Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scleroderma

: Expected duration

Scleroderma is a chronic (long-lasting) disease. Although symptoms may come and go over time, the various forms of this disease usually last a lifetime. The skin swelling that happens first can last for a few weeks or months. This is followed by a gradual thickening of the skin and other skin changes. In the diffuse form of the disease, skin symptoms tend to peak within three years, then stabilize or even improve. If skin changes occur more rapidly, there is often a greater risk that internal organs are being damaged as well. In limited scleroderma, skin symptoms tend to worsen very slowly over a period of many years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scleroderma

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent scleroderma.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scleroderma

: Treatment

There is currently no treatment for scleroderma that is reliably effective. A host of drugs have been tried or are in development for the treatment of scleroderma. Among the most commonly prescribed drugs for scleroderma are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scleroderma

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you think that you are experiencing episodes of Raynaud's phenomenon or other symptoms of scleroderma, especially if you are a woman of childbearing age.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scleroderma

: Prognosis

While many people with scleroderma live long, full lives, the death rate is increased by up to eight times for diffuse disease and two times for limited disease. Pulmonary hypertension and diffuse skin disease are risk factors for poor prognosis. However, longevity in this illness seems to be improving over time. Its rarity and variability make it difficult to accurately predict the prognosis in an individual with scleroderma.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scleroderma

: Additional info

American College of Rheumatology

https://www.rheumatology.org/
 
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

https://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
Scleroderma Foundation

https://www.scleroderma.org/
 
Scleroderma Research Foundation

https://www.sclerodermaresearch.org
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scoliosis

: What is it?

A normal spine has several front-to-back curves between the neck and the pelvis. In scoliosis, the spine curves abnormally to the side or twists. Although scoliosis seems to run in some families, most cases appear for unknown reasons in children and adolescents who previously had a straight spine. Scoliosis without a known cause is called idiopathic scoliosis. Girls and boys are affected equally by idiopathic scoliosis, but girls with this condition are more likely to develop curves that get big enough to require treatment. In some cases, the cause of scoliosis is known. These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scoliosis

: Symptoms

Normally, when you look at a person's spine from the front or back, it appears straight. When a person has scoliosis, the spine typically curves out to one side and then back again, or, more commonly, has two bowed-out areas that balance each other, resembling an S shape. Other signs can include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scoliosis

: Diagnosis

Starting at age 8 or 10, most children and adolescents are checked for scoliosis at each routine physical examination. Many states require public schools to screen students for scoliosis, usually in the fifth or sixth grade. During the exam, the health professional will ask the child to stand up straight, then bend over and try to touch his or her toes. This bent-over position allows the examiner to check for curvature in the spine, for an abnormal body tilt to the left or right, or for one shoulder blade that is raised higher than the other. The overall value of routine screening is not clear. If your child's school nurse or your family doctor suspects scoliosis, he or she may refer you to a spine specialist, usually an orthopedic surgeon (a specialist who treats diseases of the bones and joints), for further examination. To help with the diagnosis, a series of spinal X-rays often will be taken. Using these X-rays, the specialist will determine the severity of the scoliosis and the risk that it will worsen. Once this is done, the doctor will recommend specific treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scoliosis

: Expected duration

Scoliosis is a lifelong condition that usually begins in childhood or adolescence. Once rapid bone growth ends after puberty, scoliosis usually does not worsen. As the spine undergoes normal weakening in adulthood, curvatures and symptoms can worsen gradually.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scoliosis

: Prevention

Except for osteoporosis-related scoliosis, most cases of scoliosis cannot be prevented. There is no evidence to suggest that improving posture or doing exercises can prevent it. Measures to increase bone mass and strengthen bones, including getting enough calcium and vitamin D, doing regular weight-bearing exercise, and, taking bone-building medications may help to prevent cases caused by spinal fractures. In some cases, early detection may prevent the condition from getting worse. You should examine your child's spine regularly, starting in infancy, and talk to a health care professional about any concerns. School nurse evaluations and regular pediatric examinations also can identify cases of scoliosis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scoliosis

: Treatment

The treatment of scoliosis depends on the patient's age and sex, the severity of spinal curvature, the location of the curve, the type of scoliosis, and in girls, whether the patient has started to menstruate. The age at which menstruation begins is an indicator of the stage of bone growth, which helps determine the risk that the disease will progress. Most cases of scoliosis are mild and require no treatment. However, to make sure that the curve does not get worse, the person should be examined regularly by a doctor. More severe cases that cause discomfort or other symptoms and mild cases that are likely to get worse often require treatment, which may include back-strengthening exercises. For the worst cases of scoliosis, special back braces and even surgery may be recommended.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scoliosis

: When to call a professional

Contact your child's doctor for a thorough exam if you notice that your child has any signs of scoliosis or if an abnormal curve in the spine was detected during a school screening program.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scoliosis

: Prognosis

When scoliosis is detected early, treatment usually can prevent the problem from getting worse. Most cases of scoliosis are mild and cause no discomfort or physical limitations. In extreme cases that require surgery, the patient usually recovers quickly. Although most people with mild scoliosis can continue normal activities, some people are advised to avoid heavy contact sports or gymnastics. Your doctor will discuss any specific activity limitations with you. Without treatment, severe scoliosis can cause significant deformity and some pain or breathing problems in adult years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scoliosis

: Additional info

National Scoliosis Foundation

http://www.scoliosis.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Screening for Birth Defects in Early Pregnancy (Combined Test, Integrated Test, and Quadruple Test)

: What is the test?

A combination of blood test results and the findings seen on a fetal ultrasound can enable doctors to identify pregnancies that are at a higher risk for birth defects. Examples of birth defects that screening can identify are Down syndrome and neural tube defects (brain and spinal cord problems). If the screening tests suggest problems, your doctor might recommend additional tests, such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, to confirm the findings.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Screening for Birth Defects in Early Pregnancy (Combined Test, Integrated Test, and Quadruple Test)

: How do I prepare for the test?

Before having this test done, you need to think carefully about what you would do with the results once you have them. The results of these screening tests cannot show for sure whether you have either a healthy fetus or one with a problem. They can only suggest which patients might want to go ahead with further testing.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sebaceous Cysts

: What Is It?

Sebaceous cysts are small lumps that arise within the skin on the face, upper back and upper chest. A sebaceous cyst can form when the opening to a sebaceous gland becomes blocked. The oily substance called sebum continues to be produced but cannot escape to the outer skin surface.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sebaceous Cysts

: Symptoms

A cyst is a movable, dome-shaped, smooth-surfaced mass that varies in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters (from less than a quarter of an inch to more than 2 inches). Sebaceous cysts appear primarily on the face, upper back and upper chest.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sebaceous Cysts

: Diagnosis

Your doctor can examine the swelling and tell you if you have a cyst.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sebaceous Cysts

: Expected Duration

A cyst may disappear on its own or remain indefinitely.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sebaceous Cysts

: Prevention

Sebaceous cysts that occur in people with acne can be prevented by keeping acne under control with medication.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sebaceous Cysts

: Treatment

A sebaceous cyst usually does not need to be treated unless it is inflamed (red) or is causing a cosmetic problem. Inflamed cysts usually are treated by draining the fluid and removing the shell that make up the cyst wall. You also may be treated with antibiotics if the skin around the cyst is infected. If a cyst is causing irritation or cosmetic difficulty, your physician can remove it by making a small incision in the skin and emptying the contents of the cyst and its wall.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sebaceous Cysts

: When To Call a Professional

If you have a new swelling on your skin that lasts for more than two weeks, contact your doctor, especially if it is painful.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sebaceous Cysts

: Prognosis

The outlook for sebaceous cysts is excellent. Many cysts have no symptoms and some will go away on their own. Cysts can return. If your cyst is problematic, your doctor may decide to drain it or remove it surgically. This does not usually lead to any complications or side effects.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic dermatitis

: What is it?

Seborrheic dermatitis is a form of skin inflammation (dermatitis) that causes a red, oily, flaking skin rash in areas of the body where glands in the skin called sebaceous glands are most abundant — the scalp, face and groin. In infants, it primarily affects the scalp, where it is called cradle cap. The causes of seborrheic dermatitis are unclear, but yeast may be involved in some cases.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic dermatitis

: Symptoms

In infants, seborrheic dermatitis appears as a scaly redness that usually is not itchy or uncomfortable. In some babies, it affects only the scalp (cradle cap), but in others, it also involves the neck creases, armpits or groin. In adults and adolescents, seborrheic dermatitis may affect only the scalp, appearing as either patchy or diffuse areas of redness and flaking. Other skin areas commonly affected include the eyebrows, eyelids, forehead, nose creases, outer ear, chest, underarms, or groin. Although some adults and adolescents feel an itchy or burning irritation in areas of seborrheic dermatitis, others don't have any discomfort. In some people, seborrheic dermatitis flare-ups are triggered by stress.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic dermatitis

: Diagnosis

Your doctor usually can diagnose seborrheic dermatitis by a simple physical examination.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic dermatitis

: Expected duration

In infants, seborrheic dermatitis typically is worst during the first year of life. It usually disappears on its own as the child grows, and it may return during the teenage years. In adults and adolescents, seborrheic dermatitis tends to be a chronic condition that comes and goes over many years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic dermatitis

: Prevention

Because doctors do not know what causes seborrheic dermatitis, there is no way to prevent it. However, symptoms can be controlled with effective treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic dermatitis

: Treatment

If you have an infant with cradle cap, your doctor may suggest applying baby oil to soften the scale, followed by shampooing with a mild baby shampoo to gently remove the scale. If this doesn't help, your doctor may recommend an anti-seborrheic dermatitis shampoo. For skin areas outside the scalp, your doctor may prescribe hydrocortisone or an anti-yeast cream, because yeast sometimes can trigger seborrheic dermatitis. If you are an adult with scalp seborrheic dermatitis, your doctor may suggest a shampoo containing selenium sulfide or zinc pyrithione. Your doctor also may prescribe corticosteroid cream and shampoo containing ketoconazole. For other skin areas, hydrocortisone or anti-yeast cream can be rubbed directly into seborrheic dermatitis patches. For adults with persistent seborrheic dermatitis, treatment with oral itraconazole 200 mg daily for 7 days, and then the same dose for the first 2 days of each month can be very effective. Usually the treatment is only needed for 3 months.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic dermatitis

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you have not been able to control your seborrheic dermatitis with shampoos and creams. Remember, the goal is control. There is no cure.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic dermatitis

: Prognosis

Cradle cap typically disappears on its own as a child grows. Other forms of seborrheic dermatitis usually respond very well to topical treatment with medicated shampoos and/or creams. When needed, an oral anti-fungal medicine can be very effective.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic dermatitis

: Additional info

American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic keratoses

: What is it?

Seborrheic keratoses are benign (noncancerous) skin growths that develop from skin cells called keratinocytes. These growths have a waxy or greasy look and can be tan, brown or black. They look like they have been glued or stuck onto the skin. Over time, the growths become rough and crusty looking.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic keratoses

: Symptoms

Seborrheic keratoses look like crusty growths on the skin that typically start out tan or brown but can darken over time. They tend to have a greasy appearance and look as though they were glued onto the skin, as opposed to growing from it. They may be tiny, or larger than 3 inches across. They rarely itch.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic keratoses

: Diagnosis

Physicians usually can diagnose seborrheic keratoses by looking at them. In rare cases, seborrheic keratoses may look like other skin disorders, including malignant melanoma. If the diagnosis is uncertain, your physician may want to do a biopsy, in which a portion of the growth is removed and examined under a microscope.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic keratoses

: Expected duration

Seborrheic keratoses do not go away on their own. If they are not removed, they will last a lifetime.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic keratoses

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent seborrheic keratoses from developing.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic keratoses

: Treatment

Seborrheic keratoses do not require treatment. Although they may grow relatively large and can become dark, they are not dangerous. If seborrheic keratoses become irritated, itchy or unsightly or if they bleed, they can be removed in a doctor's office. Because the skin is numbed before any procedure, treatment is mostly painless. The three main methods of removal are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic keratoses

: When to call a professional

See a health care professional if you develop any unusual skin growths or if existing growths start to change their appearance. If multiple seborrheic keratoses develop suddenly, call your physician's office to schedule an appointment. It may be a sign of another disease.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic keratoses

: Prognosis

Seborrheic keratoses do not go away on their own, but they can be removed if they become irritating or unsightly. There is no harm in not treating the growths, because they are benign (noncancerous) and do not become cancerous.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Seborrheic keratoses

: Additional info

American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Secondary hypertension

: What is it?

Most people with high blood pressure are diagnosed with primary hypertension. Currently this means that no specific cause is identified for the condition.  Some of the time, however, high blood pressure is caused by another condition or disease. When this happens, it is called secondary hypertension. Some of the medical problems that can cause secondary hypertension include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Secondary hypertension

: Symptoms

New guidelines define high blood pressure as persistent readings of 130/80 mm Hg. However, people with secondary hypertension will be diagnosed when they have readings of at least 14/90 mm Hg. Most often doctors start to consider secondary hypertension when blood pressure is not controlled with two or three different medications or if the person has symptoms related to the underlying condition. For example, a tumor of the adrenal gland called a pheochromocytoma can cause sweating, palpitations, severe anxiety and weight loss. In Cushing's syndrome, there may be weight gain, weakness, abnormal growth of body hair and loss of menstrual periods in women, and the appearance of purple "stretch marks" on the abdomen (abdominal striae). Hyperparathyroidism with elevated calcium levels can cause fatigue, increased urination, constipation and kidney stones. Hyperaldosteronism often causes weakness related to low blood potassium levels.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Secondary hypertension

: Diagnosis

You doctor will ask you if you have any symptoms related to the medical illnesses that cause secondary hypertension. During a physical examination, your doctor will pay special attention to any sudden weight gain or weight loss, signs of extra fluid in your tissues, abnormal hair growth, and purple marks on your abdomen. You doctor also will check your abdomen for any abnormal masses, and he or she will use a stethoscope to listen for sounds of abnormal blood flow in your kidneys. Depending on the results of your physical examination, your doctor will order additional tests to pinpoint the cause of your secondary hypertension. For suspected kidney disease, these tests may include blood tests for creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urinalysis, and an ultrasound examination of your abdomen to evaluate the size of your kidneys. If there is concern that you may have renal artery stenosis, your doctor may order magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Occasionally, a test called a renal arteriogram is ordered. For pheochromocytoma, your urine or blood may be analyzed for levels of catecholamines (the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine). For Cushing's syndrome, urine or blood levels of cortisol are measured. For hyperparathyroidism, blood levels of parathormone, calcium and phosphate are measured. For hyperaldosteronism, blood tests for potassium and aldosterone levels are measured. Coarctation of the aorta usually is suspected based on the younger age of the person, physical exam findings (blood pressure in the arms much higher than blood pressure in the legs) and specific changes seen on chest X-ray.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Secondary hypertension

: Expected duration

Secondary hypertension will last as long as the medical problem that is causing it remains untreated.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Secondary hypertension

: Prevention

Most of the medical problems that cause secondary hypertension can't be prevented. This makes secondary hypertension different from primary hypertension, which can be prevented by exercising regularly, restricting salt, following a healthy diet, watching your weight and avoiding smoking.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Secondary hypertension

: Treatment

The treatment of secondary hypertension depends on its cause. When secondary hypertension results from a tumor or a blood vessel abnormality, surgery may be recommended. However, the decision to do surgery is often guided by the age and general health of the patient. For some patients, anti-hypertensive medications may be a safer option than surgery.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Secondary hypertension

: When to call a professional

Inform you doctor if you have any of the symptoms associated with medical illnesses that cause secondary hypertension, such as unexplained weight change, palpitations, leg swelling (edema), marked fatigue, abnormal hair growth or new purplish stretch marks on your skin.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Secondary hypertension

: Prognosis

In many patients with secondary hypertension, high blood pressure can be cured when their underlying medical illness is treated successfully.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Secondary hypertension

: Additional info

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
 
American Heart Association (AHA)

https://www.heart.org/