Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mumps

: Prevention

You can almost always prevent mumps with the mumps vaccine, which is usually given as part of the MMR combination. This live-virus vaccine generally is not recommended for pregnant women or for patients who are taking certain medications or have medical problems that suppress the immune system. Because patients with mumps are contagious for about 48 hours before they develop symptoms, it usually is not necessary to isolate them from other members of the household once symptoms begin. This is because family members probably were exposed to the virus during that 48-hour period before symptoms began. Children with mumps usually are excluded from school or child care for five days after parotid gland swelling begins. Local public health officials usually are involved to help control outbreaks.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mumps

: Treatment

In patients who are generally healthy, the symptoms of mumps are treated with:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mumps

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you or someone in your family develops symptoms of mumps, even if they have been vaccinated against mumps. Also, if a mumps outbreak occurs in your school or workplace, call your doctor to determine if you are immune to mumps. If you are a woman who is considering becoming pregnant, be certain that your immunizations are up to date.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mumps

: Prognosis

People recover completely from mumps. In males, there is a small risk of sterility if the infection affects both testicles (bilateral orchitis), but this is unusual.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mumps

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscle strain

: What is it?

A muscle strain is the stretching or tearing of muscle fibers. Most muscle strains happen for one of two reasons: either the muscle has been stretched beyond its limits or it has been forced to contract too strongly. In mild cases, only a few muscle fibers are stretched or torn, and the muscle remains intact and strong. In severe cases, however, the strained muscle may be torn and unable to function properly. To help simplify diagnosis and treatment, doctors often classify muscle strains into three grades, depending on the severity of muscle fiber damage:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscle strain

: Symptoms

Symptoms of muscle strain include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscle strain

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will want to know what type of activity triggered your muscle pain and whether there was a pop in the muscle at the time of injury. The doctor will ask about your symptoms, especially any decrease in muscle strength or any difficulty moving. Your doctor will want to know whether you've had recent fever, weight loss, leg numbness, urinary or bladder problems, or other symptoms that may point to a more severe medical problem. After noting your symptoms and past medical history, your doctor will examine you, checking for muscle tenderness, spasm, weakness and decreased muscle movement. If this exam points to a mild or moderate muscle strain, you may not need any additional testing. However, if the diagnosis is in doubt, X-rays or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan may be helpful. If you have back pain, your doctor may order additional tests to check for other causes of symptoms, such as a urinary tract infection or a problem involving the vertebrae (backbones), vertebral disks, spinal canal, or spinal cord.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscle strain

: Expected duration

How long a sprain lasts depends on the location and severity of the injury. Symptoms of a mild back strain usually improve within one to two weeks and are gone within four to six weeks. In the legs, mild or moderate strains may take up to 8 to 10 weeks or more to heal. Symptoms of a severe (Grade III) strain may persist until the torn muscle heals or is repaired surgically.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscle strain

: Prevention

To help prevent muscle strains:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscle strain

: Treatment

If you have a Grade I or Grade II strain, your doctor will ask you to follow the RICE rule:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscle strain

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor promptly if:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscle strain

: Prognosis

Recovery depends on the location and severity of your muscle strain. In general, almost all Grade I strains heal within a few weeks, whereas Grade II strains may take two to three months or longer. After surgery to repair a Grade III strain, most people regain normal muscle function after several months of rehabilitation.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscle strain

: Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
National Insitutes of Healthhttps://www.niams.nih.gov/ 
National Institutes of Health (NIH)

https://www.nih.gov/
 
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)

https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/
 
National Athletic Trainers' Association

https://www.nata.org/
 
American Physical Therapy Association

https://www.apta.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscular Dystrophy

: What Is It?

Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of disorders that cause the body's muscles to become increasingly weak. Muscular dystrophy is an inherited condition.   Types of muscular dystrophy include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscular Dystrophy

: Symptoms

Symptoms of MD vary according to the specific form of illness. The age of onset varies as well.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscular Dystrophy

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will review your (or your child's) medical history and symptoms. The doctor will ask about the developmental history. This includes age of first sitting, standing, and walking. You will also be asked about history of infections and any significant injuries.  Your doctor will examine you or your child. He or she will look for muscle weakness, wasting and myotonia.   The doctor will do a neurological examination to look for nerve problems.   To confirm the diagnosis of muscular dystrophy, your doctor may order:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscular Dystrophy

: Expected Duration

All forms of muscular dystrophy worsen over time. They persist throughout life.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscular Dystrophy

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent muscular dystrophy. Genetic testing can help determine the chances of having a child with MD. This usually consists of a simple blood test.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscular Dystrophy

: Treatment

There is no cure for muscular dystrophy and no way to stop it from getting worse. Patients are given supportive care, leg braces and physiotherapy to help them function in daily life.   It's particularly important that limbs be stretched. This helps prevent tightened tendons and muscles. When tightness of tendons (contractures) develops, surgery can be done.   When chest muscles are involved in MD, respiratory therapy may be used to delay breathing problems.   People with MD are also given age-appropriate dietary therapy. This helps prevent obesity. Obesity is especially harmful to patients with muscular dystrophy. It places additional strain on their weak muscles. Unfortunately, MD increases obesity risk because physical limitations prevent people with MD from exercising.   Some forms of MD involve the heart. Patients with these forms should have their heart function and rhythm evaluated. Medications to improve heart function and rhythm may be helpful. A pacemaker can help to maintain a normal heart rate.  In boys with Duchenne dystrophy, corticosteroids may temporarily keep the illness from getting worse. However, some people cannot tolerate this medication.   Powerful medications that suppress the immune system may help some patients. But their use is controversial and somewhat risky.   In patients with myotonic dystrophy, muscle contractions can be treated with medications.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscular Dystrophy

: When To Call A Professional

Call your doctor if you notice muscle weakness anywhere in your body. Also call if you have trouble speaking clearly or swallowing normally.   If you are a parent, call your child's physician if your child has:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Muscular Dystrophy

: Prognosis

The outlook varies according to:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myasthenia Gravis

: Symptoms

The primary symptoms of myasthenia gravis are that muscles are weak and tire quickly. These symptoms can take many forms, and the symptoms may be more or less severe for different people. Symptoms may include some or all of the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myasthenia Gravis

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask detailed questions about your symptoms and will examine you. He or she will test your muscle strength and reflexes, eyelid strength and eye movements.  If you are experiencing drooping eyelids as part of your weakness, your doctor may apply a bag of ice to your eyelids to see if the drooping improves (because weakness tends to improve with direct cooling of the weak muscles).  If the results suggest myasthenia gravis, some specific tests may be done to confirm the diagnosis. These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myasthenia Gravis

: Expected Duration

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that usually worsens slowly over time. Although symptoms may fluctuate in severity over the years, the disease rarely goes away on its own. It is likely to return even after periods when the disease has not been active.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myasthenia Gravis

: Prevention

Because the cause of myasthenia gravis is unknown, there is no way to prevent it. However, once the disease has developed, there may be ways to prevent episodes of worsening symptoms or flare-ups:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myasthenia Gravis

: Treatment

There are many possible treatments for myasthenia gravis. You and your doctor should work together to determine the best treatment for you.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myasthenia Gravis

: When To Call a Professional

See your doctor if you experience any unexplained muscle weakness or fatigue.  If you have been diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, it is critically important to be prepared to seek help in case of a myasthenic crisis. If the muscles that control your breathing are affected, call your doctor if you develop a respiratory infection or even a small breathing difficulty. Seek immediate help if you have significant difficulty with breathing or swallowing.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myasthenia Gravis

: Prognosis

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic disease, although there may be periods of remission, when symptoms disappear. Current treatments, however, can allow most people with myasthenia gravis to live normal or near-normal lives. People with ocular myasthenia gravis (without progression over several years) have a better prognosis than those with generalized disease.   Other autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) or rheumatoid arthritis, may be associated with myasthenia gravis and may develop either before or after the weakness is noticed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myelodysplastic Syndromes

: What Is It?

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are diseases in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells. Bone marrow is the soft, inner part of bones. Normally, it produces three kinds of blood cells:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myocarditis

: What Is It?

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle that decreases the ability of the heart to pump blood normally. It can be caused by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myocarditis

: Symptoms

The symptoms of myocarditis depend on the cause and severity. For example, many people with uncomplicated myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus don't have any symptoms. The only sign of heart inflammation may be a temporary abnormal result on an electrocardiogram (EKG), a test that measures the heart's electrical activity. Or an echocardiogram may show some abnormalities, such as decreased strength of heart contractions. Other people have fever, chest pain, cardiac arrhythmias (abnormally fast, slow or irregular heartbeats), sudden loss of consciousness (syncope) or signs of heart failure (shortness of breath, leg swelling).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myocarditis

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will suspect myocarditis based on your medical history and symptoms. To confirm the diagnosis, your doctor will examine you, paying special attention to your heart. This will be followed by an EKG, a chest X-ray, an echocardiogram and blood tests.   In some patients, your doctor may order tests to determine if a virus or other infectious agent is the cause. These tests in include blood tests and attempts at isolating certain types of viruses from stool, throat washings or other body fluids.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myocarditis

: Expected Duration

How long myocarditis lasts depends on the cause and on the patient's general health. For example, in many typically healthy adults with uncomplicated coxsackievirus myocarditis, symptoms can start to improve over a couple weeks. In other cases, the heart takes a few months to recover. Sometimes, the damage to the heart muscle is permanent and heart failure persists after the inflammation has resolved.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myocarditis

: Prevention

Myocarditis caused by infections can theoretically be avoided by practicing good hygiene, especially washing your hands often. Diphtheria myocarditis can be prevented by undergoing diphtheria immunization, and HIV can be prevented by following safe sex practices and avoiding intravenous drug use. Myocarditis caused by insect-borne Chagas' disease can be prevented by using effective insecticides in Latin American countries where the illness is common.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myocarditis

: Treatment

Treatment of myocarditis depends on the cause and severity. For example, people with only mild viral myocarditis may be allowed to rest at home. They will be advised not to smoke or to drink alcohol. They will need to limit strenuous activities.  People with myocarditis that causes heart failure symptoms or irregular heartbeat (cardiac arrhythmias) will be treated in a hospital. There they may receive one or more of the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myocarditis

: When To Call a Professional

Call your doctor immediately if you have chest pain, even if you think that you are too young to be having heart problems. People of any age can get the chest pain of myocarditis, with or without other symptoms (fever, shortness of breath, abnormal heartbeat, leg swelling).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myocarditis

: Prognosis

In many people with uncomplicated viral myocarditis, the heart muscle changes improve without specific therapy and myocarditis-related EKG and echocardiogram abnormalities eventually disappear. However, more severe forms of myocarditis can cause permanent damage to the heart muscle.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Myositis

: What Is It?

Myositis is the medical term for muscle inflammation. In myositis, inflammation damages the fibers of a muscle. This causes muscles to be weak by interfering with the ability of the muscles to contract. Although myositis can cause muscle aches and muscle tenderness, weakness is usually the dominant symptom. In some cases, myositis is a short-term problem that goes away after a few days or weeks. In other cases, it is part of a chronic (long-term) condition. Chronic forms of myositis can lead to muscle atrophy (wasting and shrinking) and severe disability.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nabothian Cysts

: What Is It?

Nabothian cysts are cysts filled with mucus that look like tiny bumps on the surface of the cervix. They are usually 2 millimeters to 10 millimeters in diameter, and they contain mucus that ranges in color from pale yellow to amber. In most cases, nabothian cysts occur when new tissue regrows on the cervix after childbirth. This new tissue blocks the openings of the cervix's nabothian glands, trapping their mucous secretion in tiny pockets under the skin. Nabothian cysts are a normal finding on the cervix of women who have had children. They also are seen in menopausal women whose cervical skin has thinned with age. Less often, nabothian cysts are related to chronic cervicitis, a long-term infection of the cervix.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nail Trauma

: What Is It?

A fingernail or toenail can be injured by a blow to the nail or by closing the finger or toe in a door or drawer. This kind of trauma commonly results in blood under the nail, a condition called subungual hematoma. Nails also can be accidentally torn or split, or a splinter can get under the nail.   Repeated trauma to toenails, caused by ill-fitting shoes, can lead to deformities in the nails. The deformities may resemble a fungal infection; nails can be thickened or discolored and can lift away from the nail bed, which causes cosmetic concerns. Habits such as nail biting and cuticle biting also can cause trauma to the nails. Nail biting is a main cause of acute paronychia, a type of infection in which bacteria get underneath the tissue at the side of the nail and cause swelling and irritation. Repetitive picking at your thumb's nail and cuticle with your index finger can produce a line of horizontal hatch marks in the middle of the nail. In extreme cases, the nail can split.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nail Trauma

: Symptoms

A subungual hematoma appears dark red under the nail. The finger or toe is painful and may throb.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nail Trauma

: Diagnosis

Your doctor can examine any nail trauma to decide what course of action is best. Depending on the trauma, your doctor may want to have X-rays taken.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nail Trauma

: Expected Duration

Nail injuries can be noticeable until the damaged nail grows out. Fingernails usually regrow completely in about two months. Toenails take about four months. If injury includes the base of the nail, some cosmetic changes may be permanent.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nail Trauma

: Prevention

To help prevent nail trauma:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nail Trauma

: Treatment

Treatment for a subungual hematoma is aimed at relieving pressure by draining the blood trapped under the nail. For a small hematoma, you can heat a needle or the end of a paper clip until it is red-hot. Using gentle pressure, the hot tip can penetrate the nail, creating a small hole through which blood can drain. The nail may remain discolored after the procedure.  Some people do not feel comfortable doing this at home. Your physician can provide the same treatment in his or her office using a sterile blade or needle. If blood takes up more than half of the area under your nail, a physician should evaluate the nail. Occasionally, the nail may need to be removed so a deep tear can be repaired with stitches.  If the nail is torn or jagged, you should trim it to avoid snagging it on things and further injuring it.  If your nail lifts completely off the nail bed, it may be most comfortable initially to replace the nail and hold it in place with a bandage. Nails will not reattach themselves to the nail bed after they have separated from it, but in most cases new nail will slowly regrow.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nail Trauma

: When To Call A Professional

If blood under the nail occupies more than half of the nail area, a physician should evaluate the finger because it could signify an underlying bone fracture or tissue tear. Your doctor also should evaluate bleeding under the nail that is not caused by trauma.   If you experience a nail injury, make sure that your tetanus vaccination is up to date.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nail Trauma

: Prognosis

The outlook is excellent. If the trauma to the nail injures the nail matrix (the tissue inside the cuticle at the base of the nail where new nail is formed), a ridge or split can develop. If the matrix heals normally, this deformity eventually will disappear as the nail regrows.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Narcolepsy

: What Is It?

Narcolepsy is a disorder that causes sudden episodes of deep sleep. These episodes can occur often and at inappropriate times, for example while a person is talking, eating or driving. Although sleep episodes can happen at any time, they may be more frequent during periods of inactivity or monotonous, repetitive activity.   Narcolepsy usually appears between ages 15 and 30, but the condition can appear earlier or later. Once it appears, narcolepsy is present for life. Men and women are affected equally.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nasal polyps

: What is it?

A nasal polyp is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that grows from the lining of the nose or sinuses. These polyps usually occur in both the right and left nasal passages and obstruct the flow of air. They can make your nose feel stuffy, and can decrease your sense of smell. Not all growths in the nose are polyps. Nasal polyps may result from chronic (long-lasting) inflammation of the lining of the nose, although they often occur for no apparent reason. People with chronic hay fever (allergic rhinitis) are more likely than others to develop nasal polyps. In addition, nasal polyps commonly develop in children with cystic fibrosis. People with nasal polyps and asthma often are allergic to aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen. They may experience a sudden, severe shortness of breath if they take one of these drugs. If you have nasal polyps and asthma, avoid medications containing aspirin or other NSAID. Remember that aspirin and other NSAIDs are present in many over-the-counter pain pills and cold and flu remedies. They also are present in some skin creams.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nasal polyps

: Symptoms

The key symptoms of nasal polyps are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nasal polyps

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your medical history. He or she probably will ask if you have a history of hay fever, allergic rhinitis, asthma or an allergy to aspirin. The doctor, most commonly an otolaryngologist (ear nose and throat specialist) will examine your nose and look for translucent grapelike masses colored yellow to gray. He or she usually can detect polyps by examining your nasal passages with a special instrument called a nasal endoscope, a small, flexible tube connected to a camera. Sometimes, a computed tomography (CT) scan may be used to determine the location and size of the polyps. CT scanning also will tell if the polyps are coming from the nose or from the sinuses. Nasal polyps almost always occur on both sides. If a polyp is seen only on one side, a CT scan should be done to make sure that the growth is not something more serious. The scan also can accurately show the size of the growth. In addition to examining your nasal passages, your doctor will ask about your medical history. He or she probably will ask if you have a history of hay fever or allergic rhinitis, asthma or an allergy to aspirin.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nasal polyps

: Expected duration

Unless treatment is started, polyps will persist as long as the cause is present. Treatment (see below) will shrink or eliminate the polyps. Prolonged treatment is usually necessary to prevent recurrence.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nasal polyps

: Prevention

Prevention can come in a number of ways. One can eliminate the cause for polyps such as eliminating allergens through environmental controls. One can block the stimulating cause through desensitization treatments. Or one can use maintenance therapy with anti-inflammatory medications such as steroid nasal sprays or leukotriene inhibitors. Many times a combination is necessary for optimal prevention.