Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Prostate cancer

: Symptoms

In its early stages, prostate cancer rarely causes symptoms. In fact, most men diagnosed with prostate cancer have no symptoms. Doctors suspect prostate cancer if a blood test shows high levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). However, if the cancer spreads to the bladder or presses on the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body, it can cause:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Prostate cancer

: Expected duration

Once prostate cancer develops, it usually grows slowly over many years. In a small number of men, prostate cancer grows and spreads quickly. Almost all prostate cancer will respond to some type of treatment. In some cases, prostate cancer might not need treatment right away, if at all. Doctors have developed criteria to determine which cancers need treatment and which ones can be watched. If a watched tumor worsens, it can be treated.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Prostate cancer

: Prevention

Although the evidence is mixed, men who eat a low-fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce their risk of prostate cancer. Older studies suggested that eating tomatoes, which contain the antioxidant lycopene, might reduce risk. Some medications have been tested to see if they prevent prostate cancer. These include finasteride and dutasteride, drugs normally prescribed for benign prostate enlargement. One study showed that men who took finasteride reduced their prostate cancer risk by 25 percent. But it also found that the risk of aggressive cancer went up in some men. Later studies found that the drug doesn't increase aggressive tumors. Given the contradictory findings, experts don't agree about whether to offer finasteride to men with a higher risk of prostate cancer than normal.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Prostate cancer

: Treatment

Prostate cancer can be treated several ways. You and your doctor should weigh medical and lifestyle issues before choosing a treatment. These include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Prostate cancer

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor right away if you notice blood in your urine or semen, or if urination is painful, uncomfortable, or abnormal in any way. If you are age 50 or older, ask your doctor about the pros and cons of prostate cancer screening. Some experts believe screening with PSA tests and DREs saves lives because cancer can be detected early. Others say that screening causes more harm than good. That's because some men will suffer side effects from treatment they may not have needed. Your doctor can help you decide whether screening makes sense for you, again emphasizing the concept of shared decision-making. If you decide to get screened, your doctor probably will do a prostate exam and check your PSA level every one to two years, starting at age 50. If prostate cancer runs in your family, or if you are African American, screening may start at age 40 to 45.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Prostate cancer

: Prognosis

The prognosis usually is excellent. Nearly all men diagnosed with localized cancer survive at least five years. More than three-quarters of all men diagnosed with the disease live at least 15 years. In fact, many more men die of other causes while they have prostate cancer than die as a result of the cancer.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Prostate cancer

: Additional Information

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

http://www.nci.nih.gov/
 
American Cancer Society (ACS)

http://www.cancer.org/
 
American Urological Association

http://www.urologyhealth.org/
 
Harvard Medical School
 
Harvard Medical School Annual Report on Prostate Diseases
 Harvard Health Publishing and its associated website www.harvardprostateknowledge.org
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pseudogout (CPPD)

: What Is It?

Pseudogout is a form of arthritis triggered by deposits of calcium crystals (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate) in the joints. It is also called calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD). This disease can cause short-term or long-term swelling in joints, most often the knee, wrist, shoulder, ankle, or elbow. As the name suggests, this condition can appear similar to gout, which is caused by another type of crystal – uric acid crystals – and commonly causes sudden pain and swelling in a single joint, usually in the foot. Pseudogout also can resemble osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Psoriasis

: What is it?

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder that causes scaling and inflammation. Psoriasis may develop as a result of an abnormality in the body's immune system. The immune system normally fights infection and allergic reactions. Psoriasis probably has a genetic component. Nearly half of patients have family members with psoriasis. Certain medications may trigger psoriasis. Other medications seem to make psoriasis worse in people who have the disease.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Psoriasis

: Symptoms

Psoriasis causes skin scaling and inflammation. It may or may not cause itching. There are several types of psoriasis:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Psoriasis

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will look for the typical skin and nail changes of this disorder. He or she can frequently diagnose psoriasis based on your physical examination. When skin symptoms are not typical of the disorder, your doctor may recommend a skin biopsy. In a biopsy, a small sample of skin is removed and examined in a laboratory. The biopsy can confirm the diagnosis and rule out other possible skin disorders.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Psoriasis

: Expected duration

Psoriasis is a long-term disorder. However, symptoms may come and go.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Psoriasis

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent psoriasis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Psoriasis

: Treatment

Treatment for psoriasis varies depending on the:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Psoriasis

: When to call a professional

If you are unsure whether you have psoriasis, contact your doctor. Also contact your doctor if you have psoriasis and are not doing well with over-the-counter treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Psoriasis

: Prognosis

For most patients, psoriasis is a long-term condition. There is no cure. But there are many effective treatments.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Psoriasis

: Additional info

National Psoriasis Foundation

http://www.psoriasis.org/
 
American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pubic lice or crab lice

: What is it?

Pubic lice or crab lice are tiny insects that infest a person's pubic hair, although they also can be found on facial hair, armpit hair and eyelashes. The insects look like crabs, and a person with these lice often is said to have "crabs." Their claws let them grasp hairs so they can both move around and remain on their human host. Crab lice, like all lice, feed only on their host's blood. Female lice produce eggs, which are cemented to the hair shaft close to the skin. It takes about 7 to 10 days for an egg to hatch. Most people who are infested with crab lice will have about a dozen or fewer active lice on them at any one time, and the hairs may bear many live and hatched eggs.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pubic lice or crab lice

: Symptoms

Crab lice usually cause intense itching, due mainly to an allergic reaction to the saliva of the louse. There also may be tiny red or blue marks where the insect has been biting, and the eggs, or nits, may be seen attached to the pubic hair close to the skin. Sometimes, more severe reactions occur, such as the development of pustules or intense skin reactions where the insects have been feeding. Scratching the area may cause skin infection. Crab lice, themselves, do not transmit infections.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pubic lice or crab lice

: Diagnosis

Diagnosing a crab lice infestation depends on finding the insects and their eggs on the hair. Because most crab louse infestations are transmitted through sexual activity, anyone who has crab lice also should be screened for other sexually transmitted diseases. Several studies have found that many people who have crab lice also will have another sexually transmitted disease. The sexual partners of someone diagnosed with crab lice should be notified and advised to be checked by a doctor. Although most crab lice infestations are transmitted through sexual contact, it is possible to get infested with the insects by sharing a bed or clothing with an affected person, and occasionally simply by other direct contacts. Crab lice can live for about 24 hours off of a human host.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pubic lice or crab lice

: Expected duration

Crab lice infestations usually continue until they are treated. With treatment, the infestation is usually eliminated immediately.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pubic lice or crab lice

: Prevention

To avoid getting crab lice, avoid sexual partners who are affected, and also avoid sharing a bed or clothing with an affected person.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pubic lice or crab lice

: Treatment

Crab lice infestations usually are treated by applying a creme rinse containing 1% permethrin to the pubic hair and leaving it in place for 10 minutes. Also effective are rinses containing pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide. People that fail initial treatment should consult a clinician for advice. Nits can be removed using a fine-toothed comb after treatment. Clothing and bedding that the affected person used in the two to three days before treatment should be washed in hot water and dried in a clothes dryer on a high heat setting. If crab lice are found on the eyelashes, a doctor should be consulted to prevent injury to the eyes by the treatments. Recent sex partners should also be treated. Sex should not be resumed until both partners have been successfully treated.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pubic lice or crab lice

: When to call a professional

Although products to treat crab lice infestations are available over the counter, it is a good idea to consult your health care professional if you suspect you may be infested because you also may have another sexually transmitted disease. You also should consult someone if your symptoms are especially severe, and should follow up with your health care professional to be sure the infestation has been treated successfully.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pubic lice or crab lice

: Prognosis

Crab lice infestations respond well to treatment and are not associated with any lasting symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pubic lice or crab lice

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pyelonephritis

: What Is It?

Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection usually caused by bacteria that have traveled to the kidney from an infection in the bladder.   Women have more bladder infections (also called urinary tract infections) than men because the distance to the bladder from skin, where bacteria normally live, is quite short and direct. However, the infection usually remains in the bladder.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rash

: What Is It?

A rash is a temporary eruption or discoloration of the skin and is often inflamed or swollen. Rashes come in many forms and levels of severity, and they last for different amounts of time. Some common causes of rashes include the following.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rash

: Symptoms

Although rash is easily recognized, all rashes are not the same. Rashes vary in their appearance, timing, location or distribution, and duration. In general, rashes can be described as:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rash

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask you about your medical history, including your history of allergies and your work history, to check for possible exposure to chemical irritants or to people with infections. Your doctor also may ask specific questions about your rash, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rash

: Expected Duration

How long a rash lasts depends on its cause. However, most rashes usually disappear within a few days. For example, the rash of a roseola viral infection usually lasts 1 to 2 days, whereas the rash of measles disappears within 6 to 7 days. Rashes caused by an antibiotic allergy may last 3 to 14 days, whereas diaper rash almost always clears up within 1 week (if diapers are changed frequently).  Rashes resulting from lupus or dermatomyositis may last for an extended period of time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rash

: Prevention

Prevention depends on the cause of the rash:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rash

: Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause of the rash:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rash

: When To Call a Professional

Seek immediate medical attention if you begin to have difficulty breathing or develop hives, a fever, a fast pulse, confusion or nausea. These could be signs of a life-threatening allergic reaction.   Always consult your doctor promptly if a rash:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Rash

: Prognosis

The outlook for most rashes is excellent, especially after the cause has been identified accurately.   In severe allergic reactions, a patient can die within minutes without immediate medical treatment. With proper treatment, recovery usually is complete. However, the patient remains at risk of future severe reactions if he or she is exposed to the same allergy-producing agent. For this reason, a prescription for a self-injection pen containing epinephrine for emergencies usually is recommended for people with severe allergies.   For long-term autoimmune conditions, rash is only one of a wide variety of symptoms. The prognosis depends on the type and severity of the autoimmune disease.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Raynaud's phenomenon

: What is it?

Raynaud's phenomenon is a blood vessel disorder. The condition is also called Raynaud's disease or Raynaud's syndrome. When healthy people are in a cold environment, the tiny blood vessels in their skin constrict, or narrow. This is an effort by the body to conserve heat.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Raynaud's phenomenon

: Symptoms

People with Raynaud's see and feel changes in their fingers and toes when exposed to cold. The skin blanches, or turns white, then blue. Fingers and toes can tingle or feel numb. When rewarmed, the skin flushes pink or red. And there can be throbbing or soreness as the blood surges back into the tiny blood vessels. People with secondary Raynaud's often have symptoms related to their underlying rheumatic disease such as
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Raynaud's phenomenon

: Diagnosis

A physician usually diagnoses Raynaud's based on the patient's description of symptoms. If other symptoms also are present, blood tests and other procedures may be done to check for other diseases. More testing also is needed if symptoms are not typical, such as:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Raynaud's phenomenon

: Expected duration

Each episode of vasospasm is temporary. However, Raynaud's is considered a chronic (long-lasting) condition.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Raynaud's phenomenon

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent a person from developing Raynaud's. But once the disorder is present, the number of episodes of vasospasm can be reduced or even eliminated. To do so, avoid situations that can trigger events. To avoid vasospasm:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Raynaud's phenomenon

: Treatment

Most people with primary Raynaud's disease do not need specific treatment. Their symptoms can be managed by avoiding triggering events as much as possible. An episode of vasospasm often can be stopped by warming the affected areas. Do this by going indoors or soaking fingers or toes in a bowl of warm (not hot) water. Biofeedback can help people train the body to warm the extremities. This mind-body method may help you to learn how to gain voluntary control over body processes that are typically involuntary, such as blood flow. It can help some patients to control their symptoms. For more severe cases (which are more common with secondary Raynaud's), medication may be prescribed to reduce the severity and number of vasospasm episodes. Medications for Raynaud's are more commonly used for high blood pressure and may include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Raynaud's phenomenon

: When to call a professional

Call your health care professional if you have symptoms of Raynaud's. Your doctor will tell you more about Raynaud's and will diagnose or rule out associated diseases. If you have been diagnosed with Raynaud's, see your doctor if you have any unusual symptoms. These include severe redness, inflammation or open sores. Seek emergency care if you have
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Raynaud's phenomenon

: Prognosis

For most people, primary Raynaud's can be annoying and cause discomfort, but is rarely dangerous. Although it is typically a lifelong condition, it frequently does not get worse. In cases in which the vasospasm is severe, the affected areas may be prone to open sores that are slow to heal. Raynaud's phenomenon, however, may be the first symptom of a rheumatic disease. So the condition should not be ignored. Patients may need to be examined, tested and monitored to diagnose an associated rheumatic disease at its earliest stage.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Raynaud's phenomenon

: Additional info

American College of Rheumatology

http://www.rheumatology.org/
 
Arthritis Foundation

http://www.arthritis.org/
 
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
 National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
National Insitutes of Healthhttp://www.niams.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Reactive arthritis

: What is it?

Reactive arthritis is an uncommon disease that causes inflammation of the joints and, in many cases, other areas, particularly the urinary tract and eyes. It is triggered by an infection, usually by a sexually transmitted organism or by certain gastrointestinal bacteria. The most common infection causing reactive arthritis is the sexually transmitted disease (STD) chlamydia. Reactive arthritis can also be caused by gastrointestinal infection from bacteria such as salmonella, shigella, campylobacter or Yersinia, infections that can cause diarrhea and vomiting. These bacteria often are found in contaminated food or water. While these infections are common, reactive arthritis is not. Scientists believe that people who develop reactive arthritis have a certain genetic makeup. Supporting the theory that genetic makeup is a risk factor, about 50% of people with reactive arthritis carry a gene called HLA-B27, compared with 8% of the general population. Reactive arthritis is thought to be an autoimmune disorder, which means the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. In this case, the immune system is jolted into action by the infection but continues attacking after the infection is gone. Reactive arthritis typically includes arthritis, eye inflammation (conjunctivitis or uveitis) and inflammation of the urethra (urethritis). However, some people develop only one or two of these. Reactive arthritis is most common in people between the ages of 20 and 40, with a prevalence of about 0.03% (30 per 100,000).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Reactive arthritis

: Symptoms

Symptoms usually appear within a few weeks after someone has had chlamydia or a diarrheal infection. Most people feel a little tired and have a slight fever, although a few have high fever, significant fatigue and weight loss. Other early symptoms include muscle aches, joint stiffness, and low back pain radiating into the buttocks or thighs. Back discomfort usually gets worse when you sit or lie still and gets better when you move around. Arthritis begins abruptly and usually affects one or several joints, especially the knees, ankles, feet or wrists. People often have pain at the back of an ankle or tenderness on the bottom of a heel (from inflammation at the spot where a tendon attaches to a bone). Symptoms vary depending on what other areas of the body are inflamed:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Reactive arthritis

: Diagnosis

A doctor may suspect you have reactive arthritis when the typical symptoms develop after you had an infection. Your doctor will examine you and will order imaging tests, such as X-rays of the pelvis or lower spine. Your doctor may remove fluid from a painful joint with a needle so it can be examined in a laboratory. Fluid from an inflamed joint will contain a high number of white blood cells but there is no detectable infection in the joint. There is no single test that can confirm the diagnosis. Your doctor will diagnose reactive arthritis based on your history of infection, your symptoms and the physical exam. Tests may be done to check for other conditions that can cause joint inflammation, such as an infection or gout.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Reactive arthritis

: Expected duration

For reasons that are not yet known, reactive arthritis sometimes gets better on its own over a number of months or years. However, it is often chronic (long-lasting) and treatment may be needed long-term, even for a lifetime.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Reactive arthritis

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent reactive arthritis, but the infections that may trigger it can be prevented. You can help to prevent gastrointestinal infections by properly cooking food and washing your hands thoroughly after contact with animals and before preparing food. You can reduce the risk of STDs by practicing safe sex.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Reactive arthritis

: Treatment

The choice of treatment for reactive arthritis depends on your specific symptoms. If you still have the infection, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics, usually for seven to 10 days. Some physicians treat chlamydia infections with antibiotics for as long as three months. A limited number of studies have shown that this longer treatment helps to prevent reactive arthritis, but prolonged antibiotic treatment remains controversial. The sexual partners of a person with newly diagnosed chlamydia should also be treated. For mild arthritis, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with or without a pain reliever, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol and other brand names), may be enough. For more severe arthritis, injections of corticosteroids into the inflamed joint can relieve pain, although the relief is often temporary. Other medications that may be helpful include those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, such as corticosteroids, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine or methotrexate (all available as generics). Injectable medications used to treat rheumatoid arthritis may also be used, including adalimumab (Humira), certolizumab (Cimzia), etanercept (Enbrel), golimumab (Simponi), or infliximab (Remicade). Surgery to replace a joint may help severe arthritis that does not respond to medications. It's important to balance rest and exercise. Biking and swimming, for example, can help to reduce stiffness and keep the joint moving. Your doctor may refer you to a physical therapist, occupational therapist or podiatrist. Splints, shoe inserts or braces can provide relief in ways that medications cannot. For the other manifestations of disease, treatment options include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Reactive arthritis

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you have symptoms of reactive arthritis such as joint pain, swelling, limited motion, red or painful eyes, or painful urination. If you notice pain or burning with urination, or a discharge from the penis or vagina, call your doctor right away. Let your doctor know if you have diarrhea that is persistent, bloody or associated with pain.