title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For that year, Chevrolet has added and dropped some of the Special Editions for the Silverado truck series. They are in the following series of Rally Edition 1 and 2, Midnight HD Edition, Midnight Edition, Custom Sport HD Edition, Realtree Edition, Custom Sport HD Edition, and Special Ops Edition.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For the 2017 model year, Silverado and Sierra HD models equipped with the 6.6L Duramax Turbodiesel V8 (L5P) received a new front hood with air intake vents. Gasoline-powered models now have a capless fuel fill. Sierra HD now features standard HID headlamps on all trim levels. New colors include "Graphite Metallic" and "Pepperdust Metallic" (Chevrolet) or "Dark Slate Metallic" and "Pepperdust Metallic" (GMC). Jet Black/Medium Ash Gray interior trim is added for Silverado High Country. Low-Speed Mitigation Braking is added to the Driver Alert Package for both Silverado and Sierra.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: All Silverado and Sierra models receive slight changes to their MyLink (Chevrolet) and IntelliLink (GMC) infotainment systems. The interior backlighting on GMC Sierras changes from red to blue. 2017 Silverado and Sierra Double and Crew Cabs also get a few new safety features, including GM's Rear Seat Reminder, and Teen Driver Mode.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Starting in 2016, GM offered an "eAssist" mild hybrid version of the 5.3L V8 engine in the Silverado LT and Sierra SLT, but only in the state of California. The engine came with an 8-speed automatic transmission and has the same horsepower and torque as the regular 5.3 V8. For 2017, it was also available in Hawaii, Oregon, Texas, and Washington. For 2018, it became available nationwide and was also offered in the Silverado LTZ.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: In late 2014, Chevrolet released the 2015 Silverado SSV (Special Service Vehicle) to complement its lineup of law enforcement vehicles. The SSV Silverado is available in 1500 Crew Cab form with either the short (5.5') or standard (6.5') cargo box. The 5.3L EcoTec3 V8 is the only engine option, and the truck is based on WT trim. It features beefier brake rotors, upgraded oil coolers, high output alternator, auxiliary battery and an upfitter friendly interior.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: In 2016, GMC introduced the Sierra All Terrain X, which is equipped with a 5.3-liter V8 engine with performance exhaust, increasing power from 355 to 365 horsepower. On the exterior, the Sierra All Terrain X features black 18-inch rims fitted with larger 265/65R18SL Goodyear Wrangler Duratrac MT tires, black bed-mounted sport bar, LED off-road lights, and blacked-out accents.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: After introducing the Sierra 1500 All Terrain X full-size pickup and the Canyon All Terrain X small pickup, in 2017 GMC extended the same formula to its heavy-duty pickup family with the Sierra HD All Terrain X.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Available on four-wheel drive Sierra 2500 HD crew cab models come in either Black Onyx or Summit White exterior colors.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: All Terrain X models have a body-color grille surround and a grille insert that's unique to All Terrain. Body color door handles, front and rear bumpers, and bodyside moldings, and black accents, including belt moldings, front bumper skid plate, and B-pillar accents, give it a monochromatic appearance.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Sierra HD All Terrain X models also include eighteen-inch black-painted aluminum wheels – fitted with LT275/65R18 Goodyear Duratrac MT-rated tires – along with four-inch black sport side steps, black heated and power-folding trailering mirrors with integrated turn signals and LED guidance lamps, a spray-on bedliner, and a black bed-mounted sport bar, which is designed to support available GMC Accessories LED off-road driving lamps.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Inside, the 2017 Sierra 2500 HD All Terrain X has GMC IntelliLink with an 8-inch-diagonal color touchscreen, Teen Driver, remote-locking tailgate, remote starting system, Rear Vision Camera, adjustable pedals, leather-trimmed seats, heated front seats and wireless mobile device charging.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: A 6.0-liter gasoline engine is standard, but the 6.6-liter Duramax Diesel turbo-diesel V-8 is also available. This delivers 445 hp and 910 lb-ft of torque.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Sierra HD All Terrain X also includes the Z71 off-road suspension package, which adds front underbody and transfer case skid plates, twin-tube Rancho shocks, hill descent control, and off-road information graphics in the Driver Information Center. An Eaton automatically locking rear differential (4.10:1) is also standard equipment.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: There were several additions to this year's Special Editions for the Silverado series shown in boldface. They are the following series of Midnight, Midnight HD, Rally 1, Rally 2, High Desert, Custom Sport HD, Realtree, Special Ops, Alaskan (Available on HD series only), Redline and Black Out. The remaining Special Edition listed in the 2017 Chevrolet Silverado brochure were All Star Edition and Texas Edition.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: New for 2017 was the High Desert option package. This package brought a new innovative lockable storage system into the bed of the Silverado 1500 Crew Cab model. The system includes a three-piece hard tonneau cover, dual lockable storage bins on each side of the truck bed, and a removable bed divider to keep items separate and from moving around the truck bed while the vehicle is in motion. Avalanche-like plastic fairings were also added to the rear of the cab. The High Desert package was available on both two-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive LT, LTZ, and High Country trim levels. It was not available on LTZ models with the Z71 off-road package. LT models with the High Desert package receive the same LED taillamps as the LTZ, and High Country trims. Magnetic Ride Control is optional on High Country High Desert.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: To commemorate the 100th anniversary of Chevy Trucks, GM introduced special edition models of the Chevrolet Silverado and the smaller Chevrolet Colorado.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Chevrolet introduced the Centennial Edition Chevrolet Silverado for 2018. Only available in a "Crew Cab Short Box LTZ Z71" configuration, the Centennial Edition added Centennial Blue Metallic paint, 22-inch painted-aluminum wheels with chrome inserts and special 100-years Chevrolet Bowtie emblems. In addition to the Centennial Edition, the remaining Silverado Special Editions were virtually unchanged from the last year model.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Chevrolet continued production of the third-generation Silverado 1500 for 2019, which was sold alongside the all-new, fourth-generation 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500. Renamed the Chevrolet Silverado LD ("LD" for Light Duty), production of the previous-generation truck moved from Fort Wayne, Indiana to Oshawa Car Assembly, Ontario, Canada. Only available in a "Double Cab/Standard Box" configuration, the Silverado LD ended production in December 2019.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The first-generation Chevrolet Silverado 1500 was sold alongside the second-generation Chevrolet Silverado 1500 for the 2007 model year as the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Classic, and 2500 and 3500 versions of the truck were also sold alongside their successors, the Chevrolet Silverado 2500 and 3500. GMC also offered versions of their Sierra trucks as the Sierra Classic for 2007 as well, and did the same for 2019, offering the predecessor generation model as the 2019 GMC Sierra 1500 Limited.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: On December 16, 2017, Chevrolet unveiled the all-new, fourth-generation 2019 Silverado 1500 at its Chevy Truck Centennial Celebration Weekend at Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth, Texas. The reveal of the all-new Silverado was not expected until early 2018. For its debut, the Silverado 1500 was airlifted via helicopter onto a stage, where it was introduced to a crowd of Chevrolet truck owners and enthusiasts, as well as to the automotive press. Chevrolet NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt Jr. also spoke at the event. In addition to the reveal of the 2019 Silverado 1500, multiple Chevrolet trucks of different generations were on display as well.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The model shown at the reveal was the 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LT Trail Boss, which is a factory-modified version of the Silverado 1500 LT Z71. Distinguishing features of the Trail Boss from other Silverado 1500 trim levels are its gloss black front fascia, black rear step bumper, black Chevrolet "bow-tie" emblems on the front grille and rear tailgate, gloss black-finished aluminum-alloy wheels, large off-road tires, altered suspension, "Trail Boss" decals on the sides of the pickup box, front bumper-mounted center fog lamps, "Z71" emblems on each front fender, and red-painted front tow hooks.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The formal unveiling of the Silverado 1500 took place at the 2018 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan on January 13, 2018, exactly 100 years after Chevrolet delivered its first trucks to customers on January 13, 1918. The model was unveiled as a Silverado LT Trail Boss 4X4 model.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Sales to customers began in August 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle with a base price of $32,200 MSRP.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Silverado 1500 features a more sculpted exterior design, with front headlamps that integrate into the front grille, which also incorporate LED Daytime Running Accent Lamps (DRL's).


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Silverado 1500 has been launched in Australia for the first time for 2020 model year. Holden Special Vehicles (to be renamed as General Motors Specialty Vehicles for 2021) has started the conversion to right-hand-drive and Australian Design Rules. The 6.2L V8 engine is the sole engine choice at the launch.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Silverado 1500 will be available in eight distinct trim levels: WT, Custom, Custom Trail Boss, LT, RST, LT Trail Boss, LTZ, and High Country.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: All trim levels include a next-generation touchscreen infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, Bluetooth for hands-free calling and wireless audio streaming via A2DP, power windows and door locks (on Double and Crew Cab models), air conditioning, and a rearview backup camera system. Additional features available on select trim levels include GPS navigation, SiriusXM Satellite Radio and Travel Link, OnStar with 4G LTE in-vehicle Wi-Fi, a Bose premium audio system with seven speakers, keyless access and push-button start, a remote starter system, heated and ventilated luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a heated leather-wrapped steering wheel, driver-assist technologies, a multi-angle camera system, and heated rear seats.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For 2020, the Rally and Midnight Special Editions return after being absent for the 2019 model year. Rally Edition is available on Silverado Custom and RST trims. The package features black Rally Stripes on the hood and tailgate, black CHEVROLET tailgate lettering, and black assist steps. The Midnight Edition features Bucket Seats with Console, special headlamp bezels, black dual exhaust tips, and black assist steps. The Midnight Edition is only available on the LT Trail Boss trim level.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: In January 2020, Chevrolet and Realtree announced the 2021 Silverado 1500 Realtree Edition. This is the second-time Chevrolet and Realtree have teamed up to produce a special edition Silverado truck, having done so for 2016. The 2021 model is based on a Silverado 1500 Crew Cab Custom Trail Boss, adding 20-inch black wheels and Realtree camouflage graphics inside and out.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The all-new 2019 Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra 1500 offers a choice of six different engine options, dependent upon trim level. The base engine on lower trim levels is the 285-horsepower, 4.3L EcoTec3 FlexFuel-Capable V6 gasoline engine. Standard on mid-level trims is an all-new, 310-horsepower, 2.7L Turbocharged Inline Four Cylinder (I4) gasoline engine that is the smallest engine available on a half-ton pickup, and features cylinder deactivation for improved fuel economy. Optional on most trim levels is the 355-horsepower, 5.3L EcoTec3 V8 gasoline engine, which is optionally FlexFuel-Capable, and features either a carryover Active Fuel Management (AFM) system, or a brand-new Dynamic Fuel Management system (DFM), which now can shut off up to 6 of 8 cylinders. The availability of either AFM or DFM is dependent on trim level, with WT and Custom trucks available with AFM, and LT and above trucks standard with DFM. Optional on upper-level trims is a 420-horsepower, 6.2L EcoTec3 V8 gasoline engine with Dynamic Fuel Management (DFM). An all-new, 277-horsepower 3.0L Turbocharged Duramax I6 engine became available for the 2020 model year. Availability of this engine had been delayed due to EPA certification. All engines are paired to either a 6-speed, 8-speed, or 10-speed automatic transmission, with a choice of either two-wheel-drive or four-wheel-drive (4X4 is standard equipment on Silverado 1500 Custom Trail Boss and LT Trail Boss trims, and optional on all other Silverado 1500 and Sierra 1500 models). For 2020, availability of both the 6.2L EcoTec3 V8 gasoline engine and the 10-speed automatic transmission will expand to most Silverado 1500 and Sierra 1500 trim levels.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: According to EPA ratings, rear drive 2019 Silverado models with the 2.7-liter turbo-four engine can achieve 20/23 mpg city/highway.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Standard features include a next generation infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. The Waze mobile app can now be compatible in its infotainment system through the use of CarPlay.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: A seven-inch infotainment system is standard on Chevrolet Silverado 1500 W/T, Custom, and Custom Trail Boss models, as well as the GMC Sierra 1500 Base (Sierra) model, while an eight-inch infotainment system is standard on the Silverado 1500 LT, LT Trail Boss, RST, LTZ, and High Country models, as well as the Sierra 1500 SLE, SLT, AT4, and Denali. SiriusXM Satellite Radio, OnStar with 4G LTE Wi-Fi, a seven-speaker Bose premium audio system, HD Radio, GPS navigation, SiriusXM Travel Link, and a multi-angle camera system are all available depending upon the trim level selected. For 2020, Silverado and Sierra models add SiriusXM 360L compatibility.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Trailering features equipped for the 2019 model includes an industry's first VIN-specific trailering and payload label and an in-vehicle towing app on its GM infotainment system.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Chevrolet released three all-new 2020 Silverado models, including the Silverado 2500 HD and 3500 HD, in 2019. Chevrolet debuted the truck at GM's Flint, Michigan plant on February 5, 2019. The trucks had made their arrival at the dealerships in the late summer of 2019.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The 2020 Silverado 3500 HD can tow up to in a regular cab dual rear wheel configuration with the Duramax 6.6L L5P turbodiesel V8 engine.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The fifth-generation GMC Sierra was unveiled in Detroit on March 1, 2018. The Sierra 1500 will differentiate itself from its Chevrolet Silverado 1500 counterpart by offering unique features, such as a two-piece tailgate, a pickup bed constructed from carbon fiber, a 3" x 7" multi-color Heads-Up Display, a rear-view mirror backup camera system, and a luxury Denali trim level. The Sierra 1500 will also feature its own distinct exterior styling, though interior styling will be similar to that of the Chevrolet Silverado 1500.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: There are six functions of GMC Sierra's Multi-Pro Tailgate including a primary tailgate load stop for large items. Its inner tailgate can be a load stopper, a full-width step, and a work area by dropping down the load stop or provide easy access to the bed just by folding down the inner tailgate.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Powertrains include improved versions of the current 5.3L and 6.2L EcoTec3 V8 gasoline engines, as well as the same 3.0L Duramax Turbocharged Diesel I6 engine that will also be available in the 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500. An all-new, ten-speed automatic transmission will come as standard equipment on gasoline-powered Sierra 1500 models. Availability of the previous 4.3L EcoTec3 V6 gasoline engine was not announced at launch.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: All trim levels include a next-generation touchscreen infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, Bluetooth for hands-free calling and wireless audio streaming via A2DP, power windows and door locks (on Double and Crew Cab models), air conditioning, and a rear-view backup camera system. Additional features available on select trim levels include GPS navigation, SiriusXM Satellite Radio and Travel Link, OnStar with 4G LTE in-vehicle Wi-Fi, a Bose premium audio system with seven speakers, keyless access and push-button start, a remote starter system, heated and ventilated luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a heated leather-wrapped steering wheel, driver-assist technologies, a multi-angle camera system, and heated rear seats.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The 2019 GMC Sierra went on sale in September 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle at GMC dealerships nationwide.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Initially unavailable at launch, the all-new 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 regular cab configuration went on sale in early 2019. Only available with an pickup box, with a choice of two-wheel-drive or four-wheel-drive and the 4.3L EcoTec3 V6 or 5.3L V8 gasoline engines, the regular cab is exclusively available in W/T trim (1WT) for Silverado 1500, or Sierra (1SA) trim for Sierra 1500. The regular cab option is unavailable in other trim levels in the United States and Canada, as these trucks will appeal mainly towards fleet and commercial buyers. Regular cab models with a bed and in higher trim levels are produced but are only available for sale in Mexico and the Middle East.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Standard features include a black front grille, black front and rear bumpers, 17" steel wheels, manual windows and door locks, manual black side mirrors, a seven-inch touchscreen infotainment system with rearview backup camera and Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone integration, vinyl seating surfaces, a split front bench seat, vinyl flooring, and air conditioning. Options include the Chrome Appearance Group (17" aluminum-alloy wheels and chrome front and rear bumpers), OnStar 4G LTE in-vehicle Wi-Fi capabilities, cloth seating surfaces, carpeted flooring with floor mats, and the Power Equipment Group (power windows and door locks, keyless entry, power black side mirrors, and cruise control).


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The 2020 Silverado sees deletion of the "Oakwood Metallic" exterior paint color. Major additions are new vertical trailering mirrors, which include power adjustability, as well as power-folding and power-extension capabilities. Adaptive Cruise control is optional on the LTZ and High Country trim levels, and SiriusXM 360L capability is available on LT and higher trims. Silverado 1500s lose the keyless access buttons on the rear doors.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Sierra sees a new "Carbon Black Metallic" paint color in addition to the above-mentioned Silverado updates.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For 2021, the Silverado and Sierra pickups saw relatively few changes. Most notably, the Silverado 1500 offers the newly named Multi-Flex six-position tailgate, which is borrowed from the GMC Sierra, and the introduction of wireless CarPlay and Android Auto projection capability. 2.7L 4-cylinder and 3.0L Duramax diesel-equipped Silverado and Sierra models see increased tow capacity ratings and new towing technology, including a jack-knife alert and trailer length indicator. Several colors were changed on the Silverado; "Havana Brown Metallic" and "Cajun Red Tintcoat" are replaced by "Oxford Brown Metallic" and "Cherry Red Tintcoat", respectively, and "Mosaic Black Metallic" is a new addition. 2021 Sierra models received color changes as well; "Deep Mahogany Metallic", "Red Quartz Tintcoat", and "Carbon Black Metallic" are replaced with "Brownstone Metallic", "Cayenne Red Tintcoat", and "Ebony Twilight Metallic", respectively. "Smokey Quartz Metallic" was removed from the available color options and "Hunter Metallic" was added as a new paint color. For the 2021 GMC Sierra, the previously un-named "Sierra" trim becomes the "Pro".


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Forward Collision Alert, Automatic Emergency Braking, and Front Pedestrian Braking options are now available on Silverado WT and Custom trim levels as part of the "Safety Confidence Package". "Crew Cab Standard Box" Sierra 1500 models are now only available in four wheel-drive.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Due to the global microchip shortage, some 2021 Silverado and Sierra vehicles are built without options like Automatic Start-stop and heated and ventilated front seats, heated outboard rear seats, and heated steering wheel.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The 2022 Chevy Silverado LTD and GMC Sierra Limited will enter the model lineup as a stop-gap measure until production of the newly refreshed 2022 model begins. As such, the 2022 Silverado LTD and Sierra Limited have very few changes from the 2021 models.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Notable changes for the 2022 Limited models include the deletion of both the 4.3L LV3 EcoTec3 V6 and 5.3L L82 EcoTec3 V8 with active fuel management (AFM) gasoline engines, which have been discontinued, as well as the previous "6L80" six-speed automatic transmission, leaving only eight-speed and ten-speed units. The LT Trail Boss trim-level (Chevrolet) is now available with the 3.0L Duramax Turbo-Diesel engine.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: For the 2022 model year, the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 receives a mid-cycle refresh that includes the following new trim levels for the Chevrolet Silverado, called the ZR2, and for the GMC Sierra, called the AT4X and Denali Ultimate. The refresh also includes a new front-end design, as well as a revised interior. All trucks equipped with front bucket seats receive a new center console-mounted transmission shift lever (trucks equipped with a front bench seat retain the previous column-mounted gear selector lever). The 3.0L Duramax turbocharged diesel Inline Six-Cylinder (I6) engine now has expanded availability on more trim levels.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The short six-foot pickup box option has returned available for the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 Regular Cabs since last offered for the 2018 previous generation, which was previously only available in Mexico and the Middle East and is only available with the W/T and Pro trims of the Silverado and Sierra, respectively (these trims also remain the only trims available in the Regular Cab body style). Base Silverado 1500 WT and Sierra 1500 Pro Regular Cab models now receive standard power windows, door locks and push-button start, although keyless entry remains an extra-cost option. All models from the LT (Silverado) and SLE (Sierra) and above receive a newly standard 13.4-inch touchscreen infotainment system, which includes wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone integration and SiriusXM Satellite Radio with 360L (up-level models also receive connected GPS navigation), while base models retain the previously standard seven-inch touchscreen display. A new Silverado 1500 ZR2 model becomes the most off-road capable model in the lineup, while a new Sierra 1500 Denali Ultimate is now the top-tier trim of the lineup, which also receives a new premium Bose surround sound audio system with an amplifier, subwoofer, and genuine metal speaker grilles. Top-tier Silverado and Sierra models receive the General Motors Super Cruise semi-autonomous driving system, which allows for hands-free driving on most highways, and all models receive more standard safety equipment.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The new trim level introduced to this series as ZR2 (Chevrolet) which slots in between High Country (Chevrolet) and LTZ (Chevrolet). GMC models receive a similar, though more upscale, model known as AT4X.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The refreshed 2022 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 began shipping to dealerships in the Spring of 2022. Both brands will also sell the outgoing models of both trucks, named the Silverado 1500 LTD and Sierra 1500 Limited respectively, alongside the new models. Only 1500 (half-ton) models of both trucks have been refreshed for 2022, with a refresh of the heavy-duty (2500HD and 3500HD) trucks following at 2024.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The 2022 Silverado 1500 LTD Crew Cab was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS):


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: In April 2021, GM President Mark Reuss announced Chevrolet would be building an electric variant of the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 pickup truck at the Factory ZERO complex in Detroit. The vehicle will have a targeted range of 400 miles. The vehicle was unveiled in January 2022 at the 2022 Consumer Electronics Show (CES). The vehicle has been built from the ground up as a fully electric pickup by using a battery electric platform shared with the GMC Hummer EV, instead of using the existing Silverado platform. Production will start in the Factory ZERO assembly plant (formerly Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly) in the second quarter of 2023.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Chevrolet introduced a medium-duty version of its Silverado, the Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, and 6500HD, which replaced the discontinued Chevrolet Kodiak and GMC TopKick medium-duty trucks. The truck was unveiled at the 2018 Work Truck Show in Indianapolis, Indiana in March 2018, joining the Chevrolet 4500HD/XD and 5500HD/XD cabover trucks. It competes against the Ford Super Duty F-450 and F-550 and Ram 4500 and 5500. Chevrolet also plans to make the vehicles available for sale at least 160 selected dealerships, including the 240 that specialize in fleet and commercial truck sales.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: GMC does not offer an equivalent, citing a lack of support for GMC to expand back into a medium duty market while making a push towards a premium market with their current lineup. The move leaves Chevrolet as the only brand in the GM truck division to have medium-duty vehicles in this segment.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: All 4500HD, 5500HD, and 6500HD Silverados come standard with Allison 1000 Series and 2000 Series fully automatic transmissions. The truck is powered by a variant of the Duramax 6.6L V8 diesel.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The medium-duty Silverado is a joint venture between GM and Navistar International. It is built at Navistar's Springfield, Ohio plant. Navistar has also introduced their own version, the International CV.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: When production of the CUCV II ended in 2000, GM redesigned it to coincide with civilian truck offerings. The CUCV nomenclature was changed to Light Service Support Vehicle (LSSV) in 2001. In 2005, LSSV production switched to AM General, a unit of MacAndrews and Forbes Holdings. The LSSV is a GM-built Chevrolet Silverado 1500, Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD, Chevrolet Tahoe, or Chevrolet Suburban that is powered by a Duramax 6.6 liter turbo diesel engine. The various Silverados, Tahoes, and Suburbans that are used provide numerous platforms for different kinds of vehicles. As GM has redesigned its civilian trucks and SUVs from 2001–present, LSSVs have also been updated cosmetically.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Militarization of standard GM trucks/SUVs to become LSSVs includes exterior changes such as CARC paint (Forest Green, Desert Sand, or 3-color Camouflage), blackout lights, military bumpers, a brush guard, a NATO slave receptacle/NATO trailer receptacle, a pintle hook and tow shackles. The electrical system is changed to the 24/12-volt military standard. The dashboard has additional controls and data plates. The truck also can be equipped with weapon supports in the cab, cargo tie down hooks, folding troop seats, pioneer tools, winches, and other military accessories.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: The Enhanced Mobility Package (EMP) option adds enhanced suspension, 4-wheel anti-lock brakes, a locking differential, on/off-road beadlock tires, a tire pressure monitoring system and other upgrades. About 2,000 LSSV units were sold to U.S. and international military and law enforcement organizations.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: General Motors relaunched GM Defense division in 2018 offering the ZH2 Silverado, an advanced technology Chevrolet Silverado with a hydrogen powered fuel cell and a heavy-duty truck architecture modified for next generation military vehicle needs. There is also a ZH2 Chevrolet Colorado military version.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Chevrolet is represented in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series by the Silverado. As of the 2021 season, 15 full-time and part-time teams use the Silverado. Chevrolet has won the Truck Series Manufacturers Championship ten times since the series inception in 1995 and Chevrolet drivers have won the Drivers Championship a combined 12-times. The Silverado is also the title sponsor for the Chevrolet Silverado 250 Truck Series race at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: As of 2015, the Chevrolet Silverado is sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, and the Middle East (except Iran). As of 2022, the GMC Sierra is sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East (except Israel and Iran). The GMC Sierra Denali was introduced to South Korea in 2022 with the launch of the GMC brand in the Korean market.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

text: Chevrolet started selling the Silverado in Oceania in 2018 via Holden Special Vehicles (a former subsidiary of GM's now defunct Holden brand), and currently via GM Specialty Vehicles, though it retains the Chevrolet badge. The vehicles are sold in right-hand-drive versions for that region.


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: O'Shea Jackson Jr. (born February 24, 1991), also known by his stage name OMG, is an American actor and rapper. He is the oldest son of American rapper Ice Cube and, in his feature film debut, portrayed his father in the 2015 biopic "Straight Outta Compton".


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: O'Shea Jackson Jr. was born in Los Angeles, California, to O'Shea Jackson Sr., better known as Ice Cube, and Kimberly Woodruff. Jackson was raised in the San Fernando Valley, and is the second born of four children. He has two brothers, Darrell and Shareef, and a sister, Kareema. Darrell is also a rapper under the name Doughboy, which is the nickname of the character his father portrayed in his first film, "Boyz n the Hood". Jackson attended William Howard Taft High School in Woodland Hills, California, from which he graduated in 2009. His father also attended Taft High School. Jackson graduated from the University of Southern California, where he studied screenwriting.


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: In June 2014, it was announced that Jackson had been cast to portray his father, Ice Cube, in "Straight Outta Compton", a biographical film about N.W.A. The film was released on August 14, 2015, to positive reviews. Jackson is noted for his physical resemblance to his father, which Ice Cube described as "spot-on. He was born to play the part," he told Jimmy Kimmel in October 2014.


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: In 2017, Jackson played Dan Pinto, the Batman-obsessed aspiring screenwriter, landlord and love interest of Aubrey Plaza's character Ingrid Thorburn in the film "Ingrid Goes West", with many critics—including the "Los Angeles Times", Vulture, and Collider—commenting on his scene-stealing abilities. In 2018, Jackson starred in the film "Den of Thieves", which also included 50 Cent and Gerard Butler.


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: Jackson appears in two May 2019 movies. He has a supporting role as Lance in the romantic comedy "Long Shot" alongside Charlize Theron and Seth Rogen, playing the best friend of Rogen's character. In "", he portrays Barnes, the leader of the G-Team, the special military forces group run specializing in battles involving Titans.


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: Also in 2019, Jackson co-starred with Michael B. Jordan, Jamie Foxx, and Brie Larson in the drama "Just Mercy". He portrays Anthony Ray Hinton, who spent 30 years behind bars after being wrongfully convicted of murder.


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: In 2010, Jackson and his brother Darrell were featured on the songs "She Couldn't Make It On Her Own" and "Y'all Know How I Am", from their father's album "I Am the West".


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: In March 2012, Jackson, under the name OMG, released his first mixtape, "Jackin' for Beats", online. Jazmine Gray of "Vibe" said, "True to its title, the hip-hop rookie offers his own lyrics over the beats of some of the most popular tracks of the year. The 10-track tape finds the son of a hip hop icon off to a promising start."


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: In an interview with "XXL Magazine", Jackson said that "Some people say I sound like OMG. No one has compared me or tried to match me up with other artists."


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: In 2015, Jackson appeared in Pia Mia's music video for her song "Touch". He also appeared in American hip hop duo Twenty88's music video, "Out of Love", promoting their self-titled debut extended play.


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: On February 6, 2018, Jackson played hip hop legend Kool Herc in a segment of Drunk History. On October 4, 2019, Jackson made a guest appearance on the debut of WWE Smackdown on Fox.


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: Jackson will star opposite Dave Franco in the Quibi comedy series "The Now". Release date is yet to be announced.


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: In the 2021 basketball drama show, Swagger, Jackson plays Ike Edwards, a former rising star who struggles to coach a young high-stake basketball team. The series premiered on October 29, 2021 on Apple TV+.


title: O'Shea Jackson Jr.

text: Jackson has a daughter, Jordan Reign Jackson, born in August 2017 with his ex-girlfriend, Jackie Garcia. He is a fan of professional wrestling.


title: Nike (mythology)

text: In Greek mythology, Nike (; , , ) was a goddess who personified victory in any field including art, music, war, and athletics. She is often portrayed in Greek art as Winged Victory in the motion of flight; however, she can also appear without wings as "Wingless Victory" when she is being portrayed as an attribute of another deity such as Athena. In Greek literature Nike is described as both an attribute and attendant to the gods Zeus and Athena. Nike gained this honored role beside Zeus during the Titanomachy where she was one of the first gods to offer her allegiance to Zeus. At Athens, Nike became a servant to Athena as well as an attribute of her due to the prominent status Athena held in her patron city. The fusion of the two goddesses at Athens has contributed to the ambiguity surrounding Nike's origins. It is unclear whether she originated from a character trait of the Greek goddess Athena or has always existed as an independent deity. Her origin story in Greek mythology is also slightly ambiguous, with the "Theogony" claiming Nike to be the daughter of Styx and Pallas while the "Homeric Hymns" describe Ares as being Nike's father. Her Roman equivalent was Victoria. The company Nike, Inc. was named after the goddess.


title: Nike (mythology)

text: While the Greek word νίκη ("nikē") is of uncertain etymology, R.S.P. Beekes has suggested a "Pre-Greek origin." However, it has also been speculated to have derived from the Proto-Indo-European neik"-" meaning to attack or "start vehemently." If this is true it would make the word cognate with Ancient Greek νεῖκος (neîkos, "strife") and Lithuanian "ap-ni̇̀kti" ("to attack").


title: Nike (mythology)

text: Nike and Athena are both associated with victory, which has resulted in contestation over the origins of Nike. According to a paper by Harrison (as cited in Sikes, 1895) Nike was once a facet of the Greek goddess Athena, who was composed of Boulaia (good council), Ergane (skilled handcraft), and Nike (victory). According to this theory, Nike eventually broke off from Athena to form her own distinct personality. Baudrillart, in another paper (as cited in Sikes, 1895), shares a similar view that Nike was once a part of Athena and separated from her around the 5th century. However, he holds that the Athena Nike personality continued to exist alongside the distinct Nike personality. In contrast to Harrison and Baudrillart's views, E.E. Sikes believed that Nike was always a distinct personality from Athena. According to Sikes, Nike existed as an independent deity from Athena since Nike represented victory in musical, athletic, and military competitions and Athena's authority was limited to strictly military victories. Sikes postulates that the theory that Nike first originated from Athena arose from the confusion of the two goddesses at Athens where Athena Nike and Nike existed alongside each other.


title: Nike (mythology)

text: In Greek mythology Nike, the personification of victory, has two possible origin stories. According to Hesiod's "Theogony", "Styx, daughter of Oceanus, in union with Pallas, bore... trim-ankled Victory [Nike]..." as well as her siblings Zelus (Zeal or Aspiration), Kratos (Strength), and Bia (Power). This lineage is also supported by the "Bibliotheca" where "...Nice, Cratos, Zelos, and Bia" are described as the children of the Titans Pallas and Styx. In another source, "Homeric Hymn 8", Ares the God of War is portrayed as the "...father of warlike Victory."


title: Nike (mythology)

text: Nike is often portrayed in literature in close association with Zeus or Athena. She is typically described as either an attendant of the Greek Gods Zeus and Athena or as a facet of their personalities. According to the "Theogony" Nike, Zelus, Kratos, and Bia "...will not live apart from Zeus... nor go except where the god goes before them, but they sit for ever beside heavy-booming Zeus." Nike and her siblings achieved these honorable positions by Zeus's side during the Titanomachy. During the war with the Titans Zeus called all the gods to Olympus to determine their allegiance. He declared that any god that chose to align with him against Kronos would receive his honor and favor. Of the gods, Styx and her children were the first to declare their loyalty to Zeus and as a result Zeus granted her and her children his favor. For Styx he gave her the honor of being "...the great oath of the gods..." For her children Zeus granted them his eternal favor by allowing them "...to dwell with him for all time." As a result, Nike is often portrayed in literature in association with Zeus since she holds an honorable position by his side: "Victory... in golden Olympus, standing beside Zeus..."


title: Nike (mythology)

text: In Nonnos' "Dionysiaca", Nike is described as an emissary of Athena who was sent to aid Zeus in his battle against Typhon. When the many snake-headed giant Typhon laid siege to Olympus in the final days of the Titanomachy, Nike, in the form of Leto, reproached Zeus for his hesitancy in confronting Typhon and urged him to gather his thunderbolts in preparation to defend Olympus. In her speech she mentions all the gods that have given up and fled the battle including Ares, Hermes, Apollo, Aphrodite, and Hephaistos. She also mentions the possible repercussions of allowing Typhon to win, which includes the destruction of Olympus and the rape and enslavement Zeus's daughters Athena and Artemis. When in the morning Typhon again issued his challenge, Zeus gathered the clouds around himself for armor and answered the monster's threats. Nike, described as Victory, led Zeus into battle as Eris, Strife, led Typhon. During the fighting Nike used her shield to protect Zeus while he fought with his thunderbolts and frigid rain. By assaulting Typhon with fire and ice, Zeus was able to defeat the monster and claim victory over the Titans. As Zeus rode off from the battlefield, Nike followed him driving her father's chariot. In the "Theogony", this battle is described in a different manner. Zeus is neither hesitant nor fearful and Nike makes no appearance to encourage or aid Zeus in the fighting.


title: Nike (mythology)

text: Nike is also depicted in literature as a goddess who judges the excellence of gods and mortals in competition. This role of assessing the greatness of skill of a god or mortal is most evident in war, where Nike is often depicted on the side of the victor granting them the victory. An example if this is in Ovid's "Metamorphoses book 8" where the fate of the war between Megara and Crete hung in "...suspense; so, Victory day by day between them hovered on uncertain wings." However, Nike's role of judging excellence is not limited to strictly military prowess. Instead, Nike observes victory in any field including musical, athletic, and or military competitions. For instance in "Pindar Nemean 5," the victorious athlete Euthymenes of Aegina has "twice fallen into the arms of Victory" and achieved fame. In "Bacchylides Ode 12" Nike encourages Teisias of Aegina to compete in the wrestling matches at Nemea. In both these examples Nike is associated with victory in an athletic competition rather than only a military competition. Typically, Nike is the one who bestows the victor with the prize. In "Bacchylides Ode 11" she is introduced with the stock epithet "giver of swift gifts..." However, Nike is also represented in some sources as the prize in a contest to symbolize victory: "... the blossoms of glory-bringing Victory nurture for men golden, conspicuous fame throughout their lives..." In this source Nike is portrayed as a garland of flowers to be bestowed upon the victor during the Panhellenic Games.


title: Nike (mythology)

text: Nike alone is often depicted in Greek art winged and carrying a symbol of victory, such as a wreath or palm frond. Statues of her attempt to evoke a sense of flight. In the Archaic period of ancient Greek sculpture Nike often appears in a "kneeling run" pose or "knielaufen" pose with her head turned to the side to look at the viewer as her body swiftly rushes forward. The marble statue of Nike, possibly designed by Arkhermos of Chios and found at Delos, dates to around 550 BCE and exemplifies this style of pose. Nike's right arm is outstretched at an angle while her left arm is bent so that her hand rests upon her upper thigh. Her wings are attached to her upper back and her body runs to the side while her head is turned to observe the viewer instead of the place she is running to. Richard Neer proposes that this posture with the running stance, wings, and flowing garments were meant to evoke the swift speed of the goddess.


title: Nike (mythology)

text: As time goes on Nike's legs begin to straighten and her movement becomes a more subtle alighting movement with a slight forward component. An example of a transitional phase in movement from the "kneeling run" to the alighting and striding pose is Paionios's statue of Nike discovered in the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. This statue of Nike was made of Parian marble and was dedicated to Zeus by the Messenians and Naupaktians around 420 BCE during the Classical period. The statue originally stood near the temple of Zeus on an 8.45m high, three sided pillar. The statue itself was roughly two meters high and was orientated to face the east. Instead of flying sideways, Paionios's Nike advances forward with feet just alighting upon the ground. At her feet an eagle is shown to fly to the viewer's left as Nike moves forward with left leg stepping down to touch the earth. Her left arm is raised and once held her himation, or outer robe, as it blew out behind her in the wind. Fragments of Nike's face, forearms, and wings are missing, however, pieces of her wings can still be seen attached to her shoulders. In this statue of Nike from the fifth century the goddess's alighting motion is towards the viewer as opposed to the sideways running motion of earlier statues. Additionally, Paionios's Nike has adopted a striding stance as opposed to a pinwheel-type running stance. By changing Nike's stance, Paionios has relinquished depiction of Nike's swift speed in favor of depicting her in a forward alighting motion that directly engages the viewer.


title: Nike (mythology)

text: By the mid Classical period and the start of the Hellenistic period, statues of Nike begin to portray her with legs almost completely straight in an alighting pose meant to evoke an appearance out of nothing rather than a hurtling into view. This slight forward and downward motion is illustrated in the Capitoline Nike (460 BCE) from Magna Grecia. This statue was made of Thasian marble and showed the goddess standing almost completely straight with a slight lean forwards to indicate Nike's downward and slight forward alighting motion. Although her wings are lost, the roots of them can still be seen behind her shoulders. The straight lines of her garments imply weightiness and the pull of gravity during her gentle descent. The slight overfold of her peplos across the midsection also evokes the sense of a small wind blowing upwards from her soft descent. Additionally, both of her feet are placed side by side in a standing pose rather than a striding pose. All these details suggest Nike is appearing and making a graceful descent to the earth rather than dashing sideways into view. The statue of Nike from the Temple of Neptune at Corfu also implies a gently appearance out of nothing rather than a hurtling from somewhere. This statue is speculated to be from the Hellenistic period according to Andrew Parkin. The statue is made of white marble and is seventy-three centimeters tall. Nike herself is posed atop a globe, which is acting as the base. While Nike's forearms and wings are missing the sockets for attaching her wings can be seen on her back. The goddess is standing with both legs straight and together. Her head is bent downwards slightly so that her gaze rests on the ground rather than the viewer. As a result of this, her body also leans slightly downwards. Her winged, straight, and slightly bent posture evokes the appearance that she is looking down at where to place her feet as she descends. The Nike of Corfu also has a hollowed out back which has resulted in Parkin, C. Vermeule, and D. Von Bothmer to hypothesize that the statue was originally mounted on another base or the statue was intended to fit into the hand of a larger deity.


title: Nike (mythology)

text: During the Classical period, statuettes of Nike were often placed in the hands of larger deities. One such example is Pheidias's statue of Zeus at Olympia. According to Pausanias's "Description of Greece," the statue of Zeus "...holds Victory in ivory and gold..." in his right hand and a scepter with an eagle perched atop it in his left hand. Pheidias's cult statue of Athena from the Parthenon in Athens also held a smaller Nike statuette in one hand and a spear in the other. According to Pausanias, this Nike statue was roughly four cubits tall (about seventy-two inches). Both Nike statues in Zeus's and Athena's hands were winged. Nike typically appears without wings in Greek sculpture when she is being represented as an attribute of another deity, such as Athena. The Athena Nike statue within the Temple of Athena Nike on the Athenian Acropolis depicts the Greek goddess wingless and seated with a pomegranate in her right hand and her helmet in her left hand. According to Andrew Stewart the doffed helmet and pomegranate are symbols of assistance, fertility, and peace. According to Suidas, Athena Nike without wings represents calm civility while the pomegranate represents prosperity and the doffed helmet represents peace. Pausanias in his "Description of Greece" provides a different interpretation for why Athena Nike is depicted as "Wingless Victory." According to his interpretation, the Athenians constructed the statue of Athena Nike without wings so that she would never leave the city of Athens.


title: Nike (mythology)

text: While Nike was often included in the cults of other gods, particularly Zeus and Athena, very few sanctuaries were dedicated solely to her. Pausanias noted that there was an altar solely to Nike in Olympia next to the altar of Zeus Purifier. He also mentioned the Temple of Athena Nike in Athens: "On the right of the gateway [of the Akropolis in Athens] is a temple of Nike Apteron (Wingless Nike)."


title: Nike (mythology)

text: In Athens Nike was often honored alongside Athena or as an attribute of Athena, where she was called Athena Nike. According to Sikes, Nike was worshipped as a facet of Athena because Athena was Athens's patron goddess and thus held greater power in her own city and acropolis. Since Athena held greater power in Athens, she acquired some of the functions traditionally only Nike possessed as well as her title of Victory. Thus, the two goddesses merged into one to form the Athena Nike personality. The distinct Nike personality continued to coexist alongside the Athena Nike personality and became a servant to Athena, or a "Lady of Victory" according to Sikes. The three votive processions on the parapet of the Temple of Athena Nike display this relationship between Athena and Nike. On both the north and south sides an array of winged Nikes are shown carrying offerings to Athena who sat seated at the west end of each stream of Nike. As a result of the merging of the two goddesses Athena Nike was worshipped as a goddess of victory in Athens, particularly military victory.


title: Nike (mythology)

text: The cult of Athena Nike was functioning as early as the beginning of the sixth century. However, there remains significant debate over whether the cult of Athena Nike in its earlier years had its own priestess, no priestess, or if it shared a priestess with a nearby cult. The earliest substantial evidence for a priestess of Athena Nike is provided in a decree named "IG" i^3 35 passed in the early fifth century by the Athenian Demos. This decree proposed a plan for a new temple and priestess for Athena Nike. The decree was unusual because it broke with Athenian tradition by handing over control of the cult to the state and instituting a democratic selection of the next priestess of Athena Nike by lot from all Athenian women. According to Michael Laughy, the priesthood was traditionally controlled by a genos or family clan who selected the next priestess from one of their heirs. For example, the priestess of Athena Polias was the heir of the aristocratic Eteoboutadai genos, since they controlled the priesthood for Athena Polias. Thus, the process of selecting a priestess in Athens was not traditionally a democratic process. This decree was also significant, according to Josine Blok, because it gave all Athenian women access to influential and prominent cultic roles in the Athenian city-state during a time when Athenian women's freedoms were fairly limited. The final unusual aspect of the decree was that it broke with Athenian tradition by handing over responsibility of the priesthood from the genos to the state. According to Laughy, ancestral practice played a key role in how Athenian cultic rituals and sacrifices were performed. Thus, a break in custom to transfer religious authority from the genos to the state was exceptional for Athens during that time as it transformed the cult of Athena Nike into a polis-cult, a cult funded and overseen by the Athenian city-state.


title: Nike (mythology)

text: While the decree does not state the identity of the new priestess, a verse epitaph on a marble stele funerary monument reveals that the first priestess of Athena Nike to be selected democratically by lot was Myrrhine, daughter of Kallimachos. According to decree "IG" i^3 36, she would have received a portion of the sacrifice and a stipend of fifty drachmas paid for by the kolakretai. While neither decrees specified the tenure of her office, Blok proposes that Myrrhine would have likely served for life since that was the tradition for Athenian women serving in cultic offices. Her responsibilities are described in the Myrrhine epigram ("IG" i^3 1330) and include maintaining the sanctuary and its statues.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Mary Wollstonecraft (, ; 27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was a British writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. Until the late 20th century, Wollstonecraft's life, which encompassed several unconventional personal relationships at the time, received more attention than her writing. Today Wollstonecraft is regarded as one of the founding feminist philosophers, and feminists often cite both her life and her works as important influences.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: After Wollstonecraft's death, her widower published a "Memoir" (1798) of her life, revealing her unorthodox lifestyle, which inadvertently destroyed her reputation for almost a century. However, with the emergence of the feminist movement at the turn of the twentieth century, Wollstonecraft's advocacy of women's equality and critiques of conventional femininity became increasingly important.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: After two ill-fated affairs, with Henry Fuseli and Gilbert Imlay (by whom she had a daughter, Fanny Imlay), Wollstonecraft married the philosopher William Godwin, one of the forefathers of the anarchist movement. Wollstonecraft died at the age of 38 leaving behind several unfinished manuscripts. She died 11 days after giving birth to her second daughter, Mary Shelley, who would become an accomplished writer and the author of "Frankenstein".


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft was born on 27 April 1759 in Spitalfields, London. She was the second of the seven children of Elizabeth Dixon and Edward John Wollstonecraft. Although her family had a comfortable income when she was a child, her father gradually squandered it on speculative projects. Consequently, the family became financially unstable and they were frequently forced to move during Wollstonecraft's youth. The family's financial situation eventually became so dire that Wollstonecraft's father compelled her to turn over money that she would have inherited at her maturity. Moreover, he was apparently a violent man who would beat his wife in drunken rages. As a teenager, Wollstonecraft used to lie outside the door of her mother's bedroom to protect her. Wollstonecraft played a similar maternal role for her sisters, Everina and Eliza, throughout her life. In a defining moment in 1784, she persuaded Eliza, who was suffering from what was probably postpartum depression, to leave her husband and infant; Wollstonecraft made all of the arrangements for Eliza to flee, demonstrating her willingness to challenge social norms. The human costs, however, were severe: her sister suffered social condemnation and, because she could not remarry, was doomed to a life of poverty and hard work.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Two friendships shaped Wollstonecraft's early life. The first was with Jane Arden in Beverley. The two frequently read books together and attended lectures presented by Arden's father, a self-styled philosopher and scientist. Wollstonecraft revelled in the intellectual atmosphere of the Arden household and valued her friendship with Arden greatly, sometimes to the point of being emotionally possessive. Wollstonecraft wrote to her: "I have formed romantic notions of friendship ... I am a little singular in my thoughts of love and friendship; I must have the first place or none." In some of Wollstonecraft's letters to Arden, she reveals the volatile and depressive emotions that would haunt her throughout her life. The second and more important friendship was with Fanny (Frances) Blood, introduced to Wollstonecraft by the Clares, a couple in Hoxton who became parental figures to her; Wollstonecraft credited Blood with opening her mind.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Unhappy with her home life, Wollstonecraft struck out on her own in 1778 and accepted a job as a lady's companion to Sarah Dawson, a widow living in Bath. However, Wollstonecraft had trouble getting along with the irascible woman (an experience she drew on when describing the drawbacks of such a position in "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters", 1787). In 1780 she returned home upon being called back to care for her dying mother. Rather than return to Dawson's employ after the death of her mother, Wollstonecraft moved in with the Bloods. She realised during the two years she spent with the family that she had idealised Blood, who was more invested in traditional feminine values than was Wollstonecraft. But Wollstonecraft remained dedicated to Fanny and her family throughout her life, frequently giving pecuniary assistance to Blood's brother.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft had envisioned living in a female utopia with Blood; they made plans to rent rooms together and support each other emotionally and financially, but this dream collapsed under economic realities. In order to make a living, Wollstonecraft, her sisters and Blood set up a school together in Newington Green, a Dissenting community. Blood soon became engaged and, after her marriage, moved to Lisbon Portugal with her husband, Hugh Skeys, in hopes that it would improve her health which had always been precarious. Despite the change of surroundings Blood's health further deteriorated when she became pregnant, and in 1785 Wollstonecraft left the school and followed Blood to nurse her, but to no avail. Moreover, her abandonment of the school led to its failure. Blood's death devastated Wollstonecraft and was part of the inspiration for her first novel, "" (1788).


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: After Blood's death in 1785, Wollstonecraft's friends helped her obtain a position as governess to the daughters of the Anglo-Irish Kingsborough family in Ireland. Although she could not get along with Lady Kingsborough, the children found her an inspiring instructor; one of the daughters, Margaret King, would later say she 'had freed her mind from all superstitions'. Some of Wollstonecraft's experiences during this year would make their way into her only children's book, "Original Stories from Real Life" (1788).


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Frustrated by the limited career options open to respectable yet poor women—an impediment which Wollstonecraft eloquently describes in the chapter of "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters" entitled 'Unfortunate Situation of Females, Fashionably Educated, and Left Without a Fortune'—she decided, after only a year as a governess, to embark upon a career as an author. This was a radical choice, since, at the time, few women could support themselves by writing. As she wrote to her sister Everina in 1787, she was trying to become 'the first of a new genus'. She moved to London and, assisted by the liberal publisher Joseph Johnson, found a place to live and work to support herself. She learned French and German and translated texts, most notably "Of the Importance of Religious Opinions" by Jacques Necker and "Elements of Morality, for the Use of Children" by Christian Gotthilf Salzmann. She also wrote reviews, primarily of novels, for Johnson's periodical, the "Analytical Review". Wollstonecraft's intellectual universe expanded during this time, not only from the reading that she did for her reviews but also from the company she kept: she attended Johnson's famous dinners and met the radical pamphleteer Thomas Paine and the philosopher William Godwin. The first time Godwin and Wollstonecraft met, they were disappointed in each other. Godwin had come to hear Paine, but Wollstonecraft assailed him all night long, disagreeing with him on nearly every subject. Johnson himself, however, became much more than a friend; she described him in her letters as a father and a brother.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: In London, Wollstonecraft lived on Dolben Street, in Southwark; an up-and-coming area following the opening of the first Blackfriars Bridge in 1769. While in London, Wollstonecraft pursued a relationship with the artist Henry Fuseli, even though he was already married. She was, she wrote, enraptured by his genius, 'the grandeur of his soul, that quickness of comprehension, and lovely sympathy'. She proposed a platonic living arrangement with Fuseli and his wife, but Fuseli's wife was appalled, and he broke off the relationship with Wollstonecraft. After Fuseli's rejection, Wollstonecraft decided to travel to France to escape the humiliation of the incident, and to participate in the revolutionary events that she had just celebrated in her recent "Vindication of the Rights of Men" (1790). She had written the "Rights of Men" in response to the Whig MP Edmund Burke's politically conservative critique of the French Revolution in "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790) and it made her famous overnight. "Reflections on the Revolution in France" was published on 1 November 1790, and so angered Wollstonecraft that she spent the rest of the month writing her rebuttal. "A Vindication of the Rights of Men, in a Letter to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke" was published on 29 November 1790, initially anonymously; the second edition of "A Vindication of the Rights of Men" was published on 18 December, and this time the publisher revealed Wollstonecraft as the author.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft called the French Revolution a 'glorious "chance" to obtain more virtue and happiness than hitherto blessed our globe'. Against Burke's dismissal of the Third Estate as men of no account, Wollstonecraft wrote, 'Time may show, that this obscure throng knew more of the human heart and of legislation than the profligates of rank, emasculated by hereditary effeminacy'. About the events of 5–6 October 1789, when the royal family was marched from Versailles to Paris by a group of angry housewives, Burke praised Queen Marie Antoinette as a symbol of the refined elegance of the "ancien régime", who was surrounded by "furies from hell, in the abused shape of the vilest of women". Wollstonecraft by contrast wrote of the same event: "Probably you [Burke] mean women who gained a livelihood by selling vegetables or fish, who never had any advantages of education".


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft was compared with such leading lights as the theologian and controversialist Joseph Priestley and Paine, whose "Rights of Man" (1791) would prove to be the most popular of the responses to Burke. She pursued the ideas she had outlined in "Rights of Men" in "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792), her most famous and influential work. Wollstonecraft's fame extended across the English channel, for when the French statesmen Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord visited London in 1792, he visited her, during which she asked that French girls be given the same right to an education that French boys were being offered by the new regime in France.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft left for Paris in December 1792 and arrived about a month before Louis XVI was guillotined. Britain and France were on the brink of war when she left for Paris, and many advised her not to go. France was in turmoil. She sought out other British visitors such as Helen Maria Williams and joined the circle of expatriates then in the city. During her time in Paris, Wollstonecraft associated mostly with the moderate Girondins rather than the more radical Jacobins. It was indicative that when Archibald Hamilton Rowan, the United Irishman, encountered her in the city in 1794 it was at a post-Terror festival in honour of the moderate revolutionary leader Mirabeau, who had been a great hero for Irish and English radicals before his death (from natural causes) in April 1791.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: On 26 December 1792, Wollstonecraft saw the former king, Louis XVI, being taken to be tried before the National Assembly, and much to her own surprise, found 'the tears flow[ing] insensibly from my eyes, when I saw Louis sitting, with more dignity than I expected from his character, in a hackney coach going to meet death, where so many of his race have triumphed'.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: France declared war on Britain in February 1793. Wollstonecraft tried to leave France for Switzerland but was denied permission. In March, the Jacobin-dominated Committee of Public Safety came to power, instituting a totalitarian regime meant to mobilise France for the first 'total war'.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Life became very difficult for foreigners in France. At first, they were put under police surveillance and, to get a residency permit, had to produce six written statements from Frenchmen testifying to their loyalty to the republic. Then, on 12 April 1793, all foreigners were forbidden to leave France. Despite her sympathy for the revolution, life for Wollstonecraft become very uncomfortable, all the more so as the Girondins had lost out to the Jacobins. Some of Wollstonecraft's French friends lost their heads to the guillotine as the Jacobins set out to annihilate their enemies.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Having just written the "Rights of Woman", Wollstonecraft was determined to put her ideas to the test, and in the stimulating intellectual atmosphere of the French Revolution, she attempted her most experimental romantic attachment yet: she met and fell passionately in love with Gilbert Imlay, an American adventurer. Wollstonecraft put her own principles in practice by sleeping with Imlay even though they were not married, which was unacceptable behaviour from a 'respectable' British woman. Whether or not she was interested in marriage, he was not, and she appears to have fallen in love with an idealisation of the man. Despite her rejection of the sexual component of relationships in the "Rights of Woman", Wollstonecraft discovered that Imlay awakened her interest in sex.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft was to a certain extent disillusioned by what she saw in France, writing that the people under the republic still behaved slavishly to those who held power while the government remained 'venal' and 'brutal'. Despite her disenchantment, Wollstonecraft wrote:


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: I cannot yet give up the hope, that a fairer day is dawning on Europe, though I must hesitatingly observe, that little is to be expected from the narrow principle of commerce, which seems everywhere to be shoving aside "the point of honour" of the "noblesse" [nobility]. For the same pride of office, the same desire of power are still visible; with this aggravation, that, fearing to return to obscurity, after having but just acquired a relish for distinction, each hero, or philosopher, for all are dubbed with these new titles, endeavors to make hay while the sun shines.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft was offended by the Jacobins' treatment of women. They refused to grant women equal rights, denounced 'Amazons', and made it clear that women were supposed to conform to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ideal of helpers to men. On 16 October 1793, Marie Antoinette was guillotined; among her charges and convictions, she was found guilty of committing incest with her son. Though Wollstonecraft disliked the former queen, she was troubled that the Jacobins would make Marie Antoinette's alleged perverse sexual acts one of the central reasons for the French people to hate her.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: As the daily arrests and executions of the Reign of Terror began, Wollstonecraft came under suspicion. She was, after all, a British citizen known to be a friend of leading Girondins. On 31 October 1793, most of the Girondin leaders were guillotined; when Imlay broke the news to Wollstonecraft, she fainted. By this time, Imlay was taking advantage of the British blockade of France, which had caused shortages and worsened ever-growing inflation, by chartering ships to bring food and soap from America and dodge the British Royal Navy, goods that he could sell at a premium to Frenchmen who still had money. Imlay's blockade-running gained the respect and support of some Jacobins, ensuring, as he had hoped, his freedom during the Terror. To protect Wollstonecraft from arrest, Imlay made a false statement to the U.S. embassy in Paris that he had married her, automatically making her an American citizen. Some of her friends were not so lucky; many, like Thomas Paine, were arrested, and some were even guillotined. Her sisters believed she had been imprisoned.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft called life under the Jacobins 'nightmarish'. There were gigantic daytime parades requiring everyone to show themselves and lustily cheer lest they be suspected of inadequate commitment to the republic, as well as nighttime police raids to arrest 'enemies of the republic'. In a March 1794 letter to her sister Everina, Wollstonecraft wrote:


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: It is impossible for you to have any idea of the impression the sad scenes I have been a witness to have left on my mind ... death and misery, in every shape of terrour, haunts this devoted country—I certainly am glad that I came to France, because I never could have had else a just opinion of the most extraordinary event that has ever been recorded.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft soon became pregnant by Imlay, and on 14 May 1794 she gave birth to her first child, Fanny, naming her after perhaps her closest friend. Wollstonecraft was overjoyed; she wrote to a friend, 'My little Girl begins to suck so MANFULLY that her father reckons saucily on her writing the second part of the R[igh]ts of Woman' (emphasis hers). She continued to write avidly, despite not only her pregnancy and the burdens of being a new mother alone in a foreign country, but also the growing tumult of the French Revolution. While at Le Havre in northern France, she wrote a history of the early revolution, "An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution", which was published in London in December 1794. Imlay, unhappy with the domestic-minded and maternal Wollstonecraft, eventually left her. He promised that he would return to her and Fanny at Le Havre, but his delays in writing to her and his long absences convinced Wollstonecraft that he had found another woman. Her letters to him are full of needy expostulations, which most critics explain as the expressions of a deeply depressed woman, while others say they resulted from her circumstances—a foreign woman alone with an infant in the middle of a revolution that had seen good friends imprisoned or executed.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: In July 1794, Wollstonecraft welcomed the fall of the Jacobins, predicting it would be followed with a restoration of freedom of the press in France, which led her to return to Paris. In August 1794, Imlay departed for London and promised to return soon. In 1793, the British government had begun a crackdown on radicals, suspending civil liberties, imposing drastic censorship, and trying for treason anyone suspected of sympathy with the revolution, which led Wollstonecraft to fear she would be imprisoned if she returned.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: The winter of 1794–95 was the coldest winter in Europe for over a century, which reduced Wollstonecraft and her daughter Fanny to desperate circumstances. The river Seine froze that winter, which made it impossible for ships to bring food and coal to Paris, leading to widespread starvation and deaths from the cold in the city. Wollstonecraft continued to write to Imlay, asking him to return to France at once, declaring she still had faith in the revolution and did not wish to return to Britain. After she left France on 7 April 1795, she continued to refer to herself as 'Mrs Imlay', even to her sisters, in order to bestow legitimacy upon her child.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: The British historian Tom Furniss called "An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution" the most neglected of Wollstonecraft's books. It was first published in London in 1794, but a second edition did not appear until 1989. Later generations were more interested in her feminist writings than in her account of the French Revolution, which Furniss has called her 'best work'. Wollstonecraft was not trained as a historian, but she used all sorts of journals, letters and documents recounting how ordinary people in France reacted to the revolution. She was trying to counteract what Furniss called the 'hysterical' anti-revolutionary mood in Britain, which depicted the revolution as due to the entire French nation's going mad. Wollstonecraft argued instead that the revolution arose from a set of social, economic and political conditions that left no other way out of the crisis that gripped France in 1789.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: "An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution" was a difficult balancing act for Wollstonecraft. She condemned the Jacobin regime and the Reign of Terror, but at same time she argued that the revolution was a great achievement, which led her to stop her history in late 1789 rather than write about the Terror of 1793–94. Edmund Burke had ended his "Reflections on the Revolution in France" with reference to the events of 5–6 October 1789, when a group of women from Paris forced the French royal family from the Palace of Versailles to Paris. Burke called the women 'furies from hell', while Wollstonecraft defended them as ordinary housewives angry about the lack of bread to feed their families. Against Burke's idealised portrait of Marie Antoinette as a noble victim of a mob, Wollstonecraft portrayed the queen as a "femme fatale", a seductive, scheming and dangerous woman. Wollstonecraft argued that the values of the aristocracy corrupted women in a monarchy because women's main purpose in such a society was to bear sons to continue a dynasty, which essentially reduced a woman's value to only her womb. Moreover, Wollstonecraft pointed out that unless a queen was a queen regnant, most queens were queen consorts, which meant a woman had to exercise influence via her husband or son, encouraging her to become more and more manipulative. Wollstonecraft argued that aristocratic values, by emphasising a woman's body and her ability to be charming over her mind and character, had encouraged women like Marie Antoinette to be manipulative and ruthless, making the queen into a corrupted and corrupting product of the "ancien régime".


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: In "Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution" (1799) the historian John Adolphus, F.S.A., condemned Wollstonecraft's work as a 'rhapsody of libellous declamations' and took particular offense at her depiction of King Louis XVI.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Seeking Imlay, Wollstonecraft returned to London in April 1795, but he rejected her. In May 1795 she attempted to commit suicide, probably with laudanum, but Imlay saved her life (although it is unclear how). In a last attempt to win back Imlay, she embarked upon some business negotiations for him in Scandinavia, trying to locate a Norwegian captain who had absconded with silver that Imlay was trying to get past the British blockade of France. Wollstonecraft undertook this hazardous trip with only her young daughter and Marguerite, her maid. She recounted her travels and thoughts in letters to Imlay, many of which were eventually published as "Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark" in 1796. When she returned to England and came to the full realisation that her relationship with Imlay was over, she attempted suicide for the second time, leaving a note for Imlay:


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: She then went out on a rainy night and "to make her clothes heavy with water, she walked up and down about half an hour" before jumping into the River Thames, but a stranger saw her jump and rescued her. Wollstonecraft considered her suicide attempt deeply rational, writing after her rescue, I have only to lament, that, when the bitterness of death was past, I was inhumanly brought back to life and misery. But a fixed determination is not to be baffled by disappointment; nor will I allow that to be a frantic attempt, which was one of the calmest acts of reason. In this respect, I am only accountable to myself. Did I care for what is termed reputation, it is by other circumstances that I should be dishonoured.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Gradually, Wollstonecraft returned to her literary life, becoming involved with Joseph Johnson's circle again, in particular with Mary Hays, Elizabeth Inchbald, and Sarah Siddons through William Godwin. Godwin and Wollstonecraft's unique courtship began slowly, but it eventually became a passionate love affair. Godwin had read her "Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark" and later wrote that "If ever there was a book calculated to make a man in love with its author, this appears to me to be the book. She speaks of her sorrows, in a way that fills us with melancholy, and dissolves us in tenderness, at the same time that she displays a genius which commands all our admiration." Once Wollstonecraft became pregnant, they decided to marry so that their child would be legitimate. Their marriage revealed the fact that Wollstonecraft had never been married to Imlay, and as a result she and Godwin lost many friends. Godwin was further criticised because he had advocated the abolition of marriage in his philosophical treatise "Political Justice". After their marriage on 29 March 1797, Godwin and Wollstonecraft moved to 29 The Polygon, Somers Town. Godwin rented an apartment 20 doors away at 17 Evesham Buildings in Chalton Street as a study, so that they could both still retain their independence; they often communicated by letter. By all accounts, theirs was a happy and stable, though brief, relationship.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: On 30 August 1797, Wollstonecraft gave birth to her second daughter, Mary. Although the delivery seemed to go well initially, the placenta broke apart during the birth and became infected; childbed fever (post-partum infection) was a common and often fatal occurrence in the eighteenth century. After several days of agony, Wollstonecraft died of septicaemia on 10 September. Godwin was devastated: he wrote to his friend Thomas Holcroft, "I firmly believe there does not exist her equal in the world. I know from experience we were formed to make each other happy. I have not the least expectation that I can now ever know happiness again." She was buried in the churchyard of St Pancras Old Church, where her tombstone reads "Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, Author of "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman": Born 27 April 1759: Died 10 September 1797."


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: In January 1798 Godwin published his "Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman". Although Godwin felt that he was portraying his wife with love, compassion, and sincerity, many readers were shocked that he would reveal Wollstonecraft's illegitimate children, love affairs, and suicide attempts. The Romantic poet Robert Southey accused him of "the want of all feeling in stripping his dead wife naked" and vicious satires such as "The Unsex'd Females" were published. Godwin's "Memoirs" portrays Wollstonecraft as a woman deeply invested in feeling who was balanced by his reason and as more of a religious sceptic than her own writings suggest. Godwin's views of Wollstonecraft were perpetuated throughout the nineteenth century and resulted in poems such as "Wollstonecraft and Fuseli" by British poet Robert Browning and that by William Roscoe which includes the lines:


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: In 1851, Wollstonecraft's remains were moved by her grandson Percy Florence Shelley to his family tomb in St Peter's Church, Bournemouth.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft has what scholar Cora Kaplan labelled in 2002 a 'curious' legacy that has evolved over time: 'for an author-activist adept in many genres ... up until the last quarter-century Wollstonecraft's life has been read much more closely than her writing'. After the devastating effect of Godwin's "Memoirs", Wollstonecraft's reputation lay in tatters for nearly a century; she was pilloried by such writers as Maria Edgeworth, who patterned the 'freakish' Harriet Freke in "Belinda" (1801) after her. Other novelists such as Mary Hays, Charlotte Smith, Fanny Burney, and Jane West created similar figures, all to teach a 'moral lesson' to their readers. (Hays had been a close friend, and helped nurse her in her dying days.)


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: In contrast, there was one writer of the generation after Wollstonecraft who apparently did not share the judgmental views of her contemporaries. Jane Austen never mentioned the earlier woman by name, but several of her novels contain positive allusions to Wollstonecraft's work. The American literary scholar Anne K. Mellor notes several examples. In "Pride and Prejudice", Mr Wickham seems to be based upon the sort of man Wollstonecraft claimed that standing armies produce, while the sarcastic remarks of protagonist Elizabeth Bennet about 'female accomplishments' closely echo Wollstonecraft's condemnation of these activities. The balance a woman must strike between feelings and reason in "Sense and Sensibility" follows what Wollstonecraft recommended in her novel "Mary", while the moral equivalence Austen drew in "Mansfield Park" between slavery and the treatment of women in society back home tracks one of Wollstonecraft's favourite arguments. In "Persuasion", Austen's characterisation of Anne Eliot (as well as her late mother before her) as better qualified than her father to manage the family estate also echoes a Wollstonecraft thesis.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Scholar Virginia Sapiro states that few read Wollstonecraft's works during the nineteenth century as 'her attackers implied or stated that no self-respecting woman would read her work'. (Still, as Craciun points out, new editions of "Rights of Woman" appeared in the UK in the 1840s and in the US in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s.) If readers were few, then "many" were inspired; one such reader was Elizabeth Barrett Browning, who read "Rights of Woman" at age 12 and whose poem "Aurora Leigh" reflected Wollstonecraft's unwavering focus on education. Lucretia Mott, a Quaker minister, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Americans who met in 1840 at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, discovered they both had read Wollstonecraft, and they agreed upon the need for (what became) the Seneca Falls Convention, an influential women's rights meeting held in 1848. Another woman who read Wollstonecraft was George Eliot, a prolific writer of reviews, articles, novels, and translations. In 1855, she devoted an essay to the roles and rights of women, comparing Wollstonecraft and Margaret Fuller. Fuller was an American journalist, critic, and women's rights activist who, like Wollstonecraft, had travelled to the Continent and had been involved in the struggle for reform (in this case the 1849 Roman Republic)—and she had a child by a man without marrying him. Wollstonecraft's children's tales were adapted by Charlotte Mary Yonge in 1870.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft's work was exhumed with the rise of the movement to give women a political voice. First was an attempt at rehabilitation in 1879 with the publication of Wollstonecraft's "Letters to Imlay, with prefatory memoir" by Charles Kegan Paul. Then followed the first full-length biography, which was by Elizabeth Robins Pennell; it appeared in 1884 as part of a series by the Roberts Brothers on famous women. Millicent Garrett Fawcett, a suffragist and later president of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, wrote the introduction to the centenary edition (i.e. 1892) of the "Rights of Woman"; it cleansed the memory of Wollstonecraft and claimed her as the foremother of the struggle for the vote. By 1898, Wollstonecraft was the subject of a first doctoral thesis and its resulting book.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: With the advent of the modern feminist movement, women as politically dissimilar from each other as Virginia Woolf and Emma Goldman embraced Wollstonecraft's life story. By 1929 Woolf described Wollstonecraft—her writing, arguments, and 'experiments in living'—as immortal: 'she is alive and active, she argues and experiments, we hear her voice and trace her influence even now among the living'. Others, however, continued to decry Wollstonecraft's lifestyle. A biography published in 1932 refers to recent reprints of her works, incorporating new research, and to a "study" in 1911, a play in 1922, and another biography in 1924. Interest in her never completely died, with full-length biographies in 1937 and 1951.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: With the emergence of feminist criticism in academia in the 1960s and 1970s, Wollstonecraft's works returned to prominence. Their fortunes reflected that of the second wave of the North American feminist movement itself; for example, in the early 1970s, six major biographies of Wollstonecraft were published that presented her 'passionate life in apposition to [her] radical and rationalist agenda'. The feminist artwork "The Dinner Party", first exhibited in 1979, features a place setting for Wollstonecraft.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft's work has also had an effect on feminism outside academia. Ayaan Hirsi Ali, a political writer and former Muslim who is critical of Islam in general and its dictates regarding women in particular, cited the "Rights of Woman" in her autobiography "Infidel" and wrote that she was 'inspired by Mary Wollstonecraft, the pioneering feminist thinker who told women they had the same ability to reason as men did and deserved the same rights'. British writer Caitlin Moran, author of the best-selling "How to Be a Woman", described herself as 'half Wollstonecraft' to the "New Yorker". She has also inspired more widely. Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen, the Indian economist and philosopher who first identified the missing women of Asia, draws repeatedly on Wollstonecraft as a political philosopher in "The Idea of Justice".


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: In 2009, Wollstonecraft was selected by the Royal Mail for their "Eminent Britons" commemorative postage stamp issue. Several plaques have been erected to honour Wollstonecraft. A commemorative sculpture, "A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft" by Maggi Hambling, was unveiled on 10 November 2020; it was criticised for its symbolic depiction rather than a lifelike representation of Wollstonecraft, which commentators felt represented stereotypical notions of beauty and the diminishing of women. In November 2020, it was announced that Trinity College Dublin, whose library had previously held forty busts, all of them of men, was commissioning four new busts of women, one of whom would be Wollstonecraft.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: The majority of Wollstonecraft's early productions are about education; she assembled an anthology of literary extracts "for the improvement of young women" entitled "The Female Reader" and she translated two children's works, Maria Geertruida van de Werken de Cambon's "Young Grandison" and Christian Gotthilf Salzmann's "Elements of Morality". Her own writings also addressed the topic. In both her conduct book "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters" (1787) and her children's book "Original Stories from Real Life" (1788), Wollstonecraft advocates educating children into the emerging middle-class ethos: self-discipline, honesty, frugality, and social contentment. Both books also emphasise the importance of teaching children to reason, revealing Wollstonecraft's intellectual debt to the educational views of seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke. However, the prominence she affords religious faith and innate feeling distinguishes her work from his and links it to the discourse of sensibility popular at the end of the eighteenth century. Both texts also advocate the education of women, a controversial topic at the time and one which she would return to throughout her career, most notably in "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman". Wollstonecraft argues that well-educated women will be good wives and mothers and ultimately contribute positively to the nation.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Published in response to Edmund Burke's "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790), which was a defence of constitutional monarchy, aristocracy, and the Church of England, and an attack on Wollstonecraft's friend, the Rev. Richard Price at the Newington Green Unitarian Church, Wollstonecraft's "A Vindication of the Rights of Men" (1790) attacks aristocracy and advocates republicanism. Hers was the first response in a pamphlet war that subsequently became known as the "Revolution Controversy", in which Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man" (1792) became the rallying cry for reformers and radicals.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft attacked not only monarchy and hereditary privilege but also the language that Burke used to defend and elevate it. In a famous passage in the "Reflections", Burke had lamented: "I had thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her <nowiki>[</nowiki>Marie Antoinette<nowiki>]</nowiki> with insult.—But the age of chivalry is gone." Most of Burke's detractors deplored what they viewed as theatrical pity for the French queen—a pity they felt was at the expense of the people. Wollstonecraft was unique in her attack on Burke's gendered language. By redefining the sublime and the beautiful, terms first established by Burke himself in "A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful" (1756), she undermined his rhetoric as well as his argument. Burke had associated the beautiful with weakness and femininity and the sublime with strength and masculinity; Wollstonecraft turns these definitions against him, arguing that his theatrical "tableaux" turn Burke's readers—the citizens—into weak women who are swayed by show. In her first unabashedly feminist critique, which Wollstonecraft scholar Claudia L. Johnson argues remains unsurpassed in its argumentative force, Wollstonecraft indicts Burke's defence of an unequal society founded on the passivity of women.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: In her arguments for republican virtue, Wollstonecraft invokes an emerging middle-class ethos in opposition to what she views as the vice-ridden aristocratic code of manners. Influenced by Enlightenment thinkers, she believed in progress and derides Burke for relying on tradition and custom. She argues for rationality, pointing out that Burke's system would lead to the continuation of slavery, simply because it had been an ancestral tradition. She describes an idyllic country life in which each family can have a farm that will just suit its needs. Wollstonecraft contrasts her utopian picture of society, drawn with what she says is genuine feeling, to Burke's false feeling.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: The "Rights of Men" was Wollstonecraft's first overtly political work, as well as her first feminist work; as Johnson contends, "it seems that in the act of writing the later portions of "Rights of Men" she discovered the subject that would preoccupy her for the rest of her career." It was this text that made her a well-known writer.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy. In it, Wollstonecraft argues that women ought to have an education commensurate with their position in society and then proceeds to redefine that position, claiming that women are essential to the nation because they educate its children and because they could be "companions" to their husbands rather than mere wives. Instead of viewing women as ornaments to society or property to be traded in marriage, Wollstonecraft maintains that they are human beings deserving of the same fundamental rights as men. Large sections of the "Rights of Woman" respond vitriolically to conduct book writers such as James Fordyce and John Gregory and educational philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who wanted to deny women an education. (Rousseau famously argues in "" (1762) that women should be educated for the pleasure of men.)


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft states that currently many women are silly and superficial (she refers to them, for example, as "spaniels" and "toys"), but argues that this is not because of an innate deficiency of mind but rather because men have denied them access to education. Wollstonecraft is intent on illustrating the limitations that women's deficient educations have placed on them; she writes: "Taught from their infancy that beauty is woman's sceptre, the mind shapes itself to the body, and, roaming round its gilt cage, only seeks to adorn its prison." She implies that, without the encouragement young women receive from an early age to focus their attention on beauty and outward accomplishments, women could achieve much more.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: While Wollstonecraft does call for equality between the sexes in particular areas of life, such as morality, she does not explicitly state that men and women are equal. What she does claim is that men and women are equal in the eyes of God. However, such claims of equality stand in contrast to her statements respecting the superiority of masculine strength and valour. Wollstonecraft famously and ambiguously writes: "Let it not be concluded that I wish to invert the order of things; I have already granted, that, from the constitution of their bodies, men seem to be designed by Providence to attain a greater degree of virtue. I speak collectively of the whole sex; but I see not the shadow of a reason to conclude that their virtues should differ in respect to their nature. In fact, how can they, if virtue has only one eternal standard? I must therefore, if I reason consequently, as strenuously maintain that they have the same simple direction, as that there is a God." Her ambiguous statements regarding the equality of the sexes have since made it difficult to classify Wollstonecraft as a modern feminist, particularly since the word did not come into existence until the 1890s.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: One of Wollstonecraft's most scathing critiques in the "Rights of Woman" is of false and excessive sensibility, particularly in women. She argues that women who succumb to sensibility are "blown about by every momentary gust of feeling" and because they are "the prey of their senses" they cannot think rationally. In fact, she claims, they do harm not only to themselves but to the entire civilisation: these are not women who can help refine a civilisation—a popular eighteenth-century idea—but women who will destroy it. Wollstonecraft does not argue that reason and feeling should act independently of each other; rather, she believes that they should inform each other.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: In addition to her larger philosophical arguments, Wollstonecraft also lays out a specific educational plan. In the twelfth chapter of the "Rights of Woman", "On National Education", she argues that all children should be sent to a "country day school" as well as given some education at home "to inspire a love of home and domestic pleasures." She also maintains that schooling should be co-educational, arguing that men and women, whose marriages are "the cement of society", should be "educated after the same model."


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Wollstonecraft addresses her text to the middle-class, which she describes as the "most natural state", and in many ways the "Rights of Woman" is inflected by a bourgeois view of the world. It encourages modesty and industry in its readers and attacks the uselessness of the aristocracy. But Wollstonecraft is not necessarily a friend to the poor; for example, in her national plan for education, she suggests that, after the age of nine, the poor, except for those who are brilliant, should be separated from the rich and taught in another school.


title: Mary Wollstonecraft

text: Both of Wollstonecraft's novels criticise what she viewed as the patriarchal institution of marriage and its deleterious effects on women. In her first novel, "Mary: A Fiction" (1788), the eponymous heroine is forced into a loveless marriage for economic reasons; she fulfils her desire for love and affection outside marriage with two passionate romantic friendships, one with a woman and one with a man. "Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman" (1798), an unfinished novel published posthumously and often considered Wollstonecraft's most radical feminist work, revolves around the story of a woman imprisoned in an insane asylum by her husband; like Mary, Maria also finds fulfilment outside of marriage, in an affair with a fellow inmate and a friendship with one of her keepers. Neither of Wollstonecraft's novels depict successful marriages, although she posits such relationships in the "Rights of Woman". At the end of "Mary", the heroine believes she is going "to that world where there is neither marrying, nor giving in marriage", presumably a positive state of affairs.