Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meckel's diverticulum

: Prognosis

With surgery, full recovery can be expected.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meckel's diverticulum

: Additional info

National Library of Medicine (NLM)

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Medication Allergy

: What Is It?

A true allergic reaction to medication occurs when the immune system is activated in response to a drug.  The medication can be taken by mouth, injected into the body or rubbed on the skin.  The symptoms from an allergic reaction vary from a mild skin rash to sudden swelling of many body parts with life threatening fall in blood pressure.  Most people with a drug allergy have been exposed to that drug or a similar drug before.  During the earlier exposure, immune cells formed antibodies against the drug.  Antibodies are proteins created by the immune system to battle foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. When a person is exposed to the drug again, the antibodies go into action, setting off the allergic response.  The symptoms of drug allergy may happen immediately or after taking the drug for a week or more.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Melanoma

: What is it?

Melanoma is cancer of the cells ("melanocytes") that give skin its color. It develops when these cells change and reproduce aggressively. The number of cases of melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, is increasing faster than any other cancer.   Doctors aren't completely sure why melanoma rates are soaring. It could be from spending too much time in the sun during outdoor activities. It could also be due to global changes, such as the depletion of the ozone, which absorbs many of the sun's harmful rays.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Melasma (Chloasma)

: What Is It?

Melasma is a condition in which areas of the skin become darker than the surrounding skin. Doctors call this hyperpigmentation. It typically occurs on the face, particularly the forehead, cheeks and above the upper lip. The dark patches often appear on both sides of the face in a nearly identical pattern. The darker-colored patches of skin can be any shade, from tan to deep brown. Rarely, these dark patches may appear on other sun-exposed areas of the body. Melasma occurs much more often in women than in men, and usually is associated with hormonal changes. That is why the dark patches develop often during pregnancy, or if a woman is taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptives. Melasma during pregnancy is relatively common. Sometimes it is called the "mask of pregnancy" or "chloasma." The dark patches typically last until the pregnancy ends.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meniere's disease

: What is it?

In M'nière's disease, fluid collects in the inner ear. Pressure from the buildup of fluid and damage to some of the delicate structures in the inner ear can cause a variety of symptoms that appear suddenly, without warning, and can last minutes to hours. Many people have only mild symptoms, but in others the symptoms are severe enough to be disabling. Hearing loss comes and goes, but over time some degree of hearing loss may become permanent.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meniere's disease

: Symptoms

The cause of M'nière's disease is unknown. It tends to strike men and women equally, and although it can occur at any age, it usually begins between the ages of 30 and 50. In most cases, only one ear is affected. Only about 15 percent of people with M'nière's disease lose hearing in both ears. The symptoms of Meniere's disease vary considerably from person to person. Some patients experience a cluster of attacks for a few weeks followed by years of relief, and other patients experience symptoms regularly for years. A person with M'nière's disease may experience any or all of these symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meniere's disease

: Diagnosis

Diagnosing M'nière's disease can be difficult. Your doctor cannot examine the inner ear directly, so there is no simple way to tell if fluid has built up. Usually, your doctor will diagnose M'nière's disease if you experience the typical symptoms and other possible causes of the symptoms have been ruled out. Your doctor will start by taking a medical history, including information about past or current medical problems and medications that you take. He or she will ask you detailed questions about your symptoms, including when they started, how often and for how long they occur, and how disabling they are. Your doctor then will examine you, with a special focus on your ears, nose, throat and balance system. Tests that may be used to aid in diagnosis include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meniere's disease

: Expected duration

There is no cure for M'nière's disease. Once the condition is diagnosed, it will remain for life. However, the symptoms typically come and go, and only some people with M'nière's disease will go on to develop permanent disabilities.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meniere's disease

: Prevention

Because no one knows what causes M'nière's disease, there is no way to prevent it.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meniere's disease

: Treatment

There is no cure for M'nière's disease, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms. Different types of medications may be used to control various symptoms, including
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meniere's disease

: When to call a professional

It is usually difficult to ignore an attack of M'nière's disease. See your health care professional if you experience an unexplained spinning or dizzy sensation or if you experience hearing loss.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meniere's disease

: Prognosis

There is no cure for M'nière's disease. Over time, some degree of permanent hearing loss is common. However, the worst symptoms of vertigo, nausea and vomiting often can be controlled. By working closely with their physicians, people with M'nière's disease often can find the right combination of lifestyle changes and medication to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks. Patients with severe, disabling symptoms may get relief with surgery, but the risks and benefits need to be weighed carefully.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meningitis

: What is it?

Meningitis is an inflammation of coverings (meninges) of the brain and spinal cord. Most often it is caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Other infectious agents such as fungi can also cause meningitis. Rarer causes of meningitis include atypical drug reactions and systemic lupus erythematosus. Anyone can get viral meningitis, but it occurs more often in children. While many different viruses can cause meningitis, an enterovirus tends to be the usual culprit. Viral meningitis due to enterovirus peaks in mid-summer through early autumn. But it can occur any time of the year. Except for the rare case of herpes meningitis, viral meningitis will resolve on its own after seven to 10 days. Bacterial meningitis, formerly called spinal meningitis, is a very serious and potentially fatal infection. It can strike very healthy people, but infants and older people are more susceptible. In the past, the three most common types of bacterial meningitis were caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Now that we have very effective vaccines to help prevent all three types, bacterial meningitis in otherwise healthy children and adults occurs less often. Besides infants and the elderly, people with chronic diseases and/or impaired immune systems have the greatest risk of meningitis caused by bacteria and fungi.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meningitis

: Symptoms

The symptoms of meningitis vary, but often include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meningitis

: Diagnosis

Meningitis is diagnosed by testing some of the fluid that surrounds the spinal cord for disease-causing bacteria or infection-fighting cells. The fluid is removed from the spinal cord with a needle in a procedure known as a spinal tap or lumbar puncture.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meningitis

: Expected duration

Viral meningitis tends to get better on its own in seven to 10 days. In contrast, if bacterial meningitis is not diagnosed and treated early, it can cause permanent disability or death. The length of time that medication is needed for bacterial meningitis depends on the person's age, response to the medication, and other factors.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meningitis

: Prevention

The bacteria and viruses that cause meningitis are found in bodily fluids, such as saliva and mucus, and are spread by direct contact. Some people carry the germs in their nose and throat and can pass them on to other people, even though these "carriers" are not sick. If you are in close contact with someone who has been diagnosed with bacterial meningitis, you may be given antibiotics to prevent you from getting the disease. Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia shot), Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis is the best way to prevent bacterial meningitis. There is no vaccine to prevent the common types of viral meningitis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meningitis

: Treatment

Viral meningitis is treated much like the flu, with rest and plenty of fluids, and you should recover in a week to 10 days. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency. It requires high-dose intravenous antibiotics in a hospital setting. Depending upon the patient and suspected type of bacterial meningitis, intravenous dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, may be given at the time of diagnosis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meningitis

: When to call a professional

If you or your child is exhibiting symptoms of meningitis, contact your doctor immediately.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meningitis

: Prognosis

For most people with viral meningitis, the outlook is excellent. The prognosis for bacterial meningitis depends on the person's age, which bacterium is causing the disease, and how early the disease was diagnosed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meningitis

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Menopause And Perimenopause

: What Is It?

Most women think of menopause as the time of life when their menstrual periods end. This usually occurs during middle age, when women are also experiencing other hormonal and physical changes. For this reason, menopause is sometimes called the "change of life." A woman is said to be in menopause after she has gone for one full year without periods. While most women in the United States go through menopause around the age of 51, a small number will experience menopause as early as age 40 or as late as their late 50s. Rarely, menopause occurs after age 60. When menopause is diagnosed before age 40, it is considered to be abnormal or premature menopause.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Metastatic brain tumors

: What is it?

A metastatic brain tumor is cancer that has spread (metastasized) from another part of the body to the brain. It is also called a secondary tumor, lesion, or brain metastasis (plural: metastases). In contrast, a primary brain tumor starts in the brain, not in another part of the body. A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue. It occurs when cells divide more than they should or don't die when they should. Cancers that spread to the brain can originate in any part of the body. The original tumor is called the primary tumor. Metastatic brain tumors most commonly originate in the lung, breast, skin, colon, and kidney. A very aggressive form of skin cancer called melanoma often spreads to the brain. Brain metastases occur when cancer cells break away from a primary tumor. They travel to the brain, usually through the bloodstream. These cancer cells may settle in the brain and continue growing. Sometimes only one secondary brain tumor occurs. But in many cases there are multiple lesions. The brain is a complex organ enclosed in the skull. Among other things, it serves as the body's center of
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Metastatic brain tumors

: Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of secondary brain tumors depend on their size and location. This is because different parts of the brain control different functions. As a tumor grows, it can press against or destroy normal brain tissue. It can also increase pressure inside the skull. Signs and symptoms of brain metastases include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Metastatic brain tumors

: Diagnosis

The first step in diagnosis is usually a physical exam. Your doctor will check for general signs of disease. He or she will also ask about your health habits and past illnesses and treatments. The following tests and procedures may be used to determine whether you have cancer that has spread to your brain. Neurological and visual exams. These tests assess your mental and physical abilities, including
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Metastatic brain tumors

: Expected duration

Primary cancers spread to the brain at different rates. For example, lung cancer tends to spread to the brain much sooner than many other cancers. The tumors will continue to grow until they are treated.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Metastatic brain tumors

: Prevention

Some metastatic brain tumors develop from common cancers that begin in organs. Surgeons may be able to remove part or all of such tumors. Therefore, surgery is one way to prevent a cancer from spreading to the brain.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Metastatic brain tumors

: Treatment

Treatment for metastatic brain tumors may include surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and/or chemotherapy. The treatment approach depends on the
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Metastatic brain tumors

: When to call a professional

Contact your doctor if you experience symptoms of metastatic brain tumors, including
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Metastatic brain tumors

: Prognosis

The outlook for patients with brain metastases depends on
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Metastatic brain tumors

: Additional info

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

https://www.cancer.gov/
 
American Cancer Society (ACS)

https://www.cancer.org/
 
American Brain Tumor Association

https://www.abta.org
 
National Brain Tumor Society

https://braintumor.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mid-Menstrual Cycle Pain (Mittelschmerz)

: What Is It?

Some women feel pain in the abdomen or pelvis during ovulation, when an egg is released from the ovary. This usually happens midway between menstrual cycles. The medical term for this is mittelschmerz, which comes from the German words for "middle" and "pain." Some women don't feel anything when an egg is being released from an ovary. Other women may feel intermittent or constant discomfort or pain during ovulation.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mid-Menstrual Cycle Pain (Mittelschmerz)

: Symptoms

Ovulation usually occurs two weeks before the first day of each menstrual period, give or take a couple of days. During this time, you may feel pain in the pelvis that can range from a sense of discomfort or a mild twinge to severe pain that mimics appendicitis. It usually lasts a short period of time, from a few minutes to hours. It often is felt in the lower abdomen or pelvis, either in the middle or on one side. If the pain is severe, it may be accompanied by some mild nausea.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Middle-ear infection (otitis media)

: What is it?

The middle ear is the space behind the eardrum, which is connected to the back of the throat by a passageway called the eustachian tube. Middle-ear infections, also called otitis media, can occur when congestion from an allergy or cold blocks the eustachian tube. Fluid and pressure build up, so bacteria or viruses that have traveled up the eustachian tube into the middle ear can multiply and cause an ear infection. Middle-ear infections are the most common illness that brings children to a pediatrician and the most common cause of hearing loss in children. Middle-ear infections can also cause a hole (perforation) in the eardrum or spread to nearby areas, such as the mastoid bone. Adults also can get middle-ear infections. Children in day care have an increased risk of middle-ear infections. The increased exposure to other infected children increases your child's chances of getting infected.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Middle-ear infection (otitis media)

: Symptoms

The most common symptoms of a middle-ear infection are pain and decreased hearing. Inside the middle ear, three tiny bones (ossicles) normally transfer sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear, where they are turned into nerve impulses that your brain understands as sound. In people with otitis media, however, inflammation and infection may change this normal process. Other symptoms can include fever, headache, general body discomfort, rubbing or pulling of the ears in children, vomiting and diarrhea in infants, dizziness, loss of balance, and fluid draining from the ear.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Middle-ear infection (otitis media)

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about ear pain, any discharge from the ear, and fever. He or she will examine the ears with an otoscope — an instrument with a lighted, cone-shaped end piece for looking in the ear canal at the eardrum. The doctor will look for redness and bulging of the eardrum and will check to see if it moves normally by blowing a puff of air through the otoscope. (Eardrums do not move if they are too stiff or if there is fluid behind them.) Your doctor may also do a hearing test called an audiogram to check for hearing problems or a test called a tympanogram that measures how the eardrum moves.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Middle-ear infection (otitis media)

: Expected duration

Symptoms of otitis media usually improve within 48 to 72 hours, but the fluid that has built up in the middle ear may last for up to three months.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Middle-ear infection (otitis media)

: Prevention

You may be able to lower your child's risk of otitis media by doing the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Middle-ear infection (otitis media)

: Treatment

The treatment of a middle-ear infection depends on how bad the symptoms are and what's causing the infection. Many infections will go away on their own, and the only treatment necessary is medication for pain. Up to 80% of ear infections may go away without antibiotics. Antibiotics are prescribed for any child younger than 6 months and for any person with severe symptoms. Sometimes a doctor will write a prescription for antibiotics but will ask the patient or family to wait 48 to 72 hours before filling it, to see if symptoms improve. In cases of particularly severe infections or those that do not respond to treatment, a tube may need to be inserted through the eardrum. This is done by a specialist in illnesses of the ears, nose, and throat (an otolaryngologist), usually under anesthesia. If enlarged adenoids or tonsils cause recurrent or persistent infections, the specialist may recommend surgery to remove them.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Middle-ear infection (otitis media)

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you or your older child complains of an earache or has trouble hearing. If your baby child has a fever, is unusually irritable, or can't sleep, frequently rubs or pulls his or her ears, has vomiting or diarrhea, or does not respond normally to sounds (doesn't startle when a door slams or pots clang), call your doctor promptly.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Middle-ear infection (otitis media)

: Prognosis

The outlook in most people with a middle-ear infection is very good. The infection and its symptoms usually go away completely. In severe cases that go untreated, the infection can spread, causing an infection in the mastoid bone (called mastoiditis) or even meningitis, but this is rare. Hearing difficulties can occur. While they are not necessarily permanent, they can affect the speech and language development of younger children.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Middle-ear infection (otitis media)

: Additional info

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders

https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/
 
American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery

https://www.entnet.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Miscarriage

: What is miscarriage?

A miscarriage is a loss of a pregnancy. The term is generally used when the loss occurs before 20 weeks of gestation. Other terms that are used for such losses include spontaneous abortion and early pregnancy failure.  About 15% to 20% of known pregnancies end in a miscarriage. Most miscarriages happen before the pregnancy is 12 weeks along. In the first several weeks of a pregnancy, a miscarriage sometimes happens because a fertilized egg did not properly form a fetus. In many cases, the activity of the fetal heart stopped days or weeks before the symptoms of miscarriage began. A common sign of miscarriage is bleeding, although not all pregnancies with bleeding end in miscarriage. In the years before ultrasound, a miscarriage was usually diagnosed after bleeding had started and the process of expelling the pregnancy had begun. Today, ultrasound may identify pregnancy loss before the body has begun the process of expulsion. Sometimes this finding is called an "early pregnancy failure." Miscarriages and possible miscarriages are categorized in several ways:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Miscarriage

: Symptoms of miscarriage

Symptoms of miscarriage include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Miscarriage

: Diagnosing miscarriage

If miscarriage is suspected or has occurred, an ultrasound and pelvic exam are usually performed. Your doctor, midwife or nurse will do a pelvic examination to check the size of your uterus and determine whether your cervix is open or closed. If a miscarriage is in progress, the cervix is usually open and the pregnancy will not survive. If a miscarriage has already happened, the cervix can be either open or closed, depending on whether all the pregnancy tissue has passed out of the womb. Blood tests are usually done to verify your blood type and check the level of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), a hormone released by the placenta into your body when you are pregnant. If the amount of the pregnancy hormone in your system is low or if repeated tests show the level has decreased over time or is not rising as much as expected, this is a sign you may have had a miscarriage. In many cases when symptoms indicate a miscarriage, the evaluation will include or even start with an ultrasound. An ultrasound is used to identify if a pregnancy tissue is present within the uterus, if an early fetus can be seen (the so called "fetal pole") and/or if the fetal heart is beating. Together with the results of blood tests, ultrasound results can help your doctor evaluate the health of a pregnancy and consider other diagnoses such as tubal pregnancy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Miscarriage

: Expected duration of a miscarriage

Once bleeding has started and a miscarriage has begun or a loss has been diagnosed (for example, an incomplete or missed miscarriage), it is difficult to predict how long bleeding will continue and how long it will take for all the tissue to pass, or even if it will all pass without assistance. In many cases, all the pregnancy tissue will pass without intervention. But there likely will be heavy bleeding and strong cramps. These symptoms will significantly decrease and then, over a period of one to two weeks, stop entirely. Miscarriages that occur in the second trimester may be followed by a longer time of bleeding. When medications or procedures are used to remove the tissue, the specific treatments used and their timing will determine the duration of symptoms.