title: Pre-eclampsia

text: Pre-eclampsia affects approximately 2–8% of all pregnancies worldwide. The incidence of pre-eclampsia has risen in the U.S. since the 1990s, possibly as a result of increased prevalence of predisposing disorders, such as chronic hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: Pre-eclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nearly one-tenth of all maternal deaths in Africa and Asia and one-quarter in Latin America are associated with hypertensive diseases in pregnancy, a category that encompasses pre-eclampsia.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: Pre-eclampsia is much more common in women who are pregnant for the first time. Women who have previously been diagnosed with pre-eclampsia are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia in subsequent pregnancies. Pre-eclampsia is also more common in women who have pre-existing hypertension, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, various inherited thrombophilias such as Factor V Leiden, renal disease, multiple gestation (twins or multiple birth), and advanced maternal age. Women who live at high altitude are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is also more common in some ethnic groups (e.g. African-Americans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans, African Caribbeans, and Filipinos). Change of paternity in a subsequent pregnancy has been implicated as affecting risk, except in those with a family history of hypertensive pregnancy.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: Eclampsia is a major complication of pre-eclampsia. Eclampsia affects 0.56 per 1,000 pregnant women in developed countries and almost 10 to 30 times as many women in low-income countries as in developed countries.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: Complications of pre-eclampsia can affect both the mother and the fetus. Acutely, pre-eclampsia can be complicated by eclampsia, the development of HELLP syndrome, hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, liver damage and dysfunction, acute kidney injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: Pre-eclampsia is also associated with increased frequency of Caesarean section, preterm delivery, and placental abruption. Furthermore, an elevation in blood pressure can occur in some individuals in the first week postpartum attributable to volume expansion and fluid mobilization. Fetal complications include fetal growth restriction and potential fetal or perinatal death.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: Long-term, an individual with pre-eclampsia is at increased risk for recurrence of pre-eclampsia in subsequent pregnancies.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: Eclampsia is the development of new convulsions in a pre-eclamptic patient that may not be attributed to other causes. It is a sign that the underlying pre-eclamptic condition is severe and is associated with high rates of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. Warning symptoms for eclampsia in an individual with current pre-eclampsia may include headaches, visual disturbances, and right upper quadrant or epigastric abdominal pain, with a headache being the most consistent symptom. During pregnancy brisk or hyperactive reflexes are common, however ankle clonus is a sign of neuromuscular irritability that usually reflects severe pre-eclampsia and also can precede eclampsia. Magnesium sulfate is used to prevent convulsions in cases of severe pre-eclampsia.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: HELLP syndrome is defined as hemolysis (microangiopathic), elevated liver enzymes (liver dysfunction), and low platelets (thrombocytopenia). This condition may occur in 10–20% of patients with severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia and is associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. In 50% of instances, HELLP syndrome develops preterm, while 20% of cases develop in late gestation and 30% during the post-partum period.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: Preeclampsia predisposes for future cardiovascular disease and a history of preeclampsia/eclampsia doubles the risk for cardiovascular mortality later in life.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: Lowered blood supply to the fetus in pre-eclampsia causes lowered nutrient supply, which could result in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and low birth weight. The fetal origins hypothesis states that fetal undernutrition is linked with coronary heart disease later in adult life due to disproportionate growth.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: Because pre-eclampsia leads to a mismatch between the maternal energy supply and fetal energy demands, pre-eclampsia can lead to IUGR in the developing fetus. Infants with IUGR are prone to have poor neuronal development and in increased risk for adult disease according to the Barker hypothesis. Associated adult diseases of the fetus due to IUGR include, but are not limited to, coronary artery disease (CAD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, osteoporosis, and various psychiatric illnesses.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: The risk of pre-eclampsia and development of placental dysfunction has also been shown to be recurrent cross-generationally on the maternal side and most likely on the paternal side. Fetuses born to mothers who were born small for gestational age (SGA) were 50% more likely to develop pre-eclampsia while fetuses born to both SGA parents were three-fold more likely to develop pre-eclampsia in future pregnancies.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: The word "eclampsia" is from the Greek term for lightning. The first known description of the condition was by Hippocrates in the 5th century BC.


title: Pre-eclampsia

text: An outdated medical term for pre-eclampsia is toxemia of pregnancy, a term that originated in the mistaken belief that the condition was caused by toxins.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The 2012 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2012 or simply Euro 2012, was the 14th European Championship for men's national football teams organised by UEFA. The final tournament, held between 8 June and 1 July 2012, was co-hosted by Poland and Ukraine (both first time hosts), and was won by Spain, who beat Italy 4–0 in the final at the Olympic Stadium, Kyiv, Ukraine.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Poland and Ukraine's bid was chosen by the UEFA Executive Committee on 18 April 2007. The two host teams qualified automatically while the remaining 14 finalists were decided through a qualifying competition, featuring 51 teams, from August 2010 to November 2011. This was the last European Championship to employ the 16-team finals format in use since 1996; from Euro 2016 onward, it was expanded to 24 finalists.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Euro 2012 was played at eight venues, four in each host country. Five new stadiums were built for the tournament, and the hosts invested heavily in improving infrastructure such as railways and roads at UEFA's request. Euro 2012 set attendance records for the 16-team format, for the highest aggregate attendance (1,440,896) and average per game (46,481).


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Spain became the first team to win two consecutive European Championships, and also three straight major tournaments (Euro 2008, 2010 World Cup and Euro 2012). Spain had already gained entry to the 2013 Confederations Cup by winning the World Cup, so runners-up Italy qualified instead. As at Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland, both 2012 host nations were eliminated in the group stage.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: There were several players ending on a total of 3 goals but because Fernando Torres made an assist and played the fewest minutes of the players who scored three goals, he was named as the Golden Boot winner for the tournament.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The hosting of the event was initially contested by five bids representing seven countries: Croatia–Hungary, Greece, Italy, Poland–Ukraine, and Turkey. In November 2005, after an initial consideration of the bid data by UEFA, both the Greek and Turkish bids were eliminated from the process, to leave three candidates.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: In May 2006, this was followed by a second round of the selection process, which included visits by UEFA to all candidates. The final decision was due to be announced on 8 December 2006 in Nyon, but this was postponed to "give bidding associations more time for the fine-tuning of their bids". On 18 April 2007, the Poland–Ukraine bid was chosen by a vote of the UEFA Executive Committee, at a meeting in Cardiff. It was the first time UEFA awarded the tournament organization to the former Eastern Bloc since Yugoslavia in 1976.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Poland–Ukraine became the third successful joint bid for the European Championship, after those of Belgium–Netherlands (2000) and Austria–Switzerland (2008). Their bid received an absolute majority of votes, and was therefore announced the winner, without requiring a second round. Italy, which received the remaining votes, had been considered favourites to win the hosting, but incidents of fan violence and a match-fixing scandal were widely cited as factors behind their failure.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: There were some later alterations from the initial bid plan, regarding the venues, before UEFA confirmed the eight host cities in 2009. During the preparation process in Poland and Ukraine, UEFA repeatedly expressed concern about their preparation to host the event, with different candidates reported as being alternative hosts if they did not improve; however, in the end, UEFA affirmed their selection.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The draw for the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying competition took place in Warsaw on 7 February 2010. Fifty-one teams entered to compete for the fourteen remaining places in the finals, alongside co-hosts Poland and Ukraine. The teams were divided into nine groups, with the draw using the new UEFA national team coefficient for the first time in order to determine the seedings. As defending champions, Spain was automatically top-seeded. The qualifying process began in August 2010 and concluded in November 2011. At the conclusion of the qualifying group stage in October 2011, the nine group winners qualified automatically, along with the highest ranked second placed team. The remaining eight-second placed teams contested two-legged play-offs, and the four winners qualified for the finals.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Twelve of the sixteen finalists participated at the previous tournament in 2008. England and Denmark made their return to the Euro after missing out on 2008, while Republic of Ireland returned after a twenty-four-year absence to make their second appearance at a European Championship. One of the co-hosts, Ukraine, made their debut as an independent nation (before 1992 Ukraine participated as part of the Soviet Union). With the exception of Serbia – according to UEFA's ranking at the end of the qualifying stage – Europe's sixteen highest-ranked teams all qualified for the tournament.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: As of 2020, this was the last time Greece qualified for the European Championship finals, and the last time Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey and Wales failed to qualify.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The draw for the final tournament took place on 2 December 2011 at the Ukraine Palace of Arts in Kyiv, Ukraine. The hour-long ceremony was hosted by Olha Freimut and Piotr Sobczyński, television presenters from the two host countries.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: As was the case for the 2000, 2004 and 2008 finals, the sixteen finalists were divided into four seeding pots, using the UEFA national team coefficient ranking. The pot allocations were based on the UEFA national team coefficient rankings of the sixteen finalists at the end of the qualifying competition in November 2011. Each nation's coefficient was generated by calculating:


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Aside from the coefficient, three teams were automatically placed in Pot 1. Ukraine and Poland were both assigned to Pot 1 as the two host nations, despite the fact that their rankings were the two lowest in the tournament; this also occurred in 2008 when the co-hosts Switzerland and Austria were also ranked below all other qualified teams. As defending champions, Spain were also automatically assigned to Pot 1, though their UEFA ranking at the time of the draw was coincidentally also the best.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: In the draw procedure, one team from each pot was drawn into each of the four groups. The draw also determined which place in the group teams in pots 2–4 would take (e.g. A2, A3 or A4) to create the match schedule. With Poland automatically assigned in advance to A1, and Ukraine to D1, Pot 1 only had two teams as Spain and the Netherlands were to be drawn into position one in either group B or C. The balls were drawn by four former players who had each been part of European Championship winning teams: Horst Hrubesch, Marco van Basten, Peter Schmeichel and Zinedine Zidane.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Teams were drawn consecutively into Group A to D. First, the Pot 1 teams were assigned to the first positions of their groups, while next the positions of all other teams were drawn separately from Pot 4 to 2 (for the purposes of determining the match schedules in each group).


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Eight cities were selected by UEFA as host venues. In a return to the format used at Euro 1992, Euro 1996 and Euro 2008, each of the four groups' matches were played in two stadiums. Host cities Warsaw, Gdańsk, Wrocław, Poznań, Kyiv, and Lviv are all popular tourist destinations, unlike Donetsk and Kharkiv, the latter of which replaced Dnipropetrovsk as a host city in 2009.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: In order to meet UEFA's requirement for football infrastructure improvements, five new stadiums were built and opened in advance of the tournament. The remaining three stadiums (in Kyiv, Poznań and Kharkiv) underwent major renovations in order to meet UEFA's infrastructure standards. Three of the stadiums are categorised as UEFA's highest category stadiums. The transport infrastructure in Poland and Ukraine was also extensively modified on the request of UEFA to cope with the large influx of football fans.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: UEFA organised fan zones in the eight host cities. They were located in the centre of each city, with all 31 matches shown live on a total of 24 giant screens. The zones enabled supporters to come together in a secure and controlled environment. The Warsaw Fan Zone occupied 120,000 square meters and accommodated 100,000 visitors. In all, the fans zones had a 20% increase in capacity compared to Euro 2008.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Tickets for the venues were sold directly by UEFA via its website, or distributed by the football associations of the 16 finalists. Applications had to be made during March 2011 for the 1.4 million tickets available for the 31 tournament matches. Over 20,000 were forecast to cross the Poland–Ukraine border each day during the tournament. Over 12 million applications were received, which represented a 17% increase on the 2008 finals, and an all-time record for the UEFA European Championship. Owing to this over-subscription for the matches, lotteries were carried out to allocate tickets. Prices varied from €30 (£25) (for a seat behind the goals at a group match) to €600 (£513) (for a seat in the main stand at the final). In addition to individual match tickets, fans could buy packages to see either all matches played by one team, or all matches at one specific venue.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Each team had a "team base camp" for its stay between the matches. From an initial list of thirty-eight potential locations (twenty-one in Poland, seventeen in Ukraine), the national associations chose their locations in 2011. The teams trained and resided in these locations throughout the tournament, travelling to games staged away from their bases. Thirteen teams stayed in Poland and three in Ukraine.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The Adidas Tango 12 was the official match ball of UEFA Euro 2012. The ball is named after the original Adidas Tango family of footballs; however, the Tango 12 and its variations have a completely new design. Variations of the ball have been used in other contemporary competitions including the Africa Cup of Nations and the Summer Olympics. It is designed to be easier to dribble and control than the reportedly unpredictable Adidas Jabulani used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Each national team had to submit a squad of 23 players, three of whom must be goalkeepers, at least ten days before the opening match of the tournament. If a player became injured or ill severely enough to prevent his participation in the tournament before his team's first match, he would be replaced by another player.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: On 20 December 2011, UEFA named twelve referees and four fourth officials for Euro 2012. On 27 March 2012, UEFA issued the full list of 80 referees to be used in Euro 2012, including the assistant referees, the additional assistant referees, and the four reserve assistant referees. Each refereeing team consisted of five match officials from the same country: one main referee, two assistant referees, and two additional assistant referees. All of the main referees, additional assistant referees, and fourth officials were FIFA referees, and the assistant referees (including the four reserve assistant referees) were FIFA assistant referees. For each refereeing team, a third assistant referee from each country was named to remain on standby until the start of the tournament to take the place of a colleague if required. In two cases, for the French and Slovenian refereeing teams, the standby assistant referees took the place of one of the assistant referees before the start of the tournament. Continuing the experiments carried out in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League, the two additional assistant referees were used on the goal line for the first time in European Championship history with approval from the International Football Association Board.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Four match officials, who served only as fourth officials, and four reserve assistant referees were also named:


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: UEFA announced the schedule for the 31 matches of the final tournament in October 2010, with the final confirmation of kick-offs times being affirmed following the tournament draw in December 2011.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The teams finishing in the top two positions in each of the four groups progressed to the quarter-finals, while the bottom two teams were eliminated from the tournament.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: If two or more teams were equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following tie-breaking criteria were applied:


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: In the knockout phase, extra time and a penalty shoot-out were used to decide the winner if necessary.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The UEFA Technical Team was charged with naming a squad composed of the 23 best players over the course of the tournament. The group of eleven analysts watched every game at the tournament before making their decision after the final. Ten players from the winning Spanish team were selected in the team of the tournament, while Zlatan Ibrahimović was the only player to be included whose team was knocked out in the group stage.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Fernando Torres tied with five other players on goals and with Mario Gómez on goals and assists; however, he played 92 fewer minutes than Gómez did, thus earning the title. Torres also became the first player to score in two finals.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: A total of €196 million was given to the 16 teams competing in this tournament, an increase from the €184 million in the previous tournament. Each team received an initial €8 million and then received additional money, based on their performances. Spain, the winners of Euro 2012, were awarded a total prize of €23 million for their performance. The maximum prize achievable (for winning all group matches and winning the final) was €23.5 million.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Besides money, commemorative plaques were given to all participants together with special plaques for semi-final losers and finalists.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Gold and silver medals were awarded to the winners and runners-up, respectively, whereas both semi-final losers were awarded bronze medals. The trophy given to the winners remains in the ownership of UEFA; however, the winning nation, Spain, received a full-size replica.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: In the final tournament, a player was suspended for the subsequent match in the competition for either getting red card or accumulating two yellow cards in two different matches. UEFA's Control and Disciplinary body has the ability to increase the automatic one match ban for a red card (e.g. for violent conduct). Single yellow card cautions were erased at the conclusion of the quarter-finals, and were not carried over to the semi-finals (so that a player could only be suspended for the final by getting a red card in the semi-final). Single yellow cards and suspensions for yellow card accumulations do not carry over to the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification tournament matches. The following players were suspended during the final tournament – for one or more games – as a result of red cards or yellow card accumulations:


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Apart from discipline measures for yellow and red cards, UEFA fined the football associations of Croatia, England, Germany, Portugal, Russia, and Spain a total of €417,000 for spectators incidents. Furthermore, the Portuguese association was fined €5,000 for delaying the start of the second half of the game against Germany. In addition to these, Danish striker Nicklas Bendtner was fined €100,000 and given a one match ban (to be applied in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification tournament) for revealing his sponsored underpants, violating UEFA regulations, during the celebration of his second goal in the match against Portugal. His fine was later paid by his sponsor.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The Henri Delaunay Trophy began a journey through the host cities seven weeks before the start of the tournament. A hundred days before the first match a hot air balloon in the shape of the trophy was flown in Nyon, Switzerland and visited 14 cities throughout the host countries, reminding spectators of the impending tournament. On 20 April 2012, the trophy tour started and visited the Polish cities of Warsaw, Wrocław, Gdańsk, Poznań, Kraków, Katowice and Łódź. After the Polish cities, the trophy visited seven Ukrainian cities: Kyiv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kharkiv, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Lviv, and Odesa.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The competition slogan, Creating History Together (, literally, "Together we are creating the future", , "Tvorymo istoriyu razom"), was announced along with the logo. The official logo for the tournament was unveiled at a special event at Mykhailivska Square, Kyiv, on 14 December 2009 and was designed by Portuguese group Brandia Central. It took its visual identity from Wycinanki or Vytynanky, a traditional form of paper cutting practised in rural areas of Poland and Ukraine. The art form symbolises the nature of the rural areas of both countries. As part of the event, landmark buildings in the eight host cities were illuminated with the tournament logo.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The official Euro 2012 song was "Endless Summer" by the German singer Oceana. In addition, UEFA retained the melody that was composed by Rollo Armstrong of Faithless on its behalf for the 2008 tournament. The Republic of Ireland also produced an official song: "The Rocky Road to Poland", recorded by a collaboration of Irish performers, quickly reached number 1 in Ireland and stayed there for three weeks. In Spain, the broadcasting company Mediaset España commissioned the song "No hay 2 sin 3", performed by David Bisbal and Cali & El Dandee and produced by RedOne.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The tournament was also associated with the song "Heart of Courage" by Two Steps from Hell, which was played in the stadiums during the entrance of the players (before the national anthems); and also "Seven Nation Army" by The White Stripes, in this case after every goal.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: UEFA signed a worldwide licensing agreement with Warner Brothers Consumer Products to help promote the tournament. The agreement involved licensing to third parties for a variety of other merchandising items.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Also designed by Warner Bros. were the official tournament mascots, "Slavek and Slavko", twins that wore the national colours of the two host nations. The mascots were unveiled in December 2010, and named following an online poll.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: The "UEFA Euro 2012 video game" was released by EA Sports as a downloadable expansion pack for "FIFA 12".


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: UEFA announced ten global sponsors and, for both Poland and Ukraine, three national sponsors as shown below. These sponsorships together with the broadcasting revenues were estimated to earn UEFA at least US$1.6 billion.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: According to UEFA requirements, TP ensured approximately 2х70 Gbit/s data communication speed from Polish stadiums and 2х140 Gbit/s between Poland and Ukraine. This was required due to the fact that the matches were broadcast in HD quality. The multilateral production utilised 31 cameras to cover the action on and around the pitch at every match, with additional cameras following activities around the game, such as team arrivals at the stadiums, interviews, and media conferences. The official Euro 2012 broadcasting centre was located at the Expo XXI International Centre in Warsaw. The tournament was broadcast live by around 100 TV channels covering the whole world. 150,000,000 people were expected to watch the matches each day.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: After Poland and Ukraine were chosen by a vote of the UEFA Executive Committee as host countries for Euro 2012, several issues arose, which jeopardised the Polish/Ukrainian host status.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: In Ukraine there were financial difficulties related to stadium and infrastructure renovation related to the economic crisis. In Poland, issues arose related to corruption within the Polish Football Association. In April 2009 however, the president of UEFA, Michel Platini announced that all was on track and that he saw no major problems. After a UEFA delegation visited Ukraine in September 2011, he stated the country was "virtually ready for Euro 2012".


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: In the UK, there were allegations of racism in football in both host countries. The main cause of discussion was the BBC current affairs programme "Panorama", entitled "Euro 2012: Stadiums of Hate", which included recent footage of supporters chanting various antisemitic slogans and displays of white power symbols and banners in Poland, plus Nazi salutes and the beating of South Asians in Ukraine. The documentary was first echoed in much of the British press, but was then attacked for being one-sided and unethical: critics included other British media outlets; anti-racism campaigners, black and Jewish community leaders in Poland; Polish and Ukrainian politicians and journalists; England fans visiting the host nations and Gary Lineker, a British football star.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: In response to Yulia Tymoshenko's hunger strike and her mistreatment in a Ukrainian prison some European politicians and governments announced that they would boycott the matches in Ukraine.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Ukraine came under criticism from animal welfare organisations for killing stray cats and dogs in order to prepare for Euro 2012. Ukrainian Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources and Minister of the Environment promised to take action to prevent killing animals but it still remains unclear how these measures were enforced. The ministry's comments also suggested this would only be a temporary measure, drawing further criticism.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Bomb explosions took place in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, on 27 April 2012 and were described as a terrorist attack that may jeopardise the organisation of the tournament in Ukraine.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: Other important issues were associated with FEMEN's group protests against prostitution and sex tourism in Ukraine, and enormous increases in hotel prices by many hoteliers in the country.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

text: In total, four nations were fined by UEFA for racist activities by their fans (none of them were hosts): Germany, Spain, Croatia and Russia.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna began his career on stage in 1969 in the Chicago production of the musical "Hair". He earned a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play and a Joseph Jefferson Award for portraying Richard Roma in the first American productions of David Mamet's Pulitzer Prize–winning play "Glengarry Glen Ross", the first of many collaborations with Mamet. His long-standing association with Mamet includes the premieres of "A Life in the Theatre", "The Disappearance of the Jews" and "Speed-the-Plow" on Broadway. Mantegna also directed a highly lauded production of Mamet's "Lakeboat", which enjoyed a successful theatrical run in Los Angeles. He later directed the film version of "Lakeboat". In addition to theatrical appearances directed by Mamet, Mantegna appeared in Mamet's films "House of Games" (1987), "Things Change" (1988), "Homicide" (1991), and "Redbelt" (2008).


title: Joe Mantegna

text: In film and on television, Mantegna is best known for his roles in box office hits such as "Three Amigos" (1986), "The Godfather Part III" (1990), "Forget Paris" (1995), and "Up Close and Personal" (1996). He starred in the television series "First Monday" (2002) and "Joan of Arcadia" (2003–2005). He has earned Emmy Award nominations for his roles in three different miniseries: "The Last Don" (1997), "The Rat Pack" (1998), and "The Starter Wife" (2007). He has also served as executive producer for various movies and television movies, including "Corduroy" (1984), "Hoods" (1998), and "Lakeboat" (2000), which he also directed. Additionally, he played Robert B. Parker's fictional detective Spenser in three made-for-TV movies between 1999 and 2001, and has narrated a number of audiobook readings of the Spenser novels. From 2007 to 2020, he starred in the CBS television series "Criminal Minds" as FBI Supervisory Special Agent David Rossi. Beginning with the 1991 episode "Bart the Murderer", Mantegna has voiced the recurring role of mob boss Fat Tony on the animated series "The Simpsons", as well as "The Simpsons Movie" (2007).


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna was born on November 13, 1947, in Chicago, Illinois to Italian American parents. His parents were Mary Ann (Novelli; 1916-2017), a shipping clerk from Acquaviva delle Fonti, Apulia, Italy, and Joseph Henry Mantegna, an insurance salesman from Calascibetta, Sicily, who died in 1971 of tuberculosis.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna was raised Catholic and attended J. Sterling Morton High School East in Cicero, Illinois. He graduated from Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University) in 1969.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: As a young man in Chicago, he played bass in a band called The Apocryphals, which later played with another local group, The Missing Links, who went on to form the band Chicago. As of 2007, Mantegna remained very close to the original members of Chicago.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna made his acting debut in the Chicago production of the stage musical "Hair" (1969) and debuted on Broadway in "Working" (1978). He co-wrote "Bleacher Bums", an award-winning play which was first performed at Chicago's Organic Theater Company, and was a member of its original cast. In the movie "Xanadu" (1980), he had a small role which was cut, although since his name is in the film's credits, Mantegna gets residuals for the film.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna won a Tony award for his portrayal of Richard Roma in David Mamet's play "Glengarry Glen Ross". He has had a long and successful association with Mamet, appearing in a number of his works.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna made his feature film debut in "Medusa Challenger" (1977). He played womanizing dentist Bruce Fleckstein in "Compromising Positions" (1985). He starred in an episode of "The Twilight Zone" in 1985 called Shelter Skelter. His other early film roles were supporting performances in "The Money Pit" (1986), "Weeds" (1987) and "Suspect" (1987).


title: Joe Mantegna

text: He also starred in the critically acclaimed movies "House of Games" (1987) and "Things Change" (1988), both written by Mamet. He and "Things Change" co-star Don Ameche received the Best Actor Award at the Venice Film Festival. In 1991, Mantegna starred in another Mamet story, the highly praised police thriller "Homicide."


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna has played a wide range of roles, from the comic, as a jaded disc jockey in "Airheads" and an inept kidnapper from "Baby's Day Out", to the dramatic, in roles such as Joey Zasa, a treacherous mobster in "The Godfather Part III" (1990) and an Emmy-nominated performance as singer Dean Martin in HBO's film "The Rat Pack" (1998).


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna has a recurring role in the animated series "The Simpsons" as the voice of mob boss Anthony "Fat Tony" D'Amico. He insists on voicing the character every time he appears, no matter how little dialogue he has. To quote Mantegna: "If Fat Tony sneezes, I want to be there." However, in one instance, Phil Hartman voiced Fat Tony in the episode "A Fish Called Selma".


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna spoofed himself when he hosted "Saturday Night Live" for the 1990–1991 season in which he calmly began his monologue by saying he did not wish to be typecast from his gangster roles. A disappointed little boy and his father leave, as they mistakenly believed the host would be Joe Montana (the football player) due to the similar names. Mantegna then began speaking in a low, controlled voice to the little boy, telling him it was best to stay in the audience and respect his performance; he warned the boy that if he (Mantegna) made a call, then Montana would not play in his next game—an implication that Mantegna's true personality equaled his gangster roles.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: In 2002, Mantegna starred as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Justice Joseph Novelli, on the CBS midseason replacement drama "First Monday".


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna received the Lifetime Achievement Award on April 26, 2004, at the Los Angeles Italian Film Festival.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: On August 11, 2007, Mantegna signed on to replace departing star Mandy Patinkin on the CBS crime drama "Criminal Minds". Starting with season 9, he also directed several episodes as well.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna is very close with all his co-stars on "Criminal Minds" but is especially close with Shemar Moore. He is said to act like a father figure for Moore.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Since 2006, he has co-narrated the National Memorial Day Concert on the Mall in Washington D.C. with Gary Sinise.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: In 2016, he took part in an event at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art reading some of Gabriele Tinti's poems about Hercules.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna is said to have helped Verne Troyer get into the industry and presented him with the Media Access Award before his death.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: On April 29, 2011, Mantegna received the 2,438th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in California. On June 6, 2011, Mantegna's hometown of Cicero, Illinois celebrated his body of work with an honorary street sign—Joe Mantegna Boulevard—on the northeast corner of Austin Boulevard and 25th Street, the location of his high school. In 2014, Mantegna received a star on the Italian Walk of Fame in Toronto. On May 3, 2017, the city of Chicago dedicated Joe Mantegna Way, a section of Armitage Avenue where Mantegna lived during his early acting days.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: On April 4, 2015, Mantegna received a Lifetime Achievement Award for Film and Television from The Riverside International Film Festival. On May 22, 2015, Mantegna received the Saint Pio Award from the Saint Pio Foundation, in recognition of his outstanding contribution in being an extraordinary individual in "providing relief from suffering to those in need".


title: Joe Mantegna

text: An avid firearms enthusiast, he is the host of MidwayUSA's "Gun Stories" on the cable television Outdoor Channel.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna married Arlene Vrhel on October 3, 1975. He said in an interview on "The Talk" that the 300th episode of "Criminal Minds" aired on October 3, 2018, their 43rd wedding anniversary, and he apologized during that interview for working on their anniversary.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: They have two daughters: Mia and Gia. Arlene owned a Chicago-themed restaurant in Burbank, California, named Taste Chicago, which closed on March 22, 2019, for personal reasons. Mia, born 1987, is autistic and works as a make-up artist. She has also appeared with her father on KCAL-TV in support of Autism Awareness Month (April). Gina was born in 1990 and changed her name to Gia at age eighteen.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: Mantegna is a Chicago Cubs fan and has led the singing of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" during the 7th inning stretch multiple times. This was referenced in the show "Criminal Minds" where his character David Rossi's office is decked with Cubs gear.


title: Joe Mantegna

text: In 1988, during the play "Speed the Plow", Mantegna was stricken with Bell's Palsy. Although considered temporary, Mantegna still has persistent facial characteristics of the disease.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Crypto.com Arena is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Downtown Los Angeles. Adjacent to the L.A. Live development, it is located next to the Los Angeles Convention Center complex along Figueroa Street. The arena opened on October 17, 1999; it was known as Staples Center until December 2021 when Crypto.com acquired the naming rights.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: It is owned and operated by the Arturo L.A. Arena Company and Anschutz Entertainment Group. The arena is home venue to the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). The Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League (AFL) and the South Bay Lakers of the NBA G League were also tenants; the Avengers folded in 2009, and the D-Fenders moved to the Lakers' practice facility at the Toyota Sports Center in El Segundo, California for the 2011–12 season. Crypto.com Arena is host to over 250 events and nearly 4 million guests each year. It is the only arena in the NBA shared by two teams, as well as one of only three North American professional sports venues to host two teams from the same league. MetLife Stadium, the home of the National Football League's New York Giants and New York Jets, and SoFi Stadium, the home of the National Football League's Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers, are the others. Crypto.com Arena is the venue of the Grammy Awards ceremony and will host the basketball competition during the 2028 Summer Olympics. In 2024, the Clippers are scheduled to leave Crypto.com Arena for their own building, Intuit Dome.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Following the January 2020 death of NBA legend Kobe Bryant, his daughter Gianna, and 7 others in a helicopter crash, the city of Los Angeles designated August 24 as Kobe Bryant Day, on which they announced that between the boulevards of Olympic and Martin Luther King Jr., Figueroa Street will be renamed Kobe Bryant Boulevard to honor his memory; this area includes the address of Crypto.com Arena.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Crypto.com Arena has of total space, with a by arena floor. It stands tall. The arena seats up to 19,067 for basketball, 18,340 for ice hockey, and around 20,000 for concerts or other sporting events. Two-thirds of the arena's seating, including 2,500 club seats, are in the lower bowl. There are also 160 luxury suites, including 15 event suites, on three levels between the lower and upper bowls. The arena's attendance record is held by the fight between World WBA Welterweight Champion Antonio Margarito and Shane Mosley with a crowd of 20,820, set on January 25, 2009.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Outside the arena at the Star Plaza are statues of famous Los Angeles athletes and broadcasters. Additionally, the Los Angeles Kings Monument was erected in Star Plaza in 2016.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: An 11th statue, honoring Los Angeles Sparks center Lisa Leslie, is slated to be unveiled in the future.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Long before construction broke ground, plans for the arena were negotiated between elected city officials and real estate developers Edward P. Roski of Majestic Realty and Philip Anschutz. Roski and Anschutz had acquired the Los Angeles Kings in 1995 and in 1996 began looking for a new home for their team, which then played at the Forum in Inglewood.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Majestic Realty Co. and AEG were scouring the Los Angeles area for available land to develop an arena when they were approached by Steve Soboroff, then president of the LA Recreation and Parks Commission. Soboroff requested that they consider building the arena in downtown Los Angeles adjacent to the convention center. This proposal intrigued Roski and Anschutz, and soon a plan to develop the arena was devised.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Months of negotiations ensued between Anschutz and city officials, with Roski and John Semcken of Majestic Realty Co. spearheading the negotiations for the real estate developers. The negotiations grew contentious at times and the real estate developers threatened to pull out altogether on more than one occasion. The main opposition came from Councilman Joel Wachs, who opposed utilizing public funds to subsidize the proposed project, and councilwoman Rita Walters, who objected to parts of it.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Ultimately, the developers and city leaders reached an agreement, and in 1997, construction broke ground on the new building, which opened two years later. It was financed privately at a cost of US$375 million and is named for the office-supply company Staples, Inc., which was one of the center's corporate sponsors that paid for naming rights. Staples' 20-year naming rights deal was renewed in 2009. The arena opened on October 17, 1999, with a Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band concert as its inaugural event.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: On October 21, 2009, the arena celebrated its tenth anniversary. To commemorate the occasion, the venue's official web site nominated 25 of the arena's greatest moments from its first ten years with fans voting on the top ten.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: During the late summer of 2010, modifications were made to the arena, including refurbished locker rooms for the Lakers, Kings, and Clippers and the installation of a new US$10 million HD center-hung video scoreboard and jumbotron, replacing the original one that had been in place since the building opened in 1999. The Panasonic Live 4HD scoreboard was officially unveiled on September 22, 2010, as AEG and Staples Center executives, as well as player representatives from the Lakers (Sasha Vujacic), Clippers (Craig Smith), and Kings (Matt Greene) were on hand for the presentation.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: On January 15, 2018, in the aftermath of an NBA basketball game between the Houston Rockets and the Los Angeles Clippers, point guard Chris Paul utilized a secret tunnel (connecting the away team's locker room to the backdoor of the Clippers locker room) to confront former Clipper teammates Austin Rivers and Blake Griffin. Paul was joined by teammates Trevor Ariza, James Harden, and Gerald Green to confront the opponents, which only resulted in verbal altercations.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Following the sudden death of former basketball player Kobe Bryant in January 2020, a number of media outlets picked up on a phrase used by some, referring to the arena as "The House That Kobe Built", due to his historic 20-year career with the Lakers.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: On November 16, 2021, it was announced that the naming rights to the Staples Center had been acquired by Singapore-based cryptocurrency exchange Crypto.com, renaming it Crypto.com Arena effective December 25, 2021 (with the changeover coinciding with the Lakers' nationally televised Christmas Day game). The deal was reported to be valued at $700 million over 20 years, in comparison to the $116 million paid by Staples under its previous 20-year agreement.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band were the first act to perform at the venue on its opening in 1999. Dave Matthews Band famously played the venue twice in 2008, despite the first show being the day of founding member and saxophonist LeRoi Moore's death.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: After his death in 2009, Michael Jackson's memorial service was held at the arena; its operator AEG had promoted the This Is It residency that Jackson had been scheduled to perform at The O2 Arena in London prior to his death. Rapper Nipsey Hussle's memorial service was also held at the venue on April 11, 2019.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: It hosted the 1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards in 2000 and the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards. Mexican superstar Jenni Rivera, known as La Diva de la Banda, became the first Regional Mexican artist to sell out the Crypto.com Arena as the single headliner on September 3, 2011. She had two Surprise guests, Olga Tañón and Alejandra Guzman


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Taylor Swift has performed 16 sellouts at Crypto.com Arena—the most of any performer at the venue. On August 21, 2015, prior to one of her performances on the 1989 Tour, Kobe Bryant presented Swift with a banner commemorating this achievement, which was hung in the arena's rafters. The Taylor Swift banner, however, became the subject of a curse among Lakers and Kings fans, who suspected that the banner was contributing to their teams' respective playoff droughts. Eventually, the Kings began to hide the Taylor Swift banner during home games, and the banner was taken down entirely in December 2020.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Mexican musicians Gloria Trevi and Alejandra Guzmán played two sellout shows at the arena in 2017. Green Day closed out the Super Bowl Music Fest on February 12, 2022. They played well past midnight, going past their planned setlist and improvising an encore of deep tracks.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: The annual Grammy Awards ceremony has been held at Crypto.com Arena since 2000, with the exception of 2003, 2018, 2021 and 2022. As of 2020, the venue has hosted the Grammy Awards 19 times, hosting more than any other venue in the history of the Grammy Awards.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: The venue opened in 1999 as the home of the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers (NBA), and Los Angeles Kings of the NHL. The Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA joined in 2001, while the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA D-League joined in 2006. It became home to the Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League in 2000 until the team's discontinuation in 2009. The 2000 Democratic National Convention was held at the venue.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Since its opening day, the arena has hosted seven NBA Finals series with the Lakers, the 2012 and 2014 Stanley Cup Finals, three WNBA Finals, the 2002 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, the 52nd and 62nd NHL All-Star game, three NBA All-Star Games (2004, 2011 and 2018), the Pac-10 Conference men's basketball tournament (2002–12), the WTA Tour Championships (2002–05), UFC 60 in 2006, UFC 104 in 2009, UFC 184 in 2015, UFC 227 in 2018, the 2009 World Figure Skating Championships, the Summer X Games indoor competitions (2003–13), and several HBO Championship Boxing matches.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: On January 22, 2006, Los Angeles Lakers player Kobe Bryant scored a career-high 81 points in the Crypto.com Arena against the Toronto Raptors, the second-highest number of points scored in a single game in NBA history, second only to Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point performance. Of the team's six NBA championships since moving to the venue, the Lakers have celebrated their and victories at Crypto.com Arena with series-winning victories at home.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Prior to the 2006–07 NBA season, the lighting inside the arena was modified for Lakers games. The lights were focused only on the court itself (hence the promotional "Lights Out" campaign), reminiscent of the Lakers' early years at The Forum. The initial fan reaction was positive and has been a fixture on home games since. The Daktronics see-through shot clock was first installed prior to the 2008–09 NBA season. The Clippers adopted the new see-through shot clock prior to the 2010–11 NBA season. For Sparks games, the court used is named after Sparks player Lisa Leslie, and was officially named prior to the 2009 home opener against the Shock on June 23, 2006.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: The Los Angeles Kings hosted the 2010 NHL Entry Draft at the arena in June 2010. In 2012, the Clippers, Kings, and Lakers all advanced to their leagues' respective playoffs, with the Kings ultimately playing their first Stanley Cup Finals at the arena; on June 11, the Kings defeated the New Jersey Devils in Game 6 to win their first Stanley Cup in franchise history.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: The Lakers unveiled a new hardwood court before their preseason game on October 13, 2012. Taking a cue from soccer clubs, the primary center court logo was adorned with 16 stars, representing the 16 championships the Lakers franchise has won. A 17th star was added to the court and unveiled before their regular season opener on December 22, 2020, to represent the franchise winning its 17th championship in the 2020 NBA Finals.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: In 2018, the arena hosted Monster Jam for the very first time. In 2019, the PBR Unleash the Beast Series hosted its Iron Cowboy event at the arena, marking the first PBR event to be held there. On June 9, 2019, the ACE Family hosted a charity basketball game against singer Chris Brown.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: On November 9, 2019, the arena hosted KSI vs. Logan Paul II, a boxing event headlined by a rematch between the two YouTubers. On February 24, 2020, the arena hosted a celebration of life for Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gianna following the 2020 Calabasas helicopter crash. On November 28, 2020, the arena hosted the boxing event Mike Tyson vs. Roy Jones Jr.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Crypto.com Arena is expected to host basketball during the 2028 Summer Olympics. Per IOC rules, the venue must be referred to under a generic name for the duration of the Games.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Along with hosting many episodes of "Monday Night Raw" and "Friday Night SmackDown", such as the latter's debut on "Fox" on October 4, 2019, Crypto.com Arena has also hosted the following WWE pay-per-views:


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: The last WWE event the arena hosted before its name got changed to "Crypto.com Arena" was "WWE SmackDown" on December 10, 2021. It will host "WWE SmackDown" and the 2023 Hall of Fame Ceremony on March 31, 2023 as well as NXT Stand & Deliver on April 2 and "WWE Raw" on April 4, as part of WrestleMania 39 weekend.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: Staples Center was named Best Major Concert Venue for 1998 and Arena of the Year for 1999, 2000 and 2001 by "Pollstar" Magazine and has been nominated each year since 2000. In February 2013, PETA named the arena the most "vegetarian-friendly" arena in the NBA.


title: Crypto.com Arena

text: The Crypto.com Arena is only a part of a development by Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) adjoining the arena and the Los Angeles Convention Center. The development, known as L.A. Live, broke ground on September 15, 2005. L.A. Live is designed to offer entertainment, retail and residential programming in the downtown Los Angeles area.


title: Branches of science

text: The branches of science, also referred to as sciences, scientific fields or scientific disciplines, are commonly divided into three major groups:


title: Branches of science

text: Scientific knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and must be capable of being verified by other researchers working under the same conditions. This verifiability may well vary even "within" a scientific discipline.


title: Branches of science

text: Natural, social, and formal science make up the fundamental sciences, which form the basis of interdisciplinarity- and applied sciences such as engineering and medicine. Specialized scientific disciplines that exist in multiple categories may include parts of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminologies and expertises.


title: Branches of science

text: The "formal sciences" are the branches of science that are concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, theoretical computer science, information theory, systems theory, decision theory, statistics.


title: Branches of science

text: Unlike other branches, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of theories based on observations in the real world (empirical knowledge), but rather with the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules. Hence there is disagreement on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science. Methods of the formal sciences are, however, essential to the construction and testing of scientific models dealing with observable reality, and major advances in formal sciences have often enabled major advances in the empirical sciences.


title: Branches of science

text: "Logic" (from Greek: ) is the systematic study of valid rules of inference, i.e. the relations that lead to the acceptance of one proposition (the conclusion) on the basis of a set of other propositions (premises). More broadly, logic is the analysis and appraisal of arguments.


title: Branches of science

text: It has traditionally included the classification of arguments; the systematic exposition of the logical forms; the validity and soundness of deductive reasoning; the strength of inductive reasoning; the study of formal proofs and inference (including paradoxes and fallacies); and the study of syntax and semantics.


title: Branches of science

text: Historically, logic has been studied in philosophy (since ancient times) and mathematics (since the mid-19th century). More recently, logic has been studied in cognitive science, which draws on computer science, linguistics, philosophy and psychology, among other disciplines.


title: Branches of science

text: "Mathematics", in the broadest sense, is just a synonym of formal science; but traditionally mathematics means more specifically the coalition of four areas: arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and analysis, which are, to some degree, the study of quantity, structure, space, and change respectively.


title: Branches of science

text: "Statistics" is the study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.


title: Branches of science

text: A statistician is someone who is particularly well versed in the ways of thinking necessary for the successful application of statistical analysis. Such people have often gained this experience through working in any of a wide number of fields. There is also a discipline called "mathematical statistics", which is concerned with the theoretical basis of the subject.


title: Branches of science

text: The word "statistics", when referring to the scientific discipline, is singular, as in "Statistics is an art." This should not be confused with the word "statistic", referring to a quantity (such as mean or median) calculated from a set of data, whose plural is "statistics" ("this statistic seems wrong" or "these statistics are misleading").


title: Branches of science

text: "Systems theory" is the transdisciplinary study of systems in general, to elucidate principles that can be applied to all types of systems in all fields of research. The term does not yet have a well-established, precise meaning, but systems theory can reasonably be considered a specialization of systems thinking and a generalization of systems science. The term originates from Bertalanffy's General System Theory (GST) and is used in later efforts in other fields, such as the action theory of Talcott Parsons and the sociological autopoiesis of Niklas Luhmann.


title: Branches of science

text: In this context the word "systems" is used to refer specifically to self-regulating systems, i.e. that are self-correcting through feedback. Self-regulating systems are found in nature, including the physiological systems of our body, in local and global ecosystems, and climate.


title: Branches of science

text: "Decision theory" (or the "theory of choice" not to be confused with choice theory) is the study of an agent's choices. Decision theory can be broken into two branches: normative decision theory, which analyzes the outcomes of decisions or determines the optimal decisions given constraints and assumptions, and descriptive decision theory, which analyzes "how" agents actually make the decisions they do.


title: Branches of science

text: Decision theory is closely related to the field of game theory and is an interdisciplinary topic, studied by economists, statisticians, psychologists, biologists, political and other social scientists, philosophers, and computer scientists.


title: Branches of science

text: Empirical applications of this rich theory are usually done with the help of statistical and econometric methods.


title: Branches of science

text: "Theoretical computer science" ("TCS") is a subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on more mathematical topics of computing, and includes the theory of computation.


title: Branches of science

text: It is difficult to circumscribe the theoretical areas precisely. The ACM's Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory (SIGACT) provides the following description:


title: Branches of science

text: "Natural science" is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances.


title: Branches of science

text: Natural science can be divided into two main branches: life science and physical science. Life science is alternatively known as biology, and physical science is subdivided into branches: physics, chemistry, astronomy and Earth science. These branches of natural science may be further divided into more specialized branches (also known as fields)


title: Branches of science

text: "Physical science" is an encompassing term for the branches of natural science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the life sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena. There is a difference between physical science and physics.


title: Branches of science

text: "Physics" (from ) is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.


title: Branches of science

text: Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 16th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Certain research areas are interdisciplinary, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, which means that the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries physicalism emerged as a major unifying feature of the philosophy of science as physics provides fundamental explanations for every observed natural phenomenon. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening to new research areas in mathematics and philosophy.


title: Branches of science

text: "Chemistry" (the etymology of the word has been much disputed) is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned by the composition, behavior (or reaction), structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It is a physical science which studies various substances, atoms, molecules, and matter (especially carbon based). Example sub-disciplines of chemistry include: biochemistry, the study of substances found in biological organisms; physical chemistry, the study of chemical processes using physical concepts such as thermodynamics and quantum mechanics; and analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Many more specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years, e.g. neurochemistry the chemical study of the nervous system.


title: Branches of science

text: "Earth science" (also known as "geoscience", "the geosciences" or "the Earth sciences") is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. The formal discipline of Earth sciences may include the study of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere, as well as the solid earth. Typically Earth scientists will use tools from physics, chemistry, biology, geography, chronology and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works, and how it evolved to its current state.


title: Branches of science

text: "Geology" (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, "gē" ("earth") and -λoγία, "-logia", ("study of", "discourse")) is an Earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology can also include the study of the solid features of any terrestrial planet or natural satellite such as Mars or the Moon. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Earth sciences, including hydrology and the atmospheric sciences, and so is treated as one major aspect of integrated Earth system science and planetary science.


title: Branches of science

text: "Oceanography", or "marine science", is the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean. It covers a wide range of topics, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the seafloor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within it: biology, chemistry, geology, meteorology, and physics as well as geography.


title: Branches of science

text: "Meteorology" is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere. Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 17th century. The 19th century saw breakthroughs occur after observing networks developed across several countries. After the development of the computer in the latter half of the 20th century, breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved.


title: Branches of science

text: "Space science" is the study of everything in outer space. This has sometimes been called astronomy, but recently astronomy has come to be regarded as a division of broader space science, which has grown to include other related fields, such as studying issues related to space travel and space exploration (including space medicine), space archaeology and science performed in outer space (see "space research").


title: Branches of science

text: "Life science", also known as "biology", is the natural science that studies life such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings, – including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development, and evolution. Despite the complexity of the science, certain unifying concepts consolidate it into a single, coherent field. Biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the creation and extinction of species. Living organisms are open systems that survive by transforming energy and decreasing their local entropy to maintain a stable and vital condition defined as homeostasis.


title: Branches of science

text: "Biochemistry", or "biological chemistry", is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. It is a sub-discipline of both biology and chemistry, and from a reductionist point of view it is fundamental in biology. Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, and physiology.


title: Branches of science

text: "Microbiology" is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology and parasitology.


title: Branches of science

text: "Botany", also called "plant science(s)", "plant biology" or "phytology", is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants (including approximately 369,000 species of flowering plants), and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes.


title: Branches of science

text: "Zoology" () is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, "zōion", i.e. "animal" and λόγος, "logos", i.e. "knowledge, study". Some branches of zoology include: anthrozoology, arachnology, archaeozoology, cetology, embryology, entomology, helminthology, herpetology, histology, ichthyology, malacology, mammalogy, morphology, nematology, ornithology, palaeozoology, pathology, primatology, protozoology, taxonomy, and zoogeography.


title: Branches of science

text: "Ecology" (from , "house", or "environment"; , "study of") is a branch of biology concerning interactions among organisms and their biophysical environment, which includes both biotic and abiotic components. Topics of interest include the biodiversity, distribution, biomass, and populations of organisms, as well as cooperation and competition within and between species. Ecosystems are dynamically interacting systems of organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and niche construction, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits.


title: Branches of science

text: "Social science" is the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of society", established in the 19th century. In addition to sociology, it now encompasses a wide array of academic disciplines, including anthropology, archaeology, economics, human geography, linguistics, political science, and psychology.


title: Branches of science

text: Positivist social scientists use methods resembling those of the natural sciences as tools for understanding society, and so define science in its stricter modern sense. Interpretivist social scientists, by contrast, may use social critique or symbolic interpretation rather than constructing empirically falsifiable theories. In modern academic practice, researchers are often eclectic, using multiple methodologies (for instance, by combining both quantitative and qualitative research). The term "social research" has also acquired a degree of autonomy as practitioners from various disciplines share in its aims and methods.


title: Branches of science

text: "Applied science" is the use of existing scientific knowledge to achieve practical goals, like technology or inventions.


title: Branches of science

text: Within natural science, disciplines that are basic science develop basic "information" to explain and perhaps predict phenomena in the natural world. Applied science is the use of scientific processes and knowledge as the means to achieve a particularly practical or useful result. This includes a broad range of applied science-related fields, including engineering and medicine.


title: Branches of science

text: Applied science can also apply formal science, such as statistics and probability theory, as in epidemiology. Genetic epidemiology is an applied science applying both biological and statistical methods.


title: Branches of science

text: OpenAlex and Scholia can be used to visualize and explore scientific fields and research topics. Metascience refers to or includes a field of science that is about science itself.


title: The Machinist

text: The Machinist is a 2004 psychological thriller film directed by Brad Anderson and written by Scott Kosar. It stars Christian Bale as the title character, a machinist struggling with guilt, paranoia, and delusion after being unable to sleep for an entire year. Jennifer Jason Leigh, Aitana Sánchez-Gijón, John Sharian, and Michael Ironside appear in supporting roles.


title: The Machinist

text: The film drew attention due to Bale's commitment, having lost in preparation for his role. Upon release, "The Machinist" was well received by critics, with praise for Bale's performance, and grossed $8.2 million on a $5 million budget. In later years it has gained a cult status.


title: The Machinist

text: Trevor Reznik is a machinist whose insomnia has led to him becoming emaciated. His appearance and behavior keep his coworkers away, and they eventually turn against him when he is involved in an accident, which causes his coworker, Miller, to lose his left arm. Trevor, who was distracted by an unfamiliar coworker named Ivan, is blamed for the accident. No one at the factory knows of Ivan and there are no records of him. Trevor seems to find comfort in the arms of Stevie, a prostitute with genuine affection for him, and with Maria, a waitress at an airport diner he frequents. He is haunted by brief flashes of recurring imagery, and things such as his car cigarette lighter take on a menacing air. A mysterious series of post-it notes appear on his refrigerator, depicting a game of hangman.


title: The Machinist

text: These vague incidents send him further into paranoia, but he nonetheless attempts to establish a relationship with Maria. Meeting her at an amusement park, Trevor goes with her son Nicholas on a dark ride called "Route 666". The ride starts as a harmless scare ride, but begins to show increasingly disturbing images as it advances, until its flashing lights cause Nicholas to suffer an epileptic seizure. No longer able to think clearly, Trevor suspects that the bizarre events are a concerted effort to drive him insane, as do recurring clues such as a photo of Ivan fishing with Trevor's coworker Reynolds, which he discovers in Ivan's wallet when Ivan leaves it unattended in a pub. Another near-accident at work causes Trevor to lash out in rage at his coworkers; as a result, he is immediately fired. Increasingly distracted and alienated, Trevor forgets to pay his utility bills and his electricity is disconnected. A dark, viscous liquid begins trickling out of the freezer, coating the refrigerator door with streaks of what appears to be blood.


title: The Machinist

text: After several attempts to confront Ivan, Trevor tries to trace his license plate, but runs out of gas while in pursuit of his car. When a DMV clerk insists that personal information cannot be released unless a crime has been committed, Trevor throws himself in front of a car in order to accuse Ivan of committing a hit and run. He files a police report with Ivan's plate number, only to be baffled when he is told that the car in question is his own, and that he had reported it totaled one year ago. He flees the police and goes to Stevie, who bathes and clothes him, but he is disturbed by the discovery of the photo of Ivan and Reynolds framed in her home. Trevor accuses her of conspiring against him. Confused, Stevie says the picture is of Reynolds and Trevor, but he refuses to look at it, and after a violent argument, Stevie throws him out. He goes to the airport diner, but is told by an unfamiliar waitress that they've never had an employee named Maria. The waitress at the counter tells Trevor she has served him every day for a year, and, in all that time, he spoke so little that she thought he was mute.


title: The Machinist

text: Trevor sees Ivan take Nicholas into Trevor's apartment and, fearing the worst, sneaks inside. Nicholas is nowhere to be seen and doesn't respond to Trevor's calls. He confronts Ivan in the bathroom and kills him after a struggle. He pulls back the shower curtain, only to find the bathtub empty. He goes to the refrigerator and opens it to find rotting fish, matching those in the fishing photo, which he at last realizes was of himself with Reynolds, just as Stevie claimed; Trevor hallucinated Ivan's presence in the photo. Trevor now remembers taking a rolled-up carpet containing what he thought was Ivan's body to the ocean to dispose of it, only for the rug to become unrolled and reveal nothing inside. A figure holding a flashlight who approached Trevor from behind turns out to be Ivan, who laughs as he tells Trevor that he has some explaining to do.


title: The Machinist

text: Trevor stares into a mirror at home, repeating the words, "I know who you are." It is revealed that one year prior, a then-healthy Trevor ran over and killed a boy (identical to Nicholas) after taking his eyes off the road to use the car's cigarette lighter, which was witnessed by the boy's mother (identical to Maria). Trevor fled the scene in his car, and the resulting guilt became the root of his insomnia, emaciation and repressed memories. Ivan was a figment of Trevor's imagination and a manifestation of himself before the accident. He fills the missing letters on the hangman note, spelling out "killer". He briefly considers going to the airport to escape, but instead drives to police headquarters. He is accompanied by a silent but encouraging Ivan, who bids him an approving farewell outside the station as he enters and confesses to the hit-and-run. Two police officers escort Trevor to a cell, where after stating that he only wants to sleep, he does, for the first time in a year.


title: The Machinist

text: Despite its setting in California, the film was shot in its entirety in and around Barcelona, Spain. It was produced by the "Fantastic Factory" label of Filmax and Castelao Productions.


title: The Machinist

text: Christian Bale strenuously dieted for over four months prior to filming, as his character needed to look drastically thin. According to a biography of Bale written by his former assistant, this daily diet consisted of "water, an apple and one cup of coffee per day, with the occasional whiskey" (approximately 55–260 calories). According to the DVD commentary, he lost , reducing his body weight to . Bale wanted to continue down to , but the filmmakers would not allow it due to health concerns. In fact, the target weight to which the 6 ft (183 cm) Bale dropped was intended for a much shorter actor, but Bale insisted on seeing if he could make it anyway. At the end of filming he was left with just six weeks to regain enough mass to be ready for the screen test for his role in "Batman Begins", which he achieved through weightlifting and binging on pizzas and ice cream.


title: The Machinist

text: The name Trevor Reznik is derived from Trent Reznor, the founder and primary creative force behind the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, and the original script had Nine Inch Nails lyrics on the first page. Other Nine Inch Nails tributes include early press articles describing Reznik as experiencing a ""downward spiral"".


title: The Machinist

text: However, the strongest literary influence is the Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky. In the DVD commentary, writer Scott Kosar states that he was influenced by Dostoyevsky's novel "The Double".


title: The Machinist

text: "The Machinist" opened on 22 October 2004 in three theatres in North America and grossed $1,082,715 with an average of $21,553 per theatre ranking 45th at the box office. The film's widest release was 72 theatres and it grossed $1,082,715 in North America and $7,120,520 in other countries for a total of $8,203,235.


title: The Machinist

text: "The Machinist" has a score of 77% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 143 reviews and an average rating of 6.65/10. The critical consensus states: "Brad Anderson's dark psychological thriller about a sleepless factory worker is elevated by Christian Bale's astonishingly committed performance." On Metacritic the film has a score of 61% based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Machinist

text: Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four and stated in his review for the film: "The director Brad Anderson, working from a screenplay by Scott Kosar, wants to convey a state of mind, and he and Bale do that with disturbing effectiveness. The photography by Xavi Gimenez and Charlie Jiminez is cold slates, blues and grays, the palate of despair. We see Trevor's world so clearly through his eyes that only gradually does it occur to us that every life is seen through a filter. We get up in the morning in possession of certain assumptions through which all of our experiences must filter. We cannot be rid of those assumptions, although an evolved person can at least try to take them into account. Most people never question their assumptions, and so reality exists for them as they think it does, whether it does or not. Some assumptions are necessary to make life bearable, such as the assumption that we will not die in the next 10 minutes. Others may lead us, as they lead Trevor, into a bleak solitude. Near the end of the movie, we understand him when he simply says, 'I just want to sleep.'"


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: Fresh Off the Boat is an American sitcom television series created by Nahnatchka Khan and produced by 20th Century Fox Television for ABC. It is loosely inspired by the life of chef and food personality Eddie Huang and ; Huang also executive produced the series and narrated its first season. Depicting the life of a Taiwanese-American family in Florida in the 1990s, the series stars Randall Park, Constance Wu, Hudson Yang, Forrest Wheeler, Ian Chen, and Lucille Soong as the Huang family as well as Chelsey Crisp and Ray Wise portraying the family's next-door neighbors.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: The series premiered its first two episodes on ABC in February 2015 to positive critical reception, becoming the first network television sitcom in the U.S. to feature a family of Asian Americans as main characters in over 20 years. Prior to its second season, the series went through a retooling, which included Huang's departure as narrator. It received accolades as well as nominations for major awards, such as Critics' Choice Television Award and NAACP Image Award nominations. After becoming the first series featuring an all Asian American main cast to broadcast over 100 episodes, it concluded in February 2020 after six seasons.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: Set between the years of 1995 and 2000, the series revolves around the Huangs (the Mandarin equivalent of Wong), a Taiwanese-American family comprising parents Louis and Jessica, their children Eddie, Emery, and Evan, and Louis's mother, Jenny, following their relocation from Chinatown of Washington, D.C. to Orlando, Florida to open a cowboy-themed steakhouse. Season two chronicles the burgeoning success of the family-owned restaurant, named Cattleman's Ranch, Jessica's partnership with the Huangs' neighbor Honey on a business venture, and Eddie's troublemaking tendencies as well as his relationship with his mother. The third season sees the Huang family continue to assimilate into their community, with Jessica obtaining her U.S. citizenship and deciding how she wants to parent her sons, each of the Huang children continuing their schooling, and Louis contemplating selling the steakhouse.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: The fourth season narrates Jessica as she pens her novel titled "A Case of a Knife to the Brain" and Eddie as he enters Freshman year while also supporting his friend and neighbor Nicole after she comes out as gay, while the fifth sees Jessica's unsuccessful novel release and the events that follow; the pregnancy of Honey, the Huangs' neighbor and Jessica's best friend; and Eddie entering a cultural exchange program to visit Taiwan. The final season follows Jessica becoming an educator, Louis becoming a business consultant, Evan undergoing puberty, Emery taking up acting, and Eddie contemplating his future as he approaches the end of his high school years.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: Eddie Huang's 2013 autobiography, "Fresh Off the Boat", caught the attention of television networks upon its release, with ABC and 20th Century Fox Television ordering a pilot episode for a series based on the memoir in August. Writer Nahnatchka Khan, who was known as the creator and executive producer of fellow ABC sitcom "Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23", was hired to write and executive produce the pilot, while Huang himself was brought on as an executive producer. In February 2014, Constance Wu and Randall Park were the first two actors announced to star in the series as its leads. A month later, it was announced that Hudson Yang would be portraying Huang in the series.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: After the series was titled "Far East Orlando" during its development stage, Huang led a Twitter campaign to change the title to that of his autobiography. Regarding the title change, Khan stated that "going the 'unsafe' route and picking a title that announces itself and doesn't apologize made sense." In May 2014, ABC announced a full season order of the series during the May 2014 upfront to air in 2015 as a mid-season replacement.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: With its premiere on February 4, 2015, "Fresh Off the Boat" became the first U.S. television sitcom starring an Asian American family to air on network primetime since Margaret Cho's "All-American Girl", which aired for one season in 1994. Khan stated that even though she herself was not Chinese, she was not worried about inauthenticity because she was "focused on character and comedy and story". Regarding balancing the representation of the Asian American experience versus the specificity of the characterization of the Huang family, Wu stated: "Specificity is what makes good storytelling, and good storytelling is what makes money, and making money is then what encourages new producers to invest in different stories about Asians." In a 2015 interview, Wu further stated that after the first season, she had become more comfortable asking the show's staff to change particular details, for example changing "generic Asian food [in a scene] ... to a 1,000-year-old black egg with tofu and scallions, [which] will be a little more specific, and specificity is just better for character, and it's more interesting than, say, tofu and rice." The series also regularly features dialogues in Mandarin.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: Khan stepped down as the series' showrunner in 2019 while remaining a consulting producer for the rest of the series; she was replaced by producers Keith Hesler and Matt Kuhn. Regarding directing, recurring directors throughout the series include Lynn Shelton, who directed the pilot and went on to direct a total of nine episodes, Claire Scanlon, Anya Adams, and Gail Mancuso. Park made his directorial debut as the director of the final episode of the series.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: While it is set in Orlando, Florida, "Fresh Off the Boat" was mainly filmed in Stage 14, located at 20th Century Fox in Century City in Los Angeles. During the production of the third season, the series conducted filming in Taipei, Taiwan for three days. Filming for the series had concluded as of January 2020.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: After "Fresh Off the Boat"s first season, Eddie Huang reduced his involvement with the series, including no longer being the narrator, due to creative differences with ABC, as well as time constraints with other projects. He remains credited as an executive producer, and the show's credits continued to note that the series is based on his memoir. With Huang's departure, ABC decided not to recast the narrator role, dropping it from the series altogether.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: The series also experienced a change regarding its character focus, which was broadened to encompass the entire Huang family, namely Louis and Jessica, rather than on Eddie only. Additionally, recurring cast members Lucille Soong and Chelsey Crisp were both promoted to the main cast, while Ray Wise became a series regular beginning in season three.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: On May 7, 2015, ABC renewed "Fresh off the Boat" for a second season of 13 episodes. ABC ordered 9 additional episodes on October 13 and two more on November 17, leading to a total of 24 episodes for the second season. On March 3, 2016, ABC announced that the series has been renewed for a third season, which premiered on October 11, 2016. On May 12, 2017, ABC renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on October 3, 2017. On May 11, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on October 5.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: On May 10, 2019, ABC renewed the series for a sixth season. Wu received backlash after she posted profane tweets about the sixth season renewal. Following the tweets, Karey Burke, President of ABC Entertainment Group, stated that there were no plans to recast the role of Jessica. Wu later publicly apologized, stating that the series' renewal forced her to decline a role in a project she was passionate about, as scheduling would not permit her to do both the series and said project. She further clarified that she loved her castmates and that her tweets had nothing to do with animosity towards them. The sixth season premiered on September 27, 2019.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: On November 8, 2019, ABC announced that the series was to end following the conclusion of its sixth season. The season contained 15 episodes, with the two-part series finale airing on February 21, 2020.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: On November 8, 2014, the premiere of the pilot episode was hosted by the San Diego Asian Film Festival. The show debuted on ABC with two preview episodes on February 4, 2015. The second episode, which aired after "Modern Family", was promoted as a bonus episode, and formally premiered in its primetime slot on February 10, 2015. The first of the two preview episodes garnered 7.94 million viewers, becoming the second-highest rated comedy premiere that season.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: "Fresh Off the Boat" premiered on FOX8 in Australia on May 10, 2015; It was also picked up by Network Ten, and started airing on March 7, 2016, on its sister channel, Eleven until October 2017. It debuted on March 12, 2015, in South Africa on Fox Crime. In South Asia, "Fresh Off The Boat", airs 12 hours after the U.S. broadcast on Star World Premiere HD. In the UK, the first season originally premiered on Amazon Video on February 4, 2015. The second season premiered on September 22, 2015. On November 1, 2017 "Fresh Off the Boat" received its television premiere on Channel 5's sister channel 5Star starting with the pilot episode. In Israel, it is broadcast by satellite provider yes.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: On July 23, 2018, it was announced that American cable networks Freeform and Up TV have licensed the cable syndication rights to the first five seasons of the series. In April 2019, the series aired its 100th episode, effectively becoming the first series featuring an all Asian American cast to reach the milestone. As of November of the same year, the series is the longest-running Asian American family sitcom in television history.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: On September 29, 2015, the first season of "Fresh Off the Boat" was released on DVD. The DVD contains two discs with all 13 episodes of season-one and special features such as a gag reel, as well a "Fresh Facts Trivia Track". The second and third seasons of "Fresh Off the Boat" were simultaneously released on DVD on May 22, 2018, while the fourth season was released on June 12, 2018. On September 3, 2019, the fifth season of the series was released on DVD.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: "Fresh Off the Boat" received positive reviews. The series holds a 94% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with the site's critical consensus of the first season reading: "Once the cliched gags of "Fresh off the Boat" are superseded by a grounded truthfulness, the series evolves into a humorously charming family sitcom." It has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 28 critics, on Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: In a positive review, Lenika Cruz of "The Atlantic" praised the series' ability to "deliver consistent chuckles and cleverly subvert stereotypes of Asian American experience—even if they come wrapped in a fairly standard family-sitcom package", while "TheWrap"s Mekeisha Madden Toby remarked that the series "has soul, flavor and an incredible cast." In concurrence, Robert Lloyd of "The Los Angeles Times" commended the series as "a consistently funny and even important one, with some lovely, nuanced performances". The series' style attracted comparisons to other television sitcoms, such as "Everybody Hates Chris" for both series' usage of "'at the end of the day, we do all really love one another, even if we sometimes make each other crazy' conclusions" as well as fellow ABC sitcoms "Black-ish" for how both series are "effectively studied in talking about and spoofing race" and "The Goldbergs" in their "fun-for-the-whole-family feel-good comedy style".


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: Critics noted the series' role in increasing the visibility and accuracy of Asian Americans in arts and entertainment. Antonia Chan of the "Harvard Political Review" commented that ""Fresh Off the Boat" captures the essence of why diversity in media matters", while Ester Suh, writing for the "Huffington Post", stated that the sitcom had caused "real conversations being had about Asian American identity in addition to acknowledging the lack of inclusivity Asian Americans have had in the nation's cultural and entertainment dialogue". Brian Moylan of "The Guardian" further opined that the series "offers an Asian perspective on race relations – something we rarely see in pop culture."


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: Constance Wu's portrayal of Jessica Huang garnered praise. Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" complimented Wu's portrayal of "hysterically harsh strictness" and how it was "delivered with an impressive range that covers the blatantly angry, the dubiously befuddled, the disapproving but supportive and the flat-out odd"; moreover, "Entertainment Weekly"s Ray Rahman stated: "Every line, every expression, every under-her-breath swipe [Wu] delivers hits its mark." On February 14, 2015, "TVLine" named Wu the site's performer of the week based on her performance in the third episode of the first season, while James Poniewozik of "Time magazine" and Brian Lowry of "Variety" highlighted Wu's performance as the series' breakout.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: In terms of how the series fares in comparison to Huang's memoir, Sam Adams of IndieWire positively stated that the former was "sharp enough about race and culture to be daring, yet safe enough that no one is likely to feel excluded". David Hinckley of the "New York Daily News" felt that the series "takes the edges off some of Huang's more somber reflections on America and assimilation." Conversely, in her review for "The New Yorker", television critic Emily Nussbaum negatively compared the portrayal of Eddie Huang's relationship with his father to that in the memoir, stating: "Without a cruel bully for a father, Eddie's taste for hip-hop feels more superficial—in the book, it's an abused kid's catharsis and an identification with black history." Neil Genzlinger of "The New York Times" criticized the series' avoidance of the memoir's "edge", which was its "brash" quality.


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: Throughout the first season, Eddie Huang expressed frustration over ABC's treatment of the series, saying that it presents "an ambiguous, cornstarch story about Asian-Americans" that perpetuates "an artificial representation of Asian American lives," opining that the sitcom was adapted to suit a broader American audience. He also tweeted in April 2015, "I understand this is a comedy but the great comics speak from pain: Pryor, Rock, Louis...This show had that opportunity but it fails." Despite this, Huang deems the series a milestone for Asian American representation. He further explained in an interview on National Public Radio, "The studio and network are not on a mission to not represent us. They just don't know how to." In a 2016 interview with Constance Wu, regarding whether he watched the series, Huang stated: "I don't watch it, but I'm proud of what it does."


title: Fresh Off the Boat

text: On June 17, 2020, ABC Entertainment president Karey Burke talked about the potential for a spin-off of "Fresh Off the Boat", saying that the spin-off was not likely going to happen. The spin-off would have been titled ""Magic Motor Inn"" and would have starred Preity Zinta and Vir Das, who appeared in the episode "The Magic Motor Inn" during the show's final season.


title: Toyota Prius

text: The is a car built by Toyota which has a hybrid drivetrain, combining an internal combustion engine with an electric motor. Initially offered as a four-door sedan, it has been produced only as a five-door liftback since 2003.


title: Toyota Prius

text: In 2007, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Air Resources Board (CARB) rated the Prius as among the cleanest vehicles sold in the United States on the basis of smog-forming emissions. The 2018 model year Prius Eco ranked as the second-most-fuel-efficient gasoline-powered car without plug-in capability available in the US that year, following the Hyundai Ioniq Blue hybrid.


title: Toyota Prius

text: The Prius first went on sale in Japan in 1997, and was available at all four Toyota Japan dealership chains, making it the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle. It was subsequently introduced worldwide in 2000. Toyota sells the Prius in over 90 markets, with Japan and the United States being its largest markets. Global cumulative Prius liftback sales reached the milestone 1 million vehicle mark in May 2008, 2 million in September 2010, and passed the 3 million mark in June 2013. Cumulative sales of one million were achieved in the U.S. by early April 2011, and Japan reached the 1 million mark in August 2011. , the Prius ranked as the world's top selling hybrid car with 5 million units sold.


title: Toyota Prius

text: In 2011, Toyota expanded the Prius family to include the Prius v, an MPV, and the Prius c, a subcompact hatchback. The production version of the Prius plug-in hybrid was released in 2012. The second generation of the plug-in variant, the Prius Prime, was released in the U.S. in November 2016. The Prime achieved the highest miles per gallon equivalent (MPGe) rating in all-electric mode of any vehicle rated by EPA with an internal combustion engine. Global sales of the Prius c variant passed the one million mark during the first half of 2015. The Prius family totaled global cumulative sales of 6.1 million units in January 2017, representing 61% of the 10 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota since 1997.


title: Toyota Prius

text: In February 2011, Toyota USA asked the US public to decide on what the most proper plural form of Prius should be, with choices including Prien, Prii, Prium, Prius, or Priuses. The company announced on 20 February that "Prii" was the most popular choice, and the new official plural designation in the US.


title: Toyota Prius

text: In Latin "prius" is the neuter singular of the comparative form ("prior", "prior", "prius") of an adjective with only comparative and superlative (the superlative being "primus", "prima", "primum"). As with all neuter words, the Latin plural is "priora", but that brand name was used by the "Lada Priora" in 2007. Despite the "official" plural form used by Toyota USA, "Priuses" is widely used in English.