title: Great Replacement

text: While the ethnic demography of France has shifted as a result of post-WWII immigration, scholars have generally dismissed the claims of a "great replacement" as being rooted in an exaggeration of immigration statistics and unscientific, racially prejudiced views. Geographer Landis MacKellar criticized Camus's thesis for assuming "that third- and fourth- generation 'immigrants' are somehow not French." Researchers have variously estimated the Muslim population of France at between 8.8% and 12.5% in 2017, making a "replacement" unlikely according to MacKellar.


title: Great Replacement

text: In the words of scholar Andrew Fergus Wilson, whereas the islamophobic Great Replacement theory can be distinguished from the parallel antisemitic white genocide conspiracy theory, "they share the same terms of reference and both are ideologically aligned with the so-called '14 words' of David Lane ["We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children"]." In 2021, the Anti-Defamation League wrote that "since many white supremacists, particularly those in the United States, blame Jews for non-white immigration to the U.S.", the Great Replacement theory has been increasingly associated with antisemitism and conflated with the white genocide conspiracy theory. Scholar Kathleen Belew has argued that the Great Replacement theory "allows an opportunism in selecting enemies", but "also follows the central motivating logic, which is to protect the thing on the inside [i.e. the preservation and birth rate of the white race], regardless of the enemy on the outside."


title: Great Replacement

text: According to Australian historian A. Dirk Moses, the great replacement theory is a form of psychological projection in which Europeans—who enacted settler-colonial projects entailing the elimination and replacement of native populations by settler societies—fear the reverse may happen to them.


title: Great Replacement

text: In German discourse, Austrian political scientist Rainer Bauböck questioned the conspiracy theorists' use of the terms "population replacement" or "exchange" (""Bevölkerungsaustausch""). Using Ruth Wodak's analysis that the slogan needs to be viewed in its historical context, Bauböck has concluded that the conspiracy theory is a reemergence of the Nazi ideology of "Umvolkung" ("ethnicity inversion").


title: Great Replacement

text: The simplicity and use of catch-all slogans in Camus's formulations—"you have one people, and in the space of a generation you have a different people"—as well as his removal of antisemitism from the original neo-Nazi "white genocide" conspiracy theory, have been cited as conducive to the popularity of the "Great Replacement" in Europe.


title: Great Replacement

text: In a survey led by Ifop in December 2018, 25% of the French subscribed to the conspiracy theory; as well as 46% of the responders who defined themselves as "Gilets Jaunes" (Yellow Vest protesters). In another survey led by Harris Interactive in October 2021, 61% of the French believed that the "Great Replacement" will happen in France; 67% of the respondents were worried about it.


title: Great Replacement

text: The theory has also become influential in far-right and white nationalist circles outside of France. The conspiracy theory has been cited by Canadian far-right political activist Lauren Southern in a YouTube video of the same name released in July 2017. Southern's video had attracted in 2020 more than 686,000 viewers and is credited with helping to popularize the conspiracy theory. Counter-jihad Norwegian blogger Fjordman has also participated in spreading the theory. It has also been promoted by the German edition of "The Epoch Times", a far-right Falun Gong-associated newspaper.


title: Great Replacement

text: Prominent right-wing extremist websites such as Gates of Vienna, Politically Incorrect, and have provided a platform for bloggers to diffuse and popularize the theory of the "Great Replacement". Among its main promoters are also a wide-ranging network of loosely connected white nationalist movements, especially the Identitarian movement in Europe, and other groups like PEGIDA in Germany.


title: Great Replacement

text: Much of the European spread of the Great Replacement () conspiracy theory rhetoric is due to its prevalence in French national discourse and media. Nationalist right-wing groups in France have asserted that there is an ongoing "Islamo-substitution" of the indigenous French population, associating the presence of Muslims in France with potential danger and destruction of French culture and civilization.


title: Great Replacement

text: In 2011, Marine Le Pen evoked the theory, claiming that France's "adversaries" were waging a moral and economic war on the country, apparently "to deliver it to submersion by an organized replacement of our population". In 2013, historian Dominique Venner's suicide in Notre-Dame de Paris, in which he left a note outlining the "crime of the replacement of our people" is reported to have inspired the far-right "Iliade Institute"'s main ideological tenet of the Great Replacement. Referring to the conspiracy theory, Marine Le Pen publicly praised Venner, claiming that his "last gesture, eminently political, was to try to awaken the French people".


title: Great Replacement

text: In 2015, Guillaume Faye gave a speech at the Swedish Army Museum in Stockholm, in which he claimed there were three societal things being used against Europeans to carry out a supposed Great Replacement: abortion, homosexuality and immigration. He asserted that Muslims were replacing white people by using birthrates as a demographic weapon.


title: Great Replacement

text: In June 2017, a BuzzFeed investigation revealed three National Front candidates subscribing to the conspiracy theory ahead of the legislative elections. These included Senator Stéphane Ravier's personal assistant, who claimed the Great Replacement had already started in France. Publishing an image of blonde girl next to the caption "Say no to white genocide", Ravier's aide politically charged the concept further, writing "the National Front or the invasion".


title: Great Replacement

text: By September 2018, in a meeting at Fréjus, Marine Le Pen closely echoed Great Replacement rhetoric. Speaking of France, she declared that "never in the history of mankind, have we seen a society that organizes an irreversible submersion" that would eventually cause French society to "disappear by dilution or substitution, its culture and way of life". Former National Assembly delegate Marion Maréchal, who is a junior member of the political Le Pen family, is also a proponent of the theory. In March 2019, in a trip to the U.S., Maréchal evoked the theory, stating "I don't want France to become a land of Islam". Insisting that the Great Replacement was "not absurd", she declared the "indigenous French" people, apparently in danger of being a minority by 2040, now wanted their "country back".


title: Great Replacement

text: National Rally's serving president Marine Le Pen, who is the aunt of Maréchal, has been heavily influenced by the Great Replacement. "FAZ" newspaper has described the conspiracy theory creator Renaud Camus as Le Pen's "whisperer". In May 2019, National Rally spokesman Jordan Bardella was reported to use the conspiracy theory during a televised debate with Nathalie Loiseau, after he argued that France must "turn off the tap" from the demographic bomb of African immigration into the country.


title: Great Replacement

text: In June 2019, journalist and author Éric Zemmour pushed the concept in comparison to the Kosovo War, claiming "In 1900, there were 90% Serbs and 10% Muslims in Kosovo, in 1990 there were 90% Muslims and 10% Serbs, then there was war and the independence of Kosovo". Zemmour, author of "The French Suicide", has repeatedly described "the progressive replacement, over a few decades, of the historic population of our country by immigrants, the vast majority of them non-European". Later that month, Marion Maréchal joined Zemmour in invoking the Great Replacement in relation to the Balkan region, stating "I do not want my France to become Kosovo" and declared that the changing demographics of France "threatens us" ("nous menace") and that this was increasingly clear. Zemmour ran for President in 2022 and continued to extensively promote the theory during his campaign. He finished in fourth place in the first round of the election, taking 7,07% of the vote.


title: Great Replacement

text: Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (IBÖ), the Austrian branch of the Identitarian movement, promotes this theory, citing a "great exchange" or replacement of the population that supposedly needs to be reversed. In April 2019, Heinz-Christian Strache campaigning for his FPÖ party ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election endorsed the conspiracy theory. Claiming that "population replacement" in Austria was a real threat, he stated that "We don't want to become a minority in our own country". Compatriot Martin Sellner, who also supports the theory, celebrated Strache's political use of the Great Replacement.


title: Great Replacement

text: In September 2018, , an extremist Flemish youth organization, were reported to be endorsing the conspiracy theory. The group, claiming that native populations of Europe were being replaced by migrants; they proposed an end to all immigration, forced deportation of non-whites, and the founding of ethnostates. The following month, VRT detailed how the organization was discussing the Great Replacement on secretive chat channels, and using the conspiracy theory to promote Flemish ethnic identity.


title: Great Replacement

text: In March 2019, Flemish nationalist Dries Van Langenhove of the Vlaams Belang party repeatedly stated that the Flemish people were "being replaced" in Belgium, posting claims on social media which endorsed the Great Replacement theory.


title: Great Replacement

text: Use of the Great Replacement () conspiracy theory has become common in right-wing Danish political rhetoric. In April 2019, Rasmus Paludan, leader of the Hard Line party, which is widely associated with the Great Replacement, claimed that by the year 2040 ethnic Danish people would be approaching to be a minority in Denmark, having been outnumbered by Muslims and their descendants. During a debate for the 2019 European Parliament elections, Paludan used the concept to justify a proposal to ban Muslim immigration and deport all Islamic residents from the country, in what "Le Monde" described as Paludan "preaching the 'great replacement theory'".


title: Great Replacement

text: In June 2019, Pia Kjærsgaard invoked the conspiracy theory while serving as Speaker of the Danish Parliament. After the alleged encouragement of Muslim communities to "vote red", for the Social Democrats; Kjærsgaard asked "What will happen? A replacement of the Danish people?".


title: Great Replacement

text: Ex-SPD politician Thilo Sarrazin is reported to be one of the most influential promoters of the Great Replacement, having published several books on the subject, some of which, such as "Germany Abolishes Itself", are in high circulation. Sarrazin has proposed that there are too many immigrants in Germany, and that they supposedly have lower IQs than Germans. Regarding the demographics of Germany, he has claimed that in a century ethnic Germans will drop in number to 25 million, in 200 years to eight million and in 300 years: three million.


title: Great Replacement

text: In May 2016, Alternative for Germany (, AfD) deputy leader Beatrix von Storch used a language reminiscent of the theory when she claimed that plans for a mass exchange of populations (""Massenaustausch der Bevölkerung"") had long been made.


title: Great Replacement

text: In April 2017, a few months before he assumed the leadership of the AfD, Alexander Gauland released a press statement regarding the issue of family reunification for refugees, in which he claimed that "Population exchange in Germany is running at full speed". In October 2018, following Beatrix von Storch's lead, Bundestag member Petr Bystron said the Global Compact for Migration was part of the conspiracy to bring about systemic population change in Germany.


title: Great Replacement

text: In March 2019, "Vice Germany" reported how AfD MP attempted to justify and assign blame for the Christchurch mosque shootings, in relation to his "The Great Exchange" theory, by asserting that the shooter's actions were driven by "overpopulation" from immigrants and "climate protection" against them. Laatsch also claimed that the climate movement, who he labelled "climate panic propagators", had a "shared responsibility" for the massacre, and singled out child activist Greta Thunberg.


title: Great Replacement

text: Similarly, right-wing publicist denied that either Anders Behring Breivik's 2011 manifesto, which referred to the Eurabia variant of the "white genocide" narrative, or Brenton Tarrant's 2019 "The Great Replacement" manifesto, had any connection to the theory. Claiming that it was, in fact, not a conspiracy theory at all, Lichtmesz said both Breivik and Tarrant were reacting to a real phenomenon; a "historically unique experiment" of a "Great Exchange" of people.


title: Great Replacement

text: Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and his political party Fidesz in Hungary have been associated with the conspiracy theory over the course of several years. "The Sydney Morning Herald" detailed Orbán's belief in and promotion of the Great Replacement as being central to the modern right-wing politics of Europe. In December 2018, he claimed the "Christian identity of Europe" needed saving, and labelled refugees traveling to Europe as "Muslim invaders". In a speech, Orbán asserted: "If in the future Europe is to be populated by people other than Europeans, and we accept this as a fact and see it as natural, then we will effectively be consenting to population replacement: to a process in which the European population is replaced".


title: Great Replacement

text: He has also stated: "In all of Europe there are fewer and fewer children, and the answer of the West is migration," concluding that "We Hungarians have a different way of thinking. Instead of just numbers, we want Hungarian children." "ThinkProgress" described the comments as pushing a version of the theory. In April 2019, Radio New Zealand published insight that Orban's plans to cut taxes for large Hungarian families could be linked with fears of the Great Replacement.


title: Great Replacement

text: A 2019 Lidl advertisement that featured a white Irish woman, her Afro-Brazilian partner and their mixed race son was targeted by former journalist Gemma O'Doherty as part of an attempt at a "Great Replacement." After facing online harassment the family decided to leave Ireland. The "Great Replacement" has also been used in Ireland in opposition to direct provision centres, used to house asylum seekers.


title: Great Replacement

text: Writing in 2020, Richard Downes said that "Rather than seeing the increase in non-Irish people living and making their lives here as being a normal part of a modern European country, some of the new nationalists see it as a conspiracy to overwhelm Ireland with foreigners. For many of them the conspirators include the Irish government, NGOs, the EU and the UN. They believe that these organisations want to replace Irish people with brown and black people from abroad."


title: Great Replacement

text: The term "great replacement" was also used when the RTÉ News featured the three first babies born in 2020, born to Polish, Black and Indian mothers; journalist Fergus Finlay saying "I don't care about the vulgar abuse, but I really do believe that these hatemongers should be prosecuted when they incite others to hatred and violence against people whose only crime is their skin colour or religion. I find it hard to understand why the State hasn't acted already against these cruel ideologues who think they can say whatever they like under the banner of free speech. They may be small in number now, and on the surface they may just seem bonkers, but we've been here before. Political movements have been built on hatred of the other, and we know the damage they have caused."


title: Great Replacement

text: Garda Commissioner (national chief of police) Drew Harris spoke about far right groups in 2020, saying that "Irish groups [believing] in the great replacement theory" had plans "to disrupt key State institutions and infrastructure. This included Dublin Port, high profile shopping areas such as Grafton Street in Dublin, Dáil Éireann and Government departments."


title: Great Replacement

text: The current Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni has endorsed the Great Replacement ideology. Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini of Italy (2018–2019) has repeatedly adopted the theme of the Great Replacement. In May 2016, two years before his election to office, he claimed "ethnic replacement is underway" in Italy in an interview with Sky TG24. Accusing nameless, well-funded organizations for importing workers that he named "farm slaves", he stated that there was a "lucrative attempt at genocide" of Italians.


title: Great Replacement

text: In April 2015, writing on the publishing website GeenStijl, scholar of Islam Hans Jansen used Great Replacement rhetoric, suggesting that it was an "undisputed" fact that among the European Union's governing elite there was a common consensus that Europeans were "no good and can be better replaced". In May 2015, Martin Bosma, a Dutch parliament Representative for the Party for Freedom (PVV), released his book . Invoking the conspiracy theory, Bosma wrote about a growing 'a new population' of immigrants which lent itself to an apparently 'post-racial Multicultural State of Salvation'.


title: Great Replacement

text: In March 2017, Thierry Baudet, leader of the right wing Forum for Democracy (FvD) party, promoted the theory after he claimed that the country's so-called elite were deliberately "homeopathically diluting" the Dutch population, in a speech about "national self-hatred". He said there was a plot to racially mix the ethnic Dutch with "all the people of the world", so that there would "never be a Dutchman again".


title: Great Replacement

text: In January 2018, PVV Representative Martin Bosma endorsed the Great Replacement theory, and one of its key propagators, after meeting with Renaud Camus at a PVV demonstration in Rotterdam and tweeting his support. Filip Dewinter, a leading member of the Flemish secessionist Vlaams Belang party, who had traveled to the Netherlands on the day of the protest to meet with Camus, named him as a "visionary man" to the media.


title: Great Replacement

text: Party for Freedom politician Geert Wilders of the Netherlands supports the notion of a Great Replacement occurring in Europe. In October 2018, Wilders invoked the conspiracy theory, claiming the Netherlands was "being replaced with mass immigration from non-western Islamic countries" and Rotterdam being "the port of Eurabia". He claimed 77 million, mainly Islamic immigrants would attempt to enter Europe over the course of half a century, and that white Europeans would cease to exist unless they were stopped. In 2019, "The New York Times" reported how Camus's demographic-based alarmist theories help fuel Wilders and his Party for Freedom's nativist campaigning.


title: Great Replacement

text: In September 2018, Dutch author Paul Scheffer analyzed the Great Replacement and its political developments, suggesting that Forum for Democracy and Party for Freedom were forming policy regarding the demography of the Netherlands through the lens of the conspiracy theory.


title: Great Replacement

text: The far-right party Vox has been described as circulating the theory for its discourse about low natality rates in Spaniards compared to migrants. According to journalist Antonio Maestre of "ElDiario.es", such an ideology is shared between Vox and some extreme strains of Catalan nationalism who fear replacement by Spanish-speakers.


title: Great Replacement

text: According to November 2018 research from the University of Cambridge, 31% of Brexit voters believe in the conspiracy theory compared to 6% of British people who oppose Brexit.


title: Great Replacement

text: In July 2019, left-wing English musician and activist Billy Bragg released a public statement which accused fellow singer-songwriter Morrissey of endorsing the theory. Bragg suggested "that Morrissey is helping to spread this idea—which inspired the Christchurch mosque murderer—is beyond doubt".


title: Great Replacement

text: YouTuber Lauren Southern of Canada has helped amplify the conspiracy theory. In 2017, Southern dedicated a video to the Great Replacement, gaining over half a million views on her channel, before it was deleted. 2018 mayoral candidate for Toronto Faith Goldy has publicly embraced the replacement theory. In 2019, in the aftermath of the Christchurch mosque shootings in Christchurch, New Zealand, "Vice" accused Goldy of routinely pushing the same ideas of birthrate declines and the population replacement of whites, found in the gunman's "The Great Replacement" manifesto. Long-time white nationalist Paul Fromm, when he co-opted the pre-1967 Red Ensign flag of Canada, referred to it as "the flag of the true Canada, the European Canada before the treasonous European replacement schemes brought in by the 1965 immigration policies".


title: Great Replacement

text: In June 2019, columnist Lindsay Shepherd claimed that "whites are becoming a minority" in the West, describing her assertion as "population replacement". She was criticized by Canadian MP Colin Fraser at a House of Commons justice committee for not denouncing the concept, while Nathaniel Erskine-Smith accused Shepherd of openly embracing the conspiracy theory.


title: Great Replacement

text: The Great replacement in the United States is the American version of a white nationalist far-right conspiracy theory that racial minorities are displacing the traditional white American population and taking control of the nation. Versions of the theory "have become commonplace" in the Republican Party of the United States, and have become a major issue of political debate. It also has stimulated violent responses including mass murders. It resembles the Great Replacement theory promoted in Europe, but has its origins in American nativism around 1900. According to Erika Lee, in 1894 the old stock Yankee upper-class founders of the Immigration Restriction League were, “convinced that Anglo-Saxon traditions, peoples, and culture were being drowned in a flood of racially inferior foreigners from Southern and Eastern Europe.”


title: Great Replacement

text: The media in Australia have covered former Senator Fraser Anning of Queensland and his endorsement of the Great Replacement conspiracy theory. In April 2019, Reuters reported how Anning was amplifying replacement theory by suggesting that Muslims would "out-breed us very quickly". In May 2019, Anning alleged that white Australians would "fast become a minority" if they did not defend their "ethno-cultural identity".


title: Great Replacement

text: The far right neo-Nazi youth group Action Zealandia has endorsed the Great Replacement theory, alleging that European identity in New Zealand is being threatened by economically-driven non-white migration. In addition, the group has promoted the pseudohistorical notion that white people settled in New Zealand before the arrival of the indigenous Māori people. According to the journalist Marc Daalder, Action Zealandia is the successor to the Dominion Movement, a far right group that ceased its activities following the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings.


title: Great Replacement

text: Camus's use of strong terms like "colonization" and "Occupiers" to label non-European immigrants and their children have been described as implicit calls to violence. Scholars like Jean-Yves Camus have argued that the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory closely parallels the concept of "remigration", an euphemistic term for the forced deportation of non-white immigrants. "We shall not leave Europe, we shall make Africa leave Europe," Camus wrote in 2019 to define his political agenda for the European parliament elections. He has also used another euphemism, the "Great Repatriation", to refer to remigration.


title: Great Replacement

text: According to historians Nicolas Bancel and Pascal Blanchard, along with sociologist Ahmed Boubeker, "the announcement of a civil war is implicit in the theory of the 'great replacement' [...] This thesis is extreme—and so simplistic that it can be understood by anyone—because it validates a racial definition of the nation." Sceptical of Camus's description of second or third generation immigrants as being itself a contradiction in terms—"they do not migrate anymore, they are French"—demographer Hervé Le Bras is also critical of their designation as a fifth column in France or an "internal enemy".


title: Great Replacement

text: Fears of the white race's extinction, and replacement theory in particular, have been cited by several accused perpetrators of mass shootings between 2018, 2019 and 2022. While Camus has stated his own philosophy is a nonviolent one, analysts including Heidi Beirich of the Southern Poverty Law Center say the idea of white genocide has "undoubtedly influenced" American white supremacists, potentially leading to violence.


title: Great Replacement

text: In October 2018, a gunman killed 11 people and injured 6 in an attack on the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The gunman believed Jews were deliberately importing non-white immigrants into the United States as part of a conspiracy against the white race.


title: Great Replacement

text: Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Australian terrorist responsible for the mass shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand, on 15 March 2019, that killed 51 people and injured 49, named his manifesto "The Great Replacement", a reference to Camus's book. In response, Camus condemned violence while reaffirming his desire for a "counter-revolt" against an increase in nonwhite populations.


title: Great Replacement

text: In 2019, research by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue showed over 24,000 social media mentions of the Great Replacement in the month before the Christchurch shootings, in comparison to just 3,431 mentions in April 2012. The use of the term spiked in April 2019 after the Christchurch mosque shootings.


title: Great Replacement

text: Patrick Crusius, the suspect in the 2019 El Paso shooting, posted an online manifesto titled "The Inconvenient Truth" alluding to the "great replacement" and expressing support for "the Christchurch shooter" minutes before the attack. It spoke of a "Hispanic invasion of Texas" leading to "cultural and ethnic replacement" (alluding to the "Reconquista") as justifications for the shooting.


title: Great Replacement

text: The suspect accused in the 2022 Buffalo shooting listed the Great Replacement in a manifesto he had published prior to the attack. The suspect described himself as a fascist, white supremacist, and antisemite.


title: The Intouchables

text: The Intouchables (, ), also known as Untouchable in the UK and Ireland, is a 2011 French buddy comedy-drama film written and directed by Olivier Nakache & Éric Toledano. It stars François Cluzet and Omar Sy. Nine weeks after its release in France on 2 November 2011, it became the biggest box office hit in France, just passing the 2008 film "Welcome to the Sticks". The film was voted the cultural event of 2011 in France with 52% of votes in a poll by Fnac. Until it was eclipsed in 2014 by "Lucy", it was the most viewed French film in the world with 51.5 million tickets sold. The film received several award nominations. In France, the film won the César Award for Best Actor for Sy and garnered seven further nominations for the César Awards, including the César Award for Best Actor. Five percent of the movie's profit were given to "Simon de Cyrène", an association that helps paralyzed people.


title: The Intouchables

text: At night in Paris, Driss (Sy) is driving Philippe's (Cluzet) Maserati Quattroporte at high speed. Chased through the streets by the police, they are eventually cornered. Driss claims the quadriplegic Philippe must get to the emergency room urgently; Philippe pretends to have a seizure and the fooled police officers escort them. After arriving at the hospital, Driss drives away.


title: The Intouchables

text: The story of friendship between the two men is then told as a flashback: Philippe, a wealthy quadriplegic owner of a luxurious "hôtel particulier", and his assistant Magalie are interviewing potential live-in caregivers. Driss has no ambitions to get hired; he only attends to get a signature on a document proving his interview was rejected, in order to continue receiving his benefits. He is told to come back the next morning to collect his signed document.


title: The Intouchables

text: The next day when Driss returns, Philippe's aide Yvonne greets him, telling him he has the job on a trial basis. Despite being uninterested and inexperienced, he does well caring for Philippe, albeit using unconventional methods. Driss learns the extent of his employer’s disability, aiding Philippe in every aspect of his life. A friend of Philippe's reveals that Driss was imprisoned for six months for robbery, but Philippe does not care about Driss's past. As Driss is the only one who does not treat Philippe with pity, he will not fire Driss as long as he does his job properly.


title: The Intouchables

text: Philippe explains his disability resulted from a paragliding incident and that his wife died without bearing children. Gradually, Driss helps him to organise his private life, including disciplining his precocious adopted daughter Elisa. Driss discovers modern art, opera and starts painting. For Philippe's birthday, a private classical music concert is performed in his living room. Philippe educates Driss on famous classical pieces, but Driss only recognizes them as advert music or cartoon themes. Feeling the concert is too boring, Driss plays Earth, Wind & Fire's "Boogie Wonderland", livening up the party, with the guests also enjoying the music.


title: The Intouchables

text: Discovering Philippe has a purely epistolary relationship with a woman called Eléonore, who lives in Dunkirk, Driss encourages his employer to meet her, but Philippe fears her reaction when she discovers his disability. Driss convinces him to talk to her by phone. Philippe agrees to send a photo of himself in a wheelchair to her, but he hesitates and asks his aide, Yvonne, to send a picture as he was before his accident. A date between them is agreed, but at the last minute, Philippe is too scared to meet Eléonore and leaves with Yvonne before she arrives. Philippe then calls Driss, inviting him to fly with him in his Dassault Falcon 900 private jet for a paragliding weekend in the Alps.


title: The Intouchables

text: Driss's younger cousin Adam, in trouble with a gang, comes to fetch Driss at the mansion on the pretext of delivering mail. Overhearing, Philippe recognizes Driss's need to be supportive to his family and releases him from his job, suggesting he may not want to push a wheelchair all his life.


title: The Intouchables

text: Driss returns home, joins his friends and manages to help his younger cousin. In the meantime, new caregivers have replaced Driss, but Philippe is not happy with any of them. His morale is very low and he stops taking care of himself. He grows a beard and looks ill. Worried, Yvonne calls Driss back.


title: The Intouchables

text: Upon arrival, Driss drives Philippe in the Maserati, which brings the story back to the initial police chase. After they elude the police, Driss takes Philippe to the seaside. Upon Philippe’s shaving and dressing elegantly, they arrive at a Cabourg restaurant on the sea front. Driss suddenly leaves the table, saying good luck to Philippe on his lunch date. A few seconds later, Eléonore arrives. Emotionally touched, Philippe looks through the window and sees Driss outside, smiling at him. Driss bids Philippe farewell and walks away as Phillipe and Eléonore chat and enjoy each other's company.


title: The Intouchables

text: The film ends with shots of Philippe Pozzo di Borgo and Abdel Sellou, the people on whom the story is based, together on a hillside, reminiscent of the paragliding scene earlier in the film. The closing caption states that the men remain close friends to this day.


title: The Intouchables

text: The plot of the film is inspired by the true story of Philippe Pozzo di Borgo and his French-Algerien caregiver Abdel Sellou, discovered by the directors in "À la vie, à la mort", a documentary film.


title: The Intouchables

text: The film received mostly positive reviews from critics and holds a 75% approval rating at the film review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 122 reviews, and an average score of 6.7/10. The consensus states, "It handles its potentially prickly subject matter with kid gloves, but "Intouchables" gets by thanks to its strong cast and some remarkably sensitive direction." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 31 ratings of professional critics.


title: The Intouchables

text: The film divided critics in the UK. Upon the film's 21 September 2012 UK release under the title "Untouchable", "The Independent" called it "a third-rate buddy movie that hardly understands its own condescension...Why has the world flipped for this movie? Maybe it's the fantasy it spins on racial/social/cultural mores, much as "Driving Miss Daisy" did 20-odd years ago – uptight rich white employer learns to love through black employee's life-force. That was set in the segregationist America of the 1940s. What's this film's excuse?" Robbie Collin of "The Telegraph" called it "as broad, accessible and trombonishly unsubtle as a subtitled "Driving Miss Daisy""; according to Collin, the "characters are conduits for charisma rather than great dramatic roles, but the horseplay between Sy and Cluzet is often very funny, and one joke bounces merrily into the next." Nigel Farndale, also of "The Telegraph", said: "The film, which is about to be released in Britain, has been breaking box-office records in France and Germany, and one of the reasons seems to be that it gives the audience permission to laugh with, not at, people with disabilities, and see their lives as they have never seen them before."


title: The Intouchables

text: The film won the Tokyo Sakura Grand Prix award given to the best film at the Tokyo International Film Festival and the Award for Best Actor to both Francois Cluzet and Omar Sy in 2011. At the César Awards 2012, the film received eight nominations. Omar Sy received the César Award for Best Actor on 24 February 2012 for the role of Driss (defeating Jean Dujardin, nominated for "The Artist") and being the first French African actor to receive this honor.


title: The Intouchables

text: In September 2012, it was announced that "The Intouchables" had been selected as the French entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar for the 85th Academy Awards. In December 2012, it made the January shortlist, but was ultimately not selected for inclusion among the final nominees.


title: The Intouchables

text: After four weeks, by 25 November 2011, "The Intouchables" had already become the most-watched film in France in 2011. After sixteen weeks, more than 19 million people had seen the film in France. On 10 January 2012, "The Intouchables" set a record, having been number one for ten consecutive weeks since its release in France. The film has grossed $166 million in France and $444.7 million worldwide as of 12 May 2013.


title: The Intouchables

text: On 20 March 2012, "The Intouchables" became the highest-grossing movie in a language other than English with $281 million worldwide. It broke the previous record set by the Japanese film "Spirited Away" ($274.9 million), also breaking the record for the highest-grossing French film, surpassing "The Fifth Element" ($263.9 million). In July 2012, it became the top grossing foreign language film of 2012 in North America, surpassing "A Separation".


title: The Intouchables

text: The film has also done well in several other European countries, topping charts in Germany for nine consecutive weeks, Switzerland for eleven weeks, Austria for six weeks, Poland for three weeks, and Italy, Spain and Belgium for one week, as of 20 May 2012.


title: The Intouchables

text: In the United Kingdom, it was 2013's second best-selling foreign language film on physical home video formats, second only to the Indonesian action film "The Raid". It was later the UK's ninth best-selling foreign language film of 2016, and second best-selling French film (behind "Victor Young Perez").


title: The Intouchables

text: In the United Kingdom, it was watched by 213,500 viewers on BBC Two in 2016, making it the year's third most-watched foreign language film on UK television.


title: The Intouchables

text: In 2015 it was announced that Vamsi Paidipally would be directing an Indian Telugu film adaptation titled "Oopiri", which would also be shot in Tamil as "Thozha". Both versions star Nagarjuna and Karthi as its male leads. They were released on 25 March 2016.


title: The Intouchables

text: In 2014, rights to "The Intouchables" were sold to Bollywood filmmakers Karan Johar and Guneet Monga. Johar's Dharma Productions and Monga's Sikhya Entertainment announced that they would produce a Hindi remake, which would be directed by Mohit Suri. Saif Ali Khan, Varun Dhawan, Tamannaah Bhatia and Prakash Raj were reported to be starring in the film.


title: The Intouchables

text: In July 2011, in addition to acquiring distribution rights in English-speaking countries, Scandinavian countries and China, The Weinstein Company acquired the rights to remake "The Intouchables" in English. In June 2012, Paul Feig was slated to direct and write the script, with Chris Rock, Jamie Foxx and Idris Elba eyed for the role of Abdel, Colin Firth in talks for Phillip, and Jessica Chastain and Michelle Williams considered for a female lead.


title: The Intouchables

text: By March 2013, Feig dropped out of directing, with Tom Shadyac in talks to replace him, and Chris Tucker was in consideration for Abdel. In October 2014, Kevin Hart was cast as Abdel, with Firth still attached as Phillip. In March 2016, it was announced that Bryan Cranston was cast, replacing Firth. Simon Curtis was to direct Cranston and Hart from a screenplay written by Feig. By August 2016, Curtis presumably dropped out of directing. Neil Burger was announced as his replacement. A script by Jon Hartmere would be used rather than Feig's work.


title: The Intouchables

text: In January 2017, Nicole Kidman and Genevieve Angelson joined the cast of the film, then officially titled "Untouchable". In February 2017, Aja Naomi King and Julianna Margulies joined the cast. On 2 August 2017, the film's title was changed to "The Upside". The film was released on 11 January 2019.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: The Flying Dutchman () is a legendary ghost ship, allegedly never able to make port, but doomed to sail the seven seas forever. The myth is likely to have originated from the 17th-century Golden Age of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and of Dutch maritime power. The oldest known extant version of the legend dates from the late 18th century. According to the legend, if hailed by another ship, the crew of the "Flying Dutchman" might try to send messages to land, or to people long dead. Reported sightings in the 19th and 20th centuries claimed that the ship glowed with a ghostly light. In ocean lore, the sight of this phantom ship functions as a portent of doom.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: The first print reference to the ship appears in "Travels in various part of Europe, Asia and Africa during a series of thirty years and upward" (1790) by John MacDonald:


title: Flying Dutchman

text: The next literary reference appears in Chapter VI of "A Voyage to Botany Bay" (1795) (also known as "A Voyage to New South Wales"), attributed to George Barrington (1755–1804):


title: Flying Dutchman

text: The next literary reference introduces the motif of punishment for a crime, in "Scenes of Infancy" (Edinburgh, 1803) by John Leyden (1775–1811):


title: Flying Dutchman

text: Thomas Moore (1779–1852) places the vessel in the north Atlantic in his poem "Written on passing Dead-man's Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Late in the evening, September 1804": "Fast gliding along, a gloomy bark / Her sails are full, though the wind is still, / And there blows not a breath her sails to fill." A footnote adds: "The above lines were suggested by a superstition very common among sailors, who call this ghost-ship, I think, 'the flying Dutch-man'."


title: Flying Dutchman

text: Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), a friend of John Leyden's, was the first to refer to the vessel as a pirate ship, writing in the notes to "Rokeby; a poem" (first published December 1812) that the ship was "originally a vessel loaded with great wealth, on board of which some horrid act of murder and piracy had been committed" and that the apparition of the ship "is considered by the mariners as the worst of all possible omens".


title: Flying Dutchman

text: According to some sources, 17th-century Dutch captain Bernard Fokke is the model for the captain of the ghost ship. Fokke was renowned for the speed of his trips from the Netherlands to Java and was suspected of being in league with the Devil. The first version of the legend as a story was printed in "Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine" for May 1821, which puts the scene as the Cape of Good Hope. This story introduces the name Captain Hendrick Van der Decken for the captain and the motifs (elaborated by later writers) of letters addressed to people long dead being offered to other ships for delivery, but if accepted will bring misfortune; and the captain having sworn to round the Cape of Good Hope though it should take until the day of judgment.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: There have been many reported or alleged sightings in the 19th and 20th centuries. A well-known sighting was by Prince George of Wales, the future King George V. He was on a three-year voyage during his late adolescence in 1880 with his elder brother Prince Albert Victor of Wales and their tutor John Neill Dalton. They temporarily shipped into after the damaged rudder was repaired in their original ship, the 4,000-tonne corvette "Bacchante". The princes' log (indeterminate as to which prince, due to later editing before publication) records the following for the pre-dawn hours of 11 July 1881, off the coast of Australia:


title: Flying Dutchman

text: Nicholas Monsarrat, the novelist who wrote "The Cruel Sea", described the phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean in his unfinished final book "Master Mariner", which was partly inspired by this tale (he lived and worked in South Africa after the war) and the story of the Wandering Jew.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: The news soon spread through the vessel that a phantom-ship with a ghostly crew was sailing in the air over a phantom-ocean, and that it was a bad omen, and meant that not one of them should ever see land again. The captain was told the wonderful tale, and coming on deck, he explained to the sailors that this strange appearance was caused by the reflection of some ship that was sailing on the water below this image, but at such a distance they could not see it. There were certain conditions of the atmosphere, he said, when the sun's rays could form a perfect picture in the air of objects on the earth, like the images one sees in glass or water, but they were not generally upright, as in the case of this ship, but reversed—turned bottom upwards. This appearance in the air is called a mirage. He told a sailor to go up to the foretop and look beyond the phantom-ship. The man obeyed, and reported that he could see on the water, below the ship in the air, one precisely like it. Just then another ship was seen in the air, only this one was a steamship, and was bottom-upwards, as the captain had said these mirages generally appeared. Soon after, the steamship itself came in sight. The sailors were now convinced, and never afterwards believed in phantom-ships.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: Another optical effect known as looming occurs when rays of light are bent across different refractive indices. This could make a ship just off the horizon appear hoisted in the air.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: The 1797–98 poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", contains a similar account of a ghost ship, which may have been influenced by the tale of the "Flying Dutchman".


title: Flying Dutchman

text: One of the first "Flying Dutchman" short stories was titled "Vanderdecken's Message Home; or, the Tenacity of Natural Affection" and was published in "Blackwood's" during 1821.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: Dutch poet J. Slauerhoff published a number of related poems, particularly in his 1928 volume "Eldorado".


title: Flying Dutchman

text: John Boyle O'Reilly wrote a poem titled "The Flying Dutchman" (1867). It was first published in "The Wild Goose", a handwritten newspaper produced by Fenian convicts being transported to Western Australia.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: British author Brian Jacques wrote a trilogy of fantasy/young adult novels concerning two reluctant members of the "Dutchman"s crew, a young boy and his dog, whom an angel charges to help those in need. The first novel was titled "Castaways of the Flying Dutchman" (2001); the second was titled "The Angel's Command" (2003), and the third was titled "Voyage of Slaves" (2006).


title: Flying Dutchman

text: The comic fantasy "Flying Dutch" by Tom Holt is a version of the "Flying Dutchman" story. In this version, the Dutchman is not a ghost ship but crewed by immortals who can only visit land once every seven years when the unbearable smell that is a side-effect of the elixir of life wears off.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: Ward Moore's 1951 story "Flying Dutchman" used the myth as a metaphor for an automated bomber which continues to fly over an Earth where humanity long since totally destroyed itself and all life in a nuclear war.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: The story was adapted into the English melodrama "The Flying Dutchman; or the Phantom Ship: a Nautical Drama, in three acts" (1826) by Edward Fitzball, with music by George Rodwell. The 48-page text, published c.1829, acknowledges the "Blackwood's" story as the source.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: Richard Wagner's opera "The Flying Dutchman" (1843) is adapted from an episode in Heinrich Heine's satirical novel "The Memoirs of Mister von Schnabelewopski" ("Aus den Memoiren des Herrn von Schnabelewopski") (1833), in which a character attends a theatrical performance of "The Flying Dutchman" in Amsterdam. Heine had first used the legend in his "Reisebilder: Die Nordsee" ("Pictures of Travel: the North Sea") (1826), which simply repeats from "Blackwood's Magazine" the features of the vessel being seen in a storm and sending letters addressed to persons long since dead. In his 1833 elaboration, Heine introduced the chance of salvation through a woman's devotion and the opportunity to set foot on land every seven years to seek a faithful wife. It was once thought that Heine may have based the episode on Fitzball's play, which was playing at the Adelphi Theatre in London, but the run had ended on 7 April 1827 and Heine did not arrive in London until the 14th; it was not published until its revival in 1829. Unlike Fitzball's play, which is set off the Cape of Good Hope, Heine's account is set in the North Sea off Scotland. Wagner's opera was similarly planned to take place off the coast of Scotland, although during the final rehearsals he transferred the action to another part of the North Sea, off Norway.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: Pierre-Louis Dietsch composed an opera "Le vaisseau fantôme, ou Le maudit des mers" ("The Phantom Ship, or The Accursed of the Sea"), which was first performed on 9 November 1842 at the Paris Opera. The libretto by Paul Foucher and H. Révoil was based on Walter Scott's "The Pirate" as well as Frederick Marryat's novel "The Phantom Ship" and other sources, although Wagner thought it was based on the scenario of his own opera, which he had just sold to the Opera. The similarity of Dietsch's opera to Wagner's is slight, although Wagner's assertion is often repeated. Berlioz thought "Le vaisseau fantôme" too solemn, but other reviewers were more favourable.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: The "Flying Dutchman" has been captured in paintings by Albert Ryder, now in the Smithsonian American Art Museum, and by Howard Pyle, whose painting of the "Flying Dutchman" is on exhibit at the Delaware Art Museum.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: In "Judgment Night", a 1959 episode of Rod Serling's "The Twilight Zone", the U-boat captain who sank an Allied passenger ship in World War II finds himself doomed to forever relive the experience as a "Flying Dutchman" passenger of the torpedoed ship. Two other "Twilight Zone" episodes, "The Arrival" and "Death Ship" also refer to the legend. The "Flying Dutchman" was also featured in "Cave of the Dead", a 1967 episode of "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea". In the 1967 "Spider-Man" cartoon "Return of the Flying Dutchman", the ship appears as an illusion created by Mysterio. In the 1976 "Land of the Lost" episode "Flying Dutchman", the ship appears captained by Ruben Van de Meer, who attempts to take Holly with him to give him company on his endless voyage. In the kids' show "SpongeBob SquarePants", the Flying Dutchman is a ghost ship and an enemy of SpongeBob. In the anime/manga series One Piece, the Flying Dutchman appears captained by Van der Decken and is recognized as a ghost ship.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: Carl Barks wrote and drew a 1959 comic book story where Uncle Scrooge, Donald Duck and Huey, Dewey, and Louie meet the "Flying Dutchman". Barks ultimately explains the "flying" ship as an optical illusion.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: The story was dramatised in the 1951 film "Pandora and the Flying Dutchman", starring James Mason and Ava Gardner. In this version, the "Flying Dutchman" is a man, not a ship, and the main action takes place on the Mediterranean coast of Spain during the summer of 1930. Centuries earlier the Dutchman had killed his wife, wrongly believing her to be unfaithful. At his trial he was unrepentant and cursed God. Providence condemned him to roam the seas until he found the true meaning of love. In the only plot point taken from earlier versions of the story, once every seven years the Dutchman is allowed ashore for six months to search for a woman who will love him enough to die for him, releasing him from his curse, and he finds her in Pandora, played by Gardner.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: In the "Pirates of the Caribbean" films, captain Davy Jones commands a ship named the "Flying Dutchman". It made appearances in "" (2006) and "" (2007).


title: Flying Dutchman

text: In the "Spider-Man (2002 film)" in the wrestling scene, one of the wrestlers is nicknamed "The Flying Dutchman".


title: Flying Dutchman

text: In Sea of Thieves In the "A Pirate's Life" tall tale, the player has to fight with the Flying Dutchman to progress. In the "Dark Brethren" tall tale the player has to defend the vessel against non-player enemies. In this section the player is free to wander inside the ship and can play the iconic Organ pipe.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: In 1949 RCA Victor, inventors of the single 45 RPM format, released as one of their first singles a recording of the legend in song in bandleader Hugo Winterhalter's "The Flying Dutchman", sung as a sea shanty.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: Dutch symphonic black metal band Carach Angren wrote a concept album about the "Flying Dutchman" entitled "Death Came Through a Phantom Ship".


title: Flying Dutchman

text: Tin Machine, fronted by David Bowie, mentions it in their song 'Amlapura' on the Tin Machine II (1991) album.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: "The Flying Dutchman" is a song by the pirate themed music group The Jolly Rogers. Its lyrics narrate the encounter of a ship crew with the titular ghost ship.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: The story was adapted by Judith French into a play, "The Dutch Mariner", broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 13 April 2003.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: The Efteling amusement park in the Netherlands has a roller coaster called De Vliegende Hollander ("The Flying Dutchman" in English), which features a captain named Willem van der Decken ().


title: Flying Dutchman

text: KLM Royal Dutch Airlines references the endless traveling aspect of the story by having "The Flying Dutchman" painted on the rear sides of all its aircraft with regular livery.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: There is a design of 20-foot one-design high-performance two-person racing dinghy named the Flying Dutchman. It made its Olympic debut at the 1960 Summer Games competitions in the Gulf of Naples and is still one of the fastest racing dinghies in the world.


title: Flying Dutchman

text: Several people have been nicknamed the "Flying Dutchman", including Anthony Fokker. Dutch football player Dennis Bergkamp was nicknamed "the Non-Flying Dutchman", because of his fear of flying. American baseball player Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner was nicknamed the "Flying Dutchman" because of his speed and German heritage.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: The 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship was a motor racing championship for Formula 3 cars that was sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The championship was the thirteenth season of Formula 3 racing and the fourth season run under the FIA Formula 3 Championship moniker. It was an open-wheel racing category that served as the third tier of formula racing in the FIA Global Pathway. The category was run in support of selected rounds of the 2022 FIA Formula One World Championship.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Trident entered the championship as the reigning teams' champion, having secured their title at the last round of the 2021 season. In 2022 however, they were bested by Prema Racing, who won their third teams' championship.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Victor Martins, driving for ART Grand Prix, won the drivers' championship, ahead of Zane Maloney (Trident) and Oliver Bearman (Prema).


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: As the championship was a spec series, all teams and drivers that competed in the championship ran the same car, the Dallara F3 2019. For the 2022 season, a new chassis was to be introduced, but this change had been halted by the cost-cutting measures introduced because of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: 2021 teams' champions Trident saw two of its drivers graduate to Formula 2, Jack Doohan and Clément Novalak signing with Virtuosi Racing and MP Motorsport respectively. They were replaced by Red Bull Junior Jonny Edgar, who moved from Carlin after achieving 18th in the 2021 season, and 2019 British F4 champion Zane Maloney, who came 4th in the 2021 Formula Regional European Championship. David Schumacher moved to DTM and was replaced by Roman Staněk, returning for his third year in the series after driving with Hitech Grand Prix in 2021.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Prema Racing's Dennis Hauger left Formula 3 after winning the championship in 2021 and joined Formula 2 with the team. His seat was taken by Ferrari-backed ADAC and Italian F4 champion Oliver Bearman. Alongside him, Prema signed Jak Crawford, moving over from Hitech Grand Prix to replace Olli Caldwell, who stepped up to Formula 2 with Campos Racing.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: ART Grand Prix also promoted one driver to the higher rank, with Frederik Vesti graduating to the outfit's Formula 2 team. His teammate Alexander Smolyar left the team and was replaced by reigning Formula Regional European champion Grégoire Saucy. Vesti's seat was filled by Victor Martins, who moved over from MP Motorsport for his second season.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: MP Motorsport signed 2020 BRDC British Formula 3 runner-up Kush Maini to replace Tijmen van der Helm, who moved to endurance racing full-time. Maini was joined by Alexander Smolyar, who switched from ART Grand Prix for his third year in the series, swapping teams with Victor Martins.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Charouz Racing System lined up László Tóth, moving from Campos Racing, with whom he came 32nd in 2021. He replaced Logan Sargeant, who would compete in Formula 2 with Carlin. Tóth was partnered by Francesco Pizzi, graduating from the Formula Regional European Championship, where he came 20th in 2021, and GB3 Championship runner-up Ayrton Simmons, who already competed for the team in the 2021 season finale. They replaced Hunter Yeany, who left for Campos Racing, and Zdeněk Chovanec.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Hitech Grand Prix driver Ayumu Iwasa also graduated to Formula 2 after signing for DAMS. His replacement was new Red Bull Junior Isack Hadjar, fifth place in the Formula Regional European Championship. Jak Crawford and Roman Staněk also left the team, joining Prema Racing and Trident, respectively. They were replaced by Kaylen Frederick, moving over from Carlin, and Nazim Azman, graduating from the Euroformula Open.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Campos Racing fielded an all-new driver lineup as László Tóth moved to Charouz Racing System, Amaury Cordeel joined new team Van Amersfoort Racing in Formula 2 and Lorenzo Colombo left the series after one year to compete in Prema's WEC programme. The team hired Pepe Martí, who raced for Campos' Spanish F4 team in 2021. He was partnered by Hunter Yeany, who switched from Charouz Racing System, and David Vidales, who joined the series after coming tenth in the Formula Regional European Championship.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Jenzer Motorsport drivers Calan Williams and Filip Ugran signed with Trident in Formula 2 and Van Amersfoort Racing in the Euroformula Open, respectively. Williams was replaced by former Carlin driver Ido Cohen. The team also signed Formula Regional European Championship podium finisher William Alatalo, and later announced the return of Niko Kari to the series for the first round of the season.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Carlin saw their three drivers Jonny Edgar, Kaylen Frederick and Ido Cohen move to Trident, Hitech and Jenzer, respectively. The team promoted GB3 champion and new Williams junior Zak O'Sullivan from their GB3 division, and Brad Benavides and 2021 F4 UAE champion Enzo Trulli from their Euroformula Open team.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Van Amersfoort Racing signed Rafael Villagómez, rejoining the team after racing for them in the Euroformula Open and for HWA Racelab in Formula 3 in 2021, as well as rookies Franco Colapinto, a race winner in the Formula Regional European Championship and the European Le Mans Series, and Reece Ushijima, who came fourth in the GB3 Championship.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Multiple driver changes took place for the second round at the Imola Circuit. Trident driver Jonny Edgar pulled out of the championship after being diagnosed with Crohn's disease and was replaced by former HWA Racelab driver Oliver Rasmussen. Federico Malvestiti returned to the championship after a year's absence, replacing Niko Kari at Jenzer Motorsport. Charouz Racing System driver Ayrton Simmons vacated his seat and was replaced by David Schumacher, who previously raced with the team in 2020. ART Grand Prix fielded only two cars at Imola, as Juan Manuel Correa was forced to miss the event due to a foot injury.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Lirim Zendeli returned to the championship, having last competed in 2020, to replace David Schumacher at Charouz Racing System for the third round at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya as Schumacher prioritised competing in the clashing DTM round at the Lausitzring. Juan Manuel Correa returned to his seat at ART Grand Prix after recovering from his injury.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Jonny Edgar returned to Trident for the fourth round at Silverstone Circuit after his health improved. Charouz Racing System again changed the driver of their number 15 car, with Lirim Zendeli replaced by Zdeněk Chovanec, who last competed for the team in the final three rounds of 2021. MP Motorsport's Alexander Smolyar was unable to obtain a British visa to attend the Silverstone round and was replaced by Filip Ugran, who last raced in the championship in 2021 with Jenzer Motorsport. Smolyar returned to MP Motorsport for the fifth round at the Red Bull Ring.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Euroformula Open leader Oliver Goethe stood in for Hunter Yeany at Campos Racing for the sixth round at the Hungaroring. Yeany had broken his wrist in an accident at the previous round. Goethe's Euroformula championship rival Christian Mansell became the fifth driver in the Charouz Racing System number 15 car when he replaced Zdeněk Chovanec at the Hungaroring round.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: David Schumacher returned to Charouz Racing System for the Zandvoort weekend, replacing Christian Mansell who prioritised his Euroformula Open campaign. Also prioritising Euroformula was Campos Racing's Oliver Goethe. As Hunter Yeany was not yet fully recovered from his injury, the team drafted in Formula Regional European Championship racer Sebastián Montoya.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Both Campos Racing and Charouz Racing System updated their lineups again for the season finale at Monza. Campos' Hunter Yeany returned from injury after a two-month absence as Sebastián Montoya reverted his focus to the Formula Regional European Championship. David Schumacher had to vacate his Charouz seat once more to attend his DTM commitments and was replaced by former FREC racer Alessandro Famularo, who became the sixth different driver to drive the #15 car in just nine rounds.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: After changing the weekend format to three races per weekend in 2021, the format was reverted back to more race weekends with two races each in 2022. As in Formula 2, the race weekends featured a sprint race and a feature race, with the latter being longer and worth more points.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: The race weekend format returned to a similar format to the seasons before 2021. On Saturday, only one race was held, with the grid still formed by reversing the top twelve drivers from qualifying, while the Sunday race was started in qualifying order.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: The championship scoring format was reprofiled. The points for pole position and fastest lap were each cut in half; now awarding 2 points for pole, and 1 for the fastest lap in each race. The points for the sprint race were changed significantly, with 10 points being awarded for the winner, 9 points for 2nd, then 8 for 3rd, descending all the way to 1 point for 10th. These changes were also applied to Formula 1's other feeder series, the FIA Formula 2 Championship.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: The season began at the Bahrain International Circuit where newcomers Van Amersfoort Racing and rookie driver Franco Colapinto set the fastest time in their first FIA Formula 3 qualifying session, taking pole position for the feature race. Zak O'Sullivan started the sprint race on reverse-grid pole position after qualifying twelfth, but was overtaken in the early laps by Oliver Bearman and eventually dropped to sixth place. Bearman crossed the finish line first but received a five-second time penalty for track limits violations, handing Isack Hadjar the race victory.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Pole-sitter Colapinto held the lead for much of the feature race but was passed by Victor Martins and Arthur Leclerc, who started thirteenth. A track-limits time penalty later dropped Colapinto to fifth place. Martins' victory put him at the top of the drivers' championship standings at the end of the first round, one point ahead of Leclerc.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Zane Maloney set the fastest qualifying time at the Imola Circuit and Franco Colapinto started the sprint race from pole position. Colapinto was passed by Caio Collet early in the sprint race, which was interrupted by two safety car periods; firstly when Zak O'Sullivan and Pepe Martí went into the gravel and secondly for a collision involving Reece Ushijima and Federico Malvestiti. Colapinto reclaimed the lead from Collet on the final lap shortly before a collision between Collet and Isack Hadjar eliminated Collet from the race. Colapinto crossed the finish line to take his and his team's first FIA Formula 3 race victory.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: The feature race began in damp conditions. Drivers who opted to start on wet-weather tyres had an early advantage and Caio Collet overtook eight cars on the first lap to claim the lead from pole-sitter Zane Maloney. A safety car period followed after Francesco Pizzi spun, prompting Collet to pit for slick tyres and drop down the order. Pepe Martí, who started 24th, remained on wet tyres and passed Maloney for the lead, but soon pitted for slick tyres as the safety car was deployed following a crash for Brad Benavides. As the race was restarting, Maloney spun and stalled the car, allowing Roman Staněk into the lead. Staněk was soon passed by Oliver Bearman before the safety car was deployed for a third time to recover Maloney's car. Staněk reclaimed the lead with two laps remaining, whilst Bearman and Grégoire Saucy were taken out of podium contention after colliding at the final corner of the final lap. Staněk's victory was his first in FIA Formula 3. At the end of the round, Victor Martins remained in the lead of the championship, level on points with Arthur Leclerc.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Roman Staněk claimed feature race pole position in qualifying at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya and David Vidales started the sprint race from pole and held his lead at the start. Jak Crawford gradually caught up to Vidales after passing Juan Manuel Correa, but dropped back after his attempt to overtake failed. Vidales went on to score his first FIA Formula 3 race win. Championship leader Victor Martins retired from the race with mechanical problems, allowing Arthur Leclerc, who finished fourth, to take the lead in the standings.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Martins took the lead of the feature race from pole-sitter Staněk at the first corner. The race was interrupted by two safety cars, firstly when Rafael Villagómez and Kush Maini collided and again when Brad Benavides crashed. Martins maintained the lead to take his second race win of the season ahead of Staněk and Isack Hadjar. Martins reclaimed first place in the drivers' standings by six points over Staněk; Leclerc, classified sixteenth after receiving a penalty for colliding with Vidales, dropped to fifth in the championship.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Zak O'Sullivan claimed his and Carlin's maiden FIA Formula 3 pole in qualifying at Silverstone Circuit, while Reece Ushijima earned his first start from pole in the reverse-grid sprint race. Ushijima was overtaken by championship leader Victor Martins at the first corner. Isack Hadjar, who started the race fourth, had passed Kush Maini and Ushijima to run in second place when the safety car was deployed to recover the stricken cars of Charouz Racing System teammates László Tóth and Zdeněk Chovanec, who had collided. Hadjar then overtook Martins on the penultimate lap to claim his second win of the season.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: An accident involving Franco Colapinto brought out the safety car on the first lap of the feature race. Arthur Leclerc overtook pole-sitter O'Sullivan just as the safety car was being deployed, and was ordered to relinquish the position. Leclerc was able to pass O'Sullivan for the lead shortly after racing resumed. Another safety car period was called later in the race after a collision at Copse corner involving Rafael Villagómez and Nazim Azman. Oliver Bearman, who had passed Caio Collet for third place on the penultimate lap, was close to claiming second place from O'Sullivan as the two crossed the finish line side-by-side. O'Sullivan held second place by 0.051 seconds. After the fourth round, Martins remained at the top of the drivers' championship, six points ahead of second-placed Leclerc.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Isack Hadjar took his first FIA Formula 3 pole position in qualifying at the Red Bull Ring. Caio Collet started the sprint race from pole, but was passed by Juan Manuel Correa on the first lap before the safety car was deployed to recover Rafael Villagómez's spun car. On lap six, Correa's car began to slow and he retired from the race, handing the lead back to Collet. The safety car was deployed again on lap 10 when Zane Maloney, Oliver Bearman and Arthur Leclerc were involved in a collision. Shortly after the restart, Jak Crawford, who had earlier overtaken Franco Colapinto for second place, passed Collet for the lead to claim his first victory in FIA Formula 3.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: The feature race began in wet conditions behind the safety car. Pole-sitter Hadjar resisted second-placed Victor Martins at the start and extended his lead over the next 20 laps. In the closing stages of the race, contact between Francesco Pizzi and Zdeněk Chovanec (who had also collided earlier in the race) beached Chovanec in the gravel and the safety car was deployed. Hadjar held his lead at the restart, meanwhile a crash involving Collet, Crawford and Jonny Edgar dropped all three drivers out of the points. Hadjar took the chequered flag for his third win of the season, and first feature race victory. This promoted him to second in the drivers' championship, one point behind leader Martins.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Alexander Smolyar claimed feature race pole position at the Hungaroring, his first since 2020. Campos Racing stand-in driver Oliver Goethe started first in the sprint race, which took place in wet conditions and began behind the safety car. Goethe dropped to fourth place on the opening lap, allowing Franco Colapinto into the lead. Colapinto defended from Caio Collet and Isack Hadjar through two safety car restarts before Collet ultimately overtook for the lead. Collet's win was his first in FIA Formula 3, whilst teammate Kush Maini took his first podium finish. Hadjar finished fourth ahead of Victor Martins in sixth, allowing Hadjar to claim the lead of the drivers' championship by one point.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: The feature race began as a standing start but in damp conditions. Smolyar, Zane Maloney and Oliver Bearman maintained their top three starting places to finish the race on the podium, with Smolyar claiming his first victory of the season and Maloney his first FIA Formula 3 podium. The track began to dry towards the end of the race, and some drivers, including 22nd-place starter Zak O'Sullivan, elected to change to dry-weather tyres. O'Sullivan used this advantage to rise to fourth place by the finish line. The round ended with Isack Hadjar and Victor Martins tied on points at the top of the drivers' championship, but with Hadjar ahead by virtue of having won more races.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Caio Collet took his first feature race pole position at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in a wet-to-dry qualifying session, whilst none of the championship top four (Hadjar, Martins, Leclerc and Crawford) qualified higher than twentieth. Zak O'Sullivan qualified twelfth to claim sprint race pole position. On the first lap, contact between O'Sullivan and second-placed Juan Manuel Correa caused damage to both cars and forced them to make pit stops for repairs. Brad Benavides inherited the lead but was soon overtaken by Oliver Bearman, who started fifth. A high-speed collision at Blanchimont corner between Oliver Goethe and Zane Maloney brought out the red flag, stopping the race for barrier repairs. Both drivers were uninjured. Bearman held his position at the restart and went on to take his first FIA Formula 3 race win.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Maloney passed pole-sitter Collet on the first lap of the feature race, however both cars were off-track during the overtake. Collet forced third-placed Francesco Pizzi into the gravel upon rejoining the track, for which he was given a time penalty. The safety car was soon deployed after Kush Maini collided with Pizzi, Ido Cohen and Victor Martins. When racing resumed, Maloney was ordered to relinquish the lead, which was then traded between Oliver Goethe and Collet before Maloney was able to reclaim the position. Roman Staněk made his way into second place to make a Trident one-two finish, with Maloney achieving his first victory in the series. Collet's penalty dropped him from third to sixth and promoted Oliver Bearman to the podium. Bearman's two podium finishes moved him up to second place in the drivers' championship, one point behind leader Isack Hadjar.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Zane Maloney claimed his second pole position of the season in qualifying at Circuit Zandvoort. Juan Manuel Correa started the sprint race from first place. Fourth-placed starter Caio Collet had a better start than Zak O'Sullivan and Grégoire Saucy, passing them both into turn one. Collet then caught and passed Correa for the lead on lap five. Collet took the race victory, his second of the year, and Correa's second-place finish was his first podium in the category.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Victor Martins took the lead of the feature race from Maloney at the first corner, but Maloney — who followed Martins closely over the following laps — retook the lead on lap twelve. A late-race safety car to recover Rafael Villagómez's beached car saw no change in the lead; Maloney claimed his second consecutive feature race victory. Martins' podium finish promoted him to the lead of the championship, five points ahead of Isack Hadjar.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Alexander Smolyar took pole position in the final qualifying session of the season at Monza Circuit, whilst championship contender Hadjar crashed and qualified sixteenth. Franco Colapinto started the sprint race on pole position. Championship leader Martins found the gravel on the first lap after contact with Oliver Bearman, dropping him to the back. Colapinto maintained first place to record his second win of the season. Oliver Bearman improved from seventh on the grid to second at the finish line, having overtaken Caio Collet and Jonny Edgar in one corner to reach the podium. Martins was able to recover a point, making up three places on the final lap. The results of the sprint race left six drivers (Martins, Hadjar, Bearman, Maloney, Staněk and Leclerc) in mathematical championship contention going into the final race, with Martins six points ahead of Hadjar and thirteen ahead of Bearman.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: The lead of the feature race was contested during the opening laps, with Smolyar, Maloney and Martins all trading the position. Smolyar later retired from the race with suspension damage from contact with Leclerc and Staněk. Bearman progressed to second place after passing Martins and challenged Maloney for the lead. Shortly afterwards and with five laps remaining, the safety car was deployed to recover the cars of Kush Maini and Brad Benavides, who had collided and hit the barriers. The red flag was then shown so the barriers could be repaired, however the race was not restarted. Martins' third-place finish would have guaranteed him the championship title, however multiple drivers including Martins were then issued time penalties for track limits violations. After a delay, Martins was classified fourth, enough to declare him champion. Maloney's third consecutive feature race win promoted him to second in the standings.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Points were awarded to the top ten classified finishers in both races. The feature race pole-sitter also received four points, and one point was given to the driver who set the fastest lap inside the top ten in both races. No extra points were awarded to the sprint race pole-sitter, as the grid for that was set by reversing the top twelve qualifiers.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Points were awarded to the top 10 classified finishers. One point was awarded to the driver who set the fastest lap if he finished in the top 10. No fastest lap point was awarded if it was set by a driver outside the top 10.


title: 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: Points were awarded to the top ten classified finishers. Bonus points were awarded to the pole-sitter and to the driver who set the fastest lap and finished in the top ten.


title: Greg Wise

text: Matthew Gregory Wise, born 1966, is an English actor and producer. He has appeared in several British television programmes and feature films. He played the role of John Willoughby in "Sense and Sensibility", which also starred Emma Thompson, whom he later married.


title: Greg Wise

text: Wise was born on 15 May 1966 in Newcastle upon Tyne to architect parents Douglass Wise and Yvonne Jeannine Czeiler. He was educated at the independent St Peter's School, York. He went to Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh to study architecture and performed at Bedlam Theatre. Wise studied drama at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama.


title: Greg Wise

text: His first professional job was on stage, starring in "Good Rockin' Tonight", a musical based on TV producer Jack Good's life.


title: Greg Wise

text: His television work includes four BBC period dramas: "The Moonstone" with Keeley Hawes, "The Buccaneers" alongside Carla Gugino, "Madame Bovary" with Frances O'Connor, "The Riff Raff Element" in 1992 and 1993, and as Sir Charles Maulver in the 2007 five-part series "Cranford". In 1999 he starred as Marshall in ITV's seven-part drama "Wonderful You" alongside his future mother-in-law Phyllida Law and future brother-in-law Richard Lumsden.


title: Greg Wise

text: He filmed a number of readings of love scenes from a selection of classic and modern love scenes, from Thomas Hardy's "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" to Kiran Desai's "The Inheritance of Loss" for The Carte Noire Readers. In 2011, he appeared in Hallmark Channel's "Honeymoon for One", starring Nicollette Sheridan.


title: Greg Wise

text: He is also the producer of the 2010 BBC/Masterpiece production "The Song of Lunch" starring his wife, actress Emma Thompson, and Alan Rickman.


title: Greg Wise

text: In February 2015, Wise made his theatrical return starring in Brad Fraser's "Kill Me Now" at the Park Theatre in Finsbury Park, London. In July 2015, he played the role of emotionally distanced father Gilbert Aldridge in the BBC's two-part television adaptation of Sadie Jones’ debut novel "The Outcast". Wise portrayed Lord Louis Mountbatten in series 1 and 2 (2016/17) of Netflix's "The Crown".


title: Greg Wise

text: In 2021, Wise was a contestant on nineteenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing". He was partnered with Karen Hauer and the couple were eliminated in the fourth week.


title: Greg Wise

text: Wise has been in a relationship with actress Emma Thompson since 1995, when they met on the set of "Sense and Sensibility". Their daughter Gaia was conceived through IVF and was born in 1999. They married in 2003, and that same year, they informally adopted Tindyebwa Agaba, a Rwandan orphan and former child soldier.


title: Base64

text: In computer programming, Base64 is a group of binary-to-text encoding schemes that represent binary data (more specifically, a sequence of 8-bit bytes) in sequences of 24 bits that can be represented by four 6-bit Base64 digits.


title: Base64

text: Common to all binary-to-text encoding schemes, Base64 is designed to carry data stored in binary formats across channels that only reliably support text content. Base64 is particularly prevalent on the World Wide Web where one of its uses is the ability to embed image files or other binary assets inside textual assets such as HTML and CSS files.


title: Base64

text: Base64 is also widely used for sending e-mail attachments. This is required because SMTP – in its original form – was designed to transport 7-bit ASCII characters only. This encoding causes an overhead of 33–37% (33% by the encoding itself; up to 4% more by the inserted line breaks).


title: Base64

text: The particular set of 64 characters varies between implementations. The general strategy is to choose 64 characters that are common to most encodings and that are also printable. This combination leaves the data unlikely to be modified in transit through information systems, such as email, that were traditionally not 8-bit clean. For example, MIME's Base64 implementation uses codice_1–codice_2, codice_3–codice_4, and codice_5–codice_6 for the first 62 values. Other variations share this property but differ in the symbols chosen for the last two values; an example is UTF-7.


title: Base64

text: The earliest instances of this type of encoding were created for dial-up communication between systems running the same OS, for example, uuencode for UNIX and BinHex for the TRS-80 (later adapted for the Macintosh), and could therefore make more assumptions about what characters were safe to use. For instance, uuencode uses uppercase letters, digits, and many punctuation characters, but no lowercase.


title: Base64

text: The example below uses ASCII text for simplicity, but this is not a typical use case, as it can already be safely transferred across all systems that can handle Base64. The more typical use is to encode binary data (such as an image); the resulting Base64 data will only contain 64 different ASCII characters, all of which can reliably be transferred across systems that may corrupt the raw source bytes.


title: Base64

text: When the quote (without trailing whitespace) is encoded into Base64, it is represented as a byte sequence of 8-bit-padded ASCII characters encoded in MIME's Base64 scheme as follows (newlines and white spaces may be present anywhere but are to be ignored on decoding):


title: Base64

text: In the above quote, the encoded value of "Man" is "TWFu". Encoded in ASCII, the characters "M", "a", and "n" are stored as the byte values codice_7, codice_8, and codice_9, which are the 8-bit binary values codice_10, codice_11, and codice_12. These three values are joined together into a 24-bit string, producing codice_13. Groups of 6 bits (6 bits have a maximum of 2 = 64 different binary values) are converted into individual numbers from start to end (in this case, there are four numbers in a 24-bit string), which are then converted into their corresponding Base64 character values.


title: Base64

text: codice_14 padding characters might be added to make the last encoded block contain four Base64 characters.


title: Base64

text: Hexadecimal to octal transformation is useful to convert between binary and Base64. Such conversion is available for both advanced calculators and programming languages. For example, the hexadecimal representation of the 24 bits above is 4D616E. The octal representation is 23260556. Those 8 octal digits can be split into pairs (), and each pair can be converted to decimal to yield . Using those four decimal numbers as indices for the Base64 alphabet, the corresponding ASCII characters are "TWFu".


title: Base64

text: If there are only two significant input octets (e.g., 'Ma'), or when the last input group contains only two octets, all 16 bits will be captured in the first three Base64 digits (18 bits); the two least significant bits of the last content-bearing 6-bit block will turn out to be zero, and discarded on decoding (along with the succeeding codice_14 padding character):


title: Base64

text: If there is only one significant input octet (e.g., 'M'), or when the last input group contains only one octet, all 8 bits will be captured in the first two Base64 digits (12 bits); the four least significant bits of the last content-bearing 6-bit block will turn out to be zero, and discarded on decoding (along with the succeeding two codice_14 padding characters):


title: Base64

text: Because Base64 is a six-bit encoding, and because the decoded values are divided into 8-bit octets, every four characters of Base64-encoded text (4 sextets = = 24 bits) represents three octets of unencoded text or data (3 octets = = 24 bits). This means that when the length of the unencoded input is not a multiple of three, the encoded output must have padding added so that its length is a multiple of four. The padding character is codice_14, which indicates that no further bits are needed to fully encode the input. (This is different from codice_1, which means that the remaining bits are all zeros.) The example below illustrates how truncating the input of the above quote changes the output padding:


title: Base64

text: The padding character is not essential for decoding, since the number of missing bytes can be inferred from the length of the encoded text. In some implementations, the padding character is mandatory, while for others it is not used. An exception in which padding characters are required is when multiple Base64 encoded files have been concatenated.


title: Base64

text: When decoding Base64 text, four characters are typically converted back to three bytes. The only exceptions are when padding characters exist. A single codice_14 indicates that the four characters will decode to only two bytes, while codice_20 indicates that the four characters will decode to only a single byte. For example:


title: Base64

text: Another way to interpret the padding character is to consider it as an instruction to discard 2 trailing bits from the bit string each time a codice_14 is encountered. For example, when `` is decoded, we convert each character (except the trailing occurrences of codice_14) into their corresponding 6-bit representation, and then discard 2 trailing bits for the first codice_14 and another 2 trailing bits for the other codice_14. In this instance, we would get 6 bits from the codice_25, and another 6 bits from the codice_26 for a bit string of length 12, but since we remove 2 bits for each codice_14 (for a total of 4 bits), the codice_28 ends up producing 8 bits (1 byte) when decoded.


title: Base64

text: Without padding, after normal decoding of four characters to three bytes over and over again, fewer than four encoded characters may remain. In this situation, only two or three characters can remain. A single remaining encoded character is not possible, because a single Base64 character only contains 6 bits, and 8 bits are required to create a byte, so a minimum of two Base64 characters are required: The first character contributes 6 bits, and the second character contributes its first 2 bits. For example:


title: Base64

text: Implementations may have some constraints on the alphabet used for representing some bit patterns. This notably concerns the last two characters used in the alphabet at positions 62 and 63, and the character used for padding (which may be mandatory in some protocols or removed in others). The table below summarizes these known variants and provides links to the subsections below.


title: Base64

text: The first known standardized use of the encoding now called MIME Base64 was in the Privacy-enhanced Electronic Mail (PEM) protocol, proposed by in 1987. PEM defines a "printable encoding" scheme that uses Base64 encoding to transform an arbitrary sequence of octets to a format that can be expressed in short lines of 6-bit characters, as required by transfer protocols such as SMTP.


title: Base64

text: The current version of PEM (specified in ) uses a 64-character alphabet consisting of upper- and lower-case Roman letters (codice_1–codice_2, codice_3–codice_4), the numerals (codice_5–codice_6), and the codice_35 and codice_36 symbols. The codice_14 symbol is also used as a padding suffix. The original specification, , additionally used the codice_38 symbol to delimit encoded but unencrypted data within the output stream.


title: Base64

text: To convert data to PEM printable encoding, the first byte is placed in the most significant eight bits of a 24-bit buffer, the next in the middle eight, and the third in the least significant eight bits. If there are fewer than three bytes left to encode (or in total), the remaining buffer bits will be zero. The buffer is then used, six bits at a time, most significant first, as indices into the string: "codice_39", and the indicated character is output.


title: Base64

text: The process is repeated on the remaining data until fewer than four octets remain. If three octets remain, they are processed normally. If fewer than three octets (24 bits) are remaining to encode, the input data is right-padded with zero bits to form an integral multiple of six bits.


title: Base64

text: After encoding the non-padded data, if two octets of the 24-bit buffer are padded-zeros, two codice_14 characters are appended to the output; if one octet of the 24-bit buffer is filled with padded-zeros, one codice_14 character is appended. This signals the decoder that the zero bits added due to padding should be excluded from the reconstructed data. This also guarantees that the encoded output length is a multiple of 4 bytes.


title: Base64

text: PEM requires that all encoded lines consist of exactly 64 printable characters, with the exception of the last line, which may contain fewer printable characters. Lines are delimited by whitespace characters according to local (platform-specific) conventions.


title: Base64

text: The MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) specification lists Base64 as one of two binary-to-text encoding schemes (the other being quoted-printable). MIME's Base64 encoding is based on that of the version of PEM: it uses the same 64-character alphabet and encoding mechanism as PEM and uses the codice_14 symbol for output padding in the same way, as described at .


title: Base64

text: MIME does not specify a fixed length for Base64-encoded lines, but it does specify a maximum line length of 76 characters. Additionally, it specifies that any character outside the standard set of 64 encoding characters (For example CRLF sequences), must be ignored by a compliant decoder, although most implementations use a CR/LF newline pair to delimit encoded lines.


title: Base64

text: Thus, the actual length of MIME-compliant Base64-encoded binary data is usually about 137% of the original data length (×), though for very short messages the overhead can be much higher due to the overhead of the headers. Very roughly, the final size of Base64-encoded binary data is equal to 1.37 times the original data size + 814 bytes (for headers). The size of the decoded data can be approximated with this formula:


title: Base64

text: UTF-7, described first in , which was later superseded by , introduced a system called "modified Base64". This data encoding scheme is used to encode UTF-16 as ASCII characters for use in 7-bit transports such as SMTP. It is a variant of the Base64 encoding used in MIME.


title: Base64

text: The "Modified Base64" alphabet consists of the MIME Base64 alphabet, but does not use the "codice_14" padding character. UTF-7 is intended for use in mail headers (defined in ), and the "codice_14" character is reserved in that context as the escape character for "quoted-printable" encoding. Modified Base64 simply omits the padding and ends immediately after the last Base64 digit containing useful bits leaving up to three unused bits in the last Base64 digit.


title: Base64

text: OpenPGP, described in , describes Radix-64 encoding, also known as "ASCII armor". Radix-64 is identical to the "Base64" encoding described by MIME, with the addition of an optional 24-bit CRC. The checksum is calculated on the input data before encoding; the checksum is then encoded with the same Base64 algorithm and, prefixed by the "codice_14" symbol as the separator, appended to the encoded output data.


title: Base64

text: , entitled "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings", is an informational (non-normative) memo that attempts to unify the and specifications of Base64 encodings, alternative-alphabet encodings, and the Base32 (which is seldom used) and Base16 encodings.


title: Base64

text: Unless implementations are written to a specification that refers to and specifically requires otherwise, RFC 3548 forbids implementations from generating messages containing characters outside the encoding alphabet or without padding, and it also declares that decoder implementations must reject data that contain characters outside the encoding alphabet.


title: Base64

text: Base64 encoding can be helpful when fairly lengthy identifying information is used in an HTTP environment. For example, a database persistence framework for Java objects might use Base64 encoding to encode a relatively large unique id (generally 128-bit UUIDs) into a string for use as an HTTP parameter in HTTP forms or HTTP GET URLs. Also, many applications need to encode binary data in a way that is convenient for inclusion in URLs, including in hidden web form fields, and Base64 is a convenient encoding to render them in a compact way.


title: Base64

text: Using standard Base64 in URL requires encoding of 'codice_35', 'codice_36' and 'codice_14' characters into special percent-encoded hexadecimal sequences ('codice_35' becomes 'codice_50', 'codice_36' becomes 'codice_52' and 'codice_14' becomes 'codice_54'), which makes the string unnecessarily longer.


title: Base64

text: For this reason, modified Base64 for URL variants exist (such as base64url in ), where the 'codice_35' and 'codice_36' characters of standard Base64 are respectively replaced by 'codice_57' and 'codice_58', so that using URL encoders/decoders is no longer necessary and has no effect on the length of the encoded value, leaving the same encoded form intact for use in relational databases, web forms, and object identifiers in general. A popular site to make use of such is YouTube. Some variants allow or require omitting the padding 'codice_14' signs to avoid them being confused with field separators, or require that any such padding be percent-encoded. Some libraries will encode 'codice_14' to 'codice_61', potentially exposing applications to relative path attacks when a folder name is encoded from user data.


title: Base64

text: The codice_62 and codice_63 JavaScript methods, defined in the HTML5 draft specification, provide Base64 encoding and decoding functionality to web pages. The codice_63 method outputs padding characters, but these are optional in the input of the codice_62 method.


title: Base64

text: Some applications use a Base64 alphabet that is significantly different from the alphabets used in the most common Base64 variants (see Variants summary table above).


title: Base64

text: One issue with the RFC 4648 alphabet is that, when a sorted list of ASCII-encoded strings is Base64-transformed and sorted again, the order of elements changes. This is because the padding character and the characters in the substitution alphabet are not ordered by ASCII character value (which can be seen by using the following sample table's sort buttons). Alphabets like (unpadded) "B64" address this.


title: The Dukes of Hazzard

text: The Dukes of Hazzard is an American action comedy TV series that was aired on CBS from January 26, 1979 to February 8, 1985. The show aired for 147 episodes spanning seven seasons. It was consistently among the top-rated television series in the late 1970s (at one point, ranking second only to "Dallas", which immediately followed the show on CBS's Friday night schedule). The show is about two young male cousins, Bo and Luke Duke, who live in rural Georgia and are on probation for moonshine-running. The young men and their friends and their female cousin Daisy Duke, and other family (such as patriarch Uncle Jesse), have various escapades as they evade the corrupt county commissioner Boss Hogg and law officer Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane. The young men drive a customized 1969 Dodge Charger nicknamed "the General Lee", which became a symbol of the show.


title: The Dukes of Hazzard

text: The series was inspired by the 1975 film "Moonrunners", about a bootlegger family which was also created by Gy Waldron and had many identical or similar character names and concepts. The show was the basis for a film of the same title in 2005.


title: The Dukes of Hazzard

text: "The Dukes of Hazzard" follows the adventures of "the Duke boys", cousins Bo Duke (John Schneider) and Luke Duke (Tom Wopat) (including Coy and Vance Duke for most of season 5), who live on a family farm in fictional Hazzard County, Georgia (the exact location of which was never specified, though Atlanta was mentioned several times as the nearest big city), with their female cousin Daisy (Catherine Bach) and their wise old Uncle Jesse (Denver Pyle). The Duke boys race around in their customized 1969 Dodge Charger stock car, dubbed "(The) General Lee", evading crooked and corrupt county commissioner Boss Hogg (Sorrell Booke) and his bumbling and corrupt Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane (James Best) along with his deputy(s), and always managing to get caught in the middle of various local escapades and incidents.