Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

: Prognosis

Many patients with a subarachnoid hemorrhage do not survive long enough to reach a hospital. Of those who do, the prognosis depends upon the severity of the initial brain damage. If the person is awake and has minimal or no neurological abnormalities, the immediate prognosis is good. However, the person's condition can change rapidly.  Without treatment of an aneurysm or AVM that bled, the risk of rebleeding is significant. Successful treatment greatly lowers this risk.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subdural hematoma

: What is it?

A subdural hematoma occurs when a blood vessel near the surface of the brain bursts. Blood builds up between the brain and the brain's tough outer lining. The condition is also called a subdural hemorrhage. In a subdural hematoma, blood collects immediately beneath the dura mater. The dura mater is the outermost layer of the meninges. The meninges is the three-layer protective covering of the brain. A subdural hematoma is a life-threatening problem because it can compress the brain.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subdural hematoma

: Symptoms

Acute subdural hemorrhage usually develops after severe head trauma. Injuries that result in this condition are typically forceful enough to cause a temporary loss of consciousness. Usually, in the minutes to hours after head injury, the person recovers consciousness. Then, the person gradually loses consciousness again, this time from subdural bleeding. Other common symptoms of an acute subdural hemorrhage include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subdural hematoma

: Diagnosis

All head injuries should be evaluated promptly by a physician. This is especially true if there has been any loss of consciousness. A doctor usually will want to know
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subdural hematoma

: Expected duration

An acute subdural hemorrhage develops over minutes to hours. If not diagnosed and treated promptly, it can cause severe brain injury and sometimes death. A chronic subdural hemorrhage develops over many days to weeks. The symptoms may be subtle and develop so slowly that the person and family are not alarmed. As is the case with any brain injury, symptoms can be slow to go away after treatment. Some symptoms may be permanent. Occasionally, a subdural hematoma is small enough that you may not need surgery to remove the blood. The blood will be reabsorbed gradually by the body. This process may require a few months. But it is sometimes the safest treatment plan.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subdural hematoma

: Prevention

Accidents, including head injuries, are the leading cause of death in young people. Many of these accidents are related to drugs and alcohol. Many others could be prevented with simple precautions or safety equipment. To help prevent head injuries:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subdural hematoma

: Treatment

An acute subdural hemorrhage requires immediate medical attention. In most cases, emergency surgery must be done to drain the hematoma and to control bleeding. In contrast, only some chronic subdural hemorrhages require emergency surgery. Most physicians will recommend surgery for larger hemorrhages and those that cause neurological symptoms. However, treatment with bed rest, medications, and observation may be reasonable in some cases. This may be the case for smaller hematomas that cause minimal or no symptoms. People who develop a subdural hemorrhage are at risk of seizures. Seizures may occur even after the hematoma has been treated.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subdural hematoma

: When to call a professional

Call for emergency assistance if you find someone unconscious at an accident scene. Also seek immediate attention if someone with a head injury experiences
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subdural hematoma

: Prognosis

The outlook for acute subdural hemorrhages generally is guarded and some people die even with prompt surgery. Usually there are injuries to other parts of the brain from the trauma. This tends to be true regardless of the size of the hematoma. Many of those who survive may be left with permanent neurological problems. The prognosis for an acute or chronic subdural hematoma is best in people who:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subdural hematoma

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/
 
Brain Injury Association of America

https://www.biausa.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sun-damaged skin

: What is it?

Although most people love the warmth and light of the sun, too much sun exposure can significantly damage human skin. The sun's heat dries out areas of unprotected skin and depletes the skin's supply of natural lubricating oils. In addition, the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause burning and long-term changes in the skin's structure. The most common types of sun damage to the skin are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sun-damaged skin

: Symptoms

Sun-damaged skin shows the following symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sun-damaged skin

: Diagnosis

In most cases, your doctor can confirm that you have sun-damaged skin simply by examining the area. Often, a biopsy is done to rule out skin cancer in a patch of actinic keratosis. In a biopsy, a small piece of skin is removed and examined in a laboratory.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sun-damaged skin

: Expected duration

The painful redness of sunburn will fade within a few days, provided that you do not re-expose your injured skin to the sun without using a sunblock or sunscreen. Some sun damage is permanent, although prescription medications, nonprescription remedies and skin-resurfacing treatments may improve the skin's appearance.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sun-damaged skin

: Prevention

You can help to prevent sun-damaged skin by taking the following steps:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sun-damaged skin

: Treatment

The type of treatment depends on the form of sun damage:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sun-damaged skin

: When to call a professional

Call your primary care physician or a dermatologist (a doctor who specializes in skin problems) if you have any of the following problems:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sun-damaged skin

: Prognosis

Sun damage may result in a permanent cosmetic concern. Some treatments for actinic keratoses can leave a pale (de-pigmented) area of the skin surface. More important than appearance is the long-term impact of sun damage on your chances of developing skin cancer. The more unprotected sun exposure you have during your lifetime, the greater your risk of skin cancer, especially if you have a light complexion.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sun-damaged skin

: Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

https://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org/
 
National Cancer Institute (NCI)

https://www.cancer.gov/
 
American Cancer Society (ACS)

https://www.cancer.org/
 
The Skin Cancer Foundation

https://www.skincancer.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Superficial thrombophlebitis

: What is it?

Thrombophlebitis is a blood clot (thrombus) inside an inflamed vein. When it affects the body's superficial veins — those that are seen easily near the surface of the skin — it's known as superficial thrombophlebitis. Thrombophlebitis is very common in people who have varicose veins. However, it also can occur in people with medical conditions that lead to sluggish blood flow in the legs, especially pregnant women and people who are immobilized because of stroke or cancer. People who receive injections or medications intravenously (into a vein) also are more likely to get thrombophlebitis because their veins can become irritated by the tubes used or by the medication itself. Intravenous drug users are at high risk of a very serious type of thrombophlebitis that can develop into a vein infection. Thrombophlebitis in a superficial leg vein is not the same as deep vein thrombosis. Deep vein thrombosis is a serious condition that is not treated with simple local therapy. It requires administration of anti-clotting drugs.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Superficial thrombophlebitis

: Symptoms

Thrombophlebitis causes pain in the area of the clotted vein, together with redness and sometimes swelling in the surrounding skin.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Superficial thrombophlebitis

: Diagnosis

Your doctor looks for redness, warmth, swelling and tenderness in the affected vein and in the surrounding skin. The clotted and inflamed vein also can be very firm and can feel like a hard line or string under the skin. Your doctor usually can diagnose thrombophlebitis with a simple physical examination. In people with many episodes of thrombophlebitis, or with thrombophlebitis involving more than one vein, further tests may be necessary to check for problems with blood flow in the veins.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Superficial thrombophlebitis

: Expected duration

With treatment, most episodes of thrombophlebitis resulting from varicose veins, sluggish blood flow, or irritation from administration of intravenous medications typically heal quickly, usually within a few days. Thrombophlebitis resulting from vein infection requires longer treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Superficial thrombophlebitis

: Prevention

If you are pregnant or have varicose veins, you can help to relieve sluggish blood flow in your legs by wearing elastic support stockings or graduated compression stockings, as your doctor directs. Avoid prolonged periods of standing and, if possible, elevate your legs when you sit. Regular exercise, especially walking, also can help to improve blood flow. To prevent thrombophlebitis from infection, avoid injecting illegal drugs into your veins.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Superficial thrombophlebitis

: Treatment

Treatment is very effective for most simple cases of thrombophlebitis. For leg vein thrombophlebitis, treatment includes bed rest, elevating the legs and applying warm compresses. In some cases, wrapping the legs with an elastic bandage and taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) also can help. In patients with varicose veins who have had several episodes of thrombophlebitis, the affected veins can be surgically "stripped," a procedure in which the vein is tied off, cut and removed through a small incision. If the vein becomes infected, you will be treated with antibiotics. Mild cases can be treated with oral medications, but more severe cases usually require antibiotics given intravenously (into a vein) or by injection. In patients with superficial thrombophlebitis that is not improving with standard therapy, anticoagulant (anti-clotting) medication sometimes is used to prevent blood clots from extending into the deeper leg veins. Blood clots in the deep leg veins, a condition called deep vein thrombosis, can lead to blood clots, called emboli, that float in the bloodstream. These blood clots can travel to the lungs, which can be life threatening.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Superficial thrombophlebitis

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor whenever you have pain, redness or swelling along the length of a vein.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Superficial thrombophlebitis

: Prognosis

In pregnant women, thrombophlebitis is often a short-term condition that doesn't return after delivery. In people with varicose veins, thrombophlebitis may not return as long as the patient wears support stockings, walks regularly, and elevates the legs while sitting.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Superficial thrombophlebitis

: Additional info

American College of Cardiology

https://www.acc.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swallowed object

: What is it?

Young children, and sometimes older children and adults, may swallow toys, coins, safety pins, buttons, bones, wood, glass, magnets, batteries or other foreign objects. These objects often pass all the way through the digestive tract in 24 to 48 hours and cause no harm. But problems may arise when objects are stuck for a long time, are sharp, are magnetic or contain corrosive materials. Complications can include tears in the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth and stomach), movement of the object into the tissue of the esophagus, and infection. Small magnets can pose a special problem. If more than one is swallowed, they can stick together and erode through tissue. Three areas of the esophagus are the most likely places for objects to lodge:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swallowed object

: Symptoms

If the object gets caught in the esophagus, it can cause:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swallowed object

: Diagnosis

After your doctor examines your child and asks about his or her recent medical history, the doctor may order an X-ray to help show where the object is. Some things cannot be seen with an X-ray. If the X-ray does not show the object, but the symptoms and circumstances still suggest that an object is stuck in the esophagus, the child may need a computerized tomography (CT) scan, or other radiologic tests.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swallowed object

: Expected duration

Most objects that do not cause symptoms will pass through the digestive tract in one or two days without causing harm.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swallowed object

: Prevention

Keep all small objects such as coins, pins, magnets, small toy pieces and batteries away from young children, especially those younger than age 3.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swallowed object

: Treatment

If your child has swallowed a foreign object, call your doctor for advice, and:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swallowed object

: When to call a professional

If your child swallows a battery, magnet or an object larger than a quarter, contact your doctor immediately or bring them to a local emergency room, even if your child has no symptoms. The same is true if your child has swallowed something sharp, such as a piece of glass or an open safety pin. Sharp objects sometimes can injure the esophagus, stomach or intestines. If your child has swallowed a smooth object that is smaller than a quarter, and has no symptoms, contact your doctor to decide the best course of action. You may be able to wait and see if the object passes through the digestive tract on its own. If more than 24 to 48 hours pass and you do not see the object in the toilet or in your child's diaper, or if your child begins experiencing symptoms of a lodged object, contact your doctor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swallowed object

: Prognosis

In most cases the outlook is excellent; the object will pass on its own or can be removed without complications. Complications from endoscopy or surgery can include bleeding, tears in the esophagus or intestine, infection or complications from the anesthesia. These complications are uncommon, and usually treatable.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swallowed object

: Additional info

National Library of Medicine (NLM)

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swimmer's Ear (Otitis Externa)

: What Is It?

Otitis externa is an infection of the ear canal caused by bacteria or fungi. It often is called swimmer's ear because it is associated with frequent swimming. Prolonged exposure to water, which may contain certain bacteria, makes the skin of the ear canal swollen and more likely to get infected. Summer humidity also changes the skin of the ear canal, increasing the possibility of infection. While swimmer's ear is most common in the summer, it can happen any time of the year. People with skin conditions such as eczema and seborrhea may be more prone to infections. Others who are more likely to develop swimmer's ear include people who:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swimmer's Ear (Otitis Externa)

: Symptoms

Symptoms of swimmer's ear include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swimmer's Ear (Otitis Externa)

: Diagnosis

Swimmer's ear usually is diagnosed by examining the ear with a special viewing tool called an otoscope. The doctor looks for:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swimmer's Ear (Otitis Externa)

: Expected Duration

With treatment, symptoms usually improve within 1 to 3 days and go away completely in 7 to 10 days. The problem can return, especially if you don't take steps to prevent getting water in the ear canals repeatedly.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swimmer's Ear (Otitis Externa)

: Prevention

To help prevent swimmer's ear:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swimmer's Ear (Otitis Externa)

: Treatment

Swimmer's ear usually is treated with prescription eardrops. The most commonly used drops combine either acetic acid or an antibiotic with a corticosteroid to calm the inflammation. There are multiple commercial combinations available.  Drops usually are placed in the ear canal three or four times per day for about five days. Follow the instructions on your prescription.  In the past, the most commonly prescribed topical treatment was a combination of neomycin, polymixin and hydrocortisone. In people who are allergic to neomycin, the use of these drops may cause the ear canal to become red and swell. The reaction may extend to the outer ear and surrounding skin and may be accompanied by blisters. If you get a reaction like this, stop using the eardrops and contact your doctor immediately.   In some cases of swimmer's ear, swelling may make it difficult for the medicated drops to get down into the ear canal. In these cases, your doctor may place a wick in the ear canal to help the eardrops get deeper into the canal. For very severe cases, your doctor may prescribe an oral or intravenous antibiotic.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swimmer's Ear (Otitis Externa)

: When To Call a Professional

The treatment of swimmer's ear usually requires prescription medication. Call your doctor if you or your child has symptoms of this condition.  With treatment, symptoms usually improve within 24 hours and go away in two or three days. If you currently are being treated for swimmer's ear, call your doctor for follow-up if:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Swimmer's Ear (Otitis Externa)

: Prognosis

Uncomplicated cases of swimmer's ear should go away within five days with appropriate treatment. Muffled hearing should return to normal as the swelling subsides.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Syphilis

: What Is It?

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a type of bacteria called Treponema pallidum. In its earliest stage, syphilis produces an open sore (ulcer) that leaks fluid filled with syphilis bacteria. Syphilis can be transmitted by contact with this ulcer or other infectious sores that form later in the disease, usually during vaginal, oral or anal sex. If untreated, syphilis moves through a series of stages that affect different parts of the body, although the stages can overlap:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tachycardia

: What is it?

Tachycardia is a heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute. The heart normally beats at a rate of 60 to 100 times per minute, and the pulse (felt at the wrist, neck or elsewhere) matches the contractions of the heart's ventricles, the heart's two powerful lower chambers. Tachycardia can be part of the body's normal response to anxiety, fever, rapid blood loss or strenuous exercise. It also can be caused by medical problems, such as an abnormally high level of thyroid hormones, called hyperthyroidism. In some people, tachycardia is the result of a cardiac arrhythmia (a heart-generated abnormality of heart rate or rhythm). Tachycardia can also be caused by lung problems, such as pneumonia or a blood clot in one of the lung's arteries. In other cases, tachycardia can be a side effect of some foods and drinks, including coffee, tea, alcohol and chocolate; tobacco; or medication.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tachycardia

: Symptoms

Tachycardia can be part of the body's normal response to anxiety, fever, rapid blood loss or strenuous exercise. It also can be caused by medical problems, such as an abnormally high level of thyroid hormones, called hyperthyroidism. In some people, tachycardia is the result of a cardiac arrhythmia (a heart-generated abnormality of heart rate or rhythm). Tachycardia can also be caused by lung problems, such as pneumonia or a blood clot in one of the lung's arteries. In other cases, tachycardia may be a side effect of caffeinated drinks, alcohol, illegal substances, or medication.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tachycardia

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask you to describe your symptoms. He or she will review your personal medical history and potential causes of tachycardia, including lung disease, thyroid disorders, and medications. Your doctor will want to know if you have a family history of heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias. During the physical examination, your doctor will check your heart rate and rhythm. Your doctor also will check for an enlarged heart, for heart murmurs (one sign of a heart valve problem), for abnormal lung sounds and for physical signs of thyroid abnormalities (enlarged thyroid gland, hand tremor and an abnormal protrusion of the eyes). To further evaluate your tachycardia, your doctor will order an electrocardiogram (EKG). However, because some forms of tachycardia come and go, a one-time office EKG may be normal. If this is the case, you may need a test called ambulatory electrocardiography. For this test, you will wear a portable device that can continuously monitor your heart rate and rhythm. You press a button to record EKG readings when symptoms occur. Depending on the results of your physical examination, other tests may be necessary, such as blood tests to measure your red blood cell count and levels of thyroid hormones and an echocardiogram to see if there are any structural abnormalities of your heart. Sometimes, physicians do "electrophysiology testing," in which they insert special catheters within the heart to collect information on the patterns of the heart's electrical activities.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tachycardia

: Expected duration

How long tachycardia lasts depends on its cause. For example, tachycardia resulting from fever will go away when body temperature returns to normal. Tachycardia resulting from blood loss will end when the patient is stabilized with intravenous (IV) fluids and/or blood transfusions. Tachycardia resulting from hyperthyroidism or an adrenal gland tumor will go away when the disorder is treated. Tachycardia caused by medications or diet will go away quickly, usually within hours, when the chemical that is causing the problem is used up by the body or excreted in the urine. Tachycardia caused by cardiac problems can last a long time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tachycardia

: Prevention

Since tachycardia is usually a sign of some underlying medical problem, discovering and treating the cause is the best way to prevent recurrent tachycardia. The first episode of an arrhythmia that causes a rapid heart beat usually cannot be prevented.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tachycardia

: Treatment

The treatment of tachycardia depends on its cause. For example:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tachycardia

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you experience unexplained tachycardia, not the normal increase in heart rate after exercise. This is especially important if you also have palpitations, dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting spells, fatigue, breathlessness or chest pain.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tachycardia

: Prognosis

The long-term outlook is usually good when tachycardia is caused by fever, blood loss, hyperthyroidism, medication or diet. Many tachycardias related to heart or lung problems can be controlled with medication, surgery or other procedures.