Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic ketoacidosis

: Treatment

Diabetic ketoacidosis requires treatment in a hospital, often in the intensive care unit. You will receive a large volume of fluids intravenously (through a vein) and insulin to lower your blood sugar and to correct the acidosis. Your blood sugar and acid levels will be monitored frequently, and you will be given potassium supplements to restore your body's supply of this essential mineral. Until your blood chemistry returns to normal, your vital signs (temperature, pulse, respirations, blood pressure) and urine output will be monitored closely. If an infection has triggered your episode of ketoacidosis, antibiotics or other medications will be used to treat the infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic ketoacidosis

: When to call a professional

If you have type 1 diabetes and feel unwell, check your blood sugar levels often. Also test your urine for ketones. Call your doctor if you have:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic ketoacidosis

: Prognosis

With prompt treatment, more than 95 percent of patients recover from diabetic ketoacidosis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic ketoacidosis

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

https://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic nephropathy

: What is it?

Diabetic nephropathy is kidney disease that is a complication of diabetes. It can occur in people with type 2 diabetes, the diabetes type that is most common and is caused by resistance to insulin, or in people with type 1 diabetes, the type that more often begins at an early age and results from decreased insulin production. Diabetic nephropathy is caused by damage to the tiniest blood vessels. When small blood vessels begin to develop damage, both kidneys begin to leak proteins into the urine. As damage to the blood vessels continues, the kidneys gradually lose their ability to remove waste products from the blood.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic nephropathy

: Symptoms

There are usually no symptoms in the early stages of diabetic nephropathy. When symptoms do begin to appear, they may include ankle swelling and mild fatigue. Later symptoms include extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and urinating less than usual.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic nephropathy

: Diagnosis

The first sign of kidney damage is protein in the urine, which a doctor can measure in microscopic amounts, called microalbuminuria. Small amounts of albumin show up in the urine five to 10 years before major kidney damage happens. If you have diabetes, your doctor will suggest regular monitoring of urine, and blood tests to check the health of your kidneys. Occasionally, a doctor may be concerned that kidney injury in a diabetic person is related to a separate problem. In that case, other tests such as ultrasound or a kidney biopsy may be recommended. In a biopsy, a small piece of kidney tissue is removed through a needle and examined in a laboratory.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic nephropathy

: Expected duration

Kidney disease can't be reversed once damage is done. Kidney disease from diabetes is progressive, meaning it continues to get worse. However, good control of blood sugar and blood pressure and treatment with medicine from either of two drug groups (see prevention, below) can slow the progression of the disease.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic nephropathy

: Prevention

The best way to prevent diabetic nephropathy is to control your blood sugar and to keep your blood pressure in the normal range. The systolic pressure, the "top" blood pressure number, should be consistently lower than 130 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Two types of blood pressure medicines protect against kidney damage in ways that go beyond lowering your blood pressure. Any person who has diabetes and who also has high blood pressure should regularly take one of these medications. These medicines come from a group of drugs called angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), including lisinopril (Zestril, Prinivil), enalapril (Vasotec), moexipril (Univasc), benazepril (Lotensin), and others, or from a group of drugs called angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), including losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), and others. Avoiding medications that can sometimes have harmful side effects upon the kidneys also can help to prevent kidney disease. If you have severe kidney disease, your doctor may advise you to avoid pain medications in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug group (NSAID group) such as ibuprofen. A low-protein diet (10% to 12% or less of total calories) also may slow or halt the progression of kidney disease. If you smoke cigarettes, you should quit.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic nephropathy

: Treatment

If you have diabetes with microalbuminuria or blood test evidence of kidney disease, you can slow the progression of kidney disease by taking a drug called an SGLT2 inhibitor. Examples of SGLT2 inhibitors approved to help preserve kidney function even in people without diabetes include canagliflozin (Invokana) and dapagliflozin (Farxiga). If you have diabetes and high blood pressure, doctors usually prescribe a medication from the ACE inhibitor or ARB group as part of the hypertension treatment program. These medications slow the progression of kidney disease in people with diabetes, although kidney disease continues to develop gradually. These two medicine groups are closely related, so the drugs usually are not combined with each other. Reducing the amount of protein in your diet also may be helpful to slow progressing kidney disease. Once nephropathy reaches advanced stages, you may need dialysis to remove waste products from the blood. There are two types of dialysis, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis filters waste substances and excess fluid out of the blood. Hemodialysis usually is done at a dialysis center in three- to four-hour sessions three times a week. Peritoneal dialysis does not directly filter the blood. Instead, for this form of dialysis, sterile fluid is allowed to flow into the abdominal cavity through a catheter that is permanently placed through the skin. The fluid is then removed after it has absorbed waste substances. After practice, peritoneal dialysis can be done at home. It is a good alternative for some people, although it requires significant time and self-care. An alternative way to treat advanced kidney disease is with a kidney transplant. Kidney transplants have allowed many people with severe kidney disease to avoid or discontinue dialysis. However, the donor and the recipient have to match genetically, or the body will reject the new kidney. The waiting period for a matching donated kidney is between two and six years. Anti-rejection drugs that suppress the immune system help the body to accept the donated organ. An organ recipient can expect to take such medications as long as the transplanted kidney continues to function. A transplanted kidney is likely to function for at least 10 years if its genetics are closely matched. If a transplanted kidney stops functioning, dialysis or a new transplant is necessary. In a person with type 1 diabetes and kidney failure, a kidney-pancreas transplant is another possible treatment. This option is available only for a small number of people because of the scarcity of organ donors, the risks of the surgery, and the need for lifelong immunosuppressive drugs. When it is successful, the transplanted pancreas begins producing insulin and may reverse diabetes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic nephropathy

: When to call a professional

If you have diabetes, your blood pressure should be checked every six months to a year, or more often if it is higher than goal. If you have not been diagnosed with diabetic nephropathy, your urine should be tested for microalbumin at least once a year to check for this problem and diagnose it as early as possible. People with kidney disease need to have regular tests of kidney function — once a year or more often. If you have symptoms that suggest advanced kidney disease, you should discuss them with your physician.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic nephropathy

: Prognosis

Although kidney failure cannot always be prevented, worsening can be slowed with medications and control of risk factors. When full kidney failure occurs, dialysis and a kidney transplant are options that allow people to continue to lead active lives.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic nephropathy

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
American Diabetes Association

https://www.diabetes.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic neuropathies

: What is it?

Diabetic neuropathies are nerve disorders that may affect people with diabetes. They occur more often in people with persistently high blood sugar levels. There are several different diabetic neuropathies. They include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic neuropathies

: Symptoms

Most people who have had diabetes for 25 years have some form of neuropathy. Symptoms depend on the specific type of neuropathy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic neuropathies

: Diagnosis

Your doctor usually can diagnose diabetic neuropathy based on your:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic neuropathies

: Expected duration

Peripheral and autonomic neuropathies are usually long-term problems. Focal neuropathy may last a few months, but may be chronic.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic neuropathies

: Prevention

Diabetic neuropathy is caused by abnormally high levels of blood glucose. Therefore, diabetics can help to prevent neuropathy by keeping blood sugar levels under good control. In addition, avoiding smoking can help to prevent or delay neuropathies.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic neuropathies

: Treatment

Treatment of diabetic neuropathy focuses on
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic neuropathies

: When to call a professional

See your doctor if you develop new or worsening symptoms of neuropathy. Call your doctor whenever you have a cut or sore that isn't healing or looks like it is infected. It is extremely important to react promptly to injuries and infections, however minor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic neuropathies

: Prognosis

In most cases of focal neuropathy, muscle weakness and/or pain subsides within a few months. Peripheral neuropathies are persistent problems. The pain can last for years. Some people find that symptoms are easier to tolerate if the painful areas lose sensation and become numb. However, complete loss of feeling increases the risk of foot ulcers.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic neuropathies

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
American Diabetes Association

https://www.diabetes.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diarrhea

: What Is It?

Diarrhea is more frequent and more liquid bowel movements than normal. There are many causes. Diarrhea often is caused by an infection with bacteria, viruses or a parasite. Bacteria cause diarrhea either by invading the intestine or by producing a toxin that makes the intestine secrete more water. When the diarrhea is caused by food contaminated with bacteria or parasites, people often refer to this as food poisoning.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diarrhea

: Symptoms

People with diarrhea usually have loose, watery stools. Less commonly, people pass frequent, small amounts of loose stool with mucous and blood. Other symptoms can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diarrhea

: Diagnosis

Since diarrhea has many possible causes, your doctor will ask you about your personal circumstances. Recent travel history or exposure to family members with similar symptoms might suggest an infection.  Your doctor will review your symptoms and examine you. If you have severe symptoms, your doctor also may ask for a stool sample. The specimen will be analyzed in a laboratory to look for infectious causes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diarrhea

: Expected Duration

Symptoms of diarrhea are usually most severe during the first 24 hours. Although some episodes of acute diarrhea last as long as 14 days, most go away within three to seven days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diarrhea

: Prevention

You can help to prevent diarrhea by practicing good hygiene. Most importantly, wash your hands frequently with soap and water, especially before eating, before preparing food, and after using the bathroom. Since some diarrhea is caused by food poisoning, avoid eating undercooked meats, raw seafood, or foods left out for several hours. If your episodes of diarrhea occur only rarely, a specific cause may not be found. If you experience recurrent episodes, try to identify the factors that trigger your symptoms, such as a reaction to medicine or certain foods, and avoid them.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diarrhea

: Treatment

When symptoms start, try to rest more and switch to a diet of clear liquids. Drink water, juice, bouillon and weak tea to avoid becoming dehydrated. Replace lost fluids and electrolytes with sports drinks. Avoid coffee or soft drinks that contain caffeine, since caffeine increases the loss of water and salt. If you have nausea in addition to diarrhea, take very small sips of fluid frequently and suck on ice chips.   As you begin to feel better, start eating solid foods gradually to prevent stomach cramps. Start with soft, starchy foods (cooked cereal, steamed rice, unbuttered toast, and applesauce) before returning to your normal diet. To ease stomach cramps, apply warmth (a hot water bottle, warm compress or electric heating pad set on low heat) to your abdomen. You also may consider over-the-counter medications such as bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) or loperamide (Imodium).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diarrhea

: When To Call a Professional

Although most bouts of acute diarrhea run their course, you should call your doctor if your condition lasts more than 48 hours and you have a fever above 101 degrees Fahrenheit. Also, consult your doctor if you notice mucus or blood in your stool, experience persistent abdominal pain, or show symptoms of dehydration.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diarrhea

: Prognosis

Most people recover completely from the symptoms of acute diarrhea within three to seven days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dislocated Lens

: What Is It?

The lens is a transparent, disk-shaped structure in the eye that focuses light onto the retina, allowing us to see clearly. It is located directly behind the pupil and is held in place by fine ligaments (tough bands of tissue). A dislocated lens is a lens that has moved out of position because some or all of the supporting ligaments have broken. Some people are born with conditions that can cause weak ligaments and are prone to having a dislocated lens. For example, about half of all people with the hereditary disorder called Marfan's syndrome develop dislocated lenses.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Double vision (diplopia)

: What is it?

Double vision, also called diplopia, causes a person to see two images of a single object. There are two types of double vision: monocular and binocular. Monocular diplopia is double vision in only one eye. The double vision continues even when the other eye is covered. The doubling does not go away when you look in different directions. Monocular diplopia can be caused by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Double vision (diplopia)

: Symptoms

The only symptom is seeing two images of a single object.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Double vision (diplopia)

: Diagnosis

The first step is to determine whether your double vision is monocular or binocular. To do this, your doctor will ask you to cover one eye and then the other. If you have monocular diplopia, your doctor will evaluate you for conditions, such as cataracts, that could be causing the problem. You will then need to see an eye specialist (an ophthalmologist). If the problem is binocular and there has been no facial trauma, then your doctor will want to know if you have diabetes, Graves' disease or neurological disorders. In diagnosing binocular diplopia, your doctor has to determine which eye muscles are affected. To do this, you will be asked to look at the doctor's finger as he moves it up, down, left and right. This lets the doctor see how far your eye can move in each direction. Your doctor also will cover one eye and then the other, while you focus on a target. If the doctor sees your eyes shift as the eye cover is moved, it means your eyes are not aligned properly. Prisms may be placed over your eye to shift the image, and the test is repeated. The prisms allow the doctor to measure the amount or degree of your double vision when you look in different directions. This helps to diagnose the problem and monitor the problem over time. Your doctor will use the results of this exam, together with your medical history and additional symptoms, to determine if you need more tests. For example, if your doctor suspects that you have hyperthyroidism, then you will need blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels. If your doctor suspects that something is affecting the nerves to your eye muscles, you may need a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan of your head to check for signs of trauma, bleeding, tumor or blood vessel malformations in the brain. In most cases, double vision is easy to pinpoint in adults, because they can describe what they are seeing. Symptoms are tougher to pinpoint in children, who may not be able to explain what is wrong. Parents may notice that the child is squinting, covering one eye with a hand, tilting or turning the head abnormally, or looking sideways.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Double vision (diplopia)

: Expected duration

How long your double vision lasts depends on what is causing it. For example, cataracts and pterygium may become worse over time, but both can be corrected immediately with surgery. In people whose double vision is caused by diabetes, the nerve often regrows after several months. When this happens, double vision gradually disappears. Children with double vision caused by strabismus can improve with treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Double vision (diplopia)

: Prevention

Some causes of double vision can be prevented. To help prevent double vision related to head trauma, wear a seat belt with a shoulder harness while driving, and wear protective goggles and headgear during sporting activities and at work, if your work carries a high risk of eye injury. People with diabetes can decrease their chance of nerve damage, which can lead to double vision, by controlling blood sugar. There is no way to prevent age-related cataracts or some other forms of double vision.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Double vision (diplopia)

: Treatment

Treating double vision depends on its cause. For example, people with astigmatism that causes double vision can wear special contact lenses. Sometimes, simply updating your prescription eyeglasses takes care of the problem. Surgery is used to treat cataracts and pterygium, and surgery on the eye muscles can treat certain types of double vision. Often, adjustable stitches are used so that the position of the eyes can be fine-tuned a few hours after the surgery. That way, the patient is alert for the adjustment and can report whether the double vision is gone. Prisms also may be used in the glasses to fine-tune the surgery by moving the image seen with one eye to coincide with the other eye. For children with strabismus, treatment includes wearing prescription eyeglasses, prism vision therapy to train the eyes to align properly, or surgery. Double vision caused by a medical or neurological disease may improve by treating the disease. Eye specialists may consider other strategies to help improve the eye movements. Injections of botulinum toxin (Botox) can weaken strong eye muscles opposite the weakened one to help balance vision.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Double vision (diplopia)

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor right away if you have a dramatic change in vision or sudden difficulty seeing clearly. Children should have their first eye exam before they are 6 months old, with a follow-up exam at age 3. Adults older than 40 years of age should schedule periodic eye examinations, even if they have no noticeable vision problems.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Double vision (diplopia)

: Prognosis

The outlook for double vision depends on its cause. For example, surgery improves the vision of more than 90% of patients with cataracts. Although surgery also can remove a pterygium, the abnormal growth can come back and eventually become larger than the original. For most children with strabismus, the prognosis is excellent if the condition is detected and treated early.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Double vision (diplopia)

: Additional info

National Eye Institute

https://www.nei.nih.gov/
 
American Optometric Association

https//www.aoa.org/
 
American Academy of Ophthalmology

https://www.aao.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Down Syndrome

: What Is It?

Down syndrome is a disorder caused by a problem with the chromosomes — the pieces of DNA that have the blueprint for the human body. Normally a person has two copies of each chromosome, but a person with Down syndrome has three copies of chromosome 21. The condition also is called trisomy 21.   In a few cases, the extra copy is part of another chromosome (translocation), or found in only some of the person's cells (mosaicism).  The extra DNA makes the physical and mental characteristics of Down syndrome, which include a small head that is flattened in the back; slanted eyes; extra skin folds at the corners of the eyes; small ears, nose and mouth; big-looking tongue; short stature; small hands and feet; and some degree of mental disability.   Down syndrome affects an estimated 1 in 800 births. It's the most common chromosome problem seen in live births.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Down Syndrome

: Symptoms

In addition to the characteristic physical features and decreased mental abilities, other health problems frequently are seen in people with Down syndrome. These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Down Syndrome

: Diagnosis

Down syndrome frequently is suspected at birth based on physical appearance. The diagnosis usually is confirmed by a blood test to examine the chromosomes. Additional testing may be done, including chest X-rays, echocardiography and an electrocardiogram, to check for heart problems. Sometimes X-ray studies of the gastrointestinal tract are done as well.  In some cases, Down syndrome is suspected during pregnancy from the results of a fetal ultrasound and blood test that measures the levels of three chemicals (a "triple-screen" test) in a pregnant woman's blood. If these results are abnormal, further tests can be done to help diagnose Down syndrome.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Down Syndrome

: Expected Duration

Down syndrome continues throughout life.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Down Syndrome

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent Down syndrome. However, the chance of having a child with Down syndrome increases as the age of the mother increases.  Parents who already have a child with Down syndrome are more likely to have another child with the same problem in future pregnancies. Genetic testing can help to determine the amount of risk.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Down Syndrome

: Treatment

There is no treatment to reverse the genetic abnormality that causes Down syndrome. However, many of the associated medical and developmental conditions can be treated to: