Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antisocial Personality Disorder

: What is antisocial personality disorder?

Antisocial personality disorder, like other personality disorders, is a longstanding pattern of behavior and experience that impairs functioning and causes distress. By definition, people with antisocial personality disorder don't follow society's norms, are deceitful and intimidating in relationships, and are inconsiderate of the rights of others. People with this type of personality may take part in criminal activity. But if they do, they are not sorry for their hurtful deeds. They can be impulsive, reckless and sometimes violent. This disorder is far more common and more apparent in men than women. People with antisocial personality disorder generally do not value "playing by the rules." They do so only if they are threatened with punishment. This attitude leads to a tendency to exploit others. They take advantage of the fairness or softheartedness of others, and they feel indifferent toward or even contemptuous of their victims. A person with this disorder has little, if any, ability to be intimate with another person. Any lasting relationships are likely to involve some degree of abuse or neglect. Yet people with this disorder are sometimes charming and can be good actors who use lies and distortion to keep relationships going. Some with antisocial personality disorder have no goal beyond the pleasure of deceiving or harming others. People with antisocial personality disorder appear to care for no one but themselves. They may be able to understand the emotions of others. But they don't suffer any shame or guilt about the pain they may be causing. Instead, they use their knowledge of others' weaknesses to gain favors or to manipulate an outcome. A person with this disorder usually does not take responsibility for any of his or her own suffering. He or she will blame others when things go badly. Many with this disorder do suffer, because they can be self-defeating, and never get to enjoy the many pleasures that come to people who are better able to have mutual and satisfying relationships. People with this personality disorder can also have problems such as chronic boredom or irritability, psychosomatic symptoms, pathological gambling, alcohol and substance abuse, and a variety of mood or anxiety disorders. They have a higher risk of suicide. A significant number have had behavior problems or attention deficit disorder as children. Antisocial personality disorder is probably caused by a combination of factors. Having any of these characteristics does not necessarily mean that a person has antisocial personality disorder.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antisocial Personality Disorder

: Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder

People with antisocial personality disorder tend to have few symptoms. Rather, they cause discomfort or distress to others through socially unacceptable behavior and by being:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antisocial Personality Disorder

: Diagnosing antisocial personality disorder

The diagnosis is made on the basis of a person's history, usually by a mental health professional. There are no laboratory tests to assist in diagnosing this disorder. Other psychiatric disorders, such as a mood or anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder, or substance abuse, may also be present.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antisocial Personality Disorder

: Expected duration of antisocial personality disorder

All personality disorders are lifelong patterns.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antisocial Personality Disorder

: Preventing antisocial personality disorder

There is no way to prevent this disorder. It is conceivable that a general improvement in social conditions could reduce the incidence of antisocial personality disorder. An improvement in a person's social environment may reduce the severity of the problem, especially if changes are made early in life. Research has yet to demonstrate an effective or practical way to accomplish these goals.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antisocial Personality Disorder

: Treating antisocial personality disorder

Many psychotherapy techniques have been proposed for treating antisocial personality disorder. Unfortunately, research does not indicate that any of the current treatments is particularly helpful for treating the personality disorder itself. As a result, the choice of treatment is usually guided by a person's specific circumstances.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antisocial Personality Disorder

: When To Call a Professional

People with antisocial personality disorder generally do not acknowledge that they have a problem that requires treatment. When a pattern of antisocial behavior is noted, others can recommend or encourage treatment. However, treatment may only occur when a court imposes it.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antisocial Personality Disorder

: Prognosis

The long-term outlook for antisocial personality disorder is highly variable. Although treatment can sometimes be successful, change is not likely to be rapid when antisocial behavior is severe. In such cases, resources of time and energy may be better spent in getting help for potential victims, especially those, such as spouses or family members, who live in close proximity to the person with the disorder.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Aplastic Anemia

: What is aplastic anemia?

Aplastic anemia is a rare, potentially fatal disease in which the bone marrow doesn't make enough blood cells. The bone marrow is the central portion of the bones that is responsible for making:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Appendicitis

: What is appendicitis?

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a small, fingerlike tube that hangs from the lower right side of the large intestine. The purpose of the appendix is not known. It usually becomes inflamed because of an infection or an obstruction in the digestive tract. If untreated, an infected appendix can burst and spread the infection throughout the abdominal cavity and into the bloodstream.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Appendicitis

: Symptoms of appendicitis

Symptoms of appendicitis include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Appendicitis

: Diagnosing appendicitis

Your doctor will review your medical history, especially any digestive illnesses. Your doctor will ask about your current digestive symptoms, including details about your most recent bowel movements: the timing, frequency, character (watery or hard), and whether the stool was streaked with blood or mucus. Your doctor will examine you and check for pain in your lower right abdomen. In children, the doctor will look to see whether the child holds his or her hands over the navel when asked where it hurts. In an infant, flexed hips (knees held toward the chest) and a tender abdomen can be important clues to the diagnosis. After the physical examination, your doctor will order blood tests to check for signs of infection and a urinalysis to rule out a urinary tract problem. Your doctor may order an ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan to help confirm the diagnosis. In very young children, a chest X-ray may be needed to rule out pneumonia.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Appendicitis

: Expected duration of appendicitis

Most people will seek medical attention within 12 to 48 hours because of the abdominal pain. In some cases, a low level of inflammation exists for several weeks before a diagnosis is made.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Appendicitis

: Preventing appendicitis

There is no way to prevent appendicitis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Appendicitis

: Treating appendicitis

The standard treatment is to remove the appendix. The surgery, called an appendectomy, should be done as soon as possible to reduce the risk of the appendix rupturing. If appendicitis is strongly suspected, a surgeon will often advise removing the appendix even if an ultrasound or CT scan cannot confirm the diagnosis. The surgeon's recommendation to operate reflects the danger of a ruptured appendix: It can be life threatening, while an appendectomy is a relatively low-risk operation. Surgeons will frequently opt for laparoscopic surgery to remove the appendix because the average length of stay in the hospital is shorter and recovery is quicker compared to the standard surgical approach. People usually are given antibiotics intravenously (into a vein) during surgery. The antibiotic is continued until the day after surgery. If the appendix ruptured, the person will need to take antibiotics for a longer period of time. People with early appendicitis may be treated with what is known as an "antibiotic first" strategy. This means treating with antibiotics, often intravenously for 24 to 48 hours and then orally for another 5 – 9 days. Patients treated with this strategy need close observation. If they are not rapidly improving, surgery is performed. Even if the symptoms resolve completely, your doctor may recommend having an appendectomy later on.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Appendicitis

: When to call a professional

To avoid the risk of a ruptured appendix, contact your doctor immediately if you or a family member has symptoms of appendicitis. Appendicitis is an emergency, and it requires immediate attention.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Appendicitis

: Prognosis

People who need surgery often stay in the hospital two to three days (if the appendix did not rupture). People who have an appendectomy normally recover completely. In cases of a ruptured appendix, the hospital stay is usually longer. Although it is rare, a person can die of appendicitis if a ruptured appendix spreads infection throughout the abdomen and into the blood.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Appendicitis

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Arm Fracture

: What is an arm fracture?

When a bone breaks or cracks, the injury is called a fracture. In the arm, a fracture most often occurs in the long and slender shaft of one of the three arm bones. The three arm bones are the humerus, radius and ulna.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

: What is arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease?

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to two disorders — Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis — marked by inflammation of the intestinal tract. They are thought to be autoimmune disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the intestinal tract, and other parts of the body, although this is unproven. Some people with inflammatory bowel disease have a type of arthritis that is similar to rheumatoid arthritis in some ways. However, there are some important differences. With the arthritis associated with IBD, inflammation tends to involve only a few large joints, and it tends not to involve both sides of the body equally. For example, it might affect the knee on one side and the ankle on the other. In rheumatoid arthritis, more joints, especially small ones in the hand and wrist, are involved, and joints on both sides of the body tend to be affected equally. Antibodies commonly found in the blood of people with rheumatoid arthritis are not usually present in the blood of people with IBD arthritis. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, arthritis associated with IBD may affect the lower spine, especially the sacroiliac joints, and is associated with a certain gene (called HLA-B27). The bowel problems caused by inflammatory bowel disease usually appear before the arthritis develops. Occasionally the arthritis appears first and the inflammatory bowel disease is diagnosed months or even years later.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

: Symptoms of arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

Besides the symptoms of IBD on the intestinal tract (such as bloody diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, and fever), people with the arthritis of IBD have pain, swelling, and stiffness (particularly in the morning) in those joints that are inflamed. Symptoms tend to vary over time, sometimes better, sometimes worse. Often, but not always, the joint symptoms correlate with the bowel symptoms. That is, the joints tend to be more painful and swollen when the gastrointestinal symptoms are worse. Common complaints include low back pain that is worse in the morning and better when you exercise, limited joint motion, and gelling, which means developing more stiffness after not moving around much.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

: Diagnosing arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

There is no test that can confirm the diagnosis of arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Your doctor will ask about your medical history, especially whether you have inflammatory bowel disease. He or she will look for typical symptoms, and will examine you to look for inflamed joints.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

: Expected duration of arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

Arthritis associated with IBD tends to be chronic (long-lasting), though it may get better and worse over time. Rarely, certain treatments can cause the arthritis to subside or even go away. For example, if a patient with ulcerative colitis has a colectomy (removal of the colon), the arthritis may disappear.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

: Preventing arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

There is no known way to prevent IBD arthritis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

: Treating arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

There is no single best treatment for arthritis associated with IBD. Joint pain may be relieved by a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as ibuprofen or naproxen. IBD can cause bleeding in the intestinal tract, which can be made worse by a medication that thins the blood, including most NSAIDs. Any NSAID may worsen the intestinal inflammation caused by inflammatory bowel disease. For more severe cases, injections of corticosteroids into the inflamed joint can provide prompt, though often temporary, relief. Other medications that may help include those that may be prescribed for the intestinal disease, such as sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), azathioprine (Imuran), or oral corticosteroids. Medications used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, such as methotrexate (Folex, Methotrexate LPF, Rheumatrex) can also be effective. Newer agents, such as injections of adalimumab (Humira), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia), golimumab (Simponi), infliximab (Remicade), and ustekinumab (Stelara)‎, may be quite effective for certain forms of IBD and related arthritis. If joints become severely damaged, joint surgery, including joint replacement, may help. It's important to strike a balance between rest and exercise. Your doctor may refer you to a physical therapist, occupational therapist, or podiatrist. Splints, shoe inserts, or braces can provide relief in ways that medications cannot.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you have symptoms of IBD (including chronic diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, unintentional weight loss, or recurring fever) or of arthritis (including joint pain, swelling, or limited motion).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

: Prognosis

With treatment, the outlook for IBD arthritis is generally good, although the condition is quite variable. Severe cases may be associated with significant joint damage and the need for surgery within a year or two, while other cases are much milder.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease

: Additional info

Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America

https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/
 
National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
American College of Rheumatology

https://www.rheumatology.org/
 
Arthritis Foundation

https://www.arthritis.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asthma

: What is asthma?

Asthma is a chronic (long-term) lung condition. Air passages narrow and become inflamed. This leads to breathing difficulties and wheezing. Asthma ranges from mild to severe. Some people have only occasional, mild symptoms. Others have nearly constant symptoms with severe, life-threatening flare-ups. During an asthma attack, the airways become inflamed. They narrow as the muscles surrounding them constrict. Mucus produced by the inflammation fills the narrowed passageways. As a result, the flow of air is partially or completely blocked. Asthma affects the lung's larger and smaller airways. What causes asthma-related inflammation is not clear. But several environmental "triggers" have been identified. Many asthma triggers are allergens. Allergens cause the immune system to overreact in some people. Common allergens include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asthma

: Symptoms of asthma

Symptoms of asthma include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asthma

: Diagnosing asthma

Your doctor will ask about:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asthma

: Expected duration of asthma

Asthma in adults often is a lifelong condition. With treatment, symptoms can be controlled. They can be infrequent or very mild. In about half of asthmatic children, the asthma goes away on its own. Or it becomes less severe over time. However, it may reappear later in life. Asthma episodes can go away on their own or with the help of asthma medications. Attacks vary in frequency and severity. It is often dependent on what triggers the attack.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asthma

: Preventing asthma

Some asthma episodes can be prevented by avoiding or minimizing exposure to triggers. These include environmental triggers such as:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asthma

: Treating asthma

Treatment focuses on:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asthma

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor whenever you or your child has persistent:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asthma

: Prognosis

Although asthma cannot be cured, it almost always can be controlled successfully. Most people with asthma lead relatively normal lives.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asthma

: Additional info

American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI)

https://www.aaaai.org/
 
American Lung Association

https://www.lung.org
 
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asymptomatic bacteriuria

: What is asymptomatic bacteriuria?

When a significant number of bacteria show up in the urine, this is called "bacteriuria." Finding bacteria in the urine can mean there is an infection somewhere in the urinary tract. The urinary tract is the system that includes:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asymptomatic bacteriuria

: Symptoms of asymptomatic bacteriuria

Asymptomatic bacteriuria does not cause any symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asymptomatic bacteriuria

: Diagnosing asymptomatic bacteriuria

Your doctor will ask you to provide a clean-catch urine sample. You will be given a sterile container and instructions on how to clean the area around the urethra. Do not touch inside the container. The urine sample will be sent to the laboratory where a urine culture is performed. The urine culture will determine if there are bacteria in your urine. The diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria requires:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asymptomatic bacteriuria

: Expected duration of asymptomatic bacteriuria

In some people, bacteria are present in the urine before symptoms of a urinary tract infection develop. If this occurs, your doctor will advise starting an antibiotic if symptoms arise. In other people, asymptomatic bacteriuria can continue indefinitely without causing obvious illness or discomfort.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asymptomatic bacteriuria

: Preventing asymptomatic bacteriuria

You may help prevent bacteriuria by drinking several glasses of water each day. This may discourage the growth of bacteria by flushing out your urinary tract, although this has not been proven. Drinking cranberry juice every day might also slow the growth of bacteria. But this also has not been definitively shown through medical studies. To prevent the spread of intestinal bacteria from the rectum to the urinary tract, women should always wipe toilet tissue from front to back after having a bowel movement.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asymptomatic bacteriuria

: Treating asymptomatic bacteriuria

Antibiotic treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria is recommended for the following groups:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asymptomatic bacteriuria

: When to call a professional

If you have asymptomatic bacteriuria, call your doctor if you
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asymptomatic bacteriuria

: Prognosis

For most people, asymptomatic bacteriuria does not cause any problems and treatment is not necessary. If you do develop a urinary tract infection, prompt treatment with antibiotics will almost always take care of it.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Asymptomatic bacteriuria

: Additional info

National Kidney Foundation

https://www.kidney.org/
 
American Urological Association

https://www.urologyhealth.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Atherosclerosis

: What is atherosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis is the process of cholesterol plaque buildup in arteries. It can lead to a narrowing of the arteries that can significantly reduce the blood supply to vital organs such as the heart, brain, and intestines. In atherosclerosis, the arteries are narrowed when fatty deposits called plaques build up inside. Plaques typically contain cholesterol from low-density lipoproteins (LDL), smooth-muscle cells and fibrous tissue, and sometimes calcium. As a plaque grows along the lining of an artery, it can sometimes rupture, leading to formation of a blood clot inside the artery, which can totally block blood flow. As a result, the organ supplied by the blocked artery starves for blood and oxygen. The organ's cells may either die or suffer severe damage. Atherosclerosis is the main cause of death and disability in industrialized nations, including the United States. This is because atherosclerosis is the underlying medical problem in most patients with any of the following illnesses:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Atherosclerosis

: Symptoms of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis usually doesn't cause any symptoms until blood supply to an organ is reduced. When this happens, symptoms vary, depending on the specific organ involved:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Atherosclerosis

: Diagnosing atherosclerosis

Your doctor will review your medical history, your current symptoms and any medications you are taking. Your doctor will ask you about your family history of heart disease, stroke and other circulatory problems, and your family history of high blood cholesterol. He or she will ask about cigarette smoking, your diet, and how much exercise you get. Your doctor will measure your blood pressure and heart rate. He or she will examine you, paying special attention to your circulation, sometimes listening to the arteries in the neck. The exam includes feeling for pulses in your neck, wrists, groin, and feet. Your doctor may check the blood pressure in your legs, to compare it to the pressure in your arms. The ratio of your blood pressure at your ankle to the blood pressure inside your elbow is called an ankle-brachial index or ABI. Signs of poor impaired circulation include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Atherosclerosis

: Expected duration of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a long-term condition that continues to worsen over many decades without changes in lifestyle and medication if necessary.