title: Superman in film

text: "Superman: Flyby" was being met with a budget exceeding $200 million, not including money spent on "Superman Reborn", "Superman Lives," and "Batman vs. Superman", but Warner Bros. was still adamant for a summer 2004 release date. Christopher Walken was in negotiations for Perry White, while Ratner wanted to cast Anthony Hopkins as Jor-El, and Ralph Fiennes as Lex Luthor, two of his cast members from "Red Dragon". Joel Edgerton turned down a chance to audition as Superman in favor of the villain Ty-Zor, before Ratner dropped out of the project in March 2003, blaming casting delays, and aggressive feuds with producer Jon Peters.


title: Superman in film

text: McG returned as director in 2003, while Fraser continued to express interest, but had fears of typecasting. ESC Entertainment was hired for visual effects work, with Kim Libreri as visual effects supervisor and Stan Winston designing a certain "prototype suit". McG approached Shia LaBeouf for Jimmy Olsen, with an interest to cast an unknown for Superman, Scarlett Johansson as Lois Lane and Johnny Depp for Lex Luthor. Robert Downey Jr. was soon afterward cast as Lex Luthor. Neal H. Moritz and Gilbert Adler were set to produce the film. McG also commissioned Josh Schwartz to rewrite the Abrams script. He also shot test footage with several candidates, including Jason Behr, Henry Cavill, Jared Padalecki, and Michael Cassidy. However, McG left the project soon afterward, blaming budgetary concerns and disagreement over filming locations. He opted to shoot in New York City and Canada, but Warner Bros. wanted Sydney, Australia, which would have cost $25 million less. McG released a statement saying that he felt "it was inappropriate to try to capture the heart of America on another continent." He eventually admitted in a 2012 interview that his fear of flying was the real reason for his objection to Australia. Abrams lobbied for the chance to direct his script, but Warner Bros. replaced McG with Bryan Singer in July 2004, resulting in "Superman Returns", that was released in 2006.


title: Superman in film

text: In August 2013, Geoff Johns mentioned that Warner Bros. was considering turning unproduced scripts and screenplays into original animated films and had expressed interest in making an animated adaptation of the "Flyby" screenplay.


title: Superman in film

text: In February 2006, four months before the release of "Superman Returns", Warner Brothers announced a summer 2009 theatrical release date for a sequel, with Bryan Singer returning as director, along with Brandon Routh, Kevin Spacey, Kate Bosworth, Sam Huntington, Frank Langella, and Tristan Lake Leabu expected to reprise their roles.


title: Superman in film

text: However, with the release of "Superman Returns" in July 2006, the studio was hesitant on moving forward with development. Warner Brothers President Alan F. Horn explained that "Superman Returns" was a very successful film, but that it "should have done $500 million worldwide" and that they "should have had perhaps a little more action to satisfy the young male crowd." Singer reacted incredulously to the studio complaints, saying that the "movie made $400 million!," adding "I don't know what constitutes under-performing these days."


title: Superman in film

text: Filming was supposed to start in March 2008. While no screenplay was ever written, Singer would have titled it "Man of Steel", stressing that it would have been more action-packed than "Superman Returns".


title: Superman in film

text: Though Singer had an interest in Darkseid as the main villain, writer Michael Dougherty was interested in using Brainiac for the proposed sequel:In my mind, if the Kryptonians really were a space-faring race ... it would only make sense that there would've been colonies and off-planet missions ... other Kryptonians making their way to Earth seemed like a pretty big one. It wouldn't necessarily be evil right off the bat. That's too easy and cliché ... I think it'd be interesting to see how these other Kryptonians show up, land and have all these powers and [have to learn] how to adapt to them.In February 2007, the studio commissioned husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film, halting development for the "Superman Returns" sequel. The "Justice League" script was submitted to Warner Brothers the following June, which prompted the studio to immediately fast-track production of what was to be titled "". As Singer went on to film "Valkyrie" (2008) the next month, George Miller signed to direct in September 2007.


title: Superman in film

text: The script would have featured a different Superman in a separate continuity from Singer's film; Routh was not approached to reprise his role for "Justice League: Mortal", which ended up going to D. J. Cotrona. The film nearly went into production in March 2008, but the Australian Film Commission denied Warner Brothers their 40% tax rebate and Cotrona's options eventually expired. With "Justice League: Mortal" canceled, Singer renewed his interest in the "Superman Returns" sequel that same month, stating that it was in early development. Paul Levitz, president of DC Comics, still expected the title role to be reprised by Routh, whose contract for a sequel expired in 2009.


title: Superman in film

text: In August 2008, the studio's President of Production Jeff Robinov admitted:"Superman Returns" didn't quite work as a film in the way that we wanted it to.… It didn't position the character the way he needed to be positioned.… Had "Superman" worked in 2006, we would have had a movie for Christmas of this year or 2009. Now the plan is just to reintroduce Superman without regard to a Batman and Superman movie at all.Routh later reprised his role as Superman in the 2019 Arrowverse television crossover "Crisis on Infinite Earths".


title: Superman in film

text: In February 2007, during pre-production for "The Dark Knight", Warner Brothers hired husband and wife screenwriting duo Michelle and Kieran Mulroney to script a "Justice League" film featuring a younger Batman in a separate franchise.


title: Superman in film

text: George Miller was hired to direct the following September, with D. J. Cotrona was cast as Superman, along with Armie Hammer as Batman. Filming had nearly commenced at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney, but was pushed back over the Writers Guild of America strike, and once more when the Australian Film Commission denied Warner Bros. a 45 percent tax rebate over lack of Australian actors in the film. Production offices were moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada for an expected July 2008 start and a planned summer 2009 theatrical release date, but Warner Bros. ultimately canceled "Justice League" following the success of "The Dark Knight". Hammer's option on his contract lapsed and the studio was more willing to proceed with Christopher Nolan to finish his trilogy separately with "The Dark Knight Rises".


title: Superman in film

text: By October 2014, a sequel to "Man of Steel" was in development. Zack Snyder later stated that plot elements under discussion included Brainiac and the Kryptonians who were banished to the Phantom Zone at the end of "Man of Steel". In November 2016, Amy Adams stated that work had begun on the screenplay. In September 2017, Matthew Vaughn announced that he was having discussions with the studio to direct the film. Vaughn later said his ideas for the film were influenced by a previous trilogy pitch from 2008 that he had co-written with Mark Millar, and described the planned sequel as "a massive, uplifting, hopeful thing". In June 2018, Cavill revealed that he was preparing to reprise the role.


title: Superman in film

text: Around that time, screenwriter Christopher McQuarrie pitched an idea, with Cavill's participation, about a "Man of Steel" sequel that would have tied in to a Green Lantern film that McQuarrie was also pitching, but the studio was not interested in either film.


title: Superman in film

text: By March 2019, Vaughn stated that discussions with Warner Bros. had ended, and he was no longer involved with development of the film. Later, Michael B. Jordan pitched his own take on the character, but was not ready to commit due to an already busy schedule. By November 2019, it was reported that Warner Bros. had entered early negotiations with J. J. Abrams about taking control of the project. In December, Cavill said the future of Superman would be more faithful to the comic book source material. Cavill said that his casting in "The Witcher" had previously interfered with his availability for the role, but that this would not be the case with the show's second season. In 2019, James Gunn was offered to direct the film, but chose to direct "The Suicide Squad" instead.


title: Superman in film

text: By May 2020, the "Man of Steel" sequel was no longer in development, but Cavill entered negotiations to reprise the role in a different film.


title: Superman in film

text: In October 2022, it was reported that a "Man of Steel" sequel had re-started development. Charles Roven was expected to produce the project, having previously been a producer in the first film, while Cavill anticipated his return to the role. The film underwent a search for writers until November 2022, upon the hiring of James Gunn and Peter Safran to lead the newly-restructured and christened DC Studios. In December 2022, a new standalone "Superman" film written by Gunn would be announced, with Cavill seperately confirming his retirement from the role and thus cancelling any future appearances from his version of the character.


title: Superman in film

text: The initial four "Superman" films starring Christopher Reeve were released previously on VHS, and throughout the film series' history, three box sets of the films have been released by Warner Bros. The first occurred on May 1, 2001, when The Complete Superman Collection was released both on DVD and VHS, containing that year's DVD/home video releases of "Superman", "Superman II", "Superman III", and "". The set was valued at US$49.99 for the DVD release and US$29.99 for the VHS release, and received positive reviews.


title: Superman in film

text: The four Christopher Reeve films were again released on November 28, 2006, in new DVD releases to coincide with "Superman Returns", also released in that year. "Superman" (1978) was released in a four-disc 'special edition' similar to "Superman II", which was released in a two-disc special edition. Both "Superman III" and "IV" were released in single disc 'deluxe editions', and all four releases were available together in The Christopher Reeve Superman Collection, an 8-disc set that was valued at US$79.92 and received positive reviews (like the 2001 set before it).


title: Superman in film

text: Also on November 28, 2006, a 14-disc DVD box set titled Superman Ultimate Collector's Edition was released, containing the four Reeve films, along with "", "Superman Returns", and "", among other releases. All contents of the set were housed within a tin case. The set was valued at US$99.92, and received extremely positive reviews when first released. However, after only a day on the market, Warner Bros announced that there were two errors discovered within the set: the first was that the 2.0 audio track on "Superman", was instead the 5.1 audio track already on the disc; and the second was that the "Superman III" disc was not the 2006 deluxe edition as advertised, but the 2001 release instead. The set was soon recalled, and Warner Bros offered a toll-free number to replace the faulty discs for people who had already purchased the set. Due to popular demand, a corrected set was released and "Superman Ultimate Collector's Edition" returned to store shelves on May 29, 2007.


title: Superman in film

text: On October 14, 2008, another Christopher Reeve "Superman" film collection was released, entitled Superman: 4 Film Favorites, containing all four films, but with far less bonus material than previous sets. The collection was a 2-disc DVD-18 set that included the first disc of both special editions from the 2006 release and both deluxe editions.


title: New York City FC

text: New York City Football Club is an American professional soccer club based in New York City that competes in Major League Soccer (MLS), the highest level of American soccer, as a member of the league's Eastern Conference. The club is co-owned by City Football Group, which also owns the English soccer club Manchester City, and Yankee Global Enterprises, owners of the New York Yankees.


title: New York City FC

text: New York City played its first league game in the 2015 MLS season, as the twentieth expansion team of the league; it is the first franchise based in the city, and the second in the New York metropolitan area, after the New York Red Bulls, with whom they contest the Hudson River Derby. Since 2015, the club have primarily played their home games at Yankee Stadium (which is the home of the New York Yankees) in the Bronx, Citi Field in Queens, and Red Bull Arena in Harrison, New Jersey and have been known to train on Pier 5 fields in Brooklyn.


title: New York City FC

text: Jason Kreis was the club's first coach, before being replaced by Patrick Vieira, who guided New York City to their first MLS Cup playoff appearance and second-place finishes in the MLS Supporters' Shield standings. After five years of performing well in the regular season but falling short in the playoffs, Norwegian coach Ronny Deila won the club's first trophy, the 2021 MLS Cup. The club then won its first international trophy when they defeated Atlas at the 2022 Campeones Cup, becoming the first New York-based club to win an international trophy.


title: New York City FC

text: Based on attendance from the 2019 regular season, New York City was the ninth best supported club in the league, and the seventh most valuable, worth over $385 million.


title: New York City FC

text: In early 2006, Major League Soccer had an interest in placing a second team in the New York City area. This followed the expiry of MetroStars' exclusive territorial rights as a condition of the club's sale to Red Bull GmbH and the creation of New York Red Bulls. By 2007, the league had held talks with several groups, including New York Mets owner Fred Wilpon and his family, about owning the second New York franchise. The Wilpons' interest in MLS reportedly faded following the family's losses in the Madoff investment scandal, but the league continued to look for investors.


title: New York City FC

text: In 2010, MLS commissioner Don Garber officially announced the league's intent to make its 20th franchise a second team in the New York area. At that point, the league hoped to have the new team beginning operations by 2013. Garber also held discussions with the owners of the rebooted New York Cosmos, but they balked at the league's expansion fee and single-entity structure and decided not to apply for entry, instead joining the second-tier North American Soccer League.


title: New York City FC

text: Garber had previously cultivated an interest in acquiring investment from a major European soccer club to be owners of a future franchise, and in December 2008, he announced a bid for a Miami expansion team led by FC Barcelona. The team was to begin play in 2010 if accepted, however, the bid eventually fell through. Garber also briefly discussed Barcelona investing in a New York franchise, before moving the focus to Miami.


title: New York City FC

text: In 2012, Ferran Soriano, Barcelona's vice president at the time of the Miami bid, was appointed Manchester City CEO, prompting Garber to reach out to him about a New York City team. In December 2012, unnamed sources told the media that Manchester City were close to being announced as the new owners of the 20th team of MLS, and the brand name "New York City Football Club" was trademarked, although the club quickly denied the report. However, Garber announced in March 2013 that he was almost ready to unveil the new expansion team.


title: New York City FC

text: Manchester City, in association with the New York Yankees baseball team, paid the $100 million expansion fee to join the league. New York City Football Club, LLC was also registered with the New York State Department on May 7, 2013, and on May 21, the team was officially announced as the 20th Major League Soccer franchise.


title: New York City FC

text: On May 22, 2013, the club named former United States and Manchester City midfielder Claudio Reyna as its , responsible for coaching staff and player recruitment ahead of the team's inaugural MLS season in 2015. Reyna, a New Jersey native, also played for the nearby New York Red Bulls. He said he had begun identifying candidates to be the club's head coach, but would not name one in 2013. The team announced an English-language radio deal with WFAN on October 3, 2013.


title: New York City FC

text: The club made their first recruitment dealing in off-field matters on September 6, 2013, when they hired former Rutgers University Athletic Director Tim Pernetti to serve as Chief Business Officer, part of a five-year deal with the university. Further hirings were made in mid-November, when three experienced administrators were appointed to vice president roles.


title: New York City FC

text: On December 11, 2013, Jason Kreis was announced as the first head coach of the new franchise, having reached the end of his contract at Real Salt Lake and declined an extension. The move came just four days after he missed out on lifting his second MLS Cup with the Utah team, losing on penalties to Sporting Kansas City. It was revealed in the announcement that his contract, starting on January 1, 2014, would see him begin by traveling to Manchester, England, to familiarize himself with the set-up of the franchise owners. Kreis' official unveiling was made at a press conference on January 10, 2014, where he made it public that his former assistant Miles Joseph had joined him at the club.


title: New York City FC

text: On June 2, 2014, the club announced that Spanish World Cup-winning striker David Villa had signed as the first ever player. While the team awaited its MLS start in 2015, Villa was loaned to Melbourne City, a club also owned by City Football Group. He was, however, called back after only four matches. On July 24, 2014, New York City announced at a live press conference in Brooklyn that ex-England international and Chelsea all-time top goal scorer Frank Lampard would be joining them as their second Designated Player. Reyna hailed Lampard as "one of the greatest players in world history", while Lampard stated "it is a privilege to be able to help make history here in New York City". On July 6, 2015, the club signed ex-Italian international Andrea Pirlo from Juventus as their third Designated Player.


title: New York City FC

text: In the 2015 MLS SuperDraft, as an expansion team, New York City had the second overall pick, choosing Oregon State forward Khiry Shelton as their first pick.


title: New York City FC

text: An up-and-down pre-season saw them dominate their first ever exhibition match, played against Scotland's St Mirren, with Villa scoring the club's first ever goal in a regulated match, while in the Carolina Challenge Cup, they finished second out of four teams after a slow start ruled out their chances of picking up the non-competitive silverware. Their first ever league game was played on March 8 against fellow expansion side Orlando City, with Mix Diskerud scoring their first ever competitive goal in a game which finished 1–1 in front of a packed Citrus Bowl stadium. A week later in their first home game, Villa and Patrick Mullins scored in their first home win against New England Revolution in front of a crowd of 43,507. The team eventually suffered an eleven-game winless streak which ended on June 16, after defeating the Philadelphia Union 2–1.


title: New York City FC

text: New York City faced the New York Cosmos in the fourth round of the 2015 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, and were eliminated on penalties after playing overtime. The team finished 8th in the Eastern Conference, 17th overall. After the season ended, Kreis was relieved from his head coaching duties on November 2. The team's failure to make the playoffs and the team's second lowest points in the league, were the main factors in his release. A week later, Patrick Vieira was announced as the new head coach of the team.


title: New York City FC

text: Under Vieira's stewardship, the club had a remarkable season in 2016. The club began pre-season trading for Jack Harrison, the first overall pick in the 2016 MLS SuperDraft. Harrison made an immediate impact and became a core component of the club in his first year with the team, forming a formidable partnership with Villa. Villa also regained his striking form, eventually becoming the recipient of the league's MVP Award after scoring 23 goals. New York City qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history, eventually losing to Toronto in a two-game series in the Eastern Conference semi-finals. Following the season's conclusion, the club parted ways with Lampard, who had become injury prone during his time with the club. 2017 saw a similar season, with the club replacing Lampard with the arrival of Argentine midfielder Maximiliano Moralez as their new, third Designated Player, while Alexander Ring joined from Kaiserslautern, the pair soon becoming stalwarts in midfield. The club, however, became runners-up for the 2017 Supporters' Shield, finishing the regular season with a record of 16–9–9, as well as a record points total of 57. The club again, however, were once again eliminated from the playoffs in the conference semi-finals, losing to the fifth seeded Columbus Crew by a 4–3 goal aggregate.


title: New York City FC

text: New York City had then utilized the following off-season in order to undertake an aggressive overhaul of the squad, with ten senior players departing, including perceived starters Mikey Lopez, R. J. Allen, Frédéric Brillant, and Ethan White. Designated Player Andrea Pirlo also departed, announcing his retirement prior to the club's final playoff game against Columbus Crew. He was then replaced with the addition of Paraguayan international Jesus Medina on New Year's Eve, as New York City's third Designated Player. The club further began upon replacing other departing players with the promotions of both Jonathan Lewis, the third-overall pick in the 2017 MLS SuperDraft, and James Sands, the club's first ever Homegrown Player. Sands also grew up in the nearby city of Rye, New York. Soon after, 2016's Defensive Player of the Year, Rónald Matarrita, extended his contract to remain with the club beyond the 2018 season. The club then made its first acquisition on December 13, with the signing of defender Anton Tinnerholm, who joined from Allsvenskan champions Malmö. Tinnerholm, a Swedish international, is typically deployed as a right-back. The team then acquired another right-back in the form of Saad Abdul-Salaam in a trade with Sporting Kansas City, trading former second overall pick Khiry Shelton, largely considered a bust, on December 14. The club then rounded out the roster with a trio of internationals, as striker Jo Inge Berget, central defender Cédric Hountondji, and speedster Ismael Tajouri-Shradi all joined the team. Brad Stuver was also acquired in a trade with Columbus, in order to provide cover as third-choice goalkeeper. Finally, Ghanaian international Ebenezer Ofori joined on loan from Bundesliga side VfB Stuttgart, while the club selected goalkeeper Jeff Caldwell with the nineteenth overall pick in the 2018 MLS SuperDraft, as they began the season in search of a MLS Cup. The team also conducted business through the season, as they signed Sebastien Ibeagha, a defender who last played for affiliate club San Antonio, after he impressed following a trial.


title: New York City FC

text: Midway through the season, however, Vieira would depart the club to return to France, in order to coach at Ligue 1 club Nice. His tenure saw the team adopt a free-flowing, attacking, press-based system, which gained both the team and coach several plaudits from experts, players, and fellow coaches. He departed alongside his band of assistant coaches: Christian Lattanzio, Kristian Wilson and Matt Cook. Vieira was then quickly replaced by Domènec Torrent, Pep Guardiola's long-term assistant coach. Torrent was successful in his first game, securing a 2–1 win at home against Toronto on June 24. The club then added to their roster during the season, with free agent Eloi joining as Torrent's first signing, who arrived from sister club Girona on July 25. The team then concluded a loan deal for youth prospect Valentín Castellanos two days later. Castellanos would score on his debut on August 4. Despite this, Torrent's bright start would eventually fade, and he could only register an additional six victories to close the season, including a period of one win in two months. New York City would eventually qualify for the playoffs as the third seed in the Eastern Conference, but again, were defeated in the second round to conclude the 2018 season. Individually, Moralez shone, and was voted an All-Star for his performances.


title: New York City FC

text: The club then underwent another period of transition in the off-season, with several players' options declined on November 29, including cult-hero Tommy McNamara, recent signings Ofori and Eloi, and first team regulars Maxime Chanot and Rodney Wallace. Moreover, Berget's contract with the club was mutually terminated, after just a single season. The club also parted ways with record appearance maker and goalscorer Villa—who had been voted into the MLS Best XI twice and was a four-time MLS All-Star in his four seasons with New York—who joined J-League side Vissel Kobe. Alexander Ring was named the club's second captain after Villa's departure. Later, an option to buy was exercised in Castellanos' loan deal to make his transfer permanent. Chanot was eventually resigned to a multi-year contract on December 8, while Ofori's loan was extended for another season. New York City made their first acquisition, Tony Rocha, just under a week later in a trade with Orlando City, whereby the team parted with a fourth-round pick in the 2019 MLS SuperDraft. The club later loaned in U.S. international Keaton Parks in January, who joined from Portuguese side Benfica, while Juan Pablo Torres joined from Belgian Pro League side Lokeren. Meanwhile, Justin Haak was promoted to the senior team as the club's second Homegrown Player. Hountondji was later waived in order to clear a roster spot for the club's 12th overall draft pick in the 2019 MLS SuperDraft, goalkeeper Luis Barraza. New York City then signed Romanian international Alexandru Mitriță as the club's third Designated Player on February 4, for a rumored club-record transfer fee of US$9.1 million, making him also one of the most expensive transfers in MLS history. The club later signed Brazilian forward Héber on March 21, and in June, signed Scottish forward Gary Mackay-Steven on a free transfer from Aberdeen.


title: New York City FC

text: Mid-season, the club traded for defender Eric Miller from Minnesota United on July 29, for $50,000 in general allocation money. Despite these roster changes, the team again failed in the playoffs, falling to previous MLS Cup champions Toronto, despite the club finishing atop the regular season standings in Eastern Conference for the first time. Following this, the club "mutually parted ways" with head coach Torrent. The club announced its end of season awards on November 12, with Chanot receiving Defensive Player of the Year, while Héber won Newcomer of the Year. Moralez again shone in New York for a second successive season, being voted into the 2019 MLS Best XI.


title: New York City FC

text: At the start of the off-season, the team oversaw a number of departures; veteran defender Ben Sweat left after being selected by upstart MLS club Inter Miami as their first overall pick in the 2019 MLS Expansion Draft, while Sporting Director Claudio Reyna also left the club, joining expansion side Austin. Reyna was replaced by the in-house promotion of Technical Director David Lee, who assumed the role as Sporting Director. Moreover, the club also announced Homegrown Player Joe Scally would depart to join Bundesliga club Borussia Mönchengladbach, effective January 1, 2021. The official transfer fee was undisclosed, although, multiple reports suggested the fee is to be a seven-figure sum that could rise to become one of the highest transfer fees received for a player in MLS history. Soon thereafter, Parks' loan was made permanent, while the club completed the acquisition of Gedion Zelalem on a free transfer. On January 28, 2020, New York City signed Icelandic midfielder Guðmundur Þórarinsson from Swedish club Norrköping, and the club announced the appointment of Ronny Deila as the new head coach; Deila signed a three-year contract.


title: New York City FC

text: New York City began the 2020 season with their debut in the CONCACAF Champions League, and advanced to the quarter finals after defeating Costa Rican outfit San Carlos 6–3 over two legs. The club then began the 2020 MLS season with a defeat, losing 1–0 away against Columbus. New York City subsequently announced the signing of Uruguayan midfielder Nicolás Acevedo from Liverpool Montevideo on March 2, 2020. After the season was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic, New York City returned to play in July in the MLS is Back Tournament, where they placed 3rd in Group A, progressing to the quarter finals before falling to eventual champions Portland Timbers 3–1. They finished at the same stage of the CONCACAF Champions League, losing to Mexican side UANL. In the regular season, New York City also failed to see significant success, finishing 5th in the Eastern Conference and losing to Orlando City in the first round of the playoffs.


title: New York City FC

text: In the subsequent postseason, the club sanctioned the departures of club captain Alexander Ring, leftback Ronald Matarrita, and Gary Mackay-Steven, while former club record transfer Alexandru Mitriță left on loan. The club signed Malte Amundsen in 2021, their first signing of the decade, for a reported fee of $1.6 million, on February 12. The club later completed several additions by June: they drafted Andres Jasson and Vuk Latinovich, signed goalkeeper Cody Mizell, re-signed Zelalem and brought Chris Gloster back to MLS, signed eventual first-team regular Alfredo Morales, and the Brazilian pair Thiago Andrade and Talles Magno; they also loaned Uruguyan midfielder Santiago Rodríguez. Meanwhile, reserve goalkeepers Stuver and Mason Stajduhar departed.


title: New York City FC

text: After a start to the season that saw the club slightly struggle while playing multiple home games at Red Bull Arena in New Jersey, the team was sitting in fourth place in the Eastern Conference standings at the end of August after a 2–0 win over the eventual Supporters Shield winners New England Revolution. The team struggled through September and the beginning of October, winning one game in nine and drawing three others. This included a draw and two losses to the New York Red Bulls and a five-game stretch where the club did not score a goal. As the pressure began to rise on the squad and manager, Ronny Deila, unlikely hero Guðmundur Þórarinsson broke the club's scoreless streak in the 90th minute of a 1–1 draw against Atlanta. The team went on to win the next three games and scrape a draw with 10 men against Philadelphia in the season finale, clawing their way from being temporarily out of the playoffs in mid-October into fourth place going into the playoffs. Valentín Castellanos finished the season as the MLS Golden Boot winner with 19 goals and eight assists.


title: New York City FC

text: New York City began the playoffs by beating Atlanta United 2–0 at Yankee Stadium, followed by a dramatic win in penalties in Foxboro over Supporters Shield winners New England Revolution in the Eastern Conference semi-finals. After a 2–2 draw after extra time, NYCFC beat the Revolution 5–3 in penalties after Sean Johnson saved an attempt by Adam Buska. It was the first penalty shootout win for New York City in five tries and their first MLS Playoffs win on the road. In the Eastern Conference finals, New York City defeated the Philadelphia Union in a comeback 2–1 win with a late goal in the 88th minute by Talles Magno. Philadelphia was without the services of 11 players in this match due to MLS COVID-19 Health and Safety protocols, while New York City were without star forward Valentin Castellanos due to a red card in the previous match against New England.


title: New York City FC

text: The club went on to face Portland Timbers in their first MLS Cup in Providence Park in Portland. After Castellanos began the scoring in the 41st minute, New York City were seconds away from their first title before a dramatic 94th-minute equalizer by Portland's Felipe Mora. After a scoreless extra time, Sean Johnson saved two Portland penalties and New York City prevailed 4–2 in the shootout. Alexander Callens blasted the final penalty into the back of the net for the club's title win. It was the first MLS championship for a team from the New York region and the first title for a New York sports franchise since the New York Giants won Super Bowl XLVI following the 2011 season. Additionally, it was the first top division soccer championship for a New York team since the New York Cosmos won the Soccer Bowl in 1982.


title: New York City FC

text: With this victory, the club had earned the right to play in the 2022 Campeones Cup, defeating Mexican side Atlas to win their first international trophy and first New York-based club to do so.


title: New York City FC

text: With the team announced in 2013, almost two years before it was due to play its first competitive game in 2015, the board of the nascent New York club announced their intention to take their time in building the club, and at the team's launch ceremony did not unveil colors or a badge, instead only using a placeholder image of a blue circle with "New York City FC" written within.


title: New York City FC

text: Although club chairman Ferran Soriano emphasized the desire to create a club with its own identity, rather than relying entirely on the brands of club owners Manchester City and the New York Yankees, the online presence that the club kept up across its own website and on various social networking websites maintained a consistent approach of using the sky blue of the Manchester club and the navy blue of the MLB team, along with the white employed by both owner-clubs. With the soccer side running the operations of New York City, however, the vast majority of journalistic reporting and speculation assumed that the club's color-scheme would eventually be revealed as a reflection of, if not a copy of Manchester City's sky blue kits with white trim, with Director of Football Operations Claudio Reyna saying at the press conference announcing his appointment that he was "excited to again wear City's ‘Sky Blue’ as part of the expansion of the MLS".


title: New York City FC

text: Having allowed the speculation and amateur designs to build interest in the club for almost nine months, on February 4, 2014, it was announced that the selection of an official club badge was to be forthcoming, with the club planning to release two designs for the crest in two different styles, which would then be put to a public vote to select the chosen design. In the meantime, New York City's official website announced a "Badge of Badges" campaign, inviting all to create their own crests on a hosted badge-designer page, with every entry ultimately to be incorporated into a mosaic of the badge when a final design was selected, the mosaic to be available both online and in physical form at the club's training ground once built.


title: New York City FC

text: Although March 3 was originally set as the release date for the two proposed logos, the vote was pushed back as the Yankees vetoed one of the potential crests for infringing their own trademark. The two badge options, both designed by Rafael Esquer following the success of his Made in NY mark, were revealed on March 10. At that time, the club's official color scheme of navy blue, sky blue and orange was also announced. The orange was an homage to the city's Dutch heritage, and is the same shade found in the city's flag. Fans were given three days to vote on the final design, and the winner was announced on March 20.


title: New York City FC

text: At an event at Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan on November 13, 2014, thousands of fans and media were on hand to see New York City unveil its inaugural jersey. The away jersey was revealed on November 24, a black shirt with sky blue and orange trim and five reflective black stripes to represent the five boroughs of the city.


title: New York City FC

text: For the club's second season, a new away uniform was unveiled, featuring shirt, shorts and socks all of navy blue trimmed in orange. The shirt was dominated by lighter-blue concentric circles radiating out from the logo that "celebrate the energy of New York City". The home uniform remained virtually unchanged, with sky blue socks substituting for the white. On January 7, 2017, the club unveiled its second-ever home uniform, pairing the sky blue shirt with navy blue shorts. A small New York City flag is on the front of the shirt. The club's third away uniform was unveiled on February 7, 2018. The kit is primarily gray with sky blue details, "inspired by the concrete jungle that is the Big Apple".


title: New York City FC

text: City Football Group sponsor Etihad Airways was announced to be New York City's inaugural jersey sponsor in an event at Terminal 5 on November 13, 2014, at the same event which revealed the club's first ever jersey design. The announcement capped a week in which Heineken and Adidas had also been signed up as secondary sponsors of the club.


title: New York City FC

text: In one of the club's first announcements on October 3, 2013 – before announcing where the team would play and before any players had been signed – New York City signed an agreement with WFAN to broadcast English-language radio commentary to the New York area for club games and also serves as the flagship station of the 'New York City FC Radio Network', powered by CBS. A year later, on December 18, 2014, the club announced that it was following up its radio deal with an agreement with the YES Network to televise all home and away games. On top of the YES broadcasting rights, the deal included free streaming of all games across the internet via the Fox Sports Go website. With club co-owners the New York Yankees also part-owners of YES, the deals were of little surprise, with even Yankees president Randy Levine openly speculating on the possibility within days of the club's unveiling.


title: New York City FC

text: Games were broadcast on radio by WFAN and WNYM during the team's first season; the games were available via webstream for the subsequent two seasons. Broadcasts returned to terrestrial radio in 2018, as noncommercial WNYE became the team's flagship audio outlet. In 2019, Spanish-language radio station WEPN began to broadcast New York City games, with play-by-play from announcer Roberto Abramowitz and color commentary from Ariel Judas.


title: New York City FC

text: On April 21, 2014, the club confirmed that they would play their first season home games at Yankee Stadium, and that plans for a future stadium were in progress.


title: New York City FC

text: Before the official team was announced, plans were presented by MLS to build a soccer stadium in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens. However, due to opposition to building a stadium on park land as well as objections from the New York Mets, who play nearby, the site lost favor once the new team was announced. The team came up with an alternate proposal to build the stadium in the Bronx adjacent to Yankee Stadium. In 2015, New York property lawyer Martin Edelman, a member of Manchester City's board of directors, said that New York City had abandoned plans for the Bronx site. On August 17, 2017, the club's architects attended a site visit of Belmont Park on Long Island held by the Empire State Development Corporation for parties interested in developing land adjacent to the racetrack.


title: New York City FC

text: Club president Jon Patricof confirmed in September 2017 that the franchise "(has) multiple sites under active consideration – some involve public processes and some are private." On September 25, 2017, it was reported that the club would submit a proposal to build a soccer-specific stadium on the site at Belmont Park. On December 19, 2017, the site at Belmont Park was selected by the Empire State Development Corporation for the New York Islanders' new 18,000-seat arena, ending the club's pursuit of a soccer-specific stadium at the site.


title: New York City FC

text: On September 23, 2017, New York City played a home match at Pratt & Whitney Stadium at Rentschler Field in East Hartford, Connecticut, from the city, due to a scheduling conflict with a rescheduled Yankees game.


title: New York City FC

text: On October 22, 2017, New York City played their final regular season home match at Queens' Citi Field, home of the New York Mets, due to another scheduling conflict with a Yankees American League Championship Series game at Yankee Stadium.


title: New York City FC

text: In April 2018, new plans for the Harlem River Yards development in the south Bronx were revealed, for the land north of the Willis Avenue Bridge; the area would be anchored by the new stadium of 26,000 seats, which would be designed by Rafael Viñoly. On April 25, 2018, it was reported by club president Jon Patricof that the club is focusing on other sites more seriously than Harlem Yards. "We submitted something to the State [of New York] as part of a request for expressions of interest," said Patricof about the Harlem River Yards site. "But that's it. That site is not an active site."


title: New York City FC

text: In 2020, they used Red Bull Arena for two matches of the 2020 CONCACAF Champions League due to both Yankee Stadium and Citi Field undergoing unavoidable winterization procedures at the time. The team would also use the arena again between August and September 2020 after scheduling conflicts at Yankee Stadium prevented the team from using the stadium. The club hosted an additional eight home matches at Red Bull Arena for the 2021 MLS Season due to scheduling conflicts at Yankee Stadium.


title: New York City FC

text: In 2022, after NYCFC appeared again for the 2022 CONCACAF Champions League, the club later confirmed that neither Yankee Stadium nor Citi Field are approved venues by CONCACAF for the CONCACAF Champions League, meaning that any CCL matches would be required to be played at an CONCACAF approved venue such as Red Bull Arena or at other available CONCACAF approved venue. Both the Round of 16 and Quarterfinals were required to be played outside of the New York City area, with the Round of 16 match played at the Banc of California Stadium in Los Angeles, California due to the close proximity of LA Galaxy's home stadium where they played their first MLS season match, as well as Pratt & Whitney Stadium in East Hartford, Connecticut. The club played at Red Bull Arena in April 2022 for the second leg of the semifinals.


title: New York City FC

text: In November 2022, New York City and NYCFC came to an agreement to build a 25,000 seat stadium in Willets Point, Queens that is expected to be completed in 2027.


title: New York City FC

text: New York City's official supporter group, The Third Rail, began to form after the club's announcement in May 2013, when fans met through social media, and through member drives and viewing parties for 2014 FIFA World Cup matches. It had registered 1,600 members before the team's first season. Although the group operates independently from the club, it was recognized as the official supporter group and has received exclusive access to one section in Yankee Stadium. Then-group president Chance Michaels said the name reflected the group's desire to "power NYCFC" the way the third rail powered the New York City Subway system.


title: New York City FC

text: Before the club began play in March 2015, the club's season-ticket membership had already surpassed 14,000, and by April 2015 season-ticket sales had reached 16,000. In October of that year, the club announced that it had sold 20,000 season tickets for the inaugural season.


title: New York City FC

text: On April 29, 2017, NYCSC (New York City Supporters Club) was recognized as the club's second official supporters group. On February 13, 2020, NYCFC officially parted ways with NYCSC. After two years the club recognized Los Templados #12 as the second official supports group on February 11, 2022, replacing NYCSC which parted ways with the club in 2020.


title: New York City FC

text: In May 2015, the New York metropolitan area experienced a genuine local derby in MLS league play for the first time, when New York City played their first game against the New York Red Bulls. Although initially regarded as a manufactured rivalry with little of the traditional banter apparent between long-time local rivals, the first meetings between the two clubs displayed an increasing level of animosity between the two sides. The Red Bulls won the first ever encounter between the two, a league game on May 10, 2015, at Red Bull Arena. A series of brawls between supporters of the two teams occurred before and after matches between the two teams. The contest has been dubbed the Hudson River Derby by supporters.


title: New York City FC

text: Outside of their traditional rivalry with the Red Bulls, NYCFC has also developed a rivalry with the Philadelphia Union, in line with many other New York-Philadelphia rivalries. Though early fixtures between the two clubs were relatively routine, the rivalry began to develop after New York City controversially eliminated the Union in the 2021 Eastern Conference Final after the latter lost several players due to MLS's COVID-19 protocols.


title: New York City FC

text: In 2015, MLS hosted a contest between New York City and New York Red Bulls ahead of the Hudson River Derby on June 28. The team with the most votes would have the Empire State Building lit up in their favor. New York City, with over 1 million Facebook followers, launched the 'WINNYCFC' campaign on the platform and won the contest. In the 2016 MLS season, the club started the 'We Are One' campaign on social media, followed by the 'Support Your City' campaign during the playoffs later that year.


title: MX Player

text: MX Player is an Indian video streaming and video on demand platform developed by MX Media & Entertainment (formerly J2 Interactive). It has over 280 million users globally. The platform currently operates on an ad-supported model and has a streaming library of over 150,000 hours in 11 languages. It is available on iOS, Android and the web.


title: MX Player

text: In October 2019, MX Player raised $110.8 million in an investment led by Chinese conglomerate Tencent.


title: MX Player

text: MX Player launched as a video player on 18 July 2011. It featured subtitle support and offline video viewing capabilities.


title: MX Player

text: On 20 February 2019, MX Player was relaunched as an OTT platform with original programming. It has also licensed contents from various Indian and International studios including FilmRise, Sonar Entertainment, Screen Media Films, Goldmine, Hungama, Shemaroo, Paramount Pictures, Sony Entertainment and Sun TV Network. In 2020, it tied up with Ullu App for adult content.


title: MX Player

text: Initially available only in India, in March 2020, MX Player announced the launch of its OTT service internationally to select markets, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Elsewhere, it is still a video player.


title: MX Player

text: In July 2020, MX Player launched the short video app MX TakaTak. As of 24 March 2021, the app has more than 100 million active users.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: Maze Runner: The Death Cure (also known simply as The Death Cure) is a 2018 American dystopian science fiction film directed by Wes Ball and written by T.S. Nowlin, based on the 2011 novel "The Death Cure" written by James Dashner. It is the sequel to the 2015 film "" and the third and final installment in the "Maze Runner" film series. The film stars Dylan O'Brien, Kaya Scodelario, Thomas Brodie-Sangster, Dexter Darden, Nathalie Emmanuel, Giancarlo Esposito, Aidan Gillen, Walton Goggins, Ki Hong Lee, Jacob Lofland, Katherine McNamara, Barry Pepper, Will Poulter, Rosa Salazar, and Patricia Clarkson.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: "Maze Runner: The Death Cure" was originally set to be released on February 17, 2017, in the United States by 20th Century Fox, but the studio rescheduled the film's release for January 26, 2018, allowing time for O'Brien to recover from injuries he sustained during filming. The film received mixed reviews from critics with praise for the cast performances, action sequences and visual effects but criticism for the storyline and character development. The film grossed over $288 million worldwide.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: Thomas, Newt and Frypan are the last of the free "Gladers". They and the Right Arm resistance retrieve other Immunes from a carriage of a train operated by WCKD, an organization responsible for capturing and experimenting on immune children. They discover that Minho, their remaining Glader friend whom WCKD had captured, was on a different carriage, which is headed to the "Last City", WCKD's base of operations. Against the orders of Vince, the leader of the Right Arm, the three head to Last City to rescue Minho, who is being tortured by WCKD in the hope of developing a cure for the virus. The group is attacked by Cranks, humans infected with the Flare. However, they are saved by Jorge and Brenda, who join them.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: The group makes it to the wall of the Last City, which protects the city from Cranks. Outside the wall, people are rallying in protest to be let into the city. When WCKD opens fire at the protesters, the group is captured and taken to a hideout by a crew wearing gas masks. One of the members is revealed to be Gally, who survived Minho's attack. Gally takes them to see Lawrence, a rebellion leader, who helps Thomas, Newt and Gally enter the Last City. Gally leads Thomas and Newt through to the city and, after spotting Teresa, tells Thomas that he can get them into WCKD headquarters. Newt then confides to Thomas that he is infected. Promising to cure him, Thomas and Gally capture Teresa.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: Disguised as WCKD soldiers, Thomas, Newt and Gally escort Teresa inside WCKD headquarters and toward the location of the Immunes. Gally looks after the Immune children and stays to find a serum that slows the Flare. Thomas, Teresa and Newt go to find Minho, but are discovered and chased by Janson. Teresa lets them escape to find Minho before rushing to do a blood test on Thomas's blood, obtained when she was removing trackers from the Gladers. After delivering the Immune children and the serum to Brenda, Gally returns to WCKD headquarters to find Thomas. Brenda is forced to flee with the Immune children to avoid capture. Thomas and Newt reunite with Minho in the medical wing. Teresa discovers that Thomas's blood can cure the Flare. She shares her discovery with WCKD's leader, Ava Paige, both of whom agree that they must find Thomas. Brenda and the Immune children escape WCKD with Frypan's help.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: Meanwhile, Lawrence rallies his rebels outside the city before he blows a hole in the city wall and sacrifices himself to allow his allies and the infected people to storm the city. Gally saves Thomas, Newt, and Minho from WCKD soldiers. While Minho and Gally go to get the serum from Brenda, Thomas gets a pendant from Newt before Newt passes out. Teresa transmits her voice throughout the city and tells Thomas that his blood can save Newt if only he will return to WCKD. Newt, nearly consumed by the Flare, regains consciousness, attacks Thomas, and begs Thomas to kill him. When Thomas refuses, Newt stabs himself in the chest. Thomas returns to the WCKD facility and confronts Paige. While she talks with him, Janson, having caught the Flare, kills her and uses a sedative on Thomas. Thomas wakes up inside the facility. Teresa successfully removes some of his blood. She hears that Janson is interested only in curing himself and others whom he deems worthy. Teresa attacks Janson and frees Thomas, who fights with Janson. The fight ends when Thomas releases two Cranks, who kill Janson. With the building on fire, Thomas and Teresa escape to the roof. The rest of the team arrives on a berg. Thomas climbs aboard, but Teresa dies when the platform gives way as the building caves in.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: The group escapes with the rest of the Immunes and the Right Arm to a safe haven, where the remaining population lives in safety. Thomas discovers that the pendant that Newt gave him had a note in it. He reads the note in which Newt tells him to look after everyone before he thanks Thomas for being his friend.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: In March 2015, it was confirmed that T.S. Nowlin, who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film, would adapt "Maze Runner: The Death Cure". On September 16, 2015, it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the final film.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: Principal photography began on March 14, 2016, in Vancouver, British Columbia. Previously it was revealed at San Diego Comic-Con International that filming would begin in February 2016.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: On March 18, 2016, it was reported that actor Dylan O'Brien had been hospitalized for injuries sustained on set during filming. James Dashner announced via Twitter that the production had been postponed after the accident. Producers were reported to be "looking to" resume filming around mid-May. According to the Directors Guild of Canada's production list, the film was scheduled to resume filming on May 9, and complete principal photography on July 26. However, on April 29, 2016, production was shut down indefinitely as O'Brien's injuries were revealed to be more serious than previously thought.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: Filming resumed on March 6, 2017, in Cape Town, South Africa. In May 2017, it was announced that Walton Goggins would play the part of Lawrence, described as "an unusual and dangerous character who is part-revolutionary, part-anarchist, and a voice for the voiceless people." Principal photography wrapped on June 3, 2017.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: "The Death Cure" was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17, 2017. However, due to O'Brien's injuries, the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met. On May 27, 2016, 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12, 2018.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: On April 22, 2017, the studio delayed the release date once again, to February 9, 2018, in order to allow more time for post-production; months later, on August 25, the studio moved the release forward two weeks. The film premiered on January 26, 2018.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: "Maze Runner: The Death Cure" grossed $58million in the United States and Canada, and $230.1million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $288.2million, against a production budget of $62million.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: In the United States and Canada, "The Death Cure" was released alongside the wide expansion of "Hostiles", and was expected to gross around $20 million from 3,786 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $1.5 million from Thursday night previews, in between the $1.1 million made by the first film and $1.7 million by the second, and $8.4 million on its first day. It ended up opening to $24.2 million, down from the previous film but still finishing atop the box office. In its second weekend the film dropped 57% to $10.5 million, finishing second behind "".


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: A week prior to its North American release, the film debuted in South Korea, Australia and Taiwan, grossing $15.1 million over its opening weekend. During the first two weeks of international release, the film dominated the international box office taking $62.6 and $35.2 million respectively, and outpacing the two previous films.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""Maze Runner: The Death Cure" may offer closure to fans of the franchise, but for anyone who hasn't already been hooked, this bloated final installment is best left unseen." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: Following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney in March 2019, Disney confirmed in April 2019 at their CinemaCon presentation that new "Maze Runner" films were in development.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: A-1 Pictures adapted the series into a two-season anime television series, which ran from October 2014 to June 2018, and one theatrical film, "". Studio Deen produced two further seasons that ran from October 2019 to June 2021 and a second theatrical film, "". Netflix acquired the exclusive English streaming rights to the anime while Funimation licensed the home video rights to the first season.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: As of March 2020, the manga had over 37 million copies in circulation, making it one of the best-selling manga series. In 2015, "The Seven Deadly Sins" won the 39th Kodansha Manga Award for the "shōnen" category.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: The Seven Deadly Sins are a band of knights in the land of who had disbanded ten years earlier after being framed for plotting a coup of the , the Holy Knights who sequestered them before taking control in the wake of a rebellion they organized. Liones' third princess, Elizabeth Liones, finds the Seven Deadly Sins' leader, Meliodas, before they search out his comrades so they can clear their names and liberate Liones from the Holy Knights, who were manipulated by a demon named Fraudrin into unsealing the Demon Race from their prison.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: "The Seven Deadly Sins" began as a one-shot that was published in Kodansha's "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" on November 22, 2011. Nakaba Suzuki drew more than twenty versions of the pilot chapter. One of these manuscripts, "Chapter X", was released in English on Kodansha USA's website in 2015. For the series, Suzuki borrowed the names of characters from tales about King Arthur, but used his original ideas for their personalities and the story itself. The relationship between Meliodas and Elizabeth was decided on from the beginning, but the author thought up everything else weekly as he went in order to keep it unpredictable. In order to surprise readers, he purposely made the appearances of some of the titular group of knights very different from their wanted posters that appear in the first chapter and had others look the same as their poster, but gave them "horrible" personalities. Although it was decided to make the protagonist of the series a "child", Suzuki struggled with designing Meliodas' profile because the character is actually an adult. He said the most difficult part was his hair; ultimately deciding on "fluffy" hair like a boy from a foreign country, which he had never done before. In the pilot chapter, the character had long, straight hair, which the author said was not as cute. Suzuki said he always made sure to show the subtly different relationships between the members of the titular group of knights. For example, he said that while Ban is Meliodas' best friend, King is only a teammate with whom he does not talk. All seven have such relationships, which the author called realistically human.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: Written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki, "The Seven Deadly Sins" was serialized in Kodansha's "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" from October 10, 2012, to March 25, 2020. Kodansha collected its chapters into 41 individual "tankōbon" volumes, released from February 15, 2013, to May 15, 2020. Suzuki created the three-chapter manga that was included in limited editions of the anime adaptation's first three home video sets in 2015. A book compiling the "Vampire of Edinburgh" and side stories, and the pilot one-shot was published on July 17, 2018 under the title . Suzuki mentioned that he had plans for additional side stories that would be published after the main series finished. , a one-shot following Ban's son, was published in "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" on August 5, 2020. In January 2021, Suzuki began "Four Knights of the Apocalypse" as a sequel to "The Seven Deadly Sins".


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: In 2013, "The Seven Deadly Sins" was licensed for English language release in North America by Kodansha USA. They published the first volume on March 11, 2014, and the 41st and final volume on January 26, 2021. As the manga was serialized in Japan, it was released simultaneously in English digitally by Crunchyroll in over 170 countries. Kodansha USA published the "Original Sins" book on October 26, 2021, and began re-releasing "The Seven Deadly Sins" in an omnibus format that compiles three of the original volumes into one on February 1, 2022.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: A special issue of "Weekly Shōnen Magazine", published on October 19, 2013, featured a small crossover between Suzuki's "The Seven Deadly Sins" and Hiro Mashima's "Fairy Tail", where each artist drew a "yonkoma" (four-panel comic) of the other's series. An actual crossover chapter between the two ran in the magazine's combined 4/5 issue of 2014, which was released on December 25, 2013. Suzuki wrote a one-shot for the November 2014 issue of the "shōjo" manga magazine "Nakayoshi", released on October 3, 2014. He also created a comedic one-shot depicting how Meliodas and Hawk first met that ran in the October 20, 2014 issue of "Magazine Special". From February 24 to May 10, 2015, two more spin-off manga by Nakaba were available on the smartphone and tablet application "Manga Box". is about Hendrickson and Dreyfus' younger years, while is set after the Vaizel Fight Festival arc and follows Gilthunder. Suzuki created an original 40-page manga that was distributed during screenings of the "" film.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: A comedic spin-off series by Juichi Yamaki, titled and imagining the characters as high school students, ran in "Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine" from August 9, 2014, to October 8, 2016. It was collected into four "tankōbon" volumes. , a comedic spin-off by Chiemi Sakamoto that imagines the characters as actors performing in a live-action TV show, ran in "Aria" from November 28, 2015, to October 28, 2017. It was collected into four "tankōbon" volumes.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: A comedic "yonkoma" titled and written by Masataka Ono that depicts King as an aspiring manga artist, began on February 20, 2016, in "Magazine Special" before transferring to the "Manga Box" app on February 1, 2017, and ending later that year. Its chapters were collected into three "tankōbon" volumes. Yō Kokukuji's "The Seven Deadly Sins: Seven Days ~The Thief and the Holy Girl~", a manga adaptation of Mamoru Iwasa's novel "", was serialized in "Shōnen Magazine Edge" from January 17 to September 2017 and shows how Ban and Elaine met in more detail.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: In April 2014, the 20th issue of "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" announced that "The Seven Deadly Sins" was being adapted into an anime television series. The series aired on MBS, TBS and other JNN stations from October 5, 2014, to March 29, 2015. The staff was revealed in the combined 36/37 issue of the year: created by A-1 Pictures, directed by Tensai Okamura, written by Shōtarō Suga, with Keigo Sasaki providing character designs, and Hiroyuki Sawano composing the music. The show's first opening theme song is performed by Ikimono-gakari for the first twelve episodes and the second opening theme is "Seven Deadly Sins" performed by Man with a Mission, while the first ending theme titled "7-Seven" is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo, the second ending theme from episode thirteen onwards is "Season" the major label debut of Alisa Takigawa.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: A second anime series was confirmed on September 27, 2015, to air in 2016. This turned out to be a four-week anime television special featuring an original story by Nakaba Suzuki, titled , that aired from August 28 to September 18, 2016, on MBS and TBS. The special was produced by A-1 Pictures, directed by Tomokazu Tokoro, and written by Yuniko Ayana and Yuichiro Kido, featuring character designs by Keigo Sasaki. The music was composed by Hiroyuki Sawano and Takafumi Wada. Its opening theme song is "Classic" by the rock band Mucc and its ending theme is by Alisa Takigawa. A commercial following the final episode confirmed a second anime series has been green-lit.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: The first "Seven Deadly Sins" anime series was licensed for English release by Netflix as its second exclusive anime, following their acquisition of "Knights of Sidonia". All 24 episodes were released on November 1, 2015, in both subtitled or English dub formats. The "Signs of Holy War" arc, labeled as "Season 2", has also been licensed by Netflix and was released on February 17, 2017. On February 14, 2017, Funimation announced that they acquired the first anime for home video distribution for US and Canada and released the series on Blu-ray and DVD later in the year. Part One of the first season was released on Blu-Ray on May 15, 2017, with Part Two being released June 20 the same year. The complete entirety of the first season was released on August 14, 2018. Madman Entertainment is importing Funimation's release into Australia and New Zealand, with a release scheduled for January 2019.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: A third season, titled , was announced at the "Nanatsu no Taizai FES" event in July 2017 and aired from January 13 to June 30, 2018. Jōji Furuta and Takao Yoshioka replaced Tensai Okamura and Shōtarō Suga as director and series composer, respectively, while the other main staff members returned from the first season to reprise their roles. The "Revival of the Commandments" arc, labeled as "Season 3", was released on October 15, 2018, on Netflix. The first opening theme song of the series titled "Howling" is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo, and first ending theme song is "Beautiful" performed by Any. The second opening theme titled "Ame ga Furu kara, Niji ga Deru" (雨が降るから虹が出る) by Sky Peace and second ending theme titled "Chikai" (誓い) by Sora Amamiya.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: A fourth season, titled aired from October 9, 2019, to March 25, 2020, on TV Tokyo and BS TV Tokyo. The third season is animated by Studio Deen with Susumu Nishizawa and Rintarō Ikeda replacing Jōji Furuta and Takao Yoshioka as director and series composer, respectively. Hiroyuki Sawano, Kohta Yamamoto, and Takafumi Wada are returning to reprise their roles as the music composers. The first opening theme song is "Rob the Frontier" by Uverworld, and the first ending theme song is "Regeneration" by Sora Amamiya. The second opening theme song is "Delete" by Sid and the second ending theme is "Good day" by Kana Adachi.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: A fifth season, titled was slated to premiere in October 2020 on TV Tokyo and BS TV Tokyo, with the main cast members reprising their roles. However, it was delayed to January 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A special program that celebrated the "charm" of the anime TV series was released on January 6, 2021, while the fourth season aired from January 13 to June 23, 2021. The main staff and cast members, from the previous season, reprised their roles. The opening theme is by Akihito Okano, while the ending theme is "Time" by SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]:ReoNa. The second opening theme is performed by Sora Amamiya, while the second ending theme is "Namely" by Uverworld. The first twelve episodes of the "Dragon's Judgement" arc, labeled as "Season 5" on Netflix, was released on June 28, 2021, on the streaming service. Episodes 13-24 were released globally on September 23, 2021.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: An original video animation (OVA) titled was included with the limited edition of volume 15 of the manga, released on June 17, 2015. A second OVA composed of nine humorous shorts was shipped with the limited edition of the sixteenth volume of the manga, released on August 12, 2015.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: Four light novels based on "The Seven Deadly Sins" have been published; by Shuka Matsuda on December 17, 2014; "" by Mamoru Iwasa on December 26, 2014; by Shuka Matsuda on October 16, 2015; and by Shuka Matsuda on October 17, 2016. Vertical released "Seven Scars They Left Behind" in North America in May 2017, with "Seven-Colored Recollections" following in March 2018.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: An anime film, titled "", premiered in Japanese theaters on August 18, 2018. Directed by Yasuto Nishikata, with Noriyuki Abe serving as chief director, it was written by Makoto Uezu and based on an original story by Nakaba Suzuki. The other main staff members returned from the anime series to reprise their roles on the film.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: A second anime film titled "" premiered on July 2, 2021. Takayuki Hamana directed the film at Studio Deen, with Rintarō Ikeda writing the film's script.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: A two-part anime film, titled , was announced during Netflix's "Festival Japan" virtual event in November 2021. The film revolves around Meliodas' son, Tristan Liones. Bob Shirahata is directing, with Noriyuki Abe serving as supervising director, and Rintarou Ikeda is writing the script. It will be animated by Alfred Imageworks and Marvy Jack. The first part of the film was released on Netflix on December 20, 2022.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: A video game titled was developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment and released for the Nintendo 3DS on February 11, 2015. A game titled was developed by Bandai Namco for the PlayStation 4. It was released in North America and Europe on February 9, 2018. A mobile game titled was developed by Netmarble and released in Japan and Korea on June 4, 2019. On March 3, 2020, the game was released globally for Android and iOS. The series will also be part of the King of Fighters game as of March 30 in collaboration with Netmarbles's franchise. In January 2022, Netmarble announced an open-world game titled "The Seven Deadly Sins: Origin". It will be released for Microsoft Windows via Steam, iOS, Android, and consoles.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: An illustration collection titled and an official fan book were both released on February 17, 2015. A guidebook for the anime titled was released on April 17, 2015, while a second fan book was published on August 17, 2016. Three character guidebooks each focusing on a different couple from "The Seven Deadly Sins" have been released; Meliodas and Elizabeth on October 17, 2016, Ban and Elaine on July 14, 2017, and King and Diane on November 16, 2018. A book where Suzuki discusses the completed series and its creation in depth was released on May 15, 2020, while a character directory profiling over 200 characters from the manga was published on May 17, 2021.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: A stage play adaptation, "The Seven Deadly Sins The Stage", was performed in August 2018. A second stage play, was announced to be performed in June 2020, but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: "The Seven Deadly Sins" was named Best Shōnen Manga at the 39th Kodansha Manga Awards alongside "Yowamushi Pedal". The 2014 edition of Takarajimasha's "Kono Manga ga Sugoi!" list, which surveys people in the manga and publishing industry, named "The Seven Deadly Sins" the fifth best manga series for male readers. It was also nominated for the 2014 Manga Taishō award and as Best Youth Comic at the 42nd Angoulême International Comics Festival in France.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: Rebecca Silverman of "Anime News Network" gave the first volume a B grade, calling the art interesting and the story a "neat take on the basic knights-in-shining-armor." She saw influence from Akira Toriyama in Meliodas and 1970s "shōjo" manga in the female characters. However, Silverman felt the art had issues with perspective and commented that Elizabeth lacked character development. Both Silverman and Danica Davidson of "Otaku USA" warned that Meliodas' perverted actions towards Elizabeth, which are used for comedic relief, could possibly be misinterpreted by some readers.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: As of August 2014, the collected volumes of "The Seven Deadly Sins" had 5 million copies in circulation. By January 2015, this number had grown to 10 million sold. As of June 2018, the series had 28 million copies in circulation, and over 37 million copies in circulation as of March 2020. The first collected volume of the series sold 38,581 copies in its first week, ranking number 13 on the Oricon manga chart. Its second volume ranked 5 selling 106,829 in its first week, while its third debuted at number 4 with 135,164 copies. The thirteenth volume had the manga's best debut week to date, selling 442,492 for first place on the chart. The series was the ninth best-selling manga of 2014, with over 4.6 million copies sold that year. For the first half of 2015, "The Seven Deadly Sins" was the number one best-selling series. It finished the year in second place with over 10.3 million copies sold, behind only "One Piece". It was the sixth best-selling of 2016, with over 5 million copies sold, and the seventh of 2017, with close to 3.6 million copies sold. With 32,762 copies sold of the five volumes released at the time, "The Seven Deadly Sins" was the 30th best-selling anime of the first half of 2015. The novel "The Seven Deadly Sins -Gaiden- Sekijitsu no Ōto Nanatsu no Negai" was the 33rd best-selling light novel of the first half of 2015, with 61,939 copies sold. The North American releases of volumes two and four charted on "The New York Times Manga Best Seller" list at number seven and nine respectively.


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: Reviewing the first anime for "Anime News Network", Theron Martin felt that the series has a slow start with typical action fare but the storytelling picks up significantly in the second half. He had strong praise for the music and enjoyed the main cast and their interactions, but not the common archetypal villains. Martin noted that the art has a "semi-cartoonish look" that one would expect in a series that "skews a bit younger," but "The Seven Deadly Sins" graphic violence and minimal fan service prove it's "anything but a kiddie show."


title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

text: In October 2017, Netflix revealed that "The Seven Deadly Sins" anime was the fourth most binge-watched show within its first 24 hours of release on their platform. The first DVD volume of the anime debuted at number one on Oricon's Japanese animation DVD chart with 3,574 copies sold.


title: Ethernet

text: Ethernet () is a family of wired computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since been refined to support higher bit rates, a greater number of nodes, and longer link distances, but retains much backward compatibility. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as Token Ring, FDDI and ARCNET.


title: Ethernet

text: The original 10BASE5 Ethernet uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, while the newer Ethernet variants use twisted pair and fiber optic links in conjunction with switches. Over the course of its history, Ethernet data transfer rates have been increased from the original to the latest , with rates up to under development. The include several wiring and signaling variants of the OSI physical layer.


title: Ethernet

text: Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data into shorter pieces called frames. Each frame contains source and destination addresses, and error-checking data so that damaged frames can be detected and discarded; most often, higher-layer protocols trigger retransmission of lost frames. Per the OSI model, Ethernet provides services up to and including the data link layer. The 48-bit MAC address was adopted by other IEEE 802 networking standards, including IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), as well as by FDDI. EtherType values are also used in Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) headers.


title: Ethernet

text: Ethernet is widely used in homes and industry, and interworks well with wireless Wi-Fi technologies. The Internet Protocol is commonly carried over Ethernet and so it is considered one of the key technologies that make up the Internet.


title: Ethernet

text: Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974. It was inspired by ALOHAnet, which Robert Metcalfe had studied as part of his PhD dissertation. The idea was first documented in a memo that Metcalfe wrote on May 22, 1973, where he named it after the luminiferous aether once postulated to exist as an "omnipresent, completely-passive medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves." In 1975, Xerox filed a patent application listing Metcalfe, David Boggs, Chuck Thacker, and Butler Lampson as inventors. In 1976, after the system was deployed at PARC, Metcalfe and Boggs published a seminal paper. Yogen Dalal, Ron Crane, Bob Garner, and Roy Ogus facilitated the upgrade from the original 2.94 Mbit/s protocol to the 10 Mbit/s protocol, which was released to the market in 1980.


title: Ethernet

text: Metcalfe left Xerox in June 1979 to form 3Com. He convinced Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Intel, and Xerox to work together to promote Ethernet as a standard. As part of that process Xerox agreed to relinquish their 'Ethernet' trademark. The first standard was published on September 30, 1980 as "The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications". This so-called DIX standard (Digital Intel Xerox) specified 10 Mbit/s Ethernet, with 48-bit destination and source addresses and a global 16-bit Ethertype-type field. Version 2 was published in November, 1982 and defines what has become known as Ethernet II. Formal standardization efforts proceeded at the same time and resulted in the publication of IEEE 802.3 on June 23, 1983.


title: Ethernet

text: Ethernet initially competed with Token Ring and other proprietary protocols. Ethernet was able to adapt to market needs and with 10BASE2, shift to inexpensive thin coaxial cable and from 1990, to the now-ubiquitous twisted pair with 10BASE-T. By the end of the 1980s, Ethernet was clearly the dominant network technology. In the process, 3Com became a major company. 3Com shipped its first 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 3C100 NIC in March 1981, and that year started selling adapters for PDP-11s and VAXes, as well as Multibus-based Intel and Sun Microsystems computers. This was followed quickly by DEC's Unibus to Ethernet adapter, which DEC sold and used internally to build its own corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes by 1986, making it one of the largest computer networks in the world at that time. An Ethernet adapter card for the IBM PC was released in 1982, and, by 1985, 3Com had sold 100,000. In the 1980s, IBM's own PC Network product competed with Ethernet for the PC, and through the 1980s, LAN hardware, in general, was not common on PCs. However, in the mid to late 1980s, PC networking did become popular in offices and schools for printer and fileserver sharing, and among the many diverse competing LAN technologies of that decade, Ethernet was one of the most popular. Parallel port based Ethernet adapters were produced for a time, with drivers for DOS and Windows. By the early 1990s, Ethernet became so prevalent that Ethernet ports began to appear on some PCs and most workstations. This process was greatly sped up with the introduction of 10BASE-T and its relatively small modular connector, at which point Ethernet ports appeared even on low-end motherboards.


title: Ethernet

text: Since then, Ethernet technology has evolved to meet new bandwidth and market requirements. In addition to computers, Ethernet is now used to interconnect appliances and other personal devices. As Industrial Ethernet it is used in industrial applications and is quickly replacing legacy data transmission systems in the world's telecommunications networks. By 2010, the market for Ethernet equipment amounted to over $16 billion per year.


title: Ethernet

text: In February 1980, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) started project 802 to standardize local area networks (LAN). The "DIX-group" with Gary Robinson (DEC), Phil Arst (Intel), and Bob Printis (Xerox) submitted the so-called "Blue Book" CSMA/CD specification as a candidate for the LAN specification. In addition to CSMA/CD, Token Ring (supported by IBM) and Token Bus (selected and henceforward supported by General Motors) were also considered as candidates for a LAN standard. Competing proposals and broad interest in the initiative led to strong disagreement over which technology to standardize. In December 1980, the group was split into three subgroups, and standardization proceeded separately for each proposal.


title: Ethernet

text: Delays in the standards process put at risk the market introduction of the Xerox Star workstation and 3Com's Ethernet LAN products. With such business implications in mind, David Liddle (General Manager, Xerox Office Systems) and Metcalfe (3Com) strongly supported a proposal of Fritz Röscheisen (Siemens Private Networks) for an alliance in the emerging office communication market, including Siemens' support for the international standardization of Ethernet (April 10, 1981). Ingrid Fromm, Siemens' representative to IEEE 802, quickly achieved broader support for Ethernet beyond IEEE by the establishment of a competing Task Group "Local Networks" within the European standards body ECMA TC24. In March 1982, ECMA TC24 with its corporate members reached an agreement on a standard for CSMA/CD based on the IEEE 802 draft. Because the DIX proposal was most technically complete and because of the speedy action taken by ECMA which decisively contributed to the conciliation of opinions within IEEE, the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD standard was approved in December 1982. IEEE published the 802.3 standard as a draft in 1983 and as a standard in 1985.


title: Ethernet

text: Approval of Ethernet on the international level was achieved by a similar, cross-partisan action with Fromm as the liaison officer working to integrate with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee 83 and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 97 Sub Committee 6. The ISO 8802-3 standard was published in 1989.


title: Ethernet

text: Ethernet has evolved to include higher bandwidth, improved medium access control methods, and different physical media. The coaxial cable was replaced with point-to-point links connected by Ethernet repeaters or switches.


title: Ethernet

text: Ethernet stations communicate by sending each other data packets: blocks of data individually sent and delivered. As with other IEEE 802 LANs, adapters come programmed with globally unique 48-bit MAC address so that each Ethernet station has a unique address. The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data packet. Ethernet establishes link-level connections, which can be defined using both the destination and source addresses. On reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the destination address to determine whether the transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored. A network interface normally does not accept packets addressed to other Ethernet stations.


title: Ethernet

text: An EtherType field in each frame is used by the operating system on the receiving station to select the appropriate protocol module (e.g., an Internet Protocol version such as IPv4). Ethernet frames are said to be "self-identifying", because of the EtherType field. Self-identifying frames make it possible to intermix multiple protocols on the same physical network and allow a single computer to use multiple protocols together. Despite the evolution of Ethernet technology, all generations of Ethernet (excluding early experimental versions) use the same frame formats. Mixed-speed networks can be built using Ethernet switches and repeaters supporting the desired Ethernet variants.


title: Ethernet

text: Due to the ubiquity of Ethernet, and the ever-decreasing cost of the hardware needed to support it, by 2004 most manufacturers built Ethernet interfaces directly into PC motherboards, eliminating the need for a separate network card.


title: Ethernet

text: Ethernet was originally based on the idea of computers communicating over a shared coaxial cable acting as a broadcast transmission medium. The method used was similar to those used in radio systems, with the common cable providing the communication channel likened to the "Luminiferous aether" in 19th-century physics, and it was from this reference that the name "Ethernet" was derived.


title: Ethernet

text: Original Ethernet's shared coaxial cable (the shared medium) traversed a building or campus to every attached machine. A scheme known as carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) governed the way the computers shared the channel. This scheme was simpler than competing Token Ring or Token Bus technologies. Computers are connected to an Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) transceiver, which is in turn connected to the cable (with thin Ethernet the transceiver is usually integrated into the network adapter). While a simple passive wire is highly reliable for small networks, it is not reliable for large extended networks, where damage to the wire in a single place, or a single bad connector, can make the whole Ethernet segment unusable.


title: Ethernet

text: Through the first half of the 1980s, Ethernet's 10BASE5 implementation used a coaxial cable in diameter, later called "thick Ethernet" or "thicknet". Its successor, 10BASE2, called "thin Ethernet" or "thinnet", used the RG-58 coaxial cable. The emphasis was on making installation of the cable easier and less costly.


title: Ethernet

text: Since all communication happens on the same wire, any information sent by one computer is received by all, even if that information is intended for just one destination. The network interface card interrupts the CPU only when applicable packets are received: the card ignores information not addressed to it. Use of a single cable also means that the data bandwidth is shared, such that, for example, available data bandwidth to each device is halved when two stations are simultaneously active.


title: Ethernet

text: A collision happens when two stations attempt to transmit at the same time. They corrupt transmitted data and require stations to re-transmit. The lost data and re-transmission reduces throughput. In the worst case, where multiple active hosts connected with maximum allowed cable length attempt to transmit many short frames, excessive collisions can reduce throughput dramatically. However, a Xerox report in 1980 studied performance of an existing Ethernet installation under both normal and artificially generated heavy load. The report claimed that 98% throughput on the LAN was observed. This is in contrast with token passing LANs (Token Ring, Token Bus), all of which suffer throughput degradation as each new node comes into the LAN, due to token waits. This report was controversial, as modeling showed that collision-based networks theoretically became unstable under loads as low as 37% of nominal capacity. Many early researchers failed to understand these results. Performance on real networks is significantly better.


title: Ethernet

text: In a modern Ethernet, the stations do not all share one channel through a shared cable or a simple repeater hub; instead, each station communicates with a switch, which in turn forwards that traffic to the destination station. In this topology, collisions are only possible if station and switch attempt to communicate with each other at the same time, and collisions are limited to this link. Furthermore, the 10BASE-T standard introduced a full duplex mode of operation which became common with Fast Ethernet and the de facto standard with Gigabit Ethernet. In full duplex, switch and station can send and receive simultaneously, and therefore modern Ethernets are completely collision-free.


title: Ethernet

text: For signal degradation and timing reasons, coaxial Ethernet segments have a restricted size. Somewhat larger networks can be built by using an Ethernet repeater. Early repeaters had only two ports, allowing, at most, a doubling of network size. Once repeaters with more than two ports became available, it was possible to wire the network in a star topology. Early experiments with star topologies (called "Fibernet") using optical fiber were published by 1978.


title: Ethernet

text: Shared cable Ethernet is always hard to install in offices because its bus topology is in conflict with the star topology cable plans designed into buildings for telephony. Modifying Ethernet to conform to twisted pair telephone wiring already installed in commercial buildings provided another opportunity to lower costs, expand the installed base, and leverage building design, and, thus, twisted-pair Ethernet was the next logical development in the mid-1980s.


title: Ethernet

text: Ethernet on unshielded twisted-pair cables (UTP) began with StarLAN at 1 Mbit/s in the mid-1980s. In 1987 SynOptics introduced the first twisted-pair Ethernet at 10 Mbit/s in a star-wired cabling topology with a central hub, later called LattisNet. These evolved into 10BASE-T, which was designed for point-to-point links only, and all termination was built into the device. This changed repeaters from a specialist device used at the center of large networks to a device that every twisted pair-based network with more than two machines had to use. The tree structure that resulted from this made Ethernet networks easier to maintain by preventing most faults with one peer or its associated cable from affecting other devices on the network.


title: Ethernet

text: Despite the physical star topology and the presence of separate transmit and receive channels in the twisted pair and fiber media, repeater-based Ethernet networks still use half-duplex and CSMA/CD, with only minimal activity by the repeater, primarily generation of the jam signal in dealing with packet collisions. Every packet is sent to every other port on the repeater, so bandwidth and security problems are not addressed. The total throughput of the repeater is limited to that of a single link, and all links must operate at the same speed.


title: Ethernet

text: While repeaters can isolate some aspects of Ethernet segments, such as cable breakages, they still forward all traffic to all Ethernet devices. The entire network is one collision domain, and all hosts have to be able to detect collisions anywhere on the network. This limits the number of repeaters between the farthest nodes and creates practical limits on how many machines can communicate on an Ethernet network. Segments joined by repeaters have to all operate at the same speed, making phased-in upgrades impossible.


title: Ethernet

text: To alleviate these problems, bridging was created to communicate at the data link layer while isolating the physical layer. With bridging, only well-formed Ethernet packets are forwarded from one Ethernet segment to another; collisions and packet errors are isolated. At initial startup, Ethernet bridges work somewhat like Ethernet repeaters, passing all traffic between segments. By observing the source addresses of incoming frames, the bridge then builds an address table associating addresses to segments. Once an address is learned, the bridge forwards network traffic destined for that address only to the associated segment, improving overall performance. Broadcast traffic is still forwarded to all network segments. Bridges also overcome the limits on total segments between two hosts and allow the mixing of speeds, both of which are critical to the incremental deployment of faster Ethernet variants.


title: Ethernet

text: In 1989, Motorola Codex introduced their 6310 EtherSpan, and Kalpana introduced their EtherSwitch; these were examples of the first commercial Ethernet switches. Early switches such as this used cut-through switching where only the header of the incoming packet is examined before it is either dropped or forwarded to another segment. This reduces the forwarding latency. One drawback of this method is that it does not readily allow a mixture of different link speeds. Another is that packets that have been corrupted are still propagated through the network. The eventual remedy for this was a return to the original store and forward approach of bridging, where the packet is read into a buffer on the switch in its entirety, its frame check sequence verified and only then the packet is forwarded. In modern network equipment, this process is typically done using application-specific integrated circuits allowing packets to be forwarded at wire speed.


title: Ethernet

text: When a twisted pair or fiber link segment is used and neither end is connected to a repeater, full-duplex Ethernet becomes possible over that segment. In full-duplex mode, both devices can transmit and receive to and from each other at the same time, and there is no collision domain. This doubles the aggregate bandwidth of the link and is sometimes advertised as double the link speed (for example, 200 Mbit/s for Fast Ethernet). The elimination of the collision domain for these connections also means that all the link's bandwidth can be used by the two devices on that segment and that segment length is not limited by the constraints of collision detection.


title: Ethernet

text: Since packets are typically delivered only to the port they are intended for, traffic on a switched Ethernet is less public than on shared-medium Ethernet. Despite this, switched Ethernet should still be regarded as an insecure network technology, because it is easy to subvert switched Ethernet systems by means such as ARP spoofing and MAC flooding.


title: Ethernet

text: The bandwidth advantages, the improved isolation of devices from each other, the ability to easily mix different speeds of devices and the elimination of the chaining limits inherent in non-switched Ethernet have made switched Ethernet the dominant network technology.


title: Ethernet

text: Simple switched Ethernet networks, while a great improvement over repeater-based Ethernet, suffer from single points of failure, attacks that trick switches or hosts into sending data to a machine even if it is not intended for it, scalability and security issues with regard to switching loops, broadcast radiation, and multicast traffic.


title: Ethernet

text: Advanced networking features in switches use shortest path bridging (SPB) or the spanning-tree protocol (STP) to maintain a loop-free, meshed network, allowing physical loops for redundancy (STP) or load-balancing (SPB). Shortest path bridging includes the use of the link-state routing protocol IS-IS to allow larger networks with shortest path routes between devices.


title: Ethernet

text: Advanced networking features also ensure port security, provide protection features such as MAC lockdown and broadcast radiation filtering, use VLANs to keep different classes of users separate while using the same physical infrastructure, employ multilayer switching to route between different classes, and use link aggregation to add bandwidth to overloaded links and to provide some redundancy.


title: Ethernet

text: In 2016, Ethernet replaced InfiniBand as the most popular system interconnect of TOP500 supercomputers.


title: Ethernet

text: The Ethernet physical layer evolved over a considerable time span and encompasses coaxial, twisted pair and fiber-optic physical media interfaces, with speeds from to . The first introduction of twisted-pair CSMA/CD was StarLAN, standardized as 802.3 1BASE5. While 1BASE5 had little market penetration, it defined the physical apparatus (wire, plug/jack, pin-out, and wiring plan) that would be carried over to 10BASE-T through 10GBASE-T.


title: Ethernet

text: The most common forms used are 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T. All three use twisted-pair cables and 8P8C modular connectors. They run at , , and , respectively.


title: Ethernet

text: Fiber optic variants of Ethernet (that commonly use SFP modules) are also very popular in larger networks, offering high performance, better electrical isolation and longer distance (tens of kilometers with some versions). In general, network protocol stack software will work similarly on all varieties.