Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoporosis

: Diagnosis

During a physical exam, your doctor may find that you are shorter than you thought you were. Or, your doctor may notice a "dowager's hump." This is a curve of the spine in the upper back that produces a hump. X-rays may show that your bones are less dense than expected. This could be caused by osteoporosis. But there are also other possible causes, such as not enough vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is common and easily diagnosed with a blood test. Your doctor will suspect osteoporosis if you have had a fragility fracture or other risk factors for the disease. A bone density test can confirm an osteoporosis diagnosis. Several techniques measure bone density. The most accurate bone density test is DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). DEXA takes 10 to 15 minutes and is painless. It uses minimal amounts of radiation and generally is done on the spine and hip. Other tests are available to screen for osteoporosis, though they are not in widespread use. These include ultrasound of the heel and quantitative computed tomography.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoporosis

: Expected duration

Osteoporosis is a long-term (chronic) condition. But proper treatment can lead to significant improvements in bone mass. It can decrease the likelihood that a fracture will occur. Bone mass usually does not return to normal after treatment. But the risk of fracture may decrease dramatically after treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoporosis

: Prevention

You can help to prevent osteoporosis by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoporosis

: Preventive medications

There are several medications to prevent menopause-related osteoporosis. These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoporosis

: Treatment

Doctors initially treat osteoporosis by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoporosis

: When to call a professional

Review your options for evaluation and treatment with your doctor if you have:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoporosis

: Prognosis

The outlook for people with osteoporosis is good, especially if the problem is detected and treated early. Bone density, even in severe osteoporosis, generally can be stabilized or improved. The risk of fractures can be substantially reduced with treatment. People with mild osteoporosis have an excellent outlook. Those who have a fracture can expect their bones to heal normally. The pain usually goes away within a week or two. In some people, osteoporosis has a clear cause. The outlook is especially good if the cause is identified and corrected.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoporosis

: Additional info

National Institutes of Health
Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseaseshttps://www.bones.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteosarcoma

: What Is It?

Osteosarcoma is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in bone. Although it is the most common type of bone cancer, it is rare. Osteosarcoma typically appears as a mass of abnormal bone in an arm or leg, usually near the knee or shoulder. Less often, the tumor develops in the pelvic bones, jaw, or ribs. It rarely develops in the fingers or toes. At the time of diagnosis, 10% to 20% of osteosarcomas have spread (metastasized) to another part of the body, usually the lungs.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ovarian Cancer

: What Is It?

Ovarian cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the ovaries. Ovaries are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs. They also make the hormone estrogen. Ovarian cancer cells can form in three areas:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Paget's Disease of Bone

: What Is It?

Bones in your body continuously break down and form again in a natural and tightly balanced process called bone remodeling. This bone remodeling also occurs in response to stress or injury placed on the bone. For example, weight-bearing exercise leads to increased bone formation. In Paget's disease, more bone breaks down than usual and more new bone forms than usual. These changes in the bone can lead to bone enlargement and deformity. The new bone growth tends to be softer and more fragile than normal bone, and can develop in a haphazard pattern. Because of this, the bone can fracture. The long bones, especially the legs, tend to bow, and the skull may enlarge, particularly over the forehead.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pain

: What is it?

You accidentally touch a hot stove. In a millisecond, you jerk your hand away. What just happened? You have pain receptors throughout your body, both outside and within. These receptors send electrical messages through your spinal cord to the brain. You only become aware of pain after your brain receives and interprets these electrical messages. In some cases, such as when you touch a hot stove, the body can spring into defensive action even before the brain knows what is happening. That's because pain messages that reach the spinal cord can cause an automatic reflex response, making muscles near the source of the pain contract to get away from the pain. Pain receptors and nerve pathways differ throughout the body. Therefore, the sensation of pain differs, too, depending on where the message comes from and how it travels. At times, the source of pain is difficult to locate. For example, some people feel the pain from a heart attack in the neck or jaw. People also differ in their ability to tolerate pain and how they respond to pain medication. Pain is classified into two types:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pain

: Symptoms

Pain is the symptom. Acute pain often has a clear source and may be described as  sharp, radiating, stabbing or boring. Chronic pain is more persistent, lasting months or years, and it may or may not have an obvious source and more often described as throbbing or aching. In some cases, it is accompanied by numbness or tingling.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pain

: Diagnosis

To diagnose the cause of pain, doctors usually try to determine the intensity of the pain and what's causing the pain. This can be challenging. No laboratory test can prove that pain exists, and describing pain in words can be difficult. Also, each person experiences pain differently. Your doctor may ask you questions about the history of your pain. He or she may ask you to describe your pain using a scale, such as 0 (no pain) to 10 (unbearable pain), or use other scales and measurements. Once your doctor determines whether your pain is acute or chronic, and uncovers the source of the pain, he or she can determine the best way to treat it. However, doctors often begin treating pain before they identify the cause.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pain

: Expected duration

How long pain lasts will depend on its source and severity.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pain

: Prevention

Trying to prevent pain before it happens can be dangerous. Acute pain is an important message that is essential to survival. Some people are born with a rare disorder (congenital analgesia) and do not feel pain. They live in great danger because they miss warning signals that could mean life or death. Once the cause of pain is diagnosed, it may be possible to prevent the pain from coming back. For instance, a person diagnosed with a stomach ulcer can take medications to heal the ulcer and prevent continuation of the pain.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pain

: Treatment

Your doctor probably will treat your pain while he or she tries to figure out the cause. Many drugs are helpful, though how well they work depends on the patient and the nature of pain. Analgesics (painkillers) are the most common pain remedy. Acetaminophen (Tylenol and other brand names) interferes with pain messages. Aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and others) work in two ways: 1) by interfering with pain messages, and 2) by reducing inflammation, swelling and irritation that can make pain worse. Topical pain relievers (such as lidocaine patches, IcyHot, Aspercreme or BenGay) may lessen pain by numbing the area, reducing inflammation or  causing a form of skin irritation that "distracts" the brain from focusing on pain. Narcotic pain relievers, such as morphine and codeine, are the most powerful pain treatments. These usually are reserved for the most intense pain. They can cause serious side effects, can be addictive and often cause constipation. Other drugs such as anesthetics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and corticosteroids may work against certain types of pain. Sometimes medications are injected directly into the region of pain or near a nerve to interrupt the pain signal. Non-drug treatments for pain include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pain

: When to call a professional

Pain means some kind of problem exists. And while different people tolerate different degrees of pain, you should never ignore pain. Consult a doctor if you cannot determine why you are experiencing pain, if pain continues or if it doesn't respond to simple treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pain

: Prognosis

For people with acute pain, the outlook is usually good. Many drugs are effective in relieving pain. When the cause of the pain is removed, the pain subsides. People with chronic pain may have a more difficult time. The sources of pain can be hard to find and difficult to treat, and pain may continue even after its causes are addressed. Chronic pain can cause complications such as sleep disorders, loss of appetite and depression. Doctors are learning more about the causes and treatment of chronic pain, but chronic pain sufferers may need to learn to cope with pain for a long time. Lifestyle changes and non-drug treatments may need to become a part of daily life.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pain

: Additional info

American Pain Society

https://www.ampainsoc.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Painful Sexual Intercourse (Dyspareunia)

: What Is It?

Pain during or after sexual intercourse is known as dyspareunia. Although this problem can affect men, it is more common in women. Women with dyspareunia may have pain in the vagina, clitoris or labia. There are numerous causes of dyspareunia, many of which are treatable. Common causes include the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Painful Sexual Intercourse (Dyspareunia)

: Symptoms

Women with dyspareunia may feel superficial pain at the entrance of the vagina, or deeper pain during penetration or thrusting of the penis. Some women also may experience severe tightening of the vaginal muscles during penetration, a condition called vaginismus.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pancreatic Cancer

: What Is It?

The pancreas (PAN-cree-us) is an organ that sits in the left side of your belly. The pancreas has two main functions. It makes digestive enzymes (proteins that break down food) and hormones that regulate blood sugar, such as insulin. Pancreatic (PAN-cree-at-ick) cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrolled in the pancreas. Most pancreatic cancers occur in the part of the pancreas that produces digestive fluids. A small number of pancreatic cancers occur in a part of the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar. This type of cancer is called either an insulinoma or a neuroendocrine tumor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pancreatitis overview

: What is it?

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, the large gland located behind the stomach. Pancreatitis can be acute, chronic, or recurrent.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pancreatitis overview

: Symptoms

The most common symptom of acute pancreatitis is upper abdominal pain. It can range from tolerable to severe. Once the pain begins, it quickly reaches its maximum intensity, often within 30 minutes. In alcohol-induced pancreatitis, the pain tends to begin one to three days after a binge. It may be difficult to find a comfortable position. Bending over or lying on your side may reduce the pain. Eating usually makes the pain worse. Other symptoms of acute pancreatitis include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pancreatitis overview

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will diagnose acute pancreatitis based on
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pancreatitis overview

: Expected duration

Mild to moderate acute pancreatitis often goes away on its own within one week. But severe cases can last several weeks. If significant damage is done to the pancreas in a single severe attack or several repeat attacks, chronic pancreatitis can develop. Once the cells of the pancreas have been destroyed, they do not regenerate easily. For this reason, diabetes and any other problems associated with chronic pancreatitis require long-term treatment. Some people with chronic pancreatitis also develop chronic pain. It is unclear why this happens, but once chronic pain develops, it tends to be long-lasting or even lifelong. Many patients require long-term medications for pain.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pancreatitis overview

: Prevention

Since most cases of pancreatitis are associated with alcohol use, the best way to prevent the problem is to avoid or limit alcohol use. Anyone who has had an episode of alcohol-related acute pancreatitis should stop drinking entirely to lower the possibility of developing chronic pancreatitis. People who have been diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis can prevent further damage by eliminating alcohol use. Most first episodes of acute pancreatitis that are not related to alcohol use cannot be prevented. However, taking steps to prevent gallstones may help to prevent gallstone-related acute pancreatitis. To help prevent gallstones, maintain a normal weight and avoid rapid weight loss. If the cause is gallstones, gallbladder surgery will usually be recommended to prevent future attacks.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pancreatitis overview

: Treatment

Most people who develop acute pancreatitis are admitted to the hospital. They are treated with pain relievers and intravenous fluids. You will not be allowed to eat or drink until your symptoms begin to improve. In most cases, nothing can be done to speed healing or shorten an episode. If the episode is prolonged, and a patient cannot eat for longer than a week, nutrition may be given intravenously. Because chronic pancreatitis cannot be cured, treatment is directed toward relieving pain, improving food absorption, and treating diabetes if it has developed. Pain management can be very challenging and require the help of a pain specialist. Problems absorbing food, and the resulting vitamin deficiencies, can be helped by taking supplemental digestive enzymes in pill or capsule form. Your doctor also may recommend seeing a dietician or nutritionist to help design an eating plan. Once digestive problems are treated, people often gain weight and their diarrhea improves. Diabetes caused by chronic pancreatitis almost always requires treatment with insulin.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pancreatitis overview

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor or proceed to urgent care if you have intense abdominal pain that lasts longer than 30 minutes, or persistent vomiting. Make an appointment with your doctor if you have
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pancreatitis overview

: Prognosis

In most cases, acute pancreatitis goes away on its own after a couple of days. People with severe pancreatitis may need to remain in the hospital for a week or longer. A small percentage of patients develop complications, such as an infected pancreas or bleeding inside the abdomen. Pancreatitis caused by heavy drinking is likely to come back if drinking continues. Over time, permanent damage may be done to the pancreas. Although chronic pancreatitis is an incurable condition, the severity, frequency, and type of symptoms can vary. Some people — especially those who quit drinking alcohol entirely — have very mild or occasional symptoms that are easily managed with medications. Other people — especially those who continue to drink alcohol — can have disabling, daily pain and may require frequent hospitalizations.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pancreatitis overview

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders

www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)

www.gi.org
 
American Gastroenterological Association

www.gastro.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Panic disorders

: Symptoms

A panic attack is defined by having at least four of the following symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Panic disorders

: Diagnosis

If you develop panic disorder, you may consult a primary care doctor first because the physical symptoms often make the person feel like they're having a heart attack, a stroke or a breathing problem. Many medical illnesses can cause symptoms that mimic panic attacks, including heart disease, asthma, cerebrovascular disease, epilepsy, hormone abnormalities, infections and disturbances in levels of certain blood chemicals. Symptoms of a panic attack can also be triggered by the use of amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, hallucinogens, alcohol and other drugs, as well as by certain prescription medications. A doctor may do tests to rule out medical problems, but the results of these tests will usually be normal. The doctor may then ask you questions about your family history; psychiatric history; current anxieties; recent stresses; and daily use of prescription and nonprescription drugs, including caffeine and alcohol. If your doctor suspects that the problem is panic disorder, he or she will refer you to a mental health professional for care. A mental health professional will do a full evaluation that includes:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Panic disorders

: Expected duration

Panic disorder can be long-lasting, especially if it is not treated. Fortunately, it is a very treatable illness. With proper care, many people find long-term relief from their symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Panic disorders

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent panic disorder. However, if you have been diagnosed with panic disorder, you may be able to prevent panic attacks by cutting down on caffeine, alcohol or other substances that might be triggering your symptoms. Once a diagnosis is made, treatment often eliminates panic attacks or makes them less intense.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Panic disorders

: Treatment

If you have panic attacks, there are several treatment options both medications and psychotherapy. Antidepressants – Despite their name, many of these drugs are very effective for anxiety. They are used very commonly to treat generalized anxiety disorder. The popular selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft) and escitalopram (Lexapro) are often the first choice. Antidepressants that have a different mechanism of action work too. Examples are mirtazapine (Remeron), venlafaxine (Effexor) and duloxetine (Cymbalta). Older antidepressants are also effective, but may have more troublesome side effects. They include tricyclic antidepressants (for example, nortriptyline, imipramine) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs, for example, phenelzine). Since antidepressants often take several weeks to work, your doctor may also prescribe a fast-acting benzodiazepine for relief. Benzodiazepines – These drugs affect a chemical messenger that works in the brain's fear response system. The first two benzodiazepines — chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium) — were discovered in the early 1960s. Common, newer benzodiazepines are clonazepam (Klonopin) and lorazepam (Ativan). They are reasonably safe when taken as directed and often bring quick relief from symptoms of anxiety. Since they act immediately, they may be prescribed during the first weeks of treatment while waiting for an antidepressant medication to take hold. Another reason these drugs are prescribed for a relatively short time is that the body sometimes becomes accustomed to the effect. That is, benzodiazepines may provide less relief as time goes on. If you need to stop taking these drugs, do so gradually under a doctor's direction, because withdrawal reactions can occur. The FDA requires all benzodiazepines to carry the strongest warning regarding the risks of dependency, addiction, or withdrawal symptoms. The FDA also emphasized the importance of not combining a benzodiazepine drug with an opioid because it can stop a person's breathing. Cognitive therapy – This nondrug therapy is designed to help a person with panic attacks recognize the unreasonableness of the fears that cause panic. The therapist will often teach specialized techniques to help manage the attacks. Behavior therapies – These treatments include in vivo exposure, a form of behavior therapy that gradually exposes the person to fear-provoking situations; respiratory training, a technique that focuses on breath control as a way of fighting panic; and applied relaxation, a method that teaches the patient to control his or her anxiety level by using muscle control and imagination. For many patients, the most effective approach is a combination of one or more medications, plus some form of cognitive or behavior therapy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Panic disorders

: When To Call a Professional

If you have symptoms of a panic attack, and you have never been diagnosed with panic disorder, seek medical help immediately. Remember, symptoms of a panic attack can mimic those of many life-threatening medical illnesses. For this reason, a doctor should evaluate your problem comprehensively.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Panic disorders

: Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, the prognosis is good. Between 30% and 40% of patients become symptom-free for extended periods, while another 50% continue to experience only mild symptoms that do not significantly affect daily life.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Panic disorders

: Additional info

American Psychiatric Association

https://www.psychiatry.org/
 
National Institute of Mental Health

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/
 
Anxiety and Depression Association of America

https://www.adaa.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Parathyroid Cancer

: What Is It?

Parathyroid cancer is a very rare cancer that develops in the parathyroid glands. A pair of these pea-sized glands sits next to the thyroid on either side of the front of the neck. The four parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). This chemical:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Parkinson's Disease

: What Is It?

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disease of the central nervous system. It causes problems with body motions, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Parkinson's Disease

: Symptoms

PD usually begins as a slight tremor or stiffness. It occurs in the arm or leg on one side of the body. The tremor is most obvious at rest. It is regular, typically occurring three to six times per second. The PD tremor:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Parkinson's Disease

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will examine you. He or she will pay extra attention to the neurological examination. Your doctor will look for symptoms of PD, especially:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Parkinson's Disease

: Expected Duration

PD is a chronic, often progressive illness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Parkinson's Disease

: Prevention

Doctors are not sure what causes PD. There is no known way to prevent it.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Parkinson's Disease

: Treatment

There is no cure for PD. But its symptoms can be treated with several different types of medication. When symptoms are not overly troublesome, medication may not be necessary. Early treatment may even increase the chance of developing side effects and other complications later. Treatment usually is started when:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Parkinson's Disease

: When To Call A Professional

Call your doctor if you develop any of the symptoms of PD. Also call if you:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Parkinson's Disease

: Prognosis

There is no cure for PD. But a well-constructed treatment plan allows many patients to lead active lives.