Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    HIV/AIDS

: What Is It?

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) weakens the body's immune defenses by destroying CD4 (T-cell) lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. T-cells normally help guard the body against attacks by bacteria, viruses and other germs. When HIV destroys CD4 cells, the body becomes vulnerable to many different types of infections. These infections are called "opportunistic" because usually they only have the opportunity to invade the body when the immune defenses are weak. HIV infection also increases the risk of certain cancers, illnesses of the brain and nerves, body wasting, and death.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hodgkin Lymphoma

: What Is It?

Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the immune system. It is also called Hodgkin disease. Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable forms of cancer. It begins in the part of the immune system called the lymph system. The lymph system is made up of an intricate network of immune cells, small blood-vessel-like structures called lymphatics, and lymph nodes. It also includes organs made primarily of immune cells such as the spleen and thymus gland. The lymph (or lymphatic) system helps fights infections and other diseases. The lymph system includes:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hot Flashes

: What Is It?

A hot flash is a brief feeling of intense warmth and sweating. Hot flashes commonly occur in women around the time of menopause. Researchers do not know exactly what causes hot flashes. Current theories suggest hot flashes are due to a menopause-related drop in the body's level of female hormones called estrogens. This drop affects the hypothalamus, an area of the brain that regulates body temperature.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Huntington's Disease (Chorea)

: What Is It?

Huntington’s disease causes certain nerve cells in the brain to stop working properly. It leads to mental deterioration and loss of control over major muscle movements.  Typically, the symptoms of the illness begin between ages 35 and 50, although they can start as early as childhood or later in life. Regardless of at what age it starts, Huntington’s disease worsens over time. It is an inherited (genetic) disease. Each child of a parent with Huntington's disease has a 50% chance of inheriting the illness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hydrocephalus

: What is it?

Hydrocephalus, also known as "water on the brain," is a condition in which there is extra cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, supplies nutrients, and takes away waste products.  Hydrocephalus can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later (acquired).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hyperkeratosis

: What is it?

Hyperkeratosis is a thickening of the outer layer of the skin. This outer layer contains a tough, protective protein called keratin. This skin thickening is often part of the skin's normal protection against rubbing, pressure and other forms of local irritation. It causes calluses and corns on hands and feet. It can cause whitish areas inside the mouth. Other forms of hyperkeratosis can occur as part of the skin's defense against:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hyperkeratosis

: Symptoms

Many forms of hyperkeratosis are painless. However, corns, calluses and plantar warts can cause a great deal of discomfort.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hyperkeratosis

: Diagnosis

Depending on your specific pattern of skin symptoms, your doctor will ask whether you:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hyperkeratosis

: Expected duration

How long a particular form of hyperkeratosis lasts depends on its cause. For example, corns and calluses usually last as long as a person continues to wear poorly fitting shoes. Warts may disappear on their own. But this may take several months. Once they develop, actinic keratoses or seborrheic keratoses are long-term conditions. They do not disappear without treatment. Inherited forms of hyperkeratosis are lifelong conditions.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hyperkeratosis

: Prevention

Some forms of hyperkeratosis are very easy to prevent:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hyperkeratosis

: Treatment

The treatment of hyperkeratosis depends on the type and possible cause.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hyperkeratosis

: When to call a professional

Make an appointment to see a health care professional or podiatrist if:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hyperkeratosis

: Prognosis

Most forms of hyperkeratosis are local skin problems that have a good prognosis. Actinic keratoses can develop into squamous cell skin cancer.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hyperkeratosis

: Additional info

American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org/
 
American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA)

https://www.apma.org/
 
National Cancer Institute (NCI)

https://www.cancer.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hyperthyroidism

: What is it?

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which your body makes too much thyroid hormone. It is also called overactive thyroid. Thyroid hormones are made by the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located in the lower front of the neck.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hypoglycemia

: What is it?

Hypoglycemia is an abnormally low level of blood sugar (blood glucose). Hypoglycemia triggers the release of body hormones, such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which serve to raise the low sugar level. The release of these hormones causes the early symptoms of hypoglycemia such as tremor, sweating, rapid heartbeat, and anxiety. Because the brain depends on blood sugar as its primary source of energy, if untreated hypoglycemia may interfere with the brain's ability to function properly, resulting in blurred vision, difficulty concentrating, and even loss of consciousness and convulsions (seizures). Hypoglycemia is most common in people with diabetes who are treated with specific medications. Hypoglycemia occurs because of too high a dose of insulin or one of the sulfonylureas (glyburide, glipizide and others), or a change in diet or exercise without adjusting glucose-lowering medications. Insulin and exercise both lower blood sugar and food with carbohydrate raises it. Hypoglycemia can occur, although rarely, in people who do not have diabetes. When it does occur outside of diabetes, hypoglycemia can be caused by a variety of medical problems. A partial list includes:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hypoglycemia

: Symptoms

Hypoglycemia can cause:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hypoglycemia

: Expected duration

An episode of hypoglycemia in a patient treated with short-acting insulin and which is precipitated by exercise or by relatively too much insulin usually can be stopped within minutes by eating or drinking a food or beverage that contains sugar (sugar tablets, candy, orange juice, non-diet soda). Hypoglycemia caused by sulfonylurea or long-acting insulin can last longer and can even recur after initial treatment. In this circumstance, a longer-lasting carbohydrate (for example, bread or a muffin) should be eaten after the rapid carbohydrate. People with diabetes remain at risk for episodes of hypoglycemia throughout life because they need medications that lower blood sugar. Hypoglycemic episodes at night are particularly dangerous because the person often sleeps through part of the time that their blood sugar is low, treating the sugar level less quickly. Over time, repeated severe episodes, such as with loss of consciousness or seizures, can lead to impaired brain function. About 85% of patients with an insulinoma will be cured of hypoglycemia once the insulin-secreting tumor is removed. Many people without diabetes who have symptoms that seem like signs of low blood sugar do not truly have low sugar levels. Instead, the symptoms are caused by something other than low blood glucose, such as anxiety.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hypoglycemia

: Prevention

In people taking insulin or sulfonylureas, delayed or smaller meals than usual or increased exercise can lead to hypoglycemia. Therefore, meal timing and size should be kept as consistent as possible. In addition, drinking alcohol can lead to an episode of hypoglycemia. Patients with diabetes should discuss with their doctors how much alcohol, if any, they can drink safely. Alcohol can cause serious episodes of hypoglycemia even when insulin was taken hours before. People with diabetes should be very aware of this possible problem if they drink. People with diabetes treated with insulin should always have ready access to a supply of rapidly absorbable sugar to treat unexpected episodes of hypoglycemia. Supplies may include candy, sugar tablets, and sugar paste in a tube. A glucagon kit should be kept at home.  Glucagon may be given by injection or nasally by a knowledgeable family member or friend if a hypoglycemic patient is unconscious and cannot safely take sugar by mouth. For diabetic children, emergency supplies can be kept in the school nurse's office. Any person at risk of hypoglycemic episodes can help to avoid delays in treating attacks by learning about his or her condition and sharing this knowledge with friends and family members. The risk for hypoglycemia is lower if you eat at regular times during the day, never skip meals, and maintain a consistent exercise level. Like people with diabetes, nondiabetic people with hypoglycemia should always have ready access to a source of sugar. In rare circumstances, a doctor may prescribe medications to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia, and a glucagon emergency kit for nondiabetic people who have a history of becoming disoriented or losing consciousness from hypoglycemia.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hypoglycemia

: Treatment

If a conscious person is having symptoms of hypoglycemia, the symptoms usually go away within 5-15 minutes if the person eats or drinks something sweet (3 sugar tablets, 4-5 Life Savers candies, or 4-6 ounces of juice or non-diet soda). An unconscious patient can be treated with an immediate injection of glucagon or with intravenous glucose infusions by EMTs or in a hospital. People with diabetes who have hypoglycemic episodes may need to adjust their medications, especially the insulin dose, and change their diet or their exercise habits. People with longstanding diabetes may stop experiencing the usual early warning symptoms (the tremors, sweating and fast heart rate) of hypoglycemia. This is called hypoglycemic unawareness. It can be very serious because the person may not know to seek treatment. If you and your doctor identify that you are unaware when you have low blood sugars, your dose of insulin or other diabetes medicines will probably need to be reduced. You will need to check your blood sugar more often, and continuous glucose monitors that alarm when blood sugars are low may be helpful. Your insulin dose will likely need frequent adjustments to maintain reasonable blood sugars with less risk of hypoglycemia. An insulinoma is treated with surgery to remove the tumor. Hypoglycemia caused by problems with the adrenal or pituitary glands is treated by replacing the missing hormones with medication. Nondiabetic people with hypoglycemic symptoms following meals are often treated by modifying their diet. They usually need to eat frequent, small meals and avoid fasting.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hypoglycemia

: When to call a professional

Call for emergency medical assistance whenever anyone is unconscious or disoriented enough so that they cannot safely be treated with oral therapy. Severe insulin reactions can be fatal, so it is important to seek treatment immediately. People with diabetes should contact their doctors promptly if they experience frequent episodes of hypoglycemia. They may need to adjust their daily doses of medications, meal plans, and/or exercise program. Nondiabetic people who experience symptoms of hypoglycemia should contact their doctors for evaluation of the problem.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hypoglycemia

: Prognosis

In people with diabetes, the outlook is excellent if they follow their prescribed medication dosage, recommended diet, and exercise guidelines. Most patients with insulinomas can have them removed successfully by surgery. However, in a small percentage of these patients, the insulinoma cannot be completely removed. These patients may still suffer from hypoglycemia after surgery. Most patients with other forms of hypoglycemia can be treated successfully with changes in diet.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hypoglycemia

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disorders

http://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
American Diabetes Association

http://www.diabetes.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hypoparathyroidism

: What Is It?

Hypoparathyroidism is a rare disorder in which the body produces too little or no parathyroid hormone. This hormone, together with vitamin D and another hormone called calcitonin, regulates the amount of calcium in the blood. Hypoparathyroidism can result in an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood, called hypocalcemia.  Parathyroid hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands, four small glands located behind the thyroid gland in the neck.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hypothyroidism

: What is it?

Hypothyroidism means your thyroid gland cannot produce the normal amount of thyroid hormone. Your thyroid gland is under active. The thyroid gland is located in the lower, front of the neck. Hypothyroidism means your thyroid gland cannot produce the normal amount of thyroid hormone. Your thyroid gland is under active. The thyroid gland is located in the lower, front of the neck.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ichthyosis

: What Is It?

Ichthyosis is the term for severe, persistent problems with dry skin that almost always start in childhood or infancy. Ichthyosis can be genetic (inherited) or can develop later in life. In a large majority of people with the disease, the cause is related to one or more genetic mutations. Under normal circumstances, the body continuously renews its skin surface, building new skin cells and allowing older cells to be shed from the surface. Ichthyosis disrupts this balance either because too many replacement skin cells are produced or because the skin cells do not separate well from the skin surface when it is their time to drop off. The result is that skin cells accumulate into thick flakes that adhere to the body and can resemble fish scales.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Illness Anxiety Disorder

: What Is It?

Illness anxiety disorder is a persistent fear of having a grave medical illness. A person with this disorder pays excessive attention to health. He or she can become easily alarmed by anything that might be interpreted as a sign of illness, including normal sensations, bodily functions and mild symptoms. For them, such experiences may signal an illness with a grim outcome. For example, a person may fear that the normal sounds of digestion, sweating or a mark on the skin may be indicators of life-threatening disease. Terminology has changed for disorders of this type. The field has moved away from using the word “hypochondriasis,” because it is a demeaning term. The word “somatization” has been replaced by “somatic symptoms.” It seems like a small difference but the change acknowledges that the person’s physical (i.e., somatic) symptoms are real.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impetigo

: What is it?

Impetigo is a contagious bacterial skin infection, usually caused by Group A streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Impetigo is most common in children. However, it sometimes occurs in adults who have other itchy skin conditions, such as eczema. Other conditions that increase your risk of developing impetigo include chickenpox, reactions to insect bites, burns of the skin and diabetes. Impetigo often appears around the nose and mouth. However, it can develop wherever the skin is broken by cuts, scrapes, scratching, or cold sores, and where bacteria can enter.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impetigo

: Symptoms

Impetigo causes small bumps or blisters that burst. The skin underneath is moist, tender and red, and it oozes a clear liquid. A honey-colored crust, which may itch, then forms over the reddened area. If the disease is more severe, you also may have a fever and swelling of the lymph glands (swollen glands) in the face or neck.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impetigo

: Diagnosis

A doctor can diagnose impetigo by looking at your skin. In rare cases, your doctor may swab the skin to obtain tissue and fluid that can be tested in a laboratory to identify the bacteria that caused the infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impetigo

: Expected duration

Once treatment is started, healing should begin within several days, and the infection should be gone in about a week or two.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impetigo

: Prevention

To help prevent impetigo, take a bath or shower every day, and always keep your skin clean. If you have cuts or scrapes in your skin, or a poison ivy rash, make sure to keep the area clean and avoid scratching. If you have impetigo, you can prevent spreading the infection by not touching the affected area. You can easily spread the infection from one place on your body to another if you touch the infection then touch somewhere else. To keep impetigo from spreading, it is very important that pillowcases and sheets be washed every day. Personal items, such as soap and towels, should be kept separate from other family members. Playmates who come in contact with infected skin can develop impetigo, so children who have impetigo should try to avoid contact with others until it clears up.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impetigo

: Treatment

Impetigo usually is treated with antibiotics, either in the form of liquid, pills, or an injection. For localized areas of impetigo, your doctor may prescribe a topical antibacterial skin ointment such as mupirocin (Bactroban) or retapamulin (Altabax). The area around the blisters should be washed with soap and water, and any moist, yellow scabs can be gently cleansed with a hydrogen peroxide diluted with water. Covering the area with gauze and tape or a loose plastic bandage can help to reduce the risk of spreading the infection to other parts of the body.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impetigo

: When to call a professional

If you think you or your child might have impetigo, contact a doctor, especially if either of you has been exposed to someone else with the condition. If impetigo is not treated, it can spread rapidly. If you or your child is being treated for impetigo, contact the doctor if a fever develops or if an area becomes enlarged or red.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impetigo

: Prognosis

Impetigo should heal without scarring, as long as the child doesn't pick the bumps and blisters. Infants are more likely to develop complications of impetigo, such as inflammation of the kidneys (glomerulonephritis) and infection of the blood (bacteremia).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impetigo

: Additional info

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)

https://www.aap.org/
 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impotence (Erectile Dysfunction)

: What Is It?

Impotence means that a man's penis doesn't get hard enough to have sexual intercourse. The man cannot get or maintain an erection. The medical term is erectile dysfunction (ED).   ED is not the same as premature ejaculation.   The major causes of ED include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impotence (Erectile Dysfunction)

: Symptoms

A man with impotence has either a problem getting an erection or difficulty maintaining one. This usually interferes with sexual activity.   Impotence can happen suddenly or gradually. Some men slowly lose the firmness of their erections or how long the erections last.   In other men, especially those whose impotence is largely caused by psychological factors, the problem may occur unpredictably. It can improve at any time.   Men with impotence may continue to have normal orgasm and ejaculation without a full erection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impotence (Erectile Dysfunction)

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask you about your medical history. He or she will want to learn if any medical conditions might be causing the impotence. These may include vascular, neurological and hormonal disorders.   Vascular disorders affect the entire body. Many men who have impotence because of vascular disease also have a history of heart disease, stroke or poor circulation in their legs.   Neurological problems can contribute to impotence in men with a history of diabetes and spinal cord injury. They also can cause symptoms in other parts of the body.   In men with abnormal hormone levels, a reduced sex drive often accompanies impotence.   Your doctor will review the medications you take. These include over-the-counter products and herbal remedies.  Your doctor will ask about your sex life. He or she will ask about the quality of your sexual relationships.   Your doctor will examine you to look for evidence of medical problems. This will include an examination of your penis and testes. Your blood may be tested for blood sugar, cholesterol and levels of certain hormones.   Occasionally, a doctor may order additional tests. One such test is a nocturnal penile tumescence study. This is a way to determine how often you get erections while you sleep.   Another test that may be done is a Doppler ultrasound of the blood vessels in the penis. This test measures how well the blood is flowing in your penis.  Your doctor may not be able to give you a specific reason why you have impotence. But many of the treatments work well no matter what caused the problem. So extensive testing may not be necessary.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impotence (Erectile Dysfunction)

: Expected Duration

How long your impotence lasts depends upon what causes it and how quickly your treatment starts to work. Impotence is treatable in all age groups.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impotence (Erectile Dysfunction)

: Prevention

You can decrease your risk of developing erectile dysfunction by making lifestyle choices that help keep your blood vessels healthy and help prevent type 2 diabetes.  The following steps may help: