title: Betty Broderick

text: Eight months after buying a Smith & Wesson revolver and seven months after Dan and Linda were married, Betty Broderick drove to Dan's house at 1041 Cypress Avenue in the Marston Hills neighborhood near Balboa Park in San Diego. Betty used a key she had taken from her daughter Lee to enter the house while the couple slept, whereupon she shot and killed them. The murders occurred at 5:30 a.m. on November 5, 1989—two days before Betty's 42nd birthday. Two bullets hit Linda in the head and chest, killing her instantly; one bullet hit Dan in the chest as he apparently was reaching for the phone; one bullet hit the wall, and one bullet hit a nightstand. Dan was 17 days shy of his 45th birthday; Linda was 28.


title: Betty Broderick

text: Evidence was presented at her trial that Betty had removed a phone/answering machine from Dan Broderick's bedroom so that he could not call for help. Medical evidence indicated that Dan had not died right away, and Betty claimed that she had spoken to him after she had shot him.


title: Betty Broderick

text: After contacting her daughter, Lee, and Lee's boyfriend, Betty turned herself in to police, never denying that she had pulled the trigger five times. Betty's explanation at both trials was that she never planned to kill Dan and Linda and that her crime was not premeditated. Her account of the murders at her second trial was that she was startled by Kolkena screaming "Call the police!" and immediately fired the gun.


title: Betty Broderick

text: Linda and Dan Broderick are listed as having been buried together, at Greenwood Memorial Park in San Diego.


title: Betty Broderick

text: Criminal Defense Attorney Jack Early represented Broderick at trial. Kerry Wells prosecuted for the State of California. Broderick's defense was that she had been a battered wife, claiming that she was driven over the edge by years of psychological, physical, and mental abuse at the hands of her ex-husband. Wells portrayed Broderick as a murderer who planned and schemed to kill her ex-husband and argued to the jury that Broderick was not a battered woman.


title: Betty Broderick

text: Forensic psychiatrist and criminologist Dr. Park Dietz, for the prosecution, used the analysis of Dr. Melvin Goldzband, who previously worked on the case for the prosecution. Dietz said Broderick has histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders. Goldzband had likewise diagnosed Broderick as "severely narcissistic" and "histrionic," and clinical psychologist Katherine DiFrancesca, testifying for the defense, concluded Broderick was "histrionic" with "narcissistic features".


title: Betty Broderick

text: The lead detective in the case was Terry DeGelder of San Diego Homicide, who provided testimony for the prosecution.


title: Betty Broderick

text: Broderick's first trial ended with a hung jury when two of the jurors held out for manslaughter, citing lack of intent. A mistrial was declared by Judge Thomas J. Whelan. Betty Broderick was retried a year later with the same defense attorney and prosecutor. The second trial was essentially a replay of the first trial. Prosecutor Wells was successful the second time around; the jury returned a verdict of two counts of second-degree murder. Broderick was sentenced to two consecutive terms of 15 years to life plus two years for illegal use of a firearm, the maximum under the law. She has been incarcerated since the day she committed the murders.


title: Betty Broderick

text: Broderick is serving her sentence at the California Institution for Women (CIW), in Chino, California. In January 2010, her first request for parole was denied by the Board of Parole Hearings because she did not show remorse and did not acknowledge wrongdoing. She was denied parole in November 2011 and again in January 2017. She will not be eligible again until January 2032, at which date she will be 84 years old.


title: Betty Broderick

text: An article about Broderick's case in the "Los Angeles Times Magazine" led to the production of a television film called (Part 1) "", and (Part 2) "Her Final Fury: Betty Broderick, The Last Chapter" (1992), where Meredith Baxter portrayed Betty, Stephen Collins portrayed Dan, and Michelle Johnson portrayed Linda Kolkena. Baxter received an Emmy Award nomination for her portrayal of Broderick. The murder was also dramatized in the season 4 episode of "Deadly Women", titled "Till Death Do Us Part."


title: Betty Broderick

text: Both before and after Broderick's trials, her story was dramatized across the United States. Broderick granted numerous television and magazine interviews. She appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" twice, "Hard Copy", "20/20", and "Headliners and Legends".


title: Betty Broderick

text: At least four books were written about her story ("Until the Twelfth of Never: The Deadly Divorce of Dan and Betty Broderick", 1993, by Bella Stumbo; "Until the Twelfth of Never - Should Betty Broderick ever be free?", 2013, by Bella Stumbo; "Forsaking All Others: The Real Betty Broderick Story", 1993, by Loretta Schwartz-Nobel; "Hell Hath No Fury", 1992, by Bryna Taubman), and Broderick was interviewed by "Ladies Home Journal" magazine and others.


title: Betty Broderick

text: The 1991 "Law & Order" episode "The Wages of Love" partially was inspired by this murder and the trial that followed. Guest star Shirley Knight was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.


title: Betty Broderick

text: The second season of the TV series "Dirty John" features the story of Betty and Dan Broderick from the early years through the homicides. Amanda Peet played Betty and Christian Slater played Dan.


title: Betty Broderick

text: In spring 2020, a true crime podcast about the Betty Broderick case was produced by the "Los Angeles Times" titled "It Was Simple: The Betty Broderick Murders".


title: Betty Broderick

text: Betty Broderick was involved in several civil and criminal court cases, including wrongful death for the murder of Dan Broderick and his wife Linda:


title: Jessi (musician)

text: Jessica Ho (born December 17, 1988), better known by her stage name Jessi, is an American rapper, singer, and entertainer based in South Korea. She was born in New York, raised in New Jersey, and moved to South Korea at the age of 15.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: Jessi originally debuted in South Korea in 2005 and temporarily was part of the hip hop group Uptown in 2006. After a brief hiatus, she returned to music as part of the hip-hop trio Lucky J and as a soloist under YMC Entertainment until the group's disbandment in 2016. Following the end of her contract with YMC, she later moved to Psy's record label P Nation in 2019 as the first artist signed under the label, where she continued her solo career until her departure from the label in 2022. Several of her solo and collaborative singles have been commercially successful, with five Top 10 entries in the Gaon Digital Chart, including her highest-charting solo single "Nunu Nana" and the chart-topping single "Don't Touch Me" as part of the Refund Sisters.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: Jessi is a prominent presence in Korean variety programs. She achieved mainstream popularity as part of the first season of Mnet hip hop competition show "Unpretty Rapstar", where she placed second. She also served as a judge in competition shows "High School Rapper" and "Cap-teen", as well as a host in her own YouTube talk show with SBS, "Jessi's Showterview". She is also notable for her regular appearances in programs with comedian Yoo Jae-suk, such as guest appearances in "Running Man" and "Hangout with Yoo", as well as being a series regular in "Sixth Sense".


title: Jessi (musician)

text: Jessi made her debut with single album "Get Up" in 2005. In 2006 the hip hop group Uptown featured her in their album "Testimony", replacing their original vocalist Yoon Mi-rae. Jessi's second single album, entitled "The Rebirth", was released in January 2009. After the release, she took a break from music, and left Korea to return to America.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: In 2014, after a 5-year hiatus, Jessi returned as a member of hip-hop trio Lucky J with rapper J'Kyun and vocalist J-Yo. Lucky J debuted with the digital single "Can You Hear Me" under YMC Entertainment in July of that year.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: From January to March 2015, Jessi was part of the first season of "Unpretty Rapstar", a spin-off of the program "Show Me The Money". "Unpretty Rapstar" is a female rapper survival program, where contestants compete for the chance to be featured on tracks in a compilation album. Jessi was chosen as the second-place winner of the show by audience vote. After her appearance on "Unpretty Rapstar", Jessi was featured in JYP's single "Who's Your Mama?" and its music video, which were both released in April 2015. The track topped all nine major music charts in Korea as soon as it was released. She released her first ever solo rap single, "Ssenunni", on September 15. On October 16, 2015, Jessi performed in the United States for the first time at the Belasco Theater in Los Angeles with hip-hop duo Mighty Mouth.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: In 2016, Jessi was cast in "Sister's Slam Dunk". In 2017, Jessi released another rap single, "Gucci" from her first mini-album, entitled "Un2verse", both of which released on July 13. On July 6, 2018, she released a single titled "Down".


title: Jessi (musician)

text: Jessi's contract with YMC Entertainment ended in October 2018, and in January 2019, she signed a contract with Psy's record label P Nation. Her first single under the label, "Who Dat B," was released on September 23, 2019. "Who Dat B" peaked at number eight on the World Digital Songs Sales chart and 68 on the "Billboard" Korea K-Pop Hot 100. She released another rap single, "Drip" featuring Jay Park, on November 2. The collaboration reached number 16 on the World Songs chart.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: On June 4, 2020, Jessi premiered her new variety show, "Jessi's Showterview", on SBS's Mobidic YouTube channel.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: The singer released her second extended play, ""Nuna"," on July 30. The single "Nunu Nana" was released in conjunction with the EP. "Nunu Nana" peaked at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart, becoming her first top-ten single as a solo artist and her highest-charting solo single. On August 14, the music video for "Numb" was released.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: Jessi joined the cast of MBC reality-variety show "Hangout with Yoo" in August 2020 as a member of four-member supergroup Refund Sisters (환불 원정대). The group consists of Jessi along with Korean singers Lee Hyo-ri, Uhm Jung-hwa, and Hwasa; they made their debut on October 10, releasing their debut single, "Don't Touch Me." "Don't Touch Me" peaked atop the Gaon Digital Chart for two consecutive weeks.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: She also became part of the main cast of tvN variety show "Sixth Sense", which reunited her with Yoo Jae-suk and premiered in September 2020. She returned for the series' second season, which began airing in June 2021.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: On March 17, 2021, Jessi released a new digital single titled "What Type of X" (어떤X). On October 12, Jessi released the single "Cold Blooded," which was served as a collaborative track with the Mnet dance crew competition show "Street Woman Fighter"; the dance crews were tasked to choreograph for the song, with YGX winning the segment. Jessi and fellow singer Sunmi featured in an official remix for Ed Sheeran's song "Shivers," which was released on November 24.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: On April 1, 2022, the agency announced that Jessi would make a comeback with the digital single "Zoom" on April 13. The song peaked at number twelve at the Gaon Digital Chart. The song became a viral hit on video platform TikTok. Psy's ninth studio album, released April 29, 2022, features Jessi on the track 'Ganji'.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: On June 10, 2022, it was confirmed that Jessi's contract with P Nation would expire in June 2022, and at the time she was discussing a potential contract extension. On July 6, 2022, P Nation announced that Jessi left the company after three years with the label.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: Jessi attended Korea Kent Foreign School along with Girls' Generation members Tiffany Young and Jessica Jung. Jessi successfully passed an S.M. Entertainment audition, the same company her two classmates were under. However, she chose not to become part of the label, as she believed its approach to music did not match her style. Before Jessi went on temporary hiatus from the music industry, she struggled to become accustomed to Korean culture. She did not find immediate success after her debut, and was sometimes forced to sleep in saunas when she did not have enough money for a place to stay.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: In 2013, during her break from the music industry, a controversy about Jessi's involvement in an alleged assault surfaced. The professed victim soon dropped the charges against the singer, and the investigation was closed.


title: Jessi (musician)

text: All song credits are adapted from Korea Music Copyright Association(KMCA) database, and Melon otherwise noted


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish or cuttles are marine molluscs of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone, which is used for control of buoyancy.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish have large, W-shaped pupils, eight arms, and two tentacles furnished with denticulated suckers, with which they secure their prey. They generally range in size from , with the largest species, the giant cuttlefish ("Sepia apama"), reaching in mantle length and over in mass.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish eat small molluscs, crabs, shrimp, fish, octopus, worms, and other cuttlefish. Their predators include dolphins, sharks, fish, seals, seabirds, and other cuttlefish. The typical life expectancy of a cuttlefish is about 1–2 years. Studies are said to indicate cuttlefish to be among the most intelligent invertebrates. Cuttlefish also have one of the largest brain-to-body size ratios of all invertebrates.


title: Cuttlefish

text: The "cuttle" in cuttlefish comes from the Old English name for the species, "cudele", which may be cognate with the Old Norse "koddi" (cushion) and the Middle Low German "Kudel" (rag). The Greco-Roman world valued the cuttlefish as a source of the unique brown pigment the creature releases from its siphon when it is alarmed. The word for it in both Greek and Latin, "sepia", now refers to the reddish-brown color sepia in English.


title: Cuttlefish

text: The earliest fossils of cuttlefish are from the end of the Cretaceous period, represented by "Ceratisepia" from the Late Maastrichtian Maastricht Formation of the Netherlands. Although the Jurassic "Trachyteuthis" was historically considered possibly related to cuttlefish, later studies considered to be more closely related to octopus and vampire squid.


title: Cuttlefish

text: The family Sepiidae, which contains all cuttlefish, inhabits tropical and temperate ocean waters. They are mostly shallow-water animals, although they are known to go to depths of about . They have an unusual biogeographic pattern; they are present along the coasts of East and South Asia, Western Europe, and the Mediterranean, as well as all coasts of Africa and Australia, but are totally absent from the Americas. By the time the family evolved, ostensibly in the Old World, the North Atlantic possibly had become too cold and deep for these warm-water species to cross. The common cuttlefish ("Sepia officinalis"), is found in the Mediterranean, North and Baltic seas, although populations may occur as far south as South Africa. They are found in sublittoral depths, between the low tide line and the edge of the continental shelf, to about . The cuttlefish is listed under the Red List category of "least concern" by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This means that while some over-exploitation of the marine animal has occurred in some regions due to large-scale commercial fishing, their wide geographic range prevents them from being too threatened. Ocean acidification, however, caused largely by higher levels of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere, is cited as a potential threat.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish, like other cephalopods, have sophisticated eyes. The organogenesis and the final structure of the cephalopod eye fundamentally differ from those of vertebrates such as humans.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Superficial similarities between cephalopod and vertebrate eyes are thought to be examples of convergent evolution. The cuttlefish pupil is a smoothly curving W-shape. Although cuttlefish cannot see color, they can perceive the polarization of light, which enhances their perception of contrast. They have two spots of concentrated sensor cells on their retinas (known as foveae), one to look more forward, and one to look more backward. The eye changes focus by shifting the position of the entire lens with respect to the retina, instead of reshaping the lens as in mammals. Unlike the vertebrate eye, no blind spot exists, because the optic nerve is positioned behind the retina. They are capable of using stereopsis, enabling them to discern depth/distance because their brain calculates the input from both eyes.


title: Cuttlefish

text: The cuttlefish's eyes are thought to be fully developed before birth, and they start observing their surroundings while still in the egg. In consequence, they may prefer to hunt the prey they saw before hatching.


title: Cuttlefish

text: The blood of a cuttlefish is an unusual shade of green-blue, because it uses the copper-containing protein haemocyanin to carry oxygen instead of the red, iron-containing protein haemoglobin found in vertebrates' blood. The blood is pumped by three separate hearts: two branchial hearts pump blood to the cuttlefish's pair of gills (one heart for each), and the third pumps blood around the rest of the body. Cuttlefish blood must flow more rapidly than that of most other animals because haemocyanin carries substantially less oxygen than haemoglobin. Unlike most other mollusks, cephalopods like cuttlefish have a closed circulatory system.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish possess an internal structure called the cuttlebone, which is porous and is made of aragonite. The pores provide it with buoyancy, which the cuttlefish regulates by changing the gas-to-liquid ratio in the chambered cuttlebone via the ventral siphuncle. Each species' cuttlebone has a distinct shape, size, and pattern of ridges or texture. The cuttlebone is unique to cuttlefish, and is one of the features that distinguish them from their squid relatives.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Like other marine mollusks, cuttlefish have ink stores that are used for chemical deterrence, phagomimicry, sensory distraction, and evasion when attacked. Its composition results in a dark colored ink, rich in ammonium salts and amino acids that may have a role in phagomimicry defenses. The ink can be ejected to create a "smoke screen" to hide the cuttlefish's escape, or it can be released as a pseudomorph of similar size to the cuttlefish, acting as a decoy while the cuttlefish swims away.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Human use of this substance is wide-ranged. A common use is in cooking with squid ink to darken and flavor rice and pasta. It adds a black tint and a sweet flavor to the food. In addition to food, cuttlefish ink can be used with plastics and staining of materials. The diverse composition of cuttlefish ink, and its deep complexity of colors, allows for dilution and modification of its color. Cuttlefish ink can be used to make noniridescent reds, blues, and greens, subsequently used for biomimetic colors and materials.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish have eight arms and two additional elongated tentacles that are used to grasp prey. The elongated tentacles and mantle cavity serve as defense mechanisms; when approached by a predator, the cuttlefish can suck water into its mantle cavity and spread its arms in order to appear larger than normal. Though the mantle cavity is used for jet propulsion, the main parts of the body that are used for basic mobility are the fins, which can maneuver the cuttlefish in all directions.


title: Cuttlefish

text: The suckers of cuttlefish extend most of the length of their arms and along the distal portion of their tentacles. Like other cephalopods, cuttlefish have "taste-by-touch" sensitivity in their suckers, allowing them to discriminate among objects and water currents that they contact.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Some cuttlefish are venomous. The genes for venom production are thought to be descended from a common ancestor. The muscles of the flamboyant cuttlefish ("Metasepia pfefferi") contain a highly toxic, unidentified compound as lethal as that of a fellow cephalopod, the blue-ringed octopus.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Sleep is a state of immobility characterized by being rapidly reversible, homeostatically controlled, and increasing an organism's arousal threshold.


title: Cuttlefish

text: To date one cephalopod species, "Octopus vulgaris", has been shown to satisfy these criteria. Another species, "Sepia officinalis", satisfies two of the three criteria but has not yet been tested on the third (arousal threshold). Recent research shows that the sleep-like state in a common species of cuttlefish, "Sepia officinalis", shows predictable periods of rapid eye movement, arm twitching and rapid chromatophore changes.


title: Cuttlefish

text: The lifespan of a cuttlefish is typically around one to two years, depending on the species. They hatch from eggs fully developed, around long, reaching around the first two months. Before death, cuttlefish go through senescence when the cephalopod essentially deteriorates, or rots in place. Their eyesight begins to fail, which affects their ability to see, move, and hunt efficiently. Once this process begins, cuttlefish tend to not live long due to predation by other organisms.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish start to actively mate at around five months of age. Male cuttlefish challenge one another for dominance and the best den during mating season. During this challenge, no direct contact is usually made. The animals threaten each other until one of them backs down and swims away. Eventually, the larger male cuttlefish mate with the females by grabbing them with their tentacles, turning the female so that the two animals are face-to-face, then using a specialized tentacle to insert sperm sacs into an opening near the female's mouth. As males can also use their funnels to flush others' sperm out of the female's pouch, the male then guards the female until she lays the eggs a few hours later. After laying her cluster of eggs, the female cuttlefish secretes ink on them making them look very similar to grapes. The egg case is produced through a complex capsule of the female accessory genital glands and the ink bag.


title: Cuttlefish

text: On occasion, a large competitor arrives to threaten the male cuttlefish. In these instances, the male first attempts to intimidate the other male. If the competitor does not flee, the male eventually attacks it to force it away. The cuttlefish that can paralyze the other first, by forcing it near its mouth, wins the fight and the female. Since typically four or five (and sometimes as many as 10) males are available for every female, this behavior is inevitable.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish are indeterminate growers, so smaller cuttlefish always have a chance of finding a mate the next year when they are bigger. Additionally, cuttlefish unable to win in a direct confrontation with a guard male have been observed employing several other tactics to acquire a mate. The most successful of these methods is camouflage; smaller cuttlefish use their camouflage abilities to disguise themselves as a female cuttlefish. Changing their body color, and even pretending to be holding an egg sack, disguised males are able to swim past the larger guard male and mate with the female.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cephalopods are able to communicate visually using a diverse range of signals. To produce these signals, cephalopods can vary four types of communication element: chromatic (skin coloration), skin texture (e.g. rough or smooth), posture, and locomotion. Changes in body appearance such as these are sometimes called polyphenism. The common cuttlefish can display 34 chromatic, six textural, eight postural and six locomotor elements, whereas flamboyant cuttlefish use between 42 and 75 chromatic, 14 postural, and seven textural and locomotor elements. The Caribbean reef squid ("Sepioteuthis sepioidea") is thought to have up to 35 distinct signalling states.


title: Cuttlefish

text: As with real chameleons, cuttlefish are sometimes referred to as the "chameleons of the sea" because of their ability to rapidly alter their skin color – this can occur within one second. Cuttlefish change color and pattern (including the polarization of the reflected light waves), and the shape of the skin to communicate to other cuttlefish, to camouflage themselves, and as a deimatic display to warn off potential predators. Under some circumstances, cuttlefish can be trained to change color in response to stimuli, thereby indicating their color changing is not completely innate.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish can also affect the light's polarization, which can be used to signal to other marine animals, many of which can also sense polarization, as well as being able to influence the color of light as it reflects off their skin. Although cuttlefish (and most other cephalopods) lack color vision, high-resolution polarisation vision may provide an alternative mode of receiving contrast information that is just as defined. The cuttlefish's wide pupil may accentuate chromatic aberration, allowing it to perceive color by focusing specific wavelengths onto the retina.


title: Cuttlefish

text: The three broad categories of color patterns are uniform, mottle, and disruptive. Cuttlefish can display as many as 12 to 14 patterns, 13 of which have been categorized as seven "acute" (relatively brief) and six "chronic" (long-lasting) patterns. although other researchers suggest the patterns occur on a continuum.


title: Cuttlefish

text: The color-changing ability of cuttlefish is due to multiple types of cells. These are arranged (from the skin's surface going deeper) as pigmented chromatophores above a layer of reflective iridophores and below them, leucophores.


title: Cuttlefish

text: The chromatophores are sacs containing hundreds of thousands of pigment granules and a large membrane that is folded when retracted. Hundreds of muscles radiate from the chromatophore. These are under neural control and when they expand, they reveal the hue of the pigment contained in the sac. Cuttlefish have three types of chromatophore: yellow/orange (the uppermost layer), red, and brown/black (the deepest layer). The cuttlefish can control the contraction and relaxation of the muscles around individual chromatophores, thereby opening or closing the elastic sacs and allowing different levels of pigment to be exposed. Furthermore, the chromatophores contain luminescent protein nanostructures in which tethered pigment granules modify light through absorbance, reflection, and fluorescence between 650 and 720 nm.


title: Cuttlefish

text: For cephalopods in general, the hues of the pigment granules are relatively constant within a species, but can vary slightly between species. For example, the common cuttlefish and the opalescent inshore squid ("Doryteuthis opalescens") have yellow, red, and brown, the European common squid ("Alloteuthis subulata") has yellow and red, and the common octopus has yellow, orange, red, brown, and black.


title: Cuttlefish

text: In cuttlefish, activation of a chromatophore can expand its surface area by 500%. Up to 200 chromatophores per mm of skin may occur. In "Loligo plei", an expanded chromatophore may be up to 1.5 mm in diameter, but when retracted, it can measure as little as 0.1 mm.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Retracting the chromatophores reveals the iridophores and leucophores beneath them, thereby allowing cuttlefish to use another modality of visual signalling brought about by structural coloration.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Iridophores are structures that produce iridescent colors with a metallic sheen. They reflect light using plates of crystalline chemochromes made from guanine. When illuminated, they reflect iridescent colors because of the diffraction of light within the stacked plates. Orientation of the chemochromes determines the nature of the color observed. By using biochromes as colored filters, iridophores create an optical effect known as Tyndall or Rayleigh scattering, producing bright blue or blue-green colors. Iridophores vary in size, but are generally smaller than 1 mm. Squid at least are able to change their iridescence. This takes several seconds or minutes, and the mechanism is not understood. However, iridescence can also be altered by expanding and retracting the chromatophores above the iridophores. Because chromatophores are under direct neural control from the brain, this effect can be immediate.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cephalopod iridophores polarize light. Cephalopods have a rhabdomeric visual system which means they are visually sensitive to polarized light. Cuttlefish use their polarization vision when hunting for silvery fish (their scales polarize light). Female cuttlefish exhibit a greater number of polarized light displays than males and also alter their behavior when responding to polarized patterns. The use of polarized reflective patterns has led some to suggest that cephalopods may communicate intraspecifically in a mode that is "hidden" or "private" because many of their predators are insensitive to polarized light.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Leucophores, usually located deeper in the skin than iridophores, are also structural reflectors using crystalline purines, often guanine, to reflect light. Unlike iridophores, however, leucophores have more organized crystals that reduce diffraction. Given a source of white light, they produce a white shine, in red they produce red, and in blue they produce blue. Leucophores assist in camouflage by providing light areas during background matching (e.g. by resembling light-colored objects in the environment) and disruptive coloration (by making the body appear to be composed of high-contrasting patches).


title: Cuttlefish

text: The reflectance spectra of cuttlefish patterns and several natural substrates (stipple, mottle, disruptive) can be measured using an optic spectrometer.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish sometimes use their color patterns to signal future intent to other cuttlefish. For example, during agonistic encounters, male cuttlefish adopt a pattern called the intense zebra pattern, considered to be an honest signal. If a male is intending to attack, it adopts a "dark face" change, otherwise, it remains pale.


title: Cuttlefish

text: In at least one species, female cuttlefish react to their own reflection in a mirror and to other females by displaying a body pattern called "splotch". However, they do not use this display in response to males, inanimate objects, or prey. This indicates they are able to discriminate same-sex conspecifics, even when human observers are unable to discern the sex of a cuttlefish in the absence of sexual dimorphism.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Female cuttlefish signal their receptivity to mating using a display called precopulatory grey. Male cuttlefish sometimes use deception toward guarding males to mate with females. Small males hide their sexually dimorphic fourth arms, change their skin pattern to the mottled appearance of females, and change the shape of their arms to mimic those of nonreceptive, egg-laying females.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Displays on one side of a cuttlefish can be independent of the other side of the body; males can display courtship signals to females on one side while simultaneously showing female-like displays with the other side to stop rival males interfering with their courtship.


title: Cuttlefish

text: The deimatic display (a rapid change to black and white with dark ‘eyespots’ and contour, and spreading of the body and fins) is used to startle small fish that are unlikely to prey on the cuttlefish, but use the flamboyant display towards larger, more dangerous fish, and give no display at all to chemosensory predators such as crabs and dogfish.


title: Cuttlefish

text: One dynamic pattern shown by cuttlefish is dark mottled waves apparently repeatedly moving down the body of the animals. This has been called the passing cloud pattern. In the common cuttlefish, this is primarily observed during hunting, and is thought to communicate to potential prey – “stop and watch me” – which some have interpreted as a type of "hypnosis".


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish are able to rapidly change the color of their skin to match their surroundings and create chromatically complex patterns, despite their inability to perceive color, through some mechanism which is not completely understood. They have been seen to have the ability to assess their surroundings and match the color, contrast and texture of the substrate even in nearly total darkness.


title: Cuttlefish

text: The color variations in the mimicked substrate and animal skin are similar. Depending on the species, the skin of cuttlefish responds to substrate changes in distinctive ways. By changing naturalistic backgrounds, the camouflage responses of different species can be measured. "Sepia officinalis" changes color to match the substrate by disruptive patterning (contrast to break up the outline), whereas "S. pharaonis" matches the substrate by blending in. Although camouflage is achieved in different ways, and in an absence of color vision, both species change their skin colors to match the substrate. Cuttlefish adapt their own camouflage pattern in ways that are specific for a particular habitat. An animal could settle in the sand and appear one way, with another animal a few feet away in a slightly different microhabitat, settled in algae for example, will be camouflaged quite differently.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish are also able to change the texture of their skin. The skin contains bands of circular muscle which as they contract, push fluid up. These can be seen as little spikes, bumps, or flat blades. This can help with camouflage when the cuttlefish becomes texturally as well as chromatically similar to objects in its environment such as kelp or rocks.


title: Cuttlefish

text: While the preferred diet of cuttlefish is crabs and fish, they feed on small shrimp shortly after hatching.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish use their camouflage to hunt and sneak up on their prey. They swim at the bottom, where shrimp and crabs are found, and shoot out a jet of water to uncover the prey buried in the sand. Then when the prey tries to escape, the cuttlefish open their eight arms and shoot out two long feeding tentacles to grab them. Each arm has a pad covered in suckers, which grabs and pulls prey toward its beak, paralyzing it with venom before eating it. Cuttlefish have also been observed to change color rapidly when they hunt, with an apparent hypnotic or confusing effect on some prey.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Over 120 species of cuttlefish are currently recognised, grouped into six families divided between two suborders. One suborder and three families are extinct.


title: Cuttlefish

text: In East Asia, dried, shredded cuttlefish is a popular snack food. In the Qing Dynasty manual of Chinese gastronomy, the "Suiyuan shidan", the roe of the cuttlefish, is considered a difficult-to-prepare, but sought-after delicacy.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish are quite popular in Europe. For example, in northeast Italy, they are used in "risotto al nero di seppia" (risotto with cuttlefish ink), also found in Croatia and Montenegro as "crni rižot" (black risotto). Catalan cuisine, especially that of the coastal regions, uses cuttlefish and squid ink in a variety of "tapas" and dishes such as "arròs negre". Breaded and deep-fried cuttlefish is a popular dish in Andalusia. In Portugal, cuttlefish is present in many popular dishes. "Chocos com tinta" (cuttlefish in black ink), for example, is grilled cuttlefish in a sauce of its own ink. Cuttlefish is also popular in the region of Setúbal, where it is served as deep-fried strips or in a variant of "feijoada", with white beans. Black pasta is often made using cuttlefish ink.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlefish ink was formerly an important dye, called sepia. To extract the sepia pigment from a cuttlefish (or squid), the ink sac is removed and dried then dissolved in a dilute alkali. The resulting solution is filtered to isolate the pigment, which is then precipitated with dilute hydrochloric acid. The isolated precipitate is the sepia pigment. It is relatively chemically inert, which contributes to its longevity. Today, artificial dyes have mostly replaced natural sepia.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttlebone has been used since antiquity to make casts for metal. A model is pushed into the cuttlebone and removed, leaving an impression. Molten gold, silver or pewter can then be poured into the cast.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Research into replicating biological color-changing has led to engineering artificial chromatophores out of small devices known as dielectric elastomer actuators. Engineers at the University of Bristol have engineered soft materials that mimic the color-changing skin of animals like cuttlefish, paving the way for "smart clothing" and camouflage applications.


title: Cuttlefish

text: Though cuttlefish are rarely kept as pets, due in part to their fairly short lifetimes, the most common to be kept are "Sepia officinalis" and "Sepia bandensis". Cuttlefish may fight or even eat each other if there is inadequate tank space for multiple individuals.


title: Judith Light

text: Judith Ellen Light (born February 9, 1949) is an American actress. She made her professional stage debut in 1970, before making her Broadway debut in the 1975 revival of "A Doll's House". Her breakthrough role was in the ABC daytime soap opera "One Life to Live" from 1977 to 1983, where she played the role of Karen Wolek; for this role, she won two consecutive Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. Light starred as Angela Bower in the long-running ABC sitcom "Who's the Boss?" from 1984 to 1992, and was featured in many other television sitcoms, dramas, and films.


title: Judith Light

text: Light played the recurring role of Elizabeth Donnelly in the NBC legal crime drama "" (2002–2010) and also played Claire Meade in the ABC comedy-drama "Ugly Betty" (2006–2010), for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 2007. From 2013 to 2014, she played the role of villainous Judith Brown Ryland in the TNT drama series, "Dallas". In 2014, she began starring as Shelly Pfefferman in the critically acclaimed Amazon Studios dark comedy-drama series "Transparent", for which she received nominations for several Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, and Critics' Choice Award nominations. She received another Primetime Emmy and Critics' Choice Award nominations for playing Marilyn Miglin in "" in 2018. In 2019, she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Judith Light

text: Light received her first nomination for a Tony Award in 2011, for her performance in the original Broadway play "Lombardi". In 2012 and 2013, she won two consecutive Tony Awards for Best Featured Actress in a Play, for her performances in "Other Desert Cities" and "The Assembled Parties". Light is a prominent LGBTQ+ and HIV/AIDS activist. Her advocacy work began in the early 1980s, in the early days of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.


title: Judith Light

text: Light was born to a Jewish family in Trenton, New Jersey. She is the daughter of Pearl Sue (née Hollander), a model, and Sidney Light, an accountant. Light graduated from high school in 1966 at St. Mary's Hall–Doane Academy in Burlington, New Jersey.


title: Judith Light

text: She graduated from Carnegie Mellon University with a degree in drama. She recalled graduating with a class of 15 actors who were there all four years. She said "it was a really rigorous program and I thank God for it because it was an amazing training program." She made her professional debut on stage in "Richard III" at the "California Shakespeare Festival" in 1970.


title: Judith Light

text: Light made her Broadway debut in "A Doll's House" in 1975. She also starred in the 1976 Broadway play "Herzl". Light also acted for such theatre companies as the Milwaukee Repertory Theater and the Seattle Repertory Theatre. In the late 1970s, Light went through a real crisis after a period of not landing any parts. Broke, she almost quit acting, because she felt that she was not contributing to the theater.


title: Judith Light

text: In 1977, her agent phoned Light to have her audition for an understudy role in the ABC soap opera "One Life to Live". Not wanting to be attached to a soap opera or a sitcom she initially rejected the idea, until she was told her daily salary would be $350. At the audition she realized that "the format reaches a lot of people". She could "make a difference" and "make money" at the same time. Instead of landing an understudy role, she was recast in the role of Karen Wolek, a role that had previously been portrayed by actresses Kathryn Breech and Julia Duffy. This role was quite lucrative for Light and spawned one of the show's most-remembered storylines; Light's character became an alcoholic prostitute after she became bored with her life as a housewife. On trial, Karen saved her friend Viki Lord Riley (Erika Slezak) from being convicted of killing Karen's pimp, Marco Dane (Gerald Anthony) by admitting to the entire town, including her faithful husband, Dr Larry Wolek (Michael Storm), that she had been a prostitute.


title: Judith Light

text: Light's portrayal of Karen brought the show critical acclaim and is credited with garnering "One Life to Live" ratings successes from the late 1970s into the early 1980s. Light's dramatic, confessional courtroom performance of a housewife-turned-prostitute on the witness stand is regarded as one of the most memorable moments in television by "TV Guide". In 1980, this won Light her first Daytime Emmy Award for "Lead Actress in a Daytime Drama Series"; the scene in which she confessed her guilt in court is held in such high esteem that it is used in acting classes to the current day. Light recalled: "I was scared before those courtroom scenes. I was afraid to put myself out that much. With the agony of pulling it out piece by piece and having the prosecutor stick the knife in her gut, I couldn't help but let everything spew out of her." Light won another Emmy in the role in 1981.


title: Judith Light

text: She appeared in an episode of "St. Elsewhere" in its first season, called "Dog Day Hospital", in which she played a housewife who became pregnant for the ninth time even though her husband claimed he had had a vasectomy. In an effort to punish the doctor who botched the job she took an operating room hostage though it was later revealed that her husband had not had the procedure.


title: Judith Light

text: After her success on daytime television Light landed the leading role of assertive advertising executive Angela Bower on the ABC sitcom "Who's the Boss?". Co-starring Tony Danza, who played her housekeeper (and eventual boyfriend), the show ran for eight seasons from 1984 to 1992. The series was successful in the ratings, consistently ranked in the top ten in the final primetime ratings between the years of 1985 and 1989, and has since continued in syndication. "TV Guide" ranked "Who's the Boss?" as the 109th best sitcom of all time. Along with her work in "Who's the Boss?," she starred in several television films, including "Stamp of a Killer" (1987) alongside Jimmy Smits; and the critically acclaimed biographical drama "The Ryan White Story" (1989), in which she played the mother of HIV/AIDS positive teenager Ryan White.


title: Judith Light

text: Light appeared in "Wife, Mother, Murderer" (1991), in which she played Audrey Marie Hilley. After "Who's the Boss?," Light starred in another ABC sitcom, "Phenom", which ran for one season, 1993–94, before being canceled. In 1998 she starred in another short-lived sitcom, "The Simple Life" on CBS. She spent most of the 1990s starring in made-for-TV and feature films including "Men Don't Tell" and 1997's "Too Close to Home", which co-starred Ricky Schroder. In 1999, Light returned to the stage in the off-Broadway production of Pulitzer Prize-winning play "Wit". She earned strong reviews for her portrayal of Vivian Bearing, a university professor battling ovarian cancer, and reprised the role for the national tour. Light shaved her head for the role in the play.


title: Judith Light

text: Light returned to television with the recurring role of Judge Elizabeth Donnelly in the NBC legal crime drama "" in 2002. She appeared in 25 episodes of the series from 2002 to 2010. In 2004 she starred in another short-lived CBS sitcom, "The Stones". In 2006, Light joined the cast of the ABC comedy-drama series "Ugly Betty" as Claire Meade, the mother of Alexis and Daniel. She was a recurring guest-star during the first season and was promoted to series regular as of the second. Light appeared in the show until the series finale in 2010. She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2007, and for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2008, for her performance in show.


title: Judith Light

text: Light appeared in a number of films in the 2000s. She co-starred opposite Chris Messina and Jennifer Westfeldt in the 2006 romantic comedy film "Ira & Abby". In 2007, Light starred as a radical Christian woman in the independent film "Save Me". Light's character, Gayle, runs a Christian ministry known as Genesis House, which works to help gay men recover from their 'affliction.' She is challenged by the arrival of Mark, an ill gay man who reminds Gayle of her dead, homosexual son, and the movie chronicles the challenges of the two as they learn to accept each other as they are.


title: Judith Light

text: From 2010 to 2011, Light appeared on Broadway as witty alcoholic Marie Lombardi in the play "Lombardi", for which she received a nomination for the Tony Award, for Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Play. Another role on Broadway followed, as Silda Grauman in "Other Desert Cities" from 2011 to 2012, which garnered Light her first Tony Award for Featured Actress in a Play and the 2012 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play. Light also starred in two television pilots, ABC's sitcom "Other People's Kids" and USA Network's drama "Eden", both in 2011 and neither of which were green-lit to continue.


title: Judith Light

text: Light appeared on Broadway as Faye in the 2013 play, "The Assembled Parties", and won her second Tony Award for Featured Actress in a Play for her performance. In the same year, she joined the cast of TNT's continuation of the television series "Dallas", in the role of Judith Brown Ryland, villainous mother of Harris Ryland (despite being only three years older than Mitch Pileggi who plays her TV son). She received positive reviews for her recurring role in "Dallas", with "Entertainment Weekly" naming her the "scene-stealer" of the series.


title: Judith Light

text: In 2014, she was cast opposite Jeffrey Tambor in the critically acclaimed Amazon Studios dark comedy-drama series, "Transparent" created by Jill Soloway. She plays Shelly Pfefferman, ex-wife of the transgender character played by Tambor. The pilot episode debuted on February 6, 2014, and later episodes premiered on September 26, 2014. Light received Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film nominations for her performance.


title: Judith Light

text: Light appeared opposite Patricia Clarkson in the 2014 rom-com, "Last Weekend", and as the mother of Melanie Lynskey's character in a comedy-drama film, "We'll Never Have Paris", the same year. She returned to Broadway in 2015 as Madame Raquin in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of "Thérèse Raquin", starring opposite Keira Knightley and Matt Ryan. In 2017, Light was featured in the American Theatre Wing's Working in the Theatre series on solo performance.


title: Judith Light

text: Light received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Marilyn Miglin in 2018's "," a mini-series on FX, culminating in a Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie. In 2019, Light guest-starred in the Netflix series, "The Politician". Together with Bette Midler, she joined the main cast of the series for the second season, which premiered in June 2020. She received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on September 12, 2019.


title: Judith Light

text: In 2021, Light played Rosa Stevens in the biographical musical drama film "Tick, Tick... Boom!" directed by Lin-Manuel Miranda. She later starred in the comedy-thriller "The Menu". She also was cast in the comedy-drama "Down Low", and comedy-drama "The Young Wife" starring Kiersey Clemons. On television, Light played Courteney Cox's mother in the Starz horror comedy series "Shining Vale", and Blanche Knopf in the HBO Max series "Julia", both having premiered in 2022.


title: Judith Light

text: Light has been married to television actor Robert Desiderio since 1985. The couple live apart: she lives in New York City, and he resides in Southern California. She has a home in Beverly Hills, California and a home in Aspen, Colorado. She is Jewish and considers herself religious, without being attached to institutional religion per se. She has practiced Kundalini yoga for 20 years.


title: Judith Light

text: After being inspired by the LGBTQ+ community, Light began advocating for people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in the early 1980s. She was one of the first celebrities to advocate against the social stigma encountered by LGBTQ+ people and those with AIDS. She has served on the boards of the Matthew Shepard Foundation and the Point Foundation, a support organization for students discriminated against based on sexual orientation or gender.


title: Judith Light

text: Through her role in "Transparent" as the ex-wife of a transgender person, Light raises these issues to a broad audience. She reported "It's something that we really haven't talked about before in pop culture, we haven't talked about transgender issues, we haven't talked about mature people's sexuality."


title: Judith Light

text: In an interview with the magazine "Out", Light stated:“It was the LGBTQ community that inspired me to be the kind of person I wanted to be. I wanted to be authentic and courageous, and for so long I wasn't. When I began doing a lot of advocacy work in the early '80s for HIV and AIDS, I saw the community and the way the community was operating against all odds, against a world and a culture and country that gave them nothing and denigrated them. ... I looked at this community and said, 'This is breathtaking. This is the kind of world and people I want to be around. These are the kind of people I want to be working with."In 2018, Light discussed the similarities between the beginnings of the LGBT rights movement and the Me Too movement.


title: Judith Light

text: In addition to LGBT and AIDS activism, she has spoken publicly to encourage vaccination against the flu as a way to protect vulnerable populations.


title: Shiddat

text: Shiddat: Journey Beyond Love, or simply Shiddat (), is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Kunal Deshmukh and produced by Bhushan Kumar, Krishan Kumar and Dinesh Vijan under their banners T-Series and Maddock Films. The film stars Sunny Kaushal, Radhika Madan, Mohit Raina and Diana Penty.


title: Shiddat

text: The film starts with the marriage of Gautam, an Indian Foreign Services officer, and Ira, a spirited social worker. Jaggi, a rank guest at the wedding, creates a scene and gets caught with his friends for gatecrashing the party. 3 years later, Jaggi crosses the border illegally, intending to reach London, but gets caught and taken back to the embassy where Gautam works. Jaggi explains to him that he has to reach London before Monday to his love, being inspired by Gautam's speech. The film flashes back to three months ago.


title: Shiddat

text: Jaggi, a hockey player, meets Kartika, a swimmer, and though the two get off to a rocky start, they start spending time together and grow close. Jaggi finds out she is getting married she tells him that if his feelings are true, he should come to London after three months, in which case she will cancel the wedding. Jaggi enters the UK illegally and faces many hurdles trying to reach Kartika before her wedding.


title: Shiddat

text: The film's music was composed by Sachin–Jigar, Manan Bhardwaj and Gourov Dasgupta while lyrics written by Kausar Munir, Priya Saraiya, Kunwar Juneja and Manan Bhardwaj.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: Édouard Osoque Mendy (born 1 March 1992) is a professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Chelsea and the Senegal national team.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: Starting his career in his native France, Mendy played in the Le Havre academy before signing professional terms with third division Cherbourg in 2011. Mendy was released in 2014, after which he almost quit football, before getting an opportunity with Marseille's reserves. He established himself as regular in the following seasons at Reims and Rennes.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: In September 2020, Mendy signed for Premier League side Chelsea for a fee reported of £22 million. In his first season, he immediately broke into the starting line-up, becoming the first African goalkeeper to play for the club's senior team, and kept sixteen clean sheets in the Premier League. Mendy also equalled the record for the most clean sheets in a UEFA Champions League season with nine, and kept another clean sheet in the final to help Chelsea win their second title. He was also awarded both the UEFA Goalkeeper of the Year and The Best FIFA Goalkeeper of 2021, becoming the first African goalkeeper in football's history to win both awards.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: Eligible to play for Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and France, Mendy initially joined Guinea-Bissau in honour of his father, but subsequently switched allegiance to Senegal, where he became the first choice keeper for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, helping Senegal to a runners-up finish. He helped his nation win the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations, while also being named the tournament's best goalkeeper, keeping a clean sheet in the final.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: Mendy was born in Montivilliers (Seine-Maritime, Normandy) in France. He is a cousin of left-back Ferland Mendy, who plays for Real Madrid and the France national team.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: Mendy joined the youth academy of Le Havre AC at the age of 13. After being stuck behind Zacharie Boucher in the talent pool, Mendy dropped down levels to play with CS Municipaux Le Havre. He started his professional career at AS Cherbourg, who were then in the Championnat National, the third tier of the French football league system. He stayed in Cherbourg until the summer of 2014, after which he was without a club for a year. "I did genuinely have my doubts about whether I would carry on," Mendy said in a later interview. At the age of 22, Mendy registered for unemployment and began to look for jobs outside of football. However, in 2015, Mendy was recommended to fill a goalkeeping vacancy at Marseille by friend and former teammate Ted Lavie. After one phone call with the academy goalkeeping coach, Dominique Bernatowicz, Marseille signed Mendy as their fourth choice goalkeeper. He played the 2015–16 season in Marseille's reserve team, primarily as a backup to Florian Escales.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: In search of regular playing time, Mendy joined Reims during the 2016–17 Ligue 2 season. On the opening day of the season, Mendy made his debut when Reims' starting goalkeeper Johann Carrasso was sent off five minutes into the match against Amiens. Mendy went on to keep three clean sheets over his next seven games. The next season, Mendy cemented his role as the starting goalkeeper on a team for the first time, as he helped Reims win the 2017–18 Ligue 2 title as they were promoted to Ligue 1 for the following season. Mendy kept 18 clean sheets in his 34 appearances over the course of the season. In the 2018–19 season, Mendy played in all 38 Ligue 1 games, as newly promoted Reims soared to an eighth-place finish. Mendy kept fourteen clean sheets, the third highest of any goalkeeper in the league.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: Mendy joined Rennes in August 2019 for an undisclosed fee, rumoured to be in the region of €4 million, replacing departing goalkeeper Tomáš Koubek. Mendy made his debut on Matchday 3 against Strasbourg after recovering from a broken finger. He saved a penalty to preserve a clean sheet as Rennes won 2–0 at the Stade de la Meinau. Mendy went on to keep nine clean sheets in 24 league matches for Rennes in a season that was shortened due to the COVID-19 pandemic, helping them to a third-place finish and qualification for the UEFA Champions League.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: English club Chelsea signed Mendy on a five-year contract in September 2020, for a fee reported to be £22 million. On 29 September, Mendy made his debut for the club against Tottenham Hotspur in the fourth round of the EFL Cup, which Chelsea lost 5–4 on penalties after a 1–1 draw. Mendy made his Premier League debut on 3 October, keeping a clean sheet in Chelsea's 4–0 victory over Crystal Palace, becoming the first African goalkeeper to play in the division since Carl Ikeme in 2012. His clean sheet against Burnley on 31 October made him the first Chelsea goalkeeper to keep a clean sheet in their first three Premier League matches since Petr Čech in 2004. With a clean sheet in the club's next match, a 3–0 win against Mendy's former club Rennes in the Champions League, Chelsea recorded five consecutive clean sheets for the first time in a decade.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: On 8 May 2021, Mendy saved a panenka style penalty-kick from Sergio Agüero as Chelsea came from 0–1 down to defeat Manchester City 2–1. Three weeks later on 29 May, Mendy became the first African goalkeeper to play in a final of the UEFA Champions League and the first since Bruce Grobbelaar, who appeared in the 1985 European Cup Final. Chelsea defeated Manchester City 1–0 in the final. He also equaled the record of most clean sheets in a Champions League season, by keeping nine clean sheets, the same as Santiago Cañizares in 2000–01 and Keylor Navas in 2015–16.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: Mendy started the UEFA Super Cup tie against Villarreal, making important saves in the tie that went to extra time. He was replaced by Kepa Arrizabalaga for the penalty shoot-out, which Chelsea went on to win for a second Super Cup title.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: Mendy finished second in the Yashin Award to Italy goalkeeper Gianluigi Donnarumma, who saved two penalties in the Euro 2020 final. Mendy did, however, win the FIFA Best Goalkeeper award.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: In February 2022, after winning the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations with Senegal, Mendy returned from international duty to take part in the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup, starting in the final as he won a second trophy in two weeks.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: Mendy was born to a Senegalese mother and a Bissau-Guinean father in France. In November 2016, he was called up by Guinea-Bissau to play friendly matches against Portuguese clubs Belenenses and Estoril. At the time, his father was very ill and was about to pass away, leading Mendy to honour him playing for the Bissau-Guinean national team. Shortly after, he was shortlisted by Guinea-Bissau to play the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations for them, but he ultimately rejected the call and pledged his future to Senegal.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: Mendy made his debut for Senegal in a 1–0 win over Equatorial Guinea on 18 November 2018. Mendy went on to become Senegal's first choice goalkeeper leading up to the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations. He started in both Senegal's opening two group stage matches, a 2–0 win over Tanzania and a 1–0 defeat to Algeria. However, he was injured during the warmups before Senegal's final group stage match against Kenya, and was forced to withdraw from the squad with a broken finger as Senegal would go on to lose in the final 1–0 to Algeria.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: In January 2022, Mendy was included in Senegal's squad for the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations in Cameroon. In his first game at the competition, on 10 January against Zimbabwe, he kept a clean sheet in a 1–0 win for Senegal. After the group stages, Mendy helped his nation to progress into the final.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: At the final on 6 February, against Egypt at Olembe Stadium, following a goaless draw after extra-time, Mendy saved a spot kick from Mohanad Lasheen and another hit the post during the penalty shootout to win the tournament for Senegal for the first time. For his performances throughout the competition, including keeping four clean sheets, he was named the tournament's best goalkeeper.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: Mendy has been described as a physically dominant goalkeeper who exerts a strong influence in the defensive third. In the 2019–20 season with Rennes, Mendy recorded a 75.3% save success rate, the highest in Ligue 1, averaging 2.5 saves per game. In the same season, Mendy completed 51.4% of his passes over 40 yards, the same as Ederson, who is highly regarded for his kicking ability. Mendy is an aerially assertive goalkeeper, frequently coming off his line to claim crosses. He is also very vocal, often organizing his defenders' positioning. Upon his arrival at Chelsea, former manager Frank Lampard praised his positive attitude and work ethic.


title: Édouard Mendy

text: In 2021, Édouard Mendy and Ferland Mendy criticised the British and French press for wrongly using their images in stories about Benjamin Mendy, who had been charged with sexual offences. Édouard Mendy said that the errors were "highly symbolic" of how black men are treated in those countries. Agence France-Presse apologised for the error.


title: Jordan Fisher

text: Jordan William Fisher (born April 24, 1994) is an American actor, singer, and dancer. He began his career with recurring roles on several television series, including "The Secret Life of the American Teenager" in 2012 and "Liv and Maddie" from 2015 to 2017. He also had supporting roles in the television films "Teen Beach Movie" (2013), "Teen Beach 2" (2015) and "Grease Live" (2016), and starred in "" (2019).


title: Jordan Fisher

text: Fisher and his dancing partner Lindsay Arnold won the 25th season of "Dancing with the Stars" (2017). He subsequently hosted "" in 2018, and commentated the 2019 "Fortnite World-Cup". As a singer, his self-titled EP was released by Hollywood Records in 2016.


title: Jordan Fisher

text: On Broadway, Fisher portrayed John Laurens/Philip Hamilton in "Hamilton" from 2016 to 2017, and took on the lead role of Evan Hansen in "Dear Evan Hansen" in 2020. He has also starred in the 2020 Netflix films "" and "Work It". Fisher is also fairly well-known for his role as Sea Hawk in "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power".


title: Jordan Fisher

text: Fisher was born in Birmingham, Alabama in 1994 and grew up in nearby Trussville. Jordan's biological mother was 16 at the time of his birth, and he was legally adopted in 2005 at age 11 and raised by his maternal grandparents, Rodney and Pat Fisher. The Fishers also adopted Jordan's two siblings, Cory and Trinity, as their mother struggled with substance abuse – she did not have a relationship with the children. During an interview with "Hollywood Today Live", Fisher revealed his multi-ethnic background of Nigerian, Cambodian, English, Polynesian (Tahitian), Italian, Greek, and Scandinavian origin.


title: Jordan Fisher

text: Fisher became involved in gymnastics at age 2 and mail delivery age 11. He became interested in musical theater in the fifth grade, after being cast in a school production of "School House Rock, Jr." Fisher was home-schooled as a child and earned a high school diploma from Harvest Christian Academy. He joined the Red Mountain Theatre Company in Birmingham and was part of their youth performing ensemble for many years. There, he was spotted by a talent scout who offered to represent him. He enrolled in courses at Jacksonville State University in 2011. Later that year, he moved to Los Angeles, California, with his grandparents and siblings.


title: Jordan Fisher

text: In 2014, Fisher released three pop-soul songs on Radio Disney: "By Your Side", "Never Dance Alone" and "What I Got". In 2015, he signed a record deal with Hollywood Records. On February 1, 2016, he released "Counterfeit", his first track for the label. The release of this single was delayed while he completed his delivery person contract with the United States Postal Service.


title: Jordan Fisher

text: Fisher's first single, "All About Us", was released on April 15, 2016, and produced by Warren "Oak" Felder of the production duo Pop & Oak. The song's music video, directed by TK McKamy, premiered on Vibe.com on May 11, 2016. For the week of June 13, 2016, "All About Us" ranked as the second-most added song on pop radio stations. It is the first track on Fisher's self-titled EP, which was released on August 19, 2016. He has referred to the EP's sound as pop-soul-R&B, influenced by '80s soul music. Fisher plays six instruments: piano, guitar, bass, harmonica, French horn and drums.


title: Jordan Fisher

text: In 2015, Fisher joined Disney Channel Circle of Stars for a remake of the song "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?" from the film "Frozen". For his role on "Liv and Maddie", he sang both a duet and ballad version of the song "True Love", which appeared on the show's soundtrack in 2015. He contributed two tracks, "Fallin' For Ya" and "Wanna Be With You", along with vocals on three others, to the "Teen Beach 2" soundtrack, released in 2015. He is also featured on Olivia Holt's self-titled debut EP on "Thin Air". On March 13, 2016, he sang the national anthem before the NASCAR Good Sam 500 stock car race at the Phoenix International Raceway in Avondale, Arizona. At the 2016 Apple Music Festival in London, Fisher opened for Alicia Keys. Fisher is featured alongside Lin-Manuel Miranda on "You're Welcome", an end-credits song for the 2016 animated Disney film "Moana". In July 2016, he was picked as Elvis Duran's Artist of the Month and was featured on NBC's "Today" show hosted by Kathie Lee Gifford and Hoda Kotb and broadcast nationally where he performed live his single "All About Us". He covered the 1971 Ten Years After song "I'd Love to Change the World" for the 2017 ABC miniseries "When We Rise". Fisher has performed at numerous WE Day concerts across the United States, to benefit WE Charity.


title: Jordan Fisher

text: Fisher's first television roles were in 2009 as a guest star on "The Hustler" on Crackle and "iCarly" on Nickelodeon. His first major part was as Grace Bowman's half-brother Jacob on seasons 4 and 5 of ABC Family's "The Secret Life of the American Teenager". He portrayed the recurring character Holden Dippledorf on "Liv and Maddie" on the Disney Channel starting in 2015, and has also appeared in "The Thundermans" and "Teen Wolf". He played the surfer gang leader Seacat in the cable TV movies "Teen Beach Movie" (2013) and "Teen Beach 2" (2015). On "", a live performance of "Grease" televised on Fox, Fisher starred as Doody, opposite Carly Rae Jepsen as his girlfriend Frenchy. He sings a rendition of "Those Magic Changes" that was widely praised as a highlight of the show. In September 2017, Fisher began competing as one of the celebrities on the 25th season of "Dancing with the Stars." His professional partner was Lindsay Arnold. On November 21, Fisher and Arnold reached the finals, and were declared the winners of the season.


title: Jordan Fisher

text: On March 30, 2021, it was confirmed that Fisher would be portraying Bart Allen / Impulse on the CW superhero series, "The Flash". He has also guest starred in "", playing the role of Gina's older brother, Jamie.


title: Jordan Fisher

text: In 2022, Fisher voiced the lead character Wilbur in the HBO Max animated musical "Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed: The Underground Rock Experience".


title: Jordan Fisher

text: Fisher made his Broadway debut in "Hamilton" on November 22, 2016, assuming the role of John Laurens/Philip Hamilton from Anthony Ramos. His final performance was March 5, 2017. In 2019, he participated in a workshop of MJ The Musical, playing the role of Michael Jackson. On January 28, 2020 he returned to Broadway, taking over the title role in the Tony Award-winning musical "Dear Evan Hansen."


title: Jordan Fisher

text: In 2019, he was cast as John Ambrose McClaren in "". In 2020, he portrayed the role of Jake Taylor in the Netflix Original movie "Work It."


title: Jordan Fisher

text: Fisher is married to his childhood sweetheart Ellie Woods. They announced their engagement on May 29, 2019 and were going to get married on July 25, 2020, but the wedding was delayed due to COVID-19. They married on November 21, 2020 in a private ceremony at Walt Disney World. In December 2021, the couple announced via Instagram that they are expecting their first child, a son. On June 7, 2022, the couple welcomed a son.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Moringa oleifera is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree of the family Moringaceae, native to the Indian subcontinent. Common names include moringa, drumstick tree (from the long, slender, triangular seed-pods), horseradish tree (from the taste of the roots, which resembles horseradish), and ben oil tree or benzolive tree.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: It is widely cultivated for its young seed pods and leaves, used as vegetables and for traditional herbal medicine. It is also used for water purification. Although listed as an invasive species in several countries, "M. oleifera" has "not been observed invading intact habitats or displacing native flora", so "should be regarded at present as a widely cultivated species with low invasive potential."


title: Moringa oleifera

text: "M. oleifera" is a fast-growing, deciduous tree that can reach a height of and trunk diameter of . The bark has a whitish-gray color and is surrounded by thick cork. Young shoots have purplish or greenish-white, hairy bark. The tree has an open crown of drooping, fragile branches, and the leaves build up a feathery foliage of tripinnate leaves.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: The flowers are fragrant and hermaphroditic, surrounded by five unequal, thinly veined, yellowish-white petals. The flowers are about long and broad. They grow on slender, hairy stalks in spreading or drooping flower clusters, which have a length of .


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Flowering begins within the first six months after planting. In seasonally cool regions, flowering only occurs once a year in late Spring and early Summer (northern hemisphere between April and June, southern hemisphere between October and December). In more constant seasonal temperatures and with constant rainfall, flowering can happen twice or even all year-round.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: The fruit is a hanging, three-sided brown capsule, which holds dark brown, globular seeds with a diameter around 1 cm. The seeds have three whitish papery wings and are dispersed by wind and water.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: In cultivation, it is often cut back annually to 1–2 m (3–6 ft) and allowed to regrow so the pods and leaves remain within arm's reach.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: French botanist François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault described the species as "Balanus myrepsica", but his names are not accepted as valid, as he did not always give his descriptions binomial names.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck described the species in 1785. A combined analysis of morphology and DNA shows that "M. oleifera" is most closely related to "M. concanensis", and the common ancestor of these two diverged from the lineage of "M. peregrina".


title: Moringa oleifera

text: The genus name "Moringa" derives from the Tamil word, "murungai", meaning "twisted pod", alludes to the young fruit. The species name "oleifera" is derived from the Latin words "oleum" "oil" and "ferre" "to bear".


title: Moringa oleifera

text: The plant has numerous common names across regions where it is cultivated, with "drumstick tree", "horse radish tree" or simply "moringa" used in English.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: The moringa tree is not affected by any serious diseases in its native or introduced ranges. In India, several insect pests are seen, including various caterpillars such as the bark-eating caterpillar, the hairy caterpillar, or the green leaf caterpillar. The budworms Noctuidae are known to cause serious defoliation. Damaging agents can also be aphids, stem borers, and fruit flies. In some regions, termites can also cause minor damage. If termites are numerous in soils, insects management costs are not bearable.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: The moringa tree is a host to "Leveillula taurica", a powdery mildew which causes damage in papaya crops in south India.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: The moringa tree is grown mainly in semiarid, tropical, and subtropical areas, corresponding in the United States to USDA hardiness zones 9 and 10. It tolerates a wide range of soil conditions, but prefers a neutral to slightly acidic (pH 6.3 to 7.0), well-drained, sandy or loamy soil. In waterlogged soil, the roots have a tendency to rot. Moringa is a sun- and heat-loving plant, and does not tolerate freezing or frost. Moringa is particularly suitable for dry regions, as it can be grown using rainwater without expensive irrigation techniques.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: India is the largest producer of moringa, with an annual production of 1.2 million tonnes of fruits from an area of 380 km.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Moringa is grown in home gardens and as living fences in South Asia and Southeast Asia, where it is commonly sold in local markets. In the Philippines and Indonesia, it is commonly grown for its leaves, which are used as food. Moringa is also actively cultivated by the World Vegetable Center in Taiwan, a center for vegetable research.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: More generally, moringa grows in the wild or is cultivated in Central America and the Caribbean, northern countries of South America, Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and various countries of Oceania.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: As of 2010, cultivation in Hawaii was in the early stages for commercial distribution in the United States.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: In tropical cultivation, soil erosion is a major problem, requiring soil treatment to be as shallow as possible. Plowing is required only for high planting densities. In low planting densities, digging pits and refilling them with soil is preferable to ensure good root system penetration without causing too much land erosion. Optimal pits are deep and wide.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Direct seeding is possible because the germination rate of "M. oleifera" is high. Moringa seeds can be germinated year-round in well-draining soil. Cuttings of 1 m length and at least 4 cm diameter can be used for vegetative propagation.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: In India, from where moringa most likely originated, the diversity of wild types gives a good basis for breeding programs. In countries where moringa has been introduced, the diversity is usually much smaller among the cultivar types. Locally well-adapted wild types, though, can be found in most regions.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Because moringa is cultivated and used in different ways, breeding aims for an annual or a perennial plant are obviously different. The yield stability of fruits is an important breeding aim for the commercial cultivation in India, where moringa is cultivated as an annual. On less favorable locations, perennial cultivation has big advantages, such as less erosion. In Pakistan, varieties have been tested for the nutritional composition of their leaves on different locations. India selects for a higher number of pods and dwarf or semidwarf varieties. Breeders in Tanzania, though, are selecting for higher oil content.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: "M. oleifera" can be cultivated for its leaves, pods, and/or its kernels for oil extraction and water purification. The yields vary widely, depending on season, variety, fertilization, and irrigation regimen. Moringa yields best under warm, dry conditions with some supplemental fertilizer and irrigation. Harvest is done manually with knives, sickles, and stabs with hooks attached. Pollarding, coppicing, and lopping or pruning are recommended to promote branching, increase production, and facilitate harvesting.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: When the plant is grown from cuttings, the first harvest can take place 6–8 months after planting. Often, the fruits are not produced in the first year, and the yield is generally low during the first few years. By year two, it produces around 300 pods, by year three around 400–500. A good tree can yield 1,000 or more pods. In India, a hectare can produce 31 tons of pods per year. Under North Indian conditions, the fruits ripen during the summer. Sometimes, particularly in South India, flowers and fruit appear twice a year, so two harvests occur, in July to September and March to April.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Average yields of 6 tons/ha/year in fresh matter can be achieved. The harvest differs strongly between the rainy and dry seasons, with 1120 kilogram/ha per harvest and 690 kg/ha per harvest, respectively. The leaves and stems can be harvested from the young plants 60 days after seeding and then another seven times in the year. At every harvest, the plants are cut back to within 60 cm of the ground. In some production systems, the leaves are harvested every 2 weeks.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: The cultivation of "M. oleifera" can also be done intensively with irrigation and fertilization with suitable varieties. Trials in Nicaragua with 1 million plants per hectare and 9 cuttings/year over 4 years gave an average fresh matter production of 580 metric tons/ha/year, equivalent to about 174 metric tons of fresh leaves.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: One estimate for yield of oil from kernels is 250 L/ha. The oil can be used as a food supplement, as a base for cosmetics, and for hair and the skin. Seeds of Moringa can also be used in production of biofuel.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Toxicity data in humans is limited, although lab studies indicate that certain compounds in the bark and roots or their extracts may cause adverse effects when consumed in excess. Supplementation with "M. oleifera" leaf extract is potentially toxic at levels exceeding 3,000 milligram/kg of body weight but safe at levels below 1,000 mg/kg. "M. oleifera" may interfere with prescription drugs affecting cytochrome P450 (including CYP3A4) and may inhibit the anti-hyperglycemic effect of sitagliptin.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: "M. oleifera" has numerous applications in cooking throughout its regional distribution. Edible parts of the plant include the whole leaves (leaflets, stalks and stems); the immature, green fruits or seed pods; the fragrant flowers; and the young seeds and roots.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Nutritional content of 100 g of fresh "M. oleifera" leaves (about 5 cups) is shown in the table (USDA data).


title: Moringa oleifera

text: The leaves are the most nutritious part of the plant, being a significant source of B vitamins, vitamin C, provitamin A as beta-carotene, vitamin K, manganese, and protein. When compared with common foods particularly high in certain nutrients per 100 g fresh weight, cooked moringa leaves are considerable sources of these same nutrients. Some of the calcium in moringa leaves is bound as crystals of calcium oxalate. Oxalate levels may vary from 430 mg/100g to 1050 mg/100g, compared to the oxalate in spinach (average 750 mg/100g).


title: Moringa oleifera

text: In Nigeria, the seeds are prized for their bitter flavor; they are commonly added to sauces or eaten as a fried snack. The edible seed oil may be used in condiments or dressings.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Ground, debittered moringa seed is suitable as a fortification ingredient to increase the protein, iron and calcium content of wheat flours.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: The young, slender fruits, commonly known as "drumsticks", are often prepared as a culinary vegetable in South Asia. They are prepared by parboiling, commonly cut into shorter lengths, and cooked in a curry or soup until soft. The taste is described as reminiscent of asparagus, with a hint of green beans, though sweeter due to the immature seeds contained inside. The seed pods, even when cooked by boiling, remain high in vitamin C (which may be degraded variably by cooking), and are also a good source of dietary fiber, potassium, magnesium, and manganese.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: In India and Bangladesh, drumstick curries are commonly prepared by boiling immature pods to the desired level of tenderness in a mixture of coconut milk and spices (such as poppy or mustard seeds). The fruit is a common ingredient in "dals" and lentil soups, such as "drumstick dal" and "sambar", where it is pulped first, then simmered with other vegetables and spices like turmeric and cumin. Mashed drumstick pulp commonly features in "bhurta", a mixture of lightly fried or curried vegetables.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Because the outer skin is tough and fibrous, drumsticks are often chewed to extract the juices and nutrients, with the remaining fibrous material discarded. Others describe a slightly different method of sucking out the flesh and tender seeds and discarding the tube of skin.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Mature seeds yield 38–40% edible oil called ben oil from its high concentration of behenic acid. The refined oil is clear and odorless, and resists rancidity. The young fruits can be boiled and the oil skimmed off the water surface. The seed cake remaining after oil extraction may be used as a fertilizer or as a flocculent to purify water. Moringa seed oil also has potential for use as a biofuel.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: The roots are shredded and used as a condiment with sharp flavor qualities deriving from significant content of polyphenols.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Edible raw or cooked (depending on hardiness), the leaves can be used in many ways. They are perhaps most commonly added to clear broth-based soups, such as the Filipino dishes "tinola" and "utan". Tender moringa leaves, finely chopped, are used as garnish for vegetable dishes and salads, such as the Kerala dish "thoran". It is also used in place of or along with coriander. The leaves are also cooked and used in ways similar to spinach, and are commonly dried and crushed into a powder for soups and sauces.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: For long-term use and storage, moringa leaves may be dried and powdered to preserve their nutrients. Sun, shade, freeze and oven drying at 50–60 °C are all acceptable methods, albeit variable in their retention efficacy of specific micro- and macronutrients. The powder is commonly added to soups, sauces and smoothies. Owing to its high nutritional density, moringa leaf powder is valued as a dietary supplement and may be used to enrich food products ranging from dairy, such as yogurt and cheese, to baked goods, such as bread and pastries, with acceptable sensory evaluation.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Research has examined how it might affect blood lipid profiles and insulin secretion. Extracts from leaves contain various polyphenols, which are under basic research to determine their potential effects in humans. Despite considerable preliminary research to determine if moringa components have bioactive properties, there is no high-quality evidence to indicate that it has any effect on health or diseases.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: In developing countries, moringa has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development, and support sustainable landcare. It may be used as forage for livestock, a micronutrient liquid, a natural anthelmintic, and possible adjuvant.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Moringa trees have been used to combat malnutrition, especially among infants and nursing mothers. Since moringa thrives in arid and semiarid environments, it may provide a versatile, nutritious food source throughout the year in various geographic regions. Some 140 organizations worldwide have initiated moringa cultivation programs to lessen malnutrition, purify water, and produce oils for cooking.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: "Moringa oleifera" leaf powder was as effective as soap for hand washing when wetted in advance to enable anti-septic and detergent properties from phytochemicals in the leaves. "Moringa oleifera" seeds and press cake have been implemented as wastewater conditioners for dewatering and drying fecal sludge.


title: Moringa oleifera

text: Moringa seed cake, obtained as a byproduct of pressing seeds to obtain oil, is used to filter water using flocculation to produce potable water for animal or human consumption. Moringa seeds contain dimeric cationic proteins which absorb and neutralize colloidal charges in turbid water, causing the colloidal particles to clump together, making the suspended particles easier to remove as sludge by either settling or filtration. Moringa seed cake removes most impurities from water. This use is of particular interest for being nontoxic and sustainable compared to other materials in moringa-growing regions where drinking water is affected by pollutants.


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: Assassin's Creed Unity is an action-adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. It was released in November 2014 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, and in December 2020 for Stadia. It is the eighth major installment in the "Assassin's Creed" series, and the successor to 2013's "". It also has ties to "Assassin's Creed Rogue", which was released for the previous generation consoles on the same day as "Unity".


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: The plot is set in a fictional history of real-world events and follows the millennia-old struggle between the Assassins, who fight to preserve peace and free will, and the Templars, who desire peace through control. The framing story is set in the 21st century and features an unidentified and unseen protagonist, who joins the Assassins as an initiate to help them locate the corpse of an 18th-century Templar Grand Master. The main story is set in Paris during the French Revolution from 1789 to 1794, and follows Assassin Arno Dorian and his efforts to expose the true powers behind the Revolution, while seeking revenge against those responsible for his adoptive father's murder. "Unity" retains the series' third-person open world exploration as well as introducing a revamped combat, parkour, and stealth systems. The game also introduces cooperative multiplayer to the "Assassin's Creed" series, letting up to four players engage in narrative-driven missions and explore the open world map.


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: "Assassin's Creed Unity" received mixed reviews upon release. It was praised for its visuals, customization options, setting, and characterization. Critics were polarized on its narrative, mission design, multiplayer-oriented format, and gameplay, with the latter complimented for its improvements, but criticized for feeling unrefined. The game was also widely panned for its numerous graphical issues and bugs, prompting Ubisoft to issue an apology and offer compensation in the form of a free story expansion. Those who had bought the game's season pass (which was later made unavailable for purchase in response to the controversy) received a free copy of another Ubisoft title of their choice. "Unity" sold over 10 million copies worldwide. The game was followed in October 2015 by "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", which continues the modern-day narrative, but has its main plot set in Victorian era London.


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: "Assassin's Creed Unity" is an action-adventure, stealth game set in an open world environment and played from a third-person perspective. The game features a historical recreation of Paris in the late 18th-century at a roughly 1:1 scale. The setting is divided into seven major districts—Le Louvre, Île de la Cité, Le Marais, La Bièvre, Les Invalides, Quartier Latin, and Ventre de Paris—and also includes the town of Versailles, located on the outskirts of Paris. The commune of Saint-Denis (renamed Franciade during the French Revolution) is featured as part of the free "Dead Kings" expansion pack.


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: A number of side missions can be found and initiated from within the open world, such as "Paris Stories", short quests which require Arno to assist a character (usually a historical figure) and can range in difficulty; "Murder Mysteries", during which Arno investigates various murders, collecting clues and interrogating witnesses to determine the culprit; and "Nostradamus Enigmas", a series of cryptic riddles that lead the player to different artifacts, which can be used to unlock a special outfit for Arno. Players can also find a number of collectibles scattered around Paris, like chests, cockades, and artifacts, which provide various rewards, typically in the form of new gear or cosmetic options for Arno."Unity"'s combat system was greatly refined over previous entries in the series, with fencing being used as an inspiration for the new system. In addition to returning weapons from previous games, "Unity" introduces the Phantom Blade. The Phantom Blade uses the mechanics of a crossbow to fire a silent projectile at a great distance, while still serving the same role as the Hidden Blade in previous "Assassin's Creed" games. In-game navigation was also overhauled: new "Free-run up" and "Free-run down" commands were added to make it easier for the player to scale buildings in either direction, allowing players to make controlled ascents and descents at will. Additionally, Arno learns new moves throughout the game, but the player can also purchase new skills as well. With the updated, larger crowds, new interactions with them are also available. The crowd regularly presents many activities, appearing organically, that the player can then choose to engage in at their leisure. Examples include scaring a group of bullies by pulling out a weapon, "settling" a disagreement between two civilians by killing one of them, or chasing down a thief who has just pick pocketed somebody.


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: Arno's main headquarters during the game is the Café Théâtre, once an intelligence gathering front for the Assassins which has fallen into ruin. The player can renovate the Café by investing in upgrades, which change the building's interior and unlock new rooms, including a secret passage to the Assassins' underground hideout. The Café also functions as a passive business, producing income in the background which is deposited in a chest for Arno to collect; the more renovated the Café is, the more money it earns. Players can further increase their income by completing Café-related missions and purchasing additional social clubs around Paris.


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: For the first time in the series, players can customize their characters' abilities through a skill tree that enables them to assign points earned through gameplay to improve their skills in stealth, melee, and ranged combat, as well as Arno's health. Players are also able to customise their weapons, armor and equipment to further complement their individual style of play. The quality of these items is indicated by their level, which can be a maximum of 5 (in the case of legendary gear). Players also have a wider selection of weapons available, including swords, axes, spears, rifles, pistols and throwable items, such as smoke bombs. The "Dead Kings" expansion introduces an additional weapon: the Guillotine Gun—an axe which has been converted into a grenade launcher.


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: "Unity" also introduces cooperative multiplayer to the series. Players can enter taverns, which act as social hubs in the game, where they can see if any of their online friends are playing the game at the current time. If they are currently in a mission, they will appear as a "ghost" version of their character, allowing the player to approach them to request to join their mission. If their request is accepted, both players enter the same game session, where they can continue the mission from the last checkpoint. Up to four players can play together at the same time. Each player takes on the role of Arno, customized within their own game, with other players appearing as their own customized version of Arno and retaining their gear. Many missions and activities are available for cooperative play (all of which can also be attempted solo), but there are some story missions that are single-player only.


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: There are significant tie-ins with the game's Companion App, a "freemium" click app with limited "direct ties to the overall story of Unity". There are a significant number of chests, assassination targets, and other collectibles that are visible to all players but only accessible to those who have completed certain goals within the app. Following an update in February 2015, this requirement is no longer necessary, meaning players who have downloaded the update, can now collect all the chests in the game without having to play the companion app.


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: The main character of the game is Arno Dorian (Dan Jeannotte), a native Frenchman who was born in Versailles to an Assassin father. After his father is killed by Shay Patrick Cormac at the end of "Assassin's Creed Rogue", Arno is adopted, unaware that his new family holds a senior position within the Templar Order, with his new father figure being the Templar Grandmaster. Arno blames himself when his adoptive father is murdered, and so sets out on a quest of redemption that brings him into the Brotherhood of Assassins, where he slowly rises through the ranks, much like Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad and Ezio Auditore da Firenze as seen in previous games. Arno's love interest is Élise de LaSerre (Catherine Bérubé), the daughter of the Templar Grandmaster who adopted Arno, who also sets out to investigate more about her father's death and its role in a growing ideological change within the Templar Order that threatens its core values. The era also features appearances from several historical figures, such as the Marquis de Sade (Alex Ivanovici), Maximilien Robespierre (Bruce Dinsmore), and a young Napoleon Bonaparte (Brent Skagford).


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: Arno's story starts in Versailles as a child, but for most of the story he is in Paris. His adventure in Paris starts on the eve of the French Revolution in 1789, and extends up to the Thermidorian Reaction in 1794. The modern day setting focuses on the Assassins contacting the player and requesting their help to explore Arno in the past, as well as helping in the present. Co-operative multiplayer missions follow the development of the Brotherhood of Assassins during the French Revolution. In addition, "time anomalies" are introduced during the story. Accessing them takes Arno to various points of Parisian history, such as Paris' Belle Époque, or its occupation by Nazi Germany during World War II.


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: In 2014, Abstergo releases their Helix software, which allows access to genetic memories, to the general public as a gaming device. While playing through a memory of Jacques de Molay (Mario Desmarais), in which he orders a fellow Templar to hide his codex and sword during the sacking of the Paris Temple in 1307, the player is contacted by the Assassin Brotherhood through their agent, codenamed "Bishop" (Kate Todd). Bishop invites the player to join the Assassins as an initiate, and presents an Abstergo video memo describing who contains precursor DNA. Abstergo hope to use the Sage to compile a precursor genome. Bishop directs the Initiate to locate another Sage, whose corpse they hope to recover.


title: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: The Initiate relives the memories of Arno Dorian, a French-Austrian nobleman. Orphaned in 1776 after his father Charles was assassinated, Arno was taken in by François de la Serre, Grand Master of the French Templars. In 1789, Arno is given a message to deliver to de la Serre, but leaves it in his office and goes to meet with his childhood friend Élise, de la Serre's daughter, following her initiation into the Templar Order. Arno later finds de la Serre murdered, and is framed as the killer. He is imprisoned in the Bastille, where he befriends a fellow prisoner, Pierre Bellec (Anthony Lemke), who knew his father. Bellec invites Arno into the Brotherhood after they escape during the Storming of the Bastille.