Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polio

: Diagnosis

The diagnosis of paralytic polio is based on a neurological exam. Your doctor may suspect that you have polio if you have fever with limb weakness or paralysis that mainly affects one side of your body. Your doctor will test your muscle reflexes and look for muscle weakness, abnormal muscle contractions, and decreased muscle tone. The poliovirus can be detected in throat or stool samples. Antibodies to the virus can be detected in the blood.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polio

: Expected duration

Recovery from minor polio occurs in about three days. The fever and other symptoms of paralytic polio can go away within days, but paralysis can be permanent. Some muscle function may return during the first six months after the acute illness, and improvement can continue for two years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polio

: Prevention

Depending on where they live, infants and children should be immunized with one or both forms of the polio vaccines: the Salk inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), which is given by injection, or the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV), which is given by mouth. OPV provides the best protection against polio. However, in rare cases, it can cause paralytic polio. For this reason, some countries where polio is no longer endemic now use only the inactivated polio vaccine, which is almost as effective. In the United States, here are the current vaccination recommendations. For children:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polio

: Treatment

No drug can kill the virus once an infection has begun. Treatment is directed at controlling the symptoms of the disease. People with minor poliomyelitis are treated with bed rest and over-the-counter medicines to control fever and muscle aches. People with major poliomyelitis may require additional treatments, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polio

: When to call a professional

Seek medical attention for any signs of muscle weakness or paralysis, particularly when accompanied by a fever. Severe headache with stiff neck and back also require medical attention. For people who live in the United States and most other developed nations, such symptoms are unlikely to be caused by poliovirus. However, they could indicate infection with another virus, and always require prompt medical attention.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polio

: Prognosis

People with minor illness and nonparalytic forms of polio recover completely, and most people with major illness who were paralyzed also recover completely. Fewer than 25% of people with polio are disabled for life. Even though you can recover completely from polio symptoms, polio leaves behind some damage. As you age, your nervous system may become less able to compensate for the damage that polio caused, so symptoms may gradually reappear. This can happen 15 or 30 years after the polio infection was active. Recurring symptoms from polio are called post-polio syndrome.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polio

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/
 
World Health Organization (WHO)

https//www.who.int/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polyarteritis nodosa

: What is it?

Polyarteritis nodosa is a rare, but potentially life threatening, inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) that damages the walls of the body's small- and medium-sized arteries. This damage slows the supply of blood and nourishment to the arteries, causing nearby tissue in many parts of the body to be injured or even destroyed. The disease most commonly affects the kidneys, the nerves of the arms and legs and the abdominal organs, although it can also involve the skin, joints, muscles, brain, heart, eyes and reproductive organs. In individual organs, polyarteritis nodosa can have the following effects:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polyarteritis nodosa

: Symptoms

In most people, polyarteritis nodosa develops gradually over weeks to months. The first symptoms include fever, weight loss, weakness, a generally sick feeling (called malaise), muscle aches, headaches or abdominal pain. These complaints are called nonspecific, because many illnesses and diseases produce the same symptoms. Eventually, these symptoms are followed by specific signs of arterial damage to one or more organs. Depending on the location and severity of the damage, any of the following symptoms can occur:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polyarteritis nodosa

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will review your medical history and medications you take. If your doctor suspects that you have polyarteritis nodosa, he or she will ask whether you have been immunized against hepatitis B. Your doctor may ask if you live a lifestyle that increases your risk of hepatitis infection, such as whether you share needles for drug injections or have unprotected sex. After checking your body temperature and blood pressure, your doctor will examine you. Depending on your symptoms, the doctor will pay special attention to your skin, abdomen and heart, and to any neurological symptoms or signs. After the exam, your doctor may send you for tests to look for evidence of arterial inflammation and organ damage, especially in your kidneys. These tests may include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polyarteritis nodosa

: Expected duration

Some people respond promptly to therapy and can taper off treatment over many months. Others require long-term treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polyarteritis nodosa

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent most cases of polyarteritis nodosa. Being vaccinated against hepatitis B, and avoiding activities that increase the risk of hepatitis, such as sharing needles during intravenous drug use or having unprotected sex, may prevent hepatitis-related polyarteritis nodosa.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polyarteritis nodosa

: Treatment

If you have no evidence of hepatitis and your symptoms are relatively mild, the doctor usually will begin your treatment with a steroid drug, such as prednisone, a powerful medication that suppresses the immune system and reduces inflammation. However, if you have more severe symptoms involving your heart, nerves or kidneys, if you don't improve with initial treatment or if you have relapses after initial treatment, prednisone may be combined with an additional immunosuppressant medication, such as cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar) azathioprine (Imuran), methotrexate (Rheumatrex), mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept) or rituximab (Rituxan). Full treatment usually takes at least one year. Sometimes plasmapheresis (also called plasma exchange) is recommended along with one or more medications (as noted above). Plasmapheresis is a process in which plasma is separated from the blood, cleaned of abnormal antibodies, and then replaced. The overall benefit of plasmapheresis for polyarteritis nodosa induced by viral hepatitis is not clear. If polyarteritis nodosa is related to hepatitis B or hepatitis C, you may be treated with antiviral medications alone to fight the liver infection. Or antiviral treatment may be combined with prednisone to control arterial inflammation.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polyarteritis nodosa

: When to call a professional

See your doctor if you develop any symptoms of polyarteritis nodosa. If you experience chest pain, difficulty breathing, severe abdominal pain or a combination of these symptoms, call or get to a hospital emergency room for an evaluation.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polyarteritis nodosa

: Prognosis

With proper treatment, at least 80% of people with polyarteritis nodosa survive for five years or more after diagnosis, often recovering completely. In one study, the risk of relapse after successful treatment was about 10%, although damaged blood vessels may cause problems, such as a heart attack, long after the inflammation has been treated. Without appropriate treatment, the prognosis is poor: only 10% of people survive for five years after they are diagnosed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polyarteritis nodosa

: Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

https://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
American College of Rheumatology

https://www.rheumatology.org/
 
National Organization for Rare Disorders

https://www.rarediseases.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polycystic Kidney Disease

: What Is It?

Polycystic kidney disease causes numerous cysts (non-cancerous growths) to form in both kidneys. It is a genetic disease, meaning you inherit it from your parents. About 600,000 Americans have polycystic kidney disease. The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs that sit in the upper part of the abdomen. They filter wastes and extra fluid from the blood, which get passed out of the body in the form of urine. The kidneys also regulate the amount of certain vital substances in the body, such as electrolytes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polycystic ovary syndrome

: What is it?

Estrogen and progesterone are the female hormones produced by the ovaries. The levels of these hormones vary during the monthly menstrual cycle. They are essential to the development of follicles, which are fluid-filled pockets, containing an egg that is released each month. A third hormone, testosterone, also is produced by the ovaries in small amounts. Testosterone is in a broad class of hormones called androgens, and it is the dominant sex hormone in men. Between 4% and 7% of women produce too much testosterone in their ovaries. These women have a pattern of symptoms called polycystic ovary syndrome. When a woman has a high level of androgen hormones such as testosterone in her body, she can be unable to release eggs from their follicles in the ovaries. Since the fluid-filled follicles don't open and empty, they stay in the ovary and the ovaries appear to contain multiple small cysts. This is the reason for the term "polycystic" in the name of the disease. Women with this condition may have problems with fertility because egg release (ovulation) stops or happens only once in a while. In addition to the problem of egg release during a monthly cycle, the woman's hormones don't change levels as they normally should. In reaction, the uterus manufactures a fragile inside lining that can cause her to have irregular bleeding. The lining is not shed all at once as during a normal menstrual period. Because of the abnormal hormone balance, the lining of the uterus is also at a higher risk of developing a cancer. In women with polycystic ovary syndrome, the androgen hormones also cause cosmetic effects. Women with high levels of androgens can have acne and can have increased hair growth in a male pattern such as in the mustache area or on the face. Commonly, women with polycystic ovary syndrome not only have high levels of androgen hormones. They also have high levels of insulin and resistance to insulin's effects. The high insulin levels are a marker for other health concerns that occur with this disease. As is true for anyone with high insulin levels, women with polycystic ovaries are more likely to become obese. And they are at a higher risk of developing diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Excess insulin may trigger the ovaries to make extra androgen hormones. So insulin resistance — a change in how efficiently you metabolize food calories — may be a trigger for polycystic ovary syndrome in some women. However, experts are not sure that insulin is always the root of the problem. Genetics and the way that some of the body's glands are programmed (the ovaries, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland) also play a role in causing this condition.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polycystic ovary syndrome

: Symptoms

Polycystic ovary syndrome usually does not cause symptoms before mid-puberty, when the ovaries begin to produce hormones in significant amounts. Women then can have some or all of the following symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polycystic ovary syndrome

: Diagnosis

If your periods are irregular, a pregnancy test should be done. Changes in the growth pattern of your hair or the development of acne may be enough for your doctor to determine that you have a high level of androgens, such as testosterone. If not, blood tests can detect high androgen levels. A blood test may also be used to check the level of prolactin, which is a hormone produced in the brain's pituitary gland. Very high prolactin levels can be caused by a pituitary gland tumor, and this problem can cause symptoms that resemble those of polycystic ovary syndrome. As long as other causes of your symptoms have been excluded, your doctor will diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome if a blood test shows a high testosterone level and you are having infrequent or absent menstrual periods. Testosterone can't be tested reliably if you are currently taking birth control pills. Your doctor is likely to check the levels of other hormones that can be associated with high testosterone or can cause similar symptoms, to be more certain about your diagnosis. Your doctor may choose to look at your ovaries using ultrasound, especially if the ovaries feel enlarged during your pelvic examination. An ultrasound test is likely to show multiple cysts in the ovary. The test also can be misleading. Some women have all the typical hormone abnormalities of this condition, but their ovaries have not developed cysts. The diagnosis and treatment for these women is no different. Because of the increased risk of diabetes and heart disease that goes along with this condition, it is very important to have your blood sugar and your cholesterol tested periodically. The American Diabetes Association suggests that people with this condition should have periodic blood sugar tests.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polycystic ovary syndrome

: Expected duration

This problem begins in puberty and lasts until the ovaries stop producing hormones due to menopause. The insulin resistance, high insulin levels, diabetes risk and heart disease risk usually last throughout life.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polycystic ovary syndrome

: Prevention

There is currently no way for most people to prevent polycystic ovary syndrome. Our understanding of problems relating to insulin resistance is improving rapidly, and some scientists are hopeful that we eventually will be able to prevent some cases of polycystic ovary syndrome if we can identify and treat insulin resistance in its earliest stages. Treatment for polycystic ovary disease can prevent complications such as uterine cancer. Because you have an increased risk of heart disease if you have this condition, it is very important that you avoid smoking, maintain a healthy exercise regimen and follow a healthy diet. If you have epilepsy and you have any features of polycystic ovary syndrome, you probably want to take other anti-seizure medicines rather than valproic acid (Depakote, Depakene). This medicine affects the metabolism of some reproductive hormones within the body, and may worsen your symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polycystic ovary syndrome

: Treatment

Weight loss, diet and exercise are recommended for all women with polycystic ovary disease to prevent obesity and to help prevent heart disease and diabetes. Other treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome depends upon your symptoms and whether you want to become pregnant. Restoring normal menstrual cycles can help reduce the risk of cancer in the uterus. This can be accomplished using pill supplements of progesterone for 10 to 14 days each month. Another way to restore menstrual cycles is to take birth control pills that contain both estrogen and progesterone. The estrogen seems to signal the ovaries that they can take a break from producing female sex hormones. In women who are taking birth control pills, the ovaries also decrease their production of androgens. After six months on birth control pills, side effects of hair growth and acne usually show significant improvement. For women who still have problems with unwanted hair and acne, an anti-androgen medicine can help. The most commonly used anti-androgen medicine is spironolactone (Aldactone), although others are available. Plucking or cosmetic laser treatment (electrolysis) also can be used for hair removal. It is now possible to help about 75% of women with this condition to become pregnant. Clomiphene citrate is the main treatment. This is a medicine that helps the ovary to release its eggs. Your doctor may prescribe diabetes medicines that reduce insulin resistance. Several diabetes medicines — such as metformin (Glucophage, generic versions) and pioglitazone (Actos, generic versions) — can decrease testosterone levels, restore normal menstrual cycles and restore fertility. If they occur along with polycystic ovary syndrome, high cholesterol, high blood pressure or diabetes should be treated. Although surgery used to be a common treatment for polycystic ovaries, it is used only rarely now. Removing a section or sections of the ovary with procedures called wedge resection or ovarian drilling can decrease the amount of androgen hormones in the body and temporarily improve symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polycystic ovary syndrome

: When to call a professional

If you have any of the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome, you should see your health care professional, especially if you have had irregular periods for more than six months.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polycystic ovary syndrome

: Prognosis

With treatment, symptoms may improve or go away. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome need to pay strict attention throughout their life to ways they can reduce their risks of heart disease and diabetes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Polycystic ovary syndrome

: Additional info

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

https://www.acog.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Post-polio syndrome

: Symptoms

Major symptoms include muscle weakness, pain, fatigue and, in some cases, wasting (atrophy) of the muscles that were involved during the polio infection, typically the legs. Additional problems can include intolerance to heat or cold, and difficulty swallowing, talking, breathing or sleeping. The syndrome also can cause abnormal muscle contractions, such as quivering or spasms, in small segments of a muscle. Worsening disability may cause social and psychological problems.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Post-polio syndrome

: Diagnosis

There is no specific test that diagnoses post-polio syndrome. Instead, the diagnosis is made by confirming an old history of polio (based on history, physical examination and a muscle test called an electromyogram, or EMG). In addition to these, there needs to be a period of partial recovery after the initial illness and a long stable period without new symptoms (at least 10-20 years). Finally, other reasons why someone may be experiencing new symptoms need to be ruled out. Your doctor will ask about your medical history, especially your history of polio. A neurological exam can identify muscle weakness and atrophy. An EMG can help to diagnose this disease. In this procedure, small needles are inserted into several areas of muscle. Of note, EMGs are often done in conjunction with another test called nerve conduction studies (NCS) which don't typically use needles but instead have surface electrodes that deliver small amounts of electricity to test the nerves. Sometimes, muscle biopsies are ordered, although these tests provide only supporting evidence—not proof—of the diagnosis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Post-polio syndrome

: Expected duration

Post-polio syndrome worsens slowly over time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Post-polio syndrome

: Prevention

In people who have a history of polio, there is no good way to prevent post-polio syndrome. Obviously, the way to prevent post-polio syndrome in children and adults who never had polio or the polio vaccine is to prevent polio itself through vaccination, when recommended by the doctor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Post-polio syndrome

: Treatment

Specific treatment for post-polio syndrome includes a multi-disciplinary rehabilitation approach. Physical therapy may be used to increase muscle strength and endurance and to help with improving balance and preventing falls. Occupational therapists can address upper extremity problems, especially overuse injuries, as well as recommend adaptive equipment for your home and/or office. Speech and language pathologists evaluate and treat swallowing and speech problems. Orthotists can fit you for an up-to-date brace. Neurologists and physiatrists are usually the physician specialists who care for people with post-polio syndrome. Physiatrists are doctors who specialize in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) and can help to both establish the diagnosis and treat any symptoms. Both physiatrists and neurologists are often trained in performing EMG testing. For treatment, these doctors may prescribe medications to help with pain and/or fatigue or perform injections. They may recommend sleep studies and prescribe treatments that help with breathing at night. They can write specific therapy orders, brace prescriptions and help coordinate the multi-disciplinary interventions. Complications that involve swallowing or breathing disturbances (such as sleep apnea) require specific treatments. Examples might include using different positions during meals, or an air-pressure mask and machine that can be used during sleep to support breathing. Counseling with a psychologist or vocational counselor can help with psychological or occupational adjustments. Support groups offer education, support and social opportunities.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Post-polio syndrome

: When to call a professional

Call a health care professional if you have had polio, and notice changes in muscle strength, decreased endurance, muscle wasting or abnormal muscle twitching. Difficulties swallowing, breathing or sleeping also require medical attention.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Post-polio syndrome

: Prognosis

Post-polio syndrome usually worsens slowly. With a combination of multi-disciplinary rehabilitation approaches and lifestyle modifications, people often can return to or approach their previous level of functioning. Post-polio syndrome does not usually cause symptoms that are as severe as the original polio illness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Post-polio syndrome

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Postpartum Depression

: What Is It?

Postpartum refers to the period immediately after childbirth. When a woman has significant symptoms of depression during this period, she is said to have postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is not the same as the “baby blues,” a much more common condition that affects as many as 85% of new mothers. New moms often are emotionally sensitive and tend to cry easily. The baby blues is uncomfortable, but usually doesn’t interfere with functioning as a mother, and it almost always goes away within a few weeks.