Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hammertoe

: Prognosis

Hammertoe is often a harmless and painless condition. Although the toe may be curled permanently, hammertoe should not cause any long-term problems other than a more difficult time finding shoes that fit. If hammertoe is treated and preventive measures are followed, the condition should not return. Wearing tight or constricting shoes can cause hammertoe to return.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)

: What is it?

Hay fever, also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis, is an allergy-related inflammation of the nasal passages, throat and eye membrane (conjunctiva), caused by sensitivity to airborne pollens and molds. These airborne pollens come from various species of trees, grasses, weeds and other plants whose pollens are carried by the wind rather than by insects. Because different types of pollen trigger symptoms in different people, each person's specific hay fever "season" is fairly predictable and is related to times when their allergy-triggering plant is in bloom. For example, for people who are allergic to tree pollens and who live in temperate North America, symptoms usually are worst from March through May, when trees are blossoming. June and July are peak months for people allergic to grasses, while people with ragweed allergies suffer the worst symptoms from mid-August through October. Since molds depend on damp, dark conditions, people who are allergic to molds tend to have the least predictable allergy season. They usually find that their symptoms are more related to warm, rainy weather. In the United States, this means summer and fall are peak times. Hay fever and its sister ailment, perennial allergic rhinitis (a year-round sensitivity to animal dander, dust mites or cockroaches), are most common in people who have a family history of allergies or a personal history of allergy-related conditions, such as eczema and childhood asthma. Although seasonal allergic rhinitis can affect people in all age groups, its symptoms generally peak during childhood and adolescence.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)

: Symptoms

Symptoms of hay fever usually begin before age 30. They typically include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will make the diagnosis of hay fever based on your allergy history, the timing and appearance of your symptoms and the results of your physical examination. During your physical examination, your doctor will check for signs of inflammation in your eyes, nose and throat. Typically, the lining of the nose is swollen and pale pink or bluish, though it can be red. The doctor often looks for other signs of allergic rhinitis, such as dark circles under the eyes (called allergic shiners), resulting from chronic sinus congestion, wrinkles under the eyes as a result of chronic puffiness around the eyes, and a crease across the nose from frequently wiping it and pushing it upward. To identify the specific allergen (allergy-triggering substance) that is triggering your hay fever, your doctor may refer you to an allergist, who can do skin testing. In skin testing, a small amount of a specific allergen is scratched, pricked or injected into the skin. Results are available in 10 to 20 minutes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)

: Expected duration

Blood tests also can be done to measure eosinophils (a type of white blood cell that increases in number during allergy seasons) or levels of IgE, an allergy-inducing antibody. An elevated eosinophil count or IgE level tells the doctor that there is an allergic response, while skin tests provide more specific information about what the person it allergic to. Blood tests are most helpful when skin testing cannot be done, such as when someone has severe eczema. Although hay fever symptoms can reappear each year when the offending plant begins to bloom, they tend to diminish as you get older. Some people don't develop hay fever until adulthood.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)

: Prevention

You can help prevent attacks of hay fever by reducing your exposure to the suspected allergens. It helps to:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)

: Treatment

Although the best way to treat hay fever is to minimize exposure to the allergens, it is almost impossible to completely avoid airborne allergens such as pollen. There are many medicines, both prescription and nonprescription, to treat hay fever and its symptoms. Nonprescription decongestant sprays and pills can be used to relieve nasal congestion. Decongestant nasal sprays can give relief for a few days but they can cause congestion to get worse if they are used for more than three days. Another nonprescription nasal spray, cromolyn sodium, prevents allergy symptoms by blocking the release of an irritating substance called histamine. Antihistamines are also available in nasal spray and pill form. You may need to work with your doctor to find the specific antihistamine that best relieves your symptoms with the fewest side effects. Corticosteroid nasal sprays, such as beclomethasone (Beconase, Vancenase), budesonide (Nasonex) and fluticasone (Flonase), are probably the most effective treatment for hay fever and perennial allergic rhinitis. People with seasonal allergies should start the nasal corticosteroid spray a week or two before an expected rise in pollen counts. Montelukast (Singular) can be used alone or in combination with other medications to treat allergic rhinitis. It is a leukotriene receptor antagonist, which decreases the allergic response in a different way than either antihistamines or corticosteroids. It is taken by mouth once a day. But montelukast is not as effective as corticosteroid nasal sprays. If steroid sprays and antihistamines fail, or if you have perennial symptoms, your doctor may recommend trying allergy shots (immunotherapy), a treatment aimed at desensitizing your body's immune reaction to a particular allergen. In immunotherapy, increasing concentrations of the allergen are injected under your skin either weekly or biweekly. If immunotherapy is effective, allergy symptoms usually subside within six months to a year. Treatment often is continued for three to five years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you think you might have hay fever and the symptoms interfere with your normal everyday activities or make you feel generally miserable, or if you have hay fever and your symptoms are not controlled by your current medications.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)

: Prognosis

In most cases, hay fever can be managed successfully by minimizing exposure to the allergens and treating with one or more medications. Without medical treatment, most people with hay fever find that their symptoms gradually diminish as they grow older.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)

: Additional info

American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI)

https://www.aaaai.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head and Neck Cancer

: What Is It?

Head and neck cancer begins with the abnormal growth of cells. These cells multiply out of control, eventually forming a tumor in part of the head or neck. As the tumor grows, it can form a lump, a sore, or an abnormal patch of white or discolored tissue. Without treatment, the tumor can invade and destroy nearby bones and soft tissues. Eventually, it can spread (metastasize) to lymph nodes in the neck and to other parts of the body.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head injury In adults

: What is it?

Trauma to the head can cause several types of head and brain injuries, also called traumatic brain injury (TBI). Problems from head injury include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head injury In adults

: Symptoms

Head injuries can cause a wide variety of symptoms, depending on the type of injury, its severity, and its location. Some doctors classify head injuries into three categories, based on symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head injury In adults

: Diagnosis

All head injuries should be evaluated promptly by a doctor, so either call for emergency help or have a friend or family member drive you to an emergency department. Once you arrive at the emergency department, the doctor will want to know:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head injury In adults

: Expected duration

Even if your head injury is only mild, you may have difficulty concentrating temporarily and may experience occasional headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. This collection of symptoms is caused by a concussion. When symptoms are long-lasting, they are called post-concussion syndrome. A concussion usually improves within three months. You should not play contact sports until you have healed fully from a concussion and have received clearance to return from a medical professional who is certified to perform this function. The goal is to prevent two serious problems – repeat concussion and brain hemorrhage. Both of these are more likely to occur if the brain is still recovering from a first concussion. A severe head injury can be fatal, or can require an extended hospital stay with prolonged rehabilitation. In some cases, disability is permanent.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head injury In adults

: Prevention

To help prevent head injuries, try the following suggestions:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head injury In adults

: Treatment

If you have minor head trauma, your doctor may decide to monitor your condition in the emergency department for a short period of time or to admit you to the hospital for a brief period of observation. While you are in the emergency department or in a hospital room, medical personnel will ask you periodically about your symptoms, check your vital signs, and confirm that you are awake and can respond. Once your doctor is satisfied that you can be sent home safely, he or she will allow you to leave on the condition that a responsible adult will stay with you at home for a day or two to help monitor your condition. This person will be given specific instructions about possible danger signs to watch for. If you are troubled by headaches after your head injury, your doctor may suggest that you try acetaminophen (Tylenol) first. If this does not work, your doctor probably will prescribe a stronger pain reliever. It's safest to avoid aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), and naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) unless your doctor recommends it, since these drugs might increase the risk of bleeding inside the head. In people with more extensive head injuries, treatment depends on the type of injury, its severity, and its location. For example, the person may need treatment in an intensive care unit for close monitoring of brain function and blood pressure, as well as seizure prevention. Surgery may be performed to repair a depressed skull fracture, drain an epidural or subdural hematoma, or treat a brain hemorrhage or contusion.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head injury In adults

: When to call a professional

Call for emergency help immediately if you find someone unconscious at an accident scene. Also call for emergency help if someone with a serious head injury experiences any of the following symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head injury In adults

: Prognosis

The outlook depends on the severity of the injury:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head injury In adults

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/
 
National Rehabilitation Information Center (NARIC)

https://www.naric.com/
 
Brain Injury Association of America

https://www.biausa.org/
 
Brain Trauma Foundation

https://www.braintrauma.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head lice

: What are they?

Head lice are small, parasitic insects that infest hair on the head of people. Their six legs allow them to grasp and wander between hairs. They feed only on the blood of people, and feed once or more each day. They are more common on children than adults. In general, a person infested with head lice will have fewer than a dozen live lice on his or her head at a time, although hundreds of developing, dead and hatched eggs may be present. A single insect is called a louse. A female louse can lay more than 100 eggs, called nits, in her lifetime. The female louse secretes a glue to attach each egg to a scalp hair, usually close to scalp level. They hatch about 8 days after they are laid, and grow to the adult stage about 9 to 12 days after hatching. Adult head lice survive just a few weeks on the scalp, but die within a day once removed from a person. 

 

Image: Ivan Mattioli/Getty Images
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head lice

: Symptoms

The most common symptom of a head lice infestation is itching. This is caused mainly by the louse's saliva, which irritates the skin on the scalp. The itching can occasionally be severe enough to prevent sleep, and some people scratch so much that they cause additional skin infections. Head lice are not known to transmit any infections.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head lice

: Diagnosis

Because itching on the scalp may result from many causes other than head lice, a medical professional should diagnose a head-lice infestation, and this should be based on the finding of a live (crawling) louse. Louse infestations may be difficult to identify properly, since lice and their eggs are often hard to distinguish from other materials caught in the hair, such as dandruff, scabs, dirt or insects blown in by wind. In general, only those people with live (crawling) head lice should be treated. The eggs or nits of the louse appear as small white, tan or brown dots attached firmly to individual hairs. If nits are seen, then live lice should be sought before considering treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head lice

: Expected duration

Head lice sometimes go away on their own because there are not enough insects to maintain the infestation, or they may persist for an indefinite period without treatment. With proper treatment, the infestation usually goes away within about two weeks.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head lice

: Prevention

Head lice are acquired by direct contact with an infested person's hair. Only rarely would lice be transferred by shared combs, brushes, hats or other hair accessories. It is not necessary to isolate infested people or keep children with head lice home from school. Head lice neither are caused by, nor a sign of, poor hygiene or housekeeping.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head lice

: Treatment

There are several treatment options to eliminate head lice. In some cases, several methods can be used together to ensure success. First, make sure you have seen a live louse. Do not treat if you've only seen objects you believe to be louse eggs (nits). If you find a live louse on one person in the home, then inspect all other adults and children for lice as well. If the hair can be combed easily, then you can use a special louse comb or nit comb to remove lice and their eggs from the hair. This sometimes requires combing several times a week until no lice are seen for two or more weeks. Although combing alone may eliminate lice from some people, this method fails for others. If the process requires too much time or causes discomfort, then it is not a good option for treatment. Topical pediculicides applied to the scalp or skin are special insecticide products (registered by the Food and Drug Administration) that are available over the counter. Do not apply any other kind of insecticide to the body or hair. Carefully read and follow the instructions on the product. Do not overtreat. If you have any questions about the use of the product, speak to your doctor or pharmacist. Most topical pediculicides contain a class of chemicals called pyrethroids as the active ingredient. These usually are applied as a shampoo then washed off about 10 minutes later. A second treatment is often necessary, about 10 days later. Malathion and spinosad are two other effective topical pediculicides. Another over-the-counter topical treatment is Sklice, a single-use lotion with ivermectin 0.5% as the active ingredient. It's approved for patients age 6 months and older. Follow the directions; be sure your scalp and hair are dry before you apply it. Although these products work very well for many infestations, some head lice are resistant to them. If live (crawling) head lice are discovered a day after treatment, speak with your doctor about other kinds of treatments. Do not apply products that are not registered by the FDA as pediculicides. These include many kinds of essential oils, enzyme treatments, antibiotics, vegetable oils, or heat. Such treatments may waste time, money and effort, or may even harm the person being treated. Although head lice are only rarely found on clothes, towels and bed linens, you may want to launder or change any items that were in direct contact with the hair of the infested person during the last day or so. Washing items in hot water or drying them in high heat will kill lice and their eggs. Because head lice do not survive long once they are removed from a person, there is no need to clean or vacuum the home environment intensively.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head lice

: When to call a professional

If you are not certain that you or your child has head lice or you have any questions about over-the-counter treatments, talk with the pharmacist or call your doctor's office. If you are unsure if the objects you see are lice or eggs, then you should have these examined before you treat.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head lice

: Prognosis

The outlook for recovery from head-lice infestation is excellent. Head lice do not transmit other types of infections, nor do they produce symptoms other than itching. Active infestations that are treated according to directions will soon be eliminated.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Head lice

: Additional info

Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseaseswww.hsph.harvard.edu/immunology-and-infectious-diseases 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

https://www.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Headache overview

: What is it?

Headaches can be divided into two main types: primary headache and secondary headache. Primary headache includes
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Headache overview

: Symptoms

By definition, a headache is a pain in the head. But the type, location, and severity of pain are highly variable. And for migraine, there can be profound symptoms without a headache. A person can simultaneously have multiple reasons for headaches. It's common for a person to have both migraine and tension-type headaches. And the symptoms of tension-type headaches and migraine headaches can overlap. For example, both types of headaches may be made worse by bright lights or loud noises. In general, migraine headaches tend to throb. Tension-type headaches tend to cause a more constant pain. But the pain of either a migraine or a tension-type headache can be steady or throbbing, or can alternate between the two.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Headache overview

: Diagnosis

Most often, people can make a self-diagnosis of a tension-type headache or migraine. However, the onset of a new, very severe headache should prompt an urgent visit for clinical evaluation. The doctor will often be able to make the diagnosis based on your description of the headache, your medical history, and the results of a physical examination. A computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the head may be ordered. These imaging tests may be used to investigate headache pain that is associated with unexpected or unusual symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Headache overview

: Expected duration

Headaches can last from a few minutes to an entire day, and even for many consecutive days. A chronic headache or persistent migraine can last for part or all of the day for most days of the week. The pain can also be continuous. The intensity of pain may fluctuate during that time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Headache overview

: Prevention

Relaxation techniques and avoidance of stressful situations may help to prevent headaches. Many things can trigger a headache. Identifying and correcting one or more triggers may reduce headache frequency and severity. People with frequent or severe migraine attacks often benefit from taking preventive medication daily. Examples include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Headache overview

: Treatment

For infrequent headaches, over-the-counter pain relievers are convenient, effective, and relatively safe. Examples include aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), and naproxen (Aleve). Some people get more pain relief with combination pain relievers that contain caffeine. To be most effective, a pain-reliever medicine should be taken immediately when the headache starts. The use of any over-the-counter pain reliever should be limited to no more than two or three days per week. If pain medications are used more frequently than that, "rebound" headaches may occur on the days that medications are not taken. To abort a migraine, several prescription drugs are available:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Headache overview

: When to call a professional

Most headaches are harmless. It's reassuring if you are able to relieve your headaches without medications or with only occasional use of a pain reliever. Headaches are rarely caused by a serious medical problem. However, you should call or visit your doctor if you have
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Headache overview

: Prognosis

Infrequent episodic headaches can usually be treated successfully with pain-relieving medication. But finding the right combination of therapies to relieve frequent episodic and chronic headaches may take several months. Over time, most people will have fewer and less severe headaches.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Headache overview

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

www.ninds.nih.gov/
 
National Headache Foundation

https://www.headaches.org/
 
American Migraine Foundation

https://americanmigrainefoundation.org
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hearing Loss in Adults

: What Is It?

Hearing loss is a decrease in the ability to perceive sounds. It can be partial or total, sudden or gradual, temporary or permanent. It can affect one ear or both. In general, the risk of hearing loss increases with age. Sound enters the ear and strikes the eardrum. This causes the eardrum to vibrate. The eardrum's vibrations are amplified through the middle ear by three tiny bones. Inside the ear, the vibrations are transformed into nerve impulses. These nerve impulses travel to the brain, where they are interpreted as sounds.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heart attack (myocardial infarction)

: What is it?

A heart attack occurs when one of the heart's coronary arteries is blocked suddenly or has extremely slow blood flow. A heart attack also is called a myocardial infarction. The usual cause of sudden blockage in a coronary artery is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus). The blood clot typically forms inside a coronary artery that already has been narrowed by atherosclerosis, a condition in which fatty deposits (plaques) build up along the inside walls of blood vessels.