Spinal Tap" has received acclaim from critics and is widely regarded as one of the best films of 1984. The film holds a 95% "Certified Fresh" rating on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes based on 66 reviews, with an average rating of 8.60/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Smartly directed, brilliantly acted, and packed with endlessly quotable moments, "This Is Spinal Tap" is an all-time comedy classic." On


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film four stars out of four and wrote ""This Is Spinal Tap" is one of the funniest, most intelligent, most original films of the year. The satire has a deft, wicked touch. Spinal Tap is not that much worse than, not that much different from, some successful rock bands." Ebert later placed the film on his ten best list of 1984 and would later include it in his Great Movies list in 2001 where he called it "one of the funniest movies ever made". Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" also awarded 4 out of 4 stars, writing, "It is so well done, in fact, that unless you are clued in beforehand, it might take you a while to realize that the rock group under dissection in 'This Is Spinal Tap' does not really exist." Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" praised it as "a witty, mischievous satire, and it's obviously a labor of love." In 2002, "This Is Spinal Tap" was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Critics praised the film not only for its satire of the rollercoaster lifestyles of rock stars but also for its take on the non-fiction film genre. David Ansen from "Newsweek" called the film "a satire of the documentary form itself, complete with perfectly faded clips from old TV shows of the band in its mod and flower-child incarnations".


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Even with cameos from Billy Crystal and Patrick Macnee, "Spinal Tap" still managed to trick many of its moviegoers into believing the band existed. Reiner observed that "when "Spinal Tap" initially came out, everybody thought it was a real band... the reason it did go over everybody's head was that it was very close to home".


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: The film resonated with many musicians. Jimmy Page, Robert Plant, Jerry Cantrell, Dee Snider and Ozzy Osbourne all reported that, like Spinal Tap, they had become lost in confusing arena backstage hallways trying to make their way to the stage. When Dokken's George Lynch saw the film he is said to have exclaimed, "That's us! How'd they make a movie about us?" Glenn Danzig had a similar reaction when comparing Spinal Tap to his former band the Misfits saying, "When I first saw Spinal Tap, I was like, 'Hey, this is my old band.'"


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Lars Ulrich told a press conference crowd that the 1992 Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour seemed "so Spinal Tap." This tour was in support of Metallica's own "black album". Shortly after the tour started, Metallica's James Hetfield suffered third-degree burns on his arms after he stood too close to a pyrotechnic device. Earlier in that tour, backstage at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, Metallica met with Spinal Tap and discussed how their "black album" was an homage to Spinal Tap's "Smell the Glove". This was captured on the Metallica DVD "A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica".


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: In a 1992 interview, Nirvana explained declining the offer to be a part of the film "Singles". Kurt Cobain goes on to say, "There's never really been a good documentary on rock and roll bands." Dave Grohl then cuts in saying, "Except for "Spinal Tap", [that] was the only rock movie worth watching," which Cobain agreed with, as well as mentioning "Dont Look Back", by D.A. Pennebaker.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: According to a 1997 interview in "Spin" magazine with Aerosmith rhythm guitarist Brad Whitford, "The first time Steven [Tyler] saw it he didn't see any humor in it." When the film was released, Aerosmith's most recent album, "Rock in a Hard Place", depicted Stonehenge prominently on the cover.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: U2 guitarist The Edge said in the documentary "It Might Get Loud" that when he first saw "Spinal Tap", "I didn't laugh: I wept," because it summed up what a brainless swamp big-label rock music had become.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: It became a common insult for a pretentious band to be told they were funnier than Spinal Tap. As George Lynch put it, the more seriously a band took themselves, the more they resembled Spinal Tap. After seeing a 1986 performance by metal band Venom, singer Henry Rollins compared them to Spinal Tap. In their respective "Behind the Music" episodes, Quiet Riot's Rudy Sarzo and Ratt's Robbin Crosby compared their own bands to Spinal Tap to some extent. For example, as a parallel to the "Shit Sandwich" incident, Quiet Riot's fourth album "Condition Critical" was given the two-word review of "Prognosis:Terminal" by J. D. Considine in "Musician" magazine. His review of the short-lived band GTR's eponymous debut LP in the same magazine was "SHT". R.E.M.'s Mike Mills described the band's early tours as "very Spinal Tap", citing, among other things, they had played at a United States Air Force base.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Judas Priest, the heavy metal band that Rob Reiner saw in preparation for the film, has had many drummers in its career (eight in total), which the website "Ultimate Classic Rock" described as "positively Spinal Tap-worthy". Marillion guitarist Steve Rothery later described the run of five drummers in a year between his band's first two albums as "like Spinal Tap". In the Pearl Jam documentary "Pearl Jam Twenty", the members jokingly refer to the fact that while the core lineup of the group has remained unchanged (singer Eddie Vedder, guitarists Mike McCready and Stone Gossard, and bassist Jeff Ament), the band has had five drummers. They describe this as "very Spinal Tap of us". In the documentary, a mock silent film called "The Drummer Story" is shown explaining what happened to their previous drummers. In it, one of them is almost eaten by a sea monster, only to be rescued by Eddie Vedder, playing a lifeguard.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: The Canadian heavy metal band Anvil, whose drummer is named Robb Reiner, have been called "the real Spinal Tap" based on the misadventures depicted in their documentary "Anvil! The Story of Anvil".


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: In 2008, "Empire" magazine ranked "This Is Spinal Tap" #48 on its list of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". "The New York Times" placed the film on their list of "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". In January 2010, "Total Film" placed "This Is Spinal Tap" on its list of "The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time". When "Entertainment Weekly" compiled their list of "The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time", the publication included the film as "just too beloved to ignore". In 2011, "Time Out London" named it the best comedy film of all time. In November 2015, the film was ranked the 11th funniest screenplay by the Writers Guild of America in its list of "101 Funniest Screenplays". Stephen Sondheim listed it among his favorite films of all time.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: On October 17, 2016, actor Harry Shearer filed a $125 million fraud and breach of contract lawsuit against both StudioCanal, the successor in interest to Embassy Pictures, and Vivendi, which owns the studio. Shearer claimed that he and the other co-stars of the film received only $179 for sales of merchandise and music over the prior three decades. Shearer's lawsuit was specifically directed at StudioCanal by ordering the studio to terminate the copyright to "This Is Spinal Tap". In February 2017, Shearer's co-stars Christopher Guest and Michael McKean, as well as the film's director Rob Reiner, joined the lawsuit against StudioCanal and Vivendi, seeking $400 million in damages. In the same month, Vivendi made an attempt to motion to the court to dismiss the case. In September 2017, a judge dismissed Shearer, Reiner and McKean from the case. In October 2017, Spinal Tap revised their case by adding Universal Music Group (UMG, another division of Vivendi, whose Polydor label released the film's soundtrack) as a defendant, as well as the right to reclaim their copyrights to the film, its songs and characters.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: In August 2018, another judge ruled that Guest, Reiner, McKean and Shearer could pursue the fraud claim against Vivendi.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: The case related to sales of the soundtrack was settled out of court by November 2019, with UMG retaining the distribution rights but with the music rights eventually returning to Shearer, Guest, and McKean in the future. A settlement between Vivendi, StudioCanal, and the cast on the merchandising aspect was reached in September 2020 with final details to be resolved in the following months.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: "This Is Spinal Tap" was first released on VHS in 1984 by Embassy Home Entertainment, and in 1994 as part of the Criterion Collection on LaserDisc under the title "This Is Spinal Tap: Special Edition". It has also been released twice on DVD.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: The first DVD release was a 1998 Criterion edition in letterbox format which used supplemental material from the 1994 Criterion LaserDisc release. It is the only double sided DVD in their catalogue, and it is now out of print. It included an audio commentary track with Christopher Guest, Michael McKean and Harry Shearer; a second audio commentary track with Rob Reiner, Karen Murphy, Robert Leighton and Kent Beyda; 79 minutes of deleted scenes; "Spinal Tap: The Final Tour", the original twenty-minute short they shot to pitch the film; two trailers that feature Rob Reiner showing a film about cheese rolling (because "Spinal Tap" itself was still in the editing room); a TV promo, "Heavy Metal Memories"; and a music video for "Hell Hole". Sales of this edition were discontinued after only two years and the DVD has become a valuable collector's item. Much of this material had appeared on a 1994 CD-ROM by The Voyager Company that included the entire film in QuickTime format.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: In 2000, MGM Home Entertainment released a special edition with more or less the same extras from the Criterion edition, plus a new audio commentary track with Guest, McKean and Shearer performing in character throughout, commenting on the film entirely in their fictional alter-egos, and often disapproving of how the film presents them; 70 minutes of deleted scenes (some of which were not on the Criterion DVD); a new short, "Catching Up with Marty Di Bergi" (where it is revealed that the members of Spinal Tap were very disappointed in Di Bergi for making a "hatchet job" of their film); the "Heavy Metal Memories" promo and six additional TV promos; music videos for "Gimme Some Money", "Listen to the Flower People" and "Big Bottom"; and segments of Spinal Tap appearing on "The Joe Franklin Show". The special features were produced by Automat Pictures. However, this version of the film was missing the subtitles that appear throughout the film (for example, introducing band members, other personnel, and location names) and did not include the commentaries from the Criterion edition. The MGM DVD is missing the subtitles burned into the film; they have been replaced with player generated subtitles.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray Disc release was released on July 28, 2009. It includes all bonus features from the MGM DVD, plus an interview with Nigel about Stonehenge, as well as the performance of "Stonehenge" from the band's Live Earth performance. It does not include the commentaries from the Criterion Collection DVD, even though MGM had stated that they would be included in the earliest press release for the Blu-ray version (most likely due to legal issues), and does not feature a "create your own avatars" element teased in publicity. However, this version does restore the subtitles that introduce band members/locales/events/etc. that were missing from MGM's DVD. The alternative, Region B, UK edition of this version additionally features a new hour-long documentary featuring famous fans, the "Bitch School" promo, the EPK for the "Back From The Dead" album, an interview with the late Reg Presley discussing the influence of the Troggs tapes on the film, and the first hour (ending with an abrupt edit) of "The Return Of Spinal Tap". It does however lose the Di Bergi short and the Joe Franklin clip.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Harry Shearer, who played Derek Smalls, went on to become one of the main voice artists on "The Simpsons", providing voices for Principal Skinner, Mr. Burns, Waylon Smithers, Ned Flanders and many others. The members of Spinal Tap reprised their roles in "The Otto Show", first playing on a concert attended by Bart and Milhouse which escalates into a riot after the band's early exit, then having their tour bus run off the road by Otto in the school bus.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: The Internet Movie Database normally only allows users to rate films up to ten stars, but specifically for "Spinal Tap", the site allows users to rate the film eleven stars, referencing the "Up to eleven" scene. On IGN, "This Is Spinal Tap" was the only DVD—and seemingly the only thing reviewed on IGN—to get 11 out of 10. This scene was also used in some news reports on the death of James Charles "Jim" Marshall, founder of the famous amplifier company whose equipment is featured in the scene. Richard D. Titus, UX&D Controller for the BBC, adopted a "Spinal Tap"-inspired suggestion from a colleague that the BBC iPlayer should have a volume control that goes to eleven. The term has entered the vernacular, as with an autistic's description of sensory overload "vis-à-vis" a neurotypical's routine filtering.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Fran Drescher reprised the role of Bobbi Flekman during the fifth season of her hit television sitcom "The Nanny"; it was the season's third episode, titled "The Bobbi Flekman Story". In the episode, Flekman is now a record label producer for The Brian Setzer Orchestra, and an ex-business partner of character Maxwell Sheffield (Charles Shaughnessy). Drescher's regular character Fran Fine believes Flekman is attempting to seduce Sheffield, and impersonates her to stop it.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: Outside the world of music, J. K. Rowling cited "Spinal Tap"s series of drummers as an inspiration for the "Harry Potter" series, in which something bad happens to every teacher of Defence against the Dark Arts at Hogwarts, causing them to leave the job without completing a full school year.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: A biographical comic book was released in 2018, "That Was Spinal Tap", telling both the fictional story of the band and the real-life tale of the actors and others who created the characters and music. It was scripted by "Rock 'N' Roll Comics" co-creator Jay Allen Sanford.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

text: In May 2022, director Rob Reiner announced that he is working on a sequel to the film, which will include him returning to play DiBergi, and McKean, Shearer, and Guest as the members of Spinal Tap. The film will be Castle Rock Entertainment's first film following its revival in 2021.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: Gentleman Jack is a historical drama television series created by Sally Wainwright. Set in the 1830s in Yorkshire, it stars Suranne Jones as landowner and industrialist Anne Lister. The series is based on the collected diaries of Lister, which contain over four million words and are written largely in secret code, documenting a lifetime of lesbian relationships.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: "Gentleman Jack" is a BBC One and HBO co-production. The series premiered on 22 April 2019 in the United States, and on 19 May 2019 in the United Kingdom. It was renewed by the BBC on 23 May 2019 for a second series, which was shown on BBC One from 10 April to 29 May 2022 and on HBO from 25 April to 13 June 2022. In July 2022, co-production company HBO said it would not be proceeding with a third series. The BBC wants to continue with the programme, but needs to find a production partner to continue with it.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: In 1832, Miss Anne Lister leaves Hastings brokenhearted and heads to the lush landscape of Halifax, West Yorkshire, England to restore her uncle's estate that she has inherited. While restoring the estate she finds that the family land has a coal mine and that it is being stolen by two brothers. This unusual lady landowner develops a potentially dangerous romance with another woman, which she records in a cryptic diary.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: In November 2016, screenwriter Sally Wainwright was awarded a £30,000 screenwriting fellowship grant from the charitable organisation the Wellcome Trust, in partnership with Film4 and the British Film Institute. Wainwright disclosed to the media that she was writing a drama series about the landowner, industrialist, and intellectual Anne Lister and would use the grant to further her research. In March 2017, it was announced that BBC One and American network HBO had commissioned the eight-part series, provisionally titled "Shibden Hall", after Lister's ancestral home of the same name. Wainwright was announced as the series' director, and executive producer together with Piers Wenger and Faith Penhale. A native of Yorkshire, Wainwright had grown up in the environs of Shibden Hall and had had ambitions to write a drama based on Anne Lister for over 20 years. She described Lister as "a gift to a dramatist" and "one of the most exuberant, thrilling and brilliant women in British history".


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: In July 2017, the series was renamed "Gentleman Jack" and Suranne Jones was announced in the protagonist role of Lister. Wainwright, who had previously worked with Jones in "Scott & Bailey" and "Unforgiven", deemed her capable of embodying the "boldness, subtlety, energy and humour" required to depict Lister. In April 2018, Sophie Rundle joined the production as Ann Walker, Lister's intended spouse.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: In November 2018, Katherine Kelly was cast in the role of Ann Walker's sister, Elizabeth Sutherland, Sofie Gråbøl as Queen Marie of Denmark and Tom Lewis as Thomas Sowden.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: The theme music was composed by Murray Gold. The series' ending theme song is "Gentleman Jack", written and performed by Yorkshire folk music duo O'Hooley & Tidow and first released in 2012.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: Location shooting took place in Yorkshire and surrounding areas, including Shibden Hall as Anne Lister's home and Sutton Park, Yorkshire as Ann Walker's home.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: The final scenes of series one were shot in Goodramgate and Precentor's Court in York. Three other locations in York – Duncombe Place, Minster Yard and Holy Trinity Church – were used earlier in the series.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: Production on series two, delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resumed in October 2020. It then shut down again and resumed filming in the summer of 2021. Suranne Jones confirmed that filming for the second series had concluded on 4 October 2021. Historically there were a number of coal mining pits in the Shibden Valley in Lister's time; one still standing, located close to Bare Head Tunnel, was used for filming in episode six.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: BBC One released a teaser trailer for series one on 8 March 2019, followed by the first official trailer on 18 March 2019. The first trailer from HBO was also released on 18 March 2019.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: "Gentleman Jack" premiered first in the US on 22 April 2019; followed by the UK premiere on 19 May 2019. The first series premiered in Australia on Fox Showcase on 19 May 2019.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: "The Hollywood Reporter" described "Gentleman Jack" as a "funny, smart, and touching story" which at times has the main character talk to the camera to explain her inner thoughts, allowing aspects of Lister's diary to be used. "The Guardian"'s review said "Suranne Jones rocks Halifax as the first modern lesbian...Anne Lister's diary [becomes] a thrilling coal-town romp that flirts with parody, so maybe it's Queer Brontë." "Variety" pointed up the drama's uniqueness: "Wainwright makes an intriguing choice that sets up a decidedly adult romance about devotion, trust and partnership that is rare for TV in general, let alone for lesbian characters in a period piece."At the time of cancellation, it was noted that the second season registered amongst HBO's lowest-rated current original series.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: After it was known that the programme would be discontinued after the second series, "The Guardian" published reactions by many people who described how it had powerfully affected their lives for the good.


title: Gentleman Jack (TV series)

text: The series tie-in paperback book was released on 25 April 2019 in the United Kingdom by BBC Books under the title "Gentleman Jack: The Real Anne Lister", and on 4 June 2019 in the United States by Penguin Random House as "Gentleman Jack: The Diaries of Anne Lister". The book was written by Anne Choma, the historical adviser for the series.


title: Good Trouble (TV series)

text: Good Trouble is an American drama television series. It is a spin-off of the Freeform show "The Fosters". "Good Trouble" began in January 2019 with a thirteen-episode first season and follows Callie Adams Foster (Maia Mitchell) and Mariana Adams Foster (Cierra Ramirez), conceptually a few years after the earlier series, "as they embark on the next phase of their young adult lives working in Los Angeles." The second season premiered in June 2019, and the third season premiered in February 2021. In September 2021, the series was renewed for a fourth season which premiered on March 9, 2022. In August 2022, the series was renewed for a fifth season.


title: Good Trouble (TV series)

text: Taking place a few years after the events of "The Fosters," Adams Foster siblings Callie and Mariana relocate to Los Angeles to begin the next phase of their lives. As they move into a communal living apartment building called The Coterie, Callie becomes a law clerk working for Judge Wilson while Mariana becomes a software engineer. The two of them navigate their young adult lives while interacting with their neighbors and the people they befriend.


title: Good Trouble (TV series)

text: After announcing the ending of "The Fosters", Freeform ordered a spin-off series of the show, featuring Callie Adams Foster and Mariana Adams Foster living in Los Angeles five years after the series finale of the parent show. It was given a 13-episode order. On December 10, 2018, it was reported that the California Film Commission had approved $6.6 million of tax credits for a potential second season should Freeform decide to renew the series. On February 5, 2019, the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on June 18, 2019. On January 17, 2020, Freeform renewed the series for a third season which premiered on February 17, 2021. On September 8, 2021, Freeform renewed the series for a fourth season which premiered on March 9, 2022. On August 2, 2022, Freeform renewed the series for a fifth season.


title: Good Trouble (TV series)

text: On June 11, 2018, Tommy Martinez, Zuri Adele, Sherry Cola, and Roger Bart were cast in regular roles as Gael, Malika, Alice, Judge Wilson respectively. Additionally, Emma Hunton and Ken Kirby were cast in recurring roles as Davia and Benjamin. On November 6, 2019, Shannon Chan-Kent was cast in a recurring role for the second season. On January 24, 2020, Priscilla Quintana joined the cast in a recurring capacity for the second season. On January 28, 2021, Marcus Emanuel Mitchell and Jayson Blair were cast in recurring roles for the third season. On March 3, 2021, Catherine Haena Kim and Craig Parker joined the cast in recurring capacities for the third season. On August 16, 2021, Odelya Halevi was cast in a recurring role for the third season. On February 7, 2022, Quintana was promoted to series regular while Bryan Craig joined the cast as a new series regular and Booboo Stewart was cast in a recurring capacity for the fourth season. On February 24, 2022, Yasmine Aker was cast to replace Halevi in a recasting.


title: Good Trouble (TV series)

text: Maia Mitchell later stepped down from her role and her position as an executive producer in order to be with her family in Australia. Her character's final appearance was in the second episode of season four.


title: Good Trouble (TV series)

text: On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 100% with an average rating of 8.93/10, based on 13 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Good Trouble" is a spinoff that leaves the nest and takes graceful flight, bringing a deft comedic touch to the trials and tribulations facing Generation Z." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 83 out of 100 based on 4 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."


title: Trevi Fountain

text: The Trevi Fountain () is an 18th-century fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Giuseppe Pannini and several others. Standing high and wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and one of the most famous fountains in the world.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: The fountain has appeared in several films, including "Roman Holiday" (1953); "Three Coins in the Fountain" (1954); Federico Fellini's classic, "La Dolce Vita" (1960); "Sabrina Goes to Rome" (1998); and "The Lizzie McGuire Movie" (2003).


title: Trevi Fountain

text: The fountain, at the junction of three roads (), marks the terminal point of the "modern" —the revived , one of the aqueducts that supplied water to ancient Rome. In 19 BCE, supposedly with the help of a virgin, Roman technicians located a source of pure water some from the city. (This scene is presented on the present fountain's façade.) However, the eventual indirect route of the aqueduct made its length some . This led the water into the Baths of Agrippa. It served Rome for more than 400 years.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: The name of the Latin fountain derives from the Latin word Trivium (intersection of three streets). The statue is located right in the center of De 'Crocicchi Street, Poli Street and Delle Muratte Street.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: During the sixth century, the aqueducts were not well maintained and the 14 functioning ones were damaged following the invasion of the Ostrogoths.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: The virgin water aqueduct carries the water to the Trevi fountain, after having collected it 10 km from the Italian capital.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: The aqueduct is still in use today, despite some interventions during which the fountain remained empty. Calcium-free water is thought to be one of the causes.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: In 1629, Pope Urban VIII, finding the earlier fountain insufficiently dramatic, asked Gian Lorenzo Bernini to sketch possible renovations, but the project was abandoned when the pope died. Though Bernini's project was never constructed, there are many Bernini touches in the fountain as it exists today. An early influential model by Pietro da Cortona, preserved in the Albertina, Vienna, also exists, as do various early 18th century sketches, most unsigned, as well as a project attributed to Nicola Michetti one attributed to Ferdinando Fuga and a French design by Edmé Bouchardon.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: Competitions had become popular during the Baroque era to design buildings, fountains, as well as the Spanish Steps. In 1730, Pope Clement XII organized a contest in which Nicola Salvi initially lost to Alessandro Galilei – but due to the outcry in Rome over a Florentine having won, Salvi was awarded the commission anyway. Work began in 1732.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: Salvi died in 1751 with his work half finished, but he had made sure a barber's unsightly sign would not spoil the ensemble, hiding it behind a sculpted vase, called by Romans the "asso di coppe", the "Ace of Cups", because of its resemblance to a Tarot card. Four different sculptors were hired to complete the fountain's decorations: Pietro Bracci (whose statue of Oceanus sits in the central niche), Filippo della Valle, Giovanni Grossi, and Andrea Bergondi. Giuseppe Pannini (1718-1805), son of Giovanni Paolo Panini, was hired as architect.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: The Trevi Fountain was finished in 1762 by Pannini, who substituted the present allegories for planned sculptures of Agrippa and Trivia, the Roman virgin. It was officially opened and inaugurated on 22 May by Pope Clement XIII.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: The fountain was refurbished once in 1988 to remove discoloration caused by smog, and again in 1998; the stonework was scrubbed and all cracks and other areas of deterioration were repaired by skilled artisans, and the fountain was equipped with recirculating pumps.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: In January 2013, it was announced that the Italian fashion company Fendi would sponsor a 20-month, 2.2-million-euro restoration of the fountain; it was to be the most thorough restoration in the fountain's history.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: Restoration work began in June 2014 and was completed in November 2015. The fountain was reopened with an official ceremony on the evening of 3 November 2015. The restoration included the installation of more than 100 LED lights to improve the nighttime illumination of the fountain.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: The backdrop for the fountain is the Palazzo Poli, given a new façade with a giant order of Corinthian pilasters that link the two main storeys. "Taming of the waters" is the theme of the gigantic scheme that tumbles forward, mixing water and rockwork, and filling the small square. Tritons guide Oceanus's shell chariot, taming hippocamps.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: In the centre, a robustly-modelled triumphal arch is superimposed on the palazzo façade. The centre niche or exedra framing Oceanus has free-standing columns for maximal light and shade. In the niches flanking Oceanus, "Abundance" spills water from her urn and "Salubrity" holds a cup from which a snake drinks. Above, bas reliefs illustrate the Roman origin of the aqueducts.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: The Tritons and horses provide symmetrical balance, with the maximum contrast in their mood and poses (by 1730, Rococo was already in full bloom in France and Germany).


title: Trevi Fountain

text: Coins are purportedly meant to be thrown using the right hand over the left shoulder. This was the theme of 1954's "Three Coins in the Fountain" and the Academy Award-winning song by that name which introduced the picture.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: An estimated 3,000 euros are thrown into the fountain each day. In 2016, an estimated €1.4 million (US$1.5 million) was thrown into the fountain. The money has been used to subsidize a supermarket for Rome's needy; however, there are regular attempts to steal coins from the fountain, even though it is illegal to do so.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: The Trevi Fountain is depicted in the third movement, "The Trevi Fountain at Noon", of Ottorino Respighi's 1916 symphonic poem "Fountains of Rome".


title: Trevi Fountain

text: In Federico Fellini's 1960 film "La Dolce Vita", Anita Ekberg wades into the fountain with Marcello Mastroianni.


title: Trevi Fountain

text: In the 2003 film "The Lizzie McGuire Movie", Lizzie tossed a coin into the Trevi Fountain to wish for smooth sailing in her coming high school years.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: Kevin Jan Magnussen (born 5 October 1992) is a Danish racing driver currently competing in Formula One for Haas F1 Team.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: He is the son of four-time Le Mans winner and former Formula One driver Jan Magnussen. Kevin Magnussen came up through McLaren Formula One team's Young Driver Programme and drove for McLaren in the 2014 Formula One World Championship, before a stint with Renault in . Magnussen drove for Haas from until the end of the season. In 2022, Magnussen rejoined Haas on a multi-year deal.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: Born in Roskilde, Denmark, Magnussen began his career in karting. In 2008 he made the step up to Formula Ford in Denmark, taking 11 victories from 15 races and winning the championship. He also took part in six races of the ADAC Formel Masters series.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: In 2009 Magnussen moved up to Formula Renault 2.0 with Motopark Academy. He finished runner-up to António Félix da Costa in the Northern European Cup and finished seventh in the Eurocup.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: In 2010 Magnussen competed in the German Formula Three Championship with Motopark Academy, winning the opening round of the season at Oschersleben and taking two more race victories. He finished third in the championship, taking the rookie title in the process.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: In 2011 Magnussen moved to the British Formula 3 Championship with Carlin. He took seven race victories and finished as championship runner-up to teammate Felipe Nasr. He also competed in the Masters of Formula 3 race at Zandvoort, finishing 3rd. 2011 marked Magnussen's first and only appearance at the Macau Grand Prix. He placed 7th in qualifying, but was forced to start from the back of the grid in the qualification race after ignoring yellow flags. He started the main race from 19th place, but was eliminated after a high-speed collision late in the race.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: Magnussen moved up to the Formula Renault 3.5 Series in 2012 with the Carlin team, with Will Stevens as his teammate. Magnussen finished the opening race at Motorland Aragón in 2nd place, and took pole position in both races at Spa-Francorchamps, converting the second into a race victory. He ended the season in 7th place in the championship. He remained in Formula Renault 3.5 for 2013, moving to DAMS alongside Norman Nato. 2013 was far more successful for Magnussen, claiming five victories, eight other podium places and eight pole positions. He finished the season as champion, 60 points clear of runner-up Stoffel Vandoorne.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: Magnussen had his first experience of the McLaren MP4-27 Formula One car on track at the Abu Dhabi Young Driver test in 2012. He set a quickest time of 1:42.651. Previously he had done work in the team's driving simulator. Magnussen's time was the best of the three-day test impressing McLaren's sporting director Sam Michael. The distance he covered in the course of the test was sufficient to earn his FIA Super Licence.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: Magnussen would drive for McLaren for the season, replacing Sergio Pérez. In line with a new rule introduced for the 2014 season requiring drivers to choose a car number to use during their Formula One career, Magnussen raced with number 20 as this was the number he had on his DAMS car in 2013 when he won the Formula Renault 3.5 championship.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: At the Jerez and Bahrain pre-season tests he topped the timesheets, and at the first race in Australia, he qualified in fourth position. In the race itself, Magnussen avoided crashing at the start after his car encountered oversteer through wheelspin. After passing Lewis Hamilton's ailing Mercedes in the early stages, Magnussen maintained position to take a third-place finish; he finished 2.2 seconds behind Red Bull's Daniel Ricciardo. As a result, Magnussen became the second Danish driver – after his father Jan, who was sixth at the 1998 Canadian Grand Prix – to take a points-scoring finish, the first Danish podium finisher and the first debutant, since Hamilton at the 2007 Australian Grand Prix, to take a podium in his first Grand Prix. After the race, Magnussen described the result as "like a victory". He was later promoted to second place in the results, after Ricciardo was disqualified due to fuel irregularities, making him the first rookie to finish second since Jacques Villeneuve at the 1996 Australian Grand Prix. Magnussen recorded eleven further points-scoring finishes throughout 2014, the majority being ninth- or tenth-place finishes; although Magnussen recorded seventh-place finishes in Austria and Great Britain – circuits where he had prior experience from junior formulae – and a fifth-place finish in Russia.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: Fernando Alonso replaced Magnussen for the 2015 season and Magnussen became the test and reserve driver for McLaren. Magnussen had talks with Honda-powered team Andretti Autosport to compete in the 2015 IndyCar Series, but McLaren blocked the deal. Magnussen competed in one race, the after doctors advised Alonso to not race due to a concussion sustained during an accident during pre-season testing. However, Magnussen failed to start the race after suffering an engine failure on the formation lap. Magnussen was released from McLaren at the end of the year.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: After being released by McLaren, Magnussen was confirmed to have been in discussion to drive for the Haas F1 Team, before Romain Grosjean and Esteban Gutiérrez were named as the team's drivers. Magnussen had reportedly also been in talks about a seat at Manor Racing. Magnussen tested a Mercedes DTM car, and Porsche's LMP1 car, hinting that he may have had options outside Formula One, including IndyCar, where he was believed to have entered talks with Bryan Herta Autosport about a drive.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: In early 2016 unconfirmed reports emerged that Magnussen was set to replace Pastor Maldonado at Renault following a breach of contract between Maldonado and the team. Renault had purchased the Lotus F1 Team and were returning to the sport after a four-year hiatus. Renault later confirmed Magnussen had joined their campaign, partnering rookie Jolyon Palmer.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: Magnussen's early season was marred by a string of incidents. He suffered a puncture on the opening lap in Australia and went on to finish 12th. He was forced to start from the pit lane in Bahrain after failing to stop for the weighbridge in practice. He then crashed in practice for the after a tyre failure and could only finish the race in 17th. Magnussen collided with teammate Palmer in Spain and received a ten-second time penalty, then crashed in practice in Monaco before colliding with Daniil Kvyat in the race. He was forced to miss qualifying in Canada after again crashing during practice, and started from the pit lane in Azerbaijan when his car was modified under parc fermé conditions. The was an exception to these incidents; after qualifying 17th he came back to finish 7th in what would eventually be Renault's best finish of the season.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: Magnussen had a gearbox failure in the closing laps of the . He suffered a high-speed crash at the Eau Rouge–Raidillon complex whilst running 8th at the , causing minor injuries and bringing out the red flag. Magnussen claimed his second and final points-finish of the season with 10th place in Singapore. Two more mechanical retirements came before the end of the season; power loss in Malaysia and suspension damage in Abu Dhabi. Magnussen finished the season in 16th place in the championship, scoring seven of Renault's eight points that season.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: Magnussen retired from his first race with Haas in Australia with reported suspension failure, however it later emerged that he had actually suffered a puncture and that his retirement was unnecessary. He scored points with 8th place at the following race in China before retiring with electrical problems in Bahrain. He was running 9th in Spain but made contact with Daniil Kvyat late in the race, causing him to fall to 14th with a puncture. He would claim a point with 10th place at the next race in Monaco, in what was Haas's first ever double points-finish. At the , Magnussen had run as high as 3rd towards the end of the race in the uncompetitive VF-17, but eventually finished 7th in what would be his best result of the season.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: A string of seven races without points followed. This included a hydraulic failure in Austria, engine issues in Singapore, and an incident in Hungary where he forced Nico Hülkenberg off the track, damaging Hülkenberg's car and forcing him to retire. Hülkenberg confronted Magnussen after the race, branding him the "most unsporting driver on the grid" to which Magnussen replied "suck my balls". Magnussen ended the season with two 8th-place finishes in Japan and Mexico, but collided with former Formula Renault rival Stoffel Vandoorne in Brazil, causing both cars to retire.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: Magnussen ended the season 14th in the championship with 19 points, nine points short of teammate Grosjean.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: Magnussen retained his seat at Haas for the season. The Haas VF-18 was a vast improvement on its predecessor, enabling Magnussen to compete at the front of the midfield. At the opening race in Australia, Magnussen lined up 5th on the grid, Haas's highest ever starting position. He had run as high as 4th, however both Haas cars would retire from the race after their wheels were fitted incorrectly during their pit stops. Magnussen then finished 5th in Bahrain, his best result since the 2014 Russian Grand Prix. At the he collided with Pierre Gasly, who criticised Magnussen's defensive driving and branded him "the most dangerous guy" he had ever raced with.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: Magnussen scored valuable points again with a 6th-place finish in Spain. Another 6th place came in France, followed by 5th place in Austria behind teammate Grosjean, the team's best ever race result. More points finishes soon followed with 9th in Britain, 7th in Hungary and 8th in Belgium. At the , Magnussen clashed for position with Fernando Alonso in qualifying. Magnussen later commented that Alonso "thinks he's God" and "I can’t wait for him to retire". Magnussen collided with Sergio Pérez during the race, damaging the Haas's floor and eventually causing Magnussen to finish last of the running cars in 16th. Similar woes came in Singapore, when he failed to progress out of the first part of qualifying and he struggled to overtake during the race, finishing 18th. However, he set the fastest lap of the race after a late pit stop for fresh tyres, his and the team's first fastest lap. Magnussen then qualified 5th and finished 8th in Russia.


title: Kevin Magnussen

text: More controversy came at the , when Sauber driver Charles Leclerc called Magnussen "stupid" over the radio after his attempt to pass the Haas resulted in contact. Magnussen received a puncture, which damaged his floor and forced him into retirement. He finished the in 9th place, but was later disqualified after his car was found to have used more than the legal limit of fuel. Magnussen ended the season with two more points finishes, 9th in Brazil and 10th in Abu Dhabi.