Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)

: Symptoms

Sometimes, fifth disease does not cause any symptoms. When symptoms occur, they may include mild cold symptoms (stuffy nose, runny nose, slight fever), body aches, headache and fatigue. These symptoms pass after three or four days and are followed primarily in children by a rash that is bright red and usually begins on the cheeks (the "slapped cheek" rash). This facial rash is followed by a lacy, flat rash that appears on the arms, legs, trunk and buttocks. The blotchy rash may itch, and it may last from several days to several weeks before it fades. Even after the rash clears, it sometimes may reappear if the skin is irritated by rubbing, heat, cold, exercise or exposure to sunlight.  Adolescents and adults with fifth disease may not have any symptoms or they may develop the typical rash, joint pain and swelling (most often at the knuckles, wrists and knees) or both.   Children who have blood disorders, such as sickle cell anemia and hemolytic anemia, and those with immune deficiency or cancer rarely get the rash of fifth disease. Instead, they may develop severe anemia (not enough red blood cells) as a result of being infected with parvovirus B19. The symptoms can include paleness, rapid breathing, rapid pulse, fever and malaise (a general sick feeling).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)

: Diagnosis

Usually, your doctor can diagnose fifth disease by seeing the typical "slapped cheek" rash without fever or other signs of illness. Fifth disease rarely is diagnosed before the rash appears, since there may not be any early symptoms or they are mild and nonspecific. In rare cases, blood tests are done to look for specific antibodies against parvovirus B19. Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system to help protect the body against viruses or other invaders. The virus itself, or its viral DNA (genetic map), also can be detected in the blood of some patients.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)

: Expected Duration

Fifth disease usually goes away within three weeks, but the rash may last longer. Although joint pains in adolescents may last for a few weeks or months, there are typically no long-term joint problems.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)

: Prevention

Fifth disease is spread in the droplets of coughs and sneezes, on dirty tissues, and on drinking glasses and eating utensils. It is difficult to avoid exposure to the illness, because fifth disease is most contagious three to 14 days before its characteristic rash appears. During this time, most infected people don't know that they are ill and capable of spreading their illness to others.   When outbreaks of fifth disease occur in a community, frequent hand washing may help to prevent spread of the illness. It is especially important to wash your hands before you eat and after you have touched contaminated items (dirty tissues, drinking glasses, eating utensils). Currently there is no approved vaccine against fifth disease, although at least one vaccine is being tested.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)

: Treatment

Since fifth disease is a mild illness, it usually does not require treatment. Home care for a child whose rash itches may include oatmeal baths or other over-the-counter bath treatments. Adolescents with joint pain may be treated with over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol and others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and others). Aspirin should never be given to children with fever or flu-like illness, including fifth disease, because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, a serious brain problem that develops in some children who have had certain viral illnesses and have been treated with aspirin.  Children and adults with blood disorders (sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia), and children who have cancer or an immune deficiency, are at increased risk of serious illness as a result of fifth disease. Patients with an immune deficiency may be given intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) that contains antibodies against parvovirus B19.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)

: When To Call A Professional

Call your doctor if you or your child develops a facial rash, especially if your child has a blood disorder or an immune deficiency, or is being treated for cancer. Also, call your doctor if a child with previously diagnosed fifth disease develops a fever or increased joint pain.  Pregnant women who believe they have been exposed to fifth disease or who develop a rash should call their doctors immediately. Although fifth disease in the mother usually does not threaten the unborn child, fifth disease in rare cases can cause miscarriage or fetal anemia.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)

: Prognosis

Previously healthy people usually recover completely from fifth disease within weeks.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Finger dislocation

: What is it?

A finger dislocation is a joint injury in which the finger bones move apart or sideways so the ends of the bones are no longer aligned normally. Finger dislocations usually happen when the finger is bent backward beyond its normal limit of motion. The bones that make up the joints of  the fingers are known by the medical terms phalanges and metacarpal bones. Any of these joints can be dislocated in an injury:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Finger dislocation

: Symptoms

A dislocated finger is crooked, painful and swollen, and its surface skin may be cut, scraped or bruised. If a dislocated finger has been straightened on the playing field, it may feel abnormally loose, weak or unstable afterward.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Finger dislocation

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will suspect that your finger is dislocated if it appears deformed after an injury. In some cases, your doctor may order an X-ray of the finger to look for a fracture. When a finger bone is pulled away from connected tendons, it is common for a fragment of bone to separate from the main bone and stay with the tendon, a condition known as an avulsion fracture. Such fractures commonly accompany finger dislocations.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Finger dislocation

: Expected duration

You can return to your sport once your dislocated finger has been realigned, your doctor has confirmed that the injured joint is stable and no bone is fractured, and your finger tenderness and swelling have improved. For a few weeks, you will need to wear a padded finger splint or buddy tape, which is used to strap the injured finger to an uninjured finger nearby for support. If you need surgery to repair your dislocated finger, it usually takes at least four to six weeks before you can return to your sport.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Finger dislocation

: Prevention

After your dislocated finger has been treated, you often can prevent it from being injured again by using a protective splint or taping it to another finger. If repeated dislocations occur, surgery may be recommended.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Finger dislocation

: Treatment

A dislocated finger can be corrected with or without injecting local anesthesia. To correct the dislocation, the doctor will press against the displaced bone to dislodge the bone if it is caught against the side of the joint. As the end of the bone is freed, the doctor can pull outward to restore the bone to its correct position. This is called closed reduction. Once your finger joint is back in its normal position, you will wear a splint or tape the finger to another finger for three to six weeks, depending on the specific type of your dislocation. If your doctor cannot straighten your finger using closed reduction or if your injured joint is not stable after closed reduction, your dislocated finger may need to be repaired surgically. Surgery is also used to treat finger dislocations that are complicated by large fractures or fractures that involves the joint.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Finger dislocation

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor immediately if you injure your finger and your finger is crooked, deformed, painful or swollen. If you are an athlete and someone straightens your injured finger on the playing field, check with your doctor to make sure that the injured joint is stable and not fractured. A dislocated joint that has an open wound should not be moved. It should be carefully splinted and evaluated immediately by a physician.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Finger dislocation

: Prognosis

The long-term outlook is usually good, although it may take four to six months for your finger pain to disappear. In some cases, there is also a small amount of permanent swelling around the injured joint, especially an injured proximal interphalangeal joint. In athletes, a finger that has been dislocated often is injured again.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Finger dislocation

: Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

https://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
National Rehabilitation Information Center (NARIC)

https://www.naric.com/
 
National Athletic Trainers' Association

https://www.nata.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Flu (influenza)

: What is it?

Influenza (the flu) is a respiratory infection. It is caused by the influenza virus. Influenza typically is spread by air or by direct contact from one person to another. Influenza virus is very contagious. Most influenza cases occur during epidemics. Epidemics usually peak during the winter months. A particularly widespread and severe epidemic is called a pandemic. Compared with other viruses, influenza can strike remarkably large numbers of people in a relatively short time. In the developed nations, up to 10-15% of the people get the flu each year. During severe epidemics, a greater fraction of the population gets sick. The most common types of influenza virus are A and B. Influenza A is the one usually responsible for the annual epidemics. Most people get multiple flu infections during their lives. With many other types of infections, having the disease once protects against a second infection. That is because the body's immune system remembers the returning virus. It attacks it immediately, and rapidly eliminates it. With influenza, the virus usually has mutated (changed) somewhat since the first infection. The change is enough to fool your immune system. As a result, the immune system responds slowly. By the time the immune response is in full gear, millions of the body's cells are already infected.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Flu (influenza)

: Symptoms

Flu can cause a variety of symptoms. They can be mild or severe. Symptoms and illness severity depend on the type of virus, your age and overall health. Although it is a respiratory virus, flu can affect other body systems. This makes you feel sick all over. Symptoms can include any or all of the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Flu (influenza)

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will evaluate your symptoms. Flu is likely to cause fever, coughing, chills and muscle aches. Flu tends to occur during winter months. Doctors usually assume the diagnosis is flu when you have symptoms of influenza in the winter. If your symptoms or physical examination suggest something other than the flu, your doctor may order a blood test. He or she will swab your nose and throat for influenza testing. Your doctor may order a chest X-ray. This is likely if he or she suspects that the influenza virus has caused pneumonia or may lead to a bacterial superinfection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Flu (influenza)

: Expected duration

Influenza symptoms can last for as few as 24 hours or for a week or more. A typical case lasts four or five days. As long as you have symptoms, you are contagious.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Flu (influenza)

: Prevention

Options for heading off an attack of influenza have increased in recent years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Flu (influenza)

: Treatment

To ease symptoms, your doctor will recommend that you rest and drink plenty of fluids. For fever and body aches, you can take over-the-counter pain relievers. The antiviral drugs baloxavir (Xofluza), oseltamivir (Tamiflu), peramivir (Rapivab) or zanamivir (Relenza) are also options, depending on how long you've been sick (since treatment may speed recovery only if started soon after the onset of symptoms), severity of symptoms and risk factors for complications. In general, starting one of these medications three or more days after the onset of flu symptoms is unlikely to be effective. Because flu is a viral infection, antibiotics are not effective. Children who are suspected of having flu, and who have high fevers should be given acetaminophen (Tylenol). They should never be given aspirin to treat the fever. This can cause a serious illness called Reye's syndrome.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Flu (influenza)

: When to call a professional

If you have a chronic disease and suddenly get flu symptoms, call your doctor's office. You may benefit from starting an antiviral medication within 48 hours. You also should notify your doctor if you have flulike symptoms along with
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Flu (influenza)

: Prognosis

Most people recover fully from the flu. But some develop serious complications. Complications can include life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Flu (influenza)

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Food Allergy

: What Is It?

A food allergy is a reaction by the body's immune system to something in a food, usually a protein; the body mistakenly acts like it is a germ or some other invader, and does its best to defend itself. While any food could possibly cause an allergy, certain foods are much more likely to do so. In children, the foods that most commonly cause allergic reactions are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Food poisoning

: What is it?

Most commonly, food poisoning is a reaction to food or water contaminated during improper cooking, handling or storage. The most common contaminants are bacteria, such as salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli. Other contaminants include viruses, parasites and toxins. Food poisoning usually leads to abdominal cramping, vomiting and diarrhea. Food poisoning, although common, often can be prevented easily. An estimated 85% of food-poisoning incidents can be prevented by handling and preparing food properly. Usually, symptoms subside within a day or two. However, in some cases, food poisoning is quite dangerous.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Food poisoning

: Symptoms

Symptoms of food poisoning include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Food poisoning

: Diagnosis

The diagnosis is usually made on the basis of symptoms alone, and fortified if there is an accompanying history of a person eating with you who also became sick. If a doctor wants to pinpoint the microorganism that caused the food poisoning, you will be asked to provide a stool sample to be examined in a laboratory. Your doctor also may want to take a sample of your blood for testing. If you have some of the food that might have made you sick, ask your doctor if it is important to test for infectious organisms or a toxin. The sample can be cultured in a laboratory, which means it is placed on a special material that encourages organisms that may be in the sample to grow, so they can be identified. Up to 80% of food poisoning is related to eating commercially prepared foods or institutional foods. In such cases, questioning others who have eaten the same foods may help to determine the cause. Information about the length of time between eating the food and the beginning of symptoms can help in diagnosing the problem:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Food poisoning

: Expected duration

In general, food poisoning goes away in one to three days, although some types of food poisoning may last much longer.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Food poisoning

: Prevention

To prevent food poisoning, select safe foods. Take the following steps:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Food poisoning

: Treatment

Because large amounts of fluids are lost through vomiting and diarrhea, treatment of food poisoning focuses on preventing dehydration. If you have food poisoning, you must drink fluids, even if you have trouble keeping them down. Once you can tolerate fluids without vomiting, you can begin to add bland foods to your diet. If vomiting or diarrhea persists for more than 24 hours, a doctor may prescribe medications to suppress nausea, and may provide fluids intravenously. For some infectious causes of food poisoning, antibiotics may be recommended. People with very severe food poisoning may need to be admitted to a hospital.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Food poisoning

: When to call a professional

Call a doctor immediately if food poisoning is suspected in:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Food poisoning

: Prognosis

For most people, food poisoning is an unpleasant experience that lasts for a day or two, then passes. In very young children, elderly people, people with compromised immune systems and pregnant women, it can be dangerous. Anyone in these risk groups should go to an emergency room immediately.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Food poisoning

: Additional info

American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)

https://www.gi.org
 
American Gastroenterological Association

https://www.gastro.org/
 
Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition

https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofFoods/CFSAN/
 
Food Safety and Inspection Service

https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education
 
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

https://www.fda.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Foot ulcers

: What is it?

A foot ulcer is an open sore on the foot. A foot ulcer can be a shallow red crater that involves only the surface skin. A foot ulcer also can be very deep. A deep foot ulcer may be a crater that extends through the full thickness of the skin. It may involve tendons, bones, and other deep structures. People with diabetes and people with poor circulation are more likely to develop foot ulcers. It can be difficult to heal a foot ulcer. In people with these conditions, even a small foot ulcer can become infected if it does not heal quickly. If an infection occurs in an ulcer and is not treated right away, it can develop into
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Foot ulcers

: Symptoms

A foot ulcer looks like a red crater in the skin. Most foot ulcers are located on the side or bottom of the foot or on the top or tip of a toe. This round crater can be surrounded by a border of thickened, callused skin. This border may develop over time. In very severe ulcers, the red crater may be deep enough to expose tendons or bones. If the nerves in the foot are functioning normally, then the ulcer will be painful. If not, then a person with a foot ulcer may not know it is there, particularly if the ulcer is located on a less obvious portion of the foot. In disabled or elderly patients, a relative or caregiver may be the one who becomes aware of the problem. The caregiver may notice that foot looks red and swollen. There may be drainage on the sock and a foul odor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Foot ulcers

: Diagnosis

In most cases, your doctor can tell that you have a foot ulcer simply by looking at your foot. If you have diabetes, your doctor will assess your control of your blood sugar. He or she will ask about the care that you take to keep your feet healthy. The doctor will ask about the type of shoes that you usually wear. Your doctor will evaluate the ulcer to determine
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Foot ulcers

: Expected duration

How long a foot ulcer lasts depends on
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Foot ulcers

: Prevention

People who are at risk of foot ulcers, such as those with diabetes, can take steps to help prevent foot ulcers. They can do this by examining their feet routinely and following good foot-hygiene practices. The following strategies may help prevent foot ulcers:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Foot ulcers

: Treatment

If you have good circulation in your foot, your doctor may treat your foot ulcer with a procedure called debridement. This consists of trimming away diseased tissue. He or she also will remove any nearby callused skin. The doctor then will apply a dressing. He or she may prescribe specialized footwear to relieve pressure on the ulcerated area. This specialized footwear may be a cast. Or it may be a loosely fitting postoperative walking shoe or sandal that can be worn over a bandage. Depending on the size and depth of a diabetic foot ulcer, your doctor will determine how frequently you need to be reexamined. If the ulcer is debrided, you will need to be seen often. A nurse may need to visit you to change the dressing every several days. Care of a foot ulcer may require multiple visits over weeks or months. The visits will last for as long as it takes for your ulcer to heal completely. If there is a possibility of infection, you may be given antibiotics. Once the ulcer has healed, your doctor may prescribe roomy, well-cushioned footwear. This footwear should not put pressure on vulnerable areas of your feet. This will help to prevent ulcers in the future. Foot ulcers that do not respond to more conservative therapy may require surgery. In certain situations, without leg surgery, the ulcer may not heal properly. People with poor circulation may need a procedure or surgery to open one or more blocked arteries in the legs. When possible, doctors will try to open the blockage with angioplasty. This is usually done by threading a deflated balloon with a wire mesh cover (called a stent) into the blocked area. The balloon is inflated. This opens the artery. The stent stays in place to hold the artery open. For more significant blood flow problems, surgery is usually needed to re-route blood flow through the leg using a bypass artery.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Foot ulcers

: When to call a professional

If you have diabetes, poor circulation, or peripheral neuropathy, examine your feet every day. Call your doctor promptly if you see an area of
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Foot ulcers

: Prognosis

When foot ulcers are not deep, the outlook for healing is good if circulation to the foot is adequate. With the best wound-care methods available, most ulcers heal within 12 weeks. However, about one in three healed ulcers return. This is most likely in people who do not wear specialized footwear prescribed by their doctors.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Foot ulcers

: Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

https://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
American College of Foot & Ankle Orthopedics & Medicine

https://www.acfaom.org/
 
American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA)

https://www.apma.org/
 
American Diabetes Association

https://www.diabetes.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Foreign Body In Eye

: What Is It?

Eyelashes prevent most particles or objects from entering the eye, and tears usually are able to rinse out particles that do get in the eye. Occasionally, a solid object or projectile can adhere to the eye or embed itself below the surface of the eye. Foreign bodies in the eye can be small specks of dirt or eyelashes, or larger objects such as cinders, rust or glass. The eye is damaged easily.