Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal adhesions

: What are abdominal adhesions?

Abdominal adhesions are bands of fibrous scar tissue that form on organs in the abdomen. They can cause organs to stick to one another or to the wall of the abdomen. Abdominal adhesions most commonly develop after surgery. Abdominal organs handled by the surgical team are shifted temporarily from their normal positions. In some people, this stimulates excessive formation of scar tissue. Adhesions can also form in people who develop peritonitis, an infection that has spread to the membrane that covers the abdominal organs. Another unusual cause is endometriosis. Tissue that normally lines only the uterus grows in other parts of the body, such as inside the abdomen. In most patients, adhesions do not cause health problems. In a small number of people who have adhesions, however, the fibrous bands of scar tissue block the intestines either completely or partially. This blockage is called a bowel obstruction. Sometimes, an area of intestine that is affected by adhesions can keep becoming blocked then unblocked, causing symptoms to come and go. Rarely, a portion of the bowel twists tightly around a band of adhesions. This cuts off the normal blood supply to the twisted bowel, causing what is called "strangulation," and that section of bowel begins to die. When this emergency happens, the person must be taken to surgery immediately. Adhesions are fairly rare in patients who have never had abdominal surgery. In people who have had multiple abdominal surgeries, adhesions are common.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal adhesions

: Symptoms of abdominal adhesions

In most people, abdominal adhesions do not cause any symptoms. Adhesions that partially block the intestine from time to time can cause intermittent bouts of crampy abdominal pain. More significant intestinal obstruction can cause the following symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal adhesions

: Diagnosing abdominal adhesions

Your doctor will examine you, paying special attention to your abdomen. He or she also will examine your rectum. If you are a woman, your doctor will do a pelvic exam. To find further evidence for the diagnosis, your doctor will likely order blood tests and an abdominal CT scan. In some people with suspected intestinal obstruction or strangulation, the diagnosis can be confirmed only at the time of abdominal surgery.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal adhesions

: Expected duration of abdominal adhesions

Abdominal adhesions are permanent unless the patient has a surgical procedure called adhesion lysis. During this operation a surgeon uses instruments to clip the fibers that have formed into adhesions and to remove as much of this scar tissue as possible.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal adhesions

: Preventing abdominal adhesions

There is no way for you to prevent adhesions. This problem is one reason that doctors are cautious to recommend abdominal surgery only when it is necessary. If you are having abdominal surgery, your surgeon can minimize the risk of adhesions by using a gentle surgical technique and powder-free gloves.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal adhesions

: Treating abdominal adhesions

Complete small bowel obstructions that are caused by adhesions often require surgery. In cases of partial bowel obstruction or complete bowel obstruction without severe symptoms, surgery may be delayed for 12 to 24 hours to allow a dehydrated patient to receive fluids intravenously (into a vein) and give the person a chance to avoid surgery.  In this case, a small suction tube that extends through the nose and into the stomach can be used to prevent additional bloating and to relieve pain and nausea. When adhesions cause intestinal strangulation, immediate abdominal surgery is required to remove the adhesions so that blood flow to the bowel can be restored.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal adhesions

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor whenever you have severe abdominal pain, especially if you also have a fever, nausea and vomiting, or infrequent bowel movements.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal adhesions

: Prognosis

Abdominal adhesions can be treated, but they can be a recurring problem. Because surgery is both the cause and the treatment, the problem can keep returning. For example, when surgery is done to remove an intestinal obstruction caused by adhesions, adhesions tend to form again and create a new obstruction.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal adhesions

: Additional info

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal aortic aneurysm

: What are abdominal aortic aneurysms?

An abdominal aortic aneurysm is an abnormal swelling in the aorta. Smaller aneurysms rarely cause a problem. But over time, they can enlarge, which increases the risk of rupture. This can be fatal. The aorta is the body's largest artery. It carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to smaller arteries in the body. An abdominal aneurysm occurs in the abdominal aorta. This is the part of the aorta between the bottom of the chest and the pelvis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal aortic aneurysm

: Symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysms

Most aortic aneurysms don't cause any symptoms. They often are discovered during routine physical exams. Or they are found on X-rays for unrelated illnesses. When symptoms develop, they can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal aortic aneurysm

: Diagnosing abdominal aortic aneurysms

Your doctor will ask about your family history of heart disease. He or she will want to know about any sudden and, perhaps, unexplained, deaths in the family. Your doctor will ask if you smoke. The doctor will check for high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes. Your doctor may suspect an aortic aneurysm based on the physical examination. Your doctor may hear abnormal blood flow in your abdomen. Or, your doctor may see and feel a pulsating mass in your abdomen. In most people an abdominal aortic aneurysm is found on an imaging study for an unrelated illness. Aortic aneurysms can be seen on many different imaging studies. These include x-rays and ultrasound. Ultrasound is a very accurate test for abdominal aortic aneurysm. And it doesn't expose the patient to radiation.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal aortic aneurysm

: Expected duration of abdominal aortic aneurysms

Once an abdominal aortic aneurysm develops, it is a lifelong condition. Most grow larger with time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal aortic aneurysm

: Preventing abdominal aortic aneurysms

You may be able to reduce your risk of an aortic aneurysm. You can do this by controlling your risk factors for atherosclerosis. If you smoke, quit now If you have high cholesterol:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal aortic aneurysm

: Treating abdominal aortic aneurysms

Treatment depends mostly on the size of the aneurysm. The larger the aneurysm, the more likely it is to burst (rupture). A ruptured aneurysm that requires emergency surgery has a higher risk of death than a scheduled aneurysm repair. Surgery is almost always recommended for anyone with an aneurysm that is leaking.  Even with no symptoms, a person with an aneurysm larger than 6.5 centimeters would almost always have emergency surgery to repair the problem. Surgery generally is recommended for people with aneurysms larger than 5.5 centimeters in diameter, unless there is another illness that makes surgery unusually risky. People with smaller aneurysms should be monitored with periodic imaging tests, usually using ultrasound. The Society for Vascular Surgery recommends the following imaging schedule based on the size of the aortic aneurysm:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal aortic aneurysm

: When to call a professional

Contact your doctor if you notice a pulsating mass in your abdomen but otherwise feel well. If you have abdominal, back or flank pain along with a pulsating mass, this is an emergency. It requires immediate attention.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal aortic aneurysm

: Prognosis

The outlook for an untreated abdominal aortic aneurysm depends on its size. A larger aneurysm has a higher chance of rupturing. In general, the risk of rupture outweighs the risk of surgery when an abdominal aneurysm is wider than 5–5.5 centimeters (a little more than 2 inches) or expands by more than 1 centimeter (a little less than half an inch) in one year. With successful surgical repair, the prognosis is excellent.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Abdominal aortic aneurysm

: Additional info

American Heart Association (AHA)

https://www.heart.org/
 
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)

: What are absence seizures?

The brain's nerve cells (neurons) communicate by firing tiny electric signals. During a seizure (convulsion), the firing pattern of these electric signals suddenly changes. It becomes unusually intense and abnormal.   A seizure can affect a small area of the brain. Or it can affect the entire brain. If the whole brain is involved, it is called a generalized seizure.   The two most common forms of generalized seizures are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)

: Symptoms of absence seizures

During an absence seizure, a child is temporarily unaware of what is happening around him or her. For a few brief seconds, the child stops what he or she is doing. He or she stares straight ahead and does not respond to people speaking.   During a seizure, a child's eyelids may blink or flicker very quickly. Or an arm or a leg may twitch, jerk or move for no obvious reason.   After the seizure ends, the child has no memory of the episode. He or she usually resumes previous activities as if nothing happened. There usually is no confusion or recovery period after an absence seizure.  A child with absence epilepsy can have many brief seizures during a school day. As a result, the disorder may interfere seriously with their ability to pay attention and participate in class. For this reason, a teacher may be the first adult to notice that something is wrong. If the teacher is not familiar with absence seizures, he or she may complain that the child is not paying attention or appears to be daydreaming.  Outside the classroom, the child's symptoms may affect the ability to concentrate when he or she plays sports or does homework. Seizures also may interrupt conversations with friends or family members.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)

: Diagnosing absence seizures

The doctor will ask you to describe your child's symptoms. He or she will ask how often the symptoms occur and how long they last. The doctor also will ask whether any other members of your family have had similar symptoms or have received treatment for any type of epilepsy.  The doctor will review your child's medical history, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)

: Expected duration of absence seizures

Most children outgrow absence epilepsy, usually by their teen years. Before then, anti-epilepsy medication is used to control the symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)

: Preventing absence seizures

Absence epilepsy cannot be prevented.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)

: Treating absence seizures

If your child has absence epilepsy, the doctor will treat the condition with medication to help control the number of absence seizures your child has. They are known as anticonvulsants (also called antiepileptic or antiseizure drugs).  The two most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant medications to treat absence epilepsy are ethosuximide (Zarontin) and valproic acid (Depakene, Depakote). Ethosuximide only prevents absence seizures. Valproic acid is a general anticonvulsant that also is the treatment for tonic-clonic (grand mal), myoclonic and partial seizures as well as absence seizures.  Controlling absence epilepsy can help your child reach his or her full potential at school and home. Once your child begins taking a seizure medicine, treatment usually continues for at least two years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)

: When To Call a Professional

Call your child's doctor if you notice that your child has:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)

: Prognosis

The outlook is very good. Most children with absence epilepsy eventually outgrow the condition without complications. With proper treatment, the child can have a normal life at school and at home.   In most cases, there is no long-term effect on brain development, brain function or intelligence.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Achalasia

: What is it?

Achalasia is an uncommon disorder of the esophagus. The disorder makes it difficult for food to pass from the esophagus into the stomach. The esophagus is a muscular tube. It carries food from the mouth to the stomach. Normally, coordinated contractions of smooth muscle move food through the esophagus. These contractions are called peristaltic waves. Between the esophagus and stomach is a muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The sphincter surrounds the esophagus. It keeps the esophagus closed. This prevents food and acid from splashing back up into the esophagus from the stomach. When you swallow, this sphincter relaxes. It opens to allow food to pass into the stomach. At the same time, nerves coordinate the contractions of the esophagus. This moves food into the stomach when the sphincter opens. In achalasia, the nerve cells in the lower two-thirds of the esophagus and the sphincter are abnormal. This causes uncoordinated or weak peristaltic waves. It also causes the sphincter to remain closed. The cause of achalasia is unknown. It does not run in families. Most people with achalasia develop symptoms between the ages of 25 and 60.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Achalasia

: Symptoms

The symptoms of achalasia come on gradually. They may take years to progress. Symptoms can include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Achalasia

: Diagnosis

Tests will be done to diagnose achalasia. These tests will also look for other conditions that could be causing the symptoms. Tests include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Achalasia

: Expected duration

Achalasia generally worsens unless treated. Even after successful treatment, symptoms may still return five to 10 years later. They may require repeat treatments.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Achalasia

: Prevention

Since the cause of achalasia is unknown, there is no way to prevent it.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Achalasia

: Treatment

The choice of treatment method will depend on
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Achalasia

: When to call a professional

You should call your doctor for an urgent evaluation if you:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Achalasia

: Prognosis

There is no known cure for achalasia. But several treatments can provide good to excellent relief from symptoms for a number of years. When treatment needs to be repeated, it can be as successful as initial treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Achalasia

: Additional info

American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)
http://www.acg.gi.org/ American Gastroenterological Association
https://gi.org/ Society of Thoracic Surgeons
https://www.sts.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acne

: What is acne?

Acne is a common skin condition. It is caused by inflammation of the hair follicles and oil-producing (sebaceous) glands of the skin.   Hair follicles are the tiny structures that grow hair in the scalp. Sebaceous glands produce sebum. On areas where acne develops, sebaceous glands surround the hair follicles. The combination of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles is the "pilosebaceous unit," where acne pimples and cysts develop. Sebum moisturizes hair and skin. Each hair pushes up through the skin surface along with sebum.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acoustic Neuroma

: What Is It?

An acoustic neuroma is a type of benign (noncancerous) brain tumor that grows on the vestibular nerve as it travels from the inner ear to the brainstem. It is one of the most common types of benign brain tumors. The first sign of one is usually hearing loss.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Bronchitis

: What is acute bronchitis?

Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, the hollow air passages that connect the lungs to the windpipe (trachea). The inflammation can be caused by an infection or by other factors that irritate the airways, such as cigarette smoking, allergies and exposure to fumes from some chemicals.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Bronchitis

: Symptoms of acute bronchitis

The main symptom of acute bronchitis is a cough. The cough can be dry or it can produce sputum, the mucus-like substance brought up from the lungs. The sputum may be clear, cloudy, brown, yellow or greenish. Other symptoms can include wheezing, chest tightness or pain, shortness of breath, sore throat, nasal congestion, fever and tiredness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Bronchitis

: Diagnosing acute bronchitis

To diagnose acute bronchitis, your health care provider will ask about your medical history, especially whether you recently have had an upper respiratory infection. Your doctor also will listen to your chest with a stethoscope to try to detect sounds of wheezing and airways clogged with mucous. The level of oxygen in your blood may be tested using a small device that closes gently over a finger. If your health care provider hears any suspicious lung sounds during the physical examination, or if your oxygen level is lower than normal, he or she may order a chest X-ray to check for pneumonia.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Bronchitis

: Expected duration of acute bronchitis

Most cases of acute bronchitis go away without treatment within five days, although coughing usually lasts seven to 10 days. In some cases, coughing continues for weeks or even months after the infection is gone because the bronchial linings are still irritated and may become narrow, as in asthma. Inhalers can help to treat the cough in these cases. When bronchitis comes back frequently or occurs most days of a month for at least three months of a year for two years, it is called chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis occurs most often in current and former smokers.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Bronchitis

: Preventing acute bronchitis

There is no way to prevent all cases of acute bronchitis. However, the risk of bronchitis and complications can be reduced by not smoking and by getting flu shots to reduce the risk of getting the flu, which can lead to acute bronchitis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Bronchitis

: Treating acute bronchitis

Most cases of acute bronchitis do not require medical treatment. People diagnosed with acute bronchitis will be told to rest and drink plenty of fluids to keep the mucus thin, watery and easy to cough up. Warm, moist air also can loosen sputum and make coughing and breathing easier. Because of that, many physicians recommend at least one of the following for people with bronchitis:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Bronchitis

: When To Call A Professional

You should call your doctor if:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Bronchitis

: Prognosis

In an average, healthy person, acute bronchitis typically clears up quickly on its own or with antibiotic treatment. Some people, including the elderly, infants, smokers or people with heart or lung disorders, are at higher risk of developing complications from acute bronchitis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) in Adults

: What is acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in adults?

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a type of leukemia. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. ALL is also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute lymphoid leukemia. ALL is a cancer of the body's blood-making system. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, the soft, inner part of bones.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) in Children

: What is acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in children?

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the body's blood-making system. (It is also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute lymphoid leukemia.) The word "acute" refers to the fact that the disease can progress quickly. "Lymphocytic" means that the cancer develops from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Bone marrow, the soft inner part of bones, makes cells that circulate in the blood. They include white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. The two major types of white blood cells are myeloid cells and lymphoid cells. Lymphocytes populate lymph nodes, the spleen, the thymus and the gastrointestinal tract, where they provide immunity to aid in fighting infections.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

: What is acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of leukemia. It is also called acute myelogenous leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells that are produced and released into the circulation from the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft, inner part of bones where red and white blood cells and platelets are produced. The word "acute" in acute myeloid leukemia refers to the fact that the disease can progress quickly. Symptoms that lead to a diagnosis of AML occur over a relatively short period of time, often days to weeks.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute pancreatitis

: What is acute pancreatitis?

Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas is located in the upper part of the abdomen, behind the stomach. It produces digestive enzymes and hormones. In pancreatitis, enzymes that normally are released into the digestive tract begin to damage the pancreas itself. The organ becomes swollen and inflamed. More enzymes are released into the surrounding tissues and bloodstream. The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute pancreatitis

: Symptoms of acute pancreatitis

The most common symptom of acute pancreatitis is upper abdominal pain. It can range from tolerable to severe. The pain usually occurs in the middle of the body, just under the ribs. But it is sometimes felt on either the left or right side. This is a steady, drilling, or "boring" pain. It can radiate to the back, flank, chest, or lower abdomen. Pain reaches a maximum intensity quickly, often within 30 minutes. In alcohol-induced pancreatitis, the pain tends to begin one to three days after a binge. It may be difficult to find a comfortable position. Bending over or lying on your side may reduce the pain. Eating usually makes the pain worse. Other symptoms of acute pancreatitis include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute pancreatitis

: Diagnosing acute pancreatitis

Your doctor will diagnose acute pancreatitis based on
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute pancreatitis

: Expected duration of acute pancreatitis

Mild to moderate pancreatitis often goes away on its own within one week. But severe cases can last several weeks. If significant damage is done to the pancreas in a single severe attack or several repeat attacks, chronic pancreatitis can develop.