Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Drug Use Disorder

: What Is It?

Sedative-hypnotic drugs — sometimes called "depressants" — and anxiolytic (antianxiety) drugs slow down the activity of the brain. Benzodiazepines (Ativan, Halcion, Librium, Valium, Xanax, Rohypnol) are the best known. An older class of drugs, called barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital) fit into this broad category. Other drugs in this group include chloral hydrate (which when mixed with alcohol was once known as "knockout drops" or a "Mickey Finn"), glutethimide, methaqualone (Quaalude, Sopor, "ludes") and meprobamate (Equanil, Miltown and other brand names).  Alcohol has some properties similar to the above drugs, but alcohol is so common that health experts classify alcohol-related problems separately.  Regular use of these drugs often leads to "drug tolerance." That is, the body adjusts to them and it takes a higher and higher dose to achieve the desired effect. Dependence also can develop, meaning withdrawal symptoms will occur if the drug is suddenly stopped.  Many of these drugs have legitimate uses. Benzodiazepines are a good treatment for anxiety and are also useful in sleep disorders. Barbiturates are used to treat seizures and for anesthesia during major surgery.  In particular, using barbiturates to get "high" can be very dangerous. There is a relatively small difference between the desired dose and an overdose. A small miscalculation, which is easy to make, can lead to coma, respiratory distress (breathing slows or stops) and death. Withdrawal from barbiturates is similar to, and sometimes more severe than, alcohol withdrawal. Seizures are possible and can also lead to death.  Compared to barbiturates, benzodiazepines are much safer. They cause sedation but rarely interfere with a person's breathing or cause death. They have the potential to be psychologically harmful by causing over-sedation, memory impairment, poor motor coordination and confusion. Withdrawal reactions can be extremely uncomfortable, although they usually are not deadly.  Combining any of these drugs, or using them with alcohol, can lead to dangerous effects. People often take these combinations to try to boost the feeling of intoxication or to counter unpleasant effects of other street drugs.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Drug Use Disorder

: Symptoms

Symptoms of dependence on sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic drugs:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Drug Use Disorder

: Diagnosis

If your doctor suspects that you are addicted to sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic drugs, he or she will ask you questions about the type of drugs you use, the amount you take, how often you use them, how long you've been using them and under what circumstances. Your doctor also will ask you about physical symptoms, psychological problems or behavioral difficulties (impaired work performance, problems in your personal relationships, criminal arrests) related to your drug use.  If you are using any other substances (for example, alcohol, heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana) in addition to sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic drugs, it is helpful for your doctor to know this.  Of course, it is difficult to talk frankly about substance use with your doctor or a counselor. You may not be sure you want to get help. However, an open accounting of drug use leads to more effective planning. The goal is not just to get through detoxification safely, but also to establish a treatment plan that helps to reduce craving for the drug and to solve the underlying problem that led to the addiction, such as anxiety, depression or stressful circumstances.  Your doctor can diagnose dependence on one of these drugs based on your history, including your pattern of drug use and its effect on your life and health. In some cases, especially if you have symptoms of intoxication or withdrawal, your doctor may find additional evidence for the diagnosis in your physical examination. Your doctor may also want to screen your urine or blood.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Drug Use Disorder

: Expected Duration

Depressant addiction can be a long-term problem that lasts for years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Drug Use Disorder

: Prevention

To help prevent problems, follow any prescription directions exactly and avoid taking more of the medication than your doctor ordered. The biological, psychological and social forces that lead to addiction, however, are difficult to prevent. If you feel that you need the medication for longer than prescribed, consult your doctor immediately. Never take medication that has been prescribed for anyone else.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Drug Use Disorder

: Treatment

The first goal of treatment is detoxification (withdrawal from the drug). Detoxification usually involves gradually reducing the dose of the drug or temporarily substituting a medication that has less serious withdrawal symptoms. The substitute medication, if used, also will be reduced gradually. Depending on the severity of the drug dependence and other factors (significant heart or lung disease, liver failure, high blood pressure, a person's age and general health status), detoxification may need to take place in the hospital.  All addictions are complex and have multiple causes. A drug use disorder is usually not an isolated problem. Commonly, people with sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic drug addictions are also struggling with other mental disorders, such as anxiety or depression.  Thus, treatment is best tailored to the multiple needs of the individual. This should begin with a comprehensive evaluation (medical, psychological and social) to identify the variety of troubles that are fueling the drug use.  Counseling, behavioral therapies, and group programs (such as 12-step or rational recovery) can help a person address the addiction. Medications or psychotherapy can address craving or habits that could lead to relapse. They also are helpful for other symptoms or problems that are discovered in the course of evaluation and treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Drug Use Disorder

: When To Call A Professional

It is best to seek help as soon as possible. Like alcoholism, sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic drug use disorder is a real illness, not a sign of weakness or poor character.  Sometimes, if an addiction has caused problems at home, at work, or with the law, an external push from family, employers, or the criminal justice system can further motivate an addiction sufferer to seek treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sedative, Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Drug Use Disorder

: Prognosis

Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic drug use disorder is difficult to shake without support and without treatment for the root causes.   Withdrawal is likely to be safe when the dose of the substance is reduced gradually. People who develop withdrawal symptoms that get bad enough to require hospitalization have a 2% to 5% risk of death, a rate similar to severe alcohol withdrawal. However, most people get help before reaching that stage.   Since it is easy to overdo it with some of these drugs, the risk of accidental overdose is significant.  In general, formal treatment is likely to reduce the risk of relapse (or returning to the addictive behavior).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Shigellosis

: What Is It?

Shigellosis is an infection of the colon (large intestine) caused by Shigella bacteria. Shigellosis is also called bacillary dysentery because it can cause severe diarrhea. However, the infection often causes only mild symptoms.  Shigella can be found in water polluted with infected sewage. Bacteria commonly enter the body through a contaminated drinking supply. Shigella bacteria also can be found on food that has been rinsed with unclean water, grown in fields contaminated with sewage, or touched by flies that have touched feces. Shigella bacteria can reach the mouth on dirty fingers that have touched items soiled with feces, including dirty diapers, toilets and bathroom fixtures.   Outbreaks of shigellosis are most common in areas where sanitation is poor, and in places where people live under confined or crowded conditions. Shigella also can be passed from person to person during anal-oral sex.  Shigellosis is more common among children ages 1 to 4. Children of this age have a higher rate of infection because they are starting to use the toilet and often forget to wash their hands. Infants are at the highest risk of becoming seriously ill from a Shigella infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Shigellosis

: Symptoms

Although health experts don't know why, some people take in Shigella bacteria without becoming ill. Others develop only a brief fever, or a brief fever with mild diarrhea that goes away on its own. About 25% of patients, however, develop high fever, abdominal cramping and severe diarrhea that can contain blood, mucus and pus. These people can have 10 to 30 bowel movements each day, along with a persistent urge to have a bowel movement.  Rarely, Shigella bacteria can affect other parts of the body far from the digestive tract. When this happens, there may be a rash, joint pain, confusion and/or kidney failure.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Shigellosis

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and about the appearance of your bowel movements. He or she will ask if you have recently traveled to developing countries, been in contact with people who have severe diarrhea, or might have been exposed to contaminated pools, lakes or food.   Your doctor will diagnose shigellosis based on a physical examination and the results of laboratory tests. These tests include taking a swab of your rectum or a sample of your stool (feces). If you have signs of dehydration (excessive loss of body water) or significant blood loss, additional blood tests may be necessary.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Shigellosis

: Expected Duration

In most otherwise healthy people with mild shigellosis, diarrhea goes away on its own within five to seven days. However, in very young children, the elderly or people with chronic illnesses, shigellosis can be severe and can lead to life-threatening dehydration and other complications within a few days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Shigellosis

: Prevention

There is no vaccine to protect against shigellosis. To prevent the spread of Shigella bacteria, you should:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Shigellosis

: Treatment

If you have a mild case of shigellosis, you probably won't need treatment because your symptoms will probably go away on their own. Doctors may prescribe antibiotics if there are very young or very old members in your household who could get the infection.   If you have a severe case of shigellosis, your doctor will prescribe fluids to treat dehydration and an antibiotic. Many strains of Shigella have developed resistance to multiple antibiotics. Your doctor will choose an antibiotic based on how and where you became infected.   The use of antidiarrheal medicines to slow bowel movements is controversial because it can take longer to clear the bacteria from the lower intestine. This could potentially cause the infection to become more severe.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Shigellosis

: When To Call a Professional

Call your doctor if you develop severe diarrhea, especially if the bowel movements contain blood or mucus. Call your doctor whenever you have a fever and severe diarrhea. Seek immediate attention if you have signs of dehydration, such as very dry mouth and lips, and lightheadedness when you stand, whether or not you are thirsty.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Shigellosis

: Prognosis

In developed countries, most people with shigellosis recover completely. In underdeveloped countries, the risk of complications, including death, is significantly higher.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Shoulder Dislocation

: What Is It?

The shoulder joint is called a ball-and-socket joint. The ball is the rounded top of the bone in the upper arm (humerus), which fits into the socket — the cup-shaped outer part of the shoulder blade. When the top of the humerus moves out of its usual location in the shoulder joint, the shoulder is said to be dislocated. A related injury called a shoulder subluxation occurs when the top of the humerus is only partially displaced and not totally out of its socket. In some cases, a shoulder is dislocated when the arm is pulled or twisted with extreme force in an outward, upward or backward direction. This extreme force literally pops the top of the humerus out of its socket. In other cases, a shoulder dislocation is the result of a fall on an outstretched arm, a direct forceful blow to the shoulder, a seizure or a severe electric shock. Seizures and shock can cause shoulder dislocations because they produce extreme, unbalanced muscle contractions that can wrench the humerus out of place.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Shoulder Sprain

: What Is It?

A shoulder sprain is a tear of shoulder ligaments, the tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to one another inside or around the shoulder joint. Although most people think of the shoulder as a single joint between the upper arm bone (humerus) and the torso, the shoulder actually has several smaller joints outside the arm bone's socket. Ligaments connect the four bones that are important to the shoulder's function. These bones include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sick sinus syndrome

: What is it?

Sick sinus syndrome is an umbrella term that covers three heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias):
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sick sinus syndrome

: Symptoms

Most of the time, sick sinus syndrome doesn't cause any symptoms. When it does cause symptoms, they are very vague and can be attributed to many other disorders. Therefore, it is very hard to diagnose sick sinus syndrome just on the basis of symptoms. Symptoms may include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sick sinus syndrome

: Diagnosis

Your doctor might suspect you have sick sinus syndrome if he or she detects a very slow or irregular heart beat when examining you. (However, even people with sick sinus syndrome may have a normal heart beat during an office visit, especially if they are not having any symptoms at that time.) If an abnormal heart rate is detected, your doctor will review the medications you take to make sure that none of them are contributing to the problem. You will also get an electrocardiogram (EKG, which is a test that can detect arrhythmias). However, an EKG may not tell your doctor for certain what condition is causing your problem, so further testing is often necessary. One of the common tests for sick sinus syndrome is a Holter monitor. Like an EKG, a Holter monitor records the heart's electrical activity via electrodes, but a Holter monitor is attached to a small recording device. That way, you can wear the Holter monitor (also called an event monitor) and go about your day-to-day activities. When you feel an arrhythmia symptom, you write down the date and time. Then your doctor compares the timing of your symptoms to the timing of any abnormalities that the monitor records. If your doctor still can't diagnose the problem, he or she may suggest you get an electrophysiologic study (EPS). This is an invasive procedure, which is why it is used only after other less serious tests are tried. For the study, a cardiologist inserts a thin tube, called a catheter, into an incision in your groin. The doctor then snakes the tube through your body to the heart. The catheter has tiny instruments on its tip, including a camera so the doctor can see where the catheter is going. The pictures show up on a screen in the operating room. The other instruments on the tip of the catheter allow it to sense electrical patterns of your heart and to act as a temporary pacemaker. The pacemaker delivers small electrical shocks to the heart. You can't feel these shocks. The cardiologist will use the pacemaker to vary the speed of your heartbeat. At the same time, a running EKG can show whether your heart's electrical pathways are responding appropriately to the pacemaker. The cardiologist usually speeds up the heart rate, and then turns off the pacemaker for several seconds. Your sinus node should recognize the absence of electrical activity in the heart and turn itself on. If it doesn't, you likely have sick sinus syndrome.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sick sinus syndrome

: Expected duration

Sick sinus syndrome doesn't go away. You might go for a long time without having any problems, but you still are not cured. In fact, sick sinus syndrome almost always gets worse with time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sick sinus syndrome

: Prevention

In many cases, it is not possible to prevent sick sinus syndrome. However, preventing the diseases that lead to sick sinus syndrome (see above) can lead to better cardiovascular health overall and likely prevent sick sinus syndrome. Eating well, exercising, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding tobacco can prevent many heart problems. Medications are also sometimes necessary for heart disease prevention.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sick sinus syndrome

: Treatment

If you don't have symptoms, treatment may not be necessary. If you are taking a medication that could be the cause, your doctor will likely tell you to stop taking that drug. People who have sinus bradycardia with symptoms usually need to have a permanent pacemaker implanted. This small device gets placed under the skin of your chest during a surgical procedure. Pacemakers use electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate. People with sick sinus syndrome and fast heart rates often cannot tolerate the usual heart-slowing medications. There is a risk that these medications can cause the heart to stop beating. These people also require permanent pacemakers.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sick sinus syndrome

: When to call a professional

If you experience any of the symptoms listed above, see your doctor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sick sinus syndrome

: Prognosis

The outlook for someone with sick sinus syndrome varies greatly, depending on the type of arrhythmia, the age of the person, and any other heart problems that are present. Generally speaking, sick sinus syndrome gets worse with time. That said, people who have pacemakers implanted to control their arrhythmias generally do very well.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sick sinus syndrome

: Additional info

American Heart Association

www.heart.org
 
National Institutes of Health

www.nih.gov
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sickle Cell Anemia

: What Is It?

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder. It causes:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sickle Cell Anemia

: Symptoms

Symptoms of sickle cell anemia include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sickle Cell Anemia

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask you about:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sickle Cell Anemia

: Expected Duration

There is no way to prevent sickle cell anemia.   If sickle cell anemia or sickle cell trait runs in your family, you and your spouse may wish to speak with a genetic counselor. He or she can explain your chances of passing the condition to your children.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sickle Cell Anemia

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent sickle cell anemia.   If sickle cell anemia or sickle cell trait runs in your family, you and your spouse may wish to speak with a genetic counselor. He or she can explain your chances of passing the condition to your children.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sickle Cell Anemia

: Treatment

Treatment of sickle cell anemia may include any of the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sickle Cell Anemia

: When To Call A Professional

People with sickle cell disease must see their doctor regularly and receive comprehensive care.   Call the doctor immediately when anyone with sickle cell disease:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sickle Cell Anemia

: Prognosis

Sickle cell anemia affects different people differently. It follows no set pattern.   For example, some patients have only mild symptoms with less than one crisis episode per year. Others have more severe symptoms. Or they may average more than one crisis per month.   There is currently no cure for sickle cell anemia. But life expectancy for those with the illness has dramatically increased over the past 30 years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sleep apnea

: What is it?

Sleep apnea is a disorder that causes people to stop breathing for short periods during sleep. These periods are called apneas. Apneas usually last between 10 and 30 seconds. In severe cases, apneas can happen many hundreds of times each night. People with untreated sleep apnea are more likely to develop high blood pressure. Apneas disrupt a person's ability to get a good night's sleep, making them less alert during the day. This can lead to accidents. People with untreated sleep apnea are up to seven times more likely to be involved in motor vehicle accidents. There are two types of sleep apnea:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sleep apnea

: Symptoms

Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea include excessive sleepiness during waking hours. Loud snoring is another symptom, and the person's bed partner may be the first to notice this problem. Morning headache and dry mouth can occur. Obesity is common, though not all people with sleep apnea are overweight.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sleep apnea

: Diagnosis

If your doctor suspects sleep apnea, he or she is likely to do the following during your visit:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sleep apnea

: Expected duration

How long sleep apnea lasts depends on its cause and on the effectiveness of treatment. Generally, sleep apnea is a chronic disorder. This means you'll be dealing with it for a lifetime. For people with central sleep apnea, how long the problem lasts depends on treatment for the underlying neurological or cardiovascular disorders.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sleep apnea

: Prevention

You can help to prevent obstructive sleep apnea by maintaining a healthy weight. To reduce sleep apnea symptoms, avoid alcohol and sedatives.