Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epiglottitis

: Treatment

Epiglottitis needs to be treated in the hospital so the person's breathing can be monitored. If the person is having trouble breathing, he or she may need to have a breathing tube inserted in his or her throat.  Antibiotics should be started immediately after breathing is stabilized and blood samples and throat swabs are taken. Antibiotics usually are given through an intravenous line (into a vein). Once the infection is under control, antibiotics can be taken by mouth until treatment is complete. Additional medicines may be given to control fever and pain.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epiglottitis

: When To Call a Professional

Call an ambulance at the first sign of unexplained breathing difficulty, especially if accompanied by a sore throat, fever, drooling or noisy breathing.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epiglottitis

: Prognosis

With proper treatment, people usually recover completely. The key, however, is recognizing the symptoms early, so that treatment can be started before difficulties begin.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epilepsy

: What Is It?

Epilepsy is a brain condition that causes repeated episodes of sudden, brief changes in the brain’s electrical activity. These changes cause various types of symptoms. Epileptic episodes are called seizures or convulsions. During a seizure, brain cells fire uncontrollably at up to four times their normal rate. Seizures temporarily affect the way a person behaves, moves, thinks or feels.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal Cancer

: What Is It?

Esophageal cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that carries food and liquid to your stomach. There are two types of esophageal cancer:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal Cancer

: Risk Factors

No one knows for sure what causes esophageal cancer. However, the most significant risk factors include the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal rings and webs

: What is it?

Esophageal rings and webs are folds that block your esophagus either partially or completely. Rings are bands of normal esophageal tissue that form constrictions around the inside of the esophagus. They occur in the lower esophagus. Webs, which arise in the upper esophagus, are thin layers of cells that grow across the inside of the esophagus. Either condition may make it difficult to swallow solid food. Experts aren't sure what causes esophageal rings and webs. The condition may be congenital (inherited) or may develop after birth. People with esophageal rings and webs commonly have reflux symptoms. When esophageal webs occur together with iron-deficiency anemia, the condition is known as Plummer-Vinson syndrome.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal rings and webs

: Symptoms

Most esophageal rings and webs do not cause any symptoms, and are discovered when people have barium x-rays or endoscopy for unrelated reasons. When rings or webs do cause symptoms, the most common complaint is difficulty swallowing solids. Foods, especially meats and breads, may feel like they get stuck in the same place. Food occasionally can become lodged in the esophagus and require an endoscopic procedure to unblock the esophagus.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal rings and webs

: Diagnosis

To determine if you have a ring or a web, your doctor may order one of these tests:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal rings and webs

: Expected duration

There is no way to prevent esophageal rings or webs. However, because this condition may be related to acid reflux or iron-deficiency anemia, you can take measures to prevent and treat these disorders. Avoid foods that promote acid reflux, especially coffee, chocolate, fatty foods, spicy foods, carbonated beverages, peppermint, spearmint, citrus fruits, tomatoes, whole milk, and onions. The treatment of iron-deficiency anemia varies depending on the cause of the problem.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal rings and webs

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent esophageal rings or webs. However, because this condition may be related to acid reflux or iron-deficiency anemia, you can take measures to prevent and treat these disorders. Avoid foods that promote acid reflux, especially coffee, chocolate, fatty foods, spicy foods, carbonated beverages, peppermint, spearmint, citrus fruits, tomatoes, whole milk, and onions. The treatment of iron-deficiency anemia varies depending on the cause of the problem.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal rings and webs

: Treatment

If you have acid reflux and rings or webs, treatment will be directed at improving the reflux. Because iron deficiency may contribute to the development of esophageal rings and webs, your doctor probably will order a blood test for iron levels and, if you are deficient, prescribe iron supplements. If swallowing difficulties continue, you will be referred to a specialist who performs endoscopy and esophageal dilation. Dilation involves stretching and widening the narrowed part of the esophagus. The doctor first will locate the web or ring with the endoscope, then will insert a specially designed balloon through the scope to the narrowed area. The balloon will be inflated to stretch the rings and break up the webs. A few people have rings in the lower esophagus that don't improve even after repeated dilation therapy. In this case, your doctor may suggest using electrocautery to reduce the size of the ring. This can be done through an endoscope using a special wire that can deliver an electric current directly to the extra tissue.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal rings and webs

: When to call a professional

You should contact your doctor if you have any difficulty swallowing. You should seek emergency medical attention if you can't swallow liquids because food has lodged in your esophagus.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal rings and webs

: Prognosis

The outlook for esophageal webs and rings is excellent. Even people with difficulty swallowing do well after dilation. If symptoms keep returning, you may need repeat dilations or electrocautery to control the symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal rings and webs

: Additional info

American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)

https://gi.org/
 
American Gastroenterological Association

https://www.gastro.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal varices

: What is it?

Esophageal varices are swollen veins in the lining of the lower esophagus near the stomach. Gastric varices are swollen veins in the lining of the stomach. Swollen veins in the esophagus or stomach resemble the varicose veins that some people have in their legs. Because the veins in the esophagus are so close to the surface of the esophagus, swollen veins in this location can rupture and cause dangerous bleeding. Esophageal varices almost always occur in people who have cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis causes scarring of the liver, which slows the flow of blood through the liver. Scarring causes blood to back up in the portal vein, the main vein that delivers blood from the stomach and intestines to the liver. This backup causes high blood pressure in the portal vein and other nearby veins. This is called portal hypertension. Less common causes of portal hypertension and esophageal varices include blood clots in the veins leading to and from the liver, and schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection that can clog up the liver, causing pressure to back up in the portal vein. The backup of blood forces veins to enlarge in the vicinity of the stomach and esophagus. The veins don't enlarge in a uniform fashion. Esophageal varices usually have enlarged, irregularly shaped bulbous regions (varicosities) that are interrupted by narrower regions. These abnormal dilated veins rupture easily and can bleed profusely because:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal varices

: Symptoms

Portal hypertension often does not cause any symptoms. Sometimes it is first discovered when the varices bleed. When significant bleeding occurs, a person will vomit blood, often in large amounts. People with massive bleeding feel dizzy and may lose consciousness. Some people bleed in smaller amounts over a longer period, and they swallow the blood rather than vomit. Their stools may contain red or tarry-black blood. People with esophageal varices caused by cirrhosis will usually have other symptoms related to their liver disease.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal varices

: Diagnosis

To diagnose esophageal varices, a doctor will use an instrument called an endoscope. It is a thin, flexible tube with a camera at its tip. The doctor inserts the endoscope into the mouth. The scope is gently advanced into the esophagus to search for esophageal varices. If the varices are actively bleeding or have recently bled, this procedure will be done as an emergency. Tiny instruments may be attached to the endoscope to provide treatment at the same time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal varices

: Expected duration

Bleeding from esophageal varices usually does not stop without treatment. Bleeding esophageal varices is a life-threatening emergency. About 50% of people who have bleeding from esophageal varices will have the problem return during the first one to two years. The risk of recurrence can be reduced with treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal varices

: Prevention

The best way to prevent esophageal varices is to reduce your risk of cirrhosis. The main causes of cirrhosis include overuse of alcohol, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and fatty liver. Children, young teens, and all health care workers and older adults at risk of hepatitis B should be vaccinated against the disease. There is no vaccine to prevent people from contracting hepatitis C. If you have esophageal varices, treatment may be able to prevent bleeding. This treatment includes endoscopic banding or sclerotherapy (described in the Treatment section) to shrink the varices. Drugs to reduce portal blood pressure — such as propranolol (Inderal) or nadolol (Corgard) — also can be used alone or in combination with endoscopic techniques.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal varices

: Treatment

Emergency treatment for bleeding esophageal varices begins with blood and fluids given intravenously (into a vein) to compensate for blood loss. At the same time, intravenous drugs are usually given to decrease blood flow in the portal vein and help slow the rate of bleeding from the varices. Efforts are then made to stop the bleeding. Endoscopy is done to identify the site of the bleeding. If the bleeding is caused by ruptured esophageal varices, one of two endoscopic treatments are often used:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal varices

: When to call a professional

Bleeding from esophageal varices can be life-threatening. Patients can lose massive amounts of blood in a short time, causing extremely low blood pressure and shock. If you vomit blood or notice blood in your stool, you should always seek immediate medical attention.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal varices

: Prognosis

At least 50% of people who survive bleeding esophageal varices are at risk of more bleeding during the next one to two years. The risk can be reduced by endoscopic and drug treatments. If a TIPSS procedure or other shunt procedure is required, some blood will pass through the liver without being thoroughly detoxified by enzymes within the liver. Natural waste products in the blood can accumulate if the blood is not detoxified by the liver. Because of this some people who have had a TIPSS procedure develop symptoms of confusion, called encephalopathy. Medication can reduce symptoms of encephalopathy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophageal varices

: Additional info

American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)

https://gi.org/
 
American Gastroenterological Association

http://www.gastro.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophagitis

: What is it?

The esophagus is the muscular tube that carries food through the chest, from the mouth to the stomach. Normally you don't feel it except when you are swallowing. However, if the inside lining of your esophagus becomes inflamed, you may experience pain or problems with swallowing. This inflammation of the esophagus is called esophagitis. 


 Esophagitis has several common causes:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophagitis

: Symptoms

The main symptoms of esophagitis are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophagitis

: Diagnosis

The diagnosis often is made based on your symptoms. The most accurate way to check for esophagitis is for a doctor to look directly at the inside of the esophagus with a video camera called an endoscope. The endoscope has a camera at the end of a flexible, plastic-coated cord. This tube is long enough to reach through the stomach to the first portion of the intestine (duodenum). The procedure is sometimes called esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD. Using the endoscope, the doctor can see evidence of injury from esophagitis. The doctor will look for areas where the lining of the esophagus has worn away (called erosions or ulcers), blisters, or scarred areas. Some infections leave a deposit on the esophagus walls that can be sampled through the endoscope by using a remote-controlled brush. In some cases the doctor will biopsy the esophagus by snipping a small sample of the inside lining through the end of the endoscope. This tissue is examined under a microscope.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophagitis

: Expected duration

How long symptoms last depends on how easily their cause can be eliminated. Bad cases of reflux or resistant viruses, for example, might require several tries before the right medicine or treatment is found. In most cases, symptoms begin to improve within a few days of starting the right treatment. But it can take weeks for symptoms to go away completely. Esophagitis from an infection may be harder to cure if the immune system is severely weakened.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophagitis

: Prevention

The most common cause of esophagitis, acid reflux, sometimes can be prevented by some very simple measures:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophagitis

: Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause of esophagitis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophagitis

: When to call a professional

If you are unable to eat or drink due to pain during swallowing, you should contact your doctor. Life-threatening dehydration can develop quickly if you cannot drink liquids. Occasionally an injured esophagus can develop a hole, causing sudden worsening of chest pain, shortness of breath, or fever. Report these symptoms to your doctor immediately. If your symptoms do not clear up with initial treatment, consult your doctor. Occasionally, scarring in the esophagus will cause persistent swallowing difficulty that might require dilation therapy done through the endoscope.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophagitis

: Prognosis

Almost all cases of esophagitis can be cured. Some causes, such as acid reflux, may require long-term treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Esophagitis

: Additional info

American College of Gastroenterology

https://www.acg.gi.org/
 
American Gastroenterological Association

https://www.gastro.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Essential Tremor

: What Is It?

Tremor is the shaky movements of your hands, limbs, head or voice that you can't control. Sometimes tremor is a normal reaction to a situation such as fear, fatigue or anger. It also can be a side effect of too much caffeine, a medication, or withdrawal from a drug or medicine. When tremor occurs during activities and there is no emotional or chemical cause, it can be a sign of a neurological disease called essential tremor.  Essential tremor is different than Parkinson's disease, another neurological illness. Essential tremor is most noticeable when your body is in action, such as when you are writing, typing or pouring a beverage. In contrast, the tremors of Parkinson's are more noticeable at rest.  In essential tremor, tremors begin when you use your hands. For example, when you are writing, typing or pouring a beverage. Essential tremor often begins in the dominant hand.   People sometimes worry that essential tremor is the start of Parkinson's disease. The two conditions are very different. The tremors of Parkinson's are more noticeable at rest. People with Parkinson's watch their hands shake when they rest in their lap. But when they reach out to grab or hold something, such as a cup of coffee, the shaking stops.   As many as one in four people develop essential tremor as they age. You are more likely to develop essential tremor if you have a parent or sibling with the condition.   Essential tremor is much more common than Parkinson's disease.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Essential Tremor

: Symptoms

The main symptom is shaking of one or both hands or the head. The shaking is uncontrollable. But it is not always dramatic. Sometimes, speech trembles.   Stress, caffeine and certain medicines may make the tremor worse.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Essential Tremor

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will identify essential tremor by its pattern and your history.   Features that make the diagnosis likely include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Essential Tremor

: Expected Duration

Essential tremor is a permanent condition. The degree of tremor typically worsens as you age. It also can expand from one part of your body to other parts over time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Essential Tremor

: Prevention

No one knows what causes essential tremor. Therefore, there is no way to prevent it.   Stress, caffeine and certain medicines may make the tremor worse. If stress makes your tremor worse, you can learn ways to reduce your stress.   If caffeine worsens your symptoms, try to cut down on caffeinated beverages such as coffee, tea and soft drinks.   Medicines likely to affect the tremor include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Essential Tremor

: Treatment

Many people with essential tremor do not require treatment.  However, if the tremor causes significant distress or disability, medications called beta-blockers are the most effective treatments. Examples include atenolol (Tenormin) and propranolol (Inderal).  Beta-blockers usually improve the tremor so that it does not interfere with normal activities. In some people, the tremor disappears completely. If you stop taking the medication, the tremor will return.   Other drugs that may help include one or more of the following (which are sometimes used in combination):
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Essential Tremor

: When To Call A Professional

Call your doctor if your tremor starts to interfere with your ability to do your normal, daily activities.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Essential Tremor

: Prognosis

Treatment can minimize the symptoms. But essential tremor slowly worsens over time. Most people experience only mild or moderate symptoms. In other people, essential tremor can cause substantial disability.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ewing's Sarcoma

: What Is It?

Ewing's sarcoma is a very rare cancer that appears as a solid tumor, most often in children and teens. Most cases occur between ages 10 and 20, and about one quarter occur before age 10. Only a small percentage of people with Ewing's sarcoma are older than 20. Nearly everyone with this cancer is white. Because Ewing's sarcoma typically develops in bones, it used to be considered a bone cancer. But it actually arises from a type of primitive nerve cell. That's why Ewing's sarcoma can occur outside bones, in the body's soft tissues. When it does, it is called non-osseous Ewing's sarcoma.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors

: What Is It?

Extragonadal germ cell tumors are made up of cells that form during the early development of a fetus (unborn baby). In a growing fetus, germ cells typically move from a site near the middle of the body to the ovaries or testes (gonads). There they develop into eggs in females and sperm in males. When cells that are meant to form sperm or eggs travel to other parts of the body instead, they can form tumors outside the gonads. That's why they are often called extragonadal germ cell tumors. They usually begin in the lungs, the lower back, the back of the abdomen, or the middle of the brain, near the pea-sized pineal gland.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Eye Socket Fracture (Fracture Of The Orbit) 

: What Is It?

The eye socket is a bony cup that surrounds and protects the eye. The rim of the socket is made of fairly thick bones, while the floor and nasal side of the socket is paper thin in many places. A fracture is a broken bone in the eye socket involving the rim, the floor or both.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fallopian Tube Cancer

: What Is It?

The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries and the uterus. Fallopian tube cancer occurs when cells in a tube multiply out of control and form a tumor. As the tumor grows, it presses on the tube, stretching it and causing pain. Over time, the cancer can spread throughout the pelvis and abdomen. This cancer is very rare. It is more common for cancer to spread to a fallopian tube (usually from an ovary, breast or lining of the uterus) than for a new cancer to develop in it.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Familial Dysautonomia

: What Is It?

Familial dysautonomia (FD), also called Riley-Day syndrome, is an inherited disorder that affects the nervous system. The nerve fibers of people born with FD don't work properly. For this reason, they have trouble feeling pain, temperature, skin pressure and the position of their arms and legs. They can't fully experience taste.   In addition, people born with FD have a hard time regulating bodily functions, a condition called dysautonomia. These functions are managed by the autonomic nervous system — the network of nerves that controls such "automatic" functions as breathing and sweating.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Farsightedness (hyperopia)

: What is it?

A person with farsightedness, also called hyperopia, has difficulty seeing objects close to the eye. They can see distant objects well. In most cases, farsightedness is an inherited condition caused by an eye that is too short front to back. This reduces the distance between the cornea (the clear film that covers the front of the eye) and the retina (the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye). Because this distance is shorter, images tend to focus behind the retina, rather than on the retina. Usually, the eye is able to compensate, partially or totally, for this focusing problem through a process called accommodation. This is especially true in younger people. In accommodation, tiny muscles within the eye contract, altering the shape of the lens and bringing the viewed object into focus.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Farsightedness (hyperopia)

: Symptoms

Symptoms of farsightedness can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Farsightedness (hyperopia)

: Diagnosis

After reviewing your symptoms, your doctor will examine your eyes, and will test how well you can see.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Farsightedness (hyperopia)

: Expected duration

Farsightedness is usually a lifelong condition, although symptoms may not be noticeable during childhood.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Farsightedness (hyperopia)

: Prevention

Most farsightedness is inherited and cannot be prevented.