Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peripheral arterial disease

: Symptoms

The most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease is intermittent claudication – pain or cramping in the legs or buttocks that starts when you exercise and goes away when you rest. Often the pain is described as a deep ache, especially in the calf muscle. The pain may extend to the foot or up toward the thigh and buttock. Sometimes, there is just numbness in the leg or a sense that one leg gets tired when you walk. A foot or toes also may feel cold or numb. If the arteries are severely narrowed, you could experience leg pain at rest, when you are not exercising. If blood flow stops completely (usually because a blood clot forms in the narrowed vessel), parts of the leg may become pale or turn blue, feel stone cold to the touch and eventually develop gangrene.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peripheral arterial disease

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will review your personal risk factors for atherosclerosis and your family history. Your doctor will ask if you or any family members have heart disease, high cholesterol, diabetes, kidney disease, high blood pressure or any other circulation disorder. During the physical examination, your doctor will feel the pulse in your upper leg (near the groin), on the inside of your ankle, the top of your foot and the back of your knee. Any weakness in a pulse may be a sign of narrowed arteries. Usually the doctor can diagnose peripheral arterial disease based on your symptoms, risk factors, the examination of your legs and the strength of your pulses. Your doctor may measure the blood pressure in your legs and compare it to the blood pressure in your arm to calculate the ankle-brachial index, or ABI. The ratio the blood pressure measured at your ankle is compared to the blood pressure measured at your elbow. Normally blood pressure is the same or a little higher in the legs so the ratio is 1.0 or higher. A ratio of less than 0.95 in either leg indicates narrowing of the arteries in that leg. People who have symptoms of peripheral arterial disease usually have a ratio of 0.8 or less. Your doctor may order ultrasound of the legs to measure blood flow. The test is non-invasive and painless, using sound waves to create the pictures. If your doctor suspects that you need a procedure to help open a blocked blood vessel, you may need a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of your arteries or an angiogram, which is an X-ray test that uses dye in the narrowed arteries to reveal the pattern of blood flow and spot blockages.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peripheral arterial disease

: Expected duration

Once you have peripheral arterial disease, your arteries usually will remain narrowed. However, even though your arteries are narrowed, your symptoms can decrease and even go away with treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peripheral arterial disease

: Prevention

You can help to prevent peripheral arterial disease by modifying your risk factors:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peripheral arterial disease

: Treatment

Treatment for peripheral arterial disease includes:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peripheral arterial disease

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you consistently suffer from cramps, aching, numbness or disproportionate fatigue in your leg muscles or buttocks when you exercise. Call immediately if you have these symptoms at rest or when any part of your leg or foot suddenly turns numb, cold, pale or a bluish color.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peripheral arterial disease

: Prognosis

In most people with peripheral arterial disease, leg symptoms remain stable. About 10% to 15% of patients improve, and about 15% to 20% get worse. The outlook is better for people who are able to remain tobacco-free, stay on a healthy diet, keep their blood cholesterol under control and exercise regularly.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peripheral arterial disease

: Additional info

National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peritonsillar Abscess

: What Is It?

The peritonsillar space lies between each tonsil and the wall of the throat. An infection can cause a pus-filled swelling (abscess) to develop in this space. Peritonsillar abscesses, also called quinsy, usually occur as a complication of tonsillitis. They most often are caused by "strep throat" bacteria (group A beta-hemolytic streptococci).   If a peritonsillar abscess is not treated promptly, the infection can spread to the neck, roof of the mouth and lungs. The swelling can push the tonsil closest to it into the center of your throat and move the uvula (the flap of tissue hanging in the back of your throat) from the center toward the unaffected side of your throat. In severe cases, the swelling can make breathing difficult or can close your airway.   Peritonsillar abscesses most often are found in older children, adolescents and young adults. They are less common than in the past because tonsillitis now often is treated with antibiotics, which destroy the infection-causing bacteria.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peritonsillar Abscess

: Symptoms

Symptoms include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peritonsillar Abscess

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will examine your throat, mouth and neck, and swab your throat. Material on the swab is sent to the laboratory for a culture, which can identify the type of bacteria causing the infection. Your doctor may want to look at your throat by using a small telescope on flexible lighted tube, called an endoscope.  He or she may also order an x-ray or computed tomography (CT) scan to better see the extent of infection in the soft tissues of the neck.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peritonsillar Abscess

: Expected Duration

After treatment, symptoms should disappear within five to seven days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peritonsillar Abscess

: Prevention

Tonsillitis should be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible to help prevent a peritonsillar abscess from developing.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peritonsillar Abscess

: Treatment

Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection. In severe infections, these antibiotics may be given intravenously (into a vein).  Many abscesses will not respond to antibiotics alone, and will need to be drained. This can be done with a needle or by making a small incision and suctioning out the fluid. This often is done in a doctor's office or emergency room, but occasionally may need to be done in an operating room, especially if the infection has extended down into your neck. Your doctor will provide adequate sedation and pain medication to make you comfortable during this procedure. Because the symptoms make it difficult to eat or drink, some people may need intravenous fluids (injected into a vein) to treat or prevent dehydration.   If tonsillitis or a peritonsillar abscess keeps coming back, you may need to have your tonsils removed surgically in a procedure called a tonsillectomy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peritonsillar Abscess

: When To Call A Professional

Call your doctor if:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peritonsillar Abscess

: Prognosis

After treatment, the outlook is usually excellent. Peritonsillar abscess can come back, however. Possible complications of a severe abscess include pneumonia, fluid around the lungs or heart, airway obstruction and skin infection of the neck or jaw.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pertussis (whooping cough)

: What is it?

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious bacterial infection that causes violent coughing. The coughing makes it hard to breathe and produces a deep "whooping" sound. Pertussis is caused by the Bordetella pertussis or Bordetella parapertussis bacteria. Droplets of the bacteria move through the air when an infected person sneezes, coughs or talks. This is how pertussis spreads from person to person. Pertussis can occur at any age. Serious illness is most common in infants and young children. Older children, adolescents and adults usually have milder symptoms. The number of pertussis cases in the United States has increased in recent years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pertussis (whooping cough)

: Symptoms

On average, symptoms begin about 7 to 10 days after the pertussis bacteria enter your body. Initial symptoms usually resemble the common cold. Other symptoms may include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pertussis (whooping cough)

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and examine you. However, the examination is often not remarkable. Most people with pertussis don't have fever by the time they see the doctor. Your doctor will suspect the diagnosis based on:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pertussis (whooping cough)

: Prevention

A vaccine is available for both children and adults. Children up to age 7 years old receive an immunization called DTaP, which includes pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus vaccines. Babies under 6 weeks old cannot receive DTaP. Doctors recommend 5 total doses of the DTaP vaccine for all infants and children, unless there is a medical reason to withhold vaccination. Children are usually immunized at ages 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15 to 18 months and 4 to 6 years. Vaccines are also available for older children and adults. These age groups receive a pertussis vaccine called Tdap. This should be given at age 11 or 12 and every 10 years thereafter. If you live with or have close contact with someone who has pertussis, contact your doctor to ask whether you should take an antibiotic. If you have whooping cough, avoid contact with infants, young children and pregnant women. All pregnant women should be vaccinated against pertussis. Even if you have been vaccinated within the prior couple years before pregnancy, your doctor may recommend you receive it again to protect your newborn. Also be sure everyone in your household is up-to-date with Tdap vaccine.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pertussis (whooping cough)

: Treatment

If you have whooping cough, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. Antibiotics are most effective in the early stages of the infection. You will no longer be contagious after about five days of antibiotics. However, your cough may continue for weeks even if you have taken antibiotics.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pertussis (whooping cough)

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you or your child has a prolonged cough or develops other symptoms of pertussis. Call 911 or go to an emergency room if you or your child has any of the following symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pertussis (whooping cough)

: Prognosis

In older children and adults, the outlook is generally very good. It may take a few months for the cough to entirely clear up. Infants need careful monitoring to avoid complications.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pertussis (whooping cough)

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phenylketonuria (PKU)

: What Is It?

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare genetic (inherited) disorder that can cause abnormal mental and physical development if not detected promptly and treated appropriately.   Normally, when a person eats foods that contain protein, special chemicals called enzymes break down these proteins into amino acids. The amino acids are then broken down further by other enzymes. A person with PKU does not have enough of the specific enzyme that breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine. Therefore, any phenylalanine in the food someone eats cannot be digested properly and collects in the body.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phimosis and Paraphimosis

: What Is It?

In an uncircumcised male, the head of the penis is covered by a sheath of skin known as the foreskin. Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin is tightly stretched around the head of the penis and cannot be pulled back freely. Phimosis can occur naturally. For example, in boys younger than age 4, it is normally hard to pull back the foreskin. However, in older boys and men, phimosis often is triggered by an infection under the foreskin (balanitis) or by other medical conditions such as diabetes.   Paraphimosis occurs when a tight foreskin is pulled back behind the head of the penis and then becomes stuck. It cannot be placed forward again to its usual position covering the tip of the penis. This can cause swelling, pain, and loss of blood flow to the tip of the penis. If the foreskin cannot be pushed back into its natural position, serious harm can occur.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phimosis and Paraphimosis

: Symptoms

Phimosis is usually painless. However, a very tight foreskin may interfere with urination or sexual function. In addition, phimosis may make it difficult for a man to clean under the foreskin, which can make infection of the skin more likely.  Paraphimosis usually results in painful swelling of the foreskin and head of the penis. Severe loss of blood flow to the head of the penis may be signaled by a deep purple color, which usually indicates a medical emergency.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phimosis and Paraphimosis

: Diagnosis

A doctor can diagnose phimosis and paraphimosis during a physical examination.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phimosis and Paraphimosis

: Expected Duration

Phimosis in a young child is likely to improve on its own. In adults, phimosis will not go away unless surgery is performed or an infection is treated.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phimosis and Paraphimosis

: Prevention

Phimosis may be prevented by good hygiene. This includes fully pulling back the foreskin, so you can clean under it during bathing.  Paraphimosis can be prevented by carefully replacing the foreskin every time it is pulled back. If paraphimosis occurs, circumcision may be recommended to prevent it from happening again.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phimosis and Paraphimosis

: Treatment

Phimosis without any symptoms does not require treatment. This is especially true in children. If a boy does not outgrow phimosis or there are problems with urination or hygiene, treatment with certain medicated creams, such as hydrocortisone, may be effective.  In some older boys and men with phimosis, good hygiene and prompt treatment of infections may be all that is needed to prevent problems. In other men, persistent symptoms occur, and corrective surgery (circumcision) needs to be performed.  It is an emergency if paraphimosis occurs and the foreskin cannot be pushed back into its normal position. A physician may need to do an emergency procedure to create a slit in the foreskin, or perform circumcision.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phimosis and Paraphimosis

: When To Call A Professional

Call your doctor if you:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phimosis and Paraphimosis

: Prognosis

In most men, phimosis is not a serious problem and will not require treatment. However, it is not expected to improve on its own.  As noted above, paraphimosis is sometimes a medical emergency, and the penis may become permanently damaged if you do not seek immediate medical attention.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phobia

: What Is It?

A phobia is a persistent, excessive, unrealistic fear of an object, person, animal, activity or situation. It is a type of anxiety disorder. A person with a phobia either tries to avoid the thing that triggers the fear, or endures it with great anxiety and distress.  Some phobias are very specific and limited. For example, a person may fear only spiders (arachnophobia) or cats (ailurophobia). In this case, the person lives relatively free of anxiety by avoiding the thing he or she fears. Some phobias cause trouble in a wider variety of places or situations. For example, symptoms of acrophobia (fear of heights) can be triggered by looking out the window of an office building or by driving over a high bridge. The fear of confined spaces (claustrophobia) can be triggered by riding in an elevator or by using a small restroom. People with these phobias may need to alter their lives drastically. In extreme cases, the phobia may dictate the person's employment, job location, driving route, recreational and social activities, or home environment.  There are three major types of phobia:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phobia

: Symptoms

The symptoms of phobia are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phobia

: Diagnosis

A mental health professional is likely to ask about current symptoms and family history, particularly whether other family members have had phobias. You may want to report any experience or trauma that may have set off the phobia – for example, a dog attack leading to a fear of dogs.  It may be helpful to discuss how you react – your thoughts, feelings and physical symptoms – when you are confronted with the thing you fear. Also, describe what you do to avoid fearful situations, and how the phobia affects your daily life, including your job and your personal relationships.  Your doctor will ask about depression and substance use because many people with phobias have these problems as well.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phobia

: Expected Duration

In children, specific phobias can be short-term problems that disappear within a few months. In adults, about 80% of new phobias become chronic (long-term) conditions that do not go away without proper treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phobia

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent a phobia from starting. However, treatment can reduce the negative impact of the disorder.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phobia

: Treatment

Treatment usually includes some combination of psychotherapy and medication depending on the type of phobia:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phobia

: When To Call a Professional

Make an appointment to see your doctor as soon as possible if you are troubled by fears or anxieties that are disturbing your peace of mind; interfering with your personal relationships; or preventing you from functioning normally at home, school or work.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Phobia

: Prognosis

The outlook is very good for people with specific phobia or social phobia. According to the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health, about 75% of people with specific phobias overcome their fears through cognitive-behavioral therapy, while 80% of those with social phobia find relief from medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy or a combination.  When agoraphobia occurs with panic disorder, the prognosis is also good. With appropriate treatment, 30% to 40% of patients become free of symptoms for extended periods, while another 50% continue to experience only mild symptoms that do not significantly affect daily life.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pituitary Tumors

: What Is It?

The pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure that is attached to the undersurface of the brain by a thin stalk. It is protected by a cradle of bone called the sella turcica, which is located above the nasal passages, almost directly behind the eyes. The pituitary gland sometimes is called the master gland because it produces hormones that regulate many bodily functions, including the production of:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pityriasis rosea

: What is it?

Pityriasis rosea is a harmless skin disease that causes scaly patches that sometimes itch over the torso, neck, arms and legs. Anyone can get it, but it is most common in people ages 10 to 35. Typically, the disease begins with the appearance of a single large, pink, scaly, oval patch, called the "herald patch." This patch is approximately 1 inch to 2 inches long. It tends to have a salmon-colored center surrounded by a darker pink ring, which some people mistake as a sign of ringworm.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pityriasis rosea

: Symptoms

The main symptoms of pityriasis rosea are the appearance of the herald patch followed by a more diffuse rash of smaller patches. The patches tend to be oval, scaly, and dry to the touch. They may be pink, red or brown and generally appear on the abdomen, back, neck, arms and legs. Only rarely do the patches appear on the face. Usually there are no other symptoms. However, some people experience itching that can be intense.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pityriasis rosea

: Diagnosis

In most cases, a physician or dermatologist can diagnose pityriasis rosea simply by looking at it. Although there is no specific blood test to diagnose pityriasis, blood testing may be ordered to exclude other diagnoses. If there is any question of a skin fungus, a scraping of the edge of a spot will be placed on a slide and examined under the microscope. Rarely, a skin biopsy is needed to confirm the diagnosis. In a biopsy, a small piece of tissue is removed and sent to a laboratory to be examined.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pityriasis rosea

: Expected duration

After the initial rash, or herald patch, appears, the secondary rash of smaller patches appears within about 2 to 14 days. This more widespread rash generally lasts 3 to 8 weeks but may linger for months.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pityriasis rosea

: Prevention

Because no one knows what causes pityriasis rosea, there is no way to prevent it. It does not appear to be contagious.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pityriasis rosea

: Treatment

Itching, if present, can be treated in several ways. An over-the-counter a lotion that cools the skin (such as one with camphor or menthol) or corticosteroid cream (such as Cortizone-10 or Cortaid) may be enough to provide relief. For more severe itching, your doctor may advise an oral antihistamine or prescribe a stronger corticosteroid cream. In very severe cases, or if the rash lasts longer than usual or the rash covers a large part of the body, ultraviolet (UV) light therapy may be recommended. Doses of UV-B rays, similar to the sun's rays, are given by exposing the skin to the light rays for short periods of time over several days. The skin may turn slightly red, similar to a mild sunburn. Also, there is some evidence that oral acyclovir might shorten the duration of the rash. The red spots may appear more prominently after a hot shower or bath and after heavy physical activity. The condition doesn't get worse. The rash simply becomes more noticeable.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pityriasis rosea

: When to call a professional

See a health care professional if you or your child develops an unexplained rash. Although treatment is not necessary for pityriasis rosea, its symptoms are similar to other skin diseases, such as ringworm, that need to be treated. Your physician can diagnose the problem and recommend appropriate treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pityriasis rosea

: Prognosis

The outlook is excellent. Most cases clear up within two months. The rash rarely returns. Although some people, especially those with dark skin, experience some skin discoloration from the rash spots, it usually fades with time. Generally, there are no lasting effects.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pityriasis rosea

: Additional info

American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org/