title: Heterochromia iridum

text: English singer David Bowie exhibited anisocoria (one pupil was larger than the other), owing to a teenage injury. This was sometimes mistaken for heterochromia iridum.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: Cape Fear is a 1991 American psychological thriller film directed by Martin Scorsese. It is a remake of the 1962 film of the same name, which was based on the 1957 novel "The Executioners" by John D. MacDonald. It stars Robert De Niro, Nick Nolte, Jessica Lange, Joe Don Baker and Juliette Lewis. Robert Mitchum plays a small role in the film, while Gregory Peck (in his final theatrical film role) and Martin Balsam cameo; all three starred in the original film.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: The film tells the story of a convicted violent statutory rapist, who, mostly by using his newfound knowledge of the law and its numerous loopholes, seeks vengeance against a former public defender, whom he blames for his 14-year imprisonment because of the purposefully faulty defense tactics used during his trial.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: "Cape Fear" marks the seventh collaboration between Scorsese and De Niro. The film was a commercial success and garnered positive reviews, receiving Oscar and Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actor (De Niro) and Best Supporting Actress (Juliette Lewis).


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: Sam Bowden is a lawyer living in New Essex, North Carolina with his wife Leigh and teenage daughter Danielle ("Danny"). Max Cady, a former client of his, is released from prison after 14 years. Max was tried for statutory rape and battery of a 16-year-old girl and, appalled by the attack, Sam buried evidence of the victim's promiscuity and Max's unawareness of her actual age, which might have lessened the latter's sentence or even secured his acquittal.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: Sam believes that Max, who was illiterate at the time of his conviction, remains unaware of his purposefully botched defense. Unbeknownst to him, however, his former client is a naturally intelligent and single-minded psychopath; he learned how to read and studied law in prison, and even unsuccessfully appealed his own conviction several times. He tracks Sam down and begins to terrorize the Bowden family; he lurks near the property and the family dog is mysteriously killed. Sam attempts to have Max arrested but the police have no evidence of a crime. Max intentionally crosses paths in a bar with County Courthouse clerk Lori Davis, who is in love with Sam, then rapes and beats her nearly to death. Despite Sam's advice, she refuses to press charges out of fear that their ongoing platonic flirtation becomes public, as well as unwillingness to be cross-examined and humiliated by her own colleagues. Sam hires a private investigator, Claude Kersek, to follow Max.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: Max approaches Danny by impersonating her new drama teacher and feigning an unorthodox interest in her teenage angst. He lures her to the school theater, shares a joint with her, manipulates her libido and attraction to him and kisses her. Her parents find the joint in her schoolbook, and Danny's coyness about the extent of Max's seduction drives Sam to the point of desperation. He then agrees to Kersek's plan, which he had dismissed earlier, to have Max beaten up. Sam also gives Max a final warning, which the latter secretly tapes with a hidden recorder. Kersek's three hired thugs accost and beat Max as Sam watches from afar, but Max turns the tide on his attackers and viciously beats them instead. Max then uses the recording of Sam's threat and an exaggerated display of his own injuries to file for a restraining order against Sam. Lee Heller (Max's lawyer) also petitions the ABA Ethics Committee for Sam's disbarment, thereby triggering a two-day emergency meeting in Raleigh.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: Kersek anticipates Max's intention to enter the Bowden house while Sam is in Raleigh; the family fakes Sam's departure and hides in the house, hoping that Max will break in, so that he can be shot in self-defense. However, Max kills the Bowden's housekeeper Graciela and dons her clothing before murdering Kersek by garroting him with a piano wire and shooting him with his own pistol. Horrified after discovering the bodies, the Bowdens flee to their houseboat docked upstate along the Cape Fear River.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: Max, who has followed the family, attacks Sam and prepares to rape Leigh and Danny while making Sam watch. Danny sprays Max with lighter fluid as he lights a cigar, engulfing him in flames and causing him to jump off the boat. However, Max clings to a rope and pulls himself back on board. As the boat is rocked by a violent thunderstorm and the raging river, a badly burned and deranged Max confronts Sam, putting him on a mock trial for his deliberate negligence 14 years ago. Despite Sam's insistence that Max bragged about beating two prior rape charges and that his crime was too heinous for the promiscuity report to be taken into account, Max berates him for failing to do his duty as a lawyer.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: The storm eventually knocks Max off his feet, allowing Sam to gain the upper hand once the women jump off the boat and make it to shore. Sam uses Max's handcuffs to shackle the latter to the boat. When the boat hits a rock and is destroyed, the fight continues on shore, but a raging tide carries Max away and he drowns speaking in tongues and singing the hymn "On Jordan's Stormy Banks I Stand". Sam washes the blood from his hands before he rejoins Leigh and Danny, who realize that things will never be the same again for them.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: The film was adapted by Wesley Strick from the original screenplay by James R. Webb, which was an adaptation from the novel "The Executioners" by John D. MacDonald.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: It was originally developed by Steven Spielberg, who eventually decided it was too violent and traded it to Scorsese to get back "Schindler's List", which Scorsese had decided not to make. Scorsese eventually agreed to do "Cape Fear" because Universal did support "The Last Temptation of Christ".


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: Spielberg stayed on as a producer, through his Amblin Entertainment, but chose not to be credited personally on the finished film.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: Despite having worked with Nolte in "New York Stories" (1989), Scorsese did not have him in mind to portray Sam Bowden and wanted Harrison Ford to play the part instead. Ford, however, agreed to do the film only if he was going to portray Max Cady. Nolte, who was interested in portraying Bowden, managed to convince Scorsese to cast him for the part. In addition, Drew Barrymore and Reese Witherspoon both auditioned for the part of Danielle Bowden and Spielberg reportedly wanted Bill Murray to portray Cady.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: The 6'0" Nick Nolte is taller than the 5'9" Robert De Niro, but for the movie, Nolte lost weight and De Niro developed muscles until he appeared to be the stronger man.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: The work of Alfred Hitchcock was also influential on the style of "Cape Fear". As with the 1962 film version, where director J. Lee Thompson specifically acknowledged Hitchcock's influence, strove to use Hitchcock's style, and had Bernard Herrmann write the score, Scorsese made his version in the Hitchcock manner, especially through the use of unusual camera angles, lighting, and editing techniques. Additionally, Scorsese's version has opening credits designed by regular Hitchcock collaborator Saul Bass, and the link to Hitchcock is cemented by the reuse of the original score by Herrmann, albeit reworked by Elmer Bernstein. Portions of Bass's title sequences are reused from the unreleased ending to his film "Phase IV".


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: "Cape Fear" collected $10.5 million during its opening weekend, ranking in first place at the box office, beating out "Curly Sue". It would be overtaken by "The Addams Family" a week later, but still made another $10 million while staying ahead of "Beauty and the Beast". The film was a box-office success, making $182,291,969 worldwide on a $35-million budget.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 74% based on 53 reviews, with an average score of 7/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Smart and stylish, "Cape Fear" is a gleefully mainstream shocker from Martin Scorsese, with a terrifying Robert De Niro performance." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: The film was parodied in the 1993 "Simpsons" episode "Cape Feare", with Sideshow Bob in the role of Cady. They also pay homage to another Robert Mitchum film "The Night of the Hunter" in which Sideshow Bob's knuckles (scaled down for a cartoon character with one fewer finger on each hand) say "Luv" (Love) and "Hāt" (Hate, with the diacritical mark providing the long vowel). This parody was itself the basis for Anne Washburn's play "Mr. Burns, a Post-Electric Play", which imagines post-apocalyptic theatre troupes attempting to recreate the episode, and by extension the two films and the novel.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: The film was parodied as "Cape Munster" in the premiere episode of "The Ben Stiller Show", with Ben Stiller playing an adult Eddie Munster.


title: Cape Fear (1991 film)

text: The film was the inspiration for professional wrestler Dan Spivey's character Waylon Mercy in the World Wrestling Federation (now WWE) in 1995, and subsequently for professional wrestler Bray Wyatt's original The Wyatt Family character in WWE in 2012.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Donald Clark "Donny" Osmond (born December 9, 1957) is an American singer, dancer, actor, television host, and former teen idol. He first gained fame performing with four of his elder brothers as the Osmonds, earning several top ten hits and gold albums. Then, in the early 1970s, Osmond began a solo career, earning several additional top ten songs.


title: Donny Osmond

text: He further gained fame due to the success of the 1976–1979 variety series "Donny & Marie". The "Donny & Marie" duo also released a series of top ten hits and gold albums and hosted a syndicated and Daytime Emmy Award–nominated 1998–2000 talk show. Most recently, Donny & Marie retired from headlining an 11-year Las Vegas residency at the Flamingo Las Vegas (2008–2019).


title: Donny Osmond

text: He also successfully competed on two reality TV shows, winning season 9 of "Dancing with the Stars" and being named runner-up for season 1 of "The Masked Singer". He also hosted the game show "Pyramid" from 2002 to 2004.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond was born on December 9, 1957 in Ogden, Utah, the seventh child of Olive May (née Davis; 1925–2004) and George Virl Osmond (1917–2007). He is the brother of Alan, Jay, Jimmy, Merrill, Wayne, Marie, Tom, and Virl Osmond. Alan, Jay, Merrill, Wayne, and Donny were members of the popular singing group the Osmonds (known as the Osmond Brothers before Donny joined them). Osmond was raised as a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah along with his siblings. Osmond has traced some of his family ancestry back to Merthyr Tydfil in Wales; his journey was documented in a BBC Wales program, "Donny Osmond Coming Home". On the BBC's "The One Show", a plaque was unveiled in the town to commemorate 'the ancestors of Donny Osmond.' In his youth, Osmond held a ham radio license, KA7EVD.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Andy Williams' father, Jay Emerson Williams, saw the Osmond Brothers (Alan, Wayne, Merrill and Jay) perform on a Disneyland televised special as a barbershop quartet. In short order, the group was invited to audition for "The Andy Williams Show". Williams initially had reservations about featuring children on the program, however, encouraged by his father to try them out, they proved in a short period of time to become an asset to the program, and soon became regulars on the show and gained popularity quickly. In 1963, Donny Osmond made his debut on the show at the age of five singing "You Are My Sunshine". The brothers continued to perform on the show throughout the 1960s along with a visit from their sister Marie.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond became a teen idol in the early 1970s as a solo singer, while continuing to sing with his older brothers. Osmond was one of the biggest "Cover Boy" pop stars for "Tiger Beat" magazine and 16 magazine in the early 1970s. His first solo hit was a cover of Roy Orbison's 1958 recording of "Sweet and Innocent", which peaked at No. 7 in the U.S. in 1971. Osmond's follow-ups "Go Away Little Girl" (1971) (U.S. No. 1), "Puppy Love" (U.S. No. 3), and "Hey Girl/I Knew You When" (U.S. No. 9) (1972) vaulted him into international fame, further advanced by his November 20, 1972 appearance on the "Here's Lucy" show, where he sang "Too Young" to Lucy's niece, played by Eve Plumb, and sang with Lucie Arnaz ("I'll Never Fall in Love Again").


title: Donny Osmond

text: In the 1980s, all of the Osmonds abandoned their earlier image that had originally been crafted to appeal to young viewers, hoping to reach a more adult audience. While his brothers moved toward country music to modest success, Donny was able to revive his career in popular music. He made an unlikely appearance as one of several celebrities and unknowns auditioning to sing for guitarist Jeff Beck in the video for Beck's 1985 single "Ambitious" – which was produced by Paul Flattery and directed by Jim Yukich – followed in 1986 by an equally unlikely cameo in the animated Luis Cardenas music video "Runaway". He spent several years as a performer, before hiring the services of music and entertainment guru Steven Machat, who got Osmond together with English singer-songwriter Peter Gabriel to see whether Machat and Gabriel could turn the TV Osmond's image into a contemporary young pop act. They succeeded, returning Osmond to the US charts in 1989 with the Billboard Hot 100 No. 2 song "Soldier of Love" (originally announced on radio stations as "from a mystery singer") and its top twenty follow-up "Sacred Emotion". Launching an extensive tour in support of the Eyes Don't Lie record, he enlisted Earth Wind & Fire and Kenny Loggins guitarist Dick Smith along with keyboardist Mark Jackson.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond was the guest vocalist on Dweezil Zappa's star-studded version of the Bee Gees' "Stayin' Alive" which appeared on Zappa's 1991 album "Confessions". The song also included guitar solos from Zakk Wylde, Steve Lukather, Warren DeMartini, Nuno Bettencourt, and Tim Pierce. Osmond sang "No One Has To Be Alone", which was heard at the end of the film "". He also sang "I'll Make a Man Out of You" for Disney's "Mulan".


title: Donny Osmond

text: In the 2000s, he released a Christmas album, an album of his favorite Broadway songs, and a compilation of popular love songs. In 2004, he returned to the UK Top 10 for the first time as a solo artist since 1973, with the George Benson-sampling "Breeze On By", co-written with former teen idol Gary Barlow, from the 1990s UK boy band Take That, reaching number 8.


title: Donny Osmond

text: His 17th solo album (and 61st album including those with his siblings) "The Soundtrack of My Life" features a collection of cover songs with personal meaning to Osmond. He enlisted Stevie Wonder to play harmonica on track "My Cherie Amour".


title: Donny Osmond

text: Following Marie's stint on "Dancing with the Stars" in 2007, the pair teamed up for a limited six-week engagement in Las Vegas. The residency began in September 2008, but proved so successful that it was ultimately extended for an eleven-year run through November 2019. Donny and Marie performed at the 750-seat showroom at the Flamingo Hotel. "Donny & Marie" was a 90-minute show. The singing siblings were backed by eight dancers and a nine-piece band. Donny and Marie sang together at the beginning and end of the show, and had solo segments in between. The Flamingo Hotel's showroom was updated in 2014 and renamed the Donny and Marie Theater.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond and the show earned three of the "Las Vegas Review-Journal"s Best of Las Vegas Awards in 2012 including "Best Show", "Best All-Around Performer" (Donny & Marie), and "Best Singer". Osmond earned "Best Singer" for a second time in the "Las Vegas Review-Journal"s Best of Las Vegas Awards in 2013.


title: Donny Osmond

text: In 1974, Osmond and his sister Marie co-hosted "The Mike Douglas Show" for a week. Fred Silverman offered them a show of their own, "The Donny & Marie Show", a television variety series which aired on ABC between 1976 and 1979. In honor of their impact on American pop culture, Donny and Marie received the Pop Culture Award at the 2015 TV Land Awards. In the past, Osmond has expressed regret that the show was canceled, not that he and Marie decided when to end the show.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Donny and Marie also co-hosted an eponymous and syndicated talk show "Donny & Marie" from 1998 to 2000. They would occasionally perform with musical guests. Though they received back-to-back nominations for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host in 2000 and 2001, the show was canceled.


title: Donny Osmond

text: For two seasons in the US, Osmond hosted "Pyramid" (2002–2004), a syndicated version of the Dick Clark-hosted television game show. He reprised hosting for a British version of "Pyramid" on Challenge in 2007. For his performance on "Pyramid", Osmond was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host in 2003; the award went to Alex Trebek.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond is one of two game show hosts to host two different versions of the same game show in different countries; the other being Howie Mandel for "Deal or No Deal".


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond returned to ABC as host of "The Great American Dream Vote", a primetime reality-game show that debuted in March 2007. After earning lackluster ratings in its first two episodes, the program was canceled.


title: Donny Osmond

text: He appeared on "Entertainment Tonight" as a commentator covering the ABC show "Dancing with the Stars" during his sister Marie's run as a contestant on the 5th season of the American version of the show in 2007.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond is mentioned in the lyrics of Alice Cooper's song "Department of Youth" on the album "Welcome to My Nightmare". As the song fades, Cooper can be heard asking the youth choir backing him up, "Who's got the power?" to which a crowd of young people screams "We do!" After a couple of repetitions, this changes to "We've got the power" with a cheering response. On the final repetition, Cooper changes the question to "...and who gave it to you?" The crowd answers, "Donny Osmond!" Cooper then responds "What?!"


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond is featured in the song "Start the Par-dee" with Lil Yachty. His most iconic line is "My name is Donny O, and you know I love my ravio's".


title: Donny Osmond

text: His first foray into Broadway musical theater was the lead role in a revival of the 1904 George M. Cohan show "Little Johnny Jones". Osmond replaced another former teen idol, David Cassidy, who left the show while it was on its pre-Broadway tour. After 29 previews and only one performance, the show closed on March 21, 1982.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond found success in musical theater through much of the 1990s when he starred as Joseph in "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat" for over 2,000 performances beginning in July 1992 in the Elgin Theatre's Toronto production. He relocated to Chicago where Joseph played for 16 months in 1993–94. During his performances for the musical, he suffered from social anxiety disorder, which caused him to feel light-headed and extremely nervous during his performances. In 1997, Osmond left his starring role in the tour to participate with his family in the cast of the Hill Cumorah Pageant. Creator Andrew Lloyd Webber later chose Osmond to star in the 1999 film version.


title: Donny Osmond

text: He returned to Broadway on September 19, 2006 as Gaston in Disney's "Beauty and the Beast". He was scheduled to perform for nine weeks, but due to popular demand, he extended his run through December 24. Liz Smith of the "New York Post" wrote, "I am here to tell you he is charmingly campy, good-looking and grand as the villain 'Gaston', patterned after our old friend Elvis", and noting "Donny is divine". On July 29, 2007, Osmond played Gaston again for the final performance of "Beauty and the Beast".


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond and his sister Marie starred in a holiday production called "Donny & Marie – A Broadway Christmas", originally scheduled to play on Broadway at the Marquis Theatre December 9–19, 2010. The show extended until December 30, 2010 and again until January 2, 2011. "Donny & Marie – Christmas in Chicago" played the Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre in Chicago from December 6–24, 2011. It was similar to the 2010 Broadway show. In December 2014, they again performed in a similar Broadway show, receiving very positive reviews.


title: Donny Osmond

text: In the animated television series "Johnny Bravo", Osmond voiced himself as a recurring character. He has also done guest spots on numerous other television shows such as "Friends", "", and "Hannah Montana". He also appeared in a Pepsi Twist commercial during the Super Bowl with his sister, Marie, and Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne. In 1982, he co-starred with Priscilla Barnes and Joan Collins in the television movie "The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch" for Aaron Spelling.


title: Donny Osmond

text: In 1978, he appeared in "Goin' Coconuts" with sister Marie. His future wife Debbie made a cameo appearance at the end of the film.


title: Donny Osmond

text: In 1998, Osmond was chosen as the singing voice of Shang in Disney's "Mulan". He sang "I'll Make a Man Out of You".


title: Donny Osmond

text: Also in 1999, he starred as Joseph in the movie version of "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat" by Andrew Lloyd Webber's request who said, "to me, there is no better selection."


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond remarked in an interview recently that his movie appearance on "College Road Trip" and upcoming appearances on two Disney Channel shows that he would be coming about full circle since he and his family were discovered by Walt Disney.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond appears in the music video of "Weird Al" Yankovic's song "White & Nerdy". The song is a parody of Chamillionaire's "Ridin'"; Osmond's role is analogous to that of Krayzie Bone's role in the original video. Yankovic asked Osmond to appear because "if you have to have a white and nerdy icon in your video, like who else do you go for?"


title: Donny Osmond

text: In February 2019, he was revealed to have portrayed "Peacock" on " The Masked Singer" where he was the runner-up.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond and professional Kym Johnson were paired for the ninth season of "Dancing with the Stars". He participated in the show to prove he was a better dancer than his sister. It was very difficult for him to manage to get to rehearsals and host his show in Las Vegas with sister Marie. For the first week, the two were assigned to dance a Foxtrot and a 30-second Salsa. His Foxtrot was said to be "too theatrical" and was scored 20/30 from the judges. He, however, managed to maintain a good score when his Salsa scored 10 points and was safe that week. He danced a Jive the following week which was guest judged by Baz Luhrmann. He scored 25 and was scored second place, called first to be safe. That following week he danced a Rumba and scored 21.


title: Donny Osmond

text: After his comments, he "toyed with" openly gay judge Bruno Tonioli, first kissing him, before embracing him and tipping him back in a mock-passionate move after Bruno called Osmond's dance "a bit airy-fairy". The following week introduced four new dances including the Charleston which he danced and scored 24. That following week, the two danced an Argentine Tango which scored 29/30, the highest scored dance to date until it was beaten by then top scorer and future runner-up Mýa and her 70s-themed Samba. He had also received that week's encore.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Following that week, Osmond and Johnson danced a train-station themed Jitterbug and was scored a 24. He then danced a Mambo against all couples and was eliminated 6th receiving seven points for a total of 31/40. The following week, he danced a Quickstep which he quotes "was one of the worst moments of my life" and scored 24 and a Team Tango along with Joanna Krupa and Kelly Osbourne and received 28/30 and the encore.


title: Donny Osmond

text: In the 8th week of competition, Osmond was required to dance a Ballroom and decade-themed Latin dance. His Ballroom Viennese Waltz received 26 but his 1980s themed Paso Doble received 24 being quoted by judge Len Goodman as "the scariest, bizarre Paso Doble we've ever seen" being awarded the last place on the judges' leaderboard for the first time. Following that week, he danced a Tango and got advice from past runner-up Gilles Marini. He got tangled in Johnson's dress and received 21 and saying the cause was that "I saw Marie." He then danced the samba to a song originally recorded by his brothers and himself called "One Bad Apple", receiving 26 and a Jitterbug scored 27. He once again was scored last place.


title: Donny Osmond

text: For the finals week, he danced a Cha-Cha-Cha (27), a Megamix dance alongside Mya and Kelly Osbourne (28), the only perfect-scoring Freestyle (30) and a repeat of his Argentine Tango (30) and won the competition. As he accepted his trophy, he hugged fellow finalist Mya and grabbed his wife, Debbie, and his sister, Marie, on stage.


title: Donny Osmond

text: On Season 18, he guest judged week five on Disney Night. In October 2014, he guest judged on the British version of the show, "Strictly Come Dancing", on week 3 (movie week) of the 12th series.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond states that he has had a tremendous public-image struggle since "Donny & Marie" ended in 1979. Reviews from Allmusic noted that while Osmond remained a gifted singer, a series of creative missteps in the late 1970s led to his virtually disappearing from the public eye during the 1980s. He was described in the 1980s as having an "unhip image", and he said he was embarrassed that the Osmond name was not considered cool. A publicist suggested that Osmond purposely get arrested for drug possession in order to change his image.


title: Donny Osmond

text: In March 2010, Osmond criticized Lady Gaga and Beyoncé for using profanity and sex in their "Telephone" video.


title: Donny Osmond

text: On May 8, 1978, Osmond married Debra (née Glenn) of Billings, Montana, in the Salt Lake Temple. Together they have five sons: Don, Jeremy, Brandon, Christopher, and Joshua. The Osmonds became grandparents in 2005 and have 13 grandchildren.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Like the rest of his family, Osmond is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In retrospect, he has written, "It would have been nice to be able to have served a regular full-time mission, but when I was of that age, my career was such that everyone, including my parents and the leaders of the church, thought that I could do a lot of good in the world by continuing to be in the public eye, by living an exemplary life and sharing my beliefs in every way that I could." He continues sharing his beliefs in an extensive letters-and-comments portion of his website.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond commented on his opposition to same-sex marriage after the 2008 Proposition 8 in California. Latter-day Saints were one of many groups that supported Proposition 8 (to ban same-sex marriage), and Osmond stated that he opposes same-sex marriage but that he does not condemn homosexuality. He believes that homosexuals should be accepted in the LDS Church if they remain celibate.


title: Donny Osmond

text: Osmond's two oldest brothers are deaf, and a nephew (Justin) is hearing impaired. He has talked about the experience of growing up with his brothers and their use of sign language when performing together.


title: Sakhalin

text: Sakhalin (; "Karafuto"; ; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ, "Sahaliyan"; Orok: Бугата на̄, "Bugata nā"; Nivkh: Yh-mif) is the largest island of Russia. It is north of the Japanese archipelago, and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast. Sakhalin is situated in the Pacific Ocean, sandwiched between the Sea of Okhotsk to the east and the Sea of Japan to the west. It is located just off Khabarovsk Krai, and is north of Hokkaido in Japan. The island has a population of roughly 500,000, the majority of which are Russians. The indigenous peoples of the island are the Ainu, Oroks, and Nivkhs, who are now present in very small numbers.


title: Sakhalin

text: The Island's name is derived from the Manchu word "Sahaliyan" (ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ). Sakhalin was once part of China during the Qing dynasty, although Chinese control was relaxed at times. Sakhalin was later claimed by both Russia and Japan over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. These disputes sometimes involved military conflicts and divisions of the island between the two powers. In 1875, Japan ceded its claims to Russia in exchange for the northern Kuril Islands. In 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, the island was divided, with the south going to Japan. Russia has held all of the island since seizing the Japanese portion, as well as all the Kuril Islands, in the final days of World War II in 1945. Japan no longer claims any of Sakhalin, although it does still claim the southern Kuril Islands. Most Ainu on Sakhalin moved to Hokkaido, to the south across the La Pérouse Strait, when the Japanese were displaced from the island in 1949.


title: Sakhalin

text: The Manchus called it "Sahaliyan ula angga hada" (Island at the Mouth of the Black River) . "Sahaliyan", the word that has been borrowed in the form of "Sakhalin", means "black" in Manchu, "ula" means "river" and "sahaliyan ula" (, "Black River") is the proper Manchu name of the Amur River.


title: Sakhalin

text: The island was also called "Kuye Fiyaka". The word "Kuye" used by the Qing is "most probably related to "kuyi", the name given to the Sakhalin Ainu by their Nivkh and Nanai neighbors." When the Ainu migrated onto the mainland, the Chinese described a "strong Kui (or Kuwei, Kuwu, Kuye, Kugi, "i.e." Ainu) presence in the area otherwise dominated by the Gilemi or Jilimi (Nivkh and other Amur peoples)." Related names were in widespread use in the region, for example the Kuril Ainu called themselves "koushi".


title: Sakhalin

text: Humans lived on Sakhalin in the Neolithic Stone Age. Flint implements such as those found in Siberia have been found at Dui and Kusunai in great numbers, as well as polished stone hatchets similar to European examples, primitive pottery with decorations like those of the Olonets, and stone weights used with fishing nets. A later population familiar with bronze left traces in earthen walls and kitchen-middens on Aniva Bay.


title: Sakhalin

text: Indigenous people of Sakhalin include the Ainu in the southern half, the Oroks in the central region, and the Nivkhs in the north.


title: Sakhalin

text: After the Mongols conquered the Jin dynasty (1234), they suffered raids by the Nivkh and Udege peoples. In response, the Mongols established an administration post at Nurgan (present-day Tyr, Russia) at the junction of the Amur and Amgun rivers in 1263, and forced the submission of the two peoples.


title: Sakhalin

text: From the Nivkh perspective, their surrender to the Mongols essentially established a military alliance against the Ainu who had invaded their lands. According to the "History of Yuan", a group of people known as the "Guwei" (, the Nivkh name for Ainu), from Sakhalin invaded and fought with the Jilimi (Nivkh people) every year. On 30 November 1264, the Mongols attacked the Ainu. The Ainu resisted Mongol rule and rebelled in 1284, but by 1308 had been subdued. They paid tribute to the Mongol Yuan dynasty at posts in Wuliehe, Nanghar, and Boluohe.


title: Sakhalin

text: The Chinese Ming dynasty of 1368 to 1644 placed Sakhalin under its "system for subjugated peoples" ("ximin tizhi"). From 1409 to 1411 the Ming established an outpost called the Nurgan Regional Military Commission near the ruins of Tyr on the Siberian mainland, which continued operating until the mid-1430s. There is some evidence that the Ming eunuch Admiral Yishiha reached Sakhalin in 1413 during one of his expeditions to the lower Amur, and granted Ming titles to a local chieftain.


title: Sakhalin

text: The Ming recruited headmen from Sakhalin for administrative posts such as commander (), assistant commander (), and "official charged with subjugation" (). In 1431 one such assistant commander, Alige, brought marten pelts as tribute to the Wuliehe post. In 1437 four other assistant commanders (Zhaluha, Sanchiha, Tuolingha, and Alingge) also presented tribute. According to the "Ming Shilu", these posts, like the position of headman, were hereditary and passed down the patrilineal line. During these tributary missions, the headmen would bring their sons, who later inherited their titles. In return for tribute, the Ming awarded them with silk uniforms.


title: Sakhalin

text: Nivkh women in Sakhalin married Han Chinese Ming officials when the Ming took tribute from Sakhalin and the Amur river region.


title: Sakhalin

text: The Manchu Qing dynasty which came to power in China in 1644 called Sakhalin "Kuyedao (Simplified Chinese: 库页岛, Kùyè dăo)" (the island of the Ainu) or "Kuye Fiyaka ()". The Manchus called it "Sagaliyan ula angga hada" (Island at the Mouth of the Black River). The Qing first asserted influence over Sakhalin after the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk, which defined the Stanovoy Mountains as the border between the Qing and the Russian Empires. In the following year the Qing sent forces to the Amur estuary and demanded that the residents, including the Sakhalin Ainu, pay tribute. To enforce its influence, the Qing sent soldiers and mandarins across Sakhalin, reaching most parts of the island except the southern tip. The Qing imposed a fur-tribute system on the region's inhabitants.


title: Sakhalin

text: The Qing dynasty established an office in Ningguta, situated midway along the Mudan River, to handle fur from the lower Amur and Sakhalin. Tribute was supposed to be brought to regional offices, but the lower Amur and Sakhalin were considered too remote, so the Qing sent officials directly to these regions every year to collect tribute and to present awards. In 1732, 6 "hala", 18 "gasban", and 148 households were registered as tribute bearers in Sakhalin. During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1736–95), a trade post existed at Delen, upstream of Kiji Lake, according to Rinzo Mamiya. There were 500–600 people at the market during Mamiya's stay there.


title: Sakhalin

text: Local native Sakhalin chiefs had their daughters taken as wives by Manchu officials as sanctioned by the Qing dynasty when the Qing exercised jurisdiction in Sakhalin and took tribute from them.


title: Sakhalin

text: In 1635 Matsumae Kinhiro, the second daimyō of Matsumae Domain in Hokkaidō, sent Satō Kamoemon and Kakizaki Kuroudo on an expedition to Sakhalin. One of the Matsumae explorers, Kodō Shōzaemon, stayed in the island in the winter of 1636 and sailed along the east coast to Taraika (now Poronaysk) in the spring of 1637.


title: Sakhalin

text: In an early colonization attempt, a Japanese settlement was established at Ōtomari on Sakhalin's southern end in 1679. Cartographers of the Matsumae clan drew a map of the island and called it "Kita-Ezo" (Northern Ezo, Ezo being the old Japanese name for the islands north of Honshu).


title: Sakhalin

text: In the 1780s the influence of the Japanese Tokugawa Shogunate on the Ainu of southern Sakhalin increased significantly. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Japanese economic zone extended midway up the east coast, to Taraika. With the exception of the Nayoro Ainu located on the west coast in close proximity to China, most Ainu stopped paying tribute to the Qing dynasty. The Matsumae clan was nominally in charge of Sakhalin, but they neither protected nor governed the Ainu there. Instead they extorted the Ainu for Chinese silk, which they sold in Honshu as Matsumae's special product. To obtain Chinese silk, the Ainu fell into debt, owing much fur to the Santan (Ulch people), who lived near the Qing office. The Ainu also sold the silk uniforms ("mangpao", "bufu", and "chaofu") given to them by the Qing, which made up the majority of what the Japanese knew as "nishiki" and "jittoku". As dynastic uniforms, the silk was of considerably higher quality than that traded at Nagasaki, and enhanced Matsumae prestige as exotic items. Eventually the Tokugawa government, realizing that they could not depend on the Matsumae, took control of Sakhalin in 1807.


title: Sakhalin

text: Japan proclaimed sovereignty over Sakhalin in 1807, and in 1809 Mamiya Rinzō claimed that it was an island.


title: Sakhalin

text: The Santan Japanese traders seized Rishiri Ainu women when they were trading in Sakhalin to become their wives.


title: Sakhalin

text: The first European known to visit Sakhalin was Martin Gerritz de Vries, who mapped Cape Patience and Cape Aniva on the island's east coast in 1643. The Dutch captain, however, was unaware that it was an island, and 17th-century maps usually showed these points (and often Hokkaido as well) as part of the mainland. As part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program, Jesuits Jean-Baptiste Régis, Pierre Jartoux, and Xavier Ehrenbert Fridelli joined a Chinese team visiting the lower Amur (known to them under its Manchu name, Sahaliyan Ula, i.e. the "Black River"), in 1709, and learned of the existence of the nearby offshore island from the "Ke tcheng" natives of the lower Amur.


title: Sakhalin

text: The Jesuits did not have a chance to visit the island, and the geographical information provided by the "Ke tcheng" people and Manchus who had been to the island was insufficient to allow them to identify it as the land visited by de Vries in 1643. As a result, many 17th-century maps showed a rather strangely shaped Sakhalin, which included only the northern half of the island (with Cape Patience), while Cape Aniva, discovered by de Vries, and the "Black Cape" (Cape Crillon) were thought to form part of the mainland.


title: Sakhalin

text: Only with the 1787 expedition of Jean-François de La Pérouse did the island began to resemble something of its true shape on European maps. Though unable to pass through its northern "bottleneck" due to contrary winds, La Perouse charted most of the Strait of Tartary, and islanders he encountered near today's Strait of Nevelskoy told him that the island was called "Tchoka" (or at least that is how he recorded the name in French), and "Tchoka" appears on some maps thereafter.


title: Sakhalin

text: On the basis of its belief that it was an extension of Hokkaido, both geographically and culturally, Japan again proclaimed sovereignty over the whole island (as well as the Kuril Islands chain) in 1845, in the face of competing claims from Russia. In 1849, however, the Russian navigator Gennady Nevelskoy recorded the existence and navigability of the strait later given his name, and Russian settlers began establishing coal mines, administration facilities, schools, and churches on the island. In 1853–54, Nikolay Rudanovsky surveyed and mapped the island.


title: Sakhalin

text: In 1855, Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of Shimoda, which declared that nationals of both countries could inhabit the island: Russians in the north, and Japanese in the south, without a clearly defined boundary between. Russia also agreed to dismantle its military base at Ootomari. Following the Opium War, Russia forced China to sign the Treaty of Aigun (1858) and the Convention of Peking (1860), under which China lost to Russia all claims to territories north of Heilongjiang (Amur) and east of Ussuri.


title: Sakhalin

text: In 1857 the Russians established a penal colony. The island remained under shared sovereignty until the signing of the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg, in which Japan surrendered its claims in Sakhalin to Russia. In 1890 the distinguished author Anton Chekhov visited the penal colony on Sakhalin and published a memoir of his journey.


title: Sakhalin

text: Japanese forces invaded and occupied Sakhalin in the closing stages of the Russo-Japanese War. In accordance with the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905, the southern part of the island below the 50th parallel north reverted to Japan, while Russia retained the northern three-fifths. In 1920, during the Siberian Intervention, Japan again occupied the northern part of the island, returning it to the Soviet Union in 1925.


title: Sakhalin

text: South Sakhalin was administered by Japan as Karafuto Prefecture (), with the capital at Toyohara (today's Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk). A large number of migrants were brought in from Korea.


title: Sakhalin

text: The northern, Russian, half of the island formed Sakhalin Oblast, with the capital at Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky.


title: Sakhalin

text: Between 1848 and 1902, American whaleships hunted whales off Sakhalin. They cruised for bowhead and gray whales to the north and right whales to the east and south.


title: Sakhalin

text: On June 7, 1855, the ship "Jefferson" (396 tons), of New London, was wrecked on Cape Levenshtern, on the northeastern side of the island, during a fog. All hands were saved as well as 300 barrels of whale oil.


title: Sakhalin

text: In August 1945, after repudiating the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviet Union invaded southern Sakhalin, an action planned secretly at the Yalta Conference. The Soviet attack started on August 11, 1945, a few days before the surrender of Japan. The Soviet 56th Rifle Corps, part of the 16th Army, consisting of the 79th Rifle Division, the 2nd Rifle Brigade, the 5th Rifle Brigade and the 214 Armored Brigade, attacked the Japanese 88th Infantry Division. Although the Soviet Red Army outnumbered the Japanese by three to one, they advanced only slowly due to strong Japanese resistance. It was not until the 113th Rifle Brigade and the 365th Independent Naval Infantry Rifle Battalion from Sovetskaya Gavan landed on Tōro, a seashore village of western Karafuto, on August 16 that the Soviets broke the Japanese defense line. Japanese resistance grew weaker after this landing. Actual fighting continued until August 21. From August 22 to August 23, most remaining Japanese units agreed to a ceasefire. The Soviets completed the conquest of Karafuto on August 25, 1945 by occupying the capital of Toyohara.


title: Sakhalin

text: Of the approximately 400,000 people – mostly Japanese and Korean – who lived on South Sakhalin in 1944, about 100,000 were evacuated to Japan during the last days of the war. The remaining 300,000 stayed behind, some for several more years.


title: Sakhalin

text: While the vast majority of Sakhalin Japanese and Koreans were gradually repatriated between 1946 and 1950, tens of thousands of Sakhalin Koreans (and a number of their Japanese spouses) remained in the Soviet Union.


title: Sakhalin

text: No final peace treaty has been signed and the status of four neighboring islands remains disputed. Japan renounced its claims of sovereignty over southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the Treaty of San Francisco (1951), but maintains that the four offshore islands of Hokkaido currently administered by Russia were not subject to this renunciation. Japan granted mutual exchange visas for Japanese and Ainu families divided by the change in status. Recently, economic and political cooperation has gradually improved between the two nations despite disagreements.


title: Sakhalin

text: On September 1, 1983, Korean Air Flight 007, a South Korean civilian airliner, flew over Sakhalin and was shot down by the Soviet Union, just west of Sakhalin Island, near the smaller Moneron Island. The Soviet Union claimed it was a spy plane; however, commanders on the ground realized it was a commercial aircraft. All 269 passengers and crew died, including a U.S. Congressman, Larry McDonald.


title: Sakhalin

text: On 27 May 1995, the 7.0 Neftegorsk earthquake shook the former Russian settlement of Neftegorsk with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX ("Violent"). Total damage was $64.1–300 million, with 1,989 deaths and 750 injured. The settlement was not rebuilt.


title: Sakhalin

text: Sakhalin is separated from the mainland by the narrow and shallow Strait of Tartary, which often freezes in winter in its narrower part, and from Hokkaido, Japan, by the Soya Strait or La Pérouse Strait. Sakhalin is the largest island in Russia, being long, and wide, with an area of . It lies at similar latitudes to England, Wales and Ireland.


title: Sakhalin

text: Its orography and geological structure are imperfectly known. One theory is that Sakhalin arose from the Sakhalin Island Arc. Nearly two-thirds of Sakhalin are mountainous. Two parallel ranges of mountains traverse it from north to south, reaching . The Western Sakhalin Mountains peak in Mount Ichara, , while the Eastern Sakhalin Mountains's highest peak, Mount Lopatin , is also the island's highest mountain. Tym-Poronaiskaya Valley separates the two ranges. Susuanaisky and Tonino-Anivsky ranges traverse the island in the south, while the swampy Northern-Sakhalin plain occupies most of its north.


title: Sakhalin

text: Crystalline rocks crop out at several capes; Cretaceous limestones, containing an abundant and specific fauna of gigantic ammonites, occur at Dui on the west coast; and Tertiary conglomerates, sandstones, marls, and clays, folded by subsequent upheavals, are found in many parts of the island. The clays, which contain layers of good coal and abundant fossilized vegetation, show that during the Miocene period, Sakhalin formed part of a continent which comprised north Asia, Alaska, and Japan, and enjoyed a comparatively warm climate. The Pliocene deposits contain a mollusc fauna more Arctic than that which exists at the present time, indicating that the connection between the Pacific and Arctic Oceans was probably broader than it is now.


title: Sakhalin

text: Main rivers: The Tym, long and navigable by rafts and light boats for , flows north and northeast with numerous rapids and shallows, and enters the Sea of Okhotsk. The Poronay flows south-southeast to the Gulf of Patience or Shichiro Bay, on the southeastern coast. Three other small streams enter the wide semicircular Aniva Bay or Higashifushimi Bay at the southern extremity of the island.


title: Sakhalin

text: The northernmost point of Sakhalin is Cape of Elisabeth on the Schmidt Peninsula, while Cape Crillon is the southernmost point of the island.


title: Sakhalin

text: Sakhalin has two smaller islands associated with it, Moneron Island and Ush Island. Moneron, the only land mass in the Tatar strait, long and wide, is about west from the nearest coast of Sakhalin and from the port city of Nevelsk. Ush Island is an island off of the northern coast of Sakhalin.


title: Sakhalin

text: At the beginning of the 20th century, some 32,000 Russians (of whom over 22,000 were convicts) inhabited Sakhalin along with several thousand native inhabitants. In 2010, the island's population was recorded at 497,973, 83% of whom were ethnic Russians, followed by about 30,000 Koreans (5.5%). Smaller minorities were the Ainu, Ukrainians, Tatars, Yakuts and Evenks. The native inhabitants currently consist of some 2,000 Nivkhs and 750 Oroks. The Nivkhs in the north support themselves by fishing and hunting. In 2008 there were 6,416 births and 7,572 deaths.


title: Sakhalin

text: The administrative center of the oblast, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, a city of about 175,000, has a large Korean minority, typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans, who were forcibly brought by the Japanese during World War II to work in the coal mines. Most of the population lives in the southern half of the island, centered mainly around Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and two ports, Kholmsk and Korsakov (population about 40,000 each).


title: Sakhalin

text: The 400,000 Japanese inhabitants of Sakhalin (including the Japanized indigenous Ainu) who had not already been evacuated during the war were deported following the invasion of the southern portion of the island by the Soviet Union in 1945 at the end of World War II.


title: Sakhalin

text: The Sea of Okhotsk ensures that Sakhalin has a cold and humid climate, ranging from humid continental (Köppen "Dfb") in the south to subarctic ("Dfc") in the centre and north. The maritime influence makes summers much cooler than in similar-latitude inland cities such as Harbin or Irkutsk, but makes the winters much snowier and a few degrees warmer than in interior East Asian cities at the same latitude. Summers are foggy with little sunshine.


title: Sakhalin

text: Precipitation is heavy, owing to the strong onshore winds in summer and the high frequency of North Pacific storms affecting the island in the autumn. It ranges from around on the northwest coast to over in southern mountainous regions. In contrast to interior east Asia with its pronounced summer maximum, onshore winds ensure Sakhalin has year-round precipitation with a peak in the autumn.


title: Sakhalin

text: The whole of the island is covered with dense forests, mostly coniferous. The Yezo (or Yeddo) spruce ("Picea jezoensis"), the Sakhalin fir ("Abies sachalinensis") and the Dahurian larch ("Larix gmelinii") are the chief trees; on the upper parts of the mountains are the Siberian dwarf pine ("Pinus pumila") and the Kurile bamboo ("Sasa kurilensis"). Birches, both Siberian silver birch ("Betula platyphylla") and Erman's birch ("B. ermanii"), poplar, elm, bird cherry ("Prunus padus"), Japanese yew ("Taxus cuspidata"), and several willows are mixed with the conifers; while farther south the maple, rowan and oak, as also the Japanese "Panax ricinifolium", the Amur cork tree ("Phellodendron amurense"), the spindle ("Euonymus macropterus") and the vine ("Vitis thunbergii") make their appearance. The underwoods abound in berry-bearing plants (e.g. cloudberry, cranberry, crowberry, red whortleberry), red-berried elder ("Sambucus racemosa"), wild raspberry, and spiraea.


title: Sakhalin

text: Bears, foxes, otters, and sables are numerous, as are reindeer in the north, and musk deer, hares, squirrels, rats, and mice everywhere. The bird population is mostly the common east Siberian, but there are some endemic or near-endemic breeding species, notably the endangered Nordmann's greenshank ("Tringa guttifer") and the Sakhalin leaf warbler ("Phylloscopus borealoides"). The rivers swarm with fish, especially species of salmon ("Oncorhynchus"). Numerous whales visit the sea coast, including the critically endangered Western Pacific gray whale, for which the coast of Sakhalin is the only known feeding ground. Other endangered whale species known to occur in this area are the North Pacific right whale, the bowhead whale, and the beluga whale.


title: Sakhalin

text: Transport, especially by sea, is an important segment of the economy. Nearly all the cargo arriving for Sakhalin (and the Kuril Islands) is delivered by cargo boats, or by ferries, in railway wagons, through the Vanino-Kholmsk train ferry from the mainland port of Vanino to Kholmsk. The ports of Korsakov and Kholmsk are the largest and handle all kinds of goods, while coal and timber shipments often go through other ports. In 1999, a ferry service was opened between the ports of Korsakov and Wakkanai, Japan, and operated through the autumn of 2015, when service was suspended.


title: Sakhalin

text: For the 2016 summer season, this route will be served by a highspeed catamaran ferry from Singapore named Penguin 33. The ferry is owned by Penguin International Limited and operated by Sakhalin Shipping Company.


title: Sakhalin

text: Sakhalin's main shipping company is Sakhalin Shipping Company, headquartered in Kholmsk on the island's west coast.


title: Sakhalin

text: About 30% of all inland transport volume is carried by the island's railways, most of which are organized as the Sakhalin Railway (), which is one of the 17 territorial divisions of the Russian Railways.


title: Sakhalin

text: The Sakhalin Railway network extends from Nogliki in the north to Korsakov in the south. Sakhalin's railway has a connection with the rest of Russia via a train ferry operating between Vanino and Kholmsk.


title: Sakhalin

text: In 2004 the process of converting the railways from the Japanese gauge to the Russian gauge began. The original Japanese D51 steam locomotives were used by the Soviet Railways until 1979. Gauge conversion was complete in 2019.


title: Sakhalin

text: Besides the main network run by the Russian Railways, until December 2006 the local oil company (Sakhalinmorneftegaz) operated a corporate narrow-gauge line extending for from Nogliki further north to Okha (). During the last years of its service, it gradually deteriorated; the service was terminated in December 2006, and the line was dismantled in 2007–2008.


title: Sakhalin

text: Sakhalin is connected by regular flights to Moscow, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok and other cities of Russia. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport has regularly scheduled international flights to Hakodate, Japan, and Seoul and Busan, South Korea. There are also charter flights to the Japanese cities of Tokyo, Niigata, and Sapporo and to the Chinese cities of Shanghai, Dalian and Harbin. The island was formerly served by Alaska Airlines from Anchorage, Petropavlovsk, and Magadan.


title: Sakhalin

text: The idea of building a fixed link between Sakhalin and the Russian mainland was first put forward in the 1930s. In the 1940s, an abortive attempt was made to link the island via a undersea tunnel. The project was abandoned under Premier Nikita Khrushchev. In 2000, the Russian government revived the idea, adding a suggestion that a 40-km (25 mile) long bridge could be constructed between Sakhalin and the Japanese island of Hokkaidō, providing Japan with a direct connection to the Eurasian railway network. It was claimed that construction work could begin as early as 2001. The idea was received skeptically by the Japanese government and appears to have been shelved, probably permanently, after the cost was estimated at as much as $50 billion.


title: Sakhalin

text: In November 2008, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev announced government support for the construction of the Sakhalin Tunnel, along with the required regauging of the island's railways to Russian standard gauge, at an estimated cost of 300–330 billion roubles.


title: Sakhalin

text: In July 2013, Russian Far East development minister Viktor Ishayev proposed a railway bridge to link Sakhalin with the Russian mainland. He also again suggested a bridge between Sakhalin and Hokkaidō, which could potentially create a continuous rail corridor between Europe and Japan. In 2018, president Vladimir Putin ordered a feasibility study for a mainland bridge project.


title: Sakhalin

text: Sakhalin is a classic "primary sector of the economy" area, relying on oil and gas exports, coal mining, forestry, and fishing. Limited quantities of rye, wheat, oats, barley and vegetables grow there, although the growing season averages less than 100 days.


title: Sakhalin

text: Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent economic liberalization, Sakhalin has experienced an oil boom with extensive petroleum-exploration and mining by most large oil multinational corporations. The oil and natural- gas reserves contain an estimated 14 billion barrels (2.2 km) of oil and 2,700 km (96 trillion cubic feet) of gas and are being developed under production-sharing agreement contracts involving international oil- companies like ExxonMobil and Shell.


title: Sakhalin

text: In 1996, two large consortia, Sakhalin-I and Sakhalin-II, signed contracts to explore for oil and gas off the northeast coast of the island. The two consortia were estimated to spend a combined US$21 billion on the two projects; costs had almost doubled to $37 billion as of September 2006, triggering Russian governmental opposition. The cost will include an estimated US$1 billion to upgrade the island's infrastructure: roads, bridges, waste management sites, airports, railways, communications systems, and ports. In addition, Sakhalin-III-through-VI are in various early stages of development.


title: Sakhalin

text: The Sakhalin I project, managed by Exxon Neftegas Limited (ENL), completed a production-sharing agreement (PSA) between the Sakhalin I consortium, the Russian Federation, and the Sakhalin government. Russia is in the process of building a pipeline across the Tatar Strait from Sakhalin Island to De-Kastri terminal on the Russian mainland. From De-Kastri, the resource will be loaded onto tankers for transport to East Asian markets, namely Japan, South Korea and China.


title: Sakhalin

text: A second consortium, Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Ltd (Sakhalin Energy), is managing the Sakhalin II project. It has completed the first production-sharing agreement (PSA) with the Russian Federation. Sakhalin Energy will build two 800-km pipelines running from the northeast of the island to Prigorodnoye (Prigorodnoe) in Aniva Bay at the southern end. The consortium will also build, at Prigorodnoye, the first liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant to be built in Russia. The oil and gas are also bound for East Asian markets.


title: Sakhalin

text: Sakhalin II has come under fire from environmental groups, namely Sakhalin Environment Watch, for dumping dredging material in Aniva Bay. These groups were also worried about the offshore pipelines interfering with the migration of whales off the island. The consortium has () rerouted the pipeline to avoid the whale migration. After a doubling in the projected cost, the Russian government threatened to halt the project for environmental reasons. There have been suggestions that the Russian government is using the environmental issues as a pretext for obtaining a greater share of revenues from the project and/or forcing involvement by the state-controlled Gazprom. The cost overruns (at least partly due to Shell's response to environmental concerns), are reducing the share of profits flowing to the Russian treasury.


title: Sakhalin

text: In 2000, the oil-and-gas industry accounted for 57.5% of Sakhalin's industrial output. By 2006 it is expected to account for 80% of the island's industrial output. Sakhalin's economy is growing rapidly thanks to its oil-and-gas industry.


title: Sakhalin

text: , Gazprom had taken a 50% plus one share interest in Sakhalin II by purchasing 50% of Shell, Mitsui and Mitsubishi's shares.


title: Bobby Farrell

text: Roberto Alfonso Farrell (6 October 1949 – 30 December 2010) was an Aruban dancer and singer. He was the male member of the 1970s pop and disco group Boney M.


title: Bobby Farrell

text: Farrell was born and raised on the island of Aruba in the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies (later known as the Netherlands Antilles). He left after finishing school at 15 and was a sailor for two years before moving to Norway. He then went to the Netherlands, where he found occasional work as a DJ before finding better opportunities in Germany.


title: Bobby Farrell

text: In Germany, he worked mostly as a DJ until producer Frank Farian spotted him for his new Boney M. group. He became the sole male singer in the group, but Farian later revealed that Bobby made almost no vocal contributions to the group's records, with Farian performing the male parts on the songs in the studio. Liz Mitchell said only she, Marcia Barrett and Farian had sung on the hit recordings. Farrell did, however, perform live in some of the various incarnations of Boney M., including the main 1970s incarnation. Farrell left the group in 1981, after clashes with Farian. He was replaced by Reggie Tsiboe. He re-joined in 1984 and continued as a member until it finally split in 1986.


title: Bobby Farrell

text: Farrell's daughter Zanillya Farrell says Farian deprived Farrell of his rights over Boney M.'s hits, which caused her father to lose all his income after the band split.


title: Bobby Farrell

text: When Dad asked Farian for 100,000 marks he was told to sign some papers. He signed away everything – image rights, royalties, the lot. My father lost everything. We had to move in with my grandmother in the Netherlands and live on welfare. After that, Dad started getting angry a lot. But Mum was very smart and realised if you own the name you can use it. Farian had not registered Boney M. all over the world. So that's why Dad could perform in certain countries.


title: Bobby Farrell

text: After the band split, he toured with his own group performing the band's hits under the name Bobby Farrell's Boney M. He also appeared as a dancer in late 2005 in the Roger Sanchez videoclip of "Turn on the Music".


title: Bobby Farrell

text: Farrell lived for many years in Amsterdam, in the neighbourhood of Gaasperdam in the borough of Amsterdam-Zuidoost.


title: Bobby Farrell

text: In 1981 he married Macedonian Romani Jasmina Shaban. They had a daughter named Zanillya in 1983, and a son named Zanin. They split in 1995.


title: Bobby Farrell

text: He died on the morning of 30 December 2010, in a hotel in St. Petersburg, Russia, of heart failure. His agent John Seine said Farrell was complaining of breathing problems after performing with his band the evening before. Farrell's body was discovered by hotel staff after he failed to respond to an alarm call. Coincidentally, he died on the same date and in the same city as Grigori Rasputin, the subject of one of his group's most iconic songs, and who he had dressed as in some live performances. He was buried at Zorgvlied cemetery in Amsterdam.


title: Bobby Farrell

text: His daughter Zanillya Farrell is a rapper. In December 2011, she won the national music prize Grote Prijs van Nederland in the hip hop category.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: The Brandenburg Gate ( ) is an 18th-century neoclassical monument in Berlin, built on the orders of Prussian king Frederick William II after restoring the Orangist power by suppressing the Dutch popular unrest. One of the best-known landmarks of Germany, it was built on the site of a former city gate that marked the start of the road from Berlin to the town of Brandenburg an der Havel, which used to be the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: It is located in the western part of the city centre of Berlin within Mitte, at the junction of Unter den Linden and Ebertstraße, immediately west of the Pariser Platz. One block to the north stands the Reichstag building, which houses the German parliament ("Bundestag"). The gate is the monumental entry to Unter den Linden, a boulevard of linden trees which led directly to the royal City Palace of the Prussian monarchs.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: Throughout its existence, the Brandenburg Gate was often a site for major historical events and is today considered not only as a symbol of the tumultuous histories of Germany and Europe, but also of European unity and peace.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: In the time of Frederick William (1688), shortly after the Thirty Years' War and a century before the gate was constructed, Berlin was a small walled city within a star fort with several named gates: Spandauer Tor, St. Georgen Tor, Stralower Tor, Cöpenicker Tor, Neues Tor, and Leipziger Tor "(see map)". Relative peace, a policy of religious tolerance, and status as capital of the Kingdom of Prussia facilitated the growth of the city.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: The Brandenburg Gate was not part of the old Berlin Fortress, but one of eighteen gates within the Berlin Customs Wall (), erected in the 1730s, including the old fortified city and many of its then suburbs.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: The new gate was commissioned by Frederick William II of Prussia to represent peace and was originally named the Peace Gate (German: "Friedenstor"). It was designed by Carl Gotthard Langhans, the Court Superintendent of Buildings, and built between 1788 and 1791, replacing the earlier simple guardhouses which flanked the original gate in the Customs Wall. The gate consists of twelve Doric columns, six to each side, forming five passageways. Citizens were originally allowed to use only the outermost two on each side. Its design is based on the Propylaea, the gateway to the Acropolis in Athens, Greece, and is consistent with Berlin's history of architectural classicism (first, Baroque, and then neo-Palladian). The gate was the first element of a "new Athens on the River Spree" by architect Langhans. Atop the gate is a sculpture by Johann Gottfried Schadow of a "quadriga" - a chariot drawn by four horses - driven by Victoria, the Roman goddess of victory.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: The Brandenburg Gate has played different political roles in German history. After the 1806 Prussian defeat at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, Napoleon was the first to use the Brandenburg Gate for a triumphal procession, and took its quadriga to Paris.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: After Napoleon's defeat in 1814 and the Prussian occupation of Paris by General Ernst von Pfuel, the quadriga was restored to Berlin. It was now redesigned by Karl Friedrich Schinkel for the new role of the Brandenburg Gate as a Prussian triumphal arch. The goddess, now definitely Victoria, was equipped with the Prussian eagle and Iron Cross on her lance with a wreath of oak leaves.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: The quadriga faces east, as it did when it was originally installed in 1793. Only the royal family was allowed to pass through the central archway, as well as members of the Pfuel family, from 1814 to 1919. The Kaiser granted this honour to the family in gratitude to Ernst von Pfuel, who had overseen the return of the quadriga to the top of the gate. In addition, the central archway was also used by the coaches of ambassadors on the single occasion of their presenting their letters of credence to council.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: When the Nazis ascended to power, they used the gate as a party symbol. The gate survived World War II and was one of the damaged structures still standing in the Pariser Platz ruins in 1945 (another being the Academy of Fine Arts). The gate was badly damaged with holes in the columns from bullets and nearby explosions. One horse's head from the original quadriga survived, and is today kept in the collection of the Märkisches Museum. Efforts to disguise the government district of Berlin and confuse Allied bombers had included the construction of a replica Brandenburg Gate located away from the city centre.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: After Germany's surrender at the end of the war, the governments of East Berlin and West Berlin restored it in a joint effort. The holes were patched, but were visible for many years. The gate was located in the Soviet occupation zone, directly next to the border to the British occupation zone, which later became the border between East and West Berlin.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: Vehicles and pedestrians could travel freely through the gate until the day after construction began on the Berlin Wall on Barbed Wire Sunday, 13 August 1961. West Berliners gathered on the western side of the gate to demonstrate against the Berlin Wall, among them West Berlin's mayor, Willy Brandt, who had returned from a federal election campaign tour in West Germany earlier the same day. The wall passed directly by the western side of the gate, which was closed throughout the Berlin Wall period, which ended on 22 December 1989.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: When the Revolutions of 1989 occurred and the wall was demolished, the gate symbolized freedom and the desire to unify the city of Berlin. Thousands of people gathered at the wall to celebrate its fall on 9 November 1989. On 22 December 1989, the Brandenburg Gate border crossing was reopened when Helmut Kohl, the West German chancellor, walked through to be greeted by Hans Modrow, the East German prime minister. Demolition of the rest of the wall around the area took place the following year.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: During 1990, the quadriga was removed from the gate as part of renovation work carried out by the East German authorities following the fall of the wall in November 1989. Germany was officially reunified in October 1990.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: The Brandenburg Gate was privately refurbished on 21 December 2000, at a cost of six million euros. It was once again opened on 3 October 2002 following extensive refurbishment, for the 12th anniversary of German reunification.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: The Brandenburg Gate became the main venue for the 20th-anniversary celebrations of the fall of the Berlin Wall or "Festival of Freedom" on the evening of 9 November 2009. The high point of the celebrations was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles, each over tall, were lined up along the route of the former wall through the city centre. The domino "wall" was then toppled in stages converging here.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: The Brandenburg Gate is now again closed to vehicle traffic, and much of Pariser Platz has been turned into a cobblestone pedestrian zone. The gate, along with the broad Straße des 17. Juni avenue to the west, is also one of the large public areas in Berlin where over a million people can gather to watch stage shows or party together, watch major sport events shown on huge screens, or see fireworks at midnight on New Year's Eve. After winning the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the German national football team held their victory rally in front of the gate.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: It has also hosted street events at 2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics and repeated its role in 2018 European Athletics Championships. It is also the usual finish line of the Berlin Marathon.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: A Soviet flag flew from a flagpole atop the gate from 1945 until 1957, when it was replaced by an East German flag. Since the reunification of Germany in 1990, the flag and the pole have been removed. During the 1953 riots in East Berlin the Soviet flag was torn off by West Germans.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: In 1963, U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited the Brandenburg Gate. The Soviets hung large red banners across it to prevent him looking into East Berlin.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: In the 1980s, decrying the existence of two German states and two Berlins, West Berlin mayor Richard von Weizsäcker said: "The German Question is open as long as the Brandenburg Gate is closed."


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: On 12 June 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan spoke to the West Berlin populace at the Brandenburg Gate, demanding the razing of the Berlin Wall. Addressing the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, Reagan said,


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: On 25 December 1989, less than two months after the Berlin Wall began to come down, the conductor Leonard Bernstein conducted the Berlin Philharmonic in a version of the Ninth Symphony of Beethoven at the then newly opened Brandenburg Gate. In the concluding choral movement of the symphony, the "Ode to Joy", the word "Freude" ("Joy") was replaced with "Freiheit" ("Freedom") to celebrate the fall of the Wall and the imminent reunification of Germany.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: On 2–3 October 1990, the Brandenburg Gate was the scene of the official ceremony to mark the reunification of Germany. At the stroke of midnight on 3 October, the black-red-gold flag of West Germany—now the flag of a reunified Germany—was raised over the gate.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: On 12 July 1994, U.S. President Bill Clinton spoke at the Brandenburg Gate about peace in post–Cold War Europe formally declaring, "Berlin is free!"


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: On 9 November 2009, Chancellor Angela Merkel walked through the Brandenburg Gate with Russia's Mikhail Gorbachev and Poland's Lech Wałęsa as part of the 20-year anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall while former East German leader Egon Krenz, recently released from prison, looked on from the cheering crowd on the sidewalk. Gorbachev pointed, smiled and waved to Krenz who did not return the gesture. After Gorbachev had passed by and the crowd realized who Krenz was, they began to howl and throw rubbish at him.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: On 13 August 2011, Germany marked the 50th anniversary of the day the Berlin Wall began construction with a memorial service and a minute of silence in memory of those who died trying to flee to the West. "It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again," Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit said. German Chancellor Angela Merkel—who grew up behind the wall in Germany's communist eastern part—also attended the commemoration. German President Christian Wulff added, "It has been shown once again: Freedom is invincible at the end. No wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom."


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: On 19 June 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama spoke at the Gate about nuclear arms reduction and the recently revealed U.S. internet surveillance activities.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: On the night of 5 January 2015, the lights illuminating the gate were completely shut off in protest against a protest held by far-right anti-Islamic group Pegida.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: In April 2017, "Die Zeit" noted that the gate was not illuminated in Russian colours after the 2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing. The gate was previously illuminated after attacks in Jerusalem and Orlando. The Berlin Senate only allows the gate to be illuminated for events in partner cities and cities with a special connection to Berlin.


title: Brandenburg Gate

text: In February 2022, the gate was lit up with the colors of the Ukrainian flag, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. A candlelight vigil was also held in front of the gate on the 31st Independence Day of Ukraine.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 is a 2015 American dystopian science fiction war film directed by Francis Lawrence from a screenplay by Peter Craig and Danny Strong, based on the 2010 novel "Mockingjay" by Suzanne Collins. The sequel to "" (2014), it is the fourth installment in "The Hunger Games" film series. It features an ensemble cast that includes Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson, Liam Hemsworth, Woody Harrelson, Elizabeth Banks, Julianne Moore, Philip Seymour Hoffman and Donald Sutherland. Hoffman died in February 2014, marking his final film role.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: The story continues from "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1" with Katniss Everdeen (Lawrence) preparing to win the war against President Snow (Sutherland) and the tyrannical Capitol. Together with Peeta, Gale, Finnick, and others, she travels to the Capitol to kill Snow. Principal photography on both parts of "Mockingjay" began on September 23, 2013, in Atlanta, before moving to Paris for two weeks of back-to-back filming and officially concluding on June 20, 2014, in Berlin and at Babelsberg Studio, which served as a co-producer.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2" premiered in Berlin on November 4, 2015, and was theatrically released in the United States on November 20, 2015, in 2D and IMAX, and internationally in 2D, 3D, RealD Cinema, and IMAX 3D in select territories; it is the only film in the series widely released in 3D. The film grossed $102 million gross over its opening weekend in North America, the sixth-biggest opening in 2015, and held the number one spot at the international box office for four consecutive weekends. The film grossed over $658 million worldwide, making it the ninth highest-grossing film of 2015, but the lowest-grossing installment in the series, falling below expectations both internationally and domestically.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: "Mockingjay – Part 2" received generally positive reviews from critics, for its performances (particularly Lawrence, Hutcherson and Sutherland's), screenplay, musical score, and action sequences, though it was criticized for splitting the final adaptation into two separate parts. The film was nominated for Best Fantasy Film at the 42nd Saturn Awards. It received three nominations at the 21st Empire Awards for Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy, Best Actress (Lawrence) and Best Production Design. For her part, Jennifer Lawrence was nominated for Best Actress in an Action Movie at the 21st Critics' Choice Awards. A prequel, "", is scheduled to be released on November 17, 2023.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: After being attacked by a hijacked (brainwashed) Peeta Mellark, Katniss Everdeen recovers from her injuries in District 13. President Coin refuses to let Katniss go to the Capitol until they take District 2, so instead, she sends her to join the assault on the Capitol's armory in District 2, the last district controlled by the Capitol. Although she is able to rally the rebels and convince District 2 to join the rebellion, she is shot by a civilian, but merely injured due to her bulletproof Mockingjay costume.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Johanna covers for Katniss while she sneaks onboard a helicopter on its way to the Capitol. Coin becomes aware of Katniss' defiance but plays along. Katniss is recruited into the Star Squad, which includes Gale and a recently married Finnick. The whole squad is given nightlock pills to take in case they are captured. Peeta, who is still not fully recovered, eventually joins them in the field to appear in the propaganda videos that the team is responsible for shooting in the wreckage of the city. Led by Boggs, the team makes their way to the Capitol, evading booby-trapped "pods" placed along the way with Boggs' holographic map called the Holo. In setting up for a shot in a courtyard, Boggs is fatally wounded by a pod and bestows the Holo on Katniss. In his final breath, he tells her the password to self-destruct the Holo and insists that she keep going, warning her of Coin. The squad then accidentally triggers another pod, releasing a flood of lethal black tar. As they flee, Peeta momentarily succumbs to his conditioning in the high-pressure situation and attacks Katniss, killing Mitchell in the process.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Katniss refuses to kill Peeta, but Gale states that he would kill him if needed. The group are then trapped in a building by Peacekeepers. As they try to figure out their next steps, Katniss lies and says that Coin has sent her on a mission to assassinate President Snow. The other group members know this is a lie, but they back Katniss up and decide to follow "Coin's" orders. The Leeg sisters stay behind in the building as a distraction so the group can escape the building. The Peacekeepers destroy the building and the Capitol broadcasts a video of the attack announcing Katniss' apparent death, which is then interrupted by Coin who delivers an impassioned eulogy for Katniss to rally the rebels. Realizing that everyone believes Katniss to be dead actually helps their cause, the team decides to continue on to the mansion and quietly assassinate Snow. The group travels into the sewers to make it across the Capitol without being detected or hurt by pods, but surveillance footage in the tunnels alerts Snow that Katniss is actually alive. He orders the release of genetically engineered "mutts" into the sewers, who ambush and kill several members of the group, including Finnick. Katniss uses the password on the Holo to self-destruct and cause an explosion that kills the rest of the mutts. The team escapes the sewers and takes shelter in a nearby house owned by former Hunger Games stylist and Snow's cousin, Tigris.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Snow invites Capitol citizens to take shelter in his mansion, forming a human shield around the mansion. After saying goodbye to Peeta, Katniss and Gale join the group of citizens in disguise in order to infiltrate the mansion. During this attempt, the rebels finally arrive at the Capitol and engage in a gunfight with the Peacekeepers, with several Capitol citizens being caught in the crossfire. The mansion gates remain closed to the Capitol citizens that arrive, and the children in the crowd are brought to the front so that they can enter first when they do. In all the confusion, a hovercraft marked with Capitol insignia drops bombs into the crowd. When a group of medics, including Katniss' sister, Prim, arrive to treat the wounded, the second wave of bombings occurs, killing Prim and knocking Katniss unconscious.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Katniss awakens, and Haymitch informs her that the rebels have finally won the rebellion. Katniss goes to face Snow in his greenhouse, where he is being held prisoner and awaiting execution. He explains to Katniss that Coin staged the bombing to turn his followers against him, and when she doesn't believe him, he reminds Katniss of their promise never to lie to one-another. Katniss realizes Gale had suggested a similar strategy and confronts him about this when he comes to visit her. When Gale claims that he is not sure whose side the bombs came from, but that he cannot deny his part in Prim's death and regrets not being able to keep his promise of protecting her family, Katniss dismisses him.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Coin calls a meeting of the surviving Hunger Games victors, where she declares herself the interim President of Panem. Haymitch slyly asks how long "interim" might be, but Coin does not answer. To end the violence of the rebellion, she calls for a vote for a final, symbolic Hunger Games using the children of Capitol leaders as revenge. Some of the tributes, including Peeta, are immediately outraged, and others support the initiative. Katniss stays deliberately silent, and Coin asks her directly what she thinks after most of the tributes have cast their votes. After a moment to think, Katniss votes yes on the condition that she can execute Snow herself. After meeting Katniss' eyes at the table, Haymitch casts the tie-breaking final vote of "yes."


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: At Snow's execution, Katniss approaches Snow with her bow in hand as he's tied to a stake. Overlooking them is Coin, and after a booming speech Katniss shoots her instead. Coin falls from her podium and Snow begins to laugh, which causes a riot of citizens to converge on and kill Snow. Katniss then tries to swallow her nightlock pill, but Peeta rushes in to stop Katniss from committing suicide and she is then arrested. In captivity, Haymitch brings Katniss a letter from Plutarch that she refuses to read. Haymitch then reads it aloud to her; the letter assures Katniss that she will be pardoned, there will be no "last Hunger Games," and she will be able to return to District 12. He doesn't tell her this in person because he feels that he cannot be seen with her as Panem begins to heal under the leadership of Commander Paylor. Katniss remarks that the only person who's ever actually won the Hunger Games is Plutarch Heavensbee.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Returning home to District 12, Katniss tries to pick up the pieces of her old life. Prim's cat returns to the house, and Katniss has an outburst at the animal before breaking down into tears, hugging it close to her. One day Katniss walks outside to find Peeta, who has almost fully recovered from his conditioning and returned home. He is planting primroses at the front of the village. They spend time together, sometimes with Haymitch, and even receive a letter from Annie, Finnick's wife, telling them that they have had a son, that Katniss’ mother is still treating survivors, and that Gale was promoted to Captain. Commander Paylor is formally elected the new President of Panem.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Years later, Katniss and Peeta play with their two children in a meadow. Their infant cries from a nightmare, and Katniss ponders that they will eventually learn her story and about her time in the Games; she muses to her baby that sometimes when she has a nightmare, she plays a game wherein she imagines every good thing that she has ever seen anyone do. She says that the game gets a little tedious at times, but states that “there are much worse games to play.”


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: In addition to these twenty top-billed cast, Stef Dawson returned for her third appearance as Annie Cresta, Robert Knepper as Antonius, Paula Malcomson for her fourth appearance as Katniss’s mother, Eugenie Bondurant as Tigris, Gwendoline Christie as Commander Lyme, a previous victor from District 2. Twins Misty and Kim Ormiston as Leeg 1 and Leeg 2, and Joe Chrest as Mitchell, while Jennifer Lawrence's nephews, Theodore and Bear Lawrence, appear briefly as Katniss and Peeta's children.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: On July 10, 2012, Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation of "Mockingjay" would be split into two parts; "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1", released on November 21, 2014, and "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2", released November 20, 2015. On November 1, 2012, Francis Lawrence, director of "", announced that he would return to direct both final films in the series. Talking about direction for last two parts Francis explains, "I felt a different kind of pressure," he explains. "[On ""], I had to prove myself a little bit as the new guy in the game. It was a relief that it was received well by the fans. Even though I was relieved, it was only momentary; it sort of set the bar higher for the next one!"


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: On December 6, 2012, Danny Strong announced that he would write the third and fourth films. On February 15, 2013, Lionsgate approved the script for "Part 1" and gave Strong permission to write that of "Part 2". In August, Hemsworth confirmed that shooting of the film would begin the following month.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: The film's production began on September 16, 2013, in Boston, Atlanta, and Los Angeles. Studio Babelsberg co-produced and oversaw production services for the film. On November 13, 2013, producer Nina Jacobson revealed that Peter Craig was also hired to write the adaptations. The film carried a production budget of $160 million with a further $55 million spent on promotion and advertisements, and $13.9 million in television advertisements.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: All the principal cast such as Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss, Josh Hutcherson as Peeta, Liam Hemsworth as Gale, Woody Harrelson as Haymitch, Donald Sutherland as President Snow, Elizabeth Banks as Effie, Willow Shields as Prim, Paula Malcomson as Katniss’ mother and Stanley Tucci as Caesar, return to reprise their roles. Julianne Moore also returned to reprise her role as President Alma Coin, along with Philip Seymour Hoffman, who died during the filming in February 2014, as Plutarch. He had nearly completed his scenes, and his two remaining scenes were rewritten to compensate for his absence. Regarding Hoffman's scenes, Francis Lawrence commented that, "He had two substantial scenes left and the rest were appearances in other scenes. We had no intention of trying to fake a performance, so we rewrote those scenes to give to other actors… The rest, we just didn't have him appear in those scenes. There's no digital manipulation or CG fabrication of any kind." One of the changed scenes saw the character of Plutarch sending Katniss a letter in prison, read by Haymitch, rather than coming himself to talk to her after her arrest for assassinating President Coin, explained as him being unable to see her for political reasons after her actions, which he nonetheless supports.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: On August 26, 2013, it was announced that actress Stef Dawson had joined the cast to portray Annie Cresta. Lionsgate announced on September 13, 2013, that Julianne Moore joined the cast to play President Alma Coin. The same month, Lily Rabe, Patina Miller, Mahershala Ali, Wes Chatham, and Elden Henson were announced to have joined the cast, to reprise their roles of Commander Lyme, Commander Paylor, Boggs, Castor, and Pollux, respectively. During this time, there was also a casting call for extras. Rabe subsequently had to leave the film due to a scheduling conflict with the 2014 Shakespeare in the Park production of "Much Ado About Nothing". On April 4, 2014, it was announced that she would be replaced by Gwendoline Christie to portray Lyme. Wyatt Russell was originally offered a role in both parts of "Mockingjay", but his father Kurt confirmed in September 2013 that he turned down the offer to star in "22 Jump Street".


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Principal photography began on September 23, 2013, in Atlanta, and concluded on June 20, 2014, in Berlin, Germany; the two parts were filmed back-to-back. In October 2013, filming took place in Rockmart, Georgia. After the cast and crew took a break to promote "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire", filming resumed on December 2, 2013. On December 14, 2013, shooting was held at the Marriott Marquis in Atlanta. On December 18, shooting began at Caldwell Tanks in Newnan, Georgia.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Philip Seymour Hoffman died on February 2, 2014. He had completed filming his scenes for "Part 1" and had a week left of shooting for "Part 2"; Lionsgate thereafter released a statement affirming that since the majority of Hoffman's scenes had been completed, the release date for "Part 2" would not be affected. It was initially announced that Hoffman would be digitally recreated for a major scene involving his character that had not been shot, but Francis Lawrence later stated that he had rewritten Hoffman's two remaining scenes to compensate for the actor's absence, and there would be "no digital manipulation or CG fabrication of any kind". In a scene near the end of the film which was to have shown Plutarch speaking with Katniss in detention, Woody Harrelson's character instead reads her a letter from him.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Filming in Atlanta completed in mid-April 2014, and production moved to Europe. On May 9, filming took place in "Les Espaces d'Abraxas" complex in Noisy le Grand, Paris. It is the same location where "Brazil" (1985) was filmed 30 years earlier. Toward the end of May, the cast and crew shot scenes at several locations in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany. In Rüdersdorf, Brandenburg, the crew shot scenes for the portrayal of District 8 in an old cement factory. Hemsworth was injured on the set and was brought to a doctor in the Berlin borough Mitte. Scenes for District 2 were shot at Berlin Tempelhof Airport. Scenes for the underground approach on the Capitol were filmed in the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel in Japan. A German casting agency sought 1,000 ethnically diverse extras (African, Asian, Southern-European, and Turkish) and "lived faces" to shoot scenes at the Babelsberg Film Studio.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: The film score was released on December 4, 2015. James Newton Howard returned to compose the film score; unlike the previous films in the series, there is no additional pop companion album with songs inspired by the film. Jennifer Lawrence performed "Deep in the Meadow", a lullaby that she sang in the first film.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Along with the film's first teaser poster, Lionsgate released a teaser trailer on March 18, 2015, titled "The Hunger Games Franchise Logo — Remember", featuring the transformation of the Mockingjay, along with notable quotes from the previous three movies, as well as a quote from the new film. The teaser was also played at screenings of Lionsgate's "". Scott Mendelson of "Forbes" noted the similarity of the teaser with that of "The Dark Knight"s (2008) teaser, which also features just an animated logo of the film and select dialogue. On June 1, a new teaser poster for the film, featuring a vandalised statue of President Snow, was revealed on the viral site TheCapitol.PN. On June 9, the teaser trailer for the film was released. A series of different posters, featuring the main cast with red Mockingjays painted on their faces, was released in July by Lionsgate.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Later in July 2015, Lionsgate released a motion and teaser poster and propaganda video, followed by the film's official trailer. In August, a poster was released stating "100 days until The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2". However, it was taken down shortly thereafter, as the text on the poster appeared to resemble a swear word due to layout. However, another "bold and beautiful" poster was released depicting Katniss standing on the shoulder of a fallen President Snow statue.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: In October 2015, the first official clip and the final trailer were released, followed by the film's theatrical posters.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: In certain parts of Israel, the poster which depicted the image of Katniss (Lawrence) aiming her bow and arrow was removed over concerns her image would offend ultra-conservative Jewish audiences. Instead, a fiery mockingjay in the poster's background replaced Lawrence in marketing materials in multiple locations in Israel including Bnei Brak and West Jerusalem. Lionsgate did not comment on the Israeli marketing campaign. In Jerusalem, public posters with the image of a female are often torn down, while Bnei Brak does not allow posters with female images.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2" premiered in Los Angeles, at the L.A. Live, complex on November 16, and in New York City on November 18. It premiered internationally in Berlin on November 4, in London November 5, in Paris November 9, in Madrid November 10, and in Beijing November 12. Due to the terrorist attacks in Paris on November 13, Lionsgate scaled down its L.A. premiere, cancelling press interviews on the red carpet (which was scheduled to last two hours). The stars mostly greeted fans and took a few photos before heading into the screening in Downtown Los Angeles. "Mockingjay – Part 2" was released on November 20, 2015, in the United States and Canada. The film was originally scheduled to be released in 2D, Digital 3D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D, which would have made it the only film of the series to be globally released in 3D formats; the was released in 3D in China. It is the third film in the franchise to be released in IMAX, following the first and the film with the exception of the film. However, the decision to release the film in 3D and IMAX 3D in North America was revoked. Director Francis Lawrence discussed the decision, stating, "I love the 3D format and I know that "Mockingjay Part 2" will play perfectly in 3D and 2D internationally – but I'm pleased that we're maintaining the 2D only (and IMAX) formats domestically. It is the best of all worlds!". It was nevertheless released in 3D formats in overseas markets, including China. The film was also released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinemas, which is the first ever for Lionsgate.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: Internationally, it was released day-and-date across 87 countries, starting from November 18, in certain markets like Belgium, Brazil, France and the Netherlands and on November 19 in Australia, Germany, Russia, Italy, and the United Kingdom, followed by China, Mexico, Japan, the United States, Canada, and 19 other markets, on November 20, as part of the biggest movie rollout ever by Lionsgate. The only big territories where the film did not open on the same weekend are Spain, Greece and India, which released the movie on November 27.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2" was released on Digital HD on March 8, 2016, and was followed by a Blu-ray and DVD release on March 22, 2016. It topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on March 27, 2016. The entire Hunger Games series was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on November 8, 2016.


title: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

text: "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2" fell short of expectations at the box office. It grossed a total of $281.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $376.6 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $658.3 million. Its worldwide opening of $247.2 million is the 27th-highest of all time. It is the lowest-grossing film in "The Hunger Games" film series, and the ninth-highest-grossing film of 2015, Lionsgate's co-chairman Rob Friedman blamed the impact of the November 2015 Paris attacks as well as "" for the film's underwhelming performance in certain European countries and in the U.S. and Canada, further blaming the latter for cutting the film's North American gross by as much as $50–100 million. "Deadline Hollywood", noted that "Mockingjay – Part 2" had the lowest opening among the series and was already grossing behind "Mockingjay – Part 1" by $32.7 million or 12% before "The Force Awakens" even opened. "Deadline" also stated that the November attacks in Paris did not noticeably affect the European release of "Mockingjay – Part 2". In China the film notably grossed a disappointing $21.5 million, which the studio blamed on the competition with "The Martian" and "Spectre", along with Taiwanese film "Our Times". "Deadline Hollywood" calculated the net profit of the film to be $134.3 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.