Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Foreign Objects In The Ear

: What Is It?

A foreign object in the ear can be anything in the ear canal (the tube that leads from the eardrum to the outside) that normally would not be there. A person may put something into the ear on purpose (such as a cotton swab), or by accident (for example, a small earring). Children put many different small objects into their own or another child's ears. Sometimes an insect may crawl or fly into the ear. Whether it's the end of a cotton swab or a small toy, often what goes into the ear does not come out easily.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Foreign Objects In The Ear

: Symptoms

A foreign object in the ear canal usually feels strange or uncomfortable. Hearing in that ear may be affected. There may be pain if the object injures the ear canal or the eardrum, or causes an infection of the outer ear canal (otitis externa). There may be ringing in the ear and, sometimes, an ongoing dry cough. If an insect enters the ear canal, a person may hear buzzing or feel tickling sensations and the insect may sting or bite inside the ear canal.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fragile X Syndrome

: What Is It?

Fragile X syndrome is an inherited disorder associated with mental retardation and a particular appearance. It is caused by an error in a small piece of the DNA (genetic blueprint) for the FMR1 gene. This gene is found on the X chromosome, one of the two chromosomes (X and Y) that determine gender.  In people with fragile X, a particular section of the DNA code — CGG — is "fragile" and gets repeated an unusually large number of times, compared with the normal 5 to 50 times. As a result, the FMR1 gene is not expressed (turned on), and the body cannot produce FMR1 protein, which is related to nerve function.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Friction blisters

: What is it?

A friction blister is a soft pocket of raised skin filled with clear fluid caused by irritation from continuous rubbing or pressure. Friction blisters usually occur on the feet, where tight or poor-fitting shoes can rub and irritate delicate toes and heels for long periods of time. This type of irritation causes minor damage to the skin and the tissue just beneath the skin, then fluid accumulates just beneath the outermost layer of skin. If the irritation is enough to damage small blood vessels, the blister also may contain blood, and is then called a blood blister.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Friction blisters

: Symptoms

A friction blister is a small pocket of puffy, raised skin containing clear fluid. It is usually painful when touched. A blister can appear anywhere.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Friction blisters

: Diagnosis

Blisters can be diagnosed by looking at them. In short, if it looks like a blister and feels like a blister, and if it's in a place that could have been irritated by pressure or rubbing, it likely is a blister.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Friction blisters

: Expected duration

Friction blisters typically drain on their own within days. A new layer of skin forms beneath the blister, and eventually the blistered skin peels away. If pressure or friction continues in the same area, the blister may last two weeks or longer. Continued friction may rub away the delicate top skin layer, and the blister may break open, ooze fluid and run the risk of becoming infected or developing into a deeper wound. If the irritation is mild, the blister may heal despite continued irritation, and eventually a callus will form.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Friction blisters

: Prevention

The best way to prevent friction blisters is to wear shoes that fit your feet well, so that the shoe is not tight anywhere and does not slide up and down your heel when you walk. Wear socks with shoes to protect your feet and prevent irritation, and try to keep your feet dry. If another activity is causing blisters — for example, if learning to play golf is causing blisters on your hands — ask an instructor to point out other ways to perform the same activity in a nonirritating way, and take advantage of protective devices, such as gloves.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Friction blisters

: Treatment

Because blisters typically get better on their own in just a few days, generally no special treatment is required other than to keep the blisters clean and dry. Because the skin provides a natural protection against infection, a blister should be left intact if possible. Do not try to drain the blister or pierce or cut away the overlying skin. Try to avoid further irritation, or protect the blister with a sterile bandage if continued irritation is unavoidable. If the blister breaks on its own, gently wash the area with soap and water and gently pat dry. Try to keep the roof of the blister intact. Cover it with a bandage. People with diabetes and people who cannot reach blisters easily (because of a physical disability or other ailment) may need to have their blisters evaluated by a foot specialist (podiatrist) or other health care professional. People with diabetes often have nerve or circulation problems that make it more difficult to recognize wounds, and that cause wounds to heal more slowly. In these people, a simple foot blister might go unrecognized and could become infected. People with diabetes need to care for their feet daily and examine them for sores or blisters.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Friction blisters

: When to call a professional

Widespread blistering, itchy blisters or blistering in a place that has not been exposed to rubbing or pressure should be evaluated by a physician. These are signs of an illness, not friction blisters. For typical blisters, medical care is needed only if an infection develops. This is more likely to occur if the skin over the blister has been pierced, broken or popped. These types of blisters need to be watched for a few days to make sure they heal properly. See your doctor immediately if you think you have an infection, see significant redness, notice drainage that is not clear fluid or develop a fever. Also, seek professional help if the blister is so large or painful that walking or other activities become difficult. People with diabetes who get blisters frequently or have blisters that don't seem to heal should see a health care professional.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Friction blisters

: Prognosis

Most blisters heal on their own in a few days. If there is continued pressure or friction to the area, it may take two weeks or longer for the blister to go away.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Friction blisters

: Additional info

American Diabetes Association

https://www.diabetes.org/
 
American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA)

https://www.apma.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Friedreich's Ataxia

: What Is It?

Friedreich's ataxia is an inherited (genetic) disorder that causes certain nerve cells to deteriorate over time. In many cases, this disorder also affects the heart, certain bones and cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. The illness typically begins with difficulty walking. People with Friedreich's ataxia develop clumsy, shaky movements of the legs (called gait ataxia) during childhood or early adolescence. In rare cases, symptoms appear in infants and in middle-aged adults. As the disease gets worse, people may develop bony deformities of the spine and feet, loss of sensation in the limbs, speech problems, abnormal eye movements, heart disease and diabetes. Scientists believe that many symptoms of Friedreich's ataxia are related to abnormally low levels of frataxin, a protein that helps to protect cells from "free radicals," which are toxic (poisonous) byproducts of the cells' energy production. In a person with Friedreich's ataxia, a segment of the genetic code on chromosome number 9 can have as many as 1,000 repetitions, instead of the normal range of 7 to 22. These repetitions produce an error that leads to a decreased production of frataxin. As free radicals accumulate within cells, and more and more cells are destroyed or altered, the long-term effects of Friedreich's ataxia lead to a thinner spinal cord, enlarged heart muscle, disturbances in speech and eye movement, and loss of the pancreas's ability to regulate blood sugar. Ultimately, almost everyone with Friedreich's ataxia is confined to a wheelchair, and a large percentage of people develop serious heart problems, including heart failure.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gallbladder and bile duct cancer

: What Is It?

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped pouch that lies beneath the liver, in the upper abdomen. It stores bile. This fluid, produced by the liver, helps digest fat. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine through the bile duct. This thin tube connects the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Cancer develops when abnormal cells in these structures multiply and grow rapidly. Most gallbladder and bile duct cancers are adenocarcinomas—cancers of cells that line the glands and ducts. Bile duct adenocarcinoma forms from the mucus glands that line the duct. It can develop in any part of the bile duct.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gallstones

: What is it?

Gallstones are hardened collections of bile and other compounds that often form inside the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pouch that collects bile as that liquid flows from the liver to the intestine through the bile ducts. Bile is a fluid that is made, in part, to help with digestion. The salts in bile make it easier for you to digest fat. Bile also contains additional compounds such as cholesterol and bilirubin (created when old red blood cells are destroyed). Gallstones form in the gallbladder when cholesterol or bilirubin particles begin to cluster together into a solid lump. The stone grows in size as the bile fluid washes over it, much like a pearl forms inside an oyster. Most of the time, gallstones do not cause any symptoms or problems. Small gallstones can leave the gallbladder and its draining ducts, then pass out of the body through the intestines. Gallstones can cause symptoms if they become caught in the narrow outlet of the gallbladder, or in the ducts that drain the gallbladder. After meals, especially meals high in fat, thin muscles in the wall of the gallbladder squeeze to help release bile into the intestines. If the gallbladder squeezes against a gallstone, or if a gallstone blocks the fluid from draining easily, it can be very painful. More serious problems can develop if a gallstone gets into the drainage-duct system but does not make it all the way through to the intestines. In this case, the stone can cause a blockage with buildup of bile in the gallbladder or liver. If bacteria get into the blocked fluid, it can lead to a very serious infection called cholecystitis. If a gallstone lodges low down in the draining ducts, it can also block drainage of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. This can lead to inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Gallstones are very common. They occur in 1 out of 5 women by age 60, and they are half as common in men. Gallstones occur more commonly in older people, in people who are overweight, and in people who lose weight suddenly. They also are more likely to occur in women who have been exposed to extra estrogen over their lifetime by having multiple pregnancies, by taking birth control pills, or by taking hormone replacement after menopause.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gallstones

: Symptoms

Eighty percent of people with gallstones do not have any symptoms and do not need treatment. When gallstones do cause symptoms, you might experience:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gallstones

: Diagnosis

Most gallstones do not show up on regular x-rays, but they are seen easily with an ultrasound. Gallstones are very common, but don't cause symptoms in most people. If you have symptoms that aren't very typical for gallstones, even if you are found to have gallstones on an ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan, it may be difficult for your doctor to know if the stones are causing your symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gallstones

: Expected duration

Smaller gallstones sometimes float out of the gallbladder on their own and are eliminated from the body in feces. Gallstone attacks also can calm down on their own if the bothersome stones shift position within the gallbladder. However, the majority of people whose gallstones cause symptoms will require surgery to cure the problem and will continue to have symptoms until the gallbladder is removed. Even when a gallstone attack subsides on its own, the symptoms will return within two years in about two of three untreated people.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gallstones

: Prevention

You are less likely to form gallstones if you avoid becoming overweight. If you are a dieter, try to avoid diets that cause you to lose weight very quickly, such as diets restricted to fewer than 500 calories daily. Birth control pills and estrogen can increase the likelihood of gallstones. Consider avoiding these medications if you already have other risk factors for gallstones. Groups at higher than average risk of gallstones include Native Americans, Latinas, people with sickle cell anemia, and women who have had multiple pregnancies.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gallstones

: Treatment

Gallstones require treatment only if they are causing symptoms. Nearly 90% of patients who want treatment for their gallstones undergo a type of surgery called laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In this procedure, a surgeon uses a small light and camera placed through a small incision into your abdomen. The camera, called a laparoscope, allows the surgeon to see what he or she is doing during the operation by watching a video screen. Using small instruments that are placed through other small incisions, the surgeon is able to remove fluid and stones from the gallbladder to deflate it. The gallbladder then can be removed and pulled out through one of the same small holes. People recover very quickly from laparoscopic surgery because the surgical wounds are very small. Some patients need to have their gallbladders removed through a larger incision in a type of surgery called open cholecystectomy. In this surgery, a larger diagonal incision is made above the gallbladder, and the surgeon removes the gallbladder using a direct view instead of a camera. It is also important to know that in about 5% of cases, a surgeon may start a laparoscopic procedure, but choose to change to an open cholecystectomy for technical reasons. For stones that are caught in the common bile duct, an additional treatment is usually required. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a procedure done by a gastroenterology specialist or surgeon to view the opening of the bile duct where it empties into the intestine. For an ERCP, your doctor uses miniature instruments attached to a camera at the end of a flexible tube (an endoscope). The endoscope is inserted into the intestine through the mouth. During ERCP the gastroenterologist can widen the lower part of the duct so that the stones can pass out into the intestine on their own, and when possible tug out the stone. For people who cannot tolerate surgery, an oral medication known as ursodeoxycholic acid (Actigall) may be used to help dissolve stones. This treatment usually requires at least six months before results are seen and is only effective in about half of patients. Once the medication is stopped, gallstones are likely to return. Two other ways to break up gallstones are to use shockwaves (lithotripsy) or to dissolve the stones with solvents injected directly into the gallbladder with a needle. Surgery is strongly preferred over these other treatments because stones are likely to form again if the gallbladder is not removed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gallstones

: When to call a professional

If you know that you have gallstones, contact your doctor if you develop
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gallstones

: Prognosis

Surgical treatment for gallstones is highly effective. In most patients, symptoms go away completely and stay away. The gallbladder is not a necessary organ, and most people do not notice any digestive changes after it is removed. In a few cases, abdominal pain or diarrhea may develop after the gallbladder is removed, and additional treatment or changes in the diet are needed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gallstones

: Additional info

American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)

https://www.gi.org/
 
American Gastroenterological Association

https://www.gastro.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gas (flatulence)

: What is it?

Flatulence is the passage of intestinal gas (flatus) through the rectum. Passing gas is normal, and every human being does it at least 14 times a day, consciously or unconsciously. Sometimes flatulence happens more often than expected, and this can become an embarrassing problem. Extreme flatulence can even interfere with a person's ability to work and socialize comfortably with other people. Most cases of flatulence are related to factors that can be controlled. This is because intestinal gas usually comes from two sources — swallowed air or the work of intestinal bacteria on undigested food. Swallowing air is one cause of flatulence. Although much of this swallowed air is belched upward through the mouth, a small amount passes into the intestines and out through the rectum. People swallow air in many different ways, particularly by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gas (flatulence)

: Symptoms

Flatulence is the passing of intestinal gas, either voluntarily or involuntarily. Some people who have flatulence also complain of abdominal bloating, but others do not.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gas (flatulence)

: Diagnosis

Usually a person with flatulence is aware of passing gas. Sometimes, it is more troublesome to other family members or co-workers. To investigate the cause, examine your lifestyle, especially the way you eat your meals:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gas (flatulence)

: Expected duration

How long flatulence lasts depends on its cause. If flatulence is related to eating habits or dietary factors, it often goes away quickly once you identify the source of the problem and make the necessary changes in diet or lifestyle.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gas (flatulence)

: Prevention

You often can prevent flatulence by modifying your eating habits and diet:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gas (flatulence)

: Treatment

You may reduce flatulence by trying:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gas (flatulence)

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you have flatulence that occurs along with abdominal discomfort, significant bloating or a sudden change in your bowel habits, either constipation or diarrhea. Also, call for advice if your attempts to reduce your flatulence have not worked.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gas (flatulence)

: Prognosis

Flatulence often can be controlled with a few minor changes in diet or lifestyle.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gas (flatulence)

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)

https://www.gi.org/
 
American Gastroenterological Association

https://www.gastro.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastritis

: What is it?

Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining of the stomach often looks red, irritated and swollen, and it may have raw areas that can bleed. 



 Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria — In addition to causing gastritis, H. pylori infections have been linked to the development peptic ulcer disease, open sores inside the stomach or part of the small intestine. However, many people have H. pylori in their stomach and have no symptoms. Many different illnesses and irritants — acting either alone or in combination — can trigger the inflammation of gastritis. Some of the most common triggers include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastritis

: Symptoms

Symptoms of gastritis can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastritis

: Diagnosis

After reviewing your symptoms, the doctor will ask you about your lifestyle. Specifically, the doctor will want to know:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastritis

: Expected duration

If you have mild, uncomplicated gastritis, your symptoms probably will improve after only a few days of treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastritis

: Prevention

To help prevent gastritis:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastritis

: Treatment

If you have mild, uncomplicated gastritis, you may need to:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastritis

: When to call a professional

Make an appointment to see your doctor if you have symptoms of gastritis that awaken you from sleep, prevent you from eating, or interfere with your work or school performance. Call your doctor if you continue to need over-the-counter medications daily to control your symptoms for two weeks or longer. Call your doctor immediately if you have severe abdominal pain, blood in your vomit, or stools that look black and tarry.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastritis

: Prognosis

Once your doctor identifies the cause of your gastritis and begins treatment, the outlook for a full recovery is very good. However, if your gastritis is related to smoking or alcohol use, you must be willing to change your lifestyle to eliminate these irritants.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastritis

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
American College of Gastroenterology

https://gi.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastroenteritis in adults

: What is it?

Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the intestines that causes diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, loss of appetite, and other symptoms of digestive upset. In adults, the two most common causes of gastroenteritis are viral and bacterial infections:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastroenteritis in adults

: Symptoms

In adults, symptoms of gastroenteritis typically include mild diarrhea (fewer than 10 watery stools daily), abdominal pain and cramps, low-grade fever (below 101° Fahrenheit), headache, nausea and sometimes vomiting. In some cases, there can be bloody diarrhea.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastroenteritis in adults

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask whether you recently have been exposed to anyone who has diarrhea, or whether you have recently eaten at a restaurant or social function where the food was left at room temperature for prolonged periods. If you can remember eating a meal within the last week that smelled or tasted strange, be sure to mention it to your doctor. Since gastroenteritis is especially common where sanitation is poor, your doctor also will ask whether you have recently traveled to an underdeveloped country or to any location where the drinking water is not tested routinely. This includes rural streams, lakes or swimming holes in the United States. In most cases, your doctor can diagnose mild gastroenteritis based on your symptoms, your history of exposure to spoiled food, impure water or someone with diarrhea, and the results of your physical examination. Rarely, special laboratory testing may be needed if you have unusually severe symptoms, such as:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastroenteritis in adults

: Expected duration

Most cases of mild, uncomplicated gastroenteritis last one to seven days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastroenteritis in adults

: Prevention

To help prevent gastroenteritis, you can:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastroenteritis in adults

: Treatment

In otherwise healthy adults, most cases of mild gastroenteritis go away within a few days. You can try the following suggestions until your symptoms subside:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Gastroenteritis in adults

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor promptly if you have symptoms of gastroenteritis together with any of the following: