Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Testicular Torsion

: What Is It?

Torsion of the testicle is an uncommon but serious condition in which the testicle twists on the cord that provides its blood supply. The twisting of this cord cuts off the blood supply to the testicle. It is extremely painful and must be treated immediately to prevent permanent damage to the testicle. Testicular torsion can happen after strenuous exercise or an injury, but it also can occur without any apparent cause. The condition can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 10 and 20.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Testicular Torsion

: Symptoms

Sudden onset of severe pain and extreme tenderness in one testicle, with or without an obvious cause, is the most striking symptom. Other symptoms include nausea and vomiting associated with the pain, and swelling on one side of the scrotum.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tetanus

: What Is It?

Tetanus, also called lockjaw, is a life-threatening infection caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. Although these bacteria are especially common in the soil and manure of farms, they can be found almost anywhere. They live in the dirt of suburban gardens and in the dirty waters of floods. They also contaminate dust in cities.   Tetanus bacteria usually enter the body through a dirty puncture wound, cut, scrape or some other break in the skin. Once inside the skin, they multiply and produce a toxin, or poison, that affects the body's nerves. This toxin causes severe muscle spasms, cramps and seizures. Spasms in the jaw muscles produce lockjaw. Spasms also occur in muscles of the throat, chest, abdomen and extremities. If you don't receive proper treatment, the toxin's effect on respiratory muscles can interfere with breathing. If this happens, you may die of suffocation.  A tetanus infection may develop after almost any type of skin injury, major or minor. This includes cuts, punctures, crush injuries, burns and animal bites. In rare cases, a tetanus infection also can occur after surgery, an ear infection, a dental infection or an abortion. Among drug users, tetanus infections have followed heroin injections, especially if the heroin was mixed with quinine. Tetanus also can develop after body piercing, tattooing, an insect sting or even a tiny splinter.  In the United States, only 50 cases of tetanus occur each year, because so many Americans have been immunized against the infection. Almost everyone who develops tetanus in the United States has been inadequately immunized against tetanus. Some have immigrated from developing countries where vaccines are not available to everyone. Others were born in the United States but never received the primary series of injections. Still others simply failed to keep up with the normal schedule of tetanus shots. This is a common problem among adults, especially those older than 60.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tetanus

: Symptoms

On average, symptoms of tetanus begin seven to eight days after tetanus bacteria enter the body. These symptoms may include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tetanus

: Diagnosis

There is no laboratory test for tetanus. A doctor will diagnose tetanus based on your symptoms, a history of a recent cut or puncture wound, and immunization history.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tetanus

: Expected Duration

People who have tetanus must be treated in a hospital. Severe muscle spasms may last for about three to four weeks and then slowly get better. Once these spasms subside, recovery takes several months.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tetanus

: Prevention

Immunization can prevent almost all cases of tetanus.  In the United States, babies are immunized against tetanus through a series of four vaccinations. This primary series is given in the form of DTaP shots. In addition to the vaccine for tetanus, each DTaP shot contains vaccines against diphtheria, which is a severe respiratory infection, and pertussis, also called whooping cough. The usual schedule for DTaP shots is as follows:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tetanus

: Treatment

If you seek medical care for a wound, your doctor will ask you when you had your last tetanus shot. If your tetanus immunization is not up-to-date, the doctor will give you a tetanus booster. However, this booster shot will not produce immunity right away, so you may receive tetanus immune globulin as well. Tetanus immune globulin contains an antitoxin that neutralizes the tetanus toxin, temporarily protecting you until your immune system responds to the tetanus booster.  If you have full-blown tetanus, you will be treated in a hospital. There you will receive tetanus immune globulin to neutralize the tetanus toxin. Your muscle spasms will be treated with muscle relaxants, and you also may be sedated. If necessary, you will be placed on a ventilator to help you breathe. If you have an obvious wound infection, you will probably receive antibiotics as well. Once your condition begins to improve, you will begin a schedule of shots to restore your tetanus immunity, because a tetanus infection does not make you immune to the disease.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tetanus

: When To Call a Professional

Call your doctor immediately if you develop symptoms of tetanus. Also, seek medical care immediately for any deep cut, serious puncture wound or any wound contaminated by dirt or manure.  If you are an adult, check your immunization records for the date of your last tetanus shot. If it has been more than 10 years since your last tetanus booster, schedule an appointment with your doctor. Also contact your doctor if your health records show that you never received a full primary series of tetanus immunizations.  If you are a parent, be sure your child's immunizations are all up-to-date. This is especially true for DTaP shots and other vaccines that are given in a series.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tetanus

: Prognosis

Most patients with tetanus survive and return to previous function. Older people and those who have a rapid progression from time of infection to severe symptoms have a higher risk of death.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Throat Cancer (Larynx and Pharynx)

: What Is It?

Throat cancer occurs when cells in the organs used for breathing, speaking, and swallowing begin to divide rapidly and abnormally. Most throat cancer begins on the vocal cords. Later, it spreads to the voice box (larynx); to the back of the throat, including part of the tongue and the tonsils (this whole area is called the pharynx); or below the voice box to the subglottis and trachea (windpipe). An early symptom of throat cancer is unexplained hoarseness or a raspy voice. Smokers are at high risk of throat cancer. Other people at risk include those who drink a lot of alcohol, especially if they also smoke. People with a vitamin A deficiency and certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection also may be more likely to develop throat cancer.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombocytopenia

: What Is It?

Thrombocytopenia is an abnormally low level of platelets in the blood.   Platelets are made by the bone marrow. They help your blood to clot. People with thrombocytopenia can have excessive bleeding.   This condition can occur in varying degrees. The risk of bleeding increases as the platelet count decreases.   Thrombocytopenia can occur alone. Or, it can develop as a complication of another disease, such as cancer or a viral infection. In some cases, it is a chronic (long-lasting) condition that persists for years. In other cases, it develops suddenly and dramatically.   In general, thrombocytopenia develops for one or more of the following reasons:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombocytopenia

: Symptoms

People with severe thrombocytopenia may have abnormal bleeding almost anywhere in the body.   Symptoms can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombocytopenia

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will begin by asking you about your medical history. He or she will ask about:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombocytopenia

: Expected Duration

How long thrombocytopenia lasts depends on its cause.   For example, some patients with chronic ITP experience years of easy bruising and abnormally heavy vaginal bleeding. They may have repeated episodes of more severe bleeding.   Most children with acute ITP recover within four to six weeks.  Some people have such mild disease that they almost never have noticeable bleeding problems.   Many people with drug-induced thrombocytopenia recover within 7 to 10 days after they stop taking the medication.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombocytopenia

: Prevention

Many cases of thrombocytopenia cannot be prevented.   You can avoid drinking large amounts of alcohol to lower your risk of developing alcohol-related thrombocytopenia.   If you already have had one episode of drug-induced thrombocytopenia, the problem is likely to return if you take the same medication again. To help prevent this, record the name of the specific medication that caused the problem. Tell every health care professional that you visit about your sensitivity to this drug.   If your doctor has determined that you are at risk of developing this condition, he or she may tell you not to take aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen. That is because these medicines impair platelet function.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombocytopenia

: Treatment

How thrombocytopenia is treated depends on its cause and severity.   If your thrombocytopenia is mild and is not causing any significant bleeding, you may not need treatment. This is often the standard strategy in children with acute ITP.  If your thrombocytopenia is drug induced, your physician may change your prescription. Most people recover without additional treatment after they stop taking the medication.   Patients with very low platelet counts and/or significant bleeding will need more aggressive treatment. Options for treatment include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombocytopenia

: When To Call A Professional

Call your doctor if you develop any of the symptoms of thrombocytopenia. Be sure to call if you notice abnormal bruises or if you experience significant bleeding from your nose, mouth, vagina, rectum or urinary tract.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombocytopenia

: Prognosis

The overall outlook is generally good. This is especially true if the cause can be identified and removed. Long-term management of the condition is often successful.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombotic Stroke

: What Is It?

In a thrombotic stroke, a blood clot (thrombus) forms inside one of the brain's arteries. The clot blocks blood flow to a part of the brain. This causes brain cells in that area to stop functioning and die quickly.   The blood clot that triggers a thrombotic stroke usually forms inside an artery that already has been narrowed by atherosclerosis. This is a condition in which fatty deposits (plaques) build up inside blood vessels.   Thrombotic strokes can affect large or small arteries in the brain. Strokes that affect large arteries block flow to greater portions of the brain. These strokes tend to cause the most disability. When a thrombotic stroke occurs in a small artery, the artery is usually one that is deep within the brain. This stroke is more specifically named a lacunar stroke. Lacunar strokes often have minimal symptoms because only a small part of the brain is affected.  Another type of stroke — embolic stroke — is also caused by a blood clot. However, in an embolic stroke, the blood clot forms somewhere else in the body. It then travels through the bloodstream to the brain artery. The blood clot usually comes from the heart. At first, it can be impossible for a doctor to determine which type of stroke a person is having. That is because the symptoms can be identical.   A much less common cause of thrombotic stroke is migraine headache. In especially severe cases, a migraine headache can cause a brain artery to go into spasm for a long time. This can allow a blood clot to form.   About half to two-thirds of all strokes are thrombotic strokes. The factors that increase your risk of having a thrombotic stroke are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombotic Stroke

: Symptoms

The symptoms of a thrombotic stroke vary, depending on which area of the brain is affected. That is because different areas of the brain are responsible for different functions. For example, different areas of the brain control movement, sight, speech, balance and coordination.   Symptoms can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombotic Stroke

: Diagnosis

To diagnose a stroke, your doctor will need an image of your brain. Two different brain imaging tests can be useful. They are a computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Usually the CT scan is done first because it can be obtained more quickly than an MRI.  If the CT scan shows bleeding in or around the brain, then you have had a hemorrhagic stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke is treated differently than a stroke caused by a blood clot.  If the CT scan does not show any bleeding, then the stroke is presumed to be caused by a blocked artery from a blood clot. This is known as an ischemic stroke. An ischemic stroke can be either thrombotic or embolic.   When available, an MRI is performed to confirm brain injury changes consistent with a new ischemic stroke.   Your doctor will want to know exactly when the symptoms started. If the symptoms started within the last few hours, your doctor will determine whether you are a candidate to receive a clot-busting drug, such as tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). This therapy is only used in people with ischemic strokes and symptoms that started only a few hours earlier.    Your doctor also will try to determine whether the stroke is thrombotic or embolic. This is an important distinction because therapy for a thrombotic stroke is different from an embolic stroke.   Your doctor will examine you. He or she will check your pulse and blood pressure, do a neurological exam, and examine your heart and neck arteries.   In addition to imaging of the brain, your doctor will order blood tests and an electrocardiogram (EKG). If the EKG shows an abnormal heart rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation, this suggests that the stroke could be embolic.  Other tests may include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombotic Stroke

: Expected Duration

Recovery depends on how long blood flow to the brain is blocked.   If blood circulation in the brain is restored within minutes to a few hours, the person can recover rapidly, within hours to a day. For a small thrombotic stroke (lacunar stroke), symptoms often improve within a few days, even if the blood clot has not dissolved.  When the blood supply is interrupted for longer periods of time, brain injury can be more severe. Symptoms may last for many months. Physical rehabilitation may be necessary.   In some cases, permanent brain damage causes permanent disability.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombotic Stroke

: Prevention

If you have had one stroke, you have a high risk of having another.   You can help to prevent thrombotic strokes. You and your doctor should carefully manage the factors that put you at risk of atherosclerosis.   Risk factors for atherosclerosis include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombotic Stroke

: Treatment

The most effective treatment for ischemic stroke is a clot-busting drug, such as tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). The drug must be given within several hours after stroke symptoms begin. For this reason, it is important to seek emergency treatment immediately if you have symptoms of a stroke. Do not wait to see if the symptoms go away on their own.   Clot-busters are administered through an intravenous line (IV) into a vein. This medicine can dissolve clots and restore blood flow in the brain. On average, patients who receive this medication have less long-term disability following a stroke.   An alternative to treatment with a clot-busting drug is catheter removal of the clot with a special device. To be effective, the procedure must be performed within several hours of symptom onset. Later, another type of medication, such as heparin, is given. Heparin prevents existing blood clots from getting bigger. And it prevents new clots from forming.  Longer term, treatment depends upon whether the stroke was thrombotic or embolic. For a thrombotic stroke, doctors prescribe an anti-platelet agent. These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombotic Stroke

: When To Call A Professional

If you or someone you are with develops any of the symptoms of stroke, call your medical emergency hot line (911 in the United States). Transport to an emergency department needs to occur right away. It is important to have an evaluation even if your symptoms last only a few minutes. A TIA can be a warning sign that you are going to have a stroke soon.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thrombotic Stroke

: Prognosis

If the brain's blood supply is restored quickly and completely, it is possible to recover from a stroke with little or no disability. People with symptoms that start to resolve quickly after the onset of a stroke have an excellent prognosis. The prognosis for recovery is less favorable when stroke symptoms become more prominent over the first 24 to 48 hours.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Thyroid Cancer

: What Is It?

Thyroid cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is shaped like a butterfly. It is located under the Adam's apple in the front of the neck. Most cases of thyroid cancer can be cured. One of the functions of the thyroid gland is to make thyroid hormone, which requires iodine. The gland collects iodine from foods, concentrates it, and produces thyroid hormone. Doctors often exploit this important function when treating thyroid cancer.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tick bites

: What is it?

Ticks are tiny, biting arachnids that feed on the blood of warm-blooded animals, including humans. They burrow painlessly into the skin with their feeding parts, bite, draw blood and eventually drop off when they become engorged with blood. Only the feeding parts are inserted into the skin. The body, which is dark in color and ranges from the size of a poppy seed to a pencil eraser, remains visible on the skin surface or scalp. Ticks swell and turn bluish-gray when filled with blood. Most tick bites in the United States involve hard ticks (Ixodidae), which have been increasing in number since the middle 1900s.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tick bites

: Symptoms

Most tick bites do not cause any symptoms. However, the following symptoms can develop as a reaction to tick secretions:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tick bites

: Diagnosis

If you see your doctor for a tick bite, you will be asked about the size of the tick, whether it was attached to your skin and how long you think it had been attached. Your doctor will examine your skin for rashes and ask you about any symptoms that could suggest that you have developed a tick-borne infection. No further diagnostic tests are necessary unless you develop symptoms. If you develop symptoms that suggest a tick-borne illness, your physician will order a variety of blood tests to determine the cause.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tick bites

: Expected duration

A tick bite can cause many different tick-borne infections. How long each illness lasts depends on the infecting organism. In general, the tick bite itself does not cause any symptoms, although some people may develop fever, headache, nausea and a general sick feeling caused by tick secretions. These symptoms usually go away within 24 to 36 hours after the tick is removed. Tick-induced paralysis begins in the legs five to six days after the tick has attached to the skin, and it progresses to complete paralysis over several days. Paralysis begins to improve within a few hours of removing the tick, and complete recovery takes several days. The organisms that cause Lyme disease and babesiosis rarely are transmitted to the person or animal if ticks are removed within the first 24 hours after they attach and before they become engorged.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tick bites

: Prevention

To prevent tick bites in tick-infested areas, take the following precautions:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tick bites

: Treatment

When a tick is discovered on the skin or scalp, it should be removed immediately to avoid a skin reaction and to reduce the likelihood of developing a tick-borne infectious disease. Grasp the head of the tick with a pair of flat or curved forceps or tweezers held as close to the skin as possible. Avoid squeezing the tick. Gently pull the head of the tick away from the skin without twisting. The bite should be cleaned with soap and water. Save the tick in a container with a tight-fitting lid.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tick bites

: When to call a professional

Seek medical attention if a tick has buried itself deep in the skin and you cannot remove it or if you find an engorged tick on your skin and are living in or visiting an area where Lyme disease is a risk. Fever and flulike symptoms require medical attention if you know you've recently been bitten by a tick or if the symptoms are accompanied by a skin rash, particularly the bull's-eye rash characteristic of Lyme disease. Muscle weakness or paralysis requires immediate medical attention.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tick bites

: Prognosis

If no infectious organisms have been transmitted by the tick, you should recover from symptoms within a day or two. The outlook for specific tick-borne illnesses varies.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tick bites

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/index.html
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tinea Versicolor

: What Is It?

Many microorganisms normally live on our skin, including a group of yeast species called Malassezia. (Round or oval yeasts in this group were previously known by the names Pityrosporum orbiculare and Pityrosporum ovalis.) The yeast lives in our pores. Under certain conditions, it can shift its form from a round or oval yeast shape to a string-like, branching shape. These branching forms are named hyphae. The yeast can migrate under the skin and produce azelaic acid, a substance that can change the amount of pigment (color) in new skin cells. In its hyphae form, the yeast causes a rash called tinea versicolor, also called pityriasis versicolor. Tinea versicolor is common year-round in the tropics and subtropics and is seen in the summer months in more temperate climates. Sun exposure, use of oils on the skin, naturally oily skin and sweating are all suspected to be triggers that can cause the round or oval yeast to convert to its hyphae form, resulting in the rash. This rash can spread between people who have skin contact.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tinnitus

: What is it?

Tinnitus, commonly called ringing in the ears, is the sensation of hearing a sound in the ears when no such sound exists. This sound, which comes from inside the head, typically is described as a ringing, but it also can take the form of an annoying hiss, whistle or buzz. Tinnitus can be constant or can come and go. Most often, tinnitus is a symptom of an ear problem, such as:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tinnitus

: Symptoms

Tinnitus is a symptom in itself. However, people who have tinnitus also may have the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tinnitus

: Diagnosis

The cause of tinnitus may be difficult to determine. Your doctor will ask if you have been exposed to loud noise at work or home and will ask about medications you take, including all herbs and supplements. He or she may look in your ears to see if you have wax blockage or if the eardrum appears abnormal. If your hearing is affected, then your doctor may have you undergo a hearing test called an audiogram to measure your hearing ability in each ear.