Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rotator cuff injury

: What is it?

Four tendons attach muscles from the shoulder blade and ribs to the upper arm bone (humerus). Because these tendons help to rotate the arm within its socket, this sleeve of tendons is called the rotator cuff.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rotator cuff injury

: Symptoms

Rotator cuff injuries cause pain in your shoulder and upper arm. The pain may be most noticeable when you reach up or out. When you turn your arm as you lift it, the tendons are more likely to rub against surrounding structures. For this reason your shoulder symptoms may be worst when you try to comb your hair or slip your arm into a sleeve. You also may have dull, aching shoulder pain at night. Rotator cuff tears that affect a significant portion of the tendon cause weakness of the shoulder, limiting your ability to hold your arm out to one side or to lift an object. Difficulty using the shoulder because of pain does not always mean that there is a tear. Rotator cuff injuries cause pain in your shoulder and upper arm. The pain may be most noticeable when you reach up or out. When you turn your arm as you lift it, the tendons are more likely to rub against surrounding structures. For this reason your shoulder symptoms may be worst when you try to comb your hair or slip your arm into a sleeve. You also may have dull, aching shoulder pain at night. Rotator cuff tears that affect a significant portion of the tendon cause weakness of the shoulder, limiting your ability to hold your arm out to one side or to lift an object. Difficulty using the shoulder because of pain does not always mean that there is a tear.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rotator cuff injury

: Diagnosis

A rotator cuff injury usually is diagnosed by physical examination. Your doctor will rotate your arm at the shoulder and then will raise your arm. If this type of motion causes pain, the rotator cuff may be inflamed. If you have noticeable weakness, you may need further testing to check for a rotator cuff tear. Your doctor may inject a numbing medicine into your shoulder to help distinguish actual weakness of the tendon from your muscle "giving way" because of pain. If a tear is suspected, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can confirm the diagnosis. An alternative diagnostic test is a shoulder arthrogram. An arthrogram is an X-ray of a joint following injection of dye into the joint. Because MRIs provide excellent pictures without putting a needle into a joint, arthrograms are done less frequently today.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rotator cuff injury

: Expected duration

Without proper treatment, symptoms of a rotator cuff injury or tear can persist for months or years, and usually become worse over time. Most rotator cuff injuries respond to treatment within four to six weeks, especially if an injection is part of the treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rotator cuff injury

: Prevention

In many cases, a rotator cuff injury can be avoided. To avoid reaching over your head repeatedly, use a step stool or ladder during projects. Avoid using your arms to push off from a chair. For people who are in poor athletic shape or who have arthritis in the knees, exercises to strengthen the quadriceps muscles in the thighs can be very helpful, so that it is not necessary for you to use your arms to get up from sitting. People who are dependent on their arms to rise out of a chair can raise the seat of their favorite chair with a thick folded blanket or a short platform to make it easier to get up. Exercises that strengthen the rotator cuff muscles also are an important part of prevention. Some of the rotator cuff muscles pull down on the upper arm bone as they work, widening the space that the tendons travel through. Physical therapy that strengthens the rotator cuff muscles can make your shoulder less vulnerable to injury.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rotator cuff injury

: Treatment

Tendonitis, bursitis and small rotator cuff tears in the shoulder can be treated effectively with an injection of a corticosteroid medicine followed by physical therapy exercises to restore shoulder movement and strengthen the rotator cuff muscles. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and others) are useful to decrease pain and inflammation. If your doctor determines that you have calcific tendonitis (calcium deposits), other treatments may be helpful. There is some evidence that treatment of the shoulder with ultrasound or a procedure called lithotripsy, which uses powerful ultrasound waves known as shock waves, may help to break up calcium deposits and speed healing. Surgery may be necessary for frequently recurring rotator cuff injuries or large tears in a rotator cuff tendon. Either arthroscopy (camera-assisted surgery) or traditional open surgery can be used.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rotator cuff injury

: When to call a professional

A doctor should evaluate shoulder symptoms that last for more than one week.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rotator cuff injury

: Prognosis

People with a rotator cuff injury typically recover well with treatment. However, it's common to injure the same shoulder again, especially if you do not change the way you use your shoulder. Elderly people are prone to rotator cuff problems and have a harder time recovering because their shoulders have a less robust blood supply.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rotator cuff injury

: Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

https://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)

https://www.aaos.org/
 
National Athletic Trainers' Association

https://www.nata.org/
 
American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine

https://www.sportsmed.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Salivary gland disorders

: What is it?

The salivary glands make saliva and release it into the mouth. There are three pairs of relatively large, major salivary glands:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Salivary gland disorders

: Symptoms

Symptoms vary, depending on the specific type of salivary gland disorder:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Salivary gland disorders

: Diagnosis

You will describe your symptoms. The doctor will review your
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Salivary gland disorders

: Expected duration

How long a salivary gland problem lasts depends on the specific disorder.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Salivary gland disorders

: Prevention

You can lower your risk of viral infections of the salivary glands. To do so, get immunized against mumps and influenza. There are no specific guidelines to protect against other types of salivary gland disorders. However, it is helpful to
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Salivary gland disorders

: Treatment

The treatment varies, depending on the disorder:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Salivary gland disorders

: When to call a professional

Contact your doctor or dentist if you develop a persistent lump or swelling anywhere in your neck, jaw, cheek, tongue or hard palate. Call your doctor or dentist immediately if the lump
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Salivary gland disorders

: Prognosis

The outlook depends on the disorder:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Salivary gland disorders

: Additional info

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
National Institutes of Healthhttp://www.nidcr.nih.gov/ 
American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery

http://www.entnet.org/
 
American Association of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons

http://www.aaoms.org/
 
Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation

http://www.sjogrens.org
 National Cancer Institute (NCI)
U.S. National Institutes of Healthhttp://www.nci.nih.gov/ 
American Cancer Society (ACS)

http://www.cancer.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scabies

: What Is It?

Scabies is a mite infestation of the skin. The scabies mite, also known as the human itch or mange mite, causes intense itching, and it is contagious. When a person catches scabies, pregnant female mites dig burrows in the skin and lay eggs along the way. After three to eight days, the eggs hatch and the young mites travel up the burrows to the skin surface. There they grow to adulthood and mate, after which the females become pregnant and continue the skin infestation. Once a female mite finishes laying her eggs, she spends the rest of her 2-month life span at the deep end of her tunnel. Mite tunnels may be visible in the skin of a person who has scabies, although intense scratching often distorts their appearance. Scabies mites can be transmitted by direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person or by using clothing, blankets, sheets, towels or furniture that has touched an infected person's skin. Scabies easily spreads during the close physical contact of sexual activity. However, scabies also can be passed from person to person in various nonsexual settings in which people live in close quarters, including hospitals, nursing homes, prisons, day-care centers and homes. Anyone can catch scabies, including doctors, nurses, teachers, toddlers and elderly people in wheelchairs. Having scabies is not a sign that someone is dirty, careless or sexually promiscuous.  Worldwide, approximately 300 million new cases of scabies occur each year in men, women and children of all ages and races. Groups that are especially vulnerable to catching scabies include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scabies

: Symptoms

Symptoms of scabies include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scabies

: Diagnosis

Scabies is a very contagious illness that can spread to members of your family and other people who have close physical contact with you. For this reason you should never self-diagnose this illness. You must be examined by a professional.   After reviewing your symptoms and your risk factors (sexual contact, crowded living conditions, high-risk work environment), your doctor will examine your skin. Most often, the diagnosis is made based on skin findings and known exposure or possible exposure to scabies. The doctor looks for bumps between the fingers and toes and for burrows. The doctor also may scrape an area of rash gently to look for the mites or their eggs.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scabies

: Expected Duration

With proper treatment, the rash and intense itching of scabies usually begin to subside within one to two days, although some milder itching can persist for a few weeks.   Without treatment, scabies can be a long-term infestation that can spread to other people. During the course of the illness, persistent scratching can lead to chronic crusting of the skin or to painful secondary skin infections caused by bacteria.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scabies

: Prevention

To help prevent scabies:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scabies

: Treatment

Today, topical permethrin applied to the skin (Nix, Elimite) is the usual first choice for treatment. Other medications are available and choices other than permethrin may be influenced by a person's age, pregnancy, the presence of coexisting skin conditions and medical history. Scabies medications usually are applied from neck to toe after bathing, allowed to remain on the skin for 8 to 14 hours, and then washed off. In some cases, a second application is necessary, depending on the type of medication used and your symptoms. Ivermectin (Stromectol) is an oral medication that also treats scabies effectively. It is given as a single oral dose followed by a repeat dose 2 weeks later.   To help control itching, simple topical agents such as calamine lotion can be applied. If the itching keeps you awake, diphenhydramine (Benadryl) taken by mouth may be advised.   All sex partners, family members and close contacts of someone with scabies must be treated for the infestation, even if they have no symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scabies

: When To Call a Professional

Call your doctor if you have symptoms of scabies or if you have been exposed to someone with scabies.  Also, contact your doctor if you have been diagnosed with scabies and your symptoms have not improved significantly within one week after completing treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scabies

: Prognosis

If you follow your doctor's directions for using scabies medication, the prognosis is excellent. In most cases, you stop being contagious within 24 hours, and your major symptoms should improve noticeably within two days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scarlet fever

: What is it?

Scarlet fever is an infection caused by Group A Streptococcus (andquot;strep") bacteria. It causes a finely textured rash that can appear like sandpaper along with other symptoms. It usually occurs after a strep infection of the throat (strep pharyngitis, or strep throat), but occasionally after a strep skin infection. The rash of scarlet fever is caused by a toxin that the strep bacteria produce. Scarlet fever once was common among children ages 2 to 10, but now it is relatively rare. The reason for this remains a mystery, especially because there has been no decrease in the number of cases of strep throat or strep skin infections.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scarlet fever

: Symptoms

Scarlet fever usually is triggered by a strep throat infection, which causes the following symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scarlet fever

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will suspect scarlet fever based on the appearance of your rash and its timing in relation to other symptoms. During the physical examination, your doctor will check for the symptoms of scarlet fever. To confirm the diagnosis of a strep infection, your doctor will take a swab of throat secretions. If no sore throat is present, then the exam will focus on other possible sources of strep infection, such as impetigo.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scarlet fever

: Expected duration

Although the scarlet fever rash generally fades after 6 to 7 days, it is followed by a period of skin flaking and peeling that lasts for 10 to 14 days. Occasionally, in patients with severe rash, peeling and flaking may persist for a few weeks.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scarlet fever

: Prevention

The best prevention is thorough hand washing, especially by those who have a sore throat or other symptoms of strep infection. If you live with someone who has a strep infection, and you develop a sore throat or fever, make an appointment with a health care professional.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scarlet fever

: Treatment

Scarlet fever is treated with antibiotics, usually penicillin or azithromycin. However, other antibiotics may be effective as well. In addition to antibiotic treatment, patients with scarlet fever and severe throat symptoms may try:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scarlet fever

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor promptly whenever you or someone in your family develops a rash that is accompanied by fever or other symptoms of infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scarlet fever

: Prognosis

In most cases, all signs of the scarlet fever rash are gone within two weeks, and there is no long-term scarring. However, because scarlet fever is a strep infection, patients with this illness have the same risk of strep complications (otitis media, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, etc.) as patients without a rash.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scarlet fever

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Schizophrenia

: What Is It?

Schizophrenia is a chronic (long-lasting) brain disorder that is easily misunderstood. Although symptoms may vary widely, people with schizophrenia frequently have a hard time recognizing reality, thinking logically and behaving naturally in social situations. Schizophrenia is surprisingly common, affecting 1 in every 100 people worldwide. Experts believe schizophrenia results from a combination of genetic and environmental causes. The chance of having schizophrenia is 10% if an immediate family member (a parent or sibling) has the illness. The risk is as high as 65% for those who have an identical twin with schizophrenia.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Schizotypal Personality Disorder

: What Is It?

Schizotypal personality disorder, like other personality disorders, is a long-standing pattern of behavior and experience. As part of that pattern, an individual either has difficulty functioning or experiences a great deal of distress. People with schizotypal personality disorder are loners who prefer to keep their distance from others and are uncomfortable being in relationships. They sometimes exhibit odd speech or behavior, and they have a limited or flat range of emotions. This pattern begins early in adulthood and continues throughout life.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sciatica

: What is it?

Sciatica describes persistent pain felt along the sciatic nerve. This nerve runs from the lower back, down through the buttock and into the lower leg. It is the longest nerve in the body. Pain results when this nerve is compressed or injured. It most commonly results from inflammation, bony enlargement due to arthritis or a displaced (herniated) disk in the lower spine.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sciatica

: Symptoms

Sciatica causes pain that begins in the lower back and spreads through the buttock, leg, calf and, occasionally, the foot. The pain generally will feel dull, aching or burning. Sometimes, it starts gradually, worsens during the night, and is aggravated by motion. Sciatica also can cause tingling, numbness or muscle weakness in the affected leg.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sciatica

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will review your symptoms and your medical history. He or she will want to know if you have low back pain that spreads to the leg and if you have muscle weakness in your leg or foot. Your doctor will also ask questions that might suggest a serious condition, such as a bone fracture or infection. He or she will want to know if you've had:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sciatica

: Expected duration

Sciatica usually goes away on its own after a period of rest and limited activities. Most people with sciatica feel better within 6 weeks. Pain that lasts longer than 6 to 12 weeks should prompt a follow up visit to your doctor. If symptoms are severe or prolonged, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating back pain.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sciatica

: Prevention

Once the pain of sciatica passes, there are exercises, stretches and other measures that may prevent it from returning. Your doctor may refer you to a physical therapist to develop a personalized program. Here are some steps you can take in the meantime:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sciatica

: Treatment

Sciatica usually can be treated successfully by a brief period of resting and limiting activity. Avoid prolonged bedrest that can actually make sciatica worse. Start gentle exercises to improve mobility and strengthen the back as soon as you can. If you are not making any progress, notify your doctor. Physical therapy can be helpful. To ease inflammation around the nerve, your doctor may recommend that you alternate using hot and cold compresses. You also may need to take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for pain, or anti-inflammatory drugs, such as naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox), ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil and others) or aspirin for pain and inflammation. Medications used to treat nerve pain may be helpful. They include amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep) or gabapentin (Neurontin). In severe cases, an injection of a long-acting anesthetic with a corticosteroid medication may provide relief. However, recent studies suggest that corticosteroid injections for back pain and sciatica do not relieve short or long term pain any better than injections that do not contain any steroid. These injections typically are done in centers specializing in pain management. Other non-medication options, including chiropractic manipulation, acupuncture, massage and yoga can be helpful, though how well they compare to more conventional treatment is uncertain. Surgery may be necessary if pain cannot be relieved with other therapies or leg weakness persists, especially if it is getting worse. Surgery is most effective when there is a clear disc herniation that is compressing the root of the involved sciatic nerve.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sciatica

: When to call a professional

Contact your doctor if sciatica pain grows worse over a few days, or if it begins to interfere significantly with your daily activities. Call your doctor immediately if you experience sudden, extreme weakness in a leg, numbness in the groin or rectum, or difficulty controlling bladder or bowel function. These symptoms may indicate that nerves leading to the pelvis are compressed. This condition can cause permanent damage if not treated promptly.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sciatica

: Prognosis

The vast majority of sciatica cases can be controlled with simple home care. For most people, basic preventive measures are enough to keep sciatica from coming back although it can be chronic or recurrent. Some people do require surgery for persistent pain or leg weakness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sciatica

: Additional info

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)

https://www.aaos.org/
 
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

https://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scleritis

: What Is It?

Scleritis is a potentially serious inflammation of the sclera, commonly called the white of the eye. It is the tough, white tissue that gives the eye its shape and protects the eye. More than 50% of cases of scleritis are associated with another disease that affects the whole body, such as rheumatoid arthritis, or are caused by infection or injury. Scleritis occurs most often in people aged 30 to 60 and is rare in children. If left untreated, the condition can spread to parts of other parts of the eye. Some visual loss could then occur.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scleritis

: Symptoms

The main symptoms of scleritis are pain and redness in the white part of the eye. These symptoms usually develop gradually and eventually become severe. The redness may become an intense purple. Many people with scleritis have pain radiating from the eye to adjacent areas of the head and face. Commonly, the eye becomes teary and very sensitive to light. You may lose some vision.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scleroderma

: What is it?

Scleroderma is a poorly understood illness that causes widespread hardening of the skin, especially on the hands and face. It also can damage the lungs, heart, kidneys, digestive tract, muscles, and joints. It is a long-lasting (chronic) autoimmune disorder, an illness in which the body's immune defenses mistakenly attack the body's own cells rather than protecting them from outside invaders. Scleroderma also is called progressive systemic sclerosis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scleroderma

: Symptoms

The symptoms of scleroderma vary from person to person and can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Scleroderma

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and will examine your skin, especially on your fingers, hands, and face. If your doctor suspects you have scleroderma, he or she may want to order blood and urine tests. Occasionally, a skin biopsy may be recommended, during which a small sample of skin is removed and examined in a laboratory. If scleroderma affects internal organs such as the heart, lungs, or digestive organs, a chest x-ray and other tests may be necessary.