title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In 2012, the UK's total fertility rate (TFR) was 1.92 children per woman, below the replacement rate, which in the UK is 2.075. In 2001, the TFR was at a record low of 1.63, but it then increased every year until it reached a peak of 1.96 in 2008, before decreasing again. In 2012 and 2013, England and Wales's TFR decreased to 1.85. In Scotland however TFR is lower: it decreased from 1.75 in 2010 to 1.67 in 2012. Northern Ireland has the highest TFR in the UK, standing at 2.02 in 2010 and 2.03 in 2012.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The reduction of the total fertility rate of the United Kingdom has also had a effect on the mean age in which a mother gives birth to her first child.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The age in which a mother gives birth to her first child has changed depending on the time period, but since the 1970s the age in which someone gives birth has been trending upwards.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The reduction of the fertility rate has also had an effect on the general family size of mothers in the United Kingdom, with the two being interlinked with each other. The family size of the average UK family can be estimated with a completed family size (CFS), which is an estimate of the amount of children a woman has birthed by the end of her childbearing years.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Family size within the UK has shifted towards two or one children in recent decades, rather then in the past when larger family sizes were more prominent and sought after. This pattern is similar to other European countries, where couples are having fewer children. Increasingly, there are also more couples who are completely childless; this has been increasing since the 1950s.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Life expectancy has increased in the United Kingdom since the 18th century due to the Industrial Revolution and then the Second Industrial Revolution which has vastly increased quality of life of the country's citizens.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: By 1950, life expectancy at birth had risen to 68.6 years. During the latter half of the century, further factors influenced the increase of life expectancy: diseases and the improvement of healthcare in the 1950s, decline in smoking in the mid-1970s and improvements in treating heart disease in the 1990s contributed to its decline.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In 2011 the life expectancy at birth of the UK was around 80.4 years, but the rate of increase has been stalling. Potential factors behind this may be austerity measures imposed in the beginning of the 2010s, which coincidentally since then mortality rates have slowed down in decline or older people dying off at faster rates then expected. On the topic of austerity measures, Professor Richard Faragher has said that "It is possible to have high or rising life expectancy during austerity, as is the case in Japan. Similarly, you can have rising life expectancy despite high levels of inequality – this was the case in Britain from 1900-1950." but noted that austerity measures to social services like the NHS, especially social care support for the elderly may be causing a stalling of life expectancy increase due to a decreased quality of life for older generations.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Infant mortality has been on the decline since the Second Industrial Revolution, although the majority of the decline came around from the start to the end of the 20th century. In raw terms for example, infant mortality in England sat around 151 deaths to 1000 live births in 1901 but by the end of the century it had plummeted down to only 6 deaths per 1000 births.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: There are two general lines of thought which are usually taken from into analysing the decline of infant mortality rates, the first line of thought comes from social historians, who ascribe the decline of infant mortality to social phenomenons of the time such as the need for a healthy population for the sake of the nation's fighting capabilities and political issues surrounding women. The second line of thought comes from demographers themselves which more or less ascribe the decline of infant mortality itself more to the general decline of mortality altogether in the society then any particular reason why.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Physical unfitness during the Boer War came into national prominence as many recruits came back to be too medically unfit for service. With this, In 1904, the "Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration" was published which listed large amounts of details of the failings of the British population, and for that matter government, in sustaining a healthy population.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The current rate of infant mortality in the United Kingdom is roughly around 3.82 deaths per 1,000 live births.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Interlinked with fertility and mortality, The age structure of the United Kingdom has varied with how rates of fertility and mortality have changed throughout the country's history. Due to the transition to an industrialised society, the United Kingdom has also undergone a 'demographic transition': that is to say, that it has gone from a high birth rate, high mortality rate society to a low birth rate, low mortality rate society over the space of two centuries.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Before the 18th century, the United Kingdom retained an age structure universal to societies in the first stage of the transition theory, with high fertility rates and high mortality rates, in the late 18th century, the Industrial Revolution began, kickstarting the country's transition into the second phase: mortality rates declined but birth rates stayed at the same level; by 1870, the country had begun to transition into the third phase: the birth rate began to decline from around near 5 children per woman to below replacement level in the 1930s. The fourth phase of the transition began in the 1960s, when the fertility rate rose, and peaked during the middle of the decade, and then collapsed by 1973 to a below replacement level rate. Since then, the rate has not risen to an above replacement level fertility rate; this has resulted in a population which is currently ageing: in 2007, for the first time in the country's history, there were more people over the age of 60 then there were under the age of 16.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Peaks and bands within the population represent different periods in which people were born, for example, a large peak of people in particularly for those aged 70–74 born following the Second World War and a wide band for those aged 50–59, born during the 1960s baby boom. Those aged 80 upwards would have been born in the 1930s baby dearth when the birth rate was below replacement level. On the younger band of the population there is a noticeable gap between the ages of 14 to 20, this due to at the beginning of the 21st century a lower number of children being born (and a subsequent lower TFR), however in the years following the birth rate rose during the 2010s and a 'broadening' of the pyramid began for those in the younger years leading to more children in those age cohorts. In relation to the sex ratio of the country, in the higher ages of the population, there are more women then men reflecting the higher life expectancies of women in the population, in the lower ages there are more men then women because there are slightly more boys then girls born each year. In relation to the older age brackets, In 2015, there were estimated to be over half a million people (556,270) aged 90 and over living in the UK, up from 194,670 people in 1985, and there were estimated to be 14,570 centenarians (people aged 100 or over) and 850 people aged 105 or over. The Office of National Statistics has also wrote in their mid-2016 report on population projections that the median age of the British population was 40 years of age, and this will continue to rise as more people in the population age and a below-replacement level fertility level not refilling the population. This will make the number of people aged 85 and over double from 1.6 million in mid-2016 to 3.2 million in mid-2041.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The demographic ageing of the population is not evenly spread geographically, as people in rural areas are typically of a higher age then those living in metropolitan areas such as Greater London for example.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The United Kingdom is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe, in 2020 it was the 8th most densely populated country.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Rapid urbanisation began with the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the mid to late 18th century, shifting jobs and more importantly people away from rural Britain's dominance at the time which was primarily agricultural, to manufacturing jobs within urban areas which started to spring up. In 1750, an estimated total of around only 1 million people lived in some sort of urban area such as a town or city, which was around 1/6th of the estimated total population but a century later this had risen to 8 million people in 1850, equating to just over half of the nation.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: While this mass urbanisation affected pre-existing cities to a large degree such as London, smaller and 'newer' towns were in particular effected by the re-distribution of the population and exploded in raw population growth. Cities such as Birmingham, Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield and Newcastle for example had an explosive expansion in population numbers around the middle of the 19th century due to the industrial expansion of said cities bringing jobs and again people in for work. London during the 19th century become noted as the 'premier city' of the world, being the most populated city from 1825 to 1900 and being the first city in Europe and one of the first in the world to reach the figure of one million inhabitants, and then 5 million inhabitants. This urbanisation in the 19th century has had two phases. David Herbert describes the process of the late 19th century and then early 20th century as a "maker and breaker" of the cities in the United Kingdom. This mass influx of the population into the cities resulted in a centralisation of the population into the inner city areas however by the time of the late 19th century and early 20th century when technological advancements in transport kicked off allowing cities to expand their 'peripherals' from the inner areas to create large scale 'city regions' of their own. London in particular, is a great example of this in effect, during the 19th century, the majority of people within the city lived in the inner part, however by the 20th century a massive expansion of 'Outer London' began which slowly became larger in population size by the middle of the century then Inner London.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: By the end of the 20th century this figure was 80% of the country. However importance of the capital declined, by the end of the 20th century, London's ranking on the most populated cities of the world had fell down to not even being in the top 20.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The current classification of an 'urban' area, also termed as a 'built-up area' (BUA) in the 2011 census, is a settlement which takes variables from both numerical population numbers and population density; in population numbers this is roughly more than or 10,000 people living in a area. Anything below that is classified as 'rural', having several levels of distinction to define a rural town and fringe, village or hamlet which is usually taken from population density figures. These areas are then defined within 'output areas' (OA's) themselves, which are geographic areas of the United Kingdom. The population which resides within classified 'urban' areas was 84.4% of total population in 2022 and the annual rate of urbanisation change is estimated to be around 0.8% between 2020 and 2025.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In 2004, 58% of births were conceived within a married couple, 35% by non-married couples registered by both parents and 7% by non-married mothers who registered the birth alone.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: This varied from each constituent nation, Wales for example had the highest births outside of marriage at 51% in 2004, In England this percentage was 42% and in Scotland 47%. Northern Ireland had the lowest of 35% in 2004.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The Integrated Household Survey, published by the Office for National Statistics, provides the following estimates for the adult British population as of 2011:


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Other sources provide alternative estimates of the population by sexual orientation. For example, one British journal published in 2004 estimated that approximately 5% of the British population is gay. A government figure estimated in 2005 that there are 3.6 million gay people in Britain equating to 6 per cent of the population, though a report by the Equality and Human Rights Commission described that estimate as 'of questionable validity' when set against available survey estimates.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The Gender Identity Research and Education Society (GIRES) estimated in 2009 that "56,000 might potentially be transsexual people", noting that it is very difficult to make a reliable estimate which would have been 0.09% of the population at the time of the report.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Out of the 600,000 people in the UK that applied to go to university through UCAS in 2020, 7.2%, or 40,000, described themselves as LGBT on their application form. UCAS estimates this to be a rate 2.5 times higher than the overall UK population. The UCAS report in collaboration with Stonewall also found LGBT students were more likely to come from disadvantaged backgrounds (compared to those who identified as heterosexual or didn't specify), have a disability (compared to non-LGBT students) and have a mental health condition (compared to non-LGBT students).


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Abortion in the United Kingdom (however not Northern Ireland) was officially legalised in 1967 under the Abortion Act of that year, allowing women for the first time to get an abortion under numerous medical grounds outlined within the act. Previously, this was outlawed under the Offences against the Person Act of 1861 and then the updated Infant Life (Preservation) Act of 1929 which only permitted an abortion if the death of a child was "done in good faith for the purpose only of preserving the life of the mother".


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The unemployment rate for the youth age bracket of 15–24 was 11.2% in 2019 – 13% for males and 9.2% for females.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Through the 1970s and 1980s, migration to the United Kingdom was often a net negative in terms of numbers, with more people leaving the country, then entering in total.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Since 1994, net migration in numbers has been in the positives, with more people entering the country, rather then leaving.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In the 1980s to 1990s, around 12 to 13% of births were born to foreign born mothers. In 2004, this had risen to 20% of births being born to foreign born mothers.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Below is the number of births in England and Wales in 2011 by mother's country of birth, as well as their total fertility rate.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In 2014, 27% of births were to mothers born outside the UK, a 0.5-point increase since 2013. The 2014 fertility rate was higher for foreign-born mothers (2.09) than British-born mothers (1.76). In the 2010–14 time period, the most common countries of birth for mothers (excluding the UK) were Poland, Pakistan and India; and Poland and India for fathers. Within the UK, Newham, London had the highest rate of births to non-UK mothers (76.7%) and Torfaen, Wales the lowest (3.2%). The fertility rate among non-UK born women was 1.98 and among UK born women 1.50 in 2020.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Population movements of the country have fluctuated over time, in the 19th century with the urbanisation of the country, large amounts of people moved to the capital and the nearby industrial cities, but in recent years there has been a general trend of 'de-urbanisation' as parts of the population have moved back to the countryside. An example of recent large scale internal movement in the 21st century has been the departure of 220,000 White British Londoners to other areas of rural England and Wales over the 2000s and over the 2010s around a total of 550,000 people left the city. Demographically by age, the people leaving the city more than entering tend to be in their 30s and 40s while people entering in their 20s.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: For the overwhelming majority of its established history, the United Kingdom has been ethnically homogenous society with few minorities. Such few minorities formed in total numbers over a long period of time and the largest numerical minority which resembled over one million were Irish people.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Following the British Nationality Act of 1948, which transformed the status of all the subjects of the British Empire into classified legal 'British citizens', allowed upwards of millions from Britain's colonies to migrate to the United Kingdom legally. In the following same year, the Empire Windrush embarked to the United Kingdom which allowed upwards of 800 West Indians marking in popular history the beginning of modern migration to the United Kingdom, despite the fact that little migrants came afterwards until the middle of the 1950s.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Since 1948, the population of the country has gradually become more ethnically heterogenized nationally, while regionally, in areas such as metropolitan counties, this process has been more rapid. Data on ethnicity was not formally collected until 1991 when the census for the first time asked the ethnicity of the British population, however estimates can still be taken on the approximate population of the non-white/ethnic minority population for the previous decades.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: From 1997 onwards, ethnic diversity has increased rapidly since the country experienced net-positive migration in 1992 and then in 1997 with the expansion and lifting of restrictions on immigration with the New Labour government.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: <gallery mode="packed" caption="Ethnicity of school pupils with England and its administrative districts in the school year of 2021/2022">


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Numerous predictions and projections of the future ethnic demography of the United Kingdom have been made over the years.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In 2010, academic David Coleman produced research postulating a future demographic decline of the White British in Britain, indicating that they would become a minority in Birmingham and London during the 2020s. He also estimated that around 2056 to 2066, the trend of a declining share of the white populace will result in the United Kingdom having an overall white minority.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In Prospect, he outlined four projections for a majority-minority scenario within the United Kingdom;


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In 2001, the question of religious adherence was asked for the first time since 1851 in the United Kingdom Census.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The traditional religion in the United Kingdom is Christianity. In England the established church is the Church of England (Anglican). In Scotland, the Church of Scotland (a Presbyterian Church) is regarded as the 'national church' but there is not an established church.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In Wales there is no established church, with the Church in Wales having been disestablished in 1920. Likewise, in Ireland, the Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1871. In Northern Ireland and parts of Western Scotland there are lingering sectarian divides between Roman Catholic and Protestant communities.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In the 2011 Census, rather than select one of the specified religions offered on the Census form, many people chose to write in their own religion. Some of these religions were reassigned to one of the main religions offered. In England and Wales, 241,000 people belonged to religious groups which did not fall into any of the main religions. The largest of these were Pagans (56,620), Spiritualists (39,061) and Jains (20,288). Despite its high-profile nature there were only 2,418 Scientologists. The census also recorded 176,632 people stating their religion as Jedi Knight and 6,242 people as Heavy Metal after a campaign by "Metal Hammer". These returns were classified as "No religion", along with Atheist, Agnostic, Humanist, and Free Thinker. Those who ticked Heathen who had been categorised as no religion in 2001 were categorised as other. It is unclear how the ONS treated people who ticked "Other" but did not write in any religion.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In 2012 the British Social Attitudes Survey found the highest number to be non-religious (48%) followed by Christians (46%) with another six per cent identifying otherwise. Discrepancies found between surveys may be the result of differences in phrasing, question order, and data collection method.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Pew Research Center has found that by 2050 on all scenario's, the Islamic population of the United Kingdom will rise, depending on the scenario the percentage of the population which will be Islamic will either be 9.7% in a zero migration scenario, 16.7% in a medium migration scenario or 17.2% in a high migration scenario.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The United Kingdom's de facto official language is English which is spoken as a first language by 95% of the population. Six regional languages—Scots, Ulster-Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Irish and Scottish Gaelic—are protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Abilities in these languages (other than Cornish) for those aged three and above were recorded in the census of 2011 as follows.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Cornish is spoken by around 2,500 people. In the 2011 census, 464 respondents aged three and over in Cornwall said that Cornish was their main language, amounting to 0.09% of the total population of Cornwall aged three and over.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: After English, Polish was the second most common language given in the United Kingdom census 2011. 618,091 respondents aged three and over said that Polish was their main language, amounting to 1.01% of the total population of the United Kingdom aged three and over.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: The French language is spoken in some parts of the Channel Islands although the islands, like the Isle of Man, are not part of the United Kingdom.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In the present day each country of the United Kingdom has a separate education system, with power over education matters in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland being devolved.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Universal state education in England and Wales was introduced for primary level in 1870 and secondary level in 1900. Education is mandatory from the ages of 5 to 18, The majority of children are educated in state-sector schools, only a small proportion of which select on the grounds of academic ability. Despite a fall in actual numbers, the proportion of children in England attending private schools rose slightly from 7.1% to 7.3% between 2004 and 2007.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: Scotland first legislated for universal provision of education in 1696. Four percent of children in Scotland attend private schools, a rate which has remained relatively stable since 2015.


title: Demography of the United Kingdom

text: In Wales, one of the most notable distinctive features of education in Wales is the emphasis on the Welsh language – lessons in which are compulsory for all until the age of 16. Whilst a significant minority of students (15.7% in the 2014\15 academic year) are taught primarily through the medium of Welsh.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Stefanie Powers (born November 2, 1942) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Jennifer Hart on the mystery television series "Hart to Hart" (1979–1984), for which she received nominations for two Primetime Emmy Awards and five Golden Globe Awards.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers was born in Hollywood as Stefania Zofya Paul, but her surname often was cited as Federkiewicz. In her Polish-language autobiography, Powers says, "" - translates to - "My real [Polish] name is Federkiewicz". At the age of 16, she was put under studio contract with Columbia Pictures, and as was the movie-industry custom in those days, her name change to the more Anglo-Saxon-sounding "Stefanie Powers" was made a part of the deal.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Her parents divorced during her childhood. Powers' father, Morrison Bloomfield Paul (1909–1993), reportedly a cinematographer, was born in Montreal to a Jewish immigrant family from Eastern Europe. Powers was estranged from her father, whom she barely refers to and whose name is never mentioned in her memoir "One from the Hart", in which she refers to the "tension and unhappiness created by my father's presence". She remained very close throughout her life to her mother, who was born Juliana Dimitria Golan (1912–2009) on a farm near Middletown, New York to Catholic parents of Polish descent. Her mother, who died in Los Angeles from pneumonia at 96 years of age, was known late in life and in local obituaries as Julie Powers. Stefanie Powers had an older brother, Jeffrey Julian Paul (1940–2013), of Orangevale, California, as well as a half-sister, Diane Pascoe Hanson Baillie, who died in 2000. Powers was a cheerleader at Hollywood High School; for a time, one of her schoolmates was Nancy Sinatra, who graduated from University High in June 1958. In 1965, using the alias Taffy Paul, Powers made the obscure independent film "The Young Sinner".


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers appeared in secondary roles in several movies in the early 1960s, such as "Experiment in Terror" (1962), "If a Man Answers" (1962), and "McLintock!" (1963). She played a schoolgirl in "Tammy Tell Me True" (1961), and Bunny, the police chief's daughter, in "Palm Springs Weekend" (1963). She appeared in the 1962 hospital melodrama "The Interns" and its sequel "The New Interns" in 1964. In 1965, she played opposite Tallulah Bankhead in "Die! Die! My Darling" (originally released in the UK as "Fanatic").


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In 1966, her "tempestuous" good looks led to being cast in the starring role as the passive and demure April Dancer, in the short-lived television series "The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.", a spin-off of "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." Shortly after the series' debut, she was featured on the cover of "TV Guide" (December 31, 1966 – January 6, 1967). The article mentions her "117-pound frame is kept supple with 11 minutes of Royal Canadian Air Force exercises every morning... Unlike her fellow U.N.C.L.E. agents, the ladylike April is not required to kill the bad guys. Her feminine charms serve as the bait, while her partner Noel Harrison provides the fireworks." The series lasted for only one season (29 one-hour episodes), airing from September 16, 1966, to April 11, 1967.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In 1967, Powers appeared in "Warning Shot" with David Janssen. Her 1970s movies include "The Boatniks" (1970), "Herbie Rides Again" (a sequel to "The Love Bug") and The Magnificent Seven Ride! (1972). She was a guest star in the Robert Wagner series "It Takes a Thief" in 1970. The two co-starred in the popular "Hart to Hart" series nine years later. Before success with "Hart to Hart", she starred in "The Feather and Father Gang" as Toni "Feather" Danton, a successful lawyer, whose father, Harry Danton, was a smooth-talking ex-con man (played by Harold Gould). It ran for a half-season (13 episodes).


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers' many guest roles in other popular TV shows include: "Lancer" (1969), "McCloud" (1971), "The Mod Squad" (1972), "Kung Fu" (1974), "The Rockford Files" (1975), "Three for the Road" (1975), "The Six Million Dollar Man" (1976), "The Bionic Woman" (1976), and "McMillan & Wife" (1977). Powers appeared in these shows long after she signed a contract with Universal Studios in 1970. Coincidentally, her longtime friend and "Hart to Hart" series co-star Wagner signed a contract with Universal, but did not guest-star in more shows than Powers did.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In 1977, Powers played Sally Whalen in the six-part television miniseries "", produced by Paramount Television. It is based on John Ehrlichman's book "The Company", a novel inspired by the author's time with the Nixon administration. The series had Powers cast with a strong cast, including Cliff Robertson, Jason Robards, Robert Vaughn, Lois Nettleton and John Houseman.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In 1978, Powers starred with Paul Clemens and Brian Dennehy in the TV movie "A Death in Canaan", directed by Tony Richardson. This TV movie was a dramatization of the nonfictional account of Connecticut townspeople rising to the defense of a local teenager charged with the mutilation murder of his mother in September 1973. Powers portrayed Joan Barthel, a freelance‐writer who brought attention to the original case. Clemens, son of actress Eleanor Parker, made his film acting debut here. The TV-movie also marked the American TV directing debut of Richardson, and was Emmy Award-nominated as Outstanding Special of the 1977–78 season.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In 1978, Powers and Stacy Keach were the leads in the stage play "Cyrano de Bergerac" in a season at the Central Theater in the Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center. Directed by Rae Allen, the production was part of an eight-month Long Beach Theater Festival program. The stage production was intended to transfer to Broadway after its California season; however, the bi-coastal run was not extended due to the 1978 New York City newspaper strike of 88 days, which hindered all theatre advertising and reduced box-office sales of the new fall season.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In 1979, Powers starred with Roger Moore, Telly Savalas, David Niven, Sonny Bono and Elliott Gould, in the British adventure feature film "Escape to Athena", in which a group of Anglo-American prisoners of the Germans scramble to liberate themselves and some Greek art treasures. The production was filmed on location in the Dodecanese islands of Greece in 1978. This was Powers’ last theatrical film until The Artist's Wife in 2020, in which she played performance artist Ada Risi.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers became most widely known as a television star for her role as Jennifer Hart in the American mystery series "Hart to Hart", with Robert Wagner as Jonathan Hart, in which they portray a married couple who continually get mixed up in mysterious and/or criminal occurrences which they then solve usually without the assistance of the police. "Hart to Hart" aired for five seasons from 1979 to 1984. Powers and Wagner later reunited for eight "Hart to Hart" TV movies in the 1990s.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In 1985, Powers starred as twins who swap places leading to dire consequences in the two-part TV movie "Deceptions".


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In 1987, she starred in the real-life TV drama "At Mother's Request" as the frightening Frances Schreuder, who goaded her 17-year-old-son into killing her father. The script was adapted for television by Richard DeLong Adams and aired on CBS, directed by Michael Tuchner.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers starred with John Barrowman in "Matador", a 1991 London stage musical, at the Queen's Theater. with a book inspired by Spanish corrida legend El Cordobes. The production was staged by Elijah Moshinsky for producer Laurence Myers, with choreography by Arlene Phillips and Rafael Aguilar, and scenery by William Dudley.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers starred with Robert Wagner in the 1993 stage production "Love Letters" at the Chicago Theatre. The two portrayed Melissa Gardner and Andrew Makepeace Ladd III, telling the story of their 40-year, mostly long-distance relationship without getting up from their chairs.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In 1996, Powers toured as Margo Channing in a production of "Applause", with hopes of a Broadway revival, which did not materialize.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers toured the UK in 2002 playing Anna Leonowens in a revival of "The King and I", and toured the U.S. in 2004 and 2005 in the same role.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers released her debut music CD in 2003, titled "On The Same Page". The album features selections from the classic Great American Songbook era.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Since 2006, she has been the U.S. location guest-host presenter of the long-running "Through the Keyhole" panel show.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In 2000–01, she starred in the BBC's popular long-running British medical drama "Doctors" as Jane Powers, a wealthy businesswoman, and the mother of Dr. Caroline Powers. Jane Powers, after being widowed, was due to marry her much younger fiancé David Wilde, but in the lead-up to the wedding, her daughter (Caroline) and fiancé David fell in love and ran off together. Her last appearance was on June 1, 2001.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: On April 30, 2008, she was reunited with Wagner for the filming of a special "Hart to Hart" edition of the BBC's "The Graham Norton Show".


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers was a contestant in the reality TV show "11th series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", in which celebrities retreat into the jungle. She was the first celebrity to be eliminated on November 25, 2011.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers started a tour of "Looped", a stage play about her former co-star Tallulah Bankhead in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on February 26, 2013.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers starred in the musical "Gotta Dance", which premiered in Chicago in December 2015 through January 2016. The cast also starred Georgia Engel, Lillias White, and Andre DeShields. The musical was directed and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell, with a book by Chad Beguelin and Bob Martin, and the score by Matthew Sklar and Nell Benjamin.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In November 2017, it was announced that Powers had joined the cast for a developmental reading of "Love Affair", a musical with book, music and lyrics by Joseph J. Simeone, based on the 1939 film of the same name. The developmental reading of the musical is being produced by Open Jar Productions as part of their New Works Initiative on November 17, 2017, for an industry-only presentation at the Pershing Square Signature Center.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In 2018, Powers co-starred in the feature film "The Artist's Wife" alongside lead actors Bruce Dern and Lena Olin. The film's plot centers on Claire (Olin), wife of famed artist Richard Smythson (Dern) and once a promising artist herself, who has been living in the shadow of her husband's illustrious career. Whilst preparing work for a new exhibition after a long absence from the art world, Richard is diagnosed with Alzheimer's. Directed by Tom Dolby, the film was released by Strand Releasing in 2020.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In May 2018, Cambridge Arts Theatre announced the casting for the United Kingdom stage tour production of James Roose-Evans' adaptation of Helene Hanff's novel "84 Charing Cross Road", in collaboration with Lee Dean and Salisbury Playhouse. "84 Charing Cross Road", first published in 1970, is a bittersweet comedy based on the extraordinary true story of the remarkable relationship that developed over 20 years, chronicling New York writer Hanff's correspondence with Frank Doel, the chief buyer for Marks & Co, a London bookshop. In the stage production, Powers portrays Helene Hanff, and Clive Francis portrays Frank Doel. The production opened at Darlington Hippodrome on Wednesday 23 May, then toured to Wolverhampton, Malvern, Richmond, Oxford and finishing at Cambridge Arts Theatre on 30 June 2018.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: For her role as Jennifer Hart, Powers received two Emmy Best Television Actress nominations, and five Golden Globe Award Best Television Actress nominations.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In 1992, Powers was a recipient of a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6776 Hollywood Boulevard, category 'Television', presented by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: On November 6, 2017, Powers was honored by the Palm Springs Women in Film & Television Organisation (PSWIFT) with the "9th Annual Broken Glass Award" for her work as an actress, author and animal advocate. PSWIFT presents this award to outstanding women from the film and television industry who have "broken through the glass ceiling" in the field of entertainment, the arts and philanthropy. Other 2017 Award recipients included actress Lucie Arnaz, President of LA-SAG-AFTRA Jane Austin, TV executive producer, writer and actress Kellee McQuinn, and Palm Springs, California community philanthropist Nelda Linsk. PSWIFT is a non-profit organization founded in 2001, dedicated to promoting both men and women in the entertainment, new media and creative arts community.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers was married to actor Gary Lockwood from 1966 to 1972. She had a relationship with actor William Holden from just after her divorce to just before his death that led to their joint involvement with wildlife conservation. She described the relationship by saying they were soul mates. He died in 1981; by the following year, Powers was founding President of the William Holden Wildlife Foundation and a director of the Mount Kenya Game Ranch and Wildlife Conservancy in Nanyuki, Kenya. In the United States, she works with both the Cincinnati Zoo and Atlanta Zoo. She devotes a great deal of time to the cause and is an international guest speaker on wildlife preservation.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: Powers declared on BBC Radio 4's "Broadcasting House" programme that she campaigned for Robert F. Kennedy during his 1968 presidential campaign.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: On April 1, 1993, she married French aristocrat Patrick Houitte de La Chesnais (born May 7, 1951, Versailles, France); the couple divorced in 1999. The following year, Powers began a relationship with auditor Tom Carroll, which lasted until his death in August 2014.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: A polo player, she was among the first foreign members of the Royal County of Berkshire Polo Club, whose membership includes King Charles III. In 2005, she competed in the Joules United Kingdom National Women's Championships at Ascot.


title: Stefanie Powers

text: In November 2008, Powers, who was a smoker for 20 years, was diagnosed with alveolar carcinoma, a form of lung cancer. She had surgery to remove part of her right lung on January 29, 2009, the same month her mother died of pneumonia, aged 96, in Los Angeles.


title: P

text: P, or p, is the sixteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is "pee" (pronounced ), plural "pees".


title: P

text: The Semitic Pê (mouth), as well as the Greek Π or π (Pi), and the Etruscan and Latin letters that developed from the former alphabet, all symbolized , a voiceless bilabial plosive.


title: P

text: A common digraph in English is , which represents the sound , and can be used to transliterate "phi" in loanwords from Greek. In German, the digraph is common, representing a labial affricate .


title: P

text: Most English words beginning with are of foreign origin, primarily French, Latin and Greek; these languages preserve Proto-Indo-European initial *p. Native English cognates of such words often start with , since English is a Germanic language and thus has undergone Grimm's law; a native English word with initial would reflect Proto-Indo-European initial *b, which is so rare that its existence as a phoneme is disputed.


title: P

text: However, native English words with non-initial are quite common; such words can come from either Kluge's law or the consonant cluster (PIE *p has been preserved after s).


title: P

text: A bold italic letter is used in musical notation as a dynamic indicator for "quiet". It stands for the Italian word "piano".


title: P

text: The Latin letter P represents the same sound as the Greek letter Pi, but it looks like the Greek letter Rho.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: The magazine has sold over 7.5billion copies since 1968, making it the best-selling comic/manga magazine, ahead of competitors such as "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" and "Weekly Shōnen Sunday". The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine's circulation was at its highest, 6.53million copies per week, with a total readership of people in Japan. Throughout 2021, it had an average circulation of over copies per week. Many of the best-selling manga series originate from "Weekly Shōnen Jump".


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "Weekly Shōnen Jump" has sister magazines such as "Jump SQ", created after the fall of "Monthly Shōnen Jump", "Ultra Jump", "Weekly Young Jump", virtual counterpart "Shōnen Jump+" which boasts its own exclusive titles, and "Saikyō Jump". The magazine has also had several international counterparts, including the current North American "Weekly Shonen Jump". It also spawned a crossover media franchise including anime and (since "Famicom Jump") which bring together various "Shōnen Jump" characters.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "Weekly Shōnen Jump" was launched by Shueisha on July 11, 1968, to compete with the already-successful "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" and "Weekly Shōnen Sunday". "Weekly Shōnen Jump"s sister publication was a manga magazine called "Shōnen Book", which was originally a male version of the short-lived "shōjo" manga anthology "Shōjo Book". Prior to issue 20, "Weekly Shōnen Jump" was originally called simply "Shōnen Jump" as it was originally a bi-weekly magazine. In 1969, "Shōnen Book" ceased publication at which time "Shōnen Jump" became a weekly magazine and a new monthly magazine called "Bessatsu Shōnen Jump" was made to take "Shōnen Book"s place. This magazine was later rebranded as "Monthly Shōnen Jump" before eventually being discontinued and replaced by "Jump SQ".


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: Hiroki Goto was appointed chief editor in 1986 and remained in the position until 1993. His tenure saw significant increases in circulation, and the serialization of numerous popular series. When asked about the period, Goto stated: “We only tried to create manga that everybody can enjoy. There were no specific rules. Idol and tabloid magazines dominated in the Media & Entertainment industry at that time and we aimed to stand out from the crowd by using only manga as our weapon.” "", released in 1988 for the Family Computer was produced to commemorate the magazine's 20th anniversary. It was followed by a sequel: "" in 1991, also for the Family Computer.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: Shōnen Jump's circulation continued to increase year on year until 1995, peaking at 6.53 million copies. By 1998, circulation had dropped to 4.15 million copies, a decline in part ascribed to the conclusion of popular manga series "Dragon Ball" and "Slam Dunk". The magazine peaked with a total readership of people in Japan during the early 1990s.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: Circulation for the magazine continued to decline through the early 2000s, before reaching some stability around 2005, well below its earlier peak. In 2000, two more games were created for the purpose of commemorating the magazine's anniversaries. A crossover fighting game titled "Jump Super Stars" was released for the Nintendo DS in 2005. It was followed by "Jump Ultimate Stars" in 2006. Due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the shipment of the 15th issue of 2011 was delayed in some areas of Japan. In response, Shueisha published the series included in that issue for free on its website from March 23 to April 27.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: On July 11, 2013, the Namco Bandai Group opened an amusement park themed around "Weekly Shōnen Jump" series. Titled J-World Tokyo, it is located on the third floor of the Sunshine City World Import Mart Building in Ikebukuro and is 1.52 acres. In celebration of the magazine's 45th anniversary in 2013, Shueisha began a contest where anyone can submit manga in three different languages, Japanese, English and Chinese. Judged by the magazine's editorial department, four awards will be given, a grand prize and one for each language, each including 500,000 yen (about US$4,900) and guaranteed publication in either "Jump", its special editions, North American edition, China's "OK! Comic", or Taiwan's "Formosa Youth".


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: A mobile phone app titled "Jump Live" was launched in August 2013, it features exclusive content from the artists whose series run in "Weekly Shōnen Jump". On September 22, 2014, the free mobile app and website was launched in Japan. It sells digital versions of the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine, simultaneous with its print release, and "tankōbon" volumes of individual "Jump" series past and present. However, it also has large samples of the manga that can be read for free. There are also series that are serialized exclusively on the app, such as "Marvel × Shōnen Jump+ Super Collaboration"; unlike those in "Weekly Shōnen Jump", these series may be aimed at adult men or women. These exclusive series are later published in print "tankōbon" volumes under the Jump Comics+ imprint. In 2019, the "Shōnen Jump+" website and app had about 2.4 million active users. As of January 2020, the app had been downloaded more than 13 million times.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: As the magazine shifted towards digital provision, print circulation once again began to decline. By 2017, print circulation was down to under two million, less than a third of its peak during the golden age. This decline follows similar trends seen by other magazines in the sector.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: A new crossover game, "J-Stars Victory Vs.", was released in 2014 for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita to commemorate Jump's 45 anniversary. In June 2018, a limited 50th Anniversary "Shōnen Jump" Edition of the Famicom Mini (NES Classic Edition) game console was released in Japan. It sold 110,000 units in two days.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: On January 28, 2019, Shueisha launched the global English-language version of "Shōnen Jump+", titled "Manga Plus". It is freely available in every country except China and South Korea, which have their own separate services. A Spanish-language version was launched in February 2019, and has a different library of content. Like the Japanese app, it has large samples of manga that can be read for free including all the current titles of "Weekly Shōnen Jump", a sizeable number of titles from "Shōnen Jump+" and some titles from "Jump Square". However, unlike the Japanese version, the latest chapters of current "Weekly Shōnen Jump" manga are made available free for a limited-time and it does not sell content.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "Weekly Shōnen Jump", in association with parent company Shueisha, holds annual competitions for new or up and coming manga artists to create one-shot stories. The best are put to a panel of judges (including manga artists past and present) where the best are given a special award for the best of these new series. The "Tezuka Award", named for manga pioneer Osamu Tezuka, is given for all different styles of stories. The "Akatsuka Award", named for gag manga pioneer Fujio Akatsuka, is a similar competition for comedy and gag manga. Many "Weekly Shōnen Jump" manga artists have gotten their start either winning or being acknowledged by these competitions.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "WSJ" is also the center of the Shueisha's branding of its main manga products due to the popularity and recognition of the series and characters published in it. Although the manga are published both in the main magazine as well as in the "Jump Comics" imprint line of "tankōbon", they also are republished in various other editions such as "kanzenban" and "Remixes" of the original work, usually publishing series older or previously established series. The Jump brand is also used on the "tankōbon" released of their manga series, related drama CDs, and at "Jump Festa", a festival showing off the people and products behind the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" manga titles.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "Weekly Shōnen Jump" is the bestselling manga magazine in Japan. In 1982, "Weekly Shōnen Jump" had a circulation of 2.55 million. By 1995, circulation numbers swelled to 6.53 million. The magazine's former editor-in-chief Masahiko Ibaraki (2003–2008) stated this was due to the magazine including "hit titles such as "Dragon Ball", "Slam Dunk", and others." After hitting this peak, the circulation numbers continued to drop. 1998's New Year's issue was the first time in 24 years that "Weekly Shōnen Jump" lost as the highest selling "shōnen" manga magazine (4.15 million copies sold), ceding to "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" (4.45 million). It was not until 2007 that the magazine saw its first increase in 11 years, from 2.75 million to 2.78 million, an increase that Ibaraki credited to "One Piece".


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: By publishing "shōnen" manga, the magazine is targeted to young teen males. However, Index Digital reported in 2005 that the favorite non-"shōjo" magazine of elementary and middle school-aged female readers is "Weekly Shōnen Jump" at 61.9%. Strengthening it, Oricon conducted a poll among 2,933 female Japanese readers on their favorite manga magazines in 2007. "Weekly Shōnen Jump" was the number one answer, with "One Piece", "Death Note", and "The Prince of Tennis" cited as the reasons. In 2009, it was reported that 62.9% of the magazine's readers were under the age of fourteen. However, in 2019 Shueisha revealed that its largest demographic of 27.4% was aged 25 or older.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: There are currently twenty-four manga titles being serialized in "Weekly Shōnen Jump". Out of them, "RuriDragon" is on hiatus, "Hunter × Hunter" is serialized on an irregular basis and "Burn the Witch"s continuation is yet to be announced.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: is a special seasonal offshoot of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" launched on July 20, 2016. Its original predecessor started in 1969 as a regular special issue of the bi-weekly "Shōnen Jump". When "Shōnen Jump" became a weekly publication and was renamed "Weekly Shōnen Jump" in October of that same year, the special issue changed to a quarterly release and kept the shorter name. In the mid-1980s, the magazine took on the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" name with each issue subtitled the Spring, Summer, Autumn, or Winter "Special". Beginning in 1996, it was published three times a year for Golden Week, Obon and New Years under the name until April 30, 2010, when it was renamed . In 2012 it returned to a quarterly schedule. A second exclamation point was added to the title in March 2014, when it switched to a bi-monthly release. After relaunching as "Jump Giga", the magazine published four issues or "volumes" in 2016 and 2017, six in 2018 and 2019 (three in summer and three in winter), and seems to have returned to a seasonal quarterly release since 2020.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "Jump Giga" features many amateur manga artists who get their one-shots published in the magazine. It also puts additional one-shot titles by professional manga artists, which promote upcoming series to be published in the main magazine. It has also featured the last chapters of cancelled series from "Weekly Shōnen Jump," such as "Enigma" and "Magico". It also features yonkoma of popular series such as "Death Note" and "Naruto", as well as the pilot chapter of "Bleach". "Jump Next!" has had several other past special versions:


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: was originally an offshoot of the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine in a special issue called . The special issues lasted from 1992 through 1993. "V Jump" became its own independent anthology in 1993 for coverage of games, including video and card games.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: was also originally an offshoot of the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine in a special issue called . The magazine was published from 1968 to 1988, when it became a separate anthology for "seinen" manga.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: Jump VS was a special issue of "Weekly Shōnen Jump", published on March 22, 2013. The issue focused on "battle manga" and included 12 one-shots.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: Manga titles from "Weekly Shōnen Jump" are translated into many foreign languages, and some even have their own separate version of the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" anthology. "Weekly Shōnen Jump" manga are also published in many other countries where the magazine itself is not published, like the United Kingdom, Argentina, Mexico, Spain, Australia, and South Korea.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "Shonen Jump", published in North America by Viz Media, debuted in November 2002, with a January 2003 cover date. Though based on "Weekly Shōnen Jump", the English language "Shonen Jump" is retooled for English readers and the American audience and is published monthly, instead of weekly. It features serialized chapters from seven manga series, and articles on Japanese language and culture, manga, anime, video games, and figurines. In conjunction with the magazine, Viz launched new imprints for releasing media related to the series presented in the magazine, and other "shōnen" works. This includes two new manga imprints, an anime DVD imprint, a fiction line for releasing light novels, a label for fan and data books, and a label for the release of art books.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: Prior to the magazine's launch, Viz launched an extensive marketing campaign to promote the magazine and help it succeed where other manga anthologies in North America have failed. Shueisha purchased an equity interest in Viz to help fund the venture, and Cartoon Network, Suncoast, and Diamond Distributors became promotional partners in the magazine. The first issue required three printings to meet demand, with over 300,000 copies sold. It was awarded the ICv2 "Comic Product of the Year" award in December 2002, and continued to enjoy high sales with a monthly circulation of 215,000 in 2008. "Shonen Jump" was discontinued in April 2012 in favor of its digital successor, "Weekly Shonen Jump". With it ending in an incomplete, but yet almost complete picture spine of the Naruto splash page of ""Declaration of War"" on the side of each said magazine.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "Weekly Shonen Jump", Viz Media's successor to the monthly print anthology "Shonen Jump", was a North American digital shōnen manga anthology published simultaneously with the Japanese editions of "Weekly Shōnen Jump", in part to combat the copyright violation of manga through bootleg scanlation services. It began serialization on January 30, 2012, as "Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha" with a lineup of six titles and new issues published online two weeks after Japanese release, but within a year had expanded to twelve ongoing series, and on January 21, 2013, it underwent a rebranding and transitioned to simultaneous publication with Japan.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "Banzai!" is a German-language version of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" published by Carlsen Verlag that was published from 2001 through December 2005 before being canceled. In addition to the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" manga series, the magazine also included original German language manga-influenced comics. The magazine competed as a sister publication to a "shōjo" anthology called "Daisuki". It had a circulation of 140,000 copies.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "Rèmén Shàonián Top" (熱門少年TOP) is the former weekly Chinese-language version of "Weekly Shōnen Jump", published in Taiwan by Da Ran Publishing. In the 1990s Da Ran went bankrupt and the magazine had to cease publication. "Rèmén Shàonián Top" serialized series such as "Yu-Gi-Oh!", "Tottemo! Luckyman", "Hikaru no Go", and "One Piece" as well as several other domestic manhua.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "Formosa Youth" (寶島少年 "Báodǎo Shàonián") is the current weekly Chinese version of "Weekly Shōnen Jump". "Formosa Youth" features various series from "Weekly Shōnen Jump". The "Formosa Youth" magazine translates "Weekly Shōnen Jump" manga up to date. A sister publication of "Formosa Youth" is "Dragon Youth Comic" (龍少年 "Lóng Shàonián"), which specializes in domestic manhua. In 1977, the Tong Li company was created and founded by Fang Wan-Nan which created bootlegs, this ended in 1992. A law in Taiwan restricted the act of bootlegging all manga. During 1992, Tong Li created many manga and manhua magazines, "New Youth Bulletin", "Youth Comic", "Margaret Girl", "Dragon Youth Comic", and "Formosa Youth". Some series like "One Piece" and "Hikaru no Go" were first published in the manga/manhua magazine "Rèmén Shàonián Top" (熱門少年TOP) by Da Ran Publishing, but when Daran Publishing went bankrupt the series were transferred to "Formosa Youth".


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "EX-am" is the Hong Kong version of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" published by Culturecom Holdings's comic division Culturecom Comics, the largest comic distributors in all of Asia. The magazine published "Hunter × Hunter", "Captain Tsubasa" and "Dragon Ball"—which holds the highest circulation of manga in Hong Kong, alongside the highest of domestic manhua which would be "".


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "C-Kids" (ซีคิดส์ "See Kít") is the Thai language "Weekly Shōnen Jump" published by Siam Inter Comics. "C-Kids" publishes many "Weekly Shōnen Jump" series such as "One Piece, Gintama" along with many original manga-influenced comics from the division Cartoon Thai Studio like "EXEcutional".


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "Boom" (บูม) is another Thai language "Weekly Shōnen Jump" published by Nation Edutainment. "Boom" publishes many "Weekly Shōnen Jump" series such as "Naruto", "Death Note" along with many original manga-influenced comics from Factory Studio like "Meed Thii Sib-Sam" and "Apaimanee Saga".


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: In November 2004, Manga Media began publication of a Swedish language version of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" in Sweden, called "Shonen Jump" as a sister publication to their existing magazines "Manga Mania" and "Shojo Stars". The magazine included chapters from various popular "Weekly Shōnen Jump" titles including "Bleach", "Naruto", "Shaman King", and "Yu-Gi-Oh!". In November 2007, after 37 issues published, Manga Media ceased publication of the magazine. It had a circulation of 30,000 copies.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: A Norwegian language edition of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" began publication in Norway in March 2005. Published by Schibsted Forlagene, the Norwegian edition was a direct translation of Bonnier's Swedish version of the magazine, containing the same series and titles. When Bonnier lost the license for "Weekly Shōnen Jump", the Norwegian version also ceased publication, with the last issue released on February 26, 2007. They also created two short lived book imprints: "En Bok Fra Shonen Jump" (a book from Shonen Jump) for profile books and "Dragon Ball Ekstra" (Dragon Ball Extra) a line specifically for manga written by Akira Toriyama. Also a film comic based on the "Dragon Ball Z" anime was released under the "TV Anime Comic" imprint.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: Jump Comics is used as an imprint label for publishing manga, most often for collected "tankōbon" volumes of manga series originally serialized in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" and other "Jump" magazines. The imprint is published in the U.S. under the names Shonen Jump and Shonen Jump Advanced. Shōnen Jump Advanced was created for the distribution of manga series considered more mature due to content or themes. Series released under SJA include "Eyeshield 21", "Ichigo 100%", "Pretty Face", "I"s", "Hunter × Hunter", "Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo" (first edition) and "Death Note".


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: "Weekly Shōnen Jump" formerly ran a manga line of "aizōban" editions called Jump Comics Deluxe. Jump Comics+ is the imprint for all the manga series exclusively digitally released on the app and website "Shōnen Jump+" after the chapters of the series get reunited and released in print in "tankōbon" format. "Weekly Shōnen Jump" has also run a line of light novels and guidebooks called Jump J-Books. "Weekly Shōnen Jump" has also run a line "bunkobon" editions called Shueisha Comic Bunko. A line of large square-bound phone book size issues of early "Jump Comics" series named Shueisha Jump Remix has also been published.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine's circulation was at its highest, 6.53million copies per week, with a total readership of people in Japan. The magazine has sold over 7.5 billion copies since 1968, making it the best-selling comic/manga magazine, ahead of competitors such as "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" and "Weekly Shōnen Sunday". Throughout 2019, it had an average circulation of over copies per week.


title: Weekly Shōnen Jump

text: The following table lists the manga series that have had the highest circulation in "Shōnen Jump" magazine. It lists the number of issues where they're serialized, and estimated circulation figures and sales revenue of those "Shōnen Jump" issues (based on the magazine circulation figures above). Of the series listed below, only "Bleach" and "Gintama" began their serialization after the conclusion of the golden age in the late 1990s.


title: RSS

text: RSS (RDF Site Summary or Really Simple Syndication) is a web feed that allows users and applications to access updates to websites in a standardized, computer-readable format. Subscribing to RSS feeds can allow a user to keep track of many different websites in a single news aggregator, which constantly monitor sites for new content, removing the need for the user to manually check them. News aggregators (or "RSS readers") can be built into a browser, installed on a desktop computer, or installed on a mobile device.


title: RSS

text: Websites usually use RSS feeds to publish frequently updated information, such as blog entries, news headlines, episodes of audio and video series, or for distributing podcasts. An RSS document (called "feed", "web feed", or "channel") includes full or summarized text, and metadata, like publishing date and author's name. RSS formats are specified using a generic XML file.


title: RSS

text: Although RSS formats have evolved from as early as March 1999, it was between 2005 and 2006 when RSS gained widespread use, and the ("") icon was decided upon by several major web browsers. RSS feed data is presented to users using software called a news aggregator and the passing of content is called web syndication. Users subscribe to feeds either by entering a feed's URI into the reader or by clicking on the browser's feed icon. The RSS reader checks the user's feeds regularly for new information and can automatically download it, if that function is enabled.


title: RSS

text: The RSS formats were preceded by several attempts at web syndication that did not achieve widespread popularity. The basic idea of restructuring information about websites goes back to as early as 1995, when Ramanathan V. Guha and others in Apple's Advanced Technology Group developed the Meta Content Framework.


title: RSS

text: RDF Site Summary, the first version of RSS, was created by Dan Libby and Ramanathan V. Guha at Netscape. It was released in March 1999 for use on the My.Netscape.Com portal. This version became known as RSS 0.9. In July 1999, Dan Libby of Netscape produced a new version, RSS 0.91,


title: RSS

text: which simplified the format by removing RDF elements and incorporating elements from Dave Winer's news syndication format.


title: RSS

text: Libby also renamed the format from RDF to RSS Rich Site Summary and outlined further development of the format in a "futures document".


title: RSS

text: This would be Netscape's last participation in RSS development for eight years. As RSS was being embraced by web publishers who wanted their feeds to be used on My.Netscape.Com and other early RSS portals, Netscape dropped RSS support from My.Netscape.Com in April 2001 during new owner AOL's restructuring of the company, also removing documentation and tools that supported the format.


title: RSS

text: Two parties emerged to fill the void, with neither Netscape's help nor approval: The RSS-DEV Working Group and Dave Winer, whose UserLand Software had published some of the first publishing tools outside Netscape that could read and write RSS.


title: RSS

text: Winer published a modified version of the RSS 0.91 specification on the UserLand website, covering how it was being used in his company's products, and claimed copyright to the document. A few months later, UserLand filed a U.S. trademark registration for RSS, but failed to respond to a USPTO trademark examiner's request and the request was rejected in December 2001.


title: RSS

text: The RSS-DEV Working Group, a project whose members included Aaron Swartz, Guha and representatives of O'Reilly Media and Moreover, produced RSS 1.0 in December 2000. This new version, which reclaimed the name RDF Site Summary from RSS 0.9, reintroduced support for RDF and added XML namespaces support, adopting elements from standard metadata vocabularies such as Dublin Core.


title: RSS

text: a minor set of changes aside from the introduction of the enclosure element, which permitted audio files to be carried in RSS feeds and helped spark podcasting. He also released drafts of RSS 0.93 and RSS 0.94 that were subsequently withdrawn.


title: RSS

text: In September 2002, Winer released a major new version of the format, RSS 2.0, that redubbed its initials Really Simple Syndication. RSS 2.0 removed the "type" attribute added in the RSS 0.94 draft and added support for namespaces. To preserve backward compatibility with RSS 0.92, namespace support applies only to other content included within an RSS 2.0 feed, not the RSS 2.0 elements themselves. (Although other standards such as Atom attempt to correct this limitation, RSS feeds are not aggregated with other content often enough to shift the popularity from RSS to other formats having full namespace support.)


title: RSS

text: Because neither Winer nor the RSS-DEV Working Group had Netscape's involvement, they could not make an official claim on the RSS name or format. This has fueled ongoing controversy in the syndication development community as to which entity was the proper publisher of RSS.


title: RSS

text: One product of that contentious debate was the creation of an alternative syndication format, Atom, that began in June 2003. The Atom syndication format, whose creation was in part motivated by a desire to get a clean start free of the issues surrounding RSS, has been adopted as IETF Proposed Standard .


title: RSS

text: In July 2003, Winer and UserLand Software assigned the copyright of the RSS 2.0 specification to Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, where he had just begun a term as a visiting fellow. At the same time, Winer launched the RSS Advisory Board with Brent Simmons and Jon Udell, a group whose purpose was to maintain and publish the specification and answer questions about the format.


title: RSS

text: In September 2004, Stephen Horlander created the now ubiquitous RSS icon () for use in the Mozilla Firefox browser.


title: RSS

text: Microsoft Outlook team announced on their blogs that they were adopting Firefox's RSS icon. In February 2006, Opera Software followed suit. This effectively made the orange square with white radio waves the industry standard for RSS and Atom feeds, replacing the large variety of icons and text that had been used previously to identify syndication data.


title: RSS

text: In January 2006, Rogers Cadenhead relaunched the RSS Advisory Board without Dave Winer's participation, with a stated desire to continue the development of the RSS format and resolve ambiguities. In June 2007, the board revised their version of the specification to confirm that namespaces may extend core elements with namespace attributes, as Microsoft has done in Internet Explorer 7. According to their view, a difference of interpretation left publishers unsure of whether this was permitted or forbidden.


title: RSS

text: RSS is XML-formatted plain text. The RSS format itself is relatively easy to read both by automated processes and by humans alike. An example feed could have contents such as the following:


title: RSS

text: When retrieved, RSS reading software could use the XML structure to present a neat display to the end users. There are various news aggregator software for desktop and mobile devices, but RSS can also be built-in inside web browsers or email clients like Mozilla Thunderbird.


title: RSS

text: Later versions in each branch are backward-compatible with earlier versions (aside from non-conformant RDF syntax in 0.90), and both versions include properly documented extension mechanisms using XML Namespaces, either directly (in the 2.* branch) or through RDF (in the 1.* branch). Most syndication software supports both branches. "The Myth of RSS Compatibility", an article written in 2004 by RSS critic and Atom advocate Mark Pilgrim, discusses RSS version compatibility issues in more detail.


title: RSS

text: The extension mechanisms make it possible for each branch to copy innovations in the other. For example, the RSS 2.* branch was the first to support enclosures, making it the current leading choice for podcasting, and is the format supported for that use by iTunes and other podcasting software; however, an enclosure extension is now available for the RSS 1.* branch, mod_enclosure. Likewise, the RSS 2.* core specification does not support providing full-text in addition to a synopsis, but the RSS 1.* markup can be (and often is) used as an extension. There are also several common outside extension packages available, e.g. one from Microsoft for use in Internet Explorer 7.


title: RSS

text: The most serious compatibility problem is with HTML markup. Userland's RSS reader—generally considered as the reference implementation—did not originally filter out HTML markup from feeds. As a result, publishers began placing HTML markup into the titles and descriptions of items in their RSS feeds. This behavior has become expected of readers, to the point of becoming a de facto standard. Though there is still some inconsistency in how software handles this markup, particularly in titles. The RSS 2.0 specification was later updated to include examples of entity-encoded HTML; however, all prior plain text usages remain valid.


title: RSS

text: , tracking data from www.syndic8.com indicates that the three main versions of RSS in current use are 0.91, 1.0, and 2.0, constituting 13%, 17%, and 67% of worldwide RSS usage, respectively. These figures, however, do not include usage of the rival web feed format Atom. , the syndic8.com website is indexing 546,069 total feeds, of which 86,496 (16%) were some dialect of Atom and 438,102 were some dialect of RSS.


title: RSS

text: The primary objective of all RSS modules is to extend the basic XML schema established for more robust syndication of content. This inherently allows for more diverse, yet standardized, transactions without modifying the core RSS specification.


title: RSS

text: To accomplish this extension, a tightly controlled vocabulary (in the RSS world, "module"; in the XML world, "schema") is declared through an XML namespace to give names to concepts and relationships between those concepts.


title: RSS

text: Although the number of items in an RSS channel is theoretically unlimited, some news aggregators do not support RSS files larger than 150KB. For example, applications that rely on the Common Feed List of Windows might handle such files as if they were corrupt, and not open them. Interoperability can be maximized by keeping the file size under this limit.


title: RSS

text: Podcasts are distributed using RSS. To listen to a podcast, a user adds the RSS feed to their podcast client, and the client can then list available episodes and download or stream them for listening or viewing. To be included in a podcast directory the feed must for each episode provide a title, description, artwork, category, language, and explicit rating. There are some services that specifically indexes and is a search engine for podcasts.


title: RSS

text: Some BitTorrent clients support RSS. RSS feeds which provide links to .torrent files allow users to subscribe and automatically download content as soon as it is published.


title: RSS

text: Some services deliver RSS to an email inbox, sending updates from user's personal selection and schedules. Examples of such services include IFTTT, Zapier and others. Conversely, some services deliver email to RSS readers. Further services like e. g. Gmane allow to subscribe to feeds via NNTP.


title: RSS

text: Both RSS and Atom are widely supported and are compatible with all major consumer feed readers. RSS gained wider use because of early feed reader support. Technically, Atom has several advantages: less restrictive licensing, IANA-registered MIME type, XML namespace, URI support, RELAX NG support.


title: RSS

text: Note: the asterisk character (*) indicates that an element must be provided (Atom elements "author" and "link" are only required under certain conditions).


title: RSS

text: Several major sites such as Facebook and Twitter previously offered RSS feeds but have reduced or removed support. Additionally, widely used readers such as Shiira, FeedDemon, and particularly Google Reader have been discontinued as of 2013 having cited declining popularity in RSS. RSS support was removed in OS X Mountain Lion's versions of Mail and Safari, although the features were partially restored in Safari 8. Mozilla removed RSS support from Mozilla Firefox version 64.0, joining Google Chrome and Microsoft Edge which do not include RSS support, thus leaving Internet Explorer as the last major browser to include RSS support by default. Google Podcasts has proven to be a popular podcast service using RSS.


title: RSS

text: Since the late 2010s there has been an uptick in RSS interest again. In 2018, "Wired" published an article named "It's Time for an RSS Revival", citing that RSS gives more control over content compared to algorithms and trackers from social media sites. At that time, Feedly was the most popular RSS reader. Chrome on Android has added the ability to follow RSS feeds in 2021.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Amy Christine Dumas (; born April 14, 1975), known professionally as Lita, is an American professional wrestler.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Often regarded as one of the greatest women's performers, she is also one of the most popular female superstars in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2014. She is considered one of the icons of the Attitude Era.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Initially using the name of Angelica, Dumas started her wrestling career in Mexico with the Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) in 1998, followed by briefly working on the US independent circuit in early 1999, and then working for 6 months in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). Dumas then signed with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, later WWE) in August 1999, debuting in February 2000 as Lita. Originally, she was paired with Essa Rios, but she achieved her greatest push alongside Matt and Jeff Hardy as Team Xtreme, and in 2005–2006 was a heel wrestler, including as a manager to Edge. She is a four-time WWE Women's Champion.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: After her first retirement in 2006, she formed the punk rock band The Luchagors. The band released their self-titled debut album on September 11, 2007.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Amy Christine Dumas was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida to Christine and Michael Dumas on April 14, 1975. She attended many different schools around Florida throughout her childhood and adolescent years and managed to finish high school at Lassiter High School near Atlanta six months before graduation. She majored in education at Georgia State University, but dropped out in 1993 because she felt it was too much like high school.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Later, in Washington, D.C., Dumas played bass guitar in several bands, and worked as a roadie for a band.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Dumas first became interested in wrestling after watching Rey Mysterio Jr., an American luchador, wrestle on an episode of World Championship Wrestling's (WCW) "Monday Nitro". She traveled to Mexico in 1997 to learn more about the sport and how to wrestle. Dumas financed her training by dancing in a club under the pseudonym Misty. During her stay in Mexico, Dumas trained under numerous wrestlers, including El Dandy, Kevin Quinn and Ricky Santana. Following the completion of her training, Dumas made several appearances with the Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre in 1998, under the ring name of Angelica.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: After returning to the United States, Dumas continued working as a valet on the independent circuit as Angelica. She made her wrestling debut in a match against indie wrestler Strawberry Fields on January 9, 1999, where she won the match. She worked in Maryland Championship Wrestling (MCW), at one point managing Christopher Daniels. She also made appearances in NWA Mid-Atlantic, where she first met Matt and Jeff Hardy, who offered to train with her.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: In April 1999, Dumas was approached by Paul Heyman, the owner and booker of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). Dumas debuted in ECW as Miss Congeniality, the on-screen girlfriend of Danny Doring. Dumas later began using the name Angelica once again and made her pay-per-view debut on July 18 at Heat Wave where Doring, as part of their storyline, proposed to her with a condom.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Dumas was introduced to veteran wrestler Dory Funk, Jr. by ECW wrestler Rob Van Dam, and Funk invited her to attend his wrestling school, The Funkin' Conservatory. Dumas attended Funk's school alongside twenty-three men, graduated from the school in August 1999, and returned to ECW. Meanwhile, Funk and his wife compiled video footage of Dumas and sent it to the World Wrestling Federation. The Federation was sufficiently impressed, and on August 1, 1999, Dumas was signed to a WWF developmental deal. After six months with ECW, she made her final appearance on October 23, 1999, at Re-enter the Sandman.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: After honing her skills at the Memphis Championship Wrestling developmental territory, Dumas was given the ring name Lita and paired with luchador Essa Rios. Lita and Rios made their WWF debut on the February 13, 2000, episode of Sunday Night Heat, where Rios was booked to win the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship from Gillberg (it was only by watching the episode that the two learned their new ring names, decided post-production). Lita mimicked his moves, notably the moonsault and hurricanrana, immediately after he had performed them on an opponent. Essa Rios and Lita had a feud with Eddie Guerrero and Chyna which led to a European title match between Ríos and then-champion Guerrero at Backlash. In May 2000, a storyline was developed in which Lita found Rios cavorting with The Godfather and his "hos", causing tension between them. Rios eventually turned on Lita by powerbombing her after she inadvertently cost him a match, with the Hardy Boyz coming to her rescue.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: As a member of Team Xtreme, Lita developed a more "alternative" image, wearing baggy pants with a thong, which was hiked up high above her pants, clearly exposed—right after she joined Team Xtreme, her popularity skyrocketed. During her time with Team Xtreme, Lita became the only female to ever be physically involved in Tables, Ladders, and Chairs matches in the WWF, effectively interfering at TLC I at Summerslam and TLC II at WrestleMania X-Seven on the Hardy Boyz’ behalf- but her interference was often short-lived as she was brutally Speared at ringside by Edge and 3-D’ed by the Dudley Boyz.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: In June 2000, Team Xtreme began a storyline with T & A (Test and Albert), with Lita engaging in a rivalry with their manager, Trish Stratus. The rivalry developed into an off-and-on long-term feud between the two women that lasted until Stratus retired in 2006. The storyline ended shortly after Fully Loaded, where Lita pinned Stratus in a six-person intergender tag team match. The two rivals were then part of the main event of the July 31, 2000, edition of Raw in Lita's hometown of Atlanta, which was a tag team match between Lita & The Rock vs Stratus & Triple H, which Lita and The Rock won. Subsequently, Lita began feuding with WWF Women's Champion Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley after winning the first-ever women's battle royal against the likes of Ivory, Jacqueline, Terri and The Kat. In the main event of the August 21, 2000 episode of "Raw is War" (her second main event in 3 weeks), Lita defeated Stephanie with a moonsault to win the Women's Championship for the first time, with The Rock as special guest referee.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Lita held the Women's Championship for 73 days, which included retaining her title in a hardcore match against Jacqueline on October 9. In the course of her reign, Lita became embroiled in the storyline feud between the Hardy Boyz and Edge and Christian. In retaliation for her frequent interference in their matches, Edge and Christian cost Lita the Women's Championship by side-slamming her into the mat, helping Ivory to defeat her in a four-way match on the November 2 episode of "SmackDown!" Ivory was in a conservative-based stable named Right to Censor at that time, which targeted Lita for her attire and moves. Lita attempted to regain the title on several occasions, wrestling Ivory in a match at Survivor Series where Ivory cut Lita's lower forehead open with her boot heel and she bled heavily, and then another match at Rebellion but Lita was thwarted on each occasion by Stevie Richards, Ivory's mentor. She spent the remainder of the year in a storyline with would-be suitor Dean Malenko, on one occasion unsuccessfully challenging him for the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship. Even after repeated rejections from Lita followed by savage beatings by the Hardy Boyz, Malenko was undeterred in his quest to win Lita's affections.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Lita continued to feud with Dean Malenko in early 2001, and she defeated him in a singles bout on the February 19 episode of "Raw is War" with the assistance of Matt Hardy. Following the match, Hardy kissed Lita, beginning their on-screen relationship and turning their real-life romance into a storyline. On the April 9 edition of "Raw is War", she took part in another WWF main event as part of Team Xtreme against a tag team of Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley and the Two Man Power Trip (Stone Cold Steve Austin and Triple H). They won the match, but Lita took a brutal beating after the match, where she was Pedigreed by Triple H, and Austin hit her 4 times in the back with a steel-folding chair and finished her off with a Stunner; Austin had just turned heel and this was an attempt to generate even more heat towards the ultra-popular wrestler by beating up the most popular female wrestler in the WWF at the time.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: In July 2001, Lita and Trish Stratus joined forces to combat Stacy Keibler and Torrie Wilson, members of The Alliance: Extreme Championship Wrestling and World Championship Wrestling wrestlers who were invading the WWF as part of The Invasion storyline. At the Invasion pay-per-view on July 22, Lita and Stratus defeated Keibler and Wilson in the first ever tag team bra and panties match by stripping their opponents to their underwear. Throughout The Invasion, Lita, Stratus, and Jacqueline feuded with Alliance members Keibler, Wilson, Ivory, and Mighty Molly. The Invasion storyline ended on November 18 at Survivor Series, where Lita took part in a six-pack challenge for the WWF Women's Championship, which had been vacated by Chyna earlier that month; Stratus won the match and the title.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: In late 2001, the Hardy Boyz began a storyline in which they were feuding with one another. Lita refereed a match between them at Vengeance on December 9. Jeff won the match with a scripted finish that had Lita failing to notice that Matt had placed his leg on the rope during Jeff's successful pin attempt. Continuing the storyline on the following episode of "Raw", Matt defeated Lita and Jeff in a handicap match, shortly after informing Lita that both their relationship and the Hardy Boyz were finished. On the December 17 episode of "Raw", both Jeff and Lita were sidelined with storyline injuries following a hardcore title match between Jeff and WWF Hardcore Champion The Undertaker, when they were both tossed off the stage by The Undertaker. The injuring of both his brother and ex-girlfriend led to a reconciliation between the members of Team Xtreme, and on the December 20 episode of "SmackDown!", Matt faced The Undertaker but was also injured. All three members of Team Xtreme were then removed from WWF television for several weeks.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Team Xtreme returned at the Royal Rumble event in January, with the Hardys as participants and Lita accompanying them. The trio attacked The Undertaker, but were unsuccessful in eliminating him. Lita resumed her pursuit of the WWF Women's Championship and made her in-ring WrestleMania debut at WrestleMania X8 on March 17, facing Stratus and WWF Women's Champion Jazz in a match in which Jazz retained her title by pinning Lita.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: On April 6, Dumas suffered what appeared to be a stinger while filming a fight scene for a role in the season finale of the television program "Dark Angel". The rehearsal required that she practice the hurricanrana that would be used in the episode, however, the stunt double Dumas was working with dropped her as she swung through the move, causing her to land on her neck and shoulders. After she underwent a CAT scan, it was revealed that she had suffered three cracks in her vertebrae, necessitating surgery. On April 30, Dumas underwent neck surgery under Dr. Lloyd Youngblood, during which he used a section of her hip to fuse her C5 and C6 vertebrae together. She spent the subsequent year rehabilitating, making appearances on "Sunday Night Heat" as a color commentator, beginning in October 2002. During her time recovering, Matt and Jeff split thus ending Team Xtreme; Jeff would leave the WWE the following year and Matt would move to Smackdown.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: On the April 21, 2003, episode of "Raw", as part of a new storyline, she was fired from her position on commentary by general manager Eric Bischoff after she rejected his advances and his request that she follow in the footsteps of "SmackDown!"'s Torrie Wilson and pose for "Playboy". She returned to the ring after an absence of seventeen months on the September 15 episode of "Raw", saving Trish Stratus from a beating at the hands of Molly Holly and Gail Kim. Co-general manager Stone Cold Steve Austin later explained to Eric Bischoff that he had rehired Lita. Lita and Stratus went on to defeat Holly and Kim in a tag team match on September 21 at Unforgiven. Lita feuded with Holly into late 2003, unsuccessfully challenging her for the Women's Championship on November 16 at Survivor Series. On the November 17 episode of "Raw", Lita and Matt Hardy were reunited after Hardy was moved from "SmackDown!" to "Raw". Continuing the storyline, Holly interrupted as Hardy was about to propose to Lita, challenging the duo to face her and Bischoff in an intergender tag team match later that evening. Bischoff later added the stipulation that Lita would earn a title shot if she won but would be fired if she lost. Hardy and Lita lost the match after Hardy refused to tag in, with Hardy berating Lita for "selfishly" returning to "Raw" instead of "SmackDown!", claiming that this showed that she cared more about the Women's Championship than about him. Lita was rehired later that evening when Christian informed her that he had used his Survivor Series favor to get Bischoff to reinstate her. One week later, Lita lost to Victoria in the first ever women's steel cage match in WWE history, due to interference from Hardy.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: As Lita and Christian appeared to be developing an on-screen relationship, so did Stratus and Chris Jericho. Subsequently, Stratus and Lita participated in an intergender tag team match as partners on the December 1 episode of "Raw". After the match, Stratus overheard Jericho talking to then-heel, Christian, about who could sleep with their respective woman first. One week later, Stratus and Lita confronted the men about their real intentions, leading to a feud between the two men and women which resulted in a "Battle of the Sexes" match at Armageddon, which the women lost. A rematch ended in a no contest the next night. On February 23, 2004, Lita was involved in a fatal-4-way elimination match for the Women's Championship which also included Molly Holly, Jazz, and Victoria, who won the match.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Lita competed in the women's division throughout early 2004, winning a battle royal to become the number one contender for the Women's Championship on the April 5 episode of "Raw". Victoria defeated Lita to retain the Women's Championship at Backlash on April 18. The next night on "Raw", Lita was reunited with Matt Hardy when Hardy attacked Kane in an attempt to prevent him from harming Lita, beginning a new storyline involving the trio. In the following weeks, Kane began repeatedly assaulting Hardy and attempting to seduce Lita. During the course of the storyline, he kidnapped Lita and held her tied up backstage, and he persuaded Eric Bischoff to give her a title shot at Bad Blood on June 13, where she was defeated by Trish Stratus in a Fatal Four Way match that also included Gail Kim and defending champion Victoria. The next night on "Raw", Lita revealed that she was pregnant. One week later, it appeared that Hardy was going to propose to Lita, but he was interrupted by Kane, who claimed to be the father of Lita's child. Two months later, it was revealed that Kane was, in fact, the father. Hardy and Kane feuded for several months, culminating in a "Till Death Do Us Part" match on August 15 at SummerSlam, with the stipulation that Lita would be obliged to marry the winner of the match. Kane won the match, leading to he and a reluctant Lita marrying one another on the August 23 episode of "Raw". Despite being married to Kane, Lita thwarted him during his matches, constantly aiding his opponents. On the September 13 episode of "Raw", Lita miscarried after Gene Snitsky struck Kane with a chair, resulting in him falling on Lita. The miscarriage led to Lita and Kane joining forces in order to take revenge on Snitsky.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: With the pregnancy storyline over, Lita returned to the women's division in November 2004. She began a feud with Trish Stratus, who had constantly degraded her during her pregnancy storyline. When Stratus referred to her as "chubby" because of her weight gain, she retaliated by attacking Stratus backstage due to no longer carrying a child. Lita challenged Stratus to a Women's Championship match at Survivor Series, however, due to the months of humiliation and being verbally berated by Stratus, Lita was more concerned with doing as much damage as possible, and she broke Stratus's nose during the match and attacked her with a chair, leading to her disqualification. This intense and violent match involved levels of physicality that had not been seen before in the women's division. The feud continued, and on December 6, Lita defeated Stratus in the main event of "Raw" to win her second WWE Women's Championship. During the course of the match, Lita botched a suicide dive to the outside when she over rotated by a fraction, barely escaping serious injury. This move was later used in the buildup to the title rematch she was booked for at New Year's Revolution against Stratus, who claimed, "Lita had to practically kill herself, just to beat me". In the course of the match, Lita legitimately tore her left ACL after executing a Thesz press off the ring apron, which left her unable to properly continue the match and led to a rushed finish, in which Stratus reclaimed the title.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Lita returned to WWE television in March 2005, mentoring Christy Hemme, who was in the midst of a storyline with Stratus that featured a title match between them at WrestleMania 21. Despite Lita's coaching, Hemme was defeated by Stratus. Lita continued to feud with Stratus by proxy over the following weeks, with Kane defeating Stratus' companion, Viscera, at Backlash on May 1.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: The relationship between Lita and Kane lasted until the May 16 episode of Raw, when Lita turned on Kane, helping Edge defeat him in the finals of the "Raw" Gold Rush Tournament, turning heel. On the May 30 episode of "Raw", Lita announced that she had filed for divorce, and said things such as Kane was like a 4th grader in the bedroom, that she would not have to deal with things such as his sweaty body, the "stupid little" laugh he does, and their wedding ring being flushed down a toilet. She then attempted to marry Edge on the June 20 episode of "Raw", but the marriage ceremony was interrupted by a vengeful Kane, who emerged from beneath the ring, destroyed the ceremony, and as Edge and Lita escaped from the ring, Kane tombstoned their priest. The storyline with Kane ended shortly thereafter.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: Off-screen, at this time, Dumas had been involved with Matt Hardy romantically, but began an affair with Adam Copeland (Edge), who was one of Hardy's closest friends. WWE then began to use the real-life issues between the three as an on-screen storyline. In April, Hardy was released from WWE for revealing the entire incident on his blog, only to be rehired several months later under constant outcry from fans from shows and pay-per-views every week for months on end. Lita had been one of the most popular performers in the WWE since the beginning of her association with the Hardy Boyz in 2000 and after Hardy was fired in April, her popularity had taken a massive dive. Starting with a RAW event at Madison Square Garden where after hobbling to the ring on a crutch to do a segment with heel Trish Stratus, she was booed heavily and fans chanted "You screwed Matt!" and "We want Matt!"- and Lita was still a face at this time. The booing and jeering got so bad that Stratus, angered by the abuse, went off script and berated the crowd; after the segment Dumas was shaken by the experience. Hardy was rehired in July (by which time Lita had turned heel) and would engage in a three-month feud with Edge, while Lita, awkwardly watching and sometimes interfering in these matches from ringside continued to act as Edge's valet. On the October 3 episode of "Raw", Edge, with the assistance of Lita, defeated Hardy in a ladder match, and Hardy was obligated to leave "Raw" as a stipulation of the match, ending their feud. Hardy went to "Smackdown!", and Edge defeated John Cena to win the WWE Championship on January 8 at New Year's Revolution.


title: Lita (wrestler)

text: In an interview conducted after the event, on WWE.com, Edge announced that he and Lita would have "hot, unbridled sex" in the middle of the ring on "Raw" the following night to celebrate his victory. On "Raw" that night in the family-friendly amusement park town of Hershey, Pennsylvania, Edge held up to that promise by engaging in foreplay with Lita in a bed inside the ring until they were interrupted by Ric Flair, who called Edge a disgrace and "that he was horrible in the sack." Flair, however, ended up on the receiving end of a con-chair-to on the announcers' table until Cena came out to Flair's aid and performed an FU on Lita. The "Live Sex Celebration" segment earned "Raw" a 5.2 rating, the highest "Raw" rating in over a year, leading Edge to call himself the "most watched champion ever". In 2021, Lita revealed that she was uncomfortable with the segment, but WWE threatened to fire her if she didn't do the segment. On the February 6 episode of "Raw", Lita teamed with Edge in a loss to Cena and Maria. She continued to manage Edge into mid-2006, frequently interfering on his behalf during his feud with Mick Foley. In May 2006, Foley joined forces with Edge and Lita, with the trio defeating Foley's ECW rivals Terry Funk, Tommy Dreamer, and Beulah McGillicutty in an impromptu six-person tag team match at One Night Stand.