title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: Others were less optimistic. Ramsey chose zero (a complete dud), Robert Oppenheimer chose , Kistiakowsky , and Bethe chose . Rabi, the last to arrive, took by default, which would win him the pool. In a video interview, Bethe stated that his choice of 8 kt was exactly the value calculated by Segrè, and he was swayed by Segrè's authority over that of a more junior [but unnamed] member of Segrè's group who had calculated 20 kt. Enrico Fermi offered to take wagers among the top physicists and military present on whether the atmosphere would ignite, and if so whether it would destroy just the state, or incinerate the entire planet. This last result had been previously calculated by Bethe to be almost impossible, although for a while it had caused some of the scientists some anxiety. Bainbridge was furious with Fermi for scaring the guards who, unlike the physicists, did not have the advantage of their knowledge about the scientific possibilities (some GIs had asked to be relieved from manning their stations). His own biggest fear was that nothing would happen, in which case he would have to head back to the tower to investigate.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: Julian Mack and Berlyn Brixner were responsible for photography. The photography group employed some fifty different cameras, taking motion and still photographs. Special Fastax cameras taking 10,000 frames per second would record the minute details of the explosion. Spectrograph cameras would record the wavelengths of light emitted by the explosion, and pinhole cameras would record gamma rays. A rotating drum spectrograph at the station would obtain the spectrum over the first hundredth of a second. Another, slow recording one would track the fireball. Cameras were placed in bunkers only from the tower, protected by steel and lead glass, and mounted on sleds so they could be towed out by the lead-lined tank. Some observers brought their own cameras despite the security. Segrè brought in Jack Aeby with his 35 mm Perfex 44. He would take the only known well-exposed color photograph of the detonation explosion.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: The scientists wanted good visibility, low humidity, light winds at low altitude, and westerly winds at high altitude for the test. The best weather was predicted between July 18 and 21, but the Potsdam Conference was due to start on July 16 and President Harry S. Truman wanted the test to be conducted before the conference began. It was therefore scheduled for July 16, the earliest date at which the bomb components would be available.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: The detonation was initially planned for 04:00 MWT but was postponed because of rain and lightning from early that morning. It was feared that the danger from radiation and fallout would be increased by rain, and lightning had the scientists concerned about a premature detonation. A crucial favorable weather report came in at 04:45, and the final twenty-minute countdown began at 05:10, read by Samuel Allison. By 05:30 the rain had gone. There were some communication problems. The shortwave radio frequency for communicating with the B-29s was shared with the Voice of America, and the FM radios shared a frequency with a railroad freight yard in San Antonio, Texas.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: Two circling B-29s observed the test, with Shields again flying the lead plane. They carried members of Project Alberta, who would carry out airborne measurements during the atomic missions. These included Captain Deak Parsons, the Associate Director of the Los Alamos Laboratory and the head of Project Alberta; Luis Alvarez, Harold Agnew, Bernard Waldman, Wolfgang Panofsky, and William Penney. The overcast sky obscured their view of the test site.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: At 05:29:21 MWT (± 15 seconds), the device exploded with an energy equivalent to . The desert sand, largely made of silica, melted and became a mildly radioactive light green glass, which was named trinitite. The explosion created a crater approximately deep and wide. The radius of the trinitite layer was approximately . At the time of detonation, the surrounding mountains were illuminated "brighter than daytime" for one to two seconds, and the heat was reported as "being as hot as an oven" at the base camp. The observed colors of the illumination changed from purple to green and eventually to white. The roar of the shock wave took 40 seconds to reach the observers. It was felt over away, and the mushroom cloud reached in height.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: In his official report on the test, Farrell (who initially exclaimed, "The long-hairs have let it get away from them!") wrote:


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: William L. Laurence of "The New York Times" had been transferred temporarily to the Manhattan Project at Groves's request in early 1945. Groves had arranged for Laurence to view significant events, including Trinity and the atomic bombing of Japan. Laurence wrote press releases with the help of the Manhattan Project's public relations staff. He later recalled that


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: After the initial euphoria of witnessing the explosion had passed, Bainbridge told Oppenheimer, "Now we are all sons of bitches." Rabi noticed Oppenheimer's reaction: "I'll never forget his walk"; Rabi recalled, "I'll never forget the way he stepped out of the car ... his walk was like "High Noon" ... this kind of strut. He had done it."


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: Oppenheimer later recalled that, while witnessing the explosion, he thought of a verse from a Hindu holy book, the "Bhagavad Gita" (XI,12):


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: John R. Lugo was flying a U.S. Navy transport at , east of Albuquerque, en route to the west coast. "My first impression was, like, the sun was coming up in the south. What a ball of fire! It was so bright it lit up the cockpit of the plane." Lugo radioed Albuquerque. He got no explanation for the blast but was told, "Don't fly south."


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: The T (Theoretical) Division at Los Alamos had predicted a yield of between . Immediately after the blast, the two lead-lined Sherman tanks made their way to the crater. Radiochemical analysis of soil samples that they collected indicated that the total yield (or energy release) had been around .


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: Fifty beryllium-copper diaphragm microphones were also used to record the pressure of the blast wave. These were supplemented by mechanical pressure gauges. These indicated a blast energy of ± , with only one of the mechanical pressure gauges working correctly that indicated .


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: Fermi prepared his own experiment to measure the energy that was released as blast. He later recalled that:


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: There were also several gamma ray and neutron detectors; few survived the blast, with all the gauges within of ground zero being destroyed, but sufficient data were recovered to measure the gamma ray component of the ionizing radiation released.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: The official estimate for the total yield of the Trinity gadget, which includes the energy of the blast component together with the contributions from the explosion's light output and both forms of ionizing radiation, is , of which about was contributed by fission of the plutonium core, and about was from fission of the natural uranium tamper. A re-analysis of data published in 2021 put the yield at .


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: As a result of the data gathered on the size of the blast, the detonation height for the bombing of Hiroshima was set at to take advantage of the mach stem blast reinforcing effect. The final Nagasaki burst height was so the Mach stem started sooner. The knowledge that implosion worked led Oppenheimer to recommend to Groves that the uranium-235 used in a Little Boy gun-type weapon could be used more economically in a composite core with plutonium. It was too late to do this with the first Little Boy, but the composite cores would soon enter production.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: Civilians noticed the bright lights and huge explosion. Groves, therefore, had the Second Air Force issue a press release with a cover story that he had prepared weeks before:


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: The press release was written by Laurence. He had prepared four releases, covering outcomes ranging from an account of a successful test (the one which was used) to catastrophic scenarios involving serious damage to surrounding communities, evacuation of nearby residents, and a placeholder for the names of those killed. As Laurence was a witness to the test he knew that the last release, if used, might be his own obituary. A newspaper article published the same day stated that "the blast was seen and felt throughout an area extending from El Paso to Silver City, Gallup, Socorro, and Albuquerque." An Associated Press article quoted a partially blind woman, Georgia Green, being driven to class away near Lemitar who felt the flash and asked "What's that?" The articles appeared in New Mexico, but East Coast newspapers ignored them.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: Information about the Trinity test was made public shortly after the bombing of Hiroshima. The Smyth Report, released on August 12, 1945, gave some information on the blast, and the edition released by Princeton University Press a few weeks later incorporated the War Department's press release on the test as Appendix 6, and contained the famous pictures of a "bulbous" Trinity fireball. Groves, Oppenheimer and other dignitaries visited the test site in September 1945, wearing white canvas overshoes to prevent fallout from sticking to the soles of their shoes.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: The results of the test were conveyed to the Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson at the Potsdam Conference in Germany in a coded message from his assistant George L. Harrison:


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: The message arrived at the "Little White House" in the Potsdam suburb of Babelsberg and was at once taken to Truman and Secretary of State James F. Byrnes. Harrison sent a follow-up message which arrived on the morning of July 18:


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: Because Stimson's summer home at High Hold was on Long Island and Harrison's farm near Upperville, Virginia, this indicated that the explosion could be seen away and heard away.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: Film badges used to measure exposure to radioactivity indicated that no observers at N-10,000 had been exposed to more than 0.1 roentgens (half of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements recommended daily radiation exposure limit), but the shelter was evacuated before the radioactive cloud could reach it. The explosion was more efficient than expected and the thermal updraft drew most of the cloud high enough that little fallout fell on the test site. The crater was far more radioactive than expected due to the formation of trinitite, and the crews of the two lead-lined Sherman tanks were subjected to considerable exposure. Anderson's dosimeter and film badge recorded 7 to 10 roentgens, and one of the tank drivers, who made three trips, recorded 13 to 15 roentgens.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: The heaviest fallout contamination outside the restricted test area was from the detonation point, on Chupadera Mesa. The fallout there was reported to have settled in a white mist onto some of the livestock in the area, resulting in local beta burns and a temporary loss of dorsal or back hair. Patches of hair grew back discolored white. The Army bought 88 cattle in all from ranchers; the 17 most significantly marked were kept at Los Alamos, while the rest were shipped to Oak Ridge for long-term observation. Dose reconstruction published on September 1, 2020, by researchers working under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute documented that five counties in New Mexico experienced the greatest radioactive contamination: Guadalupe, Lincoln, San Miguel, Socorro, and Torrance.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: In August 1945, shortly after the bombing of Hiroshima, the Kodak Company observed spotting and fogging on their film, which was at that time usually packaged in cardboard containers. J. H. Webb, an employee of the Kodak Company, studied the matter and concluded that the contamination must have come from a nuclear explosion somewhere in the United States. He discounted the possibility that the Hiroshima bomb was responsible, due to the timing of the events. A hot spot of fallout contaminated the river water that a paper mill in Indiana used to manufacture the cardboard pulp from corn husks. Aware of the gravity of his discovery, Webb kept this secret until 1949.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: This incident, along with the next continental US tests in 1951, set a precedent. In subsequent atmospheric nuclear tests at the Nevada test site, United States Atomic Energy Commission officials gave the photographic industry maps and forecasts of potential contamination, as well as expected fallout distributions, which enabled them to purchase uncontaminated materials and take other protective measures.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: In September 1953, about 650 people attended the first Trinity Site open house. Visitors to a Trinity Site open house are allowed to see the ground zero and McDonald Ranch House areas. More than seventy years after the test, residual radiation at the site was about ten times higher than normal background radiation in the area. The amount of radioactive exposure received during a one-hour visit to the site is about half of the total radiation exposure which a U.S. adult receives on an average day from natural and medical sources.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: On December 21, 1965, the Trinity Site was declared a National Historic Landmark district, and on October 15, 1966, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The landmark includes the base camp where the scientists and support group lived, ground zero where the bomb was placed for the explosion, and the McDonald ranch house, where the plutonium core to the bomb was assembled. One of the old instrumentation bunkers is visible beside the road just west of ground zero. An inner oblong fence was added in 1967, and the corridor barbed wire fence that connects the outer fence to the inner one was completed in 1972.


title: Trinity (nuclear test)

text: A special tour of the site was conducted on July 16, 1995, to mark the 50th anniversary of the Trinity test. About 5,000 visitors arrived to commemorate the occasion, the largest crowd for any open house. Since then, the open houses have usually averaged two to three thousand visitors. The site is still a popular destination for those interested in atomic tourism, though it is only open to the public twice a year during the Trinity Site Open House on the first Saturdays of April and October. In 2014, the White Sands Missile Range announced that due to budgetary constraints, the site would only be open once a year, on the first Saturday in April. In 2015, this decision was reversed, and two events were scheduled, in April and October. The base commander, Brigadier General Timothy R. Coffin, explained that:


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: Eugenio González Derbez (; born September 2, 1961) is a Mexican actor and comedian. He has appeared in many films and television series including "The Book of Life,The Angry Birds Movie 2 and The Secret Life of Pets."


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: In the 2010s, he appeared in many American films and television series, such as "Jack and Jill", "Girl in Progress", "Rob!", and "Miracles from Heaven". Apart from appearing in live-action roles, Derbez has appeared in animated films including. Derbez provided the Spanish dubs for many characters in the Spanish versions of American films including "Dr. Dolittle", "Mulan", "102 Dalmatians", and the "Shrek" franchise.


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: His feature film "Instructions Not Included" which he directed, co-wrote, and starred in became the most successful Spanish-language film in the U.S. and worldwide and broke numerous box-office records, earning more than $100 million worldwide. Derbez also appeared in the film "How to Be a Latin Lover" alongside Salma Hayek and Kristen Bell and in the Paramount film "Dora and the Lost City of Gold".


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: Derbez was born and raised in Mexico City and expressed interest in acting at an early age, landing his first roles as extras in soap operas at age 12. He made his directing debut in 1997 with a Mexican soap opera named .


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: During the early 1980s, Derbez was a regular in , a Mexican television show. He also participated in , a children's television show.


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: In 1988, he got his first recurring television position when he played a number of roles in a comedy show called . Derbez kept making movies during the 1990s. In 1992 he began hosting the variety show .


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: In 1997, Derbez made his directing debut in a soap opera named . In 1999 Derbez started a comedy show, . Derbez appeared in in 2000. He also starred that year in } ('Accomplices to the Rescue'). In 2003 he produced a television series named "XHDRBZ". He later produced ('Countrymen Hospital'), ('Neighbors'), and in 2009 . He was the leading man in .


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: Derbez is one of the few Mexican actors to have achieved international acclaim, earning international award recognition as well as starring in commercial American films.


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: Derbez has appeared in a number of successful and critically acclaimed films including , which won the Grand Jury Prize at Sundance in 2007 and his first non-comedy film, the indie smash hit (released as "Under the Same Moon" in English) directed by Patricia Riggen, with Adrián Alonso and Kate del Castillo.


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: In 2002, Derbez and Florinda Meza co-created a sitcom named "XHDRBZ", which marked his debut as a producer. Also in 2002, Derbez co-created, co-directed, and starred in the family sitcom , which gained Derbez further recognition amongst the Mexican and Latin community.


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: In 2011, Derbez starred in Adam Sandler's "Jack and Jill" as Felipe starring with Adam Sandler, Katie Holmes and Al Pacino; he also starred in "Girl In Progress", with Eva Mendes, also directed by Patricia Riggen. Eugenio also starred in the CBS sitcom "Rob!" and on Broadway in "Latinologues" at the Helen Hayes Theater.


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: Derbez starred in Sony's "Miracles from Heaven", with Jennifer Garner (directed by Patricia Riggen), and he voiced the role of Rico in the animated feature "Underdogs", directed by Juan J. Campanella.


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: In 2013, Derbez starred in and directed "Instructions Not Included" the most successful Spanish-language film in the U.S. and worldwide, which broke numerous box office records, earning over $100 million. The Spanish-language comedy-drama became a surprise $44 million hit in the U.S., and the third highest-grossing film ($46 million) of the year in Mexico (only "Despicable Me" and "Iron Man" sequels did better).


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: In 2016, Derbez wrapped production on the Lionsgate/Pantelion feature "How to Be a Latin Lover" in which he starred with Salma Hayek, Rob Lowe, Kristen Bell, Raquel Welch, Rob Riggle, Linda Lavin and Rob Huebel. It was written by Chris Spain and Jon Zack and directed by Ken Marino. The film, produced by Derbez and his producing partner Ben Odell, was released in the U.S. on April 28, 2017, and May 5, 2017, in Mexico.


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: In 2021, via 3Pas Studios, he inked a first look deal with Univision, and he and Odell were executive producers on behalf of 3Pas Studios of the 2021 television series "Acapulco", which stars Derbez. He appeared in the Academy Award-winning Apple TV+ film "CODA", which won him, along with the rest of the cast, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: Eugenio Derbez is one of Mexico's more successful comedic actors and directors. He was recognized by "Variety" in 2014 as the #1 most influential Latin American male in the world. On March 10, 2016, Derbez unveiled his star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame. The ceremony was attended by thousands of fans.


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: In 2014, following the success of "Instructions Not Included", Derbez partnered with former Pantelion President of Production Benjamin Odell to create 3Pas Studios, his film production company in Los Angeles.


title: Eugenio Derbez

text: Derbez was born in Mexico City, the son of actress Silvia Derbez and publicist Eugenio González Salas. Eugenio resides in Los Angeles with his family. Derbez is married to Alessandra Rosaldo, actress, model, and former Sentidos Opuestos singer. He is father to Mexican comedic actress Aislinn Derbez (her mother is Gabriela Michel), Mexican actor and singer Vadhir Derbez (his mother is Silvana Prince), Mexican actor José Eduardo Derbez (his mother is actress Victoria Ruffo) and Aitana Derbez (her mother is Alessandra Rosaldo). He is a vegetarian. He has a bulldog named Fiona.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: Tadap () is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language romantic action drama film directed by Milan Luthria, written by Muhammad Asif Ali and produced by Sajid Nadiadwala under the Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment banner, with Fox Star Studios serving as distributor and co-producer. A remake of the Telugu film "RX 100" (2018), the film stars debutant Ahan Shetty and Tara Sutaria. The film released theatrically on 3 December 2021 to mixed reviews with praise towards it's music, performances and action sequences but criticism towards screenplay and dialogues.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: The film was declared "Average" at the box office. The principal photography began on 22 April 2019 in the Central Plaza theatre in the South Mumbai. Major portions of the film were shot in Mumbai and Mussoorie. The film was wrapped up on 10 March 2021.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: The movie starts with Ishana chasing a goon from Damodar Nautiyal's political party in Mussoorie. The goon gets badly beaten up, but Damodar refuses to file a complaint. Ishana is released from detention and his father, Daddy comes to pick him up. On their way home, Daddy advises Ishana to set up his multiplex outside of Mussoorie, but Ishana refuses. It is shown that he is reminiscing about a girl, Ramisa.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: 3 years ago, Ramisa came to Mussoorie from London to live with her father, Damodar, and her grandma. Damodar wins the election by 1000 votes. It is shown that Damodar and Daddy are good friends and the latter is celebrating outside of Damodar's house with Ishana and he catches Ramisa's eye. Later that night, Damodar, Daddy and Ishana are having dinner and the light goes out. Damodar tells Ishana to get Ramisa's grandmother from the house so that she doesn't slip. He instead takes Ramisa.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: When everyone comes out for dinner, Ramisa and Ishana subtly start to flirt and continue that the next day. Lol is Ishana's friend who suspects that he is seeing someone and get the information out of him that he is going to see Ramisa. Soon they start seeing each other more often and share kisses. Daddy also start to suspect that Ishana is seeing someone. Ishana confesses that he is seeing Ramisa and is madly in love with her and that she is too. He urges Daddy to go to Damodar to talk about Ishana and Ramisa's marriage to which Daddy says that he will go when the time is right.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: One night, Ramisa texts Ishana to come and get her at midnight. They both go to a closed cafe and have sex. When they reach Ramisa's house, Ishana asks Ramisa about them getting married. She tells him that she will talk to her father about this and kisses him goodnight. As she is leaving Damodar sees this. The next day, Ramisa doesn't call Ishana and he gets worried. Lol tells him to call Daddy and ask him to go to Ramisa's house to talk about the marriage.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: After a while, Daddy calls Ishana and ask him to come to the hospital. Daddy reveals that he was in an accident and never got to go to Damodar's house. The next day Daddy sent Ishana to get some gravel for a temple that the former is building. There, Ishana gets a call from Lol that Ramisa is getting married. Ishana rushes back to Mussoorie, but the place where he was at had blasts happening and he rode his bike through the blasts.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: When he reaches there, he sees Ramisa's grandmother who asks him how the decoration looks. Ishana breaks down and creates a scene. Damodar orders his men to take Ishana away so that he doesn't disrupt the wedding. He gets badly beaten up and is kept in a secluded area. In the meantime, Ramisa gets married to Anurag Mehta and is sent to London. By the time Ishana gets there, she is already gone.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: Present day, Ishana tries to ruin Damodar's work and beats his men and he now is a very aggressive and self disruptive person. Lol, not able to see him in this condition, throws a party for his own birthday and urges Ishana to attend it. There he starts to dance with different girls and a car pulls up. It is shown that Ramisa is back from London to visit her father and she sees Ishana partying.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: The next day, Lol happily tells Ishana that Ramisa is back. Ishana rushes to see her, but the police arrives and on Damodar's orders they take him away. While he is being taken away, Ishana screams that he'll meet Ramisa in the cafe, where they previously used to meet. Ishana is badly beaten up by the police and Daddy comes to take him. Ishana tells the latter that he has to go and meet Ramisa in the cafe, but she doesn't show. He goes to her house and they have an argument where she confesses that Ishana should move on. Damodar and Daddy interrupt them and Daddy slaps Ishana and takes him away. He tells Ishana that love is not taken by threatening someone and that Ramisa was scared by his behaviour. He locks Ishana in his room and forbids him from seeing Ramisa.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: Outside the house, Lol asks Daddy why he is doing this to his son and Daddy confesses that the night he got into the accident, he went to Damodar's place. There he heard Ramisa telling her father and grandmother that she wants to marry Anurag as they both love each other. She reveals that they have been dating for the past two years and that he was a senior in her college and while going from there, Daddy got in the accident. Present day, Lol asks Daddy if he went to see Ramisa after that. Daddy did go to see Ramisa on her wedding day and she revealed to Daddy that Ishana was just an entertainment for her and nothing more.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: Now present day, Daddy goes to Ishana's room to check on him, but he has jumped out of the window. Back at Ramisa's house, Damodar is furious that he has to keep on ordering his goons and the police to beat Ishana up only for Ramisa's happiness. Ramisa tries to reason with him and reveals that Anurag will be here in two days and that he and Ishana can't meet. Damodar is about to slap her, but controls himself and walks away.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: He then holds a meeting with his rival and a police officer, who had previously beaten Ishana. Damodar promises to his rival that he will make him the next mayor and will pay for the promotions if he helps Damodar to temporarily get rid of Ishana. They do so, but Ishana also beats up the goons. When Ishana is trying to get away, Gutli (Damodar's henchman) stabs him from the back and they get into a nasty fight. In the fight, Gutli reveals that Ramisa has sent him to kill Ishana. The latter tells Gutli to go ahead and kill him as he knows that Ramisa only did this as she got scared the night he came over to her place. Gutli, frustrated, tells Ishana that she never loved him. She only loves her husband and used Ishana for satisfying her excessive sexual desires.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: Badly wounded Ishana then rushes to Ramisa's house and strangles her, but doesn't kill her. He tells her to love her husband limitlessly and succumbs to his wounds, just as Damodar, Daddy and Lol enter the room.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: Tadap was initially scheduled to release on 24 September 2021 in theatres. However, it was later pushed to 3 December 2021. The movie was released in 2107 screens out which 1656 were in India and 451 in other countries.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 20% based on 10 reviews and an average rating of 3.3/10.


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: Rachana Dubey of "Times of India" gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote, 'Tadap" unabashedly plays to the gallery with action, music, and well-shot visuals, it would have helped a great deal if its screenplay had created some more room for the actors to drive home a more memorable love story". She praised the performances of Shetty, Sutaria and Shukla and further wrote, "Ahan has an impressive screen presence and shows a spark in his debut outing; Saurabh Shukla pulls off his act with ample warmth and conviction and Tara Sutaria as Ramisa looks gorgeous in every frame". Monika Rawal Kukreja of "Hindustan Times" wrote, 'Tadap" serves you raw action laced with heavyweight dialogues, old-school romance, passion, deceit, bloodshed and a few poetic lines to add a tinge of humour". She praised Shetty's performance by writing, "Ahan Shetty and his character arch leaves a long impression. As a young, angry action hero, he makes an intense and impressive debut" but criticized Sutaria's character by stating it lacked "depth" and "dimension". Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave the film a rating of 1/5 and called its dialogues "bombastic" and its characters "stereotyped". She criticized the plot of the film by calling it "jaded" and worte, "Even if the debutant hero wanted to come off different, the jaded plot wouldn't have allowed it".


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" gave the film a rating of 1.5/5 and called it a "stale" and "forgettable" film. He wrote, 'Tadap" does not have a single original sleight; But that is the least of the film's drawbacks. Scratch the prettified surface and what you find is a misogynistic rant masquerading as a movie". He praised Shetty by stating he exudes "toughness", "vulnerability" and "cherubic energy" but criticized the writing of Sutaria's character by stating, "Tara Sutaria, saddled with a poorly written role, is swamped out by a script that unfavourably disposed towards her". Nandini Ramnath of "Scroll" gave the film a rating of 1/5 and called it a "twisted tale of misogyny". She wrote, 'Tadap" valourises obsessive male love and has a nasty solution in store for the woman who doesn't respond in full measure". Devesh Sharma of "Filmfare" gave the film a rating of 3/5 and praised the performance of Shetty and Sharma stating, "He scores the most in action scenes [and] is at ease in front of the camera overall and makes a confident debut". Summing up Sharma wrote, "The leads definitely share a spark. Their histrionics is buoyed by good supporting performances by Kumud Mishra and Saurabh Shukla".


title: Tadap (2021 film)

text: "Tadap" grossed crore on its first day of release, crore on second day and crore on third day, taking total opening weekend domestic gross to crore.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: Gaslight is a 1944 American psychological thriller film directed by George Cukor, and starring Charles Boyer, Ingrid Bergman, Joseph Cotten and Angela Lansbury in her film debut. Adapted by John Van Druten, Walter Reisch, and John L. Balderston from Patrick Hamilton's play "Gas Light" (1938), it follows a young woman whose husband slowly manipulates her into believing that she is descending into insanity.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: A remake of the 1940 British film of the same name directed by Thorold Dickinson, Cukor's version had a larger scale and budget than the earlier film, and lends a different feel to the material. To avoid confusion with the first film, Cukor's version was originally titled "The Murder in Thornton Square" in the UK. The film features numerous deviations from the original stage play, though the central drama remains that of a husband trying to drive his wife insane in order to distract her from his criminal activities.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: "Gaslight" was released theatrically on May 4, 1944, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to critical acclaim and box-office success, grossing $4.6 million on a $2 million budget, and received seven nominations for the 17th Academy Awards, including for the Best Picture, winning two: Best Actress (for Bergman), and Best Production Design. In 2019, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: In 1875, when world-famous opera singer Alice Alquist is murdered at her London home, her niece Paula is sent to Italy to follow in her footsteps. As an adult, Paula marries her accompanist Gregory Anton, after a two-week whirlwind romance. At his suggestion, they settle in London and occupy her late aunt's long-vacant townhouse.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: Paula grapples with the memory of her aunt's murder, and Gregory suggests storing Alice's furnishings in the attic. When Paula finds a letter to her aunt from a man named Sergis Bauer, Gregory reacts violently but apologizes. He hires a young maid, Nancy, and insists that she never bother his "high-strung" wife.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: Paula is surprised when Gregory chides her supposed forgetfulness, but on a visit to the Tower of London, she cannot find an heirloom brooch he gave her, although it was stored safely in her handbag. She is plagued by noises coming from the boarded-up attic, and notices the gaslights dim for no apparent reason when Gregory is not home, which he assures her is only her imagination.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: Gregory flirts with Nancy, whose disdain for his wife only worsens Paula's nerves. Her anxious behavior is noticed by Inspector Brian Cameron of Scotland Yard, a childhood admirer of Alice. Struck by Paula's resemblance to her aunt, Cameron attempts to reopen the cold case, discovering that a gift of royal jewels was not recovered after Alice's murder.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: Isolating his wife from the world, Gregory convinces her that she is a kleptomaniac, responsible for hiding a painting, and is too unwell to be in public. Unable to prevent her from attending a party hosted by her old family friend, Gregory accuses Paula of stealing his watch. When he finds it in her handbag, Paula becomes hysterical in front of the guests. Taking Paula home, Gregory angrily claims that her mother died in an asylum, and that the letter she discovered from Sergis Bauer never existed. Doubting her own sanity, Paula breaks down.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: Suspicious, Cameron recruits a patrolman to watch Gregory, whom they learn often visits an abandoned house nearby, and is planning to institutionalize Paula. When Gregory leaves, Cameron offers Paula his help, confirming that the attic noises and flickering gaslights are indeed real. He deduces that Gregory goes to the neighboring vacant house to enter his own attic through a skylight. Paula has heard him searching through Alice's belongings, and the gaslights flicker when he turns on the attic lights, reducing the gas to the downstairs lamps.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: Cameron pries open Gregory's desk, and Paula finds the letter from Bauer that her husband insisted was a delusion. They realize "Gregory" is actually Sergis Bauer, who murdered Alice but was interrupted before he could find her jewels. His marriage to Paula was a scheme to gain access to her aunt's home, used a cunning strategy to drive his wife mad and have her institutionalized, leaving him Alice's estate and allowing him to search unabated for the jewels.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: In the attic, Sergis discovers the jewels hidden in plain sight, sewn into one of Alice's famous costumes. He returns downstairs to find his desk unlocked, and a mentally exhausted Paula admits that she was visited by a man. To protect Paula, the kindly cook Elizabeth assures Sergis that this was merely a figment of her imagination, driving Paula to despair. Cameron appears and confronts Sergis, chasing him into the attic and tying him to a chair.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: Finally convinced of her own sanity, Paula is left alone with Sergis, who urges her to cut him free. Instead, Paula taunts him, musing that the knife in her hand might not be real and finding the "missing" brooch. As the police drive Sergis away, Cameron expresses interest in seeing Paula again.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: Encouraged by the success of the play and the British 1940 film, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer bought the remake rights, but with a clause insisting that all existing prints of the first film be destroyed, even to the point of trying to destroy the negative. Evidently that order was not honored to the letter, since the 1940 "Gaslight" remains available for both theatrical exhibition, television screenings, and DVD release.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: Self-help and popular psychology authors sometimes denominalize the film's title (also known as "verbing") and use it as a verb. Gaslighting, in this context, refers to manipulating a person or a group of people, in a way similar to the way the protagonist in the film was manipulated.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: According to MGM records the film earned $2,263,000 in the US and Canada and $2,350,000 in other markets resulting in a profit of $941,000.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: Alongside the original 1940 British film, critics generally consider the American remake to also be a classic. Bergman's Oscar winning performance has long been considered among the best to win Best Actress, while Boyer's portrayal of Gregory was also Oscar nominated. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 89% based on reviews from 35 critics.


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: When "Gaslight" was released, "The New York Times" film critic Bosley Crowther praised the actors. He wrote, "And with Mr. Boyer doing the driving in his best dead-pan hypnotic style, while the flames flicker strangely in the gas-jets and the mood music bongs with heavy threats, it is no wonder that Miss Bergman goes to pieces in a most distressing way. Both of these popular performers play their roles right to the hilt. Nice little personality vignettes are interestingly contributed, too, by Joseph Cotten as a stubborn detective, Dame May Whitty and Angela Lansbury as a maid."


title: Gaslight (1944 film)

text: A thriller soaked in paranoia, "Gaslight" is a period films noir that, like Hitchcock's "" and "Hangover Square", is set in the Edwardian age. It's interesting to speculate about the prominence of a film cycle in the 1940s that can be described as 'Don't Trust Your Husband'. It began with three Hitchcock films: "Rebecca" (1940), "Suspicion" (1941), and "Shadow of a Doubt" (1943), and continued with "Gaslight" and "Jane Eyre" (both in 1944), "Dragonwyck" (1945), "Notorious" and "The Spiral Staircase" (both 1946), "The Two Mrs. Carrolls" (1947), and "Sorry, Wrong Number" and "Sleep, My Love" (both 1948). All of these films use the noir visual vocabulary and share the same premise and narrative structure: The life of a rich, sheltered woman is threatened by an older, deranged man, often her husband. In all of them, the house, usually a symbol of sheltered security in Hollywood movies, becomes a trap of terror.


title: Diesel engine

text: The diesel engine, named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression; thus, the diesel engine is a so-called compression-ignition engine (CI engine). This contrasts with engines using spark plug-ignition of the air-fuel mixture, such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or a gas engine (using a gaseous fuel like natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas).


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel engines work by compressing only air, or air plus residual combustion gases from the exhaust (known as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)). Air is inducted into the chamber during the intake stroke, and compressed during the compression stroke. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a high degree that atomised diesel fuel injected into the combustion chamber ignites. With the fuel being injected into the air just before combustion, the dispersion of the fuel is uneven; this is called a heterogeneous air-fuel mixture. The torque a diesel engine produces is controlled by manipulating the air-fuel ratio (λ); instead of throttling the intake air, the diesel engine relies on altering the amount of fuel that is injected, and the air-fuel ratio is usually high.


title: Diesel engine

text: The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high expansion ratio and inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is also avoided compared with non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburned fuel is not present during valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can reach effective efficiencies of up to 55%. The combined cycle gas turbine (Brayton and Rankin cycle) is a combustion engine that is more efficient than a diesel engine, but it is, due to its mass and dimensions, unsuited for vehicles, watercraft, or aircraft.The world's largest diesel engines put in service are 14-cylinder, two-stroke marine diesel engines; they produce a peak power of almost 100 MW each.


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel engines may be designed as either two-stroke or four-stroke cycles. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s, they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, buses, trucks, heavy equipment, agricultural equipment and electricity generation plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s energy crisis, demand for higher fuel efficiency has resulted in most major automakers, at some point, offering diesel-powered models, even in very small cars. According to Konrad Reif (2012), the EU average for diesel cars at the time accounted for half of newly registered cars. However, air pollution emissions are harder to control in diesel engines than in gasoline engines, so the use of diesel auto engines in the U.S. is now largely relegated to larger on-road and off-road vehicles,


title: Diesel engine

text: Though aviation has traditionally avoided diesel engines, aircraft diesel engines have become increasingly available in the 21st Century. Since the late 1990s, for various reasons -- including the diesel's normal advantages over gasoline engines, but also for recent issues peculiar to aviation -- development and production of diesel engines for aircraft has surged, with over 5000 such engines delivered worldwide between 2002 and 2018, particularly for light airplanes and unmanned aerial vehicles.


title: Diesel engine

text: In 1878, Rudolf Diesel, who was a student at the "Polytechnikum" in Munich, attended the lectures of Carl von Linde. Linde explained that steam engines are capable of converting just 6–10% of the heat energy into work, but that the Carnot cycle allows conversion of much more of the heat energy into work by means of isothermal change in condition. According to Diesel, this ignited the idea of creating a highly efficient engine that could work on the Carnot cycle. Diesel was also exposed to a fire piston, a traditional fire starter using rapid adiabatic compression principles which Linde had acquired from Southeast Asia. After several years of working on his ideas, Diesel published them in 1893 in the essay "Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor".


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel was heavily criticised for his essay, but only few found the mistake that he made; his "rational heat motor" was supposed to utilise a constant temperature cycle (with isothermal compression) that would require a much higher level of compression than that needed for compression ignition. Diesel's idea was to compress the air so tightly that the temperature of the air would exceed that of combustion. However, such an engine could never perform any usable work. In his 1892 US patent (granted in 1895) #542846, Diesel describes the compression required for his cycle:


title: Diesel engine

text: By June 1893, Diesel had realised his original cycle would not work and he adopted the constant pressure cycle. Diesel describes the cycle in his 1895 patent application. Notice that there is no longer a mention of compression temperatures exceeding the temperature of combustion. Now it is simply stated that the compression must be sufficient to trigger ignition.


title: Diesel engine

text: In 1892, Diesel received patents in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States for "Method of and Apparatus for Converting Heat into Work". In 1894 and 1895, he filed patents and addenda in various countries for his engine; the first patents were issued in Spain (No. 16,654), France (No. 243,531) and Belgium (No. 113,139) in December 1894, and in Germany (No. 86,633) in 1895 and the United States (No. 608,845) in 1898.


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel was attacked and criticised over a time period of several years. Critics claimed that Diesel never invented a new motor and that the invention of the diesel engine is fraud. Otto Köhler and were two of the most prominent critics of Diesel's time. Köhler had published an essay in 1887, in which he describes an engine similar to the engine Diesel describes in his 1893 essay. Köhler figured that such an engine could not perform any work. Emil Capitaine had built a petroleum engine with glow-tube ignition in the early 1890s; he claimed against his own better judgement that his glow-tube ignition engine worked the same way Diesel's engine did. His claims were unfounded and he lost a patent lawsuit against Diesel. Other engines, such as the Akroyd engine and the Brayton engine, also use an operating cycle that is different from the diesel engine cycle. Friedrich Sass says that the diesel engine is Diesel's "very own work" and that any "Diesel myth" is "falsification of history".


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel sought out firms and factories that would build his engine. With the help of Moritz Schröter and , he succeeded in convincing both Krupp in Essen and the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg. Contracts were signed in April 1893, and in early summer 1893, Diesel's first prototype engine was built in Augsburg. On 10 August 1893, the first ignition took place, the fuel used was petrol. In winter 1893/1894, Diesel redesigned the existing engine, and by 18 January 1894, his mechanics had converted it into the second prototype. During January that year, an air-blast injection system was added to the engine's cylinder head and tested. Friedrich Sass argues that, it can be presumed that Diesel copied the concept of air-blast injection from George B. Brayton, albeit that Diesel substantially improved the system. On 17 February 1894, the redesigned engine ran for 88 revolutions – one minute; with this news, Maschinenfabrik Augsburg's stock rose by 30%, indicative of the tremendous anticipated demands for a more efficient engine. On 26 June 1895, the engine achieved an effective efficiency of 16.6% and had a fuel consumption of 519 g·kW·h.


title: Diesel engine

text: In February 1896, Diesel considered supercharging the third prototype. Imanuel Lauster, who was ordered to draw the third prototype "Motor 250/400", had finished the drawings by 30 April 1896. During summer that year the engine was built, it was completed on 6 October 1896. Tests were conducted until early 1897. First public tests began on 1 February 1897. Moritz Schröter's test on 17 February 1897 was the main test of Diesel's engine. The engine was rated 13.1 kW with a specific fuel consumption of 324 g·kW·h, resulting in an effective efficiency of 26.2%. By 1898, Diesel had become a millionaire.


title: Diesel engine

text: The diesel internal combustion engine differs from the gasoline powered Otto cycle by using highly compressed hot air to ignite the fuel rather than using a spark plug ("compression ignition" rather than "spark ignition").


title: Diesel engine

text: In the diesel engine, only air is initially introduced into the combustion chamber. The air is then compressed with a compression ratio typically between 15:1 and 23:1. This high compression causes the temperature of the air to rise. At about the top of the compression stroke, fuel is injected directly into the compressed air in the combustion chamber. This may be into a (typically toroidal) void in the top of the piston or a "pre-chamber" depending upon the design of the engine. The fuel injector ensures that the fuel is broken down into small droplets, and that the fuel is distributed evenly. The heat of the compressed air vaporises fuel from the surface of the droplets. The vapour is then ignited by the heat from the compressed air in the combustion chamber, the droplets continue to vaporise from their surfaces and burn, getting smaller, until all the fuel in the droplets has been burnt. Combustion occurs at a substantially constant pressure during the initial part of the power stroke. The start of vaporisation causes a delay before ignition and the characteristic diesel knocking sound as the vapour reaches ignition temperature and causes an abrupt increase in pressure above the piston (not shown on the P-V indicator diagram). When combustion is complete the combustion gases expand as the piston descends further; the high pressure in the cylinder drives the piston downward, supplying power to the crankshaft.


title: Diesel engine

text: As well as the high level of compression allowing combustion to take place without a separate ignition system, a high compression ratio greatly increases the engine's efficiency. Increasing the compression ratio in a spark-ignition engine where fuel and air are mixed before entry to the cylinder is limited by the need to prevent pre-ignition, which would cause engine damage. Since only air is compressed in a diesel engine, and fuel is not introduced into the cylinder until shortly before top dead centre (TDC), premature detonation is not a problem and compression ratios are much higher.


title: Diesel engine

text: The p–V diagram is a simplified and idealised representation of the events involved in a diesel engine cycle, arranged to illustrate the similarity with a Carnot cycle. Starting at 1, the piston is at bottom dead centre and both valves are closed at the start of the compression stroke; the cylinder contains air at atmospheric pressure. Between 1 and 2 the air is compressed adiabatically – that is without heat transfer to or from the environment – by the rising piston. (This is only approximately true since there will be some heat exchange with the cylinder walls.) During this compression, the volume is reduced, the pressure and temperature both rise. At or slightly before 2 (TDC) fuel is injected and burns in the compressed hot air. Chemical energy is released and this constitutes an injection of thermal energy (heat) into the compressed gas. Combustion and heating occur between 2 and 3. In this interval the pressure remains constant since the piston descends, and the volume increases; the temperature rises as a consequence of the energy of combustion. At 3 fuel injection and combustion are complete, and the cylinder contains gas at a higher temperature than at 2. Between 3 and 4 this hot gas expands, again approximately adiabatically. Work is done on the system to which the engine is connected. During this expansion phase the volume of the gas rises, and its temperature and pressure both fall. At 4 the exhaust valve opens, and the pressure falls abruptly to atmospheric (approximately). This is unresisted expansion and no useful work is done by it. Ideally the adiabatic expansion should continue, extending the line 3–4 to the right until the pressure falls to that of the surrounding air, but the loss of efficiency caused by this unresisted expansion is justified by the practical difficulties involved in recovering it (the engine would have to be much larger). After the opening of the exhaust valve, the exhaust stroke follows, but this (and the following induction stroke) are not shown on the diagram. If shown, they would be represented by a low-pressure loop at the bottom of the diagram. At 1 it is assumed that the exhaust and induction strokes have been completed, and the cylinder is again filled with air. The piston-cylinder system absorbs energy between 1 and 2 – this is the work needed to compress the air in the cylinder, and is provided by mechanical kinetic energy stored in the flywheel of the engine. Work output is done by the piston-cylinder combination between 2 and 4. The difference between these two increments of work is the indicated work output per cycle, and is represented by the area enclosed by the p–V loop. The adiabatic expansion is in a higher pressure range than that of the compression because the gas in the cylinder is hotter during expansion than during compression. It is for this reason that the loop has a finite area, and the net output of work during a cycle is positive.


title: Diesel engine

text: The fuel efficiency of diesel engines is better than most other types of combustion engines, due to their high compression ratio, high air–fuel equivalence ratio (λ), and the lack of intake air restrictions (i.e. throttle valves). Theoretically, the highest possible efficiency for a diesel engine is 75%. However, in practice the efficiency is much lower, with efficiencies of up to 43% for passenger car engines, up to 45% for large truck and bus engines, and up to 55% for large two-stroke marine engines. The average efficiency over a motor vehicle driving cycle is lower than the diesel engine's peak efficiency (for example, a 37% average efficiency for an engine with a peak efficiency of 44%). That is because the fuel efficiency of a diesel engine drops at lower loads, however, it does not drop quite as fast as the Otto (spark ignition) engine's.


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel engines are combustion engines and, therefore, emit combustion products in their exhaust gas. Due to incomplete combustion, diesel engine exhaust gases include carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides pollutants. About 90 per cent of the pollutants can be removed from the exhaust gas using exhaust gas treatment technology. Road vehicle diesel engines have no sulphur dioxide emissions, because motor vehicle diesel fuel has been sulphur free since 2003. Helmut Tschöke argues that particulate matter emitted from motor vehicles has negative impacts on human health.


title: Diesel engine

text: The particulate matter in diesel exhaust emissions is sometimes classified as a carcinogen or "probable carcinogen" and is known to increase the risk of heart and respiratory diseases.


title: Diesel engine

text: In principle, a diesel engine does not require any sort of electrical system. However, most modern diesel engines are equipped with an electrical fuel pump, and an electronic engine control unit.


title: Diesel engine

text: However, there is no high-voltage electrical ignition system present in a diesel engine. This eliminates a source of radio frequency emissions (which can interfere with navigation and communication equipment), which is why only diesel-powered vehicles are allowed in some parts of the American National Radio Quiet Zone.


title: Diesel engine

text: To control the torque output at any given time (i.e. when the driver of a car adjusts the accelerator pedal, a governor adjusts the amount of fuel injected into the engine. Mechanical governors have been used in the past, however electronic governors are more common on modern engines. Mechanical governors are usually driven by the engine's accessory belt or a gear-drive system and use a combination of springs and weights to control fuel delivery relative to both load and speed. Electronically-governed engines use an electronic control unit (ECU) or electronic control module (ECM) to control the fuel delivery. The ECM/ECU uses various sensors (such as engine speed signal, intake manifold pressure and fuel temperature) to determine the amount of fuel injected into the engine.


title: Diesel engine

text: Due to the amount of air being constant (for a given RPM) while the amount of fuel varies, very high ("lean") air-fuel ratios are used in situations where minimal torque output is required. This differs from a petrol engine, where a throttle is used to also reduce the amount of intake air as part of regulating the engine's torque output. Controlling the timing of the start of injection of fuel into the cylinder is similar to controlling the ignition timing in a petrol engine. It is therefore a key factor in controlling the power output, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.


title: Diesel engine

text: There are several different ways of categorising diesel engines, as outlined in the following sections.


title: Diesel engine

text: High-speed engines are used to power trucks (lorries), buses, tractors, cars, yachts, compressors, pumps and small electrical generators. As of 2018, most high-speed engines have direct injection. Many modern engines, particularly in on-highway applications, have common rail direct injection. On bigger ships, high-speed diesel engines are often used for powering electric generators. The highest power output of high-speed diesel engines is approximately 5 MW.


title: Diesel engine

text: Medium-speed engines are used in large electrical generators, railway diesel locomotives, ship propulsion and mechanical drive applications such as large compressors or pumps. Medium speed diesel engines operate on either diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil by direct injection in the same manner as low-speed engines. Usually, they are four-stroke engines with trunk pistons; a notable exception being the EMD 567, 645, and 710 engines, which are all two-stroke.


title: Diesel engine

text: The power output of medium-speed diesel engines can be as high as 21,870 kW, with the effective efficiency being around 47...48% (1982). Most larger medium-speed engines are started with compressed air direct on pistons, using an air distributor, as opposed to a pneumatic starting motor acting on the flywheel, which tends to be used for smaller engines.


title: Diesel engine

text: Medium-speed engines intended for marine applications are usually used to power (ro-ro) ferries, passenger ships or small freight ships. Using medium-speed engines reduces the cost of smaller ships and increases their transport capacity. In addition to that, a single ship can use two smaller engines instead of one big engine, which increases the ship's safety.


title: Diesel engine

text: Low-speed diesel engines are usually very large in size and mostly used to power ships. There are two different types of low-speed engines that are commonly used: Two-stroke engines with a crosshead, and four-stroke engines with a regular trunk-piston. Two-stroke engines have a limited rotational frequency and their charge exchange is more difficult, which means that they are usually bigger than four-stroke engines and used to directly power a ship's propeller. Four-stroke engines on ships are usually used to power an electric generator. An electric motor powers the propeller. Both types are usually very undersquare. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) often have an effective efficiency of up to 55%. Like medium-speed engines, low-speed engines are started with compressed air, and they use heavy oil as their primary fuel.


title: Diesel engine

text: Two-stroke engines use a combustion cycle which is completed in two strokes instead of four strokes. Filling the cylinder with air and compressing it takes place in one stroke, and the power and exhaust strokes are combined. The compression in a two-stroke diesel engine is similar to the compression that takes place in a four-stroke diesel engine: As the piston passes through bottom centre and starts upward, compression commences, culminating in fuel injection and ignition. Instead of a full set of valves, two-stroke diesel engines have simple intake ports, and exhaust ports (or exhaust valves). When the piston approaches bottom dead centre, both the intake and the exhaust ports are "open", which means that there is atmospheric pressure inside the cylinder. Therefore, some sort of pump is required to blow the air into the cylinder and the combustion gasses into the exhaust. This process is called "scavenging". The pressure required is approximately 10 - 30 kPa.


title: Diesel engine

text: Due to the lack of discrete exhaust and intake strokes, all two-stroke diesel engines use a scavenge blower or some form of compressor to charge the cylinders with air and assist in scavenging. Roots-type superchargers were used for ship engines until the mid-1950s, however since 1955 they have been widely replaced by turbochargers. Usually, a two-stroke ship diesel engine has a single-stage turbocharger with a turbine that has an axial inflow and a radial outflow.


title: Diesel engine

text: Crossflow scavenging is incomplete and limits the stroke, yet some manufacturers used it. Reverse flow scavenging is a very simple way of scavenging, and it was popular amongst manufacturers until the early 1980s. Uniflow scavenging is more complicated to make but allows the highest fuel efficiency; since the early 1980s, manufacturers such as MAN and Sulzer have switched to this system. It is standard for modern marine two-stroke diesel engines.


title: Diesel engine

text: So-called dual-fuel diesel engines or gas diesel engines burn two different types of fuel "simultaneously", for instance, a gaseous fuel and diesel engine fuel. The diesel engine fuel auto-ignites due to compression ignition, and then ignites the gaseous fuel. Such engines do not require any type of spark ignition and operate similar to regular diesel engines.


title: Diesel engine

text: The fuel is injected at high pressure into either the combustion chamber, the "swirl chamber" or the "pre-chamber" (unlike older petrol engines where the fuel is added in the inlet manifold or carburettor). Engines where the fuel is injected into the main combustion chamber are called "direct injection" (DI) engines, while those which use a swirl chamber or pre-chamber are called "indirect injection" (IDI) engines.


title: Diesel engine

text: Most direct injection diesel engines have a combustion cup in the top of the piston where the fuel is sprayed. Many different methods of injection can be used. Usually, an engine with helix-controlled mechanic direct injection has either an inline or a distributor injection pump. For each engine cylinder, the corresponding plunger in the fuel pump measures out the correct amount of fuel and determines the timing of each injection. These engines use injectors that are very precise spring-loaded valves that open and close at a specific fuel pressure. Separate high-pressure fuel lines connect the fuel pump with each cylinder. Fuel volume for each single combustion is controlled by a slanted groove in the plunger which rotates only a few degrees releasing the pressure and is controlled by a mechanical governor, consisting of weights rotating at engine speed constrained by springs and a lever. The injectors are held open by the fuel pressure. On high-speed engines the plunger pumps are together in one unit. The length of fuel lines from the pump to each injector is normally the same for each cylinder in order to obtain the same pressure delay. Direct injected diesel engines usually use orifice-type fuel injectors.


title: Diesel engine

text: Electronic control of the fuel injection transformed the direct injection engine by allowing much greater control over the combustion.


title: Diesel engine

text: Common rail (CR) direct injection systems do not have the fuel metering, pressure-raising and delivery functions in a single unit, as in the case of a Bosch distributor-type pump, for example. A high-pressure pump supplies the CR. The requirements of each cylinder injector are supplied from this common high pressure reservoir of fuel. An Electronic Diesel Control (EDC) controls both rail pressure and injections depending on engine operating conditions. The injectors of older CR systems have solenoid-driven plungers for lifting the injection needle, whilst newer CR injectors use plungers driven by piezoelectric actuators that have fewer moving mass and therefore allow even more injections in a very short period of time. Early common rail system were controlled by mechanical means.


title: Diesel engine

text: An indirect diesel injection system (IDI) engine delivers fuel into a small chamber called a swirl chamber, precombustion chamber, pre chamber or ante-chamber, which is connected to the cylinder by a narrow air passage. Generally the goal of the pre chamber is to create increased turbulence for better air / fuel mixing. This system also allows for a smoother, quieter running engine, and because fuel mixing is assisted by turbulence, injector pressures can be lower. Most IDI systems use a single orifice injector. The pre-chamber has the disadvantage of lowering efficiency due to increased heat loss to the engine's cooling system, restricting the combustion burn, thus reducing the efficiency by 5–10%. IDI engines are also more difficult to start and usually require the use of glow plugs. IDI engines may be cheaper to build but generally require a higher compression ratio than the DI counterpart. IDI also makes it easier to produce smooth, quieter running engines with a simple mechanical injection system since exact injection timing is not as critical. Most modern automotive engines are DI which have the benefits of greater efficiency and easier starting; however, IDI engines can still be found in the many ATV and small diesel applications. Indirect injected diesel engines use pintle-type fuel injectors.


title: Diesel engine

text: Early diesel engines injected fuel with the assistance of compressed air, which atomised the fuel and forced it into the engine through a nozzle (a similar principle to an aerosol spray). The nozzle opening was closed by a pin valve actuated by the camshaft. Although the engine was also required to drive an air compressor used for air-blast injection, the efficiency was nonetheless better than other combustion engines of the time. However the system was heavy and it was slow to react to changing torque demands, making it unsuitable for road vehicles.


title: Diesel engine

text: A "unit injector" system, also known as "Pumpe-Düse" ("pump-nozzle" in German) combines the injector and fuel pump into a single component, which is positioned above each cylinder. This eliminates the high-pressure fuel lines and achieves a more consistent injection. Under full load, the injection pressure can reach up to 220 MPa. Unit injectors are operated by a cam and the quantity of fuel injected is controlled either mechanically (by a rack or lever) or electronically.


title: Diesel engine

text: Due to increased performance requirementss, unit injectors have been largely replaced by common-rail injection systems.


title: Diesel engine

text: The average diesel engine has a poorer power-to-mass ratio than an equivalent petrol engine. The lower engine speeds (RPM) of typical diesel engines results in a lower power output. Also, the mass of a diesel engine is typically higher, since the higher operating pressure inside the combustion chamber increases the internal forces, which requires stronger (and therefore heavier) parts to withstand these forces.


title: Diesel engine

text: The distinctive noise of a diesel engine, particularly at idling speeds, is sometimes called "diesel clatter". This noise is largely caused by the sudden ignition of the diesel fuel when injected into the combustion chamber, which causes a pressure wave that sounds like knocking.


title: Diesel engine

text: Engine designers can reduce diesel clatter through: indirect injection; pilot or pre-injection; injection timing; injection rate; compression ratio; turbo boost; and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Common rail diesel injection systems permit multiple injection events as an aid to noise reduction. Through measures such as these, diesel clatter noise is greatly reduced in modern engines. Diesel fuels with a higher cetane rating are more likely to ignite and hence reduce diesel clatter.


title: Diesel engine

text: In warmer climates, diesel engines do not require any starting aid (aside from the starter motor). However, many diesel engines include some form of preheating for the combustion chamber, to assist starting in cold conditions. Engines with a displacement of less than 1 litre per cylinder usually have glowplugs, whilst larger heavy-duty engines have flame-start systems. The minimum starting temperature that allows starting without pre-heating is 40 °C for precombustion chamber engines, 20 °C for swirl chamber engines, and 0 °C for direct injected engines.


title: Diesel engine

text: In the past, a wider variety of cold-start methods were used. Some engines, such as Detroit Diesel engines used a system to introduce small amounts of ether into the inlet manifold to start combustion. Instead of glowplugs, some diesel engines are equipped with starting aid systems that change valve timing. The simplest way this can be done is with a decompression lever. Activating the decompression lever locks the outlet valves in a slight down position, resulting in the engine not having any compression and thus allowing for turning the crankshaft over with significantly less resistance. When the crankshaft reaches a higher speed, flipping the decompression lever back into its normal position will abruptly re-activate the outlet valves, resulting in compression − the flywheel's mass moment of inertia then starts the engine. Other diesel engines, such as the precombustion chamber engine XII Jv 170/240 made by Ganz & Co., have a valve timing changing system that is operated by adjusting the inlet valve camshaft, moving it into a slight "late" position. This will make the inlet valves open with a delay, forcing the inlet air to heat up when entering the combustion chamber.


title: Diesel engine

text: Forced induction, especially turbocharging is commonly used on diesel engines because it greatly increases efficiency, and torque output. Diesel engines are well suited for forced induction setups due to their operating principle which is characterised by wide ignition limits and the absence of fuel during the compression stroke. Therefore, knocking, pre-ignition or detonation cannot occur, and a lean mixture caused by excess supercharging air inside the combustion chamber does not negatively affect combustion.


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel engines can combust a huge variety of fuels, including several fuel oils that have advantages over fuels such as petrol. These advantages include:


title: Diesel engine

text: In diesel engines, a mechanical injector system atomizes the fuel directly into the combustion chamber (as opposed to a Venturi jet in a carburetor, or a fuel injector in a manifold injection system atomizing fuel into the intake manifold or intake runners as in a petrol engine). Because only air is inducted into the cylinder in a diesel engine, the compression ratio can be much higher as there is no risk of pre-ignition provided the injection process is accurately timed. This means that cylinder temperatures are much higher in a diesel engine than a petrol engine, allowing less volatile fuels to be used.


title: Diesel engine

text: Therefore, diesel engines can operate on a huge variety of different fuels. In general, fuel for diesel engines should have a proper viscosity, so that the injection pump can pump the fuel to the injection nozzles without causing damage to itself or corrosion of the fuel line. At injection, the fuel should form a good fuel spray, and it should not have a coking effect upon the injection nozzles. To ensure proper engine starting and smooth operation, the fuel should be willing to ignite and hence not cause a high ignition delay, (this means that the fuel should have a high cetane number). Diesel fuel should also have a high lower heating value.


title: Diesel engine

text: Inline mechanical injector pumps generally tolerate poor-quality or bio-fuels better than distributor-type pumps. Also, indirect injection engines generally run more satisfactorily on fuels with a high ignition delay (for instance, petrol) than direct injection engines. This is partly because an indirect injection engine has a much greater 'swirl' effect, improving vaporisation and combustion of fuel, and because (in the case of vegetable oil-type fuels) lipid depositions can condense on the cylinder walls of a direct-injection engine if combustion temperatures are too low (such as starting the engine from cold). Direct-injected engines with an MAN centre sphere combustion chamber rely on fuel condensing on the combustion chamber walls. The fuel starts vaporising only after ignition sets in, and it burns relatively smoothly. Therefore, such engines also tolerate fuels with poor ignition delay characteristics, and, in general, they can operate on petrol rated 86 RON.


title: Diesel engine

text: In his 1893 work "Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor", Rudolf Diesel considers using coal dust as fuel for the diesel engine. However, Diesel just "considered" using coal dust (as well as liquid fuels and gas); his actual engine was designed to operate on petroleum, which was soon replaced with regular petrol and kerosene for further testing purposes, as petroleum proved to be too viscous. In addition to kerosene and petrol, Diesel's engine could also operate on ligroin.


title: Diesel engine

text: Before diesel engine fuel was standardised, fuels such as petrol, kerosene, gas oil, vegetable oil and mineral oil, as well as mixtures of these fuels, were used. Typical fuels specifically intended to be used for diesel engines were petroleum distillates and coal-tar distillates such as the following; these fuels have specific lower heating values of:


title: Diesel engine

text: The first diesel fuel standards were the DIN 51601, VTL 9140-001, and NATO F 54, which appeared after World War II. The modern European EN 590 diesel fuel standard was established in May 1993; the modern version of the NATO F 54 standard is mostly identical with it. The DIN 51628 biodiesel standard was rendered obsolete by the 2009 version of the EN 590; FAME biodiesel conforms to the EN 14214 standard. Watercraft diesel engines usually operate on diesel engine fuel that conforms to the ISO 8217 standard (Bunker C). Also, some diesel engines can operate on gasses (such as LNG).


title: Diesel engine

text: DIN 51601 diesel fuel was prone to "waxing" or "gelling" in cold weather; both are terms for the solidification of diesel oil into a partially crystalline state. The crystals build up in the fuel system (especially in fuel filters), eventually starving the engine of fuel and causing it to stop running. Low-output electric heaters in fuel tanks and around fuel lines were used to solve this problem. Also, most engines have a "spill return" system, by which any excess fuel from the injector pump and injectors is returned to the fuel tank. Once the engine has warmed, returning warm fuel prevents waxing in the tank. Before direct injection diesel engines, some manufacturers, such as BMW, recommended mixing up to 30% petrol in with the diesel by fuelling diesel cars with petrol to prevent the fuel from gelling when the temperatures dropped below −15 °C.


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel fuel is less flammable than petrol, because its flash point is 55 °C, leading to a lower risk of fire caused by fuel in a vehicle equipped with a diesel engine.


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel fuel can create an explosive air/vapour mix under the right conditions. However, compared with petrol, it is less prone due to its lower vapour pressure, which is an indication of evaporation rate. The Material Safety Data Sheet for ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel indicates a vapour explosion hazard for diesel fuel indoors, outdoors, or in sewers.


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel exhaust has been classified as an IARC Group 1 carcinogen. It causes lung cancer and is associated with an increased risk for bladder cancer.


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel engines have long been popular in bigger cars and have been used in smaller cars such as superminis in Europe since the 1980s. They were popular in larger cars earlier, as the weight and cost penalties were less noticeable. Smooth operation as well as high low-end torque are deemed important for passenger cars and small commercial vehicles. The introduction of electronically controlled fuel injection significantly improved the smooth torque generation, and starting in the early 1990s, car manufacturers began offering their high-end luxury vehicles with diesel engines. Passenger car diesel engines usually have between three and twelve cylinders, and a displacement ranging from 0.8 to 6.0 litres. Modern powerplants are usually turbocharged and have direct injection.


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel engines do not suffer from intake-air throttling, resulting in very low fuel consumption especially at low partial load (for instance: driving at city speeds). One fifth of all passenger cars worldwide have diesel engines, with many of them being in Europe, where approximately 47% of all passenger cars are diesel-powered. Daimler-Benz in conjunction with Robert Bosch GmbH produced diesel-powered passenger cars starting in 1936. The popularity of diesel-powered passenger cars in markets such as India, South Korea and Japan is increasing (as of 2018).


title: Diesel engine

text: In 1893, Rudolf Diesel suggested that the diesel engine could possibly power ‘wagons’ (lorries). The first lorries with diesel engines were brought to market in 1924.


title: Diesel engine

text: Modern diesel engines for lorries have to be both extremely reliable and very fuel efficient. Common-rail direct injection, turbocharging and four valves per cylinder are standard. Displacements range from 4.5 to 15.5 litres, with power-to-mass ratios of 2.5–3.5 kg·kW for heavy duty and 2.0–3.0 kg·kW for medium duty engines. V6 and V8 engines used to be common, due to the relatively low engine mass the V configuration provides. Recently, the V configuration has been abandoned in favour of straight engines. These engines are usually straight-6 for heavy and medium duties and straight-4 for medium duty. Their undersquare design causes lower overall piston speeds which results in increased lifespan of up to . Compared with 1970s diesel engines, the expected lifespan of modern lorry diesel engines has more than doubled.


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel engines for locomotives are built for continuous operation between refuelings and may need to be designed to use poor quality fuel in some circumstances. Some locomotives use two-stroke diesel engines. Diesel engines have replaced steam engines on all non-electrified railroads in the world. The first diesel locomotives appeared in 1913, and diesel multiple units soon after. Nearly all modern diesel locomotives are more correctly known as diesel–electric locomotives because they use an electric transmission: the diesel engine drives an electric generator which powers electric traction motors. While electric locomotives have replaced the diesel locomotive for passenger services in many areas diesel traction is widely used for cargo-hauling freight trains and on tracks where electrification is not economically viable.


title: Diesel engine

text: In the 1940s, road vehicle diesel engines with power outputs of were considered reasonable for DMUs. Commonly, regular truck powerplants were used. The height of these engines had to be less than to allow underfloor installation. Usually, the engine was mated with a pneumatically operated mechanical gearbox, due to the low size, mass, and production costs of this design. Some DMUs used hydraulic torque converters instead. Diesel–electric transmission was not suitable for such small engines. In the 1930s, the Deutsche Reichsbahn standardised its first DMU engine. It was a , 12-cylinder boxer unit, producing . Several German manufacturers produced engines according to this standard.


title: Diesel engine

text: The requirements for marine diesel engines vary, depending on the application. For military use and medium-size boats, medium-speed four-stroke diesel engines are most suitable. These engines usually have up to 24 cylinders and come with power outputs in the one-digit Megawatt region. Small boats may use lorry diesel engines. Large ships use extremely efficient, low-speed two-stroke diesel engines. They can reach efficiencies of up to 55%. Unlike most regular diesel engines, two-stroke watercraft engines use highly viscous fuel oil. Submarines are usually diesel–electric.


title: Diesel engine

text: The first diesel engines for ships were made by A. B. Diesels Motorer Stockholm in 1903. These engines were three-cylinder units of 120 PS (88 kW) and four-cylinder units of 180 PS (132 kW) and used for Russian ships. In World War I, especially submarine diesel engine development advanced quickly. By the end of the War, double acting piston two-stroke engines with up to 12,200 PS (9 MW) had been made for marine use.


title: Diesel engine

text: Diesel engines had been used in aircraft before World War II, for instance, in the rigid airship "LZ 129 Hindenburg," which was powered by four Daimler-Benz DB 602 diesel engines, or in several Junkers aircraft, which had Jumo 205 engines installed.


title: Diesel engine

text: In 1929, in the United States, the Packard Motor Company developed America's first aircraft diesel engine, the Packard DR-980 -- an air-cooled, 9-cylinder radial engine. They installed it in various aircraft of the era -- some of which were used in record-breaking distance or endurance flights, and in the first successful demonstration of ground-to-air radiophone communications (voice radio having been previously unintelligible in aircraft equipped with spark-ignition engines, due to electromagnetic interference). Additional advantages cited, at the time, included a lower risk of post-crash fire, and superior performance at high altitudes.


title: Diesel engine

text: On March 6, 1930, the engine received an Approved Type Certificate -- first ever for an aircraft diesel engine -- from the U.S. Department of Commerce. However, noxious exhaust fumes, cold-start and vibration problems, engine structural failures, the death of its developer, and the industrial economic contraction of the Great Depression, combined to kill the program.


title: Diesel engine

text: From then, until the late 1970s, there had not been many applications of the diesel engine in aircraft. In 1978, Piper Cherokee co-designer Karl H. Bergey argued that “the likelihood of a general aviation diesel in the near future is remote.”


title: Diesel engine

text: However, with the 1970s energy crisis and environmental movement, and resulting pressures for greater fuel economy, reduced carbon and lead in the atmosphere, and other issues, there was a resurgence of interest in diesel engines for aircraft. High-compression piston aircraft engines that run on aviation gasoline ("avgas") generally require the addition of toxic Tetraethyl lead to avgas, to avoid engine pre-ignition and detonation; but diesel engines do not require leaded fuel. Also, biodiesel can, theoretically, provide a net reduction in atmospheric carbon compared to avgas. For these reasons, the general aviation community has begun to fear the possible banning or discontinuance of leaded avgas.


title: Diesel engine

text: Additionally, avgas is a specialty fuel in very low (and declining) demand, compared to other fuels, and its makers are susceptible to costly aviation-crash lawsuits, reducing refiners' interest in producing it. Outside the United States, avgas has already become increasingly difficult to find at airports (and generally), than less-expensive, diesel-compatible fuels like Jet-A and other jet fuels.


title: Diesel engine

text: By the late 1990s / early 2000s, diesel engines were beginning to appear in light aircraft. Most notably, Frank Thielert and his Austrian engine enterprise, began developing diesel engines to replace the - gasoline/piston engines in common light aircraft use. First successful application of the Theilerts to production aircraft was in the Diamond DA42 Twin Star light twin, which exhibited exceptional fuel efficiency surpassing anything in its class, and its single-seat predecessor, the Diamond DA40 Diamond Star.


title: Diesel engine

text: In subsequent years, several other companies have developed aircraft diesel engines, or have begun to -- most notably Continental Aerospace Technologies which, by 2018, was reporting it had sold over 5,000 such engines worldwide.


title: Diesel engine

text: The United States' Federal Aviation Administration has reported that "by 2007, various jet-fueled piston aircraft had logged well over 600,000 hours of service". In early 2019, AOPA reported that a diesel engine model for general aviation aircraft is “approaching the finish line.” By late 2022, Continental was reporting that its "Jet-A" fueled engines had exceeded "2,000... in operation today," with over "9 million hours," and were being "specified by major OEMs" for Cessna, Piper, Diamond, Mooney, Tecnam, Glasair and Robin aircraft.


title: Diesel engine

text: In recent years (2016), diesel engines have also found use in unmanned aircraft (UAV), due to their reliability, durability, and low fuel consumption.


title: Diesel engine

text: Non-road diesel engines are commonly used for construction equipment and agricultural machinery. Fuel efficiency, reliability and ease of maintenance are very important for such engines, whilst high power output and quiet operation are negligible. Therefore, mechanically controlled fuel injection and air-cooling are still very common. The common power outputs of non-road diesel engines vary a lot, with the smallest units starting at 3 kW, and the most powerful engines being heavy duty lorry engines.


title: Diesel engine

text: Stationary diesel engines are commonly used for electricity generation, but also for powering refrigerator compressors, or other types of compressors or pumps. Usually, these engines either run continuously with partial load, or intermittently with full load. Stationary diesel engines powering electric generators that put out an alternating current, usually operate with alternating load, but fixed rotational frequency. This is due to the mains' fixed frequency of either 50 Hz (Europe), or 60 Hz (United States). The engine's crankshaft rotational frequency is chosen so that the mains' frequency is a multiple of it. For practical reasons, this results in crankshaft rotational frequencies of either 25 Hz (1500 per minute) or 30 Hz (1800 per minute).


title: Diesel engine

text: A special class of prototype internal combustion piston engines has been developed over several decades with the goal of improving efficiency by reducing heat loss. These engines are variously called adiabatic engines; due to better approximation of adiabatic expansion; low heat rejection engines, or high temperature engines. They are generally piston engines with combustion chamber parts lined with ceramic thermal barrier coatings. Some make use of pistons and other parts made of titanium which has a low thermal conductivity and density. Some designs are able to eliminate the use of a cooling system and associated parasitic losses altogether. Developing lubricants able to withstand the higher temperatures involved has been a major barrier to commercialization.


title: Diesel engine

text: In mid-2010s literature, main development goals for future diesel engines are described as improvements of exhaust emissions, reduction of fuel consumption, and increase of lifespan (2014). It is said that the diesel engine, especially the diesel engine for commercial vehicles, will remain the most important vehicle powerplant until the mid-2030s. Editors assume that the complexity of the diesel engine will increase further (2014). Some editors expect a future convergency of diesel and Otto engines' operating principles due to Otto engine development steps made towards homogeneous charge compression ignition (2017).


title: Despicable Me 3

text: Despicable Me 3 is a 2017 American computer-animated comedy film produced by Illumination and distributed by Universal Pictures. It is the sequel to "Despicable Me 2" (2013), the third main installment, and the fourth installment overall in the "Despicable Me" franchise. The film was directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda, co-directed by production and character designer Eric Guillon, and produced by Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy, from a screenplay written by the writing team of Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio. It stars the voices of Steve Carell, Kristen Wiig, Trey Parker, Coffin, Miranda Cosgrove, Steve Coogan, Jenny Slate, Dana Gaier, Nev Scharrel, and Julie Andrews. In the film, Gru teams up with his long-lost twin brother Dru to stop Balthazar Bratt, a former child actor of the 1980s, from destroying Hollywood, after his show is canceled.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: "Despicable Me 3" debuted at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 14, 2017, and was theatrically released in the United States on June 30, by Universal Pictures. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, the film earned $1.035 billion worldwide, becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2017 and the fourth-highest-grossing animated film of all time during its theatrical run. A sequel, "Despicable Me 4", is scheduled for release in July 2024.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: Married Anti-Villain League (AVL) agents Gru and Lucy Wilde attempt to stop former child actor turned supervillain Balthazar Bratt, whose show "Evil Bratt" was canceled when he reached puberty, from stealing the Dumont diamond. Gru recovers the diamond as Bratt escapes. Displeased, Valerie Da Vinci, the newly appointed AVL director, dismisses Gru and Lucy from it.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: When Gru and Lucy return home, they tell their adopted daughters Margo, Edith, and Agnes of their dismissal, but assure them they will soon have new jobs. When Gru refuses to return to being a supervillain, and his assistant Dr. Nefario is frozen in carbonite, most of his Minions, led by Mel, abandon him to find new jobs but eventually land in jail.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: A butler named Fritz arrives at Gru's home with an invitation from Gru's long-lost twin Dru, who lives in a distant country named Freedonia. The family travels to meet Dru, and are surprised by his immense wealth and massive mansion. Fritz attributes this success to their large pig farming business. Meanwhile, Bratt steals the diamond again, intending to use it to power a giant robot that will destroy Hollywood, as revenge for his show's cancellation. Dru reveals to Gru that their deceased father was a supervillain known as "the Bald Terror", whose villainous activities and technological advances are the real source of the family's wealth. Dru wants Gru to teach him how to become a villain, but Gru refuses to revert to his old ways. While Lucy struggles with her new tasks as a mother, Dru and Gru become closer, especially after joyriding in their father's high-tech vehicle.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: Gru and Dru decide to steal the diamond; however, Gru secretly intends to bring it to the AVL to convince Da Vinci to rehire him and Lucy. They narrowly escape with the diamond and are rescued by Lucy. Dru, finding out Gru's true motives, is upset that Gru lied to him about teaching him how to be a villain. In return, Gru insults Dru's incompetence and declares he will leave Freedonia and end their relationship.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: Bratt, disguised as Lucy, kidnaps the girls, and once again acquires the diamond. Gru and Dru put aside their differences and pursue him after realizing the deception. With his robot powered by the diamond, Bratt terrorizes Hollywood, covering it in superpowered bubble gum in hopes of lifting the city into outer space. Lucy rescues the girls as Bratt tries to kill Gru with the robot's laser. Dru breaks into the robot and power it down from the inside, nearly dying in the process. Gru engages Bratt in a dance fight before stealing his weaponized keytar to defeat him. The Minions, having escaped jail, reunite with Gru. Dru and Gru also reconcile.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: Gru and Lucy are reinstated into the AVL. The newly united family celebrates in Gru's home, and Lucy bonds with the girls and acknowledges them as her daughters. Still wishing to be a supervillain, Dru, along with most of the Minions, steals Gru's rocket-powered aircraft and flies away. Gru and Lucy decide to give them a five-minute head-start before engaging in pursuit.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: Additionally, Andy Nyman voices Clive the robot, Bratt's sidekick., and Adrian Ciscato voices Niko, a boy from Freedonia who falls in love with Margo.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: Steve Burke, the NBCUniversal CEO, confirmed in September 2013 that a third film in the "Despicable Me" series was in development. Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio, the writers of the first two films, announced that they would return to write the screenplay for the film.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: In April 2016, Steve Carell was reported to reprise his role as Gru, and Carell would also voice his twin brother Dru while Trey Parker was cast for the film as Balthazar Bratt. In September 2016, Miranda Cosgrove and Kristen Wiig were reported to reprise their roles as Margo and Lucy Wilde, respectively while Nev Scharrel replaces Elsie Fisher in the role of Agnes.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: The soundtrack for "Despicable Me 3" was released on June 23, 2017. Pharrell Williams released the new song "Yellow Light" for the soundtrack, which was made available through digital download and streaming.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: The digital campaign of "Despicable Me 3" have been promoted before its release, which included activations, such as the star ratings being replaced with the Minions during the Amazon's "Minion Day", and BuzzFeed's "character takeover" badges. In New York City, 600 taxicabs had the sculpted Minions atop of them, of which had a Minionese greeting. McDonald's released a promotion for a toy set offered in their Happy Meals for the film between May and June 2017. Additional marketing partners for the film included 23 & Me, Chiquita, Ferrero, Kellogg's, Procter & Gamble, Topps, and Yummy Spoonfuls.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: "Despicable Me 3" debuted at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 14, 2017, followed by a premiere on June 24, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The film was released in the United States on June 30.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released "Despicable Me 3" for digital download on November 21, and on Blu-ray and DVD on December 5. Physical copies contain behind-the-scenes featurettes, character descriptions, The AVL database (which showcased its aspects), an Freedonian map, a deleted scene, a blooper reel, a television presentation, the sing-along version of "Doowit", the music video for "Yellow Light", Minion mugshots and posters, and a short film, "The Secret Life of Kyle".


title: Despicable Me 3

text: "Despicable Me 3" earned $264.6 million in the United States and Canada and $770.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.034 billion. It was the fourth highest-grossing film of 2017 and the fourth highest-grossing animated film of all time. "Deadline Hollywood" calculated the film's net profit as $366.2 million, accounting for production budgets, marketing, talent participations, and other costs; box office grosses and home media revenues placed it third on their list of 2017's "Most Valuable Blockbusters".


title: Despicable Me 3

text: The film was released with "The House" and "Baby Driver" on June 30, 2017. "Despicable Me 3" earned $29.2 million on its first day, including $4.1 million from Thursday night previews. The film debuted earning $75.4 million from 4,529 theaters; it was the widest release ever. Its second weekend earnings dropped by 53 percent to $34 million as well as the increased theater count of 4,535, and followed by another $19.4 million the third weekend. "Despicable Me 3" completed its theatrical run in the United States and Canada on December 21, 2017.


title: Despicable Me 3

text: Worldwide, "Despicable Me 3" made $9.9 million in its opening weekend in five markets on June 16, 2017. In its third weekend, the film made $95.6 million in 46 markets. Its top international markets were China ($158.2 million), Japan ($66.2 million), the United Kingdom ($62.7 million), Germany ($43.8 million), and France ($41.4 million).