passage: Crusaders , Mamelukes , and Turks : The Crusaders established a feudal Christian state with Godfrey at its head .
  They built many impressive churches during the term of the first Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem , but in 1187 they were driven out by Muslim forces under the great warrior Saladin .
  During the Sixth Crusade ( 1228– 1229 ) , the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II managed to secure Jerusalem for the Christians by negotiation .
  The Christians , however , could not hold the city .
  After they lost Jerusalem , a Mongol invasion swept through , and in 1244 the Mameluke dynasty of Egypt took control , ruling Jerusalem for the next 250 years .
  The city struggled to rebuild from Crusader wars and invasions .
  Much of the best Islamic architecture in the city was constructed in the Mameluke era , but the past thousand years had taken their toll : Jerusalem was unable to regain the prosperity it had enjoyed in earlier times .
  In the early 16th century , the Ottoman Turkish Empire was advancing through the Middle East .
  Jerusalem fell to the Ottomans in 1517 , remaining under their control for 400 years .
  Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilt the walls and gates in the form they retain to this day .
  Fountains , inns , religious schools , and barracks were constructed .
  But when Suleiman died , his empire , including Jerusalem , began a long period of decline .
  The Holy City remained a backwater until the 19th century , when renewed interest among Christian pilgrims made it the destination of thousands of travelers each year .
query_and_answer: Who was driven out by Muslim forces under the great warrior Saladin in 1187 ? || Templars
evidences: Crusaders , Mamelukes , and Turks : The Crusaders established a feudal Christian state with Godfrey at its head . They built many impressive churches during the term of the first Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem , but in 1187 they were driven out by Muslim forces under the great warrior Saladin .