Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Jet lag

: What is it?

Jet lag is a type of sleep disorder that is a reaction to traveling between time zones. Our bodies naturally develop a sleep-wake cycle that is tied to the patterns of light and dark in our environment. This cycle, called the circadian rhythm, affects many body processes, including temperature and hormone levels. Because traveling between time zones changes the light-dark patterns in your environment, it can disrupt your body's rhythms. A change of even a few hours may not seem significant, but often it is enough to affect the body's sleep-wake cycle. For example, a Californian who travels to New York may receive a wake-up call at 7 a.m., but his or her body still is running on California time, where it is only 4 a.m. The effects of jet lag go beyond being tired for a few extra hours. Because the disruption in the sleep-wake cycle affects your body's hormone levels, many body processes can be thrown off balance, leading to a variety of symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Jet lag

: Symptoms

Symptoms of jet lag can be mild or severe, depending on the number of time zones you cross and your sensitivity to such changes. The more time zones you cross, the more likely it is that your body rhythms will be disrupted, which can lead to more severe symptoms. Most people who cross five or more time zones will experience at least some symptoms, which can include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Jet lag

: Diagnosis

There are no tests for jet lag, although the cause usually is obvious. If you have typical symptoms, you do not need to seek medical attention. If you have symptoms of jet lag lasting longer than two weeks, it is possible that something else is triggering your sleep difficulty. Your doctor may suggest an evaluation to check for other disorders.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Jet lag

: Expected duration

For each time zone crossed during travel, it takes about a day to adjust to the new environment. For example, it can take up to three days for a person traveling from California to New York to feel "normal" again. If that person travels back to California after adjusting to New York time, it can take another three days to readjust to California time. Older people seem to be hit harder by jet lag and may require a little more time to adjust. Traveling from west to east can cause more bothersome symptoms because the body has more difficulty adjusting its clock forward than backward.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Jet lag

: Prevention

Although nothing will prevent jet lag completely, travelers can do a few things to limit its effects:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Jet lag

: Treatment

Some people believe that the hormone melatonin helps to decrease jet lag. This hormone, which can be purchased over the counter as a supplement, is taken about 30 minutes before bed on the day of travel and for up to four days after arrival, usually at a dose of about 3 milligrams. Smaller doses (1 milligram) also may work, and some people need higher doses, about 5 milligrams. Melatonin generally does not cause serious side effects, although there is little information on its long-term safety. Possible short-term side effects include daytime sleepiness, dizziness, headache, disorientation, loss of appetite, and nausea. Melatonin is considered a nutritional supplement, and therefore it is not closely regulated. Prescription medications, such as benzodiazepines, may help decrease jet lag. This is particularly true for people who have difficulty falling asleep after traveling to a very different time zone.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Jet lag

: When to call a professional

Usually, it is not necessary to call a doctor to treat jet lag. However, you should call a health care professional if symptoms have not cleared up within two weeks.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Jet lag

: Prognosis

Jet lag is a mild problem that goes away on its own within several days. People with regular routines and older people may have less ability to tolerate shifts in their light-dark cycles and may take slightly longer to recover. However, even for these people, all symptoms should disappear within two weeks.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Jet lag

: Additional info

International Society of Travel Medicine

https://www.istm.org
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Juvenile arthritis

: What is it?

Arthritis involves inflammation of the joints that causes pain and swelling. Although many people believe arthritis is a disease of old age, various forms of arthritis can affect just about anyone at any age. When arthritis occurs in children younger than age 16, it is called juvenile arthritis. According to the Arthritis Foundation, about 300,000 children in the United States have some form of the disease. The most common forms of juvenile arthritis are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Juvenile arthritis

: Symptoms

Symptoms vary depending on the child and the specific disorder. Common symptoms include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Juvenile arthritis

: Diagnosis

Juvenile arthritis is difficult to diagnose because many diseases have similar symptoms, and there is no single test that pinpoints the diagnosis. If your child shows signs of juvenile arthritis, you likely will be referred to a pediatric rheumatologist. The rheumatologist will look at your child's medical history to find clues. For example, one of the primary diagnostic criteria for juvenile idiopathic arthritis is joint inflammation that has lasted for at least six weeks. Your doctor may order blood tests to look for antibodies that commonly form in people with some types of arthritis, although these antibodies are often absent in children. X-rays may be performed to look for damage to cartilage or, in severe cases, bone. Other tests may also be done to look for other conditions that could explain the symptoms, such as tests for infection. Lyme disease is an infectious cause of arthritis that may affect children and mimic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Juvenile arthritis

: Expected duration

Juvenile arthritis usually is a lifelong condition. However, for many people, symptoms gradually lessen or disappear as they enter adulthood.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Juvenile arthritis

: Prevention

Because no one knows what causes juvenile arthritis, there is no way to prevent it.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Juvenile arthritis

: When to call a professional

Call a health care professional if a child develops fever or rash along with symptoms of arthritis, such as persistent joint pain, swollen joints, limping and limited motion.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Juvenile arthritis

: Prognosis

Because the symptoms and damage caused by juvenile arthritis can vary greatly, the outlook also varies significantly. Some types of arthritis have periods of flaring up and periods when symptoms subside. Treatment can control symptoms for most people, and some children "outgrow" the illness. However, severe forms of the disease can cause growth problems if the growth plates in the long bones are damaged. Children who are very ill also can miss long periods of school, and joint damage can cause long-term joint problems. In addition, the medications used to treat juvenile arthritis can cause other problems, including stomach ulcers, weakened bones and liver damage.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Juvenile arthritis

: Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

https://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
Arthritis Foundation

https://www.arthritis.org/
 
American College of Rheumatology

https://www.rheumatology.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kaposi's Sarcoma

: What Is It?

Kaposi's sarcoma is a type of cancer caused by the virus human herpes virus 8. The tumors appear as red or purple patches on the skin, mouth, lungs, liver, or gastrointestinal tract. First described in 1872, Kaposi's sarcoma was considered rare and relatively harmless until the AIDS epidemic began. An aggressive form of the disease, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, occurs in people with severely weakened immune systems.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kawasaki Syndrome

: What Is It?

Kawasaki disease is a rare illness that typically strikes children younger than age 5. It is also known as mucocutaneous lymph node disease. Kawasaki disease is a mysterious illness of unknown cause, although some scientists suspect that the cause may be an infection (such as a virus or a toxin from a bacterium. Kawasaki disease was first identified among Japanese children in 1967. Within nine years, the illness had been reported in American children living in Hawaii. Although researchers assume that the Kawasaki disease could have been caused by an infection that was carried between Japan and Hawaii, this has never been confirmed. Recent evidence suggests that inherited (genetic) factors may also be important. But the cause of Kawasaki disease remains a mystery.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Keloids

: What is it?

Keloids are raised overgrowths of scar tissue that occur at the site of a skin injury. They occur where trauma, surgery, blisters, vaccinations, acne or body piercing have injured the skin. Less commonly, keloids may form in places where the skin has not had a visible injury. Keloids differ from normal mature scars in composition and size. Some people are prone to keloid formation and may develop them in several places.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Keloids

: Symptoms

Keloids usually appear in areas of previous trauma but may extend beyond the injured area. They are shiny, smooth and rounded skin elevations that may be pink, purple, or brown. They can be doughy or firm and rubbery to the touch, and they often feel itchy, tender or uncomfortable. They may be unsightly. A large keloid in the skin over a joint may interfere with joint function.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Keloids

: Diagnosis

A doctor diagnoses a keloid on the basis of its appearance and a history of tissue injury, such as surgery, acne or body piercing. In rare cases, the doctor may remove a small piece of the skin to examine under a microscope. This is called a biopsy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Keloids

: Expected duration

Keloids may continue to grow slowly for weeks, months or years. They eventually stop growing but do not disappear on their own. Once a keloid develops, it is permanent unless removed or treated successfully. It is common for keloids that have been removed or treated to return.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Keloids

: Prevention

People who are prone to keloids should avoid cosmetic surgery. When surgery is necessary in such people, doctors can take special precautions to minimize the formation of keloids at the site of the incision. Examples of techniques that might be used to minimize keloid formation include covering the healing wound with hypoallergenic paper tape for several weeks after surgery, covering the wound with small sheets made of a silicone gel after the surgery, or using a topical corticosteroid at the site of the surgical wound at the beginning of the healing period.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Keloids

: Treatment

There is no single treatment for keloids, and most treatments do not give completely satisfying results. Two or more treatments may be combined. If you decide to pursue treatment for a keloid scar, you will have the best results if you start treatment soon after the keloid appears. Available treatments include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Keloids

: When to call a professional

Keloids are primarily a cosmetic concern. If a scar becomes enlarged, itchy, uncomfortable, interferes with the movement of a joint, or creates an unacceptable cosmetic effect, discuss treatment options with your doctor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Keloids

: Prognosis

Keloids are harmless, cosmetic problems that do not become cancerous (malignant). Once a keloid stops growing, it usually remains stable unless the area is injured again.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Keloids

: Additional info

American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Keratitis

: What Is It?

Keratitis is an inflammation of the cornea, the outermost part of the eye that covers the pupil and iris (the colored ring around the pupil). The most common causes of keratitis are infection and injury.    Bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections can cause keratitis. An infectious keratitis can happen after an injury to the cornea. But an injury can inflame the cornea without a secondary infection occurring.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney Cancer

: What Is It?

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped, fist-sized organs below the rib cage in the back of the abdomen. One sits on each side of the spine. They filter waste products, excess water, and salt from the blood. These organs regulate the body's balance of fluids and minerals such as potassium and sodium. They also produce hormones that monitor blood pressure and regulate the production of red blood cells. Patients whose kidneys have failed or don't work well generally need dialysis or a kidney transplant. During dialysis, a machine takes on the job of filtering waste products from the blood.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney failure

: What is it?

In kidney failure, the kidneys lose their ability to filter enough waste products from the blood and to regulate the body's balance of salt and water. Eventually, the kidneys slow their production of urine, or stop producing it completely. Waste products and water accumulate in the body. This can lead to potentially life-threatening complications. Excess fluid can accumulate in the lungs and extreme changes in blood chemistry can affect the function of the heart and brain. There are three general categories of kidney failure (also called renal failure). They are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney failure

: Symptoms

Symptoms vary depending on the type of renal injury or failure.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney failure

: Diagnosis

If you have an illness or medical condition that increases the risk of acute kidney injury, your doctor will watch for symptoms and signs of kidney failure. He or she may give you blood and urine tests and measure the amount of urine you produce. If you have a chronic (long-term) medical condition that increases the risk of long-term kidney damage, your doctor will check your blood pressure and look for symptoms and signs of chronic renal failure during regularly scheduled office visits. To confirm the diagnosis of acute kidney injury, your doctor will order tests of your urine and blood tests to check for chemical abnormalities. Levels of these chemicals are elevated in people with poor kidney function. Other tests may include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney failure

: Expected duration

Acute kidney injury may go away within a few days simply by stopping a medication or reversing whatever caused the situation. Exactly how long the illness lasts varies considerably from person to person, depending on the cause of the kidney problem. In rare cases, acute kidney injury progresses to end-stage renal disease. Chronic renal failure is a lifelong problem that can worsen over time to become end-stage renal disease. End-stage renal disease is a permanent condition that can be treated only with dialysis or a kidney transplant.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney failure

: Prevention

Many forms of kidney injury or failure cannot be prevented. People who have diabetes, high blood pressure or coronary artery disease should try to control the illness with appropriate diet, medication and lifestyle changes. Before a computed tomography (CT) scan or angiogram procedure that uses contrast dye, your doctor will want to be sure that your kidneys can handle the dye load. Also your doctor will want you to be well hydrated with either oral or intravenous fluids. If you already have chronic kidney failure, treating medical problems such as diabetes and high blood pressure and avoiding medications and other treatments that can further damage the kidneys may prevent worsening of kidney function. If you have chronic kidney failure, you should tell any physician who treats you.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney failure

: Treatment

Treatment depends on the type of kidney injury or renal failure.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney failure

: When to call a professional

Many people with acute kidney injury that progresses to acute renal failure are already hospitalized for their other medical conditions. Other people should call a health care professional whenever the amount of urine they produce either increases or decreases markedly. In people with decreased urine output, swelling of the face and ankles is another danger sign, especially if there is also shortness of breath. For people with chronic renal failure, it is a good idea to check with your health care professional whenever a new medication is prescribed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney failure

: Prognosis

Most children with acute kidney injury have a good outlook for recovering their kidney function, although in rare cases, end-stage renal disease can develop. Among adults, the chances of recovery depend primarily on the underlying reason for acute kidney injury. People with chronic renal failure may have a continuing decrease in kidney function, but not everyone develops end-stage renal disease. For those who do, the time it takes for end-stage renal disease to develop varies from person to person.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney failure

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
National Kidney Foundation

https://www.kidney.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney stones

: What are kidney stones?

Kidney stones are abnormal, hard, chemical deposits that form inside the kidneys. This condition also is called nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis. Kidney stones are often as small as grains of sand. They pass out of the body in urine without causing discomfort. However, the deposits can be much larger — the size of a pea, a marble or even larger. Some of these larger stones are too big to be flushed from the kidney. Some kidney stones manage to travel into the ureter. This is the narrow tube between the kidney and bladder. The stones may become trapped in the ureter. Trapped kidney stones can cause many different symptoms. These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney stones

: Symptoms of kidney stones

Very small kidney stones may pass out of the body in the urine without causing symptoms. Larger stones may become trapped in the narrow ureter. This can cause
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney stones

: Diagnosing kidney stones

Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms. He or she will ask about any change in the color of your urine. Your doctor will want to know about your family history of kidney stones, and whether you have had gout. Your doctor will check your urine for red blood cells. He or she may order a computed tomography (CT) scan or ultrasound. The CT scan can show an actual stone. The ultrasound usually cannot detect the actual stone. But an ultrasound can show swelling of the kidney and/or ureter which indicates that the stone is obstructing urine flow. If you are able to collect a stone that you passed from your urine, your doctor will send the stone to a laboratory for chemical analysis. Blood and urine tests may be done to identify a treatable cause of the stone. If you do not have any symptoms and you find a small kidney stone in your urine, strain out the stone and save it for your doctor. Your doctor can send the stone to a medical laboratory for chemical analysis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney stones

: Expected duration of kidney stones

When a kidney stone becomes trapped in the ureter, it may remain there until your doctor removes it. Or, it eventually may move downward and pass on its own. It can take hours, days or weeks for a stone to pass. As a rule, the smaller the stone, the more likely it is to pass on its own. The larger the stone, the greater the risk that it will remain trapped in the ureter. A trapped stone can significantly obstruct the flow of urine.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney stones

: Preventing kidney stones

In general, you can help to prevent kidney stones by drinking plenty of fluids and avoiding dehydration. This dilutes your urine and decreases the chance that chemicals will combine to form stones. You can prevent calcium oxalate stones by eating dairy products and other calcium-rich foods. Taking calcium supplements, however, can increase the risk of stone formation. People who excrete too much oxalate into their urine should avoid eating foods high in oxalate. These foods include beets, spinach, chard and rhubarb. Tea, coffee, cola, chocolate and nuts also contain oxalate, but these can be used in moderation. Eating too much salt and meat can cause more kidney stones to form. After your doctor receives an analysis of the chemical composition of your kidney stones, he or she can suggest medications or changes in your diet that will help to prevent stones from forming in the future. Certain medications may increase the risk of stones. So your doctor may want to adjust your regular medications if you have had kidney stones.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney stones

: Treating kidney stones

In many cases, a trapped kidney stone eventually flushes out of the urinary tract on its own, especially if you drink plenty of fluids. With a doctor's supervision, it is likely that you can remain at home. You can take pain medicine as needed until the stone dislodges and flushes away. If the stone is lodged in the ureter, doctors often prescribe tamsulosin. The drug is an alpha blocker that helps relax the ureter and may allow easier passage of the stone. In some cases, it is necessary to have your stone removed or broken into fragments that can pass more easily. This may be the case if
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney stones

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor whenever you have
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney stones

: Prognosis

The prognosis varies from person to person. Up to half of people who pass a kidney stone will never pass a second. For people with a recurrent kidney stone, the prognosis depends on the cause of the kidney stones and the response to preventive therapies.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Kidney stones

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
National Kidney Foundation

https://www.kidney.org/
 

Image: © blueringmedia/Getty Images
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Knee sprain

: What is it?

A knee sprain is an injury of the ligaments, tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect the bones of the upper and lower leg at the knee joint. The knee joint has four major ligaments.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Knee sprain

: Symptoms

Symptoms of a knee sprain vary depending on the specific ligament that is torn:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Knee sprain

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will want to know exactly how you hurt your knee. He or she will ask about:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Knee sprain

: Expected duration

How long a knee sprain lasts depends on the type of knee sprain, the severity of your injury, your rehabilitation program and the types of sports you play. In general, milder Grade I and Grade II MCL or LCL sprains heal within 2 to 4 weeks, but other types of knee sprains may take 4 to 12 months.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Knee sprain

: Prevention

To help prevent sports-related knee injuries, you can:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Knee sprain

: Treatment

If you have a Grade I or Grade II knee sprain, your doctor probably will recommend that you follow the RICE rule: