title: Polypropylene

text: Polypropylene fibres are also used in drywall joint compound for reinforcement. It can increase the flexibility and dimensional stability of the joint compound and reduce shrinkage and cracking when it dries.


title: Polypropylene

text: In June 2016, a study showed that a mixture of polypropylene and durable superoleophobic surfaces created by two engineers from Ohio State University can repel liquids such as shampoo and oil. This technology could make it easier to remove all of the liquid contents from polypropylene bottles, particularly those that have high surface tension such as shampoo or oil.


title: Polypropylene

text: Polypropylene is a major polymer used in nonwovens, with over 50% used for diapers or sanitary products where it is treated to absorb water (hydrophilic) rather than naturally repelling water (hydrophobic). Other non-woven uses include filters for air, gas, and liquids in which the fibers can be formed into sheets or webs that can be pleated to form cartridges or layers that filter in various efficiencies in the 0.5 to 30 micrometre range. Such applications occur in houses as water filters or in air-conditioning-type filters. The high surface-area and naturally oleophilic polypropylene nonwovens are ideal absorbers of oil spills with the familiar floating barriers near oil spills on rivers.


title: Polypropylene

text: Polypropylene, or 'polypro', has been used for the fabrication of cold-weather base layers, such as long-sleeve shirts or long underwear. Polypropylene is also used in warm-weather clothing, in which it transports sweat away from the skin. Polyester has replaced polypropylene in these applications in the U.S. military, such as in the ECWCS. Although polypropylene clothes are not easily flammable, they can melt, which may result in severe burns if the wearer is involved in an explosion or fire of any kind. Polypropylene undergarments are known for retaining body odors which are then difficult to remove. The current generation of polyester does not have this disadvantage.


title: Polypropylene

text: Its most common medical use is in the synthetic, nonabsorbable suture Prolene, manufactured by Ethicon Inc.


title: Polypropylene

text: Polypropylene has been used in hernia and pelvic organ prolapse repair operations to protect the body from new hernias in the same location. A small patch of the material is placed over the spot of the hernia, below the skin, and is painless and rarely, if ever, rejected by the body. However, a polypropylene mesh will erode the tissue surrounding it over the uncertain period from days to years.


title: Polypropylene

text: A notable application was as a transvaginal mesh, used to treat vaginal prolapse and concurrent urinary incontinence. Due to the above-mentioned propensity for polypropylene mesh to erode the tissue surrounding it, the FDA has issued several warnings on the use of polypropylene mesh medical kits for certain applications in pelvic organ prolapse, specifically when introduced in close proximity to the vaginal wall due to a continued increase in number of mesh-driven tissue erosions reported by patients over the past few years. On 3 January 2012, the FDA ordered 35 manufacturers of these mesh products to study the side effects of these devices.


title: Polypropylene

text: Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the demand for PP has increased significantly because it's a vital raw material for producing meltblown fabric, which is in turn the raw material for producing facial masks.


title: Polypropylene

text: Very thin sheets (≈2–20 µm) of polypropylene are used as a dielectric within certain high-performance pulse and low-loss RF capacitors.


title: Polypropylene

text: Expanded polypropylene (EPP) foam is a structural material in hobbyist radio control model aircraft. Unlike expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) which is friable and breaks easily on impact, EPP foam is able to absorb kinetic impacts very well without breaking, retains its original shape, and exhibits memory form characteristics which allow it to return to its original shape in a short amount of time.


title: Polypropylene

text: When the cathedral on Tenerife, La Laguna Cathedral, was repaired in 2002–2014, it turned out that the vaults and dome were in a rather bad condition. Therefore, these parts of the building were demolished, and replaced by constructions in polypropylene. This was reported as the first time this material was used in this scale in buildings.


title: Polypropylene

text: Under the trade name Ulstron polypropylene rope is used to manufacture scoop nets for whitebait. It has also been used for sheets of yacht sails.


title: Polypropylene

text: Polymer banknotes are made from BOPP, where it provides a durable base and allows for the use of transparent security features by omitting opaque inks in the desired areas.


title: Polypropylene

text: Many objects are made with polypropylene precisely because it is resilient and resistant to most solvents and glues. Also, there are very few glues available specifically for gluing PP. However, solid PP objects not subject to undue flexing can be satisfactorily joined with a two-part epoxy glue or using hot-glue guns. Preparation is important and it is often helpful to roughen the surface with a file, emery paper or other abrasive material to provide better anchorage for the glue. Also it is recommended to clean with mineral spirits or similar alcohol prior to gluing to remove any oils or other contamination. Some experimentation may be required. There are also some industrial glues available for PP, but these can be difficult to find, especially in a retail store.


title: Polypropylene

text: PP can be melted using a speed tip welding technique. With speed welding, the plastic welder, similar to a soldering iron in appearance and wattage, is fitted with a feed tube for the plastic weld rod. The speed tip heats the rod and the substrate, while at the same time it presses the molten weld rod into position. A bead of softened plastic is laid into the joint and the parts and weld rod fuse. With polypropylene, the melted welding rod must be "mixed" with the semi-melted base material being fabricated or repaired. A speed tip "gun" is essentially a soldering iron with a broad, flat tip that can be used to melt the weld joint and filler material to create a bond.


title: Polypropylene

text: In 2020 researchers reported that polypropylene infant feeding bottles with contemporary preparation procedures were found to cause microplastics exposure to infants ranging from 14,600 to 4,550,000 particles per capita per day in 48 regions. Microplastics release is higher with warmer liquids and similar with other polypropylene products such as lunchboxes.


title: Polypropylene

text: Like all organic compounds, polypropylene is combustible. The flash point of a typical composition is 260 °C; autoignition temperature is 388 °C.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: The Royal Tenenbaums is a 2001 American comedy-drama film directed by Wes Anderson and co-written with Owen Wilson. It stars Danny Glover, Gene Hackman, Anjelica Huston, Bill Murray, Gwyneth Paltrow, Ben Stiller, Luke Wilson, and Owen Wilson. Ostensibly based on a nonexistent novel, and told with a narrative influenced by the writing of J. D. Salinger, it follows the lives of three gifted siblings who experience great success in youth, and even greater disappointment and failure in adulthood. The children's eccentric father Royal Tenenbaum (Hackman) leaves them in their adolescent years, then returns to them after they have grown, falsely claiming he has a terminal illness. He works on reconciling with his children and ex-wife (Huston).


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: With a variety of influences, including Louis Malle's 1963 film "The Fire Within" and Orson Welles' 1942 film "The Magnificent Ambersons", the story involves themes of the dysfunctional family, lost greatness, and redemption. An absurdist and ironic sense of humor pervades the film, which features a soundtrack subsequently released in two albums.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: "The Royal Tenenbaums" was shot in and around New York City, including a house in Harlem used for the Tenenbaum residence. The filmmakers went to efforts to distinguish the film's backgrounds from a recognizable New York, with fashions and sets combining the appearances of different time periods.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: After debuting at the New York Film Festival, "The Royal Tenenbaums" received positive reviews from critics and was Anderson's most financially successful film until 2014's "The Grand Budapest Hotel". Hackman won a Golden Globe for his performance, and the screenwriters were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. In 2016, it was included in BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Royal Tenenbaum explains to his three adolescent children, Chas, Margot, and Richie, that he and his wife, Etheline, are separating. Each of the children achieved great success at a young age. Chas is a math and business genius, from whom Royal steals money. Margot, who was adopted, was awarded a grant for a play that she wrote in the ninth grade. Richie is a tennis prodigy and artist who expresses his love for Margot through paintings. Royal regularly takes Richie on outings without the other children. Eli Cash is the Tenenbaums' neighbor and Richie's best friend. Also part of the Tenenbaum household is Pagoda, the trusted valet.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Twenty-two years later, Royal is kicked out of the hotel where he has been living. The children are in a post-success slump, with Richie traveling the world on a cruise ship, following a breakdown. He writes to Eli revealing his romantic love for Margot. Chas has become overprotective of his sons, Ari and Uzi, following his wife Rachael's death in a plane crash. Margot is married to neurologist Raleigh St. Clair, from whom she hides her smoking and her checkered past. Raleigh is conducting research on a subject named Dudley Heinsbergen.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Etheline's longtime accountant, Henry Sherman, proposes to her. Learning of Henry's proposal, Royal claims that he has stomach cancer to win back his wife's and children's affections. Etheline calls her children home, and Royal moves back in and sets up medical equipment in Richie's room. Royal learns of Chas' overprotective nature and takes his grandsons on an adventure involving shoplifting and dog fighting. On their return, Chas berates him for endangering his boys while Royal accuses Chas of having a nervous breakdown.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Eli, with whom Margot has been having an affair, tells her that Richie loves her. Royal discovers the affair and objects to Margot's treatment of Raleigh, who confides to Richie his suspicions of Margot having an affair. He and Richie hire a private investigator to surveil her. Meanwhile, Henry investigates Royal's cancer claim and discovers his hospital had closed, his doctor does not exist, and that his cancer medication is only candy. He confronts Pagoda, the servant, and gathers the family to tell them that Royal has been lying about his illness. Afterwards, Royal and Pagoda move out.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Richie and Raleigh get the private eye's report on Margot, which reveals her history of smoking and sexual promiscuity, including a previous marriage to a Jamaican recording artist. Both men take the news hard, with Richie going into a bathroom, shaving off his hair and beard, and slashing his wrists in an attempt of suicide. Dudley finds him and Raleigh rushes him to hospital. As the Tenenbaums sit in the waiting room, Raleigh confronts Margot and then leaves. Richie escapes and meets with Margot to confess his love. They share their secret love and they kiss.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Royal decides that he wants Etheline to be happy, and finally arranges for a divorce. Before Henry and Etheline's wedding, Eli, high on mescaline, crashes his car into the side of the house. Royal rescues Ari and Uzi, but the boys' dog, Buckley, is killed. Enraged, Chas chases Eli through the house and wrestles him to the ground. Eli and Chas agree that they both need psychiatric help. Chas thanks Royal for saving his sons and for buying them a Dalmatian named Spark Plug from the responding firemen as a replacement for Buckley. Forty-eight hours later, Etheline and Henry are married in a judge's chambers.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Some time later, Margot releases a new play inspired by her family and past events, Raleigh publishes a book about Dudley's condition, Eli checks himself into a drug rehabilitation facility in North Dakota, and Richie begins teaching a junior tennis program. Chas becomes less overprotective of his children. Royal seems to have improved his relationship with all his children, and seems to be on better terms with Etheline. He has a heart attack and dies at the age of 68. Chas accompanies him in the ambulance on the way to the hospital, and is the only witness to his death. The family attends his funeral, where the epitaph dubiously reads that he "Died tragically rescuing his family from the wreckage of a destroyed sinking battleship."


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: "The Royal Tenenbaums" has an ensemble cast, led by Hackman. Alec Baldwin also serves as the narrator. The fictional family and performers are:


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: A starting point for the story's concept was the divorce of director Wes Anderson's mother and father, though the evolved story bore little resemblance to it. French director Louis Malle's works, such as his 1971 "Murmur of the Heart", were an influence on Anderson, with "The Royal Tenenbaums" particularly drawing from "The Fire Within" (1963), where a suicidal man tries to meet his friends. A line from "The Fire Within" is translated into English and appears as "I'm going to kill myself tomorrow." Orson Welles' 1942 film "The Magnificent Ambersons" was also an influence, with Anderson acknowledging he may have subconsciously selected the main set for its reflection of Welles' production. E. L. Konigsburg's book "From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler", where the characters Claudia and Jamie run away to live in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, inspired the story of Margot and Richie hiding out in a museum. Having read the book, Anderson said it long stuck with him.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: J. D. Salinger's characters in the 1961 book "Franny and Zooey" inspired much of the child prodigy material. The children of the Glass family in Salinger's work are precocious with an abundance of exceptional talents. "Franny and Zooey" also features characters wearing distinctive fashions and a character with the name Tannenbaum. "Tenenbaum" is the name of a family of Anderson's acquaintance.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: The film "Les Enfants Terribles" (1950) by Jean-Pierre Melville partly inspired Richie and Margot's relationship. Other inspirations were one of Anderson's childhood friends who loved his sister, and Anderson's interest in the incest taboo; he acknowledged the relationship became more believable when the story was revised to make Margot adopted. In inventing the characters, Owen Wilson and Anderson also used neurologist Oliver Sacks as a model for Raleigh, while the notion of Eli writing "Old Custer" was based on Cormac McCarthy's style of storytelling. Wilson and Anderson completed the screenplay in two years, needing the extended time because of its complexity.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Gene Hackman was Anderson's choice for Royal, with Anderson saying, "It was written for him against his wishes". Etheline Tenenbaum was written with Anjelica Huston in mind. Hackman was hesitant about accepting the role, citing his lack of understanding of, or commonalities with Royal. Hackman's agent persuaded him to take the role, though his reluctance led to Michael Caine being considered for the part. Gene Wilder was also rumored to be a possible choice.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Hackman's decision to star made it easier to assemble a cast of high-profile actors to appear with him. However, Ben Stiller and Gwyneth Paltrow were available only for a limited time, requiring the shooting schedule to work around them. Following a nadir in his career with "Larger Than Life" and "The Man Who Knew Too Little" in the 1990s, Bill Murray had opted to focus on supporting parts in offbeat comedies, starting with Anderson's "Rushmore" and then "The Royal Tenenbaums". Anderson discovered Stephen Lea Sheppard, who played Dudley, through his friend Judd Apatow, as he was acting in Apatow's television series, "Freaks and Geeks".


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Alec Baldwin was approached by Anderson to narrate the film, though Anderson reportedly told him at first that he actually didn't want the film to be narrated and wasn't going to use his voiceover for the finished film, as the producers were insisting him to have one. When Baldwin shared this story during the Tribeca Film Festival in 2021 while celebrating the film's 20th anniversary, Anderson replied that he never said that. Despite Baldwin's claims, "The Wes Anderson Collection" author Matt Zoller Seitz pointed out in his book that the narration was always present on the screenplay.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Around 250 sets were employed during photography, with art director Carl Sprague saying the crew avoided sites that would identify New York City, even altering street signs. The house used in the film is located near the famous Sugar Hill in the Hamilton Heights section of Harlem in Manhattan at 339 Convent Avenue. For the "quintessential New York story", Anderson went location scouting in May 2000, spotted the house and admired what he described as its "storybook quality". The owner, Willie Woods, was planning to remodel it, but agreed to delay the project for six months for principal photography. Anderson said the dalmatian mice that populate the house had their spots applied using a Sharpie.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: The Waldorf-Astoria was used for the hotel scenes, while Central Park Zoo depicted a rain forest. A United States Navy training ship represented Richie's ship. The crew also added 10,000 square feet of AstroTurf at Forest Hills Stadium, to depict Richie's tennis match.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: During production, Anderson gave Huston photographs of his mother who, like Etheline, was an archaeologist. Huston said, "Wes would send pictures of his mother in aviator jackets or on archaeological digs, and he very specifically wanted me to wear a certain locket. Finally, I asked him, 'Wes, am I playing your mother?'" Anderson replied this was not the case.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Anderson and Huston had a tense relationship with Hackman, who was not always amiable on set. On the first day Hackman and Huston appeared in a scene together, Huston had to slap him, and later said the slap was real and "I hit him a really good one. I saw the imprint of my hand on his cheek and I thought, he's going to kill me." During young Margot's birthday scene in the opening scenes, Huston's hair caught fire from a birthday candle. Anderson credited Kumar Pallana with extinguishing the blaze before Huston was seriously injured.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: As shooting continued, the bird used for Mordecai was caught by a citizen of New Jersey, who demanded a price for its return. It was replaced instead by one more white in color.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Journalist Jesse Fox Mayshark wrote that, like the similarly titled "The Magnificent Ambersons", Anderson's story follows an older mother considering remarriage, creating a stir in the family. Professor Claire Perkins added that in "The Royal Tenenbaums", this tension regarding a possible remarriage has minor class and racial elements, with Chas refusing to call Henry by his first name and Royal calling Henry an "old black buck". Royal also calls Henry "Coltrane" and speaks jive, drawing on racial stereotypes found in media. To the "Magnificent Ambersons" family-drama template, Mayshark wrote that Anderson added his "naturally redemptive instincts", stressing "forgiveness" over villainizing the guilty. Royal's "redemption" is a central theme. Professor Carl Plantinga assessed Royal's motives as shifting from "purely selfish" considerations to genuine hopes for reconciliation when he is removed from the home after his false illness is exposed. Perkins observed that before Royal's death, he had endeared himself to each Tenenbaum in some way. To do this, he had to force his way back into the family's lives as an intruder professing an intent to "make up for lost time". The prospect of Royal and Etheline rekindling their marriage is largely regarded as impossible, though she weeps at Royal's false terminal illness, and Royal inquires about her "love life". In the end, the "ritual community celebration signalling successful social integration" that is a staple of comedy endings comes in the form of Etheline's marriage to Henry rather than a remarriage to Royal, Plantinga wrote.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Academic Donna Kornhaber theorized that through adultery and pronouncements that "There are no teams", Royal had separated himself from the Tenenbaums; Royal's belief that he is not a Tenenbaum is signaled when he seconds Eli's sentiment that he "always wanted to be a Tenenbaum". However, Kornhaber added Royal may also view his family members as "external expressions of himself", and this explains why the title refers to them as Royal Tenenbaums.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Author Mark Browning also identified the dysfunctional family and family happiness as a key theme. Mayshark commented on the depiction of decline after genius, with all the characters being past the peak of their greatness and now being left "sad, individually and collectively". Browning assessed the Tenenbaum sons and daughter as child prodigies, with "clear-cut genius status". Ethel is not negligent as a mother, fostering her children's talents, though in dispensing money without question she may have spoiled them.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: The children grow up hailed as a "family of geniuses", and when they face failure in adulthood, they turn to nostalgia, with academic Daniel Cross Turner remarking the word "nostalgia" literally means returning home in pain. The fact that the Tenenbaums dress alike as children and adults also reveals their nostalgia, and Turner connected Royal's nostalgia with Dudley's fictional Heinsbergen syndrome symptom, an inability to "tell time". Professor Whitney Crothers Dilley considered that confrontation between past reputation and the private reality is what moves Margot not to take the word "genius" lightly, and to deny she was ever a genius, despite Royal insisting people called her one. Although the film ends without any of the characters regaining their lost glory, they form new bonds, particularly between Royal and Chas, or realize secret desires, in the case of Richie and Margot.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Film Professor Christopher Robe commented on the loss of loved ones, particularly Royal's parents and Chas' wife Rachael, having an impact on the characters' depression. Royal's mother Helen O'Reilly Tenenbaum is rarely named, but her role in shaping Royal and guiding his behavior is profound, with Robe arguing this is signified by a shot of Royal under a painting of Helen in a World War II Red Cross outfit. Royal's father is never named, but Royal also misses him; Robe further hypothesized Chas alienating his sons after Rachael's death shows that family history is repeating itself.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: The storytelling has been described as "absurdist", ironic, and "whimsical". Mayshark wrote that literature shapes the narrative, which is presented as a book with chapters, a prologue and an epilogue. To the chapter-format of the story, Plantinga added that Baldwin's narration gives "exposition" that "should arouse courtesy" in the viewers for the characters. Commenting on the literary framework, Browning detailed how the first scene has the camera looking down on the book being checked out at the library, followed by the tone of J. D. Salinger's study of "disillusionment". Archaic dialogue with the feel of literature ("You've made a cuckold of me") is combined with crass, casual dialogue ("We can swing by her grave, too"). Film scholar Kim Wilkins also characterized lines such as "I'm very sorry for your loss. Your mother was a terribly attractive woman" as "deadpan", "Andersonian", and "unexpected expressions". Ethel also reveals her fondness for Royal's "little expressions", such as "true blue".


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Mayshark added the style is "imaginatively visual", with detailed sets and an ambiguous time setting, featuring fashions from the 1960s to the present. Critic Amy Wallace placed it in Anderson's cinematic universe, where "the colors are brighter, the bookshelves are meticulously ordered, the bunk beds aren't just made – they look like you could bounce a silver dollar off them". Professor Dilley identified the setting with the New York City of the 1970s, matching the backdrop style to depictions of the city in the films "The French Connection" and "Midnight Cowboy"; this feel is heightened by music popular in the 1970s, by The Rolling Stones and Paul Simon. Dilley argued this depiction of a lost New York is connected to "literary history". Plantinga commented an "illustrative, intentionally artificial tableaux" begins immediately with Baldwin's narration.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Wes Anderson's brother Eric Chase Anderson sketched proposed appearances for the characters before shooting. The character Richie is presented as a tennis star with headbands and armbands, and sunglasses that virtually hide his face, until his "ritualistic" shaving scene reveals him. The appearance of Margot, played by Paltrow, was modeled after singer Nico. Chas, played by Stiller, appears in a red tracksuit, matching him with Ari and Uzi and suggesting "running away from sadness". The young performers playing Royal and Ethel's sons and daughter wear the same costumes as their adult counterparts, evoking "arrested development".


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: With the cinematography, Wes Anderson enjoyed keeping the camera mobile, providing new perspectives in a single take with no actual cut. Analyst Thomas Caldwell judged the cinematography as unusual, comprising "steady symmetrical medium shots" that help the viewer see the characters' emotional anguish more clearly, particularly in their eyes. Author Gustavo Mercado considered the medium shots a tool to give character and surroundings comparable levels of attention, and to communicate the character's eccentricities and activities. Mercado assessed the scene with Margot smoking in the bathroom to display "carefully chosen lighting, depth of field, wardrobe, body language, and ... composition". The opening credits use "medium close-up" shots with each character looking towards the direction of the camera, contributing to the literary narrative as a "Cast of Characters".


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: The paintings in Eli's apartment are by Mexican artist Miguel Calderón. Font designer Mark Simonson noted Anderson makes extensive use of typography, in particular Futura and its variation Futura Bold. For characters who are not biologically Tenenbaums, such as Raleigh, other typefaces are used, such as Helvetica on the covers of the character's books.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Anderson declared "The Royal Tenenbaums" to be "the most complex, ambitious musical piece I've ever worked on". The soundtrack features rock songs from the 1960s through the 1990s. There have been two soundtrack album releases for the film, though not all of the songs used in the film appear on the albums. Songs used include: Paul Simon's "Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard", Van Morrison's "Everyone", John Lennon's "Look at Me", Nick Drake's "Fly", the Mutato Muzika Orchestra version of the Beatles' "Hey Jude", "These Days" by Nico, and two songs by the Rolling Stones. Erik Satie's "Gymnopédie No. 1" is also used in the film, as is the iconic song of "A Charlie Brown Christmas" (1965) by Vince Guaraldi. According to the marketing of the film, particular musical instruments are matched with each character, with the association established in the introductory narration and continuing to the conclusion.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: In 2002, the soundtrack was re-released containing the score, composed by Mark Mothersbaugh, along with more of the songs. The Rolling Stones' songs "She Smiled Sweetly" and "Ruby Tuesday" were omitted for lack of rights.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: The film premiered at the New York Film Festival on October 5, 2001, which had previously screened Anderson's "Rushmore" in 1998. Distributed by Touchstone Pictures, it opened in New York City and Los Angeles in December 2001. In February 2002, it was screened at the Berlin International Film Festival.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: To mark a decade since its debut, Anderson and his stars returned to the New York Film Festival for a screening of "The Royal Tenenbaums" in fall 2011. After previously publishing a DVD edition, The Criterion Collection released a Blu-ray in Region A in 2012.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: On its opening weekend, "The Royal Tenenbaums" made $276,891 in five theaters, or around $55,396 at each venue. By February 2002, it doubled "Rushmore"s total gross at the U.S. box office.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: The film finished its run on June 20, 2002, with a gross of $52,364,010 in North America. It made $19,077,240 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $71,441,250. With the final $70 million gross, it remained Anderson's most financially successful film when it returned to the New York Film Festival in 2011. "The Grand Budapest Hotel" surpassed it in 2014.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 210 reviews, and an average rating of 7.51/10. The site's critics consensus reads: ""The Royal Tenenbaums" is a delightful adult comedy with many quirks and a sense of poignancy. Many critics especially praised Hackman's performance.” On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: At its premiere at the New York Film Festival, A.O. Scott wrote in "The New York Times" that it eventually won him over as charming, and that Hackman brought "quick precision and deep seriousness [that] nearly rescue[d] this movie from its own whimsy". "Variety"s Todd McCarthy described the film, "As richly conceived as the novel it pretends to be."


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Richard Schickel of "Time" wrote, "As with Anderson's "Rushmore", there's a certain annoying preciousness to this film—it's not so consistently wise or amusing as he thinks it is—but it has its moments". Roger Ebert awarded it three-and-a-half stars, admiring how viewers can be ambivalent toward the events in the story. The "San Francisco Chronicle"s Mick LaSalle was enthusiastic, praising the film as "like no other, an epic, depressive comedy, with lots of ironic laughs and a humane and rather sad feeling at its core". Anthony Lane commented in "The New Yorker" on the setting, which did not truly feel like New York, but "a step-city, or a city-in-law", and said that "the communal oddity" gradually won him over. "The New York Post"s Lou Lumenick hailed it as "the year's best movie" and "possibly the most quintessential New York film since "Manhattan"". Peter Travers found all the cast great in different ways, while singling out Hackman. "L.A. Weekly"s Manohla Dargis wrote it had enough laughs to be classified as a comedy, but it contained "a deep vein of melancholia to its drollery". "The Guardian"s Joe Queenan embraced it as a "bizarre redemption tale".


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Some critics disagreed about the success of the film and its style. "New York"s Peter Rainer wrote, "Anderson is something of a prodigy himself, and he's riddled with talent, but he hasn't figured out how to be askew and heartfelt at the same time." In the "Los Angeles Times", Kenneth Turan assessed the film as indulging too far in Anderson's vision, creating an unknown world. In his "2015 Movie Guide", Leonard Maltin gave it two-and-a-half stars out of four, complimenting the eccentricity, but finding no storyline.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: "Time" listed "Royal Tenenbaums" in its Top 10 Troubled Genius Films list in 2009, comparing Anderson's characters to Salinger's, in an "ultimately touching package". In 2013, "Time" also named Henry Sherman as one of 10 memorable accountant characters in film history, citing his decency, success as an author and lack of confidence in his pursuit of Etheline. In 2014, "The Huffington Post" journalist Lisa Thomson evaluated it as one of Anderson's best films, and that finding laughs in divorce was a highlight. In 2017, "Vanity Fair" cited Richie's tennis meltdown scene as one of the best tennis scenes in cinema history, making an analogy to Björn Borg.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: In 2008, a poll taken by "Empire" ranked "The Royal Tenenbaums" as the 159th greatest film ever made. A 2016 poll of international critics assembling BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century also voted it one of the 100 greatest motion pictures since 2000. Hackman has received kudos for his performance. In 2015, "IndieWire" named Royal as Anderson's most memorable character, crediting Hackman for bringing the character beyond the director's norm; the same list also named Margot "the ur-Anderson female" character.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: The film received a nomination at the 74th Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay. CNN reported that it had been considered as a possibility for nominations for Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction and Best Actor for Hackman. Hackman did win the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, but was unable to accept the award in person.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: The narration and the way the film follows each family member was reprised in Fox's critically acclaimed television sitcom "Arrested Development". Jason Bateman, one of the show's stars, describes the show as ""The Royal Tenenbaums" shot like "COPS"". "Arrested Development" creator and head writer Mitchell Hurwitz said that when he saw "The Royal Tenenbaums", he already had the idea for "Arrested Development" in mind and thought, "Well, that's it, I can't do "that" anymore", but subsequently changed his mind.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: Alec Baldwin, the narrator, has effusively praised the film, including it in his Top 10 Criterion Collection and calling it "arguably one of the most original movies, in tone and style, since Robert Altman's "M*A*S*H"". He also modeled his performance of the character Jack Donaghy on the television series "30 Rock" after Hackman's speech and movements as Royal Tenenbaum.


title: The Royal Tenenbaums

text: The Tenenbaums' style has been cited as an influence in fashion design, and Margot Tenenbaum has been described by "Vogue" as the "muse of the season" for Spring/Summer 2015 collections.


title: Vikram filmography

text: Vikram (often credited Chiyaan Vikram) is an Indian actor, producer, playback singer and former dubbing artiste known for his work in Tamil cinema. He has featured in over 55 motion pictures, three television programs, and several music videos and commercials.


title: Vikram filmography

text: An aspiring actor since childhood, Vikram modelled for television commercials and appeared in a short film, hoping to get noticed by casting directors. He made his television debut with the Doordarshan series "Galatta Kudumbam" (1988), following which his first feature film role came with the experimental film "En Kadhal Kanmani" (1990). His early career in Tamil cinema saw consecutive box-office failures, after which he attempted a transition to Telugu and Malayalam cinema. Vikram mostly played the lead roles in Telugu films, many of which were financial failures. In Malayalam films, he usually appeared in ensemble films, playing "second fiddle" to established actors like Mammootty and Suresh Gopi, which failed to help his career. Meanwhile, the few sporadic appearances he made in Tamil cinema also proved unsuccessful.


title: Vikram filmography

text: Vikram landed his breakthrough role of a college student who suffers a brain injury in filmmaker Bala's directorial debut, the tragedy film "Sethu" (1999). It was a sleeper hit and earned Vikram a Special Jury award at the Filmfare and Tamil Nadu State Film Award ceremonies. In 2001, he played an aspiring policeman in the action film "Dhill", the directorial debut of Dharani. In 2002, Vikram was awarded his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor for portraying a blind village singer in the Vinayan-directed tragedy "Kasi" (2001), a remake of the director's Malayalam film "Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum" (1999). Vikram went on to play the quintessential Tamil action hero in a series of commercial successful masala films beginning with "Gemini" (2002) which grossed 210 million at the box office. "Gemini" film was the highest grossing Tamil film of the year 2002. The next year, with consecutive commercial success in "Dhool" (2003) and "Saamy" (2003), he attained stardom. He then played an undertaker with autism in Bala's tragedy drama "Pithamagan" (2003) co-starring Suriya. His portrayal attracted positive reviews and garnered him his third Filmfare award, and Best Actor trophies at the Tamil Nadu State Film Award and National Film Award ceremonies.


title: Vikram filmography

text: Vikram underwent a professional setback between 2004 and 2008 when a series of films—"Arul" (2004), "Majaa" (2005) and "Bheemaa" (2008)—received mixed reviews and were commercial failures. Vikram's sole box-office success during this period was S. Shankar's psychological thriller "Anniyan" (2005), in which he played a utopian lawyer suffering from multiple personality disorder. The film was the second highest grossing Tamil film of the year 2005 by collecting ₹57 crore from the box office. The film was commercial success in all the South Indian states- Tamil Nadu, Kerala (where the film was the highest grossing Tamil film in Kerala at that time which ran over 150 days in theatres), Andhra Pradesh (where the dubbed version "Aparichitudu" was highest-grossing film of 2005) and Karnataka. The film also earned him critical acclaim and his fourth Filmfare award. Meanwhile, Vikram ventured into film production by joining a production company, Reel Life Entertainment, as one of its directors. In Susi Ganesan's "Kanthaswamy" (2009), he played a CBI officer who moonlights as a superhero. In 2010, Vikram was introduced in Bollywood by Mani Ratnam through his Hindi-Tamil bilingual "Raavan" and "Raavanan", a contemporary retelling of the "Ramayana", in which Vikram played the antagonist and protagonist in the respective versions. Vikram earned mixed reviews for his characterisation in the former; but his performance in the latter earned him rave reviews and his fifth Filmfare award. In 2011, Vikram played a man with developmental disability fighting over his daughter's custody in A. L. Vijay's courtroom drama "Deiva Thirumagal", an adaptation of the American film "I Am Sam" (2001). Vikram's performance was praised and won him the Critics Award for Best Actor at Filmfare. However, his next role of an aspiring screen villain in "Rajapattai" (2011) was poorly received.


title: Vikram filmography

text: In 2012, Vikram appeared in A. L. Vijay's revenge-thriller "Thaandavam", playing a blind RAW agent who uses human echolocation to track down his betrayer. In Bejoy Nambiar's three-story-arc Hindi-language anthology film "David" (2013), he played one of the three eponymous lead characters, an alcoholic fisherman in love with his friend's fiancée. Shankar's romantic-thriller "I" (2015) featured Vikram as a supermodel-turned-hunchback who exacts revenge on his conspirators. The film grossed over 2.4 billion at the box office and Vikram's performance was critically acclaimed. Then he acted in "10 Endrathukulla" (2015), "Iru Mugan" (2016), "Sketch" (2018), "Saamy Square" (2018), "Kadaram Kondan" (2019) and "Mahaan" (2022)


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: Andrew Dice Clay (born Andrew Clay Silverstein; September 29, 1957) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He rose to prominence in the late 1980s with a brash, deliberately offensive persona known as "The Diceman". In 1990, he became the first stand-up comedian to sell out Madison Square Garden for two consecutive nights. That same year, he played the lead role in the comedy-mystery film "The Adventures of Ford Fairlane".


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: Clay has appeared in several films and television shows, including critically acclaimed supporting roles in Woody Allen's "Blue Jasmine" (2013) and Bradley Cooper's directorial debut "A Star Is Born" (2018). He continues his acting career while also touring and performing stand-up. The television show "Dice" aired on Showtime for two seasons. He also launched a podcast, "I'm Ova Hea' Now", in September 2018.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: Clay was born to parents Jacqueline and Fred Silverstein in the Sheepshead Bay neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City, where he was raised. He is Jewish. He has one sister. Clay's father was a boxer and real estate agent.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: At age five, Clay was entertaining his family with impressions, and by seven he was playing drums, inspired by the sounds of big band music. Clay attended James Madison High School in Brooklyn and as a teenager worked as a drummer on the Catskill Mountains circuit in the 1970s playing bar mitzvahs and weddings under the name Clay Silvers. Upon returning to New York City, he failed to form a big band of his own. He pursued higher education but dropped out to become a full-time comedian. Clay cites Elvis Presley, Fonzie, John Travolta, and Sylvester Stallone as his heroes.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: Clay began his stand-up career in 1978 when he auditioned at Pips comedy club in Sheepshead Bay, which turned into a headline spot at the venue the following week, billed as Andrew Clay. He started with an act mainly of impressions, which included a character named "The Diceman", based on Jerry Lewis as Buddy Love from "The Nutty Professor", which transformed into John Travolta in "Grease". It took him three weeks to prepare the act. A picture of him on stage during his early sets at Pips was described: "[Clay] In a baggy white shirt, pants rolled up to his knees and a pair of thick glasses", with a black leather jacket underneath the shirt so he could seamlessly switch to his Travolta character when the lights went out. With his new act, Clay graduated to larger and more prestigious comedy venues including The Improv, Catch a Rising Star, and Dangerfield's. He recalled his father being supportive of his act during one performance at the latter. "He knew it was different right off the bat [...] He saw it worked". The persona was more of a shock to his mother, but she got used to it and he recalled her laughing at his jokes.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: By 1980, Clay had relocated to Los Angeles and landed work at the Comedy Store, owned by Mitzi Shore. His sets were not an instant hit, and because of his dirty act and her unwillingness to have other comics follow him, Shore had Clay perform at late hours, resorting for him "to wait and perform for ten drunks". In 1982, Clay landed his first film role, appearing in "Wacko". In 1983, Clay added the "Diceman" moniker to his name and no longer relied on impressions of other notable figures, instead creating an alter ego based on his heroes. He first used the act at the Comedy Store after he was asked to fill in for a comic who cancelled their spot. He said: "I didn't have my Jerry Lewis stuff with me, so I just winged it, saying whatever popped in my head".


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: His performances at the venue led to his first sitcom roles with appearances on "M*A*S*H" and "Diff'rent Strokes", and feature-length films, including "Making the Grade" (1984), "Pretty in Pink" (1986), and "Casual Sex?" (1988). A review by the "Los Angeles Times" critic Michael Wilmington described Clay's character in the latter, named "The Vin Man" and based on his Diceman persona, as "a macho bozo from Jersey". From 1986 to 1988, he had a regular role as Max Goldman on "Crime Story". His act included a drum solo as a tribute to Buddy Rich. Clay then pursued stand-up comedy full-time as the Dice character.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: Clay's breakthrough came in 1988 when he performed at an all-male Big Brother Association dinner event with "all of Hollywood's royalty [...] dressed in tuxedos and I show up in a black leather jacket with a flag on the back that said 'Rock and Roll'". The set was a hit; the next day, 20th Century Fox offered him a film deal and entered talks with producer Joel Silver. Also in 1988, Clay performed a seven-minute set at Dangerfield's in New York City for Rodney Dangerfield's HBO stand-up showcase special "Nothing Goes Right", launching him into the national spotlight.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In 1989, Clay was named Comedy Act of the Year by readers of "Performance" magazine. In March 1989, he released his debut comedy album "Dice", which went on to reach gold certification by the RIAA for selling over 500,000 copies in the US. It peaked at No. 89 on the US "Billboard" 200. In September 1989, Clay performed a three-minute set at the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards, which included Otto Petersen's adult versions of the Mother Goose nursery rhymes. The incident led to MTV imposing a lifetime ban on Clay from appearing on the network. The ban was lifted in 2011.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In December 1989, Clay performed two unadvertised, largely improvised sets at Dangerfield's, which were recorded for his second comedy album, "The Day the Laughter Died", produced by Rick Rubin. Released in March 1990 on Geffen Records, the album sold 250,000 copies in seven weeks, peaking at No. 39 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In February 1990, Clay became the first comedian to sell out two consecutive nights at Madison Square Garden in New York City, totalling 38,000 people in attendance. Clay appeared on the "Saturday Night Live" episode of May 12, 1990, the fourth-highest-rated episode of the season. During the opening monologue, security guards removed protesters from the studio. Cast member Nora Dunn, refused to appear in the episode due to the perceived sexist and homophobic content in Clay's stand-up act. Despite NBC's use of a 5-second tape delay to enable them to cut offensive content from the live broadcast, one such remark escaped removal. Two days later, musical guest Sinéad O'Connor cancelled her scheduled appearance in protest.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: Clay first met his agent Dennis Arfa at Dangerfield's, which led to his first HBO special, and ultimately his starring role in the 1990 film "The Adventures of Ford Fairlane"; in 1991, he received the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor for his performance in the film.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In 1991, Clay ran his own production company, Fleebin Dabble Productions. He is featured on the front cover of the April 1991 issue of "Penthouse", becoming the second male to front the magazine after George Burns. Footage of Clay's shows at Madison Square Garden was used to produce his 1991 stand-up concert film "Dice Rules". His controversial act affected the number of venues that were willing to screen the film; it opened in 40 theatres nationwide on its opening day. It was originally planned for 20th Century Fox to release it, but it dropped out over the controversial material, leaving it to be picked up by Seven Arts. This was followed by the release of "One Night With Dice" that was filmed in 1986. A sell-out show at Symphony Hall in Salt Lake City in August 1991 was met with angry protesters outside the venue over his perceived-to-be homophobic and hateful material, during which police were called.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In 1993, ABC dropped a proposed one-hour television drama which was to feature Clay after management deemed him too controversial for the network. Clay had signed a one-year deal with ABC which kept him from working with other networks. In July 1993, Clay released "No Apologies", the first stand-up concert pay-per-view special. It was purchased by over 250,000 homes to become the highest grossing non-sports pay-per-view event of the year. It was to feature Joey Buttafuoco but the plan was dropped following the publicity it attracted and upon the advice of his attorney. Clay followed it with a second pay television special, "The Valentine's Day Massacre", which aired in around 100,000 homes. In 1994, Clay accepted more television roles.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In 1995, Clay released an HBO special "Assume the Position". That same year, he signed a development deal with CBS and producer Bruce Helford, resulting in his starring role on the sitcom "Bless This House". In mid-1995, Clay explained that the Diceman character had "sort of gone out of hand" which he felt happy about because it allowed him to pursue more television and film work than before. The situation led to a change in his stand-up act, focusing more on being a husband and a father yet still with an "edge".


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In 1998, Clay released the triple album "Filth" through his website. Later in 1998, He began appearing on the New York City-based radio show "Opie and Anthony". His opening act at the time, Jim Norton, became the show's co-host in late 2000.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In 2000, Clay released "I'm Over Here Now" and "Banned for Life". Later in 2000, he released "Face Down, Ass Up". He supported these with a nationwide tour that included a headline show at Madison Square Garden, ten years after his two sold-out performances.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In 2005, Clay signed a deal with Sirius Satellite Radio to broadcast his own show, "Out of the Cage".


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: He appeared as a part of NBC's "The Celebrity Apprentice 2" and was the first celebrity to be fired after he openly entertained the idea of quitting while in Donald Trump's presence and calling Trump "Donny Trump". On "The Howard Stern Show", Clay had stated that the show was edited to exclude situations where Trump treated Clay poorly based on his comic treatment of women rather than his accomplishments. Throughout the season, each celebrity was raising money for a charity of their choice; Clay had selected StandUp For Kids.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In July 2011, Clay was featured in the eighth and final season of "Entourage" as Johnny Drama's co-star in the fictional program "Johnny's Bananas". Clay also appeared as himself in the "Entourage" film. He appeared in an episode of "Raising Hope" as himself which aired on November 29, 2011.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In May 2012, Clay appeared on "The Joe Rogan Experience" podcast and also did a set at The Bamboozle festival in Asbury Park. In December 2012, Clay had a stand-up comedy special on Showtime entitled "Indestructible".


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In May 2013, Clay began a podcast with Michael Wheels named "Rollin' with Dice and Wheels...The Podcast". It ran for 46 original episodes, the last of which was released in December 2015.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: Clay appeared with Cate Blanchett in Woody Allen's "Blue Jasmine", which opened on July 26, 2013. In an interview with "Good Day L.A.", Clay stated that, as he had not been in a movie in 12 years, "It was a thrill to do something dramatic, something I've always wanted to do." His performance was critically praised.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In July 2013, Clay signed a book deal with Simon & Schuster for a memoir to be co-authored with David Ritz. In November 2014, Clay released his book "The Filthy Truth".


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In 2015, Clay hosted "The Blue Show", showcasing some of his favorite blue comics, which was released on Showtime.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In 2016, Clay had a guest role as a record executive in the Martin Scorsese/Mick Jagger-produced television series "Vinyl" for HBO.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In September 2018, Dice launched his new podcast "I'm Ova Hea' Now" on the GaS Digital network. Later that year, he appeared as Lorenzo in the musical drama film "A Star is Born", alongside Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper, playing Gaga's character's father. Clay beat out several high-profile actors for the part, including Robert De Niro and Ray Liotta, and his performance went on to receive positive reviews, as did the film itself.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: Clay has married three times. From 1984 to 1986, he was married to Kathy Swanson. From 1992 to 2002, Clay was married to Kathleen "Trini" Monica. They had two sons, Maxwell Lee and Dillon Scott. Max has since followed his father's footsteps into stand-up comedy and occasionally opens for him on tour. Clay's third marriage was with hairstylist Valerie Vasquez, from 2010 to 2014. Clay was in an eight-year relationship with his ex-fiancée, comedian Eleanor Kerrigan.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: In November 2017, Clay had a stent placed in a partially blocked artery. In August 2021, Clay was diagnosed with Bell's palsy, though the condition was declared temporary and he continues to perform live.


title: Andrew Dice Clay

text: On the third-season "Murphy Brown" episode "Brown and Blue", Murphy reluctantly is made to interview a rising yet crudely controversial comedian, Tony Rocket (Michael Chiklis), whose character is loosely modeled on Clay's "The Diceman" and his material during the height of his popularity.


title: Louis XIII

text: Louis XIII (; sometimes called the Just; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 until his death in 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.


title: Louis XIII

text: Shortly before his ninth birthday, Louis became king of France and Navarre after his father Henry IV was assassinated. His mother, Marie de' Medici, acted as regent during his minority. Mismanagement of the kingdom and ceaseless political intrigues by Marie and her Italian favourites led the young king to take power in 1617 by exiling his mother and executing her followers, including Concino Concini, the most influential Italian at the French court.


title: Louis XIII

text: Louis XIII, taciturn and suspicious, relied heavily on his chief ministers, first Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes and then Cardinal Richelieu, to govern the Kingdom of France. The King and the Cardinal are remembered for establishing the "Académie française", and ending the revolt of the French nobility. They systematically destroyed the castles of defiant lords, and denounced the use of private violence (dueling, carrying weapons, and maintaining private armies). By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu had established "the royal monopoly of force" as the ruling doctrine. His reign was also marked by the struggles against the Huguenots and Habsburg Spain.


title: Louis XIII

text: Born at the Palace of Fontainebleau, Louis XIII was the eldest child of King Henry IV of France and his second wife Marie de' Medici. As son of the king, he was a Fils de France ("son of France"), and as the eldest son, Dauphin of France. His father Henry IV was the first French king of the House of Bourbon, having succeeded his second cousin, Henry III (1574–1589), in application of Salic law. Louis XIII's paternal grandparents were Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme, and Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre. His maternal grandparents were Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Eleonora de' Medici, his maternal aunt, was his godmother. As a child, he was raised under the supervision of the royal governess Françoise de Montglat.


title: Louis XIII

text: The ambassador of King James I of England to the court of France, Sir Edward Herbert, who presented his credentials to Louis XIII in 1619, remarked on Louis’s extreme congenital speech impediment and his double teeth:


title: Louis XIII

text: Louis XIII ascended the throne in 1610 upon the assassination of his father, and his mother Marie de' Medici acted as his Regent. Although Louis XIII came of age at thirteen (1614), his mother did not give up her position as Regent until 1617, when he was 16. Marie maintained most of her husband's ministers, with the exception of Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, who was unpopular in the country. She mainly relied on Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy, Noël Brûlart de Sillery, and Pierre Jeannin for political advice. Marie pursued a moderate policy, confirming the Edict of Nantes. She was not, however, able to prevent rebellion by nobles such as Henri, Prince of Condé (1588–1646), second in line to the throne after Marie's second surviving son Gaston, Duke of Orléans. Condé squabbled with Marie in 1614, and briefly raised an army, but he found little support in the country, and Marie was able to raise her own army. Nevertheless, Marie agreed to call an Estates General assembly to address Condé's grievances.


title: Louis XIII

text: The assembly of this Estates General was delayed until Louis XIII formally came of age on his thirteenth birthday. Although his coming-of-age formally ended Marie's Regency, she remained the "de facto" ruler of France. The Estates General accomplished little, spending its time discussing the relationship of France to the Papacy and the venality of offices, but reaching no resolutions.


title: Louis XIII

text: Beginning in 1615, Marie came to rely increasingly on Concino Concini, an Italian who assumed the role of her favourite, and was widely unpopular because he was a foreigner. This further antagonised Condé, who launched another rebellion in the early months of 1616. Huguenot leaders supported Condé's rebellion, which led the young Louis XIII to conclude that they would never be loyal subjects. Eventually, Condé and Queen Marie made peace with the ratification on 3 May of the Treaty of Loudun, which allowed Condé great power in government but did not remove Concini. However, on 1 September, after growing dissatisfaction from nobles due to Concini's position, Queen Marie, with Louis's help, imprisoned Condé to protect Concini, leading to renewed revolts against the Queen and Concini.


title: Louis XIII

text: In the meantime, Louis XIII decided, with the encouragement of Charles d'Albert (the Grand Falconer of France) and other advisers, to break with his mother and to arrest Concini. On 24 April 1617, during the attempted arrest, Concini was killed. His widow Leonora Dori Galigaï was tried for witchcraft, condemned, beheaded, and burned on 8 July 1617, and Marie was sent into exile in Blois. Later, Louis conferred the title of Duke of Luynes on Charles d'Albert.


title: Louis XIII

text: Luynes soon became as unpopular as Concini had been. Other nobles resented his monopolisation of the King. Luynes was seen as less competent than Henry IV's ministers, many now elderly or deceased, who had surrounded Marie de' Medici.


title: Louis XIII

text: The Thirty Years' War broke out in 1618. The French court was initially unsure of which side to support. On the one hand, France's traditional rivalry with the House of Habsburg argued in favour of intervening on behalf of the Protestant powers (and Louis's father Henry IV of France had once been a Huguenot leader). On the other hand, Louis XIII had a strict Catholic upbringing, and his natural inclination was to support the Holy Roman Emperor, the Habsburg Ferdinand II.


title: Louis XIII

text: The French nobles were further antagonised against Luynes by the 1618 revocation of the "paulette tax" and by the sale of offices in 1620. From her exile in Blois, Marie de' Medici became the obvious rallying point for this discontent, and the Bishop of Luçon (who became Cardinal Richelieu in 1622) was allowed to act as her chief adviser, serving as a go-between Marie and the King.


title: Louis XIII

text: French nobles launched a rebellion on 2 July 1620, but their forces were easily routed by royal forces at the Battle of Ponts-de-Cé on 7 August 1620. Louis then launched an expedition against the Huguenots of Béarn who had defied a number of royal decisions. This expedition managed to re-establish Catholicism as the official religion of Béarn. However, the Béarn expedition drove Huguenots in other provinces into a rebellion led by Henri, Duke of Rohan.


title: Louis XIII

text: In 1621 Louis XIII was formally reconciled with his mother. Luynes was appointed Constable of France, after which he and Louis set out to quell the Huguenot rebellion. The siege at the Huguenot stronghold of Montauban had to be abandoned after three months owing to the large number of royal troops who had succumbed to camp fever. One of the victims of camp fever was Luynes, who died in December 1621.


title: Louis XIII

text: Following the death of Luynes, Louis determined that he would rule by council. His mother returned from exile and, in 1622, entered this council, where Condé recommended violent suppression of the Huguenots. The 1622 campaign, however, followed the pattern of the previous year: royal forces won some early victories, but were unable to complete a siege, this time at the fortress of Montpellier.


title: Louis XIII

text: The rebellion was ended by the Treaty of Montpellier, signed by Louis XIII and the Duke of Rohan in October 1622. The treaty confirmed the tenets of the Edict of Nantes: several Huguenot fortresses were to be razed, but the Huguenots retained control of Montauban and La Rochelle.


title: Louis XIII

text: Louis ultimately dismissed Noël Brûlart de Sillery and Pierre Brûlart in 1624 because of his displeasure with how they handled the diplomatic situation over the Valtellina with Spain. Valtellina was an area with Catholic inhabitants under the suzerainty of the Protestant Three Leagues. It served as an important route to Italy for France and it provided an easy connection between the Spanish and the Holy Roman empires, especially in helping each other with armies if necessary. Spain was constantly interfering in the Valtellina, which angered Louis, as he wanted to hold possession of this strategically important passageway. He therefore found a better servitor in his Superintendent of Finances Charles de La Vieuville, who held similar views of Spain as the king, and who advised Louis to side with the Dutch via the Treaty of Compiègne.


title: Louis XIII

text: However, La Vieuville was dismissed by the middle of 1624, partly due to his bad behaviour (during his tenure as superintendent he was arrogant and incompetent) and because of a well-organized pamphlet campaign by Cardinal Richelieu against his council rival. Louis needed a new chief advisor; Cardinal Richelieu would be that counsellor.


title: Louis XIII

text: Cardinal Richelieu played a major role in Louis XIII's reign from 1624, determining France's direction over the course of the next eighteen years. As a result of Richelieu's work, Louis XIII became one of the first examples of an absolute monarch. Under Louis and Richelieu, the crown successfully intervened in the Thirty Years' War against the Habsburgs, managed to keep the French nobility in line, and retracted the political and military privileges granted to the Huguenots by Henry IV (while maintaining their religious freedoms). Louis XIII successfully led the important Siege of La Rochelle. In addition, Louis had the port of Le Havre modernised, and he built a powerful navy.


title: Louis XIII

text: Louis also worked to reverse the trend of promising French artists leaving for Italy to work and study. He commissioned the painters Nicolas Poussin and Philippe de Champaigne to decorate the Louvre Palace. In foreign matters, Louis organised the development and administration of New France, expanding its settlements westward along the Saint Lawrence River from Quebec City to Montreal.


title: Louis XIII

text: In order to continue the exploration efforts of his predecessor Henry IV, Louis XIII considered a colonial venture in Morocco, and sent a fleet under Isaac de Razilly in 1619. Razilly was able to explore the coast as far as Mogador. In 1624 he was given charge of an embassy to the pirate harbour of Salé in Morocco, in order to solve the affair of the Zaydani Library of Mulay Zidan.


title: Louis XIII

text: In 1630, Razilly was able to negotiate the purchase of French slaves from the Moroccans. He visited Morocco again in 1631, and helped negotiate the Franco-Moroccan Treaty (1631). The Treaty gave France preferential treatment, known as Capitulations: preferential tariffs, the establishment of a Consulate, and freedom of religion for French subjects.


title: Louis XIII

text: Unlike other colonial powers, France, under the guidance of Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu, encouraged a peaceful coexistence in New France between the Natives and the Colonists. Indians, converted to Catholicism, were considered as "natural Frenchmen" by the Ordonnance of 1627:


title: Louis XIII

text: Acadia was also developed under Louis XIII. In 1632, Isaac de Razilly became involved, at the request of Cardinal Richelieu, in the colonization of Acadia, by taking possession of the Habitation at Port-Royal (now Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia) and developing it into a French colony. The King gave Razilly the official title of lieutenant-general for New France. He took on military tasks such as taking control of Fort Pentagouet at Majabigwaduce on the Penobscot Bay, which had been given to France in an earlier Treaty, and to inform the English they were to vacate all lands North of Pemaquid. This resulted in all the French interests in Acadia being restored.


title: Louis XIII

text: In Brazil, the colony of Equinoctial France was established in 1612, but only lasted 4 years until it was eliminated by the Portuguese.


title: Louis XIII

text: France-Japan relations started under Louis XIII in 1615 when Hasekura Tsunenaga, a Japanese samurai and ambassador, sent to Rome by Date Masamune, landed at Saint-Tropez for a few days. In 1636, Guillaume Courtet, a French Dominican priest, reciprocated when he set foot in Japan.


title: Louis XIII

text: Also in 1615, Marie de' Medici incorporated the merchants of Dieppe and other harbours to found the Company of the Moluccas. In 1619, an armed expedition composed of three ships (275 crew, 106 cannon) and called the "Fleet of Montmorency" under General Augustin de Beaulieu was sent from Honfleur, to fight the Dutch in the Far East. In 1624, with the Treaty of Compiègne, Cardinal Richelieu obtained an agreement to halt the Dutch–French warfare in the Far East.


title: Louis XIII

text: Twice the king's younger brother, Gaston, Duke of Orléans, had to leave France for conspiring against his government and for attempting to undermine the influence of his mother and Cardinal Richelieu. After waging an unsuccessful war in Languedoc, he took refuge in Flanders. In 1643, on the death of Louis XIII, Gaston became Lieutenant-General of the kingdom and fought against Spain on the northern frontiers of France.


title: Louis XIII

text: On 24 November 1615, Louis XIII married Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III of Spain. The couple were second cousins, by mutual descent from Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. This marriage followed a tradition of cementing military and political alliances between the Catholic powers of France and Spain with royal marriages. The tradition went back to the marriage of Louis VII of France and Constance of Castile. The marriage was only briefly happy, and the King's duties often kept them apart. After 23 years of marriage and four stillbirths, Anne finally gave birth to a son on 5 September 1638, the future Louis XIV.


title: Louis XIII

text: Many people regarded this birth as a miracle and, in show of gratitude to God for the long-awaited birth of an heir, his parents named him Louis-"Dieudonné" ("God-given"). As another sign of gratitude, according to several interpretations, seven months before his birth, France was dedicated by Louis XIII to the Virgin Mary, who, many believed, had interceded for the perceived miracle. But the text of the dedication does not mention the royal pregnancy and birth as one of its reasons, and Louis XIII himself is said to have expressed his scepticism with regard to the miracle after his son's birth. In gratitude for having successfully given birth, the queen founded the Benedictine abbey of the Val-de-Grâce, for which Louis XIV laid the cornerstone of its church, an early masterpiece of French Baroque architecture.


title: Louis XIII

text: Voltaire claimed in the second edition of "Questions sur l'Encyclopédie" (1771) that before Louis XIV was born, Louis XIII had an illegitimate son, who was jailed and his face hidden beneath an iron mask (see the Man in the Iron Mask).


title: Louis XIII

text: There is no evidence that Louis kept mistresses (a distinction that earned him the title "Louis the Chaste"), but several reports suggest that he may have been homosexual. The prolonged temporal gap between the queen's pregnancies may have been a result of Louis XIII's aversion to heterosexual activity, a matter of great political consequence, since it took the couple more than 20 years of marriage before Louis XIV's birth. His interests as a teenager were focused on male courtiers and he developed an intense emotional attachment to his favourite, Charles d'Albert, although some say there is no clear evidence of a sexual relationship. Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux, drawing from rumours told to him by a critic of the King (the Marquise de Rambouillet), explicitly speculated in his "Historiettes" about what happened in the king's bed.


title: Louis XIII

text: A further liaison with an equerry, François de Baradas, ended when the latter lost favour fighting a duel after duelling had been forbidden by royal decree.


title: Louis XIII

text: Louis was also captivated by Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars, who was later executed for conspiring with the Spanish enemy in time of war. Tallemant described how on a royal journey, the King "sent M. le Grand [de Cinq-Mars] to undress, who returned, adorned like a bride. 'To bed, to bed' he said to him impatiently... and the mignon was not in before the king was already kissing his hands."


title: Louis XIII

text: Louis XIII was unwell during the winter of 1642–1643. He managed a few hunting trips to Versailles, but by the middle of February was mostly bedridden. From contemporary descriptions, modern historians have surmised that he suffered from intestinal tuberculosis. On 13 April his chief physician informed him that his illness would be fatal. He died in Paris on 14 May 1643, the 33rd anniversary of his father's death. According to his biographer A. Lloyd Moote, "his intestines were inflamed and ulcerated, making digestion virtually impossible; tuberculosis had spread to his lungs, accompanied by habitual cough. Either of these major ailments, or the accumulation of minor problems, may have killed him, not to mention physiological weaknesses that made him prone to disease or his doctors' remedies of enemas and bleedings, which continued right to his death."


title: Louis XIII

text: Louis XIII shared his mother's love of the lute, developed in her childhood in Florence. One of his first toys was a lute and his personal doctor, Jean Héroard, reports him playing it for his mother in 1604, at the age of three. In 1635, Louis XIII composed the music, wrote the libretto and designed the costumes for the "Ballet de la Merlaison." The king himself danced in two performances of the ballet the same year at Chantilly and Royaumont.


title: Louis XIII

text: In the sphere of men's fashion, Louis helped introduce the wearing of wigs among men in 1624. This fashion spread in Europe and European-influenced countries in the 1660s and was a dominant style among men for about 140 years, until the change of dress in the 1790s affected by the French Revolution.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is a Cluster C personality disorder characterized by excessive social anxiety and inhibition, fear of intimacy (despite an intense desire for it), severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overreliance on avoidance of feared stimuli (e.g. self-imposed social isolation) as a maladaptive coping method. Those affected typically display a pattern of extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation and rejection, a belief that one is socially inept or personally unappealing to others, and avoidance of social interaction despite a strong desire for it. It appears to affect an approximately equal number of men and women.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: People with AvPD often avoid social interaction for fear of being ridiculed, humiliated, rejected, or disliked. They typically avoid becoming involved with others unless they are certain they will not be rejected, and may also pre-emptively abandon relationships due to a real or imagined fear that they are at risk of being rejected by the other party.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Childhood emotional neglect (in particular, the rejection of a child by one or both parents) and peer group rejection are associated with an increased risk for its development; however, it is possible for AvPD to occur without any notable history of abuse or neglect.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Avoidant individuals are preoccupied with their own shortcomings and form relationships with others only if they believe they will not be rejected. They often view themselves with contempt, while showing a decreased ability to identify traits within themselves that are generally considered as positive within their societies. Loss and social rejection are so painful that these individuals will choose to be alone rather than risk trying to connect with others.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Some with this disorder fantasize about idealized, accepting and affectionate relationships because of their desire to belong. They often feel themselves unworthy of the relationships they desire, and shame themselves from ever attempting to begin them. If they do manage to form relationships, it is also common for them to pre-emptively abandon them out of fear of the relationship failing.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Individuals with the disorder tend to describe themselves as uneasy, anxious, lonely, unwanted and isolated from others. They often choose jobs of isolation in which they do not have to interact with others regularly. Avoidant individuals also avoid performing activities in public spaces for fear of embarrassing themselves in front of others.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: AvPD is reported to be especially prevalent in people with anxiety disorders, although estimates of comorbidity vary widely due to differences in (among others) diagnostic instruments. Research suggests that approximately 10–50% of people who have panic disorder with agoraphobia have avoidant personality disorder, as well as about 20–40% of people who have social anxiety disorder. In addition to this, AvPD is more prevalent in people who have comorbid social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder than in those who have only one of the aforementioned conditions.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Some studies report prevalence rates of up to 45% among people with generalized anxiety disorder and up to 56% of those with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder is also commonly comorbid with avoidant personality disorder.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Avoidants are prone to self-loathing and, in certain cases, self-harm. Substance use disorders are also common in individuals with AvPD—particularly in regard to alcohol, benzodiazepines, and opioids—and may significantly affect a patient's prognosis.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Earlier theorists proposed a personality disorder with a combination of features from borderline personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder, called "avoidant-borderline mixed personality" (AvPD/BPD).


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Causes of AvPD are not clearly defined, but appear to be influenced by a combination of social, genetic and psychological factors. The disorder may be related to temperamental factors that are inherited.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Specifically, various anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence have been associated with a temperament characterized by behavioral inhibition, including features of being shy, fearful and withdrawn in new situations. These inherited characteristics may give an individual a genetic predisposition towards AvPD.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Childhood emotional neglect and peer group rejection are both associated with an increased risk for the development of AvPD. Some researchers believe a combination of high-sensory-processing sensitivity coupled with adverse childhood experiences may heighten the risk of an individual developing AvPD.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Psychologist Theodore Millon notes that because most patients present a mixed picture of symptoms, their personality disorder tends to be a blend of a major personality disorder type with one or more secondary personality disorder types. He identified four adult subtypes of avoidant personality disorder.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: In 1993, Lynn E. Alden and Martha J. Capreol proposed two other subtypes of avoidant personality disorder:


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: The World Health Organization's ICD-10 lists avoidant personality disorder as "anxious (avoidant) personality disorder ()".


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: It is a requirement of ICD-10 that all personality disorder diagnoses also satisfy a set of general personality disorder criteria.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association also has an avoidant personality disorder diagnosis (301.82). It refers to a widespread pattern of inhibition around people, feeling inadequate and being very sensitive to negative evaluation. Symptoms begin by early adulthood and occur in a range of situations.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: In contrast to social anxiety disorder, a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) also requires that the general criteria for a personality disorder be met.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: According to the DSM-5, avoidant personality disorder must be differentiated from similar personality disorders such as dependent, paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal. But these can also occur together; this is particularly likely for AvPD and dependent personality disorder. Thus, if criteria for more than one personality disorder are met, all can be diagnosed.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: There is also an overlap between avoidant and schizoid personality traits (see Schizoid avoidant behavior) and AvPD may have a relationship to the schizophrenia spectrum.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Avoidant personality disorder must also be differentiated from the autism spectrum, specifically Asperger syndrome.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Treatment of avoidant personality disorder can employ various techniques, such as social skills training, psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, and exposure treatment to gradually increase social contacts, group therapy for practicing social skills, and sometimes drug therapy.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: A key issue in treatment is gaining and keeping the patient's trust since people with an avoidant personality disorder will often start to avoid treatment sessions if they distrust the therapist or fear rejection. The primary purpose of both individual therapy and social skills group training is for individuals with an avoidant personality disorder to begin challenging their exaggerated negative beliefs about themselves.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Significant improvement in the symptoms of personality disorders is possible, with the help of treatment and individual effort.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Being a personality disorder, which is usually chronic and has long-lasting mental conditions, an avoidant personality disorder may not improve with time without treatment. Given that it is a poorly studied personality disorder and in light of prevalence rates, societal costs, and the current state of research, AvPD qualifies as a neglected disorder.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: There is debate as to whether avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is distinct from social anxiety disorder. Both have similar diagnostic criteria and may share a similar causation, subjective experience, course, treatment and identical underlying personality features, such as shyness.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: It is contended by some that they are merely different conceptualizations of the same disorder, where avoidant personality disorder may represent the more severe form. In particular, those with AvPD experience not only more severe social phobia symptoms, but are also more depressed and more functionally impaired than patients with generalized social phobia alone. But they show no differences in social skills or performance on an impromptu speech. Another difference is that social phobia is the "fear of social circumstances" whereas AvPD is better described as an "aversion to intimacy" in relationships.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: Data from the 2001–02 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions indicates a prevalence of 2.36% in the American general population. It appears to occur with equal frequency in males and females. In one study, it was seen in 14.7% of psychiatric outpatients.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

text: The avoidant personality has been described in several sources as far back as the early 1900s, although it was not so named for some time. Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler described patients who exhibited signs of avoidant personality disorder in his 1911 work "Dementia Praecox: Or the Group of Schizophrenias". Avoidant and schizoid patterns were frequently confused or referred to synonymously until Kretschmer (1921), in providing the first relatively complete description, developed a distinction.


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: Marvel's Midnight Suns is a tactical role-playing game developed by Firaxis Games in collaboration with Marvel Games. It features comic book characters from multiple Marvel Comics properties, such as Midnight Sons, Avengers, X-Men, and Runaways. Players are able to create their own superhero named "The Hunter" with choice of over 40 different powers.


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: The game was announced at the virtual Gamescom 2021 in August, and was released on December 2, 2022 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S. Versions for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch will launch at a later date.


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: Players take the role of "The Hunter", a customizable superhero created for "Midnight Suns" by Firaxis Games in collaboration with Marvel. The playable roster includes Iron Man, Captain America, Wolverine, Spider-Man, Scarlet Witch, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel, Blade, Ghost Rider, Magik, Hulk, and Nico Minoru. With Storm, Morbius, Venom, Deadpool as upcoming season pass characters. The Hunter can be male or female and customized in appearance. Players are able to choose The Hunter's superpowers from over 30 different abilities. The game includes 13 different heroes, including The Hunter. Combat will be turn-based similar to Firaxis Games' "XCOM" series. Between combat missions, players manage their upgrade-able base of operations called "The Abbey" which they can walk around in a third-person view to explore the grounds and interact with other heroes. Role-playing elements such as interaction with other characters influence the gameplay and those heroes' abilities. At the start of a new mission, players are allowed to choose from three heroes to take into battle. They are dealt a deck of random ability cards which they are restricted to during the mission. Those abilities affect either enemies, the player's own heroes or the environment in order to defeat enemies.


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: HYDRA scientist Doctor Faustus uses dark magic and science to resurrect Lilith in the hopes of using her to help HYDRA conquer the world. Six months later, a star called the "Midnight Sun" approaches Earth, destabilizing magic and heralding the return of Lilith's master, Chthon.


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: Doctor Strange and Tony Stark attempt to get a relic called the Parchment of Power from Johnny Blaze, but he refuses. After being alerted to magic converging at the Sanctum Sanctorum, the two are joined by Carol Danvers in returning to aid Wanda Maximoff in fighting Lilith and a HYDRA squad until Strange can create a mystic shield to repel them. Realizing the Avengers are outmatched, Strange leaves Maximoff to maintain the shield while he takes the others to the Abbey to recruit the Midnight Suns -- Nico Minoru, Magik, Blade and Robbie Reyes -- and Lilith's estranged sister, the Caretaker, in resurrecting the Hunter, Lilith's child and killer. During the resurrection ritual, the Hunter's collar emits dark magic, forcing Minoru to complete the spell. Strange attempts to contact Maximoff for help in restoring the Hunter's memories, but learns she is in trouble. He, the Hunter, and Blade travel to the Sanctum, where they learn Lilith has enthralled Venom to help her destroy the shield and abduct Maximoff. Venom overpowers the Hunter until Spider-Man intervenes, allowing the heroes to retreat.


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: After learning the Midnight Sun's gamma energy is preventing Bruce Banner from transforming into the Hulk, the heroes recruit Spider-Man before capturing Faustus to learn Lilith's next objective. While HYDRA operative Crossbones kills him before he can talk, they find Faustus' journal and learn HYDRA is stealing artifacts from the Sanctum. Meanwhile, Sabretooth is hired to kill the Hunter, but is left mortally wounded by Wolverine and rescued by Lilith, who destroys Avengers Tower to steal a gamma accelerator and enthralls Banner. The Hunter, Minoru, and Magik use a divination spell to teleport to a HYDRA base, where Banner uses the accelerator to empower a similarly enthralled Maximoff. Unable to reason with her, the heroes retreat.


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: While stopping an attack by Lilith's demons, they recruit Wolverine and fashion a new suit for the Hunter so they can bypass the HYDRA base's mystic defenses, use the accelerator to destroy the Parchment, and free Maximoff. Blaze contacts Reyes with a plan to stop Chthon's return, secretly intending to trap the Hunter and the Parchment in Limbo. Despite this, Magik frees them so the heroes can enact their plan, banishing Sabretooth to Limbo along the way. Blaze sacrifices himself to destroy the parchment via the accelerator, but Banner uses the device to transform into a smarter, demonic Hulk.


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: The heroes track HYDRA and Lilith to her tomb, where Reyes tries to seal her and the Hulk in a cave before they can restore the "Darkhold", but she unleashes demons around the world. After defeating Crossbones and his forces, the heroes steal a dagger imbued with Chthon's power while Maximoff and the Hunter subdue and free Banner. The heroes confront Lilith, who reveals her plot to destroy Chthon upon learning of his plans for her child and destroys the Hunter's collar, learning too late that it kept Chthon from possessing them. Nonetheless, the Hunter expels him while Lilith uses the dagger to destroy the "Darkhold", restoring her human form. Realizing she and her child were corrupted by the grimoire, Lilith sends the heroes back to the Abbey while she, the Hunter, and Chthon's realm are consumed by the "Darkhold", though the Caretaker believes that they are still alive.


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: Elsewhere, Doctor Doom witnesses the events that transpired and takes the "Darkhold" for himself, deeming the other users "amateurs".


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: Rumors that Firaxis Games, the studio responsible for the "Civilization" and "XCOM" series of turn-based tactical strategy games, was developing a Marvel Universe-based game similar to "XCOM" emerged in early June 2021 ahead of E3 2021. Bloomberg's Jason Schreier confirmed that such a game was in development though was not sure when it was planned for the announcement.


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: "Midnight Suns" was announced during Gamescom 2021 on 25 August. It was given a scheduled release date of March 2022. In January 2022, Michael Jai White announced that he will be voicing Blade. In June 2022, alongside the reveal of Spider-Man as a playable character in the roster, it was announced that Yuri Lowenthal would be voicing Peter Parker in the game, reprising his role from the "Marvel's Spider-Man" games by Insomniac Games, and "" (2019). Nico Minoru is voiced by Lyrica Okano, who reprises her role from the Marvel Cinematic Universe television series "Runaways". According to the game's lead engineer Will Miller, the game has around "65,000 lines of voiced dialogue" and "over two hours of cinematics".


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: The game includes a tribute to Luke Wiltshire, who had died from long-term complications from neuroblastoma in November 2021 at the age of 23. Wiltshire had been told earlier that all treatment options had run out and was transitioned to end-of-life care. As part of his last wishes, he said he wanted to play "Midnight Suns". The charity Solving Kids' Cancer put out a request on LinkedIn, which was seen by executives at 2K. 2K, Firaxis, and Marvel worked to create a playable build of the first act of game within 24 hours and brought it to Wiltshire to be able to play before he died.


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: On September 1, 2021, a first game-play trailer was released showcasing the card system used in combat. "Midnight Suns" is directed by Jake Solomon. In November 2021, it was announced that the game had been delayed until the second half of 2022. The game was reintroduced during Summer Game Fest in June 2022 with new footage, additionally confirming the October 7, 2022 launch date for all platforms excluding Nintendo Switch, and revealing the additions of Venom, Hulk, Scarlet Witch, Doctor Strange and Spider-Man to the roster of characters. On August 8, 2022, the game was further delayed to the following year, with the PC, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions slated to launch during Take-Two Interactive's next fiscal year ending March 31, 2023, while the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were left undated. On September 10, 2022, it was announced that the PC, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions of the game would launch on December 2, 2022.


title: Marvel's Midnight Suns

text: According to Metacritic, "Marvels Midnight Suns" has received "generally favorable reviews", with the PC version currently scoring a 83 out of a 100.


title: Sistine Stallone

text: Sistine Rose Stallone (born June 27, 1998) is an American actress and model. She made her acting debut as Nicole in the survival horror film "", directed by Johannes Roberts.


title: Sistine Stallone

text: In 2016, she signed to IMG Models, and made her first appearance at a fashion show for Chanel. She appeared in a July 2016 issue of Glamour and was featured on the cover of Elle Russia for November 2017.


title: Sistine Stallone

text: Sistine Stallone was born in 1998 as the second daughter to actor Sylvester Stallone and former model Jennifer Flavin. Sistine and her sisters were Golden Globe Ambassadors at the 75th Golden Globe Awards in January, 2018. Also in 2018, she attended University of Southern California to pursue a degree in communications.


title: 1997 United Kingdom general election

text: The 1997 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 1 May 1997. The governing Conservative Party led by Prime Minister John Major was defeated in a landslide by the Labour Party led by Tony Blair, achieving a 179 seat majority.


title: 1997 United Kingdom general election

text: The political backdrop of campaigning focused on public opinion towards a change in government. Blair, as Labour Leader, focused on transforming his party through a more centrist policy platform, entitled 'New Labour', with promises of devolution referendums for Scotland and Wales, fiscal responsibility, and a decision to nominate more female politicians for election through the use of all-women shortlists from which to choose candidates. Major sought to rebuild public trust in the Conservatives following a series of scandals, including the events of Black Wednesday in 1992, through campaigning on the strength of the economic recovery following the early 1990s recession, but faced divisions within the party over the UK's membership of the European Union.


title: 1997 United Kingdom general election

text: Opinion polls during campaigning showed strong support for Labour due to Blair's personal popularity, and Blair won a personal public endorsement from "The Sun" newspaper two months before the vote. The final result of the election on 2 May 1997 revealed that Labour had won a landslide majority, making a net gain of 146 seats and winning 43.2% of the vote. 133 Members of Parliament lost their seats. The Conservatives, meanwhile, suffered defeat with a net loss of 178 seats, winning 30.7% of the vote. The Liberal Democrats, under the leadership of Paddy Ashdown, made a net gain of 28 seats, winning 16.8% of the vote.


title: 1997 United Kingdom general election

text: The election ended 18 years of Conservative government, its result the party's worst defeat since 1906; it was left devoid of any MPs outside England, with only 17 MPs north of the Midlands, and with less than 20% of MPs in London. Immediately following the election Major resigned both as Prime Minister and as party leader. Labour's victory, the largest achieved in its history and by any political party in British politics since the Second World War, brought about the party's first of three consecutive terms in power (lasting a total of 13 years), with Blair as the newly appointed Prime Minister. The Liberal Democrats' success in the election, in part due to anti-Conservative tactical voting, both strengthened Ashdown's leadership and the party's position as a strong third party, having won the highest number of seats by any third party since 1929.


title: 1997 United Kingdom general election

text: Although the Conservatives lost many ministers such as Michael Portillo, Tony Newton, Malcolm Rifkind, Ian Lang and William Waldegrave and controversial MPs such as Neil Hamilton and Jonathan Aitken, some of the Conservative newcomers in this election were future Prime Minister Theresa May, future Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond, future Leader of the House Andrew Lansley, as well as future Speaker John Bercow. Meanwhile, Labour newcomers included future Cabinet and Shadow Cabinet members Hazel Blears, Ben Bradshaw, Yvette Cooper, Caroline Flint, Barry Gardiner, Alan Johnson, Ruth Kelly, John McDonnell, Stephen Twigg and Rosie Winterton, as well as future Scottish Labour Leader Jim Murphy and future Speaker Lindsay Hoyle. The election of 120 women, including 101 to the Labour benches, came to be seen as a watershed moment in female political representation in the UK.


title: 1997 United Kingdom general election

text: The British economy had been in recession at the time of the 1992 election, which the Conservatives had won, and although the recession had ended within a year, events such as Black Wednesday had tarnished the Conservative government's reputation for economic management. Labour had elected John Smith as its party leader in 1992, but his death from a heart attack in 1994 paved the way for Tony Blair to become Labour leader.


title: 1997 United Kingdom general election

text: Blair brought the party closer to the political centre and abolished the party's Clause IV in their constitution, which had committed them to mass nationalisation of industry. Labour also reversed its policy on unilateral nuclear disarmament and the events of Black Wednesday allowed Labour to promise better economic management under the Chancellorship of Gordon Brown. A manifesto, entitled New Labour, New Life for Britain was released in 1996 and outlined five key pledges:


title: 1997 United Kingdom general election

text: Disputes within the Conservative government over European Union issues, and a variety of "sleaze" allegations, had severely affected the government's popularity. Despite the strong economic recovery and substantial fall in unemployment in the four years leading up to the election, the rise in Conservative support was only marginal, with all of the major opinion polls having shown Labour in a comfortable lead since late 1992.


title: 1997 United Kingdom general election

text: Following the 1992 general election, the Conservatives remained in government with 336 of the 651 House of Commons seats. Through a series of defections and by-election defeats, the government gradually lost its absolute majority in the House of Commons. By 1997, the Conservatives held only 324 House of Commons seats (and had not won a by-election since Richmond in 1989).