title: Tenacious D

text: The film was released worldwide on November 22. "Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny" grossed US$8,334,575 in the US and Canada and a total of US$13,426,450 worldwide, falling well short of its US$20 million production budget and US$40 million in estimated marketing costs. Financially, it is regarded as a box-office bomb. The soundtrack reached No. 8 on the "Billboard" 200 in the US as well as topping the iTunes chart, and #10 in the UK. The film was released globally on DVD on February 27, 2007. In an interview on "the Daily Show" on November 30, 2006, Black admitted the film had "bombed", but said that DVD sales had shown that the film picked up a cult audience.


title: Tenacious D

text: Kevin Crust of the "Los Angeles Times" said that the film "might best be enjoyed in an enhanced state of consciousness, a herbal supplement, and we aren't talking ginkgo biloba." Stephen Rae of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" said that the frequent drug-use in the film gives "the term potty humor a new meaning." Michael Phillips criticized the frequency of the drug-use by saying: "This may be the problem. Pot rarely helped anybody's comic timing." Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" suggested that the film could be viewed as a "jolly rock 'n' roll comedy", but he also described the progression of the film as being a "garish mess."


title: Tenacious D

text: The soundtrack received less favourable reviews than for the band's first album. "Rolling Stone" comments that the soundtrack "never quite takes off". It criticises the reliance the album makes on a knowledge of the film, and some songs' existence only to "advance the plot". It summarizes by saying the album is inferior to the band's previous effort. Allmusic also describes the follow-up as less "satisfying" than "Tenacious D", noting that the songs feel like "narrative filler". "Blender" continues the criticism of the songs being plot devices calling them "plot-nudging song-sketches". "The Guardian" views the album more positively, describing the album as a meeting of "old school riffology" and "schoolboy humour".


title: Tenacious D

text: To coincide with the release of their new film and album, Tenacious D embarked on The Pick of Destiny Tour, of the US, Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand. This tour included the band's first appearance at New York City's Madison Square Garden. Unlike other tours, this one featured a full backing band. Konesky and Spiker resumed their roles from the album, and Brooks Wackerman was added as drummer. Each member used a pseudonym; Konesky as the Antichrist, Spiker as Charlie Chaplin, and Wackerman as Colonel Sanders. JR Reed also toured as Satan, as well as reprising his role as "Lee". Black has said that the band lost money on the tour due to the cost of touring with a full band for the first time.


title: Tenacious D

text: In November 2006, Black expressed wishes to take a year-long break from acting, though Gass hinted a desire for Tenacious D to end at their current highpoint. However, Black confirmed that a third album would be recorded by announcing that a new song has been written for it entitled "Deth Star". He said that the album would likely be released in 2010, but on other occasions had mentioned the year 2012. In early 2008, Black announced that the band was working on a new album, and a DVD titled "The Complete Masterworks Part 2". The DVD was released later that year, and included a documentary of their world tour entitled "D Tour: A Tenacious Documentary". The film focuses on the tour Tenacious D made in support of the film and soundtrack and the consequences of their film's poor showing at the box office. Kyle has commented that the new album only has "one to one and a half" songs written for it, and would like to write between twelve and fifteen.


title: Tenacious D

text: Music magazine "Billboard" quoted Black as revealing that "We just laid down a hot [...] we're calling it the bomb track. It's a very powerful recording called "Deth Starr" [...] so it has nothing to do with the "Star Wars" <nowiki>[</nowiki>Death Star<nowiki>]</nowiki>," adding that "It's kind of sci-fi, doomsday rock." Jack Black also stated on the Late Show with David Letterman that he had an idea for a song called "Rize of the Fenix", which he described as a "rise from the ashes" workout song similar to "Eye of the Tiger". He performed a vocal sample of the song along with keyboards.


title: Tenacious D

text: Gass hinted that the band's third album might be called "Tenacious D 3-D", reasoning that "It's the third record, so it should probably be 'Tenacious 3-D.' There's going to be a '3' and a 'D,' so you have to connect them." Dave Grohl has confirmed that he will appear as the drummer on the album, after performing on both "Tenacious D" and "The Pick of Destiny". In an interview with Spinner.com in December 2010, Black revealed that the band was "about halfway through the writing process" for its new album, telling fans to expect the release of new material "at the end of 2011". In terms of lyrical themes for the new songs, Black noted that "We're gonna be talking about love, there are gonna be some songs about sex and there's gonna be songs about food".


title: Tenacious D

text: In a May 2011 interview at "Attack of the Show", Black announced that three songs on their upcoming album would be named "Rize of the Fenix", distinguishable by either letter or number. Also in the same interview, he named another song called "Señorita". In February 2012 it was revealed that the title of the album would in fact be spelled "Rize of the Fenix" and will be released on May 15, 2012.


title: Tenacious D

text: On March 26, 2012 a 6-minute film was uploaded to the Tenacious D channel on YouTube. The mockumentary, titled 'Tenacious D - To Be the Best', documents the uncertain future Tenacious D faced after the box-office failure of "The Pick of Destiny", KG's subsequent breakdown and incarceration in "an institution", and Jack's embracing of an indulgent Hollywood lifestyle. The film shows a deranged Kyle escaping the facility and attempting to kill Jack and then himself, before they each realize their importance to each other and revive the band. They produce a new album in 75 minutes in the studio, described as "awful", but try again and emerge with another new album, described at the end of the film as "the greatest album recorded by anyone, ever". The film features numerous cameo appearances, including Maria Menounos, Val Kilmer, Dave Grohl, Yoshiki Hayashi, Josh Groban, Richard Ghagan, Mike White, Tim Robbins and Jimmy Kimmel.


title: Tenacious D

text: The band released the album on April 28, 2012 in its entirety on their SoundCloud account. "Rize of the Fenix" was officially released on May 15, 2012 with mostly positive reviews from music critics.


title: Tenacious D

text: In June 2012, when asked about a sequel to "Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny", Black stated that the band had "found a loophole with the internet and animated shorts. That’s the world we’re looking to dive into, and not just for money, mainly for art." The band would mention later on in that year that they may make an Internet series "exclusive to YouTube." The project was a fantasy for Black and Gass for a few years, until the Donald Trump presidential campaign inspired them to write a post-apocalyptic comedy in 2016.


title: Tenacious D

text: On February 5, 2016, Black was a guest on BBC Radio 2's Chris Evans Breakfast Show. When asked about the status of the band, Black confirmed that they were working on a new album. Stating that they were "very slow," Black suggested that it would likely be completed in 2018. Black also mentioned that so far they just had a few song titles.


title: Tenacious D

text: In 2017, while on promotion for the film, "", Black stated on the British radio station, "Kerrang Radio", that Tenacious D had created an animated series, and that the fourth album would be called "Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto".


title: Tenacious D

text: In 2018, before performing at Hell & Heaven Metal Fest in Mexico City, the band entered the stage to a short studio snippet of their new song "Post-Apocalypto Theme". The night after this, Black asked the audience at Shaky Knees Music Festival in Atlanta, Georgia whether they had seen "The Pick of Destiny" and that "part 2 is coming out in October". He went to state that "I don't know where you will be able to see it, but we have decided it's happening and it's coming out. Rocktober".


title: Tenacious D

text: "Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto" was released as six individual episodes on YouTube. These would be uploaded from September 28 to November 2. Columbia Records would release the album "Post-Apocalypto" on the November 2.


title: Tenacious D

text: At a live screening of the series at Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in New York, Black stated that the two would attempt to speed up their album cycle, jokingly commenting about the duo's age if the current speed continues and their record obligation with Sony. Black stated that the fifth album will take time, and "most likely be released [sometime] after 2020".


title: Tenacious D

text: On the 29th of November 2019, for Record Store Day's Black Friday, Tenacious D released a 'Blue Series' 7" Single, featuring the track "Don't Blow It, Kage". The record was produced by The White Stripes member, Jack White.


title: Tenacious D

text: On the 7th of July 2020, Tenacious D released an audiobook for the upcoming graphic novel adaption of the Post-Apocalypto, which is set to be released in September of the same year. In addition, at the end of the audiobook, it was announced that Sony Music, the music group in which Columbia Records is a part of, terminated their contract with the band.


title: Tenacious D

text: On October 27, 2020, Tenacious D released a cover of 'Time Warp', available to stream online and also released on 7" vinyl. The song included a music video featuring a string of celebrity guests. The single was used to promote 'Rock the Vote', which encourages Americans to vote in the 2020 Presidential Election. All proceeds from the sale of the song were donated to Rock the Vote.


title: Tenacious D

text: On July 1, 2021, Tenacious D released a tribute to The Beatles in which they cover and mashup two songs from "Abbey Road": "You Never Give Me Your Money" and "The End." Similar to "Time Warp", the limited-edition 7" will benefit charity — this time with all the proceeds going to Doctors Without Borders. The song is available to stream and has an accompanying video.


title: Tenacious D

text: In an interview with "Variety" published in September 2021, Black stated that the band are working on their next album, claiming it is "a very big idea that we've been working on for years". Black predicts the album will be released in 2024.


title: Tenacious D

text: Tenacious D has been described as acoustic rock, comedy rock, and heavy metal, with the majority of their songs played on acoustic guitars, and rely heavily on power chords. Satire and comedy are a major aspect of Tenacious D's lyrical content. Gass said of their approach: "I'd love to do the straight music thing, but that's kind of against our mission, which is to rebel against the serious singer-songwriter mentality." Their songs evoke heavy metal clichés of bands like Iron Maiden and Judas Priest. In particular, the song "Dio" pokes fun at the idea of a torch being passed. Songs like "Friendship" parody the lack of real friendship, as well as point out the [bromance] traits in rock groups with the lyric "As long as there's a record deal, we'll always be friends". Their short song structures have been described as punk rock-inspired. Tenacious D also employs the technique of deliberate backmasking on "Karate", a technique employed by other metal bands like Slayer, who recorded a message in "Hell Awaits".


title: Tenacious D

text: Black has said that the first song he enjoyed was ABBA's "Take a Chance on Me". His style was distinctly shaped by "big dinosaurs of rock" such as The Who and Led Zeppelin. In addition, Gass lists his influences as being Tom Waits and Tony Robbins. The band claimed that the inspiration for the song "Tribute" came after Black played Metallica's "One" for Gass, describing it as "the best song in the world", leading to an attempt to write an even better song, themselves.


title: Tenacious D

text: Gass has described Tenacious D's comic assertion that they are the best band as being "ridiculous because it's a matter of opinion". Black characterizes Tenacious D's comic nature as an antidote to "the masculinity of rock", adding "There's also something funny about the macho-ness of rock. Like the bands that are the fucking hardest rocking are like, 'We'll fucking kick your ass, dude... with our rock.'" Russell Brand, All Shall Perish, The Lonely Island, and Kanye West have in turn been influenced by the work of Tenacious D.


title: Tenacious D

text: Black and Gass first performed together in "Bio-Dome" (1996), followed by "The Cable Guy" (1996), "Bongwater" (1997), "Cradle Will Rock" (1999), "Saving Silverman" (2001), "Shallow Hal" (2001), and "Year One" (2009). Black has starred in a number of films himself, and he has provided voices for animated films. In 2006, Tenacious D starred in their own film, "Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny", in which they set out to become the greatest rock band in the world, by means of a guitar pick with mystic powers.


title: Tenacious D

text: The duo even contributed to the Annie Award-winning martial arts cartoon film "Kung Fu Panda" with Black as Po and Gass as KG Shaw.


title: Tenacious D

text: Black and Gass have made several television appearances performing songs from their first album. On June 16, 2001, Tenacious D were featured as puppets performing "Friendship" on an episode of "Crank Yankers". They were guest starred when they were taught by Zorak how to perform in an episode of the Cartoon Network/Adult Swim series "Space Ghost Coast to Coast". In 2002 they guest starred on "MADtv" playing the songs "Tribute", & "Lee" with Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl on drums. Later, Tenacious D made an appearance in the first episode of "Tom Goes to the Mayor" televised on Adult Swim.


title: Tenacious D

text: In the run up to the release of the film "The Pick of Destiny", Tenacious D performed the "Pick of Destiny" at the 2006 American Music Awards and on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". Tenacious D was a musical guest on "Saturday Night Live" for the first time, although they had previously appeared as an uncredited musical guest on May 2, 1998. They also opened the 2006 Spike TV Video Game Awards with a performance of "The Metal", and played "Friendship" at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards. The band's first television appearance of 2008 was in support of the Who at the VH1 Rock Honors.


title: Tenacious D

text: Black and Gass were interviewed on August 29, 2012, by Tony Hawk as part of the "Dissent" series on the web channel, Ride. The interview was conducted in the Sirius/XM studios as part of the Hawk's "Demolition Radio" program. The interview's topics include comedy rock and Upland Skatepark.


title: Tenacious D

text: The band spent the first twelve years of their career playing concerts acoustic; just Black and Gass on acoustic guitars, with no backing instruments apart from occasional guests. Black and Gass have expressed angst they experience before concerts saying: "We're always looking for a loophole. Pretty much every concert we've ever done, we're trying to find a way to cancel the show at the last minute." The band mainly spent their first five years performing in Los Angeles, with occasional concerts in New York and Colorado. The band embarked on their first ever tour in the summer of 1999. In 2001, Tenacious D started their second nationwide concert tour, performing at larger venues, many of which sold out. In the fall of 2001, Black and Gass toured with Weezer alongside Jimmy Eat World, performing in large arenas. In 2002, the band supported Kid Rock at a handful of concerts, before starting their third domestic tour, "Le Tour!", playing many medium-sized theaters. Later that year and in early 2003, the band would perform three small European tours, and an Australian tour.


title: Tenacious D

text: In 2006, the band launched their first ever major tour, The Pick of Destiny Tour. Black and Gass wished to recruit electric guitarist John Konesky and bassist John Spiker, both members of Gass' side-project Trainwreck, and had been session musicians on "The Pick of Destiny" album. The band also wished to recruit drummer Brooks Wackerman from The Vandals. At early rehearsals of the tour, Black and Gass contemplated whether to go ahead with the musicians, or whether to continue performing acoustic, of which they decided to try the tour with the band. The tour would continue into 2007, with two US legs, a European leg and an Australian leg.


title: Tenacious D

text: Following The Pick of Destiny Tour, the band would go on to play Reading and Leeds Festivals, Outside Lands, Bonnaroo and the BlizzCon closing ceremony from 2008 to 2010, as well as supporting the Foo Fighters in the fall of 2011.


title: Tenacious D

text: In 2012, the band launched their second major tour, "Rize of the Fenix Tour". Apart from two performances in Stockholm and Amsterdam, until 2012, the band had never performed to non-English speaking countries. Black claimed it was because foreign concerts were "a little funky" because "the subtleties do get lost in translation". In June, the band would perform at Rock am Ring and Rock im Park festivals in Germany, which broke the band's attendance records. In October, the band embarked on a large tour of Europe, including returns to Germany.


title: Tenacious D

text: Following the Rize of the Fenix Tour, the band toured smaller venues as "Old School Acoustic Style Tour" in early 2013, performing in North America and Australia. This would be their first acoustic tour since their tour of Australia in 2004. There were two additional acoustic tours in Europe in December 2013 and February 2015.


title: Tenacious D

text: In 2018, the band launched their third major tour, Post-Apocalypto Tour, which would surpass Rize of the Fenix as their biggest tour in the fall of October 2019.


title: Tenacious D

text: Tenacious D are supporters of cannabis legalization. They have also performed at a NORML benefit concert. Black described his view that allowing drug use would remove the stigma of feeling "naughty" attached to users, making the activity mundane and less attractive. Black was the executive producer for a documentary about Randy Credico entitled "Sixty Spins Around the Sun". It calls for the so-called Rockefeller Drug Laws to be repealed. Black said of it, "They're populating our prisons with people, you know, first time drug offenders—single mothers that have a little bit of coke end up going to prison for 20 years or something. It's just cruel and unusual punishment."


title: Tenacious D

text: In 2004, Tenacious D supported John Kerry's US presidential election campaign by playing a benefit concert for him. Black and Gass were disparaging towards George W. Bush's presidency on many occasions. The band performed a benefit concert for Barack Obama's presidential campaign on November 2, 2008 in Milwaukee. Other performers included Ben Harper and Relentless7, David Crosby and Graham Nash, and the Beastie Boys. Tenacious D guested with Crosby and Nash on "Find the Cost of Freedom" which concluded the Crosby-Nash set. In 2010, Tenacious D agreed to boycott Arizona due to laws passed there concerning illegal immigration. In 2012, Tenacious D performed at the House of Blues in Cleveland and did a surprise gig at Kent State University earlier on that day to encourage voting. Tenacious D supported Barack Obama that year. For the 2016 election, the band did not publicly show support for any candidate. In 2017, Black and Gass performed "The Government Totally Sucks" at an anti-Donald Trump Prophets of Rage show in Los Angeles.


title: Tenacious D

text: In 2014, Tenacious D provided a cover of "The Last in Line" on the Dio tribute album "This Is Your Life". The recording won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance.


title: Tenacious D

text: Tenacious D have appeared in numerous music videos by other bands, including "Learn to Fly" by Foo Fighters, "Push" by Dio, and "Photograph" by Weezer. Black has appeared on his own in many music videos, including a cameo alongside Dave Grohl in the music video for the Eagles of Death Metal song "I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)", alongside Grohl again in the music video for the Foo Fighters' "Low", a cameo in the music video for the song "Sexx Laws" by Beck, and the video for "Humility" by Gorillaz.


title: Tenacious D

text: In addition to appearing in videos, Black and Gass sang backup vocals on the 2003 Styx album "Cyclorama", on the song "Kiss Your Ass Goodbye". Tenacious D lent backing vocals to The Vandals album "Look What I Almost Stepped In...", on the song "Fourteen". Tenacious D appeared on KROQ-FM's twelfth full-length Christmas compilation, "Swallow My Eggnog", with Sum 41, on a song entitled "Things I Want". Gass appeared in the Good Charlotte music video for the song "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous".


title: Tenacious D

text: Following Black's popularity in the film industry, he was unable to tour regularly with Gass, so Gass started Trainwreck, under the pseudonym "Klip Calhoun". The band also features JR Reed (Lee of Tenacious D) under the pseudonym "Darryl Donald", as well as Konesky and Spiker, who play lead guitar and bass. They have released a live album, "Trainwreck Live", and a studio album "The Wreckoning". Black occasionally appeared with the band under the name "Tuffy McFuckelby". Trainwreck broke up in 2010, but reunited in 2018 and announced that they were working on a new album.


title: Tenacious D

text: Following the breakup of Trainwreck, Gass started Kyle Gass Band in 2011. The band released their first album, "Kyle Gass Band" in 2013 and "Thundering Herd" in 2016. The band features Mike Bray as lead singer, who used to open for Trainwreck shows as the lead singer for Band of Bigfoot. The band also features Konesky reprising his role as electric guitarist.


title: Tenacious D

text: Gass and Konesky produced a YouTube series between 2009 and 2012, after Gass was annoyed at people uploading inaccurate guitar chord tutorials for Tenacious D songs. As well as uploading their own Tenacious D song tutorials, the duo also did numerous videos featuring equipment reviews, music shop tours and answering fan mail. From 2013 to 2015, Konesky hosted the series by himself, this stint including the "Weekly Lick" series. Gass would return in 2015 to perform "Manchild" and "Bro Ho" from the Kyle Gass Band's album, as well as giving tutorials on the songs. The Kyle Gass Band does not have their own YouTube channel, so uses the Guitarings channel to upload many of their videos.


title: Linda Purl

text: Linda Purl (born September 2, 1955) is an American actress and singer, known for her roles as Ashley Pfister (Fonzie's girlfriend) on "Happy Days" (she originally played Gloria as Richie’s date in season 2 episode 6), Sheila Munroe in the 1982 horror film "Visiting Hours", Pam Beesly's mother Helene in "The Office", and Ben Matlock's daughter Charlene Matlock for the first season of the television series "Matlock."


title: Linda Purl

text: Purl was born on September 2, 1955 in Greenwich, Connecticut, to chemical-industry executive Raymond Charles Arthur Purl and Marshelline "Marshie" Purl. She has a sister, Mara. The girls' grandmother, Beatrice Saville, was a founder of the Actors' Equity Association. At age five, Purl moved with her family to Japan, where her father worked for Nippon Unicar. She spent her childhood there, and trained in acting at the Toho Geino Academy. While at the Imperial Theatre in Tokyo, Purl performed in several plays, gaining the role of Louis in "The King and I", Bet in "Oliver!", and Helen Keller in "The Miracle Worker". Furthermore, she was discovered by Toho and appeared in several films.


title: Linda Purl

text: At age 15, Purl returned to the United States. She attended high school at Wykeham Rise School, a private boarding school for girls, specializing in creative and performing arts, in Washington, Connecticut. While still in high school, she had a role on the soap opera "The Secret Storm". After attending Finch College, Purl went to England to study under Marguerite Beale before returning to the United States to study at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute and later with Robert Lewis.


title: Linda Purl

text: After playing a small role in "Jory" (1973), Purl's first major movie role was in Jonathan Demme's 1975 comedy, "Crazy Mama". Subsequent movie appearances have included "W.C. Fields and Me" (1976), "Young Pioneers' Christmas" (1976), "Leo and Loree" (1980), "Visiting Hours" (1982), "The High Country" (1984), "Viper" (1988), "Natural Causes" (1994), "Mighty Joe Young" (1998), "The Perfect Tenant" (2000), and "Fear of the Dark" (2003).


title: Linda Purl

text: Linda Purl has played several roles in television series, starting with "The Secret Storm" – a daytime "soap opera" drama (1973–1974). In 1978, she appeared as newlywed Molly Beaton in the ABC western drama series "The Young Pioneers", set in the Dakota Territory of the 1870s and based on the novels of Rose Wilder Lane. She also acted alongside Shaun Cassidy in the 1979 TV movie "Like Normal People". Also in 1979, she starred in "Women at West Point." On "Happy Days" she played two different roles: Richie's occasional girlfriend Gloria in season two of the show (1974) and Fonzie's steady girlfriend Ashley eight seasons later (1982–1983). She also played secret agent Kate Del'Amico in the short-lived series "Under Cover" and played Brett Robin in the 1994–1995 series "Robin's Hoods".


title: Linda Purl

text: She has also featured in many movies made for television, including "Testimony of Two Men", "The Night the City Screamed", "Little Ladies of the Night", and "Spies, Lies & Naked Thighs". She voiced Delilah in a 1985 direct-to-video episode of "".


title: Linda Purl

text: Purl appeared in an all-star cast in the well-regarded historical-biographical TV mini-series "Eleanor and Franklin" in 1976, broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) television network. Here she portrayed Alice Roosevelt Longworth, daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt.


title: Linda Purl

text: As a guest star, Purl appeared in a 1975 episode of the long-running Hawaiian-locale "Hawaii Five-O" called "The Hostage", as teenage babysitter "Ruth" held captive by a deranged veteran. She played two different roles on "The Waltons"; early in its run, in 1974 when she played sophisticate Alicia in the season three episode "The Spoilers", and in the season five episode "The Heartbreaker" (1977), when she played Mary Ellen's sister-in-law (and Jason's love interest) Vanessa and sang a couple songs in the episode. In 1981, she starred in "Manions of America". In 1984, she played Nydia, the blind flower girl in the miniseries "The Last Days of Pompeii". In 1985, she appeared in a "Murder, She Wrote" episode entitled "Murder at the Oasis". In 1988, she again made an appearance on "Murder, She Wrote" in the episode "Mourning Among The Wisterias" and in 1993, appeared for a third time on the series in "Dead Eye". In the first season of "Matlock" (1986–1987), (starring long-time comedy actor Andy Griffith, now in a usually dramatic role), Purl played Charlene, Ben Matlock's lawyer daughter. She was cast in the series "First Monday" (2002) as Sarah Novelli, a real estate agent and Justice Joseph Novelli's wife.


title: Linda Purl

text: Purl appeared in the role of Pam Beesly's mother on NBC's "The Office" TV series, starting with the season six episode "Niagara" in 2009–2010. Purl appeared in several more episodes throughout the series and was a romantic interest for Steve Carell's character. In May 2010, she made a guest appearance on "Desperate Housewives". In 2011, Purl made guest appearances on Showtime's "Homeland", playing Elizabeth Gaines. She played Barbara Pelt, mother of Debbie Pelt, in two episodes of HBO's "True Blood" in 2012. In 2017, Purl appeared in one episode of "Designated Survivor", playing an old college supervisor of President Kirkman who assists in appointing nominees to the Supreme Court in the episode "The Ninth Seat".


title: Linda Purl

text: Purl has been a regular performer (and was in the original cast) of international touring play "Seven Deadly Sins Four Deadly Sinners". In November 2007, she appeared at the Théâtre Princesse Grace, Monte Carlo, directed by Marc Sinden, as part of Sinden's British Theatre Season, Monaco.


title: Linda Purl

text: In 2008, Purl opened at the Cleveland Play House in Cleveland, Ohio in a production of "The Glass Menagerie" by Tennessee Williams, playing Amanda.


title: Linda Purl

text: Purl launched a jazz music career after leaving "Matlock" and has released several albums of music, including "Out of This World – Live".


title: Linda Purl

text: Purl has been married and divorced four times. Her first marriage was in 1979 to Desi Arnaz Jr., son of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz. On January 3, 1980, Purl filed for divorce, which was finalized later that year. On November 5, 1988, she married screenwriter William Broyles Jr., whom she later divorced. On July 23, 1993, Purl married British screenwriter and producer Alexander Cary, Master of Falkland, with whom she has a son, Lucius, born February 6, 1995. They later divorced. On July 15, 2006, she married James Vinson Adams.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine (sold under the trade name Zyprexa among others) is an atypical antipsychotic primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. For schizophrenia, it can be used for both new-onset disease and long-term maintenance. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle.


title: Olanzapine

text: Common side effects include weight gain, movement disorders, dizziness, feeling tired, constipation, and dry mouth. Other side effects include low blood pressure with standing, allergic reactions, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, high blood sugar, seizures, and tardive dyskinesia. In older people with dementia, its use increases the risk of death. Use in the later part of pregnancy may result in a movement disorder in the baby for some time after birth. Although how it works is not entirely clear, it blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine was patented in 1991 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1996. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 164th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions. Lilly also markets olanzapine in a fixed-dose combination with fluoxetine as olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbyax).


title: Olanzapine

text: In United Kingdom and Australia it is approved for schizophrenia, moderate to severe manic episodes, alone, or in combination with lithium or valproate and the short-term treatment of acute manic episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder.


title: Olanzapine

text: The first-line psychiatric treatment for schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication. Olanzapine appears to be effective in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia, treating acute exacerbations, and treating early-onset schizophrenia. The usefulness of maintenance therapy, however, is difficult to determine, as more than half of people in trials quit before the 6-week completion date. Treatment with olanzapine (like clozapine) may result in increased weight gain and increased glucose and cholesterol levels when compared to most other second-generation antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence as a first-line therapy for the treatment of acute mania in bipolar disorder. Other recommended first-line treatments are aripiprazole, haloperidol, quetiapine, and risperidone. It is recommended in combination with fluoxetine as a first-line therapy for acute bipolar depression, and as a second-line treatment by itself for the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder.


title: Olanzapine

text: The Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments recommends olanzapine as a first-line maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder and the combination of olanzapine with fluoxetine as second-line treatment for bipolar depression.


title: Olanzapine

text: A review on the efficacy of olanzapine as maintenance therapy in patients with bipolar disorder was published by Dando & Tohen in 2006. A 2014 meta-analysis concluded that olanzapine with fluoxetine was the most effective among nine treatments for bipolar depression included in the analysis.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine may be useful in promoting weight gain in underweight adult outpatients with anorexia nervosa. However, no improvement of psychological symptoms was noted.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine has been shown to be helpful in addressing a range of anxiety and depressive symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders, and has since been used in the treatment of a range of mood and anxiety disorders. Olanzapine is no less effective than lithium or valproate and more effective than placebo in treating bipolar disorder. It has also been used for Tourette syndrome and stuttering.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine has been studied for the treatment of hyperactivity, aggressive behavior, and repetitive behaviors in autism.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine is frequently prescribed off-label for the treatment of insomnia, including difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, even though such use is not recommended. The daytime sedation experienced with olanzapine is generally comparable to quetiapine and lurasidone, which is a frequent complaint in clinical trials. In some cases, the sedation due to olanzapine impaired the ability of people to wake up at a consistent time every day. Some evidence of efficacy for treating insomnia is seen; however, side effects such as dyslipidemia and neutropenia, which may possibly be observed even at low doses, outweigh any potential benefits for insomnia that is not due to an underlying mental health condition.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine has been recommended to be used in antiemetic regimens in people receiving chemotherapy that has a high risk for vomiting.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine is associated with the highest placental exposure of any atypical antipsychotic. Despite this, the available evidence suggests it is safe during pregnancy, although the evidence is insufficiently strong to say anything with a high degree of confidence. Olanzapine is associated with weight gain, which according to recent studies, may put olanzapine-treated patients' offspring at a heightened risk for neural tube defects (e.g. spina bifida). Breastfeeding in women taking olanzapine is advised against because olanzapine is secreted in breast milk, with one study finding that the exposure to the infant is about 1.8% that of the mother.


title: Olanzapine

text: Citing an increased risk of stroke, in 2004, the Committee on the Safety of Medicines in the UK issued a warning that olanzapine and risperidone, both atypical antipsychotic medications, should not be given to elderly patients with dementia. In the U.S., olanzapine comes with a black box warning for increased risk of death in elderly patients. It is not approved for use in patients with dementia-related psychosis. A BBC investigation in June 2008 found that this advice was being widely ignored by British doctors. Evidence suggested that the elderly are more likely to experience weight gain on olanzapine compared to aripiprazole and risperidone.


title: Olanzapine

text: The principal side effect of olanzapine is weight gain, which may be profound in some cases and/or associated with derangement in blood-lipid and blood-sugar profiles (see section metabolic effects). A 2013 meta-analysis of the efficacy and tolerance of 15 antipsychotic drugs (APDs) found that it had the highest propensity for causing weight gain out of the 15 APDs compared with an SMD of 0.74. Extrapyramidal side effects, although potentially serious, are infrequent to rare from olanzapine, but may include tremors and muscle rigidity.


title: Olanzapine

text: Aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, quetiapine and olanzapine, in comparison to other antipsychotic drugs, are less frequently associated with hyperprolactinaemia. Although these drugs can cause transient or sustained hyperprolactinaemia, the risk is much lower. Owing to its partial dopaminergic agonist effect, aripiprazole is likely to reduce prolactin levels and, in some patients, can cause hypoprolactinaemia. Although olanzapine causes an early dose-related rise in prolactin, this is less frequent and less marked than that seen with haloperidol, and is usually transient. A rise in prolactin is seen in about half of patients on olanzapine compared to over 90% of those taking risperidone, and enduring increases were less frequent in those taking olanzapine.


title: Olanzapine

text: It is not recommended to be used by IM injection in acute myocardial infarction, bradycardia, recent heart surgery, severe hypotension, sick sinus syndrome, and unstable angina.


title: Olanzapine

text: Several patient groups are at a heightened risk of side effects from olanzapine and antipsychotics in general. Olanzapine may produce nontrivial high blood sugar in people with diabetes mellitus. Likewise, the elderly are at a greater risk of falls and accidental injury. Young males appear to be at heightened risk of dystonic reactions, although these are relatively rare with olanzapine. Most antipsychotics, including olanzapine, may disrupt the body's natural thermoregulatory systems, thus permitting excursions to dangerous levels when situations (exposure to heat, strenuous exercise) occur.


title: Olanzapine

text: Other side effects include galactorrhea, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, and erectile dysfunction (impotence).


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine is used therapeutically to treat serious mental illness. Occasionally, it can have the opposite effect and provoke serious paradoxical reactions in a small subgroup of people, causing unusual changes in personality, thoughts, or behavior; hallucinations and excessive thoughts about suicide have also been linked to olanzapine use.


title: Olanzapine

text: Many different types of medication can create or induce pure obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in patients who have never had symptoms before. A new chapter about OCD in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", Fifth Edition (2013) now specifically includes drug-induced OCD.


title: Olanzapine

text: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires all atypical antipsychotics to include a warning about the risk of developing hyperglycemia and diabetes, both of which are factors in the metabolic syndrome. These effects may be related to the drugs' ability to induce weight gain, although some reports have been made of metabolic changes in the absence of weight gain. Studies have indicated that olanzapine carries a greater risk of causing and exacerbating diabetes than another commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotic, risperidone. Of all the atypical antipsychotics, olanzapine is one of the most likely to induce weight gain based on various measures. The effect is dose dependent in humans and animal models of olanzapine-induced metabolic side effects. There are some case reports of olanzapine-induced diabetic ketoacidosis. Olanzapine may decrease insulin sensitivity, though one 3-week study seems to refute this. It may also increase triglyceride levels.


title: Olanzapine

text: Despite weight gain, a large multicenter, randomized National Institute of Mental Health study found that olanzapine was better at controlling symptoms because patients were more likely to remain on olanzapine than the other drugs. One small, open-label, nonrandomized study suggests that taking olanzapine by orally dissolving tablets may induce less weight gain, but this has not been substantiated in a blinded experimental setting.


title: Olanzapine

text: Postinjection delirium/sedation syndrome (PDSS) is a rare syndrome that is specific to the long-acting injectable formulation of olanzapine, olanzapine pamoate. The incidence of PDSS with olanzapine pamoate is estimated to be 0.07% of administrations, and is unique among other second-generation, long-acting antipsychotics (e.g. paliperidone palmitate), which do not appear to carry the same risk. PDSS is characterized by symptoms of delirium (e.g. confusion, difficulty speaking, and uncoordinated movements) and sedation. Most people with PDSS exhibit both delirium and sedation (83%). Although less specific to PDSS, a majority of cases (67%) involved a feeling of general discomfort. PDSS may occur due to accidental injection and absorption of olanzapine pamoate into the bloodstream, where it can act more rapidly, as opposed to slowly distributing out from muscle tissue. Using the proper, intramuscular-injection technique for olanzapine pamoate helps to decrease the risk of PDSS, though it does not eliminate it entirely. This is why the FDA advises that people who are injected with olanzapine pamoate be watched for 3 hours after administration, in the event that PDSS occurs.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine has demonstrated carcinogenic effects in multiple studies when exposed chronically to female mice and rats, but not male mice and rats. The tumors found were in either the liver or mammary glands of the animals.


title: Olanzapine

text: The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse. Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Other symptoms may include restlessness, increased sweating, and trouble sleeping. Less commonly, vertigo, numbness, or muscle pains may occur. Symptoms generally resolve after a short time.


title: Olanzapine

text: Tentative evidence indicates that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in psychosis. It may also result in reoccurrence of the condition that is being treated. Rarely, tardive dyskinesia can occur when the medication is stopped.


title: Olanzapine

text: Symptoms of an overdose include tachycardia, agitation, dysarthria, decreased consciousness, and coma. Death has been reported after an acute overdose of 450 mg, but also survival after an acute overdose of 2000 mg. Fatalities generally have occurred with olanzapine plasma concentrations greater than 1000 ng/mL "post mortem", with concentrations up to 5200 ng/mL recorded (though this might represent confounding by dead tissue, which may release olanzapine into the blood upon death). No specific antidote for olanzapine overdose is known, and even physicians are recommended to call a certified poison control center for information on the treatment of such a case.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine is considered moderately toxic in overdose, more toxic than quetiapine, aripiprazole, and the SSRIs, and less toxic than the monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants.


title: Olanzapine

text: Drugs or agents that increase the activity of the enzyme CYP1A2, notably tobacco smoke, may significantly increase hepatic first-pass clearance of olanzapine; conversely, drugs that inhibit CYP1A2 activity (examples: ciprofloxacin, fluvoxamine) may reduce olanzapine clearance. Carbamazepine, a known enzyme inducer, has decreased the concentration/dose ration of olanzapine by 33% compared to olanzapine alone. Another enzyme inducer, ritonavir, has also been shown to decrease the body's exposure to olanzapine, due to its induction of the enzymes CYP1A2 and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT).


title: Olanzapine

text: Probenecid increases the total exposure (area under the curve) and maximum plasma concentration of olanzapine. Although olanzapine's metabolism includes the minor metabolic pathway of CYP2D6, the presence of the CYP2D6 inhibitor fluoxetine does not have a clinically significant effect on olanzapine's clearance.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine was first discovered while searching for a chemical analog of clozapine that would not require hematological monitoring. Investigation on a series of thiophene isosteres on 1 of the phenyl rings in clozapine, a thienobenzodiazepine analog (olanzapine) was discovered.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine has a higher affinity for 5-HT serotonin receptors than D dopamine receptors, which is a common property of most atypical antipsychotics, aside from the benzamide antipsychotics such as amisulpride along with the nonbenzamides aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, blonanserin, cariprazine, melperone, and perospirone.O


title: Olanzapine

text: In one study D2 receptor occupancy was 60% with low-dose olanzapine (5 mg/day) and occupancy with high dose at 83% (20 mg/day). In the usual clinical dose range of 10–20 mg/day, D2 receptor occupancy varied from 71% to 80%.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine occupancy at 5-HT receptor are high at all doses (5 mg to 20 mg). It is reported that 5 mg dose of olanzapine produced a mean occupancy of 85% at 5 mg, 88% at 10 mg, and 93% at 20 mg dose .


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine had the highest affinity of any second-generation antipsychotic towards the P-glycoprotein in one "in vitro" study. P-glycoprotein transports a myriad of drugs across a number of different biological membranes (found in numerous body systems) including the blood–brain barrier (a semipermeable membrane that filters the contents of blood prior to it reaching the brain); P-GP inhibition could mean that less brain exposure to olanzapine results from this interaction with the P-glycoprotein. A relatively large quantity of commonly encountered foods and medications inhibit P-GP, and pharmaceuticals fairly commonly are either substrates of P-GP, or inhibit its action; both substrates and inhibitors of P-GP effectively increase the permeability of the blood–brain barrier to P-GP substrates and subsequently increase the central activity of the substrate, while reducing the local effects on the GI tract. The mediation of olanzapine in the central nervous system by P-GP means that any other substance or drug that interacts with P-GP increases the risk for toxic accumulations of both olanzapine and the other drug.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine is a potent antagonist of the muscarinic M receptor, which may underlie its diabetogenic side effects.


title: Olanzapine

text: Additionally, it also exhibits a relatively low affinity for serotonin 5-HT, GABA, beta-adrenergic receptors, and benzodiazepine binding sites.


title: Olanzapine

text: Although antagonistic effects of olanzapine at 5-HT2c alone is not associated with weight gain, olanzapine antagonism at histaminergic H1, and muscarinic M3 receptors have been implicated in weight gain.


title: Olanzapine

text: The mode of action of olanzapine's antipsychotic activity is unknown. It may involve antagonism of dopamine and serotonin receptors. Antagonism of dopamine receptors is associated with extrapyramidal effects such as tardive dyskinesia (TD), and with therapeutic effects. Antagonism of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors is associated with anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth and constipation; in addition, it may suppress or reduce the emergence of extrapyramidal effects for the duration of treatment, but it offers no protection against the development of TD. In common with other second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics, olanzapine poses a relatively low risk of extrapyramidal side effects including TD, due to its higher affinity for the 5HT receptor over the D receptor.


title: Olanzapine

text: Antagonizing H histamine receptors causes sedation and may cause weight gain, although antagonistic actions at serotonin 5-HT and dopamine D receptors have also been associated with weight gain and appetite stimulation.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system; principally by isozyme 1A2 (CYP1A2) and to a lesser extent by CYP2D6. By these mechanisms, more than 40% of the oral dose, on average, is removed by the hepatic first-pass effect. Clearance of olanzapine appears to vary by sex; women have roughly 25% lower clearance than men. Clearance of olanzapine also varies by race; in self-identified African Americans or Blacks, olanzapine's clearance was 26% higher. A difference in the clearance is not apparent between individuals identifying as Caucasian, Chinese, or Japanese. Routine, pharmacokinetic monitoring of olanzapine plasma levels is generally unwarranted, though unusual circumstances (e.g. the presence of drug–drug interactions) or a desire to determine if patients are taking their medicine may prompt its use.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine is unusual in having four well-characterised crystalline polymorphs and many hydrated forms.


title: Olanzapine

text: The preparation of olanzapine was first disclosed in a series of patents from Eli Lilly & Co. in the 1990s. In the final two steps, 5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile was reduced with stannous chloride in ethanol to give the substituted thienobenzodiazepine ring system, and this was treated with methylpiperazine in a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and toluene as solvent to produce the drug.


title: Olanzapine

text: The drug became generic in 2011. Sales of Zyprexa in 2008 were $2.2 billion in the US and $4.7 billion worldwide.


title: Olanzapine

text: Eli Lilly has faced many lawsuits from people who claimed they developed diabetes or other diseases after taking Zyprexa, as well as by various governmental entities, insurance companies, and others. Lilly produced a large number of documents as part of the discovery phase of this litigation, which started in 2004; the documents were ruled to be confidential by a judge and placed under seal, and later themselves became the subject of litigation.


title: Olanzapine

text: In 2006, Lilly paid $700 million to settle around 8,000 of these lawsuits, and in early 2007, Lilly settled around 18,000 suits for $500 million, which brought the total Lilly had paid to settle suits related to the drug to $1.2 billion.


title: Olanzapine

text: A December 2006 "New York Times" article based on leaked company documents concluded that the company had engaged in a deliberate effort to downplay olanzapine's side effects. The company denied these allegations and stated that the article had been based on cherry-picked documents. The documents were provided to the "Times" by Jim Gottstein, a lawyer who represented mentally ill patients, who obtained them from a doctor, David Egilman, who was serving as an expert consultant on the case. After the documents were leaked to online peer-to-peer, file-sharing networks by Will Hall and others in the psychiatric survivors movement, who obtained copies, in 2007 Lilly filed a protection order to stop the dissemination of some of the documents, which Judge Jack B. Weinstein of the Brooklyn Federal District Court granted. Judge Weinstein also criticized the "New York Times" reporter, Gottstein, and Egilman in the ruling. "The Times" of London also received the documents and reported that as early as 1998, Lilly considered the risk of drug-induced obesity to be a "top threat" to Zyprexa sales. On October 9, 2000, senior Lilly research physician Robert Baker noted that an academic advisory board to which he belonged was "quite impressed by the magnitude of weight gain on olanzapine and implications for glucose."


title: Olanzapine

text: Lilly had threatened Egilman with criminal contempt charges regarding the documents he took and provided to reporters; in September 2007, he agreed to pay Lilly $100,000 in return for the company's agreement to drop the threat of charges.


title: Olanzapine

text: In September 2008, Judge Weinstein issued an order to make public Lilly's internal documents about the drug in a different suit brought by insurance companies, pension funds, and other payors.


title: Olanzapine

text: In March 2008, Lilly settled a suit with the state of Alaska, and in October 2008, Lilly agreed to pay $62 million to 32 states and the District of Columbia to settle suits brought under state consumer protection laws.


title: Olanzapine

text: In 2009, Eli Lilly pleaded guilty to a US federal criminal misdemeanor charge of illegally marketing Zyprexa for off-label use and agreed to pay $1.4 billion. The settlement announcement stated "Eli Lilly admits that between September 1999 and March 31, 2001, the company promoted Zyprexa in elderly populations as treatment for dementia, including Alzheimer's dementia. Eli Lilly has agreed to pay a $515 million criminal fine and to forfeit an additional $100 million in assets."


title: Olanzapine

text: The outcomes described here, and their legal ramifications, were fueled by motions and appeals that were not resolved until 2010. In 2021, Gottstein summarized this tangle of legal activities, and their impact on the political landscape of psychiatry and antipsychiatry in the US, in "The Zyprexa Papers".


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine is marketed in a number of countries, with tablets ranging from 2.5 to 20 mg. Zyprexa (and generic olanzapine) is available as an orally disintegrating "wafer", which rapidly dissolves in saliva. It is also available in 10-mg vials for intramuscular injection.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine has been studied as an antiemetic, particularly for the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).


title: Olanzapine

text: In general, olanzapine appears to be about as effective as aprepitant for the prevention of CINV, though some concerns remain for its use in this population. For example, concomitant use of metoclopramide or haloperidol increases the risk for extrapyramidal symptoms. Otherwise, olanzapine appears to be fairly well tolerated for this indication, with somnolence being the most common side effect.


title: Olanzapine

text: Olanzapine has been considered as part of an early psychosis approach for schizophrenia. The Prevention through Risk Identification, Management, and Education study, funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and Eli Lilly, tested the hypothesis that olanzapine might prevent the onset of psychosis in people at very high risk for schizophrenia. The study examined 60 patients with prodromal schizophrenia, who were at an estimated risk of 36–54% of developing schizophrenia within a year, and treated half with olanzapine and half with placebo. In this study, patients receiving olanzapine did not have a significantly lower risk of progressing to psychosis. Olanzapine was effective for treating the prodromal symptoms, but was associated with significant weight gain.


title: Chet Holmgren

text: Chet Thomas Holmgren (born May 1, 2002; pronounced ) is an American professional basketball player for the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Drafted 2nd overall in the 2022 NBA draft, he played college basketball for the Gonzaga Bulldogs. A consensus five-star recruit and the number-one player in the 2021 class, he stands and plays the center and power forward positions.


title: Chet Holmgren

text: Holmgren was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He grew up playing basketball under the tutelage of his father, a former college player. In sixth grade (aged 11–12), he began attending Minnehaha Academy, a Christian private school in Minneapolis. He stood at the time and was teammates with Jalen Suggs, whom he would play alongside through high school. Holmgren improved his shooting range while recovering from a broken right wrist during his first season. By ninth grade, Holmgren had grown to .


title: Chet Holmgren

text: As a freshman at Minnehaha Academy, Holmgren averaged 6.2 points and three rebounds per game. His team won its second straight Class 2A state championship. In his sophomore season, Holmgren averaged 18.6 points and 11 rebounds per game and led his team to another Class 2A state title. After the season, he had success with his Amateur Athletic Union team Grassroots Sizzle at the Under Armour Association, earning tournament most valuable player honors. As a result, he emerged as one of the highest ranked players in the 2021 class and started receiving more NCAA Division I interest. In August 2019, Holmgren attracted national attention for crossing over basketball player Stephen Curry at Curry's own SC30 Select Camp.


title: Chet Holmgren

text: On January 4, 2020, as a junior, Holmgren recorded nine points, 10 rebounds, and 12 blocks in a nationally televised victory over Sierra Canyon School, a nationally ranked team featuring Bronny James, Brandon Boston Jr., and Ziaire Williams. In his junior season, he averaged 14.3 points per game, leading Minnehaha to a 25–3 record.


title: Chet Holmgren

text: As a senior, averaging 21 points and 12.3 rebounds, Holmgren won the Class 3A state title, his fourth state championship at Minnehaha. He was named Gatorade National Player of the Year, Naismith Prep Player of the Year, Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year, a McDonald's All-American, and Minnesota Mr. Basketball.


title: Chet Holmgren

text: Entering his junior season, Holmgren had about 30 scholarship offers from college basketball programs. In June 2020, after the reclassification of Jonathan Kuminga, he became the number one player in the 2021 class, according to ESPN. On April 19, 2021, Holmgren announced his commitment and signed a National Letter of Intent to play college basketball for Gonzaga, following his former high school teammate Jalen Suggs.


title: Chet Holmgren

text: In his college debut, Holmgren tallied 14 points, 13 rebounds, 7 blocks and 6 assists in a 97–63 victory over Dixie State. He became the first player in 25 years to record at least 10 points, 10 rebounds, 5 assists, and 5 blocks in his debut. On November 22, the 7-foot freshman finished with 19 points on 7-of-9 shooting and 3 of 3 at the free-throw line. At the conclusion of the regular season, Holmgren was named West Coast Conference Defensive Player of the Year and Newcomer of the Year. At the NCAA tournament, Holmgren recorded 19 points, 17 rebounds, 7 blocks and 5 assists in their 93–72 opening round victory over Georgia State. As a freshman, he averaged 14.1 points, 9.9 rebounds and 3.7 blocks per game. On April 21, 2022, Holmgren declared for the 2022 NBA draft, forgoing his remaining college eligibility.


title: Chet Holmgren

text: Holmgren was selected with the second overall pick in the 2022 NBA draft by the Oklahoma City Thunder, becoming the highest draft pick ever taken out of Gonzaga and the highest pick from the state of Minnesota, topping Kevin McHale as well as being the highest drafted white American since Adam Morrison in 2006. Holmgren joined the Thunder's 2022 NBA Summer League roster.


title: Chet Holmgren

text: In his Summer League debut, Holmgren scored 23 points, seven rebounds, four assists, and a steal in a 98–77 win against the Utah Jazz. Holmgren also broke the record for the most blocks in a single Summer League game after recording six blocks. On July 5, 2022, Holmgren signed a rookie-scale contract with the Thunder.


title: Chet Holmgren

text: On August 25, 2022, it was announced that Holmgren will miss the entire 2022–23 NBA season due to a Lisfranc injury in his foot that occurred during a Pro-am game.


title: Chet Holmgren

text: Holmgren represented the United States at the 2021 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup in Latvia. He averaged 11.9 points, 6.1 rebounds, 3.3 assists and 2.7 blocks per game, leading his team to a gold medal, and earned tournament MVP honors.


title: Chet Holmgren

text: Listed as a center, many observers note that the lanky Holmgren is a versatile player who moves, handles, shoots, and jumps fluidly and deftly, more like a guard than a big man. His vertical and running leaps are much stronger than average for a center (or power forward), and his wingspan contributes to his standout blocking and rebounding abilities. Holmgren plays a strong inner and outer game, with superior three-point shooting compared to others of his size and position.


title: Chet Holmgren

text: Holmgren's father, Dave, who also stands , played 57 games of college basketball for Minnesota from 1984–1988. Holmgren has two sisters.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: Michael McDonald (born February 12, 1952) is an American singer, keyboardist and songwriter known for his distinctive, soulful voice and as a member of the bands the Doobie Brothers (1975–1982, 1987, 2019–present) and Steely Dan (1973–1974). McDonald wrote and sang several hit singles with the Doobie Brothers, including "What a Fool Believes", "Minute by Minute", and "Takin' It to the Streets." McDonald has also performed as a prominent backing vocalist on numerous recordings by artists including Steely Dan, Christopher Cross, and Kenny Loggins.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: McDonald's solo career consists of nine studio albums and a number of singles, including the 1982 hit "I Keep Forgettin' (Every Time You're Near)". During his career, McDonald has collaborated with a number of other artists, including James Ingram, David Cassidy, Van Halen, Patti LaBelle, Lee Ritenour, the Winans, Aretha Franklin, the rock band Toto, Grizzly Bear, Joni Mitchell, and Thundercat. He has also recorded for television and film soundtracks. McDonald is the recipient of five Grammy Awards, and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Doobie Brothers in 2020.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: McDonald was born on February 12, 1952, into a Catholic Irish American family in Ferguson, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis. McDonald attended McCluer High School, where he played in local bands, including Mike and the Majestics, Jerry Jay and the Sheratons, the Reeb-Toors/Younger Brothers, and the Guild. He was discovered while playing with a band called Blue and moved to Los Angeles in 1970 to pursue a career in music.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 1973, McDonald became a member of Steely Dan's touring band, singing lead and backing vocals. He also became one of the many in-studio adjunct members of the band, providing backing vocals on tracks for 1975's "Katy Lied". He appeared on subsequent Steely Dan recordings, including 1976's "The Royal Scam" and 1977's "Aja". He also played keyboards on some Steely Dan tracks.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: McDonald continued to provide backing vocals for Steely Dan through their 1980 release, "Gaucho". In 2006, he joined Steely Dan on the band's summer tour, both as the opening act and as part of the band.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: McDonald was recruited by the Doobie Brothers in April 1975, initially as a temporary replacement for their lead vocalist Tom Johnston after he had become ill during a national tour, but McDonald's work with the band proved so successful that they decided to retain him as a full-time member.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: As a member of the Doobie Brothers, McDonald sang lead vocals on some of the band's best-known songs, such as "Real Love", "Takin' It to the Streets", "Little Darling (I Need You)", "It Keeps You Runnin'", "Minute by Minute", and "What a Fool Believes" (which became a number-one single in the U.S. and earned him a 1980 Grammy Award for Song of the Year along with co-writer Kenny Loggins).


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: At the same time, McDonald appeared as a session vocalist and keyboardist for various artists, including Christopher Cross, Stephen Bishop, Jack Jones, Bonnie Raitt, the band Toto, and Kenny Loggins. McDonald co-wrote "You Belong to Me" with Carly Simon, which appeared on the Doobie Brothers' studio album "Livin' on the Fault Line" (1977).


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: McDonald has reunited as a guest performer with the Doobie Brothers several times since the band's initial dissolution in 1982. He reteamed with them for the track "Don't Say Goodbye" on the band's thirteenth studio album, "World Gone Crazy" (2010). In March 2014, he reunited with the band to record a new album featuring the greatest hits of their 40-plus-year career. This project was completed in conjunction with Sony Music Nashville. On the album, McDonald shares lead vocals with Sara Evans for "What a Fool Believes", the duo Love and Theft for "Takin' It to the Streets", and Amanda Sudano-Ramirez for "You Belong to Me." The album titled "Southbound" was released on November 4, 2014, as the Doobie Brothers' fourteenth studio album.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: On November 5, 2014, McDonald and the Doobie Brothers were featured musical guests on the 47th annual Country Music Association Awards to celebrate the release of "Southbound." They were joined by Hunter Hayes, Jennifer Nettles, and Hillary Scott in their performance of "Listen to the Music". At the end of the awards ceremony, they were also joined by host Brad Paisley for "Takin' It to the Streets".


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: After the Doobie Brothers' first farewell tour, McDonald released his first solo studio album, "If That's What It Takes", in 1982, on the Warner Bros. label. The album featured the hit singles "I Keep Forgettin' (Every Time You're Near)" and "I Gotta Try", the latter co-written with Kenny Loggins, who also recorded it that same year for his fourth album "High Adventure".


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: He continued to collaborate with other artists during this period. McDonald co-wrote Van Halen's top-20 hit "I'll Wait", from their biggest-selling album "1984". "Yah Mo B There", a duet with James Ingram, won the 27th Annual Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. In 1985, he released his second studio album "No Lookin' Back", his first time co-producing an album. He also wrote or co-wrote all of the tracks and featured a minor hit with the title track, cowritten by Kenny Loggins. By June 1986, the album had met with little success, but McDonald then had a huge boost with the release of the single "Sweet Freedom", which appeared on the soundtrack to the Billy Crystal and Gregory Hines film "Running Scared", and was McDonald's last top-10 hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The "No Lookin' Back" album was then re-released in some markets with the new hit single included, as well as a few songs remixed. The single "On My Own", a duet with Patti LaBelle, reached number one on the U.S. charts in 1986. Mid that year, he performed as a backing vocalist on the rock band Toto's studio album "Fahrenheit", appearing on the hit single "I'll Be Over You" and its accompanying video. On August 22, 1986, McDonald appeared in an episode of "The Young and the Restless". Later that year, he provided backing vocals on the Wang Chung song "A Fool and His Money" from their studio album "Mosaic". In 1987, McDonald did a featured collaboration, titled "Love Has No Color""," with gospel quartet the Winans from their studio album "Decisions".


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 1990, McDonald released his third studio album, "Take It to Heart", which featured a minor hit with the title track, co-written by Diane Warren. The following year, he joined the New York Rock and Soul Revue, put together by Steely Dan's lead vocalist Donald Fagen and featuring other artists such as Boz Scaggs and Phoebe Snow. In 1991, he released the single "Ever Changing Times", a duet with Aretha Franklin.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 1999, McDonald recorded the song "Eyes of a Child", a comedic ballad written by Trey Parker, for the "" soundtrack. It was also used at the ending credits for the movie. The same year, he sang backing vocals on the Warren Brothers' single "Better Man", from their studio album "Beautiful Day in the Cold Cruel World". He also provided lead vocals for one of three studio tracks on "."


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 2003, McDonald earned two Grammy nominations for his sixth studio album "Motown," a tribute to the Motown sound. A year later, "Motown Two" was released. Music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine stated, "The album follows the same blueprint as the first record, offering highly polished, professionally produced, expertly performed interpretations of gems from the Motown vaults."


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 2008, McDonald released his studio album "Soul Speak", which includes three new songs penned by McDonald, and covers of songs originally made famous by Dionne Warwick ("Walk On By"), Stevie Wonder ("Living for the City"), Van Morrison ("Into the Mystic"), Tyrone Davis ("Baby Can I Change My Mind"), and others.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 2000, McDonald, along with partners Chris Pelonis and actor Jeff Bridges, founded the independent recording label Rampe St. Louis Walk of Fame. McDonald recorded a duet with Ray Charles on Charles' final studio album "Genius Loves Company" (2004). In 2007, McDonald helped judge the sixth annual Independent Music Awards. In 2006, McDonald sang as a guest singer in the jazz quartet "Fourplay" from the studio album "X", in a cover of Steve Winwood's song "My Love's Leavin'".


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 2009, McDonald, along with the West Angeles COGIC Mass Choir, released the song "Storm Before the Calm" on the compilation album "". McDonald also contributed an alternate lead vocal track for the 7-inch single "While You Wait for the Others", by the indie rock band Grizzly Bear.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In December 2009, McDonald donated his performance to Keep the Beat in Santa Barbara, California, where he played to a capacity crowd at the newly renovated Granada Theater. Harry Rabin, producer and head of Keep the Beat, an initiative of the Santa Barbara Education Foundation, produced the show, including two video productions, and worked with student choral groups from primary and secondary schools as well as a brass section so they could perform in the show with McDonald and his band.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 2009, McDonald appeared on the satirical television sitcom "30 Rock" as one of the benefit singers in the season finale episode "Kidney Now!". McDonald performed the national anthem before the Tostitos Fiesta Bowl between the Boise State Broncos and TCU Horned Frogs at the University of Phoenix Stadium on January 4, 2010, in Glendale, Arizona. McDonald sang "Takin' It to the Streets" on the "American Idol" season nine finale, in 2010.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 2010, McDonald teamed up again with Donald Fagen and Boz Scaggs, to form the Dukes of September. In June 2012, the supergroup performed on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" to promote their tour. The group also played at Lincoln Center, a performance which was then broadcast as a PBS special and later released on DVD.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 2013, McDonald settled a $500,000 breach-of-contract suit (out of court) with Warner Music over underpayment of royalties of online sales. In the summer of 2014, he co-headlined a U.S. tour with the rock band Toto.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 2017, McDonald was featured together with Kenny Loggins on Thundercat's single "Show You the Way", included on the latter's album "Drunk". In June 2017, McDonald, Loggins and Thundercat performed the song together on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon".


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 2018, he appeared as a guest vocalist on the song "What the World Needs Now" on Barbra Streisand's thirty-sixth studio album "Walls".


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In 2021, McDonald was featured on "The Best of Me", from Toad the Wet Sprocket's seventh studio album, "Starting Now".


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: McDonald has been married to singer Amy Holland since 1983. They have two children. He moved with his family to Santa Barbara, California, in the late 1990s, and has subsequently lived in Nashville, Tennessee.


title: Michael McDonald (musician)

text: In May 2011, Michael McDonald was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.


title: Týr

text: The generally renders the god as "Mars", the ancient Roman war god, and it is through that lens that most Latin references to the god occur. For example, the god may be referenced as (Latin 'Mars of the Assembly [Thing]') on 3rd century Latin inscription, reflecting a strong association with the Germanic thing, a legislative body among the ancient Germanic peoples. By way of the opposite process of , Tuesday is named after ("s day'), rather than Mars, in English and other Germanic languages.


title: Týr

text: In Old Norse sources, is alternately described as the son of the (in ) or of the god Odin (in ). makes reference to an unnamed and otherwise unknown consort, perhaps also reflected in the continental Germanic record (see Zisa).


title: Týr

text: Due to the etymology of the god's name and the shadowy presence of the god in the extant Germanic corpus, some scholars propose that may have once held a more central place among the deities of early Germanic mythology.


title: Týr

text: In wider Germanic mythology, he is known in Old English as ' and in Old High German as ', all stemming from the Proto-Germanic theonym , meaning 'God'. Little information about the god survives beyond Old Norse sources. is the eponym of the Tiwaz rune (), a letter of the runic alphabet corresponding to the Latin letter "T". By way of the process of , the deity is the namesake of Tuesday ("s day') in Germanic languages, including English.


title: Týr

text: Various place names in Scandinavia refer to the god, and a variety of objects found in England and Scandinavia seem to depict or invoke him.


title: Týr

text: The Old Norse theonym stems from an earlier Proto-Norse form reconstructed as , which derives – like its Germanic cognates (Old English) and (Old High German) – from the Proto-Germanic theonym , meaning 'God'. The name of a Gothic deity named (later ) may also be reconstructed based on the associated rune "tyz". In Old Norse poetry, the plural is used for 'the gods', and the singular , meaning '(a) god', occurs in kennings for Odin and Thor. Modern English writers frequently anglicize the god's name by dropping the proper noun's diacritic, rendering as "Tyr".


title: Týr

text: The Proto-Germanic masculine noun ( ) means 'a god, a deity', and it probably served as a title that came to be associated with a specific deity whose original name is now lost. It stems from Proto-Indo-European , meaning 'celestial, heavenly one', hence a 'god' (cf. Sanskrit: 'heavenly, divine', Old Lithuanian: , 'a god, deity'), itself a derivation from , meaning 'diurnal sky', hence 'daylight-sky god' (cf. , , ). The Germanic noun is further attested in the Finnic loanword , found as a suffix in the deities and . The Romano-Germanic deity may also be related, although its origin remains unclear.


title: Týr

text: Due to linguistic evidence and early native comparisons between and the Roman god Mars, especially under the name , a number of scholars have interpreted as a Proto-Germanic sky-, war- and thing-god. Other scholars reject however his identification as a 'sky-god', since was likely not his original name but rather an epithet that came to be associated with him and eventually replaced it.


title: Týr

text: The modern English weekday name "Tuesday" comes from the Old English , meaning 'day of Tīw'. It is cognate with Old Norse , Old Frisian , and Old High German (Middle High German ). All of them stem from Late Proto-Germanic ('Day of '), a calque of Latin ('Day of Mars'; cf. modern Italian , French , Spanish ). This attests to an early Germanic identification of with Mars.


title: Týr

text: Germanic weekday names for "Tuesday" that do not transparently extend from the above lineage may also ultimately refer to the deity, including Middle Dutch and , Middle Low German , and Old High German (modern ). These forms may refer to the god's association with the thing, a traditional legal assembly common among the ancient Germanic peoples with which the god is associated. This may be either explained by the existence of an epithet, ( 'thing-god'), frequently attached to Mars (), or simply by the god's strong association with the assembly.


title: Týr

text: The god is the namesake of the rune representing (the Tiwaz rune) in the runic alphabets, the indigenous alphabets of the ancient Germanic peoples prior to their adaptation of the Latin alphabet. On runic inscriptions, often appears as a magical symbol. The name first occurs in the historical record as "tyz", a character in the Gothic alphabet (4th century), and it was also known as or in Old English, and in Old Norse. The name of may also occur in runes as on the 8th century Ribe skull fragment.


title: Týr

text: A variety of place names in Scandinavia refer to the god. For example, , in Viby, Jutland, Denmark (Old Norse , "s meadow') was once a stretch of meadow near a stream called ('stream of the dead' or 'dead stream'). Viby also contained another theonym, ("Odin's Holt"), and religious practices associated with Odin and may have occurred in these places. A spring dedicated to Holy Niels that was likely a Christianization of prior indigenous pagan practice also exists in Viby. may mean 'the settlement by the sacred site'. Archaeologists have found traces of sacrifices going back 2,500 years in Viby.


title: Týr

text: The forest , between Närke and Västergötland, in Sweden, may mean 'Tyr's forest', but its etymology is uncertain, and debated. may refer to meaning 'god' generally, and so the name may derive from Proto-Indo-European , meaning 'the forest of the gods'. According to Rudolf Simek, the existence of a cult of the deity is also evidenced by place names such as ("s grove'), which is frequent in Denmark, or ("s peninsula') and ('Tysnes island') in Norway, where the cult appears to have been imported from Denmark.


title: Týr

text: While 's etymological heritage reaches back to the Proto-Indo-European period, very few direct references to the god survive prior to the Old Norse period. Like many other non-Roman deities, receives mention in Latin texts by way of the process of , in which Latin texts refer to the god by way of a perceived counterpart in Roman mythology. Latin inscriptions and texts frequently refer to as Mars.


title: Týr

text: These deities are generally understood by scholars to refer to (known widely today as "Odin"), (known today widely as "Thor"), and , respectively. The identity of the "Isis" of the Suebi remains a topics of debate among scholars. Later in , Tacitus also mentions a deity referred to as venerated by the Semnones in a grove of fetters, a sacred grove. Some scholars propose that this deity is in fact .


title: Týr

text: A votive altar has been discovered during excavations at Housesteads Roman Fort at Hadrian's Wall in England that had been erected at the behest of Frisian legionaries. The altar dates from the 3rd century CE and bears the Latin inscription . In this instance, the epithet is a Latin rendering of Proto-Germanic theonym . This deity is generally interpreted by scholars to refer to . The goddesses referred to as and are otherwise unknown, but their names may refer to Old Frisian legal terms.


title: Týr

text: In the sixth century, the Roman historian Jordanes writes in his that the Goths, an east Germanic people, saw the same "Mars" as an ancestral figure:


title: Týr

text: The Latin deity Mars was occasionally glossed by Old English writers by the name or . The genitive also appears in the name for Tuesday, .


title: Týr

text: By the Viking Age, had developed among the North Germanic peoples into . The god receives numerous mentions in North Germanic sources during this period, but far less than other deities, such as Odin, Freyja, or Thor. The majority of these mentions occur in the "Poetic Edda", compiled in the 13th century from traditional source material reaching into the pagan period, and the "Prose Edda", composed by Icelandic skald and politician Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century.


title: Týr

text: Although receives several mentions in the "Poetic Edda", of the three poems in which he is mentioned—, , and —only the incomplete poem, , features him in a prominent role. In , says that his father, , owns a tremendous cauldron with which he and his fellow gods can brew fathoms of ale. Thor and set out to retrieve it. meets his nine-hundred headed grandmother ("who hates him"), and a girl clad in gold helps the two hide from .


title: Týr

text: Upon his return from hunting, 's wife (unnamed) tells that his son has come to visit, that has brought with him Thor, and that the two are behind a pillar. With just one glance, immediately smashes the pillar and eight nearby kettles. The kettle containing and Thor, particularly strong in its construction, does not break, and out of it the two gods stride.


title: Týr

text: In , the valkyrie imparts in the hero Sigurd knowledge of various runic charms. One charm invokes the god :


title: Týr

text: In , the gods hold a feast. Loki bursts in and engages in flyting, a contest of insults, with the gods. The prose introduction to the poem mentions that "Tyr was in attendance, even though he had only one hand because the wolf Fenrir had recently ripped off the other while the wolf was being bound." Loki exchanges insults with each of the gods. After Loki insults the god , comes to 's defense. Loki says that "you can't be the right hand of justice among the people" because his right hand was torn off by Fenrir, elsewhere described as Loki's child. says that although he misses his hand, Loki misses , who is now bound and will remain so until the events of Ragnarök.


title: Týr

text: The "Prose Edda" sections and reference several times. The god is introduced in part 25 of the section of the book:


title: Týr

text: This tale receives further treatment in section 34 of ("The brought up the wolf at home, and it was only Tyr who had the courage to approach the wolf and give it food."). Later still in , High discusses 's foreseen death during the events of Ragnarök:


title: Týr

text: Section nine of provides skalds with a variety of ways in which to refer to , including "the one handed As", "feeder of the wolf", "battle-god", and "son of Odin". The narrative found in occurs in prose later in . Like in , appears here among around a dozen other deities. Similarly, appears among a list of in section 75.


title: Týr

text: In addition to the above mentions, 's name occurs as a kenning element throughout in reference to the god Odin.


title: Týr

text: Scholars propose that a variety of objects from the archaeological record depict . For example, a Migration Period gold bracteate from Trollhättan, Sweden, features a person receiving a bite on the hand from a beast, which may depict and .


title: Týr

text: A Viking Age hogback in Sockburn, County Durham, England may depict and . In a similar fashion, a silver button was found in Hornsherred, Denmark, during 2019 that is interpreted to portrait Týr fighting against the wolf .


title: Týr

text: Due in part to the etymology of the god's name, scholars propose that once held a far more significant role in Germanic mythology than the scant references to the deity indicate in the Old Norse record. Some scholars propose that the prominent god Odin may have risen to prominence over in prehistory, at times absorbing elements of the deity's domains. For example, according to scholar Hermann Reichert, due to the etymology of the god's name and its transparent meaning of ""the" god", "Odin ... must have dislodged from his pre-eminent position. The fact that Tacitus names two divinities to whom the enemy's army was consecrated ... may signify their co-existence around 1 A.D."


title: Týr

text: The passage above has resulted in some discourse among runologists. For example, regarding the passage, runologists Mindy MacLeod and Bernard Mees say:


title: Týr

text: The 15th studio album by the English heavy metal band Black Sabbath, "Tyr", released in 1990, is named after .


title: Public Investment Fund

text: The Public Investment Fund (PIF; ) is the sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia. It is among the largest sovereign wealth funds in the world with total estimated assets of $620 billion (£492 billion). It was created in 1971 for the purpose of investing funds on behalf of the government of Saudi Arabia. The wealth fund has been controlled by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi Arabia’s "de facto" ruler since 2015.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: It has been characterized as among the least transparent sovereign wealth funds in the world. In 2016, the "Wall Street Journal" noted that none of the fund's investments were named. The organization's activities have stirred controversy due to its relationship with the Saudi Arabian government and its human rights record. The fund's domestic investments tend to go to firms owned by elites with long-standing personal connections to the Saudi state. Some of PIF's assets were transferred to the organization in 2017 after the Saudi regime conducted an "anti-corruption" purge whereby assets of 400 of Saudi Arabia's richest individuals were seized by the regime.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: In 2021, PIF led a consortium that purchased Premier League club Newcastle United. The takeover sparked condemnation by human rights organizations. The other 19 Premier League clubs condemned the Saudi takeover of Newcastle, stating that it damaged the brand of the Premier League.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: The Saudi Arabian Public Investment Fund (PIF) was established by the King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud in 1971 by Royal Decree M/24 with the stated intent to provide financing support for projects of strategic significance to the national economy. For much of its history, the PIF was a passive entity that oversaw the Saudi state's equity in listed firms. When neighboring petrostates began using their sovereign wealth funds for influence, Saudi Arabia followed them. The PIF expanded its staff from 50 in 2015 to nearly 500 in 2018.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: In July 2014, the Council of Ministers granted the PIF authority to fund new companies inside and outside the Kingdom, either independently or in cooperation with the public and private sectors, without the council's prior approval. In March 2015, oversight of PIF was moved from the Ministry of Finance to the Council of Economic and Development Affairs (CEDA). As part of this process, a new PIF was appointed, chaired by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. The board says PIF is aligned with the government's Vision 2030 with the aim to diversify the economy. To bolster the resources of the PIF and help in the financing of investments into foreign companies such as Uber and Tesla, the PIF received cash from the Saudi Central Bank, issued debt, and benefitted from the proceeds of the privatisation of Saudi state assets.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: PIF has been characterized as among the least transparent sovereign wealth funds in the world. In 2016, "The Wall Street Journal" noted that none of the fund's investments were named. According to Steffen Hertog, a professor at the London School of Economics, the PIF "is seen as opaque, a black box. Few know what’s going on there, including sometimes other government ministries." As the PIF is a ministry-operated company with an overwhelming focus on domestic investments, some scholars characterize it as a "quasi-sovereign wealth fund."


title: Public Investment Fund

text: In the wake of a 2017 "anti-corruption" purge in Saudi Arabia, PIF obtained numerous assets that the Saudi regime had seized from rich Saudi individuals.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: A 2021 report by Global SWF found that PIF's Governance, Sustainability and Resilience (GSR) score had risen by 12% to an overall score of 40% (out of


title: Public Investment Fund

text: 100%) that year. This was partially attributed to the fact that PIF had started to build a dedicated ESG (Environmental, Social and Sustainability) team.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: The PIF has 38% stake in Posco Engineering & Construction Co., a 5% stake in Uber (for $3.5 billion), and a 5% stake in the video game companies Capcom and Nexon (for $1 billion). In March 2016, it was announced that ownership of Saudi Aramco would be transferred to the PIF and that the Kingdom will seek to list 5 percent of Aramco's shares by 2017. PIF owns Qiddiya, spearheads the Red Sea project for luxury beach resorts, and owns the closed joint-stock company named NEOM. PIF owns a 5.7% stake (valued at $500 million) in concert distributor Live Nation. In 2020, PIF purchased minority stakes in major U.S. companies including Boeing, Facebook and Citigroup. PIF disclosed a $713.7 million stake in Boeing, around $522 million in Citigroup, a $522 million stake in Facebook, a $495.8 million stake in Disney and a $487.6 million stake in Bank of America. It also disclosed a small stake in Berkshire Hathaway. PIF also disclosed an $827.7 million stake in oil company BP. In 2020, PIF purchased a 2.32% stake (valued at $1.5 billion) in India's Jio Platforms, and reduced its holdings in US stocks to $7 billion from $10.1 billion in the third quarter. It instead left a stake of $2.7 billion in Uber.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: In 2016, SoftBank Group and the PIF announced that they would establish a SoftBank Vision Fund which aims to invest up to $45 billion over five years in the tech sector. The SoftBank Group confirmed that during the fiscal year 2019–2020, the Vision Fund, in which Saudi Arabia invested $45 billion, incurred a loss calculated at $17.7 billion, after the value of investments was written down. The losses were related to the investments in WeWork and Uber Technologies Inc. In 39-year history of SoftBank, the Saudi Arabia-backed funds paid the group its worst ever losses, where the overall company losses were 1.36 trillion yen (more than $12.5 billion).


title: Public Investment Fund

text: During the 2017 the Saudi-US CEO Forum, which was part of President Donald Trump's official trip to Saudi Arabia, PIF announced plans to "invest $40 billion in infrastructure projects, mostly in the U.S." Blackstone, whose CEO and founder—Stephen A. Schwarzman—is a top supporter of Trump, entered into a non-binding memorandum by which the PIF committed $20 billion to the project. During the CEO Forum US-Saudi, arms deals were announced including a pledge to "assemble 150 Lockheed Martin Black Hawk helicopters" in Saudi Arabia, representing 450 jobs in Saudi Arabia" as part of the "$6 billion deal for Black Hawks."


title: Public Investment Fund

text: In March 2019, it was revealed that PIF paid a New York communications firm, Karv Communications, $120,000-a-month in order to repair Saudis' damaged reputation after the Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: In 2021, they purchased stakes in the American video game companies Electronic Arts, Take-Two Interactive and Activision Blizzard. In May 2022, they purchased a 5% stake in the Japanese video game company Nintendo, and the following month, an 8% stake in Embracer Group with a investment.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: PIF owns a major indirect stake in Twitter, although many Saudis who use the platform for political dissent and activism are arbitrarily arrested and imprisoned.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: In 2021, PIF invested $2 billion into a private equity firm that had been newly formed by Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, shortly after he left the White House. PIF advisers raised questions about the merits of the investment, but PIF management overruled the advisers. By April 2022, Kushner's equity firm primarily depended on Saudi money, as it only had $2.5 billion under its management. Within the Donald Trump administration, Kushner was a staunch defender of Saudi ruler Mohammed bin Salman. According to ethics experts, the investment created the appearance of potential payback for Kushner.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: In 2021, PIF invested $1 billion in the investment fund established by former Donald Trump administration official Steven Mnuchin just after he left government.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: In May 2022, it was reported that Affinity Partners was planning to direct Saudi Arabia's PIF money to Israel. There were multiple meetings by Kushner with a range of Israeli startups, before he picked two of them to make an investment. The Kingdom didn’t have diplomatic relations with Israel and was neither a part of the Abraham Accords. Saudi Arabia was warned by Kushner that it could lose the opportunities in Israel to its neighbors who signed the accords, including the UAE and Bahrain. Through Kushner’s firm, Saudi could open to Israeli businesses, which could prove to be lucrative for the Arab country. Affinity Partner’s investment in Israeli startups was agreed to by Saudi officials, and was also believed to have been approved by Crown Prince Mohammed. Many saw it as a groundwork for a potential normalization of relations between Saudi and Israel. This will be the first known time that money from the Saudi’s sovereign wealth fund will go to Israel.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: On 14 April 2020, it emerged that a deal to transfer ownership of Newcastle United F.C. for £300m had been agreed between incumbent owner Mike Ashley and a prospective buying consortium consisting of the Public Investment Fund, PCP Capital Partners and Reuben Brothers. However, the Premier League controversially refused to ratify the deal and so Mike Ashley subsequently engaged in various legal proceedings against the Premier League in an attempt to complete the takeover. On 7 October 2021, it was announced that the club would be acquired by the consortium led by the Public Investment Fund, after the Premier League stated it had received "legally binding assurances that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will not control Newcastle United Football Club".


title: Public Investment Fund

text: Human rights organizations criticized the Premier League for allowing PIF to purchase a Premier League club. Amnesty International pointed to Saudi Arabia's human rights record, and said that the Premier League must introduce standards whereby human rights violators cannot own Premier League clubs. Amnesty called the takeover "an extremely bitter blow for human rights defenders." Hatice Cengiz, the fiancée of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi, who was murdered by operatives of the Saudi regime, urged the Premier League to block PIF's takeover.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: In April 2021, Saudi crown prince Mohammed bin Salman reportedly asked British Prime Minister Boris Johnson to intervene so that the Premier League would approved PIF's takeover of Newcastle. The attempted takeover was "a blatant example of Saudi sportswashing", according to Kate Allen of Amnesty International UK. The British government blocked details of its talks with the Premier League regarding the Saudi takeover, saying the disclosure could "harm" relations with Saudi Arabia. The other 19 Premier League clubs condemned the takeover, saying it damaged the Premier League's brand.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: In October 2021, a division of the PIF, Golf Saudi funded the establishment of the LIV Golf Investments, with Greg Norman declared to be its CEO. The private company introduced a professional tour, LIV Golf, also referred to as the Super Golf League. It came as a new challenge against the PGA Tour, after the World Golf Tour and the Premier Golf League.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: LIV Golf strategy differed from other leagues as it offered the richest golf tournaments in history and was able to convince star players to take part. In June 2022, LIV Golf Invitational Series commenced its eight-event journey, with a total prize money of $255 million. Saudi PIF backed the event with $2 billion funds. Besides, LIV Golf offered the winner’s prize money of $4 million, in comparison to PGA Championship’s $2.7 million. Some of the prominent professional golf players participated in the event, including Phil Mickelson, Dustin Johnson, Graeme McDowell, Sergio García, Martin Kaymer, Louis Oosthuizen, Charl Schwartzel and Lee Westwood. Dustin Johnson was allegedly paid $150 million to join the Saudi-backed series. Phil Mickelson also committed to the series after signing a $200 million contract. However, some other renowned players also rejected the new league. Tiger Woods turned down an offer worth nearly $1 billion. A vocal critic of the tournament, Rory McIlroy also stood with PGA Tour and criticized players who joined LIV, stating they were “taking the easy way out”.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: LIV Golf was also condemned as another sportswashing tool of Saudi Arabia, which is accused of several human rights violations, including the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi. The CEO Greg Norman and star players had to face questions about their association with LIV Golf, despite the Kingdom’s abysmal human rights records. Norman dismissed the questions saying, “We’ve all made mistakes” and that Saudi wanted “to move forward”.


title: Public Investment Fund

text: Phil Mickelson also gave a controversial statement saying, the Saudis are "scary motherf–kers to be involved with". He said, “We know they killed Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights”. Despite that, Mickelson joined the LIV Golf calling it “a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity” to reshape PGA Tour. Graeme McDowell also gave similar answers and said, “We're not politicians, we're professional golfers. If Saudi Arabia wants to use the game of golf as a way for them to get to where they want to be, I think we're proud to help them on that journey.”