Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

: Treating Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

CJD cannot be cured, but some of the symptoms can be treated. Narcotics may be used to relieve pain, and anticonvulsant drugs, such as clonazepam (Klonopin) and valproic acid (Depacon, Depakene, Depakote), may be used for muscle spasms. Research studies are looking into other drugs that may be helpful.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

: When to call a professional

Seek medical help for signs of dementia such as sudden or gradual changes in memory, thinking skills, mood or behavior and for alterations in vision or movement ability.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

: Prognosis

The disease is fatal, with the majority of deaths occurring within 3 to 12 months of illness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
National Institutes of Health
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Foundation, Inc.
http://www.cjdfoundation.org/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP)
http://www.cdc.gov
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Crohn's disease

: What is Crohn's disease?

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease in which inflammation injures the intestines. It is a long-term (chronic) condition. Crohn's disease typically begins between ages 15 and 40. No one knows for sure what triggers the initial intestinal inflammation at the start of Crohn's disease. A viral or bacterial infection may start the process by activating the immune system in the intestine. However, the immune system attack is not turned off: it stays active and creates inflammation even after the infection goes away. Certain genes passed on from parent to child increase the risk of developing Crohn's disease, if the right trigger occurs. Once Crohn's disease begins, it can cause lifelong symptoms that come and go. The inner lining of the intestine thickens, and can wear away. The deeper layers of the intestine also become inflamed. This creates ulcers, cracks and fissures. Inflammation can allow an abscess (a pocket of pus) to develop. A common complication of Crohn's disease is called a fistula. A fistula is an abnormal connection between two areas of the body; in Crohn's disease, the most common type is between two parts of the digestive tract, usually between one part of the intestine and another. A fistula can be created after inflammation becomes severe. The section of the small intestine called the ileum is especially prone to damage from Crohn's disease. The ileum is located in the right lower abdomen. However, ulcers and inflammation can occur in all areas of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the rectum. A few other parts of the body, such as the eyes and joints, also can be affected by Crohn's disease.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Crohn's disease

: Symptoms of Crohn's disease

Some people with Crohn's disease have only occasional cramps, or diarrhea. Their symptoms are so mild they do not seek medical attention. However, most people with Crohn's disease have more bothersome symptoms. They may experience long stretches of time with no symptoms. But these are interrupted by flare-ups of symptoms. When Crohn's disease first begins, or during a flare-up, you might experience:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Crohn's disease

: Diagnosing Crohn's disease

If you have Crohn's disease, your symptoms and the results of various tests will usually fit a pattern over time that is highly suggestive of the diagosis. Even so, it may require months for your doctor to diagnose Crohn's disease with certainty. Your doctor will look for evidence of intestinal inflammation. He or she will try to distinguish it from other causes of intestinal problems such as infection or ulcerative colitis. Ulcerative colitis is another disease that, like Crohn's diseases, also causes intestinal inflammation. Test abnormalities that are often, but not always, found in people with Crohn's disease include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Crohn's disease

: Expected duration of Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is a lifelong condition. But it is not continuously active. Following a flare-up, symptoms can stay with you for weeks or months. Often these flare-ups are separated by months or years of good health without any symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Crohn's disease

: Preventing Crohn's disease

There is no way to prevent Crohn's disease. But you can keep the condition from taking a heavy toll on your body. Maintain a well-balanced, nutritious diet to store up vitamins and nutrients between episodes or flare-ups. By doing so, you can decrease complications from poor nutrition, such as weight loss or anemia. Also, do not smoke. Along with many other harmful health effects, smoking is a risk factor for developing Crohn's disease and is also linked to complications such as fistulas. Crohn's disease can increase your risk of getting colon cancer. Have your colon checked regularly for early cancerous or precancerous changes. Check with your doctor regarding which types of tests to have and how frequently to repeat them.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Crohn's disease

: Treating Crohn's disease

Medications are very effective at improving the symptoms of Crohn's disease. Most of the drugs work by preventing inflammation in the intestines. For mild disease, steroids and/or anti-inflammatory drugs called aminosalicylates (such as mesalamine or sulfasalazine) are usually tried first. Aminosalicylates are chemically related to aspirin. They suppress inflammation in the intestine. They are given either as pills by mouth or by rectum, as an enema. Certain antibiotics help by killing bacteria in irritated areas of the bowel if infection is suspected or confirmed. Antidiarrheal medications such as loperamide (Imodium) may be helpful if you have diarrhea. Other more powerful anti-inflammatory drugs, such as azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine, may be helpful. But they can also suppress your immune system, increasing your risk of infections. For this reason, they are not often used on a long-term basis.  Combinations of these and some of the newer medications described below are commonly recommended. Among the newest drugs approved for treatment of Crohn's disease are tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and other injectable treatments. TNF is a substance made by immune system cells that causes inflammation. TNF inhibitors have potentially very serious side effects. They are generally prescribed for moderate to severe Crohn's disease that is not responding to other therapies and may be taken in combination with other medications. Adalimumab (Humira), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia), and infliximab (Remicade) are TNF inhibitors that have been found to improve Crohn's disease. When TNF inhibitors are not effective, other injectable options include ustekinumab (Stelara), risankizumab (Skyrizi), and vedolizumab (Entyvio). Surgery to remove a section of the bowel is another possible treatment. In general, surgery is recommended only if a person has
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Crohn's disease

: When to call a professional

New or changing symptoms often mean that additional treatment is needed. People who have Crohn's disease should be in frequent contact with a doctor. One serious complication is bowel obstruction. This occurs when the intestine becomes so narrowed that the digestive contents cannot pass through. Bowel obstruction causes vomiting or severe abdominal pain. It requires emergency treatment. Other symptoms that require a doctor's immediate attention are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Crohn's disease

: Prognosis

Crohn's disease can affect people very differently. Many people have only mild symptoms. They do not require continuous treatment with medication. Others require multiple medications and develop complications. Crohn's disease improves with treatment. It is not usually a fatal illness. While it can be controlled in most cases, it cannot be cured. Crohn's disease requires people to pay special attention to their health needs and to seek frequent medical care. But it does not prevent most people from having normal jobs and productive family lives. It can be helpful for a newly diagnosed person to seek advice from a support group of other people with the disease.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Crohn's disease

: Additional info

Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America

http://www.ccfa.org/
 
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders

http://www.niddk.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Crossed Eyes (Strabismus)

: What are crossed eyes (strabismus)?

Crossed eyes, also called strabismus, occurs when the eyes appear to be misaligned and point in different directions. Strabismus can occur at any age, but is most common in infants and young children. It can be seen in up to 5 percent of children, affecting boys and girls equally.   Strabismus can occur part of the time (intermittent) or all of the time (constant). Intermittent strabismus may worsen when the eye muscles are tired — late in the day, for example, or during an illness. Parents may notice their infant's eyes wandering from time to time during the first few months of life, especially when the infant is tired. This occurs because the infant is still learning to focus his or her eyes and to move them together. Most babies outgrow this intermittent strabismus by the age of 3 months.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Croup

: What is croup?

Croup is a common respiratory illness in children that causes a change in breathing with a hoarse voice and a brassy, barking cough. Doctors sometimes call croup laryngotracheitis because it usually involves inflammation of the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Croup

: Symptoms of croup

The classic symptom of croup is a harsh, brassy cough that sounds like a seal's bark. This cough is often worse at night. And it usually occurs with hoarseness and loud, raspy breathing.   Other symptoms vary, depending on whether the illness is infectious croup or spasmodic croup. Infectious Croup Children with infectious croup often have a low-grade fever and mild cold symptoms before a cough begins. In many cases, the sick child also has a history of being exposed to a family member, friend or classmate with a cough, runny nose or other signs of a respiratory infection.  Most children with infectious croup are mildly ill and do not develop significant breathing problems.   Among the few who do develop more severe forms of the illness, symptoms can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Croup

: Diagnosing croup

The doctor will review your child's symptoms. He or she will ask whether your child has been exposed to anyone with a cough or cold.   The doctor also will review your child's immunizations for Haemophilus influenzae. Without these immunizations, this bacterium can cause epiglottitis. Epiglottis is a potentially life-threatening infection that can suddenly block the windpipe. Symptoms of epiglottitis can be similar to those of croup.  Usually, your child's doctor can diagnose croup based on your child's history, symptoms and a physical examination.   If your child's symptoms are severe or unusual, X-rays or other tests may be needed. These tests will check for more severe illnesses of the lungs or throat, including epiglottitis.   Rarely, when a child has severe breathing difficulties, hospital care is necessary.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Croup

: Expected duration of croup

Symptoms of infectious croup usually go away within three to five days. However, some children have a mild cough that lasts a bit longer.  Spasmodic croup tends to recur. The period between episodes is very variable.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Croup

: Preventing croup

To help prevent viral infections that can cause croup:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Croup

: Treating croup

Your doctor probably will recommend actions to make breathing easier until the infection goes away.   These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Croup

: When to call a professional

If your child appears to have severe breathing problems, either call for emergency help immediately, or take your child to an emergency room.   Some danger signs to watch for include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Croup

: Prognosis

The majority of children with croup recover fully without complications.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Croup

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
https://www.cdc.gov/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
https://www.niaid.nih.gov/ American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
https://www.aap.org/ American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP)
https://www.chestnet.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cysts (Overview)

: What is a cyst?

Cysts are sacs or capsules that form in the skin or inside the body. They may contain fluid or semisolid material. Although cysts can appear anywhere in the body, most frequently they live in the skin, ovaries, breasts or kidneys. Most cysts are not cancerous.   Common locations of cysts include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cysts (Overview)

: Symptoms of a cyst

Cysts can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the type of cyst and its location. Here are some common symptoms grouped by location:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

: What is cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus related to the herpes virus. It is so common that almost all adults in developing countries and 50% to 85% of adults in the United States have been infected.   Usually CMV is a mild disease that does not cause any serious problems in healthy children and adults. Most people get flu-like symptoms or an illness similar to mononucleosis, if they develop symptoms at all.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dandruff

: What Is It?

Dandruff is a condition in which dead skin cells are shed from the scalp in large enough amounts to be noticeable. When these dead cells stick together, often because of surface debris and oil in the hair, they are noticeable as flakes in the scalp and on clothing.   Dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis of unknown cause. It is more of a nuisance and a cosmetic problem than a medical one.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dandruff

: Symptoms

Symptoms include flakes of dead skin, itching and scaling on the scalp.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dandruff

: Diagnosis

In most cases, dandruff can be self-diagnosed without the aid of a physician.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dandruff

: Expected Duration

Dandruff is a chronic (long-lasting) condition that comes and goes. It may disappear or be less severe in the warmer months.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dandruff

: Prevention

Although there is no way to prevent dandruff, regular use of an anti-dandruff shampoo can control the problem. Avoid exposing your scalp to excessive heat, such as through frequent use of a hair dryer.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dandruff

: Treatment

There are many effective shampoos on the market to control dandruff. Look for active ingredients such as selenium, zinc pyrithione, tar, or ketoconazole. Most shampoos work best if they are left on for several minutes after lathering and then rinsed out thoroughly. Reapply if directed. When over-the-counter products are not strong enough, a prescription medication can be requested from a health care professional.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dandruff

: When To Call A Professional

If dandruff symptoms persist or worsen — with severe flaking, itching, scaling or redness — see a doctor for more intensive therapy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dandruff

: Prognosis

Dandruff is usually a chronic condition, so it will tend to come back. Use an antidandruff shampoo once or a twice a week to help control it.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Decompression sickness

: What is it?

Decompression sickness, also called generalized barotrauma or the bends, refers to injuries caused by a rapid decrease in the pressure that surrounds you, of either air or water. It occurs most commonly in scuba or deep-sea divers, although it also can occur during high-altitude or unpressurized air travel. However, decompression sickness is rare in pressurized aircraft, such as those used for commercial flights. When you scuba dive with compressed air, you take in extra oxygen and nitrogen. Your body uses the oxygen, but the nitrogen is dissolved into your blood, where it remains during your dive. As you swim back toward the surface after a deep dive, the water pressure around you decreases. If this transition occurs too quickly, the nitrogen does not have time to clear from your blood. Instead, it separates out of your blood and forms bubbles in your tissues or blood. It is these nitrogen bubbles that cause decompression sickness. The condition is called the bends because the joint and bone pains can be so severe they double you over. What happens inside your body during decompression sickness is similar to what happens when you open a carbonated drink. When you open the can or bottle, you decrease the pressure surrounding the beverage in the container, which causes the gas to come out of the liquid in the form of bubbles. If nitrogen bubbles form in your blood, they can damage blood vessels and block normal blood flow. Factors that put you at higher risk of decompression sickness include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Decompression sickness

: Symptoms

Symptoms of decompression sickness include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Decompression sickness

: Diagnosis

Your diving history and symptoms are key factors in diagnosing decompression sickness. Blood tests and joint X-rays usually do not show any signs of the problem.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Decompression sickness

: Expected duration

Joint pain, the most common symptom from decompression sickness, can last for days or weeks.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Decompression sickness

: Prevention

To minimize the risk of decompression sickness while diving:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Decompression sickness

: Treatment

Emergency treatment for decompression sickness involves maintaining blood pressure and administering high-flow oxygen. Fluids also may be given. The person should be placed left side down and if possible the head of the bed tilted down. The optimal treatment is the use of a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, which is a high-pressure chamber in which the patient receives 100% oxygen. This treatment reverses the pressure changes that allowed gas bubbles to form in the blood stream. The treatment drives nitrogen back into its liquid form so that it can be cleared more gradually from the body over a period of hours. It is not recommended that divers with decompression sickness attempt to treat themselves with deep diving.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Decompression sickness

: When to call a professional

If you experience symptoms of decompression sickness after scuba diving or flying, get to a doctor as soon as you can. Hyperbaric treatment is most successful if given within several hours after symptoms start.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Decompression sickness

: Prognosis

Most cases of decompression sickness respond well to a single treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Your doctor may suggest repeated treatments if you continue to experience symptoms, especially neurological symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Decompression sickness

: Additional info

Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society

https://www.uhms.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Delusional Disorder

: What Is It?

Delusional disorder is classified as a psychotic disorder, a disorder where a person has trouble recognizing reality. A delusion is a false belief that is based on an incorrect interpretation of reality. Delusions, like all psychotic symptoms, can occur as part of many different psychiatric disorders. But the term delusional disorder is used when delusions are the most prominent symptom. A person with this illness holds a false belief firmly, despite clear evidence or proof to the contrary. Delusions may involve circumstances that could occur in reality even though they are unlikely (for example, the family next door plotting to kill you). Or they may be considered “bizarre” (for example, feeling controlled by an outside force or having thoughts inserted into your head). A religious or cultural belief that is accepted by other members of the person's community is not a delusion.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dementia

: What is it?

Dementia is a pattern of mental decline caused by different diseases or conditions. Most commonly, dementia occurs when brain nerve cells (neurons) die, and connections between neurons are interrupted. These disruptions have a variety of causes and usually cannot be reversed. Alzheimer's disease causes over 60% of all dementias. Vascular disease, such as stroke, is the second most common cause.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dementia

: Symptoms

Symptoms of dementia emerge slowly, get worse over time and limit the person's ability to function. The first symptom of dementia is memory loss. Everyone has memory lapses from time to time. However, the memory loss of dementia is greater and affects your ability to function. For example, forgetting where you put your car key is normal. Forgetting how to use the key is a possible symptom of dementia. Often, someone with dementia does not realize that he or she has a problem. Instead, family members recognize that something is wrong. Along with memory loss, a person with dementia may have trouble with complex mental tasks. They may have difficulty balancing a checkbook, driving, knowing what day it is and learning new things. They may be inattentive, and display poor judgment. Their mood and behavior also may change. As the disorder progresses, the person may have difficulty speaking in full sentences. They may not recognize their surroundings, or other people. They may have problems with personal care, such as bathing. In some cases, a person with dementia may see or hear things that are not (hallucinations and delusions). They may get very agitated, and may withdraw from other people.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dementia

: Diagnosis

The doctor will ask when memory problems started and how quickly they got worse. This information, together with the person's age, can help suggest a likely diagnosis. For example:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dementia

: Expected duration

In most cases, dementia gets worse and cannot be cured. A person with dementia may live for months, years or decades, depending on the cause of the dementia and whether the person has other medical conditions. In the rare cases in which dementia is caused by a treatable condition, such as infection, metabolic disorder or depression, the dementia usually is reversed after treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dementia

: Prevention

Most of the causes of dementia cannot be prevented. Good personal health habits and medical care, however, can prevent some types of dementia. Here are some things you can do: