Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Onycholysis

: Symptoms

A nail that has lifted from its bed at its end can have an irregular border between the pink portion of the nail and the white outside edge of the nail. A greater portion of the nail is opaque, either whitened or discolored to yellow or green. Depending on the cause of onycholysis, the nail may have collected thickened skin underneath the edge of its nail plate, and the nail plate may have a deformed shape with pits or indentations in the nail surface, a bent nail edge or coarse thickening of the nail.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Onycholysis

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will be able to confirm that you have onycholysis by examining your fingernails or toenails. If the cause of onycholysis is not obvious, your doctor will note additional characteristics of your nails, such as their shape and color, the presence of indentations in the nail surface, and the appearance of the skin under and around the nail. He or she also will examine you to check for evidence of skin rashes or thyroid problems. If your doctor suspects that a fungal infection is the cause of nail changes, he or she might scrape a sample of tissue from beneath the nail plate. This sample can be tested in a laboratory to check for fungus.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Onycholysis

: Expected duration

Nails are slow to grow and take time to repair themselves. The portion of nail that has separated from the skin surface beneath it will not reattach. Onycholysis only goes away after new nail has replaced the affected area. It takes four to six months for a fingernail to fully regrow, and twice as long for toenails. Some nail problems are difficult to cure and may affect the nail appearance permanently.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Onycholysis

: Prevention

Some preventive measures will make onycholysis less likely to occur:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Onycholysis

: Treatment

Because the portion of nail that has lifted away from its bed may catch on edges when you move abruptly, it is a good idea to trim the nail close to the place where it separates from the nail bed. A physician can help you do this. Treatment for onycholysis depends on the cause of the problem:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Onycholysis

: When to call a professional

Onycholysis is not an urgent problem and can be discussed with your doctor during a routine visit.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Onycholysis

: Prognosis

Nail changes are usually not permanent, but they can take many months to go away even after effective treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Optic nerve swelling (papilledema)

: What is it?

Papilledema is the swelling of the optic nerve as it enters the back of the eye due to raised intracranial pressure. Fluid surrounding the brain is constantly produced and reabsorbed, maintaining just enough intracranial pressure to help protect the brain if there is blunt head trauma. When you have a headache or unexplained nausea and vomiting, your doctor will look into your eye with an ophthalmoscope. This handheld instrument shines a bright light into your eye. Changes in the appearance of the optic nerve and the blood vessels that pass through it can be seen through the ophthalmoscope and might be related to the source of your symptoms. The anatomy of the optic nerve makes it a sensitive marker for problems inside the brain. This nerve connects the back of each eyeball and its retina to the brain. In its short span between the brain and the eye, the optic nerve's whole surface is bathed in cerebral spinal fluid. This fluid protects the nerve from sudden movement. However, even slight increases in the pressure of this fluid, from swelling of the brain, can compress the optic nerve around its whole circumference in a "choking" manner. When this nerve is exposed to high pressure, or when it develops inflammation on its own, it can bulge into the back wall of the eyeball, causing papilledema.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Optic nerve swelling (papilledema)

: Symptoms

Symptoms related to papilledema caused by increased pressure include headache and nausea with vomiting and a machinery-like sound. Twenty-five percent of people with advanced severe papilledema also will develop some visual symptoms. Typically, the visual changes are recurring brief episodes lasting less than 30 seconds in which the vision turns gray or black, sometimes described as if a veil has fallen over the eyes. The symptoms usually affect both eyes at once. Visual blackouts often are triggered by a change in position, such as by standing up very suddenly, or they may be triggered by coughing or straining in the chest or abdomen. Occasionally, people with papilledema can have an experience of flashing lights, often seen in an arc shape. Other visual changes occur over time, including a smaller field of vision with a larger blind spot and, ultimately, blindness, if successful treatment is not given.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Optic nerve swelling (papilledema)

: Diagnosis

The front end of the optic nerve is visible at the back of the eye when your doctor or an eye specialist looks through the pupil with an ophthalmoscope. The round, front end is just over 1.5 millimeters in size. Normally, the end of the nerve, called the optic disc, has a crisp outline and is indented slightly. If the optic disc appears elevated and has a blurred outside edge, your doctor can diagnose papilledema. The pressure within the nerve can cause the draining veins in your eye to become congested. Also, very tiny pulsations that normally are seen in the eye's veins tend to disappear. When papilledema is severe, small red spots from local bleeding or spotty color changes on the retina from accumulated debris or from damaged retina cells may be seen. Papilledema due to raised intracranial pressure is almost always bilateral. The physical exam also will include a check of your field of vision. Papilledema causes each eye to have a wider blind spot near the nose, and it narrows the peripheral (edge) vision. To check your visual field, your doctor may compare your vision abilities to his or her own by sitting across from you and moving fingers in and out of view. Visual fields can be tested more formally by an ophthalmologist using vision grids. Findings that show you have papilledema indicate a very abnormal problem that usually needs immediate medical attention. The concern is less about vision loss. Papilledema from increased brain pressure usually does not damage the optic nerve, except when it is high pressure over a long time. The concern is damage to the brain; the brain swelling can sometimes be life-threatening. Brain imaging should be performed urgently either with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). If there is no abnormality on the brain scan, most patients will need to have a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) done so that the pressure of the cerebral spinal fluid can be measured. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) is a common cause of papilledema when the brain scan is normal.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Optic nerve swelling (papilledema)

: Expected duration

After the cause of papilledema is identified and treated, and any pressure increase in the spinal fluid has returned to normal, optic disk swelling gradually will go away over six to eight weeks. When a pressure increase requires longer treatment, as in idiopathic intracranial hypertension, symptoms can take longer to clear.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Optic nerve swelling (papilledema)

: Prevention

Many of the causes of papilledema cannot be prevented. Steps to help prevent some causes of papilledema include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Optic nerve swelling (papilledema)

: Treatment

The choice of treatment of papilledema depends upon its cause. If a brain tumor is diagnosed, a biopsy (by surgery) may be required as the first step. Treatment of a brain tumor depends on the location and size. Treatment might include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biologic therapy, or a combination of these. High blood pressure should be managed as an emergency in the hospital if it results in papilledema. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension can be treated with repeated spinal taps to remove excess spinal fluid, or with a medication called acetazolamide (Diamox and other brand names). This medicine causes the body to make less cerebral spinal fluid and returns the central nervous system's pressure to normal. Weight loss is encouraged and is helpful. A few patients will require surgery to help extra spinal fluid drain if they do not do well with initial treatment. Because idiopathic intracranial hypertension is often a long-lasting condition that has the potential to damage vision, monitoring by an ophthalmologist is an important part of the treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Optic nerve swelling (papilledema)

: When to call a professional

If you have a headache that is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, and you do not know the cause, it is important for you to contact your doctor immediately. It is particularly important to have these symptoms evaluated if you have a fever, high blood pressure, or if you have recently started taking birth control pills or are pregnant.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Optic nerve swelling (papilledema)

: Prognosis

You may have mild papilledema for months or years and still not lose significant vision. However, once you begin to lose vision, it can become permanent within days or weeks, and requires urgent treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Optic nerve swelling (papilledema)

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Oral Cancer

: What Is It?

Oral cancer is cancer anywhere in the front of the mouth. It includes any cancer on the lips, tongue, inside surface of the cheeks, hard palate (the front of the roof of the mouth), or gums. Cancers in the back of the mouth, such as on the soft palate (the back of the roof of the mouth) or the back of the throat, are not considered oral cancer. Oral cancer is a type of cancer called squamous cell carcinoma, in which surface cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled way.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osgood-Schlatter disease

: What is it?

Osgood-Schlatter disease is a common, temporary condition that causes knee pain in older children and teenagers, especially those who play sports and apply excessive stress to the patellar tendon (which connects the lower end of the knee cap to the upper part of the lower leg). During activities that include a lot of jumping and bending — hockey, basketball, volleyball, soccer, skating, gymnastics, or ballet — the quadriceps muscle (thigh muscle) pulls tightly against the kneecap and the kneecap's anchor, the patellar tendon. The fibers of the patellar tendon are attached to the shinbone (tibia). With repeated pulling against these fiber connections, the tendon can become inflamed at or near its bone attachment. The result is pain and swelling at the tibial tuberosity, which is a raised area at the top of the shinbone. The tibial tuberosity is where the patellar tendon attaches to the bone. This connection between the tendon and tibia is particularly vulnerable to stress and injury during times when the bone is growing rapidly and the patellar tendon is relatively short. For this reason, symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter disease usually appear between the ages of 9 and 14, during or after the teenage growth spurt. Overall, about 10% of children ages 12 to 15 experience Osgood-Schlatter disease, but it may affect up to 20% of adolescent athletes. The problem is more common in boys, though it appears to be increasing in frequency among girls as their participation in sports increases. In most cases, symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter disease develop gradually as a result of repeated stress on the patellar tendon. Less often, the condition is caused by a single trauma to the knee.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osgood-Schlatter disease

: Symptoms

Symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter disease include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osgood-Schlatter disease

: Diagnosis

Your doctor may suspect that you have Osgood-Schlatter disease because of your age, your knee symptoms and, in many cases, your sports history. To confirm the diagnosis, your doctor will examine your knee to look for pain, tenderness, swelling and redness, and to check the range of movement that you have in your joint. He or she also will check the range of motion of your hip. If the diagnosis is not obvious, your doctor may order knee X-rays. These X-rays might show tiny bone fragments that have separated from the top of your shinbone or abnormal areas of calcium deposits in the patellar tendon. If your pain is constant, or your knee tenderness is not confined to one spot, your doctor also may use these X-rays to look for other problems, such as a fracture, tumor or infection. In some cases, your doctor may order an ultrasound or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to further evaluate the patellar tendon.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osgood-Schlatter disease

: Expected duration

Pain from Osgood-Schlatter disease can be very temporary for some people, but most people have symptoms for months. It is typical for this condition to last six to 18 months.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osgood-Schlatter disease

: Prevention

You may help to prevent tendon injury by doing warm-up exercises before playing sports, especially exercises that stretch your thigh (quadriceps), hamstring and calf muscles. Use of appropriate sports equipment, proper technique, modifications in training intensity and avoiding "specialization" in a single sport at a young age may be helpful.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osgood-Schlatter disease

: Treatment

Osgood-Schlatter disease eventually goes away on its own. Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms. Although it may be uncomfortable for you to participate in activities that cause knee pain, it is not dangerous for you to do so. Continuing your activity can help you to maintain strength in your quadriceps and hamstring muscles, which is an important part of your recovery. During activities, you can do the following to help to limit your symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osgood-Schlatter disease

: When to call a professional

See your doctor if you have symptoms that are typical for this condition, so that your diagnosis can be confirmed. Your doctor may refer you to a physical therapist or an orthopedic doctor for continued care.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osgood-Schlatter disease

: Prognosis

Major symptoms from Osgood-Schlatter disease typically go away before age 18, or when a teenager's growth spurt ends and the bones mature. The condition may leave a permanent painless bump below the knee. In the years after recovery, about 60% of adults who once experienced Osgood-Schlatter disease have some pain with kneeling.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osgood-Schlatter disease

: Additional info

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)

http://www.aaos.org/
 
American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)

http://www.familydoctor.org/
 
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

http://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
American Physical Therapy Association

http://www.apta.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoarthritis

: What is it?

Inside a joint, a tissue called cartilage cushions the joint and prevents the bones from rubbing against each other. Osteoarthritis occurs when the cartilage of a joint erodes (breaks down). Bones begin to rub against each other, causing pain and difficulty moving the joint. Osteoarthritis also can affect nearby bones, which can become enlarged in places. These enlargements are called bone spurs or osteophytes. Although the term arthritis means joint inflammation, there is relatively little inflammation in the joints of most people with osteoarthritis. For this reason, and because this type of arthritis seems to be caused by age-related degeneration of the joints, many experts and health care professionals prefer to call it degenerative joint disease. Osteoarthritis can range from mild to severe. The pain associated with osteoarthritis can be significant and it usually is made worse by movement. Osteoarthritis can be limited to one joint or start in one joint usually the knee, hip, hand, foot or spine or it can involve a number of joints. If the hand is affected, usually many joints of the fingers become arthritic. Osteoarthritis probably does not have a single cause, and, for most people, no cause can be identified. Age is a leading risk factor, because osteoarthritis usually occurs as people get older. However, research suggests that joints do not always deteriorate as people age. Other factors seem to contribute to osteoarthritis. Sports-related injuries or repeated small injuries caused by repeated movements on the job may increase the risk of developing osteoarthritis. Genetics also plays a role. Obesity seems to increase the risk of developing osteoarthritis of the knees. 


 Other factors that increase the risk of osteoarthritis include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoarthritis

: Symptoms

Symptoms of osteoarthritis include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoarthritis

: Diagnosis

Your doctor may ask about osteoarthritis in your parents, because osteoarthritis appears to have a genetic component. He or she will examine you, looking for tenderness, warmth and swelling around the joint or joints. Your doctor may order X-rays, but osteoarthritis may not be apparent in its earliest stages and many people have osteoarthritis by x-ray in joints despite having no symptoms. Your health care professional also may order blood tests to look for evidence of another arthritic condition.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoarthritis

: Expected duration

Osteoarthritis is a long-lasting condition that usually gets worse slowly over time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoarthritis

: Prevention

There is no reliable way to prevent most cases of osteoarthritis. However, you may be able to control some factors that increase the risk of developing the disease. You can
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoarthritis

: Treatment

Treatment focuses on managing pain and maintaining the ability to use the joint. An over-the-counter painkiller, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), can help to ease pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and others) or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn and others) also may help. However, NSAIDs may be unsafe for people at high risk of developing ulcers, including people who have had ulcers in the past and the elderly. For these people, newer medications called cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, such as celecoxib (Celebrex), may be less irritating to the stomach and intestines but has similar effectiveness as older medicines. Stomach problems, including ulcers, are the most common side effects of these medications but there are others, including an increased risk of cardiovascular problems. In some instances, when inflammation is significant, your health care professional may remove fluid from the joint and inject the joint with a corticosteroid drug. However, these drugs can damage the joint if they are used too much, so your health care professional will limit their use. Another approved treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee is hyaluronate injections. Hyaluronate is a natural substance in joints that provides lubrication.  The injectable hyaluronate drugs are synthesized forms that can be injected one time or weekly for three to five weeks. Some studies suggest that these injections help, although others have found no benefit. Studies also suggest that an over-the-counter supplement called glucosamine sulfate is safe and may provide modest benefit to people with osteoarthritis of the knees. However, there is no compelling evidence that joint deterioration can be slowed or stopped by treatment with glucosamine. Over-the-counter creams containing capsaicin applied to the skin over painful joints also may help. Applying heat or cold can relieve pain temporarily. Your doctor also can advise you on the use of heating pads, hot baths and ice packs to ease the discomfort. Your doctor likely will suggest that you perform certain exercises to reduce stiffness and improve your ability to move the joints. Because extra pounds put pressure on sensitive joints, it is important that you lose excess weight. In addition, if you have osteoarthritis of the spine, it is important to maintain good posture to distribute weight and pressure evenly throughout the body. Physical therapists can be helpful in recommending (and supervising) an exercise program and measures to reduce joint stress. In severe cases where deterioration is significant, your doctor may recommend surgery to correct deformity in a joint or to reconstruct or replace a hip or knee joint.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoarthritis

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you have joint pain, a grinding sensation in joints or limited joint motion.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoarthritis

: Prognosis

When treated properly, symptoms of osteoarthritis can usually be well-controlled. However, it is a long-lasting disease that may require ongoing care and possible changes in treatment over time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoarthritis

: Additional info

Arthritis Foundation

https://www.arthritis.org/
 
American College of Rheumatology

https://www.rheumatology.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoporosis

: What is it?

Osteoporosis is a bone disorder. The bones become thinner. They lose some of their strength and are more likely to break. People with osteoporosis have a higher risk of fractures. Bones can fracture even during everyday movements, such as bending or coughing. The most common osteoporotic fractures occur in the wrist, hip and spine. Osteoporosis can cause a great deal of suffering, including loss of independence. Death may even occur as the result of complications of an osteoporotic hip fracture. Osteoporosis is much more common in women than in men. This is because of the hormonal changes that occur during menopause. Osteoporosis is not a form of arthritis. However, it can cause fractures that lead to arthritis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoporosis

: Risk factors

You are more likely to develop osteoporosis if you:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Osteoporosis

: Symptoms

Most people with osteoporosis do not have any symptoms. They do not know they have osteoporosis until they have a bone density test or a fracture. One early sign can be a loss of height caused by curvature or compression of the spine. Curvature or compression is caused by weakened vertebrae (spine bones). The weakened vertebrae develop tiny breaks called compression fractures. Compression fractures cause the spine bones to collapse vertically. When this happens, the vertebrae become shorter. The shape of each single vertebra goes from a normal rectangle to a more triangular form. Compression fractures can cause back pain or aching. But the loss of height usually does not cause any symptoms.