title: Audi A3

text: Although dubbed "quattro", the S3 uses a different four-wheel drive system. The Haldex Traction coupling adjusts the bias of torque distribution from the front to rear axle as grip requirements change – most of the time it operates as a front-wheel drive.


title: Audi A3

text: The S3 was given a facelift in 2002, where it was given one-piece headlights/indicator units, different front wings, rear lights clusters, and some minor upgrades to interior trim.


title: Audi A3

text: Standard features include xenon HID headlamps with high pressure washers and auto levelers, front fog lamps, 17" "Avus" alloy wheels with 225/45R17 tyres, electrically adjustable Recaro leather seats, climate control, alarm and electronic stability control with traction control.


title: Audi A3

text: Options include a Bose sound system, boot/trunk or in-dash mounted 6-disc CD changer, metallic paint, 18-inch 9-spoke RSTT wheels, glass sunroof, centre arm rest, privacy glass (B-pillar backwards), auto-dimming rear-view mirror, parking assist, luggage net, heated front seats, cruise control, aluminium door mirror casings and part leather/Alcantara (blue/silver/yellow) combination seat coverings. These items are standard in some export markets.


title: Audi A3

text: At the 2003 Geneva Motor Show, Audi launched the second generation of the A3, the "Typ" 8P, designed by Gary Telaak during 2000 (however, the final design was frozen in 2001). Originally launched only as a three-door hatchback with four-cylinder engines, it featured a new automobile platform (the PQ35 platform), a redesigned and more spacious interior, new petrol engines with Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), and standard six-speed manual gearboxes (except on the base 1.6 petrol and 1.9 diesel).


title: Audi A3

text: In mid-2003 the line was updated with two sports-oriented models, a 2.0 Turbo-FSI version rated , and a 3.2 L VR6 engine (for the first time) with . Haldex Traction-based quattro on-demand four-wheel drive, and the S-Tronic semi-auto gearbox were introduced as options (quattro is standard on the VR6) on models with engines over .


title: Audi A3

text: In 2005 the "S line" trim level, offering new decorative elements, became available and the three-door A3 received the same front-end styling features as the Sportback model. For the first time, the A3 became available in the North American market, exclusively with the Sportback body, with the base 2.0 inline-four FSI introduced in 2005 as a 2006 model, and the 3.2 VR6 Quattro following.


title: Audi A3

text: The five-door "Sportback" model was introduced in June 2004. The A3 Sportback is longer than the base three-door body, and includes improved rear cabin space and a larger luggage compartment (370 litres). It also received the new "single frame" front grille originally introduced in the A8 W12, which was later adopted across the whole A3 range.


title: Audi A3

text: In August 2006, Audi introduced the second generation S3. Offered in three- and five-door body styles, the second generation—"Typ" 8P—S3 is powered by a modified and uprated Volkswagen Group-sourced 2.0-litre turbocharged FSI petrol engine, with a maximum output of . As with all Audi S models, the design was done in-house by quattro GmbH. The engine features uprated high-performance pistons, revised boost/fuel mapping, increased turbocharger size (KKK K04) and larger intercooler. The most powerful form of this engine, and quattro four-wheel drive, makes for a time of 5.5 seconds, and an electronically limited top speed of . Audi offers both six-speed manual and six-speed S-Tronic automatic transmissions with the S3.


title: Audi A3

text: The spring ratings and dampers were revised, along with the body kit. Like its predecessor, although badged a "Quattro" model, the S3 does not employ a Torsen centre differential (as in other common Quattro models), but instead uses the Swedish Haldex Traction system in its on-demand four-wheel drive transmission, due to the transverse engine layout.


title: Audi A3

text: Euro NCAP tested a second-generation Audi A3 with front airbags, side airbags, seatbelt pretensioners, and load limiters as standard. Despite Audi increasing the protection inside the car for the driver and passengers, pedestrian safety actually got 33% worse compared to the first generation and Euro NCAP gave criticism for the car offering virtually no protection at all on the front end and scoring just one star from a possible four. "A poor result for a new car" was the verdict given for pedestrian safety after the test.


title: Audi A3

text: Audi introduced a number of changes to the A3 and S3 in 2008. These include revised nose and tail styling, with a modified grille and daytime running lights, common rail 2.0 TDI engines, seven-speed S tronic dual clutch transmission availability for the smaller non-U.S. engines, and optional "magnetic ride" adaptive shock absorbers. In addition, the range now includes an S3 Sportback model.


title: Audi A3

text: Also, a cabriolet version was introduced. It was similar in dimensions to the 3-door version, with a two-box design.


title: Audi A3

text: Audi A3 TDI Clubsport quattro is a concept car unveiled in 2008. Based on the Audi A3 three-door, it is an approach by Audi to address both performance and the environment.


title: Audi A3

text: The engine in the concept car is a turbocharged 2.0-litre diesel producing and . of torque. It produces per litre while meeting Euro 5 Diesel emission standards. It uses the quattro drive system with a six-speed manual transmission.


title: Audi A3

text: The chassis has Audi's Magnetic Ride Suspension system, lowering the vehicle from the base model. It also has ceramic front brakes, a four-link rear suspension and electro-mechanical servo assist for the rack and pinion steering.


title: Audi A3

text: Exterior modifications include the widening of the three-door's grill, modifying the odd, and enlarging air intakes. Bolt-on fender flares and a large rear spoiler have been added. The interior changes include sport seats and a flat-bottomed steering wheel.


title: Audi A3

text: Audi claims performance of in 6.6 seconds with a top speed of . It is expected to get approximately .


title: Audi A3

text: The Audi RS 3 is derivative of the A3 Sportback with a 5-cylinder, turbocharged engine rated at and , vermicular-graphite cast iron crankcase, seven-speed S tronic transmission with two automatic modes and one manual mode, Quattro on-demand four-wheel drive system, widened track to , MacPherson strut in aluminum, lowered body by , 19-inch cast aluminum wheels in machine-polished titanium styling (optional black with a red rim flange) with 235/35 front and 225/35 rear tires, front and ventilated brake discs, aluminum brake disk covers, four-piston fixed calipers in high-gloss black with RS logos, electronic stabilization program with Sport mode, flared front fenders made of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP), prominent sill panels and exterior-mirror casings in matte aluminum, roof spoiler, high-gloss black diffuser insert, two elliptical exhaust tailpipes on the left, black interior, sports seats upholstered in Nappa leather with silver contrasting stitching, inlays in Piano black finish or Aluminum Race colour, flat-bottomed leather multifunction sports steering wheel, choice of 5 body colors are available with an unlimited selection of custom paint finishes. Its acceleration is quoted as in 4.6 seconds, with an electronically limited top speed of . Optional features included front bucket seats, roof rails in matte aluminum look, styling packages in black or matte aluminum.


title: Audi A3

text: The A3 Cabriolet Sport Final Edition is a version of the A3 Cabriolet Sport model for the UK market, commemorating the end of the A3 Cabriolet's production run. It included Vienna leather upholstery, front seat heating, rear parking sensors, automatic headlight and wiper activation, cruise control, a Bluetooth mobile phone interface.


title: Audi A3

text: S line Final Edition is based on the A3 Cabriolet Sport Final Edition model, with 18-inch S line alloy wheel with a new five-segment spoke design, full Vienna leather upholstery, S line safety and entertainment features with xenon plus headlights with LED daytime running lamps, DVD-based satellite-navigation, Audi Music Interface iPod connection, a BOSE sound system.


title: Audi A3

text: In January 2007, the naturally-aspirated 2.0 FSI was replaced by a new turbocharged 1.8 TFSI engine rated . It is available in front-wheel drive only.


title: Audi A3

text: In late 2007, Audi introduced a new 1.4 L TFSI engine for the A3, replacing the 1.6 L FSI engine, and a new diesel "e"-model. The "e"-model, Audi's equivalent of Volkswagen's BlueMotion, is available with the 1.9 L TDI engine, and offers a more ecological car, with a CO emission below 120 g/km.


title: Audi A3

text: Audi released two models of the A3 1.6 TDI for the European market. The first uses Audi's start/stop and energy recovery system, and produces . This engine achieves approximately . The second engine does not use the same efficiency systems and will produce will get . They went on sale in June 2009.


title: Audi A3

text: In 2009, the 1.6 L eight-valve petrol engine was replaced by a turbocharged 1.2 TFSI engine already found in VW's Polo and Golf models. This engine is rated at and , emitting 127 g/km of .


title: Audi A3

text: The A3 2.0 TDI clean diesel is a version of Audi's A3 2.0 TDI for the North American market, making it the second Audi TDI vehicle sold in North America, following the Audi Q7 TDI in 2008. It is a FWD vehicle with S-Tronic transmission with Hill-hold assist, Sirius satellite radio, Leather seats and steering wheel, Auxiliary audio input, Dual-zone climate control, alloy wheels. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2009 North American International Auto Show. This US model would begin sale in the first quarter of 2010 as a 2010 model year vehicle.


title: Audi A3

text: The 2.0 TDI engine was included in the engines found by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to use software intentionally designed to turn off emission control systems except when undergoing emission testing. Models made from 2009 to 2015 were affected.


title: Audi A3

text: First vehicle using the flexible modular Volkswagen Group MQB platform, the third generation is available as a three-door hatchback, a five-door "Sportback", a four-door saloon to directly rival the Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class, and a two-door Cabriolet.


title: Audi A3

text: The front suspension is a MacPherson strut set-up while the rear utilizes torsion bar suspension (models with less than 150 PS) or multi-link rear suspension (models with 150 PS or more).


title: Audi A3

text: Early German models include 1.4 TFSI (122 PS), 1.8 TFSI (180 PS), and 2.0 TDI (150 PS). 1.2 TFSI (105 PS), 1.4 TFSI (140 PS), 1.8 TFSI quattro (180 PS), 1.6 TDI (105 PS), and 2.0 TDI quattro (150 PS) were added in 2013.


title: Audi A3

text: For the 2020 model year, the vehicle is exclusively built at the Ingolstadt plant, as opposed to previous model years where sedans and convertibles were built at the Győr plant.


title: Audi A3

text: The A3 Sedan includes a body wider and lower than that of the A3 Sportback. Other features include 16- to 18-inch-wheels (optional 19-inch wheels via quattro GmbH) and electronic stabilization control with electronic differential lock.


title: Audi A3

text: The German model went on sale in late summer 2013. Early models include 1.4 TFSI (140 PS), 1.8 TFSI (180 PS), and 2.0 TDI (150 PS).


title: Audi A3

text: Delivery of the UK models began in autumn of 2013. Early models include 1.4 TFSI (140 PS), 1.8 TFSI (180 PS), and 2.0 TDI (150 PS).


title: Audi A3

text: In international markets like Pakistan, Audi has introduced it with a 1.2 TFSI engine. This has allowed Audi to bypass high import duties on larger displacement engines, offer the car at a competitive price, and become a leader in the imported luxury car segment. In Malaysia, the Audi A3 was launched in 2014 and sold as two models - a 1.4-liter with 7-speed "S-Tronic" automatic transmission, and a 1.8-liter with 6-speed DSG and Quattro all-wheel drive. The facelifted version has yet to be launched. In Singapore, the Audi A3 sedan and Sportback are currently available as 1.0-liter turbo models only.


title: Audi A3

text: The A3 cabriolet model was offered starting in 2014. It has a three-box body style and a larger boot than the previous model (320 litres versus 260).


title: Audi A3

text: The Audi A3 Sportback includes a wheelbase over previous model, longer than that of the A3 and a front axle shifted forward by over the previous model. Other features include a choice of 13 body colours (three solid finishes, eight metallic finishes, and two pearl-effect finishes), an optional high-gloss package adding accents around the windows (standard with the Ambiente trim line), six-speed manual transmission (optional S-Tronic) for all engine models, 16 or 17-inch wheels depending on trim line (optional 18-inch wheels), Audi drive select (standard with Ambition) with optional S-Tronic, and optional electromagnetic damper control system.


title: Audi A3

text: German models went on sale in February 2013. Early models include 1.4 TFSI (122 PS), 1.8 TFSI (180 PS), 1.8 TFSI quattro (180 PS), and 1.6 TDI. 1.2 TFSI (105 PS), 1.4 TFSI (140 PS), 2.0 TDI (150 PS), 2.0 TDI quattro (150 PS), and 2.0 TDI (184 PS) were available in later date.


title: Audi A3

text: It is a version of the A3 Sportback with 1.4 TFSI (110 PS) engine powered by compressed natural gas or Audi e-gas synthetic methane; gas tank made of gas-impermeable polyamide polymer, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced polymer; and an electronic gas pressure regulator. The synthetic methane was produced by waste product from a nearby Werlte biogas plant operated by power utility EWE.


title: Audi A3

text: The plug-in hybrid concept car was unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. In May 2013 Audi confirmed its decision to produce a plug-in hybrid version of the A3, the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, which was scheduled for retail sales in Europe by late 2013, and by mid 2014 in the U.S. and the UK. The A3 e-tron shares the same plug-in hybrid powertrain used in both the Volkswagen Golf GTE and Passat GTE. To charge the A3 e-tron, the Audi four rings logo is pulled along to reveal a charging socket.


title: Audi A3

text: The A3 Sportback e-tron is powered by a 1.4 L TSI gasoline engine that delivers and of torque, coupled with a electric motor, which is integrated into the car's six-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission, for a total combined output of and The plug-in hybrid has an 8.8 kWh battery pack that delivers an all-electric range of on the NEDC cycle, and a total of . The plug-in hybrid can reach a top speed of and can accelerate from 0- in 7.6 seconds. According to Audi the car has an average fuel efficiency of 188 mpg equivalent and emissions of 35 g/km.


title: Audi A3

text: After some delays, the A3 Sportback e-Tron went on sale across Europe in August 2014. The first 227 units were registered in Germany in August 2014. , global sales totaled 12,994 units, of which, 12,945 units were registered in Europe, and 49 units in the United States, where deliveries began in December 2015.


title: Audi A3

text: Audi discontinued the A3 PHEV Sportback e-tron in Europe in November 2018. However, the model was briefly re-introduced at the end of 2019 for MY20, now called A3 Sportback 40 e-tron under Audi's new naming scheme. The revised A3 e-tron in the UK featured a different level of specification, losing the previously standard LED headlights but gaining Audi's virtual cockpit as standard. The revised model featured the same battery and drivetrain as before, now rated at 22 miles of electric range under the new WLTP test.


title: Audi A3

text: The third generation Audi S3 is powered by a TFSI (turbo gasoline direct injection) inline-four engine, with an output of at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 1,800-5,500 rpm, with its redline at 6,800 rpm. It features new pistons with stronger bolts and new rings, as well as reinforced connecting rods with new mounts transferring the power to the crankshaft. The cylinder head is made of a new lightweight aluminium alloy designed with high strength and temperature resistance in mind. It has a combined fuel economy of manual; and with "S tronic".


title: Audi A3

text: The engine weighs in at , lighter than the previous generation. The S3 is capable of 0– in 4.8-5.2 seconds and has an electronically limited top speed of .


title: Audi A3

text: Details for the RS 3 Sportback were revealed in December 2014. It went on sale in the first quarter of 2015 and featured a straight-5 engine with and of torque. The RS 3 Sportback is equipped with 7-speed dual clutch S tronic transmission and quattro all-wheel drive system. Scott Keogh of Audi of America said in April 2015 that he's "confident" we'll see the car come to the United States.


title: Audi A3

text: In 2017, the RS3 sedan or saloon was added to the line-up. The RS3 can be ordered with a fixed-suspension or an adjustable magnetic damper. Depending on the country, the RS3 can be purchased with different optional packages. For example, the Black Optic package includes high-gloss black 19-inch wheels, high-gloss black outside mirror covers, and a high-gloss black trunk lip spoiler, while the Dynamic package consists of titanium 19-inch wheels with summer performance tires, red brake calipers, and a sport exhaust system.


title: Audi A3

text: After four years, the third-generation Audi A3 was given a facelift for the model year 2016, which also coincided with the 20th anniversary of the A3 name. The facelifted model was first unveiled through a set of official images in April 2016. The new A3 sedan was given significant cosmetic updates, which were inline with the automaker's new design philosophy. As a result, the 2017 Audi A3 featured the Matrix LED headlamps that were earlier seen in the A8 flagship sedan and the R8 supercar. The front grille was also given a refreshed treatment that made the A3 look like the A4. Changes on the sides and rear were minimal, with only the taillights getting optional LEDs. There were multiple updates on the interior as well, with a fully digital 12.3-inch instrument cluster screen placed behind a revised steering wheel available as an optional upgrade. Sold in Europe and released in the United States for the 2016 model year.


title: Audi A3

text: Euro NCAP tested a third-generation Audi A3, 3-door hatchback with front airbags, side airbags, seatbelt pretensioners and load limiters as standard and scored it accordingly:


title: Audi A3

text: The new interior and exterior styling is heavily inspired by Lamborghini, LED headlights and taillights, with the option of Matrix and Laser LED headlights. It shares the MQB evo platform with other Audi models, and with the Volkswagen Golf Mk8, SEAT Leon Mk4, and Škoda Octavia Mk4.


title: Audi A3

text: It is 3 centimetres longer and wider when compared to the outgoing model while keeping the wheelbase length the same, trunk cargo space is 380 litres with the seats up, and 1200 litres with the seats folded down. It has a drag coefficient of 0.28, and is powered by 1.0-liter 3-cylinder gasoline turbocharged engine with 110 hp, 1.5-litre with 150 hp, 2.0-liter TDI with 116 hp or 150 hp.


title: Audi A3

text: There is also a new 2.0-liter Quattro version in both gasoline and diesel variants. It produces and of torque (400 Nm for the diesel variant). It also has reduced cargo space (320 litres instead of the 380 litres in the other A3 variants) due to the Quattro four-wheel-drive system.


title: Audi A3

text: The S3 model has the same 2.0L petrol engine from the previous generation, producing and of torque, but this time is only available with an automatic gearbox. Similarly it has reduced cargo space due to the Quattro four-wheel-drive system.


title: Audi A3

text: The new A3 Sedan was revealed on 21 April 2020, with the front fascia similar to that of the A3 Sportback. Compared with its predecessor, the new A3 Sedan is 4 cm longer (4.50 meters), 2 cm wider (1.82 meters), and 1 cm taller (1.43 meters). However, the wheelbase remains unchanged.


title: Audi A3

text: This generation of the A3 sedan is not expected to arrive in North America until late 2021, as a 2022 model.


title: Audi A3

text: North America will not get the "Sportback e-Tron" like before. In the countries that will receive The PHEV A3 will no longer be called The e-tron because this name is reserved for electric Audi cars. Instead, it is called The TFSIe. There are 2 version of the TFSIe, called the "40" and the "45". The former dispatches a 0- time of 7.8 sec, while the latter is based on the Golf GTE and is a second quicker to .


title: Audi A3

text: The highest specification RS 3 model is fitted with a 2.5-litre 5-cylinder producing and , and has 0- acceleration time of just 3.8 seconds. It gets a seven-speed dual-clutch automatic, or an electric S-Tronic gearbox.


title: Audi A3

text: It also gets the new MMI infotainment system, with a 10.25 or 12.3-inch digital instrument cluster, and a secondary screen of 10.1-inches.


title: Audi A3

text: Münnich Motorsport used an S3 in the FIA World Rallycross Championship and the FIA European Rallycross Championship.


title: Audi A3

text: Robb Holland used an S3 Saloon to compete in the 2014 British Touring Car Championship season under the NGTC regs. Currently AmD Tuning field two S3 Saloon's for Ant Whorton-Eales and Ollie Jackson.


title: Audi A3

text: Audi's motorsports brand, Audi Sport, produced an "RS3 LMS" beginning in 2017. The car is built to TCR International Series regulations.


title: Audi A3

text: After the release of 4th generation of Audi A3; the model of RS 3 LMS TCR is also changed, and it will firstly start to race in 2021 WTCR season.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Michelle Chongmi Zauner (born March 29, 1989) is a Korean-American musician and author, best known as the lead vocalist of the alternative pop band Japanese Breakfast. Her 2021 memoir, "Crying in H Mart", spent 60 weeks on "The New York Times" hardcover non-fiction bestseller list. In 2022, "Time" named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world under the category "Innovators" on their annual list.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Zauner was raised in Eugene, Oregon, and began playing music and hosting public performances when she was 15. In 2011, after graduating from Bryn Mawr College, Zauner and three other musicians formed Little Big League, a Philadelphia-based emo band that released two albums, "These Are Good People" (2013) and "Tropical Jinx" (2014). Zauner, who in 2013 began to release music under the name Japanese Breakfast, left Little Big League in 2014 when she returned to Eugene to care for her ailing mother. In 2016, she released Japanese Breakfast's debut album, "Psychopomp," which centered on grief and her mother's death. A followup album, "Soft Sounds from Another Planet," was released in 2017. A third, "Jubilee," was released in 2021 and became the band's first album to chart on the "Billboard" 200, peaking at #56; it was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album. As Japanese Breakfast, Zauner also wrote the soundtrack for the 2021 video game "Sable".


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Zauner's essays have been published in "Glamour", "The New Yorker", and "Harper's Bazaar". She released her first book, "Crying in H Mart: A Memoir", via Alfred A. Knopf in 2021 to critical acclaim. It is to be adapted into a feature film by Orion Pictures, with Zauner providing the soundtrack. She has directed most of Japanese Breakfast's music videos and has directed videos for other artists such as American singer Jay Som and power pop band Charly Bliss.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Michelle Chongmi Zauner was born on March 29, 1989, in Seoul, South Korea, to Chongmi, a housewife, and Joel Zauner, a car salesman. Her mother was Korean and her father is a white American of Jewish heritage. Zauner was raised in Eugene, Oregon, where the family moved when she was nine months old.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Growing up, Zauner and her mother visited their family in Seoul most summers. At school, she was often mistaken for being Japanese or Chinese by classmates she believed were unaware of the existence of Korea.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: At 15, Zauner asked her mother to buy a guitar; she began taking weekly guitar lessons at The Lesson Factory, learning chords, and writing songs. Her first songs were about "friendships and their fallouts." She began playing at local open mic nights and at performance venues around Eugene under the name Little Girl, Big Spoon, much to the chagrin of her mother, who hoped that her daughter would not pursue a career in music. She began advertising her music around Eugene and frequently played at the W.O.W. Hall as an opening act for singers such as Mike Coykendall, M. Ward, and Maria Taylor. Zauner also played at school benefits. Her musical activities strained her relationship with her mother, which caused Zauner to become depressed during twelfth grade.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Zauner attended Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania, where she studied creative writing and became fond of authors such as Philip Roth, Richard Ford, and John Updike. She preferred to write fiction to avoid writing about her mixed-race identity as a Korean-American, believing that if she did, she would be playing the "race card". In the fall of 2008, Zauner joined fellow Bryn Mawr students Marisa Helgeson, Casey Sowa, and K.O.H. to form Post Post, an indie pop band that rehearsed in Helgeson's dorm. Post Post released an EP, "Meta Meta," on September 4, 2009, through the label Awkwardcore Records. Zauner also played in a band called Birthday Girlz, through which she wrote the song "Everybody Wants To Love You." She graduated from Bryn Mawr in 2011, then waited tables and worked at Philadelphia music venue Union Transfer's coat check while trying to get her music career off the ground.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: In 2011, Zauner started the Philadelphia emo band Little Big League with Ian Dykstra, Kevin O'Halloran, and Deven Craige. O'Halloran and Zauner met in classes at Bryn Mawr; the two met Craige at a Post Post show and Dykstra at a party. On April 1, 2012, the band released an eponymous EP. Fronted by Zauner, it recorded music for its debut studio album in Craige's studio, at Berk's Warehouse in Philadelphia, wrapping in January 2013. The album was released on the Tiny Engines label as "These Are Good People" on August 6, 2013, and the band launched a tour. "These Are Good People" spawned the single "My Very Own You".


title: Michelle Zauner

text: In 2013, Zauner began recording songs that she released under the name Japanese Breakfast. She has said she picked the name after seeing a gif of Japanese breakfast, deciding that the term would be considered "exotic" to American people, and hoping it would make people wonder what a Japanese breakfast consists of. In June 2013, Zauner and musician Rachel Gagliardi of the duo Slutever recorded and posted one song a day on the Tumblr blog "rachelandmichelledojune". On July 1, she released the songs on Bandcamp as the album "June." As Japanese Breakfast, Zauner also participated in a song project with musicians Eskimeaux, Florist, Frankie Cosmos, and Small Wonder, who posted songs daily on the Tumblr blog "may5to12songs" in May 2014. On June 6, 2014, she released her songs as the Japanese Breakfast album "Where Is My Great Big Feeling?" on Bandcamp."" On July 24, she released another album, "American Sound"."" She rereleased both in late July on cassette tape as "American Sound/Where Is My Great Big Feeling?."


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Also in July 2014, Little Big League and rock band Ovlov co-released an EP, "Split", on the Tiny Engines label. Later that year, they signed with Run for Cover, which released the band's second and final album, "Tropical Jinx," in October. To promote the album, the band toured alongside Ovlov and punk-rock band Mannequin Pussy, including a concert at Shea Stadium. Zauner left the band to return to Eugene to care for her mother, who had been diagnosed with stage IV Squamous cell carcinoma.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: In 2015, dismayed by her lack of success in the music industry, Zauner took a job at an advertising firm in New York City. During her free time, she recorded songs about her mother's death as a way to cope with her grief"."


title: Michelle Zauner

text: In January 2016, Zauner formed the band Dog Island with Alanna Nuala Higgins from the band "Moon" and Kat Casale, former drummer for Japanese American singer-songwriter Mitski. They played several shows at the Brooklyn venues Silent Barn, David Blaine's The Steakhouse, and Market Hotel, where they opened for DIIV in March 2016. The band released no music; Zauner mainly focused on recording with Japanese Breakfast. In February, Little Big League reunited after a two-year hiatus to play alongside Ovlov on February 19 and the Loved Ones and Cayatena on February 20.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: On April 1, 2016, Japanese Breakfast released its debut studio album, "Psychopomp". Zauner had decided to quit music and not tour after releasing the album, but changed her mind after it received critical praise and more attention than she expected. Japanese Breakfast subsequently opened for Mitski alongside American musician Jay Som. On June 23, 2016, Dead Oceans announced that it had signed Japanese Breakfast, which made its live international debut that August in the United Kingdom.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: On July 13, 2016, Zauner won the 11th edition of the "Glamour" magazine essay contest with "Real Life: Love, Loss, and Kimchi", which discussed her mother's cancer diagnosis and death and the bond they shared over Korean food. Zauner said the essay was "largely about cooking along with" Korean-born American YouTuber Maangchi's cooking tutorials.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: On July 13, 2017, Japanese Breakfast released its second studio album, "Soft Sounds from Another Planet". The album received critical acclaim and was the band's first album to chart, reaching the "Billboard" Top Heatseekers, US Independent Albums, New Zealand Heatseekers Chart, and the UK Indie Chart.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: On August 20, 2018, "The New Yorker" published Zauner's essay, "Crying in H Mart", which describes her experiences shopping at H Mart, a Korean-focused grocery store. She was subsequently contacted by literary agents and publishing houses, which convinced her to write a book-length memoir. On February 28, 2019, American publishing house Alfred A. Knopf announced that it had acquired the rights to her memoir in an auction.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Later in 2019, Zauner hosted a five-episode Munchies series, "Close to Home", that explored the effects of immigration on various cultures' cuisine and experiences "tied into intermingling food cultures." The series featured Maangchi and other guests.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: In 2020, Zauner formed BUMPER with Ryan Galloway of the band Crying. Galloway had earlier contributed a guitar part for a song, "Slide Tackle", that eventually appeared on Japanese Breakfast's studio album "Jubilee" (2021). As BUMPER, the duo recorded songs remotely during the COVID-19 lockdowns. On September 3, 2020, BUMPER released an EP, "pop songs 2020," to positive reviews.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: On April 1, 2021, "Harper's Bazaar" published Zauner's essay, "#Forgiveness," which discussed her estrangement from her father after her mother's death. On April 20, 2021, Knopf released Zauner's debut book, "Crying In H Mart: A Memoir." The book's first chapter is essentially her "New Yorker" essay. The memoir received critical acclaim and debuted at number two on the "New York Times"'s nonfiction bestseller list; it would ultimately spend 60 weeks on the list from July 2021 to September 2022. On June 7, 2021, Orion Pictures announced that it would adapt "Crying In H Mart" into a feature film and pay Zauner to write the film's screenplay and supervise its soundtrack. In April 2022, Zauner said she had finished the first draft of the screenplay.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: On June 4, 2021, Japanese Breakfast released its third studio album, "Jubilee". The album received widespread critical acclaim and was the band's first to make the "Billboard" 200 list; it peaked at 56.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Zauner grew up listening to Motown music, girl groups, and British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac, which she says inspired her to write pop music that is "interesting and has lyrical depth". The first song she learned to play on the guitar was Built to Spill's "Carry the Zero". Other musical influences include Joe Hisaishi, Frank Ocean, Kate Bush, and video games. She has called the 1975 her "fave band" and contributed uncredited guest vocals to its track "Part of the Band". Zauner has called Björk's discography "perfect" and said that Japanese Breakfast's third studio album "Jubilee" was inspired by Björk's third studio album, "Homogenic" (1997)"."


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Zauner decided to be a musician after watching a DVD of Korean-American musician Karen O of the Yeah Yeah Yeahs. She said O "rejected the stereotype of meek Asian girls" and "'made music more accessible'" for someone who was like her. Her youth as a Korean-American has also influenced her songwriting.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Zauner has directed most of Japanese Breakfast's music videos, except "In Heaven" and "Jane Cum", which were directed by Adam Kolodny, and "Everybody Wants To Love You", which she and Kolodny co-directed. Zauner described the video for the Japanese Breakfast song "Boyish" as her "magnum opus".


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Zauner also directed the video for Jay Som's single "The Bus Song", for rock superduo Better Oblivion Community Center's single "Dylan Thomas", and for power pop group Charly Bliss's single "Capacity", in which she gave herself a cameo as a reporter named "Shelley Breakfast", a role she reprised in Japanese Breakfast's video for "Be Sweet".


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Zauner married her bandmate Peter Bradley in 2014, just two weeks before her mother's death of pancreatic cancer. The pair met in a Philadelphia bar called "12 Steps Down"; Zauner has said her song of the same name details their first meeting. She wrote the Japanese Breakfast song "Till Death" as a love song and thank-you note to Bradley.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Zauner's mother died on October 18, 2014. Zauner has said that her relationship with her mother, and its end, inspired her to collect "evidence that the Korean half" of her identity "did not die" when her mother and aunt did. After her mother died, Zauner began making frequent trips to H Mart, a supermarket that specializes in Korean food, and began learning how to cook the Korean food her mother made during her childhood, a process she chronicled in her essay "Crying in H Mart" and her book of the same name. She followed cooking tutorials from Maangchi, with whom she became friends. Zauner, who is not fluent in Korean, sometimes uses Korean phrases while speaking English.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Zauner is bisexual. She said that the Japanese Breakfast song "Everybody Wants to Love You" was written about her relationship with a woman.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Zauner has been an advocate for Asian-American issues. She spoke out on Twitter after the 2021 Atlanta spa shootings, expressing her anger and calling it important to acknowledge anti-Asian racism in the United States.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: In 2022, Zauner and Chicago-based Goose Island Brewery released a limited-edition lager at the Pitchfork Music Festival to raise money for the "Heart of Dinner" charity, which helps elderly Asian-American struggling with food insecurity. The beer was named "Be Sweet" after her song.


title: Michelle Zauner

text: Zauner has said she hopes to inspire more Asian-Americans to be involved in music. Some of her videos, such as the one for "Everybody Wants to Love You", contain references to Korean culture.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The FIA Formula 2 Championship is a second-tier single-seater championship organised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Held on racing circuits, the championship was introduced in 2017, following the rebranding of the long-term Formula One feeder series GP2. The series' original founders were Flavio Briatore and current managing director Bruno Michel.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Designed to make racing relatively affordable for the teams and to make it an ideal training ground for life in Formula One, Formula 2 has made it mandatory for all of the teams to use the same chassis, engine and tyre supplier so that true driver ability is reflected. Formula 2 mainly races on European circuits, but has appearances at other international race tracks as well such as the Bahrain International Circuit in Bahrain, the Jeddah Corniche Circuit in Saudi Arabia and the Yas Marina Circuit in the United Arab Emirates.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: While significantly slower than Formula One, the Formula 2 championship cars are faster than most other circuit racing vehicles. As of 2022, the F2 lap record for the Imola Circuit, while roughly 15 seconds per lap slower than Formula One, is five seconds per lap faster than LMP1 sports cars and the more junior open wheeler category Formula 3, and more than 20 seconds per lap faster than TCR Touring Cars.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The numbering system in FIA Formula 2 Championship is currently based on the previous season's team standings (similar to Formula One 1996–2013 numbering system) that was used since the formation of GP2 Series in 2005 until present. Additionally, since the 2020 season the number #19 has been retired along with #18 to honor Anthoine Hubert who sustained fatal injuries during one of the 2019 Belgian Grand Prix's support races.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Pit stops are optional if there is a force majeure event like a change in weather conditions, tyre puncture, front or rear wing damage or others.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: On Friday, there is one Free Practice session of 45 minutes and one Qualifying session of 30 minutes.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: On Saturday, one Sprint Race will take place and will consist of 120 kilometres or 45 minutes, whichever comes first. The starting grid will be determined by reversing the top 10 finishers of Friday's Qualifying session.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: On Sunday, the Feature Race will take place ahead of the Formula 1 Grand Prix and will consist of 170 kilometres or 60 minutes, whichever comes first.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The driver who qualified in pole position for the Feature race during Friday's qualifying session receives an additional 2 points.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: In each race, one point will be awarded to the driver who achieves the fastest lap time, providing he was in the top 10 positions of the final race classification.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: A count-back system is used to decide places of drivers with equal points in the championship with the driver with most wins ranking highest of those with equal points totals. If there is still a tie, the most second-place finishes, then the most third-place finishes, etc., is used to split the tied drivers. This count-back system is applied at all stages of the championship.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: One estimate puts the cost of running a Formula Two car at $US 3 million per season. Typically, most of these costs must be paid by the driver, through personal sponsorship, or personal or family wealth. These costs, as well as the costs of competing in more junior categories, represent a major barrier to drivers reaching Formula One.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: A number of cost control measures, including freezing car specifications and reducing the number of venues, were introduced by the FIA for the 2021 season.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The FIA Formula 2 Championship car is used by all of the teams, and features a carbon-fiber monocoque Dallara chassis, powered by a single-turbocharged direct-injected Mecachrome V6 engine and mounted dry slick and rain treaded Pirelli tyres. Overall weight is 755 kg including the driver.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The first-generation (third-generation overall) 2011–17 spec GP2/11 car which was used in the first season of the rebranded championship had been designed by Dallara Automobili. The obsolete GP2/11 car was fitted with the old Mecachrome 4.0-litre V8 naturally-aspirated engine as well as a taller and narrower rear wing inspired by those used in Formula One from 2009 to 2016.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The cost of a Dallara F2 2018 car is approximately €500,000. This includes the wheels, wings, steering wheel and other components but not the engine.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The current gearbox is manufactured by Hewland (utilizing the LFSC-200 model) and features an 8-position barrel with ratchet body and software upgrades as well as a new transverse shafts fixing system designed to facilitate improved gear selection. Currently, the series uses a 6-speed sequential gearbox configuration with electro-hydraulic operation via paddle-shifters with reverse operated by a button on the steering wheel. The clutches of all cars are supplied by ZF Sachs with the multi-plate clutch operated by a hand-paddle lever.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: O.Z. Racing exclusively supplies wheel rims for all cars since 2005. The wheel size of O.Z. Racing F2 wheels are on front and on rear until 2019. From 2020 onwards all cars will switch to road car-inspired wheel rims for the preparation of expanding to Formula One from 2022 onwards and also data sharing. The new wheel rim sizes will be on fronts and on rears.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Similar to the 2011 change for Formula 1, Pirelli is now the sole tyre supplier for the series. The FIA Formula 2 Championship runs the different compounds and size as F1 since 2017 (due to in fact Formula 1's 2017–present tyres are wider, the FIA Formula 2 Championship carried over the pre-2017 Pirelli F1 tyres). The front tyre size are 245/660-R13 (9.6/26-R13) and rear tyre size are 325/660-R13 (12.8/26-R13) and will be used until the end of 2019 season. The compounds of Pirelli Formula 2 tyres are currently four dry compounds (purple supersoft (abolished after 2019), red soft, yellow medium and white hard) carrying P Zero brand and two wet compounds (green intermediate and blue wet) carrying Cinturato brand.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The new tyres were unveiled during the 2019 Monza FIA Formula 2 round with 18-inch wheel rims mounted. The tyre sizes will slightly differ from the sizes compared to 2011–2019 but the only changes are the wheel rim diameter increase (275/705-R18 (10.8/27.7-R18) on the fronts and 325/705-R18 (12.8/27.7-R18) on the rears).


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Brembo supplies monoblock brake calipers and disc bells, which are exclusive to Formula 2. Carbone Industrie also supplies carbon brake discs and pads for FIA Formula 2 Championship. The brake discs are in size.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The current Dallara F2 2018's fuel tank carried over the FIA standard Premier FT5 tank with the capacity up to 125 litres.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The suspension of all FIA Formula 2 Championship cars are upper and lower steel wishbones, pushrod operated, coupled with twin Koni dampers and torsion bars suspension (front) and spring suspension (rear) similar to current Formula One car suspension.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The steering actuation system of all FIA Formula 2 Championship cars are manual, rack and pinion without power steering system (similar to IndyCar Series that has also manual steering actuation system).


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Since 2011, XAP Technology exclusively provides the XAP single-seater F2 steering wheel as well as XAP SX steering wheel dash display for all FIA Formula 2 Championship cars. The XAP steering wheel features 6 buttons in the front with 5 paddles (DRS, gear shift and clutch) in the back of steering wheel. From the 2018 season, all FIA Formula 2 Championship cars will utilize the all-new XAP Single-seat Formula 2451 S3 steering wheel with a larger dash screen and also three new rotary switches (similar to the current Formula E steering wheel).


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The most current safety innovations are a top priority of the FIA Formula 2 Championship. Front, side, rear and steering column impact tests are the FIA safety standards. All cars include front and rear roll hoops, impact structures and monocoque push tests. Anti-intrusion survival cell protection panels have been used since 2011. Wheel retainer safety cables are also featured to avoid wheels flying similar to Formula One, IndyCar Series (known as SWEMS) and other single-seater Formula racing series. The seat belts of all FIA Formula 2 cars are supplied by Sabelt with a 6-point seat belt configuration similar to Formula One. From 2018 onwards, the "halo" cockpit protection system has been introduced to protect the drivers in crashes.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: All FIA Formula 2 cars carry a Marelli-provided electronic control unit (Marvel SRG 480 model) as well as Marelli PDU 12–42 power supply management unit. Live telemetry is used only for television broadcasts, but the data can be recorded from the ECU to the computer if the car is in the garage and not on the track. Rear-view mirrors for all FIA Formula 2 cars are fully mandated to easily view opponents behind.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The aerodynamics of current Formula 2 cars are currently resembling the Formula One 2017-style aerodynamics with wider and curved front wings and also lower rear wings with parallelogram rear wing plates. Side winglets are also banned. The undertrays of all cars have ground effect features similar to 2022 Formula One cars.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Since 2015, the Drag Reduction Systems (DRS) were introduced in a purpose for overtaking maneuver assist by tilting the upper-element rear wing while approaching the opponent less than a second away by activating the DRS paddle behind the steering wheel. The upper-element rear wing angle is the same as a Formula One car which has over 40 degrees of angle. In an event of rainy conditions, Drag Reduction Systems are automatically deactivated for safety reasons.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Starting in 2005 (under GP2 Series name), Formula 2 cars were powered by V8, four-stroke piston, Otto cycle unleaded gasoline-burning, prototype production-based, naturally-aspirated engines, produced by Mecachrome. Per Formula 2 rules, the engines sold for no more than €70,000 and were rev-limited to 10,000 rpm. They produced around and weighed up to .


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The valve train is a dual overhead camshaft configuration with four valves per cylinder. The crankshaft is made of alloy steel, with five main bearing caps. The pistons are forged aluminium alloy, while the connecting rods are machined alloy steel. The electronic engine management system is supplied by Magneti Marelli, firing a CDI ignition system. The engine lubrication is a dry sump type, cooled by a single water pump.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The V634 Turbo engine is a V6 turbocharged direct injection four-stroke piston Otto cycle 620 hp fuel-efficient engine developed and built by Mecachrome, and maintained by Teos Engineering. The engine was unveiled in 2017 along with the new Dallara F2 2018 chassis. Dutch turbocharger company Van Der Lee Turbo Systems currently supplies the turbochargers for all FIA Formula 2 Championship engines.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The all-new engine fuel delivery system is gasoline direct injection instead of traditional electronic indirect injection. The power output of all-new FIA Formula 2 engine was increased from . Mecachrome will continue providing new FIA Formula 2 engines from the 2018 season and beyond. The Mecachrome V634 Turbo engine is rev limited down to 8,750 rpm and weighs up to including turbocharger. The firing ignition of the Mecachrome V634 Turbo engine is revolutionary digital inductive. The fuel-mass flow restrictor rate of the second-generation FIA Formula 2 Championship engine is roughly rated at .


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The Mecachrome V634 Turbo 3.4-litre single-turbocharged direct-injected Mecachrome V6 engine is an evolution of the GP3 engine, which is the solely supplied engine for the FIA Formula 2 Championship. With the addition of a single turbo, the engine underwent rigorous dyno testing, ahead of its racing debut. The Mecachrome V634 Turbo engines sells for up to €67,000 per unit by leasing and rebuilding.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The current second-generation FIA Formula 2 engine allocation is limited to one per season and lasts up to after being rebuild. Mid-season engine changes, including during race weekend, is banned and may result in a grid penalty for the session.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Turbochargers were introduced from the start of 2018 season. The turbo configuration is single-turbocharged and produces up to of boost pressure. Dutch turbocharger company Van Der Lee Turbo Systems currently supplies the turbochargers for all FIA Formula 2 Championship all-new engines using the MT134-50120 model. The turbocharger spin limit is 130,000 rpm but cannot exceed 125,000 rpm due to lower turbo boost pressure.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: All Formula 2 cars currently use ordinary unleaded racing gasoline as fuel (similar to commercial vehicle unleaded street gasoline), which has been the "de facto" standard in second tier single-seater formula racing since the introduction of GP2 Series in 2005. Since the start of the 2005 GP2 Series season, Elf exclusively has continued to be the exclusive provider of the LMS 102 RON unleaded fuel and also Elf HTX 840 0W-40 lubricants for all competitors in the FIA Formula 2 Championship.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The car also features internal cooling upgrades, a new water radiator, radiator duct, oil/water heat exchanger, modified oil degasser, new oil and water pipes and new heat exchanger fixing brackets.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: According to research and pre-season stability tests, the 2005 model can accelerate from 0 to 200 km/h (124 mph) in 6.7 seconds. The car has a top speed of meaning that it is the fastest single seater racing car behind Formula One and IndyCar Series.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The 2017 season consisted of eleven rounds, ten of which supported the 2017 Formula One World Championship and a stand-alone event at the Circuito de Jerez. It began at Bahrain International Circuit on 15 April and concluded at Yas Marina Circuit on 26 November. The season saw rookie and reigning GP3 Series champion Charles Leclerc, driving for Prema Racing, take the drivers' title with seven race wins. The inaugural teams' championship was taken by Russian Time. This was also the final season for the Dallara GP2/11 chassis which débuted in 2011 when the series was known as GP2 and the Mecachrome 4.0 litre (244 cu in) V8 naturally-aspirated engine package which débuted in the inaugural GP2 season in 2005. Russian Time driver Artem Markelov finished the season as runner-up and DAMS driver Oliver Rowland was third. Champion Leclerc graduated to Formula One with Sauber, the only full-time driver of 2017 to do so. Sergey Sirotkin, who took part in a single round as a reserve driver for ART Grand Prix and had finished third in the 2016 GP2 Series, also graduated to Formula One with Williams.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The 2018 season consisted of twelve rounds, all supporting the 2018 Formula One World Championship, beginning in Bahrain on 7 April and concluding in Abu Dhabi on 25 November. The 2018 season also introduced the new Dallara F2 2018 car as well as the all-new Mecachrome 3.4 litre (207 cu in) V6 turbo engine with a large single turbo and a double waste gate, supplied by Dutch turbocharger manufacturer Van Der Lee Turbo Systems. The car also featured the halo safety device for the first time, a device that was introduced into Formula One in the same year.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The Racing Engineering and Rapax teams left the series prior to the 2018 season, having competed in Formula 2 and the predecessor GP2 Series since 2005 and 2010 respectively. Carlin returned to the series after a year's absence and Charouz Racing System joined the championship after the World Series Formula V8 3.5 was discontinued. Carlin went on to win the teams' championship for the first time, having not done so during their time in the GP2 Series. The drivers' championship was won by rookie and reigning GP3 Series champion George Russell, who drove for ART Grand Prix and took seven race victories. Carlin driver Lando Norris finished as runner-up with DAMS driver Alexander Albon in third. All three drivers graduated to Formula One, with Russell, Norris and Albon joining Williams, McLaren and Toro Rosso respectively.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The 2019 season consisted of 12 rounds supporting the 2019 Formula One World Championship, beginning in Bahrain on 30 March and concluding in Abu Dhabi on 1 December. Russian Time left the championship prior to 2019 after having competed in Formula 2 and GP2 since 2013. The team was sold and became UNI-Virtuosi Racing.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: On 31 August 2019, on the second lap of the feature race at Spa-Francorchamps, a high-speed accident occurred involving Anthoine Hubert, Juan Manuel Correa and Giuliano Alesi. Hubert and Correa were taken to the circuit's medical centre where Hubert died from his injuries. Correa's injuries forced him to miss the rest of the season, whilst Alesi was unhurt. The race was abandoned and the sprint race on the following day was cancelled as a mark of respect. The Formula One at the circuit on the day after the accident began with a moment of silence. Most drivers wore a black ribbon in remembrance. 2017 Formula 2 champion Charles Leclerc, a friend of Hubert, won the race and dedicated his victory to Hubert.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: French team DAMS won the teams' championship, having last done so in 2014. The drivers' championship was won by ART Grand Prix driver Nyck de Vries in his third year of Formula 2, taking four race victories. DAMS driver Nicholas Latifi finished as runner-up with UNI-Virtuosi Racing driver Luca Ghiotto in third. Only Latifi would graduate to Formula One, joining Williams, whilst champion de Vries signed for Mercedes-Benz in Formula E.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Hitech Grand Prix, who had briefly entered the 2005 GP2 Series in partnership with Piquet GP and had since raced only in Formula Three championships, entered Formula 2 as the eleventh team. Arden, who had raced in Formula 2 and its predecessors since 1997, left the series. Their entry was taken over by HWA Team and became BWT HWA Racelab.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The season was due to begin in Bahrain on 21 March and was set to include a round at Circuit Zandvoort for the first time, replacing the round at Circuit Paul Ricard. However, a number of races were postponed or cancelled in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and a new calendar was published. The season began at the Red Bull Ring on 4 July and ran alongside the first ten rounds of the 2020 Formula One World Championship, and concluded on 6 December after two rounds in Bahrain.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Prema Racing secured the teams' championship for the first time since the 2016 GP2 Series. Prema driver Mick Schumacher won the drivers' championship in his second year of Formula 2 with two race victories. UNI-Virtuosi driver Callum Ilott was runner-up with Carlin's Yuki Tsunoda third. Schumacher, Tsunoda and fifth-placed Nikita Mazepin graduated to Formula One for , with Schumacher and Mazepin joining Haas and Tsunoda joining AlphaTauri.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: As part of a new cost-cutting measure, each round of the 2021 championship featured three races instead of two, and the number of rounds was reduced from twelve to eight. The calendar was also separated from the FIA Formula 3 Championship calendar, meaning the two series were scheduled to not appear at the same Grand Prix weekend. As a result, the Red Bull Ring, Hungaroring, Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, Circuit Paul Ricard and Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, tracks that traditionally appeared on the Formula 2 calendar prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, were no longer included. A round at the newly built Jeddah Street Circuit was added to the calendar. The championship began in Bahrain on 27 March and concluded in Abu Dhabi on 12 December.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Prema Racing claimed their second consecutive teams' championship with three races remaining. Prema driver Oscar Piastri took six race victories on his way to winning the drivers' championship in his debut year, becoming the first non-European to do so. Piastri's teammate Robert Shwartzman was the runner-up and UNI-Virtuosi driver Zhou Guanyu finished third. Zhou was the only driver to graduate to a Formula One race seat, joining Alfa Romeo Racing. Champion Piastri became the reserve driver for Alpine F1 Team.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The 2022 championship marked the return of the pre-2021 race format with two races per round, but with the points offered for sprint races, pole positions and fastest laps reduced. The calendar was expanded, with twenty-eight races taking place over fourteen rounds. The Red Bull Ring, Hungaroring, Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya and Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps all returned to the calendar and rounds at Imola Circuit and Circuit Zandvoort took place for the first time. The round at Sochi Autodrom was cancelled along with the Formula One Russian Grand Prix due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and was replaced by a round at Circuit Paul Ricard. The championship began in Bahrain on 19 March and is set to conclude in Abu Dhabi on 20 November. HWA Racelab left the series and their place was taken by Van Amersfoort Racing.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: MP Motorsport claimed their first teams' championship in Formula 2. Their driver Felipe Drugovich, in his third year of Formula 2, won the drivers' championship. He took five race victories and clinched the title with three races remaining. Runner-up was ART Grand Prix's Théo Pourchaire with Carlin's Liam Lawson third. Fourth-placed Logan Sargeant was the only driver to graduate to a Formula One race seat, joining Williams, whilst the top three began roles as Formula One reserve drivers with Aston Martin, Alfa Romeo and Red Bull respectively.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The 2023 championship is set to feature a round at the Albert Park Circuit alongside the Australian Grand Prix for the first time. Circuit Paul Ricard was removed from the calendar as the French Grand Prix will not take place in , leaving the Formula 2 Championship with fourteen rounds. The championship is scheduled to begin in Bahrain on 4 March and conclude in Abu Dhabi on 26 November.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The "Anthoine Hubert Award" was introduced at the prize-giving ceremony in Monaco in 2019, named in memory of Anthoine Hubert, who died during the 2019 Spa-Francorchamps round and was the only rookie in the season to score two race wins. The award is given to the highest-placed driver in their first Formula 2 season; the award is equivalent to 'Rookie/Newcomer of the Year' awards in other sports.


title: FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: The television rights are held by Formula One Management, which also manages the rights to Formula One. Sky Sports F1 show every practice, qualifying and race live in the United Kingdom, and so does Movistar Fórmula 1 in Spain and Sport Tv in Portugal. Coverage in North America is available exclusively on TSN5 (Canada) and ESPN3 (USA). In South East Asia, the races are shown live on Fox Sports Asia. Polsat Sport shows races in Poland. Band Sports show the F2 in Brazil, and Fox Sports 3 in Hispanic America. In India, Star Sports covers the races live.


title: Paddington (film)

text: Paddington is a 2014 live-action animated comedy film written and directed by Paul King. It was developed from a story by King and Hamish McColl, which was based on the stories of the character Paddington Bear created by Michael Bond. Produced by David Heyman, "Paddington" stars Ben Whishaw as the voice of the title character, with Hugh Bonneville, Sally Hawkins, Julie Walters, Jim Broadbent, Peter Capaldi, and Nicole Kidman in live-action roles. The film tells the story of Paddington, an anthropomorphic bear who migrates from the jungles of "Darkest Peru" to the streets of London, where he is adopted by the Brown family. Kidman plays a taxidermist who attempts to add him to her collection.


title: Paddington (film)

text: A British and French venture produced by StudioCanal UK, TF1, and Heyday, "Paddington"s principal photography began in September 2013 and wrapped up in June 2014. Colin Firth was originally set to voice Paddington, but dropped out in post-production and was replaced by Whishaw.


title: Paddington (film)

text: "Paddington" was released in the United Kingdom on 28 November 2014 to critical acclaim for Whishaw's vocal performance, humour, screenplay, visual effects and appeal to children and adults. It grossed $268 million worldwide on a €38.5 (~$55) million budget. It received two nominations at the BAFTAs: Best British Film and Best Adapted Screenplay. A sequel, "Paddington 2", was released in 2017, with King and much of the cast returning.


title: Paddington (film)

text: In the deep jungles of Darkest Peru, a British geographer discovers a previously unknown species of bear. He learns that the bears are highly intelligent and that they have a deep fondness for marmalade. He names them Lucy and Pastuzo and gives them his hat as he leaves, telling the bears that they are always welcome if they wish to go to London.


title: Paddington (film)

text: Forty years later, the two bears are living in harmony with their orphaned nephew until an earthquake destroys their home, forcing them to seek shelter underground. Pastuzo fails to reach the shelter in time and is killed by a falling tree. Lucy encourages her nephew to go and find solace in London, while she moves into the Home for Retired Bears.


title: Paddington (film)

text: The young bear arrives in London on a cargo ship and eventually reaches Paddington Station. He meets the Brown family, who take him home and name him after the station they found him in. Henry Brown, the father and a devoted risk analyst, does not believe Paddington's story and is adamant that Paddington stay only one night, but his wife Mary and their two children, Jonathan and Judy, find him endearing, as does Mrs Bird, the housekeeper.


title: Paddington (film)

text: Paddington thinks he can find a home with the explorer who met Lucy and Pastuzo, but does not know his name. After finding no mention of his expedition on the Internet, Mary takes Paddington to Samuel Gruber, an antique shop owner who discovers that the hat bears the stamp of the Geographers' Guild, but the Guild has no record of an expedition to Peru. With the help of Henry, Paddington infiltrates the Guild's archive and discovers an expedition to Peru was undertaken by the explorer, whose name is Montgomery Clyde (although the Guild erased their record of the expedition).


title: Paddington (film)

text: Meanwhile, the hateful museum taxidermist Millicent Clyde kills and stuffs exotic animals to house them in the Natural History Museum. When she learns of Paddington's existence, she immediately sets out to hunt him down. The Brown family departs for the day, leaving Paddington home alone. Scheming with the Browns' nosy but unsuspecting next-door neighbour, Mr Curry, Millicent sneaks in and attempts to capture Paddington; he manages to defend himself, but inadvertently starts a fire in the process. Paddington tries to tell the Browns his story of Millicent's kidnap attempt, but no one believes him.


title: Paddington (film)

text: That night, Paddington leaves the house and attempts to track down Montgomery Clyde himself, using the phone book to find the addresses of every "M. Clyde" in London. He eventually finds Millicent's house, and learns that Montgomery Clyde, who was Millicent's father, died a long time ago. Millicent resents her father for losing his Guild membership after he refused to bring a Peruvian bear specimen home and subsequently opened a petting zoo. She tranquilizes Paddington and prepares to stuff him, but when Mr Curry discovers her true intentions, he warns the Brown family and they come to save Paddington. They rescue him, and when Millicent is about to shoot Paddington on the roof, Mrs Bird opens a hatch, pushing her off.


title: Paddington (film)

text: In the aftermath, the Browns allow Paddington to stay in their house permanently. Millicent is arrested and sentenced to community service in her father's petting zoo. Paddington writes to Aunt Lucy, saying he is happy and has finally found a home.


title: Paddington (film)

text: The film was first announced in September 2007, with David Heyman producing and Hamish McColl writing the screenplay. Further developments were not made until September 2013, when filming began and Heyman announced the casting of Colin Firth as Paddington. With a budget of €38.5 million ($50–55 million), "Paddington" is the most expensive film produced by the French production company StudioCanal. Principal photography and production began on 13 September 2013.


title: Paddington (film)

text: Filming locations for "Paddington" were mostly in West London. The Paddington Station scenes were mostly filmed inside London Paddington station, although the exterior establishing shot used the front entrance of nearby Marylebone Station in Marylebone. Exterior shots of the Brown family home in Windsor Gardens were shot in Chalcot Crescent in Primrose Hill. Scenes in Mr Gruber's shop were filmed inside an antique shop on Portobello Road, and the skateboard chase sequence was filmed in Portobello Road Market and Maida Vale. For the fictional Tube station, "Westbourne Oak", three separate locations were used: the entrance hall at Maida Vale tube station, on the escalators inside St John's Wood tube station, and on the disused Jubilee line platforms in Charing Cross tube station. The exterior and entrance hall of the Reform Club on Pall Mall served at the location for the Geographers' Guild, while the other interior scenes were filmed inside Hatfield House in Hertfordshire. Museum scenes were shot at the Natural History Museum in South Kensington, and a house on Downshire Hill in Hampstead served as the home of Millicent Clyde.


title: Paddington (film)

text: In June 2014, after principal photography had wrapped, Firth voluntarily dropped out of the film, after the studio decided his voice was not suitable for Paddington. The role was recast the following month, with Ben Whishaw signing on to voice the title role. Paddington was created using a combination of computer-generated imagery (by the British company Framestore) and animatronics.


title: Paddington (film)

text: In the Ukrainian dub, Paddington was voiced by Volodymyr Zelenskyy, who went on to become the president of Ukraine.


title: Paddington (film)

text: Nick Urata composed the film's soundtrack. Gwen Stefani and Pharrell Williams were commissioned to write a song for the film's American release, which turned into "Shine".


title: Paddington (film)

text: A video game based on the film, titled "Paddington: Adventures in London", was released on 11 August 2015 for Nintendo 3DS and is published by Humongous Entertainment through their Kids' Mania label.


title: Paddington (film)

text: "Paddington" was released on Blu-ray, DVD and streaming on 23 March 2015 in the UK, and on 28 April 2015 in the United States.


title: Paddington (film)

text: In November 2014 the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) gave the film a PG certificate for its UK release and advised parents that the film contained "dangerous behaviour, mild threat, mild sex references [and] mild bad language." Paul King, the film's director, told BBC reporter Tim Muffett: "I'm not surprised about that [the PG certificate] but I don't think it's a PG for sexiness. That I would find very odd." Paddington's creator, Michael Bond, said he was "totally amazed" at the BBFC's advice. After the film's distributor challenged the certification, the BBFC revised the wording of its parental guidance, replacing "mild sex references" with "innuendo." It also further qualified the "mild bad language" as "infrequent", saying it referred to "a single mumbled use of 'bloody'."


title: Paddington (film)

text: "Paddington" was released on 28 November 2014 in the United Kingdom, where it took in $8 million (£5.1 million) on its opening weekend, and topped the box office for two weeks. It was StudioCanal's highest opening and the second-highest 2014 family film debut in the country behind "The Lego Movie". For the week ending 9 December 2014 it topped the box office in France. For the week ending 24 December 2014 it topped the box office in Australia.


title: Paddington (film)

text: The film was released in the United States by TWC-Dimension on 16 January 2015. The film opened to third place in its first weekend, earning $19.0 million, behind "American Sniper" and "The Wedding Ringer," and closed with a total of $76.3 million.


title: Paddington (film)

text: It opened at no.1 at the Japan box office in January 2016 with $1.1 million and went on to gross $5.7 million.


title: Paddington (film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes 97% of 162 reviews were positive, with an average rating of 7.90/10. The site states that ""Paddington" brings a beloved children's character into the 21st century without sacrificing his essential charm, delivering a family-friendly adventure as irresistibly cuddly as its star." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 77 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Paddington (film)

text: Upon its UK release, Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film four out of five stars, saying: "the new CGI-live-action Paddington Bear could easily have been another garish, cheapo Brit-movie. Instead, writer-director Paul King ... and co-writer Hamish McColl have created a charming and sweet-natured family film, full of wit and fun, skewed towards young children but cheekily speckled with sly gags pitched at the older audience." Geoffrey Macnab of "The Independent" called it a "film of considerable charm but one undermined by a very bitty and flimsy screenplay. Writer-director Paul King has more flair for comic set-pieces than he does for sustained narrative."


title: Paddington (film)

text: Indiewire said critics were "pleasantly surprised" and that the film was "hailed for its warm-heartedness and playful sense of humor ... and Whishaw's charming performance". Guy Lodge of "Variety" praised it for "honouring the everyday quirks of Bond's stories, while subtly updating their middle-class London milieu". Leslie Felperin of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, saying: "It's a relief to report that the final film is actually quite charming, thoughtful and as cuddly as a plush toy, albeit one with a few modern gizmos thrown in." Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a B, saying: "If the film seems head-and-shoulders above the average effects-driven family-matinee flick, it's because it never gives the impression that it's trying to be anything more (or less) than good-natured and fun to watch." Jason Clark of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film an A−, saying: "A gloriously whimsical big-screen debut that's closer to the madcap spirit of the Muppets and the lovingly rendered style of a Wes Anderson film than to standard multiplex family fodder." Claudia Puig of "USA Today" gave the film three out of four stars, saying: ""Paddington"'s journey from South America to London is just droll enough for adults – qualifying as a gentle parable about xenophobia – and exuberant enough for the youngest viewers." Moira MacDonald of "The Seattle Times" gave the film three out of five stars, saying: ""Paddington" is, ultimately, about how a newcomer can become part of a family, and about how good manners and marmalade can get you out of any tricky situation – delightful messages, at any age." Bruce Demara of the "Toronto Star" gave the film three out of four stars, saying: "It's a relief to say that – as films based on fictional animals go – "Paddington" is better than merely bearable."


title: Paddington (film)

text: Barbara VanDenburgh of "The Arizona Republic" gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying: ""Paddington" is a mostly smart update loaded with charm, and it preserves enough of the fuzzy feelings for purists to walk away with a smile." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave the film four out of five stars, saying: "An irresistible charmbomb. The in-jokes are verbal and visual, managing to reference themes as diverse as immigration and insider trading. It's all very droll and quietly, memorably dazzling." Sandie Angulo Chen of "The Washington Post" gave the film three out of four stars, saying: "Because of its adorable protagonist, laugh-out-loud gags and touching premise, "Paddington" succeeds in a way most CGI/live-action hybrids do not." Betsy Sharkey of the "Los Angeles Times" gave the film a positive review, saying: "Artfully and cleverly, the sweet spirit of that young bear from darkest Peru and his many London misadventures materializes brilliantly on screen in the very good hands of writer-director-conjurer Paul King."


title: Paddington (film)

text: Mary Houlihan of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying: "This is a charming film whose underlying message of tolerance and acceptance strikes a palpable chord in today's world – both for children and adults." Jocelyn Noveck of the Associated Press gave the film a positive review, saying: "For parents looking for a film that'll please them and their kids in equal measure, "Paddington" is—as Goldilocks would say in that other bear story—just right." Tom Long of "The Detroit News" gave the film a B+, saying: ""Paddington" is an absolute delight, visually inventive, thoroughly goofy and goosed by a mix of dry British wit and pratfall shenanigans."


title: Paddington (film)

text: Two years after the film's release, in 2016, "Empire" magazine ranked "Paddington" 81st on their list of the 100 best British films, with their entry stating, “A great big hug of a movie, "Paddington" charmed the public and critics alike in one of the nicest surprises of 2014, adding itself to the canon of beloved Christmas movies.”


title: Paddington (film)

text: A sequel to the film was released on 10 November 2017 in the United Kingdom. David Heyman returned to produce. Paul King returned to direct and co-wrote the sequel with Simon Farnaby. A third film has also been confirmed.


title: Paddington (film)

text: On 9 October 2017, it was announced that StudioCanal were producing an animated TV series based on the films called "The Adventures of Paddington", set to launch in either late 2018 or early 2019. It was announced in February 2019, that the series would launch worldwide in 2020 on Nickelodeon, with Whishaw reprising his voice of Paddington.


title: Rashomon

text: The film is known for a plot device that involves various characters providing subjective, alternative and contradictory versions of the same incident. "Rashomon" was the first Japanese film to receive a significant international reception; it won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 1951, was given an Academy Honorary Award at the 24th Academy Awards in 1952, and is considered one of the greatest films ever made. The Rashomon effect is named after the film.


title: Rashomon

text: The plot begins in Heian era Kyoto. A woodcutter and a priest are sitting beneath the Rashōmon city gate to stay dry in a downpour when a commoner joins them and they begin recounting a very disturbing story about an assault and murder that took place. Neither the woodcutter nor the priest understand how everyone involved could have given radically different accounts of the same event, with all three of the people involved indicating that they, and they alone, committed the murder.


title: Rashomon

text: The woodcutter claims he found the body of a murdered samurai while looking for wood in the forest, three days earlier. He first found a woman's hat (which belonged to the samurai's wife), then a samurai cap (which belonged to her husband), then cut rope (which had been used to bind the husband), then an amulet. Finally, he discovered the samurai's body, upon which he fled to notify the authorities. The priest claims he saw the samurai traveling with his wife the same day the murder happened. Both men were summoned to testify in court, where a fellow witness presented a captured bandit, who claimed to have followed the couple after coveting the woman when he glimpsed the pair traveling through the forest.


title: Rashomon

text: Tajōmaru, the bandit and a notorious outlaw, claims that he tricked the samurai to step off the mountain trail with him to look at a cache of ancient swords he had discovered. In a grove, he tied the samurai to a tree, then brought the samurai's wife there with the intention of assaulting her. She initially tried to defend herself with a dagger but was overpowered and then seduced by the bandit. The wife, ashamed, begged Tajōmaru to duel her husband to the death, to save her from the guilt and shame of having two men know her dishonor. She promised to go with the man who won their battle. Tajōmaru honorably set the samurai free and dueled with him. They fought skillfully and fiercely, with Tajōmaru praising the samurai's swordsmanship. In the end, Tajōmaru killed the samurai before realizing the wife had fled. At the end of his testimony, he is asked about the expensive dagger used by the samurai's wife to defend herself. Tajōmaru claims he forgot about it in the confusion after the fight, and laments leaving it behind, as the dagger's pearl inlay made it very valuable.


title: Rashomon

text: The wife's testimony tells a different story. She claims that Tajōmaru left immediately after raping her. Once he was gone, she cut her husband free from his bonds and begged her husband for forgiveness. But he simply stared at her coldly, blaming her for the assault. She begs her husband him to kill her so that she would be at peace with her honor restored, but he continued to stare at her with loathing. His contempt distressed her so greatly, she fainted while standing over her husband, with the dagger in her hands. She awoke to find her husband dead, the dagger in his chest. In shock, she wandered through the forest until she came upon a pond. She attempted to drown herself, but failed.


title: Rashomon

text: Lastly, the court hears the story from the perspective of the samurai, as told through a medium. The samurai claims that after the rape, Tajōmaru asked the wife to live with him. To the Samurai's great shame, his wife accepts the proposal but asked Tajōmaru to first kill her husband. Disgusted at the Wife's request, Tajōmaru grabbed her and gave the samurai the choice: let her go or kill herself. The samurai notes that this gesture almost allowed him to forgive Tajōmaru. The wife broke free and fled, with Tajōmaru giving chase. Tajōmaru failed to recapture her, gave up, and returned to set the samurai free. Tajōmaru apologized and then departed. Humiliated, the samurai killed himself with his wife's dagger. Later, he felt someone remove the dagger from his chest, but could not tell who.


title: Rashomon

text: Back at Rashōmon (after the trial - the verdict is never revealed), the woodcutter claims that all three stories are falsehoods and notes that the samurai was killed by a sword, not a dagger. Catching this admission, the Commoner gets the woodcutter to admit that he witnessed the assault and murder, but declined the opportunity to testify because he did not want to get involved. According to the woodcutter, after the rape, Tajōmaru begged the samurai's wife to marry him. Instead, she freed her husband, hoping that he would kill Tajōmaru. However, the samurai refused to fight, explaining to Tajōmaru that he would not risk his life for a spoiled woman. With the samurai no longer caring for the wife, Tajōmaru rescinds his promises to marry her and prepares to leave. The wife criticizes both men, calling them dishonorable cowards: Tajōmaru because he would not keep his word to kill the samurai to have her, the samurai because he would not kill Tajōmaru to avenge his own honor (saying a real man would fight Tajōmaru and then demand she kill herself). The two men unwillingly fight, both clearly terrified, in a pitiful duel nothing like what Tajōmaru describes in his testimony. Even the wife seems to regret having provoked the battle. The samurai is finally killed while pitifully begging for his life (and Tajōmaru is disgusted at killing him). Ultimately, Tajōmaru won through a stroke of luck. He attempts to take the wife with him but she rejects his advances and fled. Tajōmaru took the samurai's sword, and limped away.


title: Rashomon

text: At Rashōmon gate, the woodcutter, the priest, and the commoner are interrupted by the sound of a crying baby. They find a baby abandoned in a basket, with a kimono and a protective amulet. The commoner steals the kimono and amulet. The woodcutter reproaches the commoner for stealing from an orphaned child and attempts to stop him. The commoner overpowers the woodcutter, and chastises him as a hypocrite: the commoner correctly deduces that the true reason the woodcutter declined to testify is because he's the one who stole the valuable dagger. The commoner leaves Rashōmon gate, explaining that all men are motivated only by self-interest.


title: Rashomon

text: Meanwhile, the priest has been attempting to soothe the baby. After the commoner departs, the woodcutter attempts to take the baby. The priest violently recoils: his experiences at the trial and at Rashōmon gate have destroyed the priest's faith in humanity. The woodcutter explains that he intends to raise the child; he already has six of his own. This revelation recasts the woodcutter's story and motivations, restoring the priest's faith in humanity. As the woodcutter prepares to leave with the child, the rain stops and the clouds part, revealing the sun.


title: Rashomon

text: The name of the film refers to the enormous, former city gate "between modern-day Kyoto and Nara", on Suzaka Avenue's end to the south.


title: Rashomon

text: Kurosawa felt that sound cinema multiplies the complexity of a film: Cinematic sound is never merely accompaniment, never merely what the sound machine caught while you took the scene. Real sound does not merely add to the images, it multiplies it. Regarding "Rashomon", Kurosawa said, I like silent pictures and I always have... I wanted to restore some of this beauty. I thought of it, I remember in this way: one of the techniques of modern art is simplification, and that I must therefore simplify this film."


title: Rashomon

text: Accordingly, there are only three settings in the film: Rashōmon gate, the woods, and the courtyard. The gate and the courtyard are very simply constructed and the woodland is real. This is partly due to the low budget that Kurosawa gained from Daiei.


title: Rashomon

text: When Kurosawa shot "Rashomon", the actors and the staff lived together, a system Kurosawa found beneficial. He recalls, We were a very small group and it was as though I was directing "Rashomon" every minute of the day and night. At times like this, you can talk everything over and get very close indeed.


title: Rashomon

text: The cinematographer, Kazuo Miyagawa, contributed numerous ideas, technical skill, and expertise in support for what would be an experimental and influential approach to cinematography. For example, in one sequence, there is a series of single close-ups of the bandit, then the wife, and then the husband, which then repeats to emphasize the triangular relationship between them.


title: Rashomon

text: The use of contrasting shots is another example of the film techniques used in "Rashomon". According to Donald Richie, the length of time of the shots of the wife and of the bandit are the same when the bandit is acting barbarically and the wife is hysterically crazy.


title: Rashomon

text: "Rashomon" had camera shots that were directly into the sun. Kurosawa wanted to use natural light, but it was too weak; they solved the problem by using a mirror to reflect the natural light. The result makes the strong sunlight look as though it has traveled through the branches, hitting the actors. The rain in the scenes at the gate had to be tinted with black ink because camera lenses could not capture the water pumped through the hoses.


title: Rashomon

text: Robert Altman compliments Kurosawa's use of "dappled" light throughout the film, which gives the characters and settings further ambiguity. In his essay "Rashomon," Tadao Sato suggests that the film (unusually) uses sunlight to symbolize evil and sin in the film, arguing that the wife gives in to the bandit's desires when she sees the sun. However, Professor Keiko I. McDonald opposes Sato's idea in her essay "The Dialectic of Light and Darkness in Kurosawa's "Rashomon"." McDonald says the film conventionally uses light to symbolize "good" or "reason" and darkness to symbolize "bad" or "impulse." She interprets the scene mentioned by Sato differently, pointing out that the wife gives herself to the bandit when the sun slowly fades out. McDonald also reveals that Kurosawa was waiting for a big cloud to appear over Rashomon gate to shoot the final scene in which the woodcutter takes the abandoned baby home; Kurosawa wanted to show that there might be another dark rain any time soon, even though the sky is clear at this moment. Unfortunately, the final scene appears optimistic because it was too sunny and clear to produce the effects of an overcast sky.


title: Rashomon

text: Stanley Kauffmann writes in "The Impact of Rashomon" that Kurosawa often shot a scene with several cameras at the same time, so that he could "cut the film freely and splice together the pieces which have caught the action forcefully as if flying from one piece to another." Despite this, he also used short shots edited together that trick the audience into seeing one shot; Donald Richie says in his essay that "there are 407 separate shots in the body of the film ... This is more than twice the number in the usual film, and yet these shots never call attention to themselves."


title: Rashomon

text: The film was scored by Fumio Hayasaka, who is among the most respected of Japanese composers. At the director's request, he included a bolero during the woman's story.


title: Rashomon

text: Due to setbacks and some lost audio, the crew took the urgent step of bringing Mifune back to the studio after filming to record another line. Recording engineer Iwao Ōtani added it to the film along with the music, using a different microphone.


title: Rashomon

text: The film depicts the rape of a woman and the murder of her samurai husband through the widely differing accounts of four witnesses, including the bandit-rapist, the wife, the dead man (speaking through a medium), and lastly the woodcutter, the one witness who seems the most objective and least biased. The stories are mutually contradictory and even the final version may be seen as motivated by factors of ego and saving face. The actors kept approaching Kurosawa wanting to know the truth, and he claimed the point of the film was to be an exploration of multiple realities rather than an exposition of a particular truth. Later film and television use of the "Rashomon effect" focuses on revealing "the truth" in a now conventional technique that presents the final version of a story as the truth, an approach that only matches Kurosawa's film on the surface.


title: Rashomon

text: Due to its emphasis on the subjectivity of truth and the uncertainty of factual accuracy, "Rashomon" has been read by some as an allegory of the defeat of Japan at the end of World War II. James F. Davidson's article, "Memory of Defeat in Japan: A Reappraisal of "Rashomon"" in the December 1954 issue of the "Antioch Review", is an early analysis of the World War II defeat elements. Another allegorical interpretation of the film is mentioned briefly in a 1995 article, "Japan: An Ambivalent Nation, an Ambivalent Cinema" by David M. Desser. Here, the film is seen as an allegory of the atomic bomb and Japanese defeat. It also briefly mentions James Goodwin's view on the influence of post-war events on the film. However, "In a Grove" (the short story by Akutagawa that the film is based on) was published already in 1922, so any postwar allegory would have been the result of Kurosawa's editing rather than the story about the conflicting accounts. Historian and critic David Conrad has noted that the use of rape as a plot point came at a time when American occupation authorities had recently stopped censoring Japanese media and belated accounts of rapes by occupation troops began to appear in Japanese newspapers. Moreover, Kurosawa and other filmmakers had not been allowed to make "jidaigeki" during the early part of the occupation, so setting a film in the distant past was a way to reassert domestic control over cinema.


title: Rashomon

text: "Rashomon" was released in Japan on August 24, 1950. It was released theatrically in the United States by RKO Radio Pictures with English subtitles on December 26, 1951.


title: Rashomon

text: "Rashomon" has been released multiple times on DVD. The Criterion Collection issued a Blu-ray and DVD edition of the film based on the 2008 restoration, accompanied by a number of additional features.


title: Rashomon

text: The film performed well at the domestic Japanese box office, where it was one of the top ten highest-earning films of the year. It also performed well overseas, becoming Kurosawa's first major international hit.


title: Rashomon

text: In the United States, the film grossed $46,808 in 2002 and $96,568 during 2009 to 2010, for a combined in the United States between 2002 and 2010.


title: Rashomon

text: In Europe, the film sold 365,300 tickets in France and Spain, and 8,292 tickets in other European countries between 1996 and 2020, for a combined total of at least tickets sold in Europe.


title: Rashomon

text: Although it won two Japanese awards, most Japanese critics did not like the film. When it received positive responses in the West, Japanese critics were baffled; some decided that it was only admired there because it was "exotic", others thought that it succeeded because it was more "Western" than most Japanese films.


title: Rashomon

text: In a collection of interpretations of "Rashomon", Donald Richie writes that "the confines of 'Japanese' thought could not contain the director, who thereby joined the world at large". He also quotes Kurosawa criticizing the way the "Japanese think too little of our own [Japanese] things".


title: Rashomon

text: The film appeared at the 1951 Venice Film Festival at the behest of an Italian language teacher, Giuliana Stramigioli, who had recommended it to Italian film promotion agency Unitalia Film seeking a Japanese film to screen at the festival. However, Daiei Motion Picture Company (a producer of popular features at the time) and the Japanese government had disagreed with the choice of Kurosawa's work on the grounds that it was "not [representative enough] of the Japanese movie industry" and felt that a work of Yasujirō Ozu would have been more illustrative of excellence in Japanese cinema. Despite these reservations, the film was screened at the festival.


title: Rashomon

text: Before it was screened at the Venice festival, the film initially drew little attention and had low expectations at the festival, as Japanese cinema was not yet taken seriously in the West at the time. But once it had been screened, "Rashomon" drew an overwhelmingly positive response from festival audiences, praising the originality of the film and its techniques while making many question the nature of truth. The film won both the Italian Critics Award and the Golden Lion award—introducing Western audiences, including Western directors, more noticeably to both Kurosawa's films and techniques, such as shooting directly into the sun and using mirrors to reflect sunlight onto the actor's faces.


title: Rashomon

text: The film was released in the United States on December 26, 1951, by RKO Radio Pictures in both subtitled and dubbed versions, and it won an Academy Honorary Award in 1952 for being "the most outstanding foreign language film released in the United States during 1951" (the current Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film wasn't introduced until 1956). The following year, when it was eligible for consideration in other Academy Award categories, it was nominated for Best Art Direction for a Black-and-White Film.


title: Rashomon

text: Upon release in North America, Ed Sullivan gave the film a positive review in "Hollywood Citizen-News", calling it "an exciting evening, because the direction, the photography and the performances will jar open your eyes." He praised Akutagawa's original plot, Kurosawa's impactful direction and screenplay, Mifune's "magnificent" villainous performance, and Miyagawa's "spellbinding" cinematography that achieves "visual dimensions that I've never seen in Hollywood photography" such as being "shot through a relentless rainstorm that heightens the mood of the somber drama." In the early 1960s, film historians credited "Rashomon" as the start of the international New Wave cinema movement, which gained popularity during the late 1950s to early 1960s.


title: Rashomon

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 98% of 52 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; with an average rating of 9.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "One of legendary director Akira Kurosawa's most acclaimed films, Rashomon features an innovative narrative structure, brilliant acting, and a thoughtful exploration of reality versus perception." In a 1998 issue of "Time Out" New York, Andrew Johnston wrote: "Rashomon" is probably familiar even to those who haven't seen it, since in movie jargon, the film's title has become synonymous with its chief narrative conceit: a story told multiple times from various points of view. There's much more than that to the film, of course. For example, the way Kurosawa uses his camera...takes this fascinating meditation on human nature closer to the style of silent film than almost anything made after the introduction of sound. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four and included it in his "Great Movies" list.


title: Rashomon

text: "Rashomon" spawned numerous remakes and adaptations across film, television and theatre. Examples include:


title: Rashomon

text: In 2008, the film was restored by the Academy Film Archive, the National Film Center of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, and Kadokawa Pictures, Inc., with funding provided by the Kadokawa Culture Promotion Foundation and The Film Foundation.


title: Killing of Breonna Taylor

text: Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old African-American woman, was fatally shot in her Louisville, Kentucky apartment on March 13, 2020, when at least seven police officers forced entry into the apartment as part of an investigation into drug dealing operations. Three Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) officers—Jonathan Mattingly, Brett Hankison, and Myles Cosgrove—were involved in the shooting. Taylor's boyfriend, Kenneth Walker, was inside the apartment with her when the plainclothes officers knocked on the door and then forced entry. The officers said that they announced themselves as police before forcing entry, but Walker said he did not hear any announcement, thought the officers were intruders, and fired a warning shot at them. The shot hit Mattingly in the leg, and the officers fired 32 shots in return. Walker was unhurt but Taylor, who was behind Walker, was hit by six bullets and died. During the incident, Hankison moved to the side of the apartment and shot 10 bullets through a covered window and glass door. According to police, Taylor's home was never searched.


title: Killing of Breonna Taylor

text: Walker was charged with assault and attempted murder of a police officer, but the charges were dismissed with prejudice 12 months later. On June 23, 2020, the LMPD fired Hankison for blindly firing through the covered patio door and window of Taylor's apartment. On September 15, the city of Louisville agreed to pay Taylor's family $12 million and reform police practices. On September 23, a state grand jury indicted Hankison on three counts of first-degree wanton endangerment for endangering Taylor's neighbors with his shots. Cosgrove was determined to have fired the fatal shot that killed Taylor. On October 2, 2020, recordings from the grand jury investigation into the shooting were released. Two of the jurors released a statement saying that the grand jury was not presented with homicide charges against the officers. Several jurors have also accused Kentucky Attorney General Daniel Cameron and the police of covering up what happened.


title: Killing of Breonna Taylor

text: The killing of Taylor by white police officers, and the initial lack of charges for her death, led to numerous protests that added to those across the United States against police brutality and racism. When a grand jury did not indict the officers for her death, further civil unrest ensued.