Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Balanitis

: Expected duration of balanitis

Most cases of balanitis respond to treatment within three to five days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Balanitis

: Preventing balanitis

Men who are uncircumcised should practice good hygiene, including fully retracting the foreskin during bathing. People with diabetes can help to prevent balanitis by carefully controlling their blood sugar.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Balanitis

: Treating balanitis

Treatment depends on the cause. If your problem is caused by a yeast infection, you will be advised to use an antifungal cream. Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex) is a very effective over-the-counter medication, which is also used for treating vaginal yeast infections and athlete's foot. Apply it to the affected area two to three times daily for 10 days. Your doctor also may recommend a prescription antifungal treatment, either in a cream or pill form. If you have an infection with skin bacteria, you will be told to use an antibiotic cream, and to make sure you clean the area thoroughly. Occasionally antibiotic pills may be necessary. When the skin is inflamed, but not infected, you will be advised to keep the area clean and dry and to avoid any soaps or skin lotions that may be aggravating the condition. Sometimes a cortisone cream can help to improve the problem more quickly. However, cortisone can make certain infections worse, so it is best to avoid this type of medication unless it is prescribed by a physician. Once effective treatment begins, you usually do not need to avoid sex, although sexual contact can chafe or inflame the affected area. Rarely, sexual contact can pass an infection back and forth between partners. If this occurs, both partners may require treatment at the same time to prevent further episodes. In uncircumcised men, circumcision often prevents repeated infections, especially in men who have a tight, difficult-to-retract foreskin.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Balanitis

: When to call a professional

Contact your physician if:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Balanitis

: Prognosis

The outlook is excellent if the problem is treated.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Balanitis

: Additional info

National Library of Medicine (NLM)

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/
 
American Urological Association

https://www.urologyhealth.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barium enema

: What is a barium enema?

A barium enema is a procedure used to examine the lining of the colon and rectum. The procedure is also called a lower gastrointestinal series. Barium refers to barium sulfate, a chalky chemical that appears white on X-ray film. Enema refers to any fluid pumped into the rectum through the anus. After the barium sulfate liquid makes its way to your intestines, a series of X-ray pictures are taken. In these X-rays, the white barium fluid allows some abnormalities in the lining of the intestines to appear dark. Air may be pumped into the intestine during this procedure to help sharpen the outline of the intestinal wall.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barium enema

: What a barium enema is used for

Barium enema is sometimes used to check for tumors of the colon and rectum. It also can check for polyps (abnormal growths attached to the intestinal lining by a stalk), diverticulosis or other problems. It is rarely ordered today because other tests, such as colonoscopy and virtual colonoscopy (a type of contrast enema using a CT scanner), provide much better detail.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barium enema

: Preparing for a barium enema

Your colon and rectum need to be empty for the procedure. Your doctor will give you instructions about using laxatives and/or enemas before the procedure. Your doctor will also tell you when to stop eating and what you can drink.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barium enema

: How a barium enema is done

You will remove your clothing and put on a hospital gown. You will lie on your side on an X-ray table. A tube will be inserted into your rectum and you will be given an enema of barium fluid. As the fluid flows into your intestines, you may feel a little discomfort, pressure or the urge to move your bowels. While you hold the fluid inside your bowels, the X-ray technician will take a series of pictures. To allow the barium fluid to flow into different parts of your bowels, you will change position on the table, and the table itself may be rotated. Once the X-rays are complete, you will go to a nearby bathroom (or be given a bedpan) to pass the barium fluid from your bowels. You will then have a second series of X-rays. This time, air is gently pumped into your rectum. This air, together with the thin film of barium fluid still in your intestines, will help to enhance the images of your intestinal lining.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barium enema

: Follow-up of a barium enema

A radiologist will examine your X-rays and give the results to your doctor. Your doctor can then share the results with you. To help clear the remaining barium fluid from your bowel, your doctor will give you instructions about drinking water, taking laxatives or using an enema at home. For a few days, while the barium clears, you will notice that your stools are an unusually light color.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barium enema

: Risks of a barium enema

Barium enema is a safe X-ray examination. There is a small risk of your intestines becoming blocked if the barium fluid does not clear from your bowel. This can be prevented by following your doctor's directions for cleansing the bowel after the procedure.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barium enema

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you have abdominal or rectal pain, nausea, vomiting or blood in your stool after your barium enema. Call your doctor if your stools do not return to a normal color, if you have trouble moving your bowels, or if your stools become very narrow (as thin as a pencil).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barium enema

: Additional info

American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)

http://www.gi.org/
 
American Gastroenterological Association

http://www.gastro.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barotrauma

: What is barotrauma?

Barotrauma refers to injuries caused by increased air or water pressure, such as during airplane flights or scuba diving. Barotrauma of the ear is common. Generalized barotraumas, also called decompression sickness, affects the entire body.  Your middle ear includes the eardrum and the space behind it. The only connection between your middle ear and the "outside world" is a thin canal called the Eustachian tube. This connects your ear with the back of your mouth. When you swallow, you may notice a small click in your ears. This is a bubble of air being moved through the Eustachian tube. These bubbles are constantly moving into the middle ear, where they balance the ear's inner pressure. Ear barotrauma can occur when these tubes become blocked or partially blocked.  On an airplane, barotrauma to the ear – also called aero-otitis or barotitis – can happen as the plane descends for landing. Barotrauma of the ear also can happen when scuba divers descend. The pressure change can create a vacuum in the middle ear that pulls the eardrum inward. This can cause pain and can muffle sounds. Your ear will feel stuffed and you may feel as if you need to "pop" it.   In more severe cases of barotrauma, the middle ear can fill with clear fluid as the body tries to equalize the pressure on both sides of the eardrum. This fluid is drawn out of blood vessels in the lining of the inner ear, and can only drain if the Eustachian tube is open. Fluid behind the eardrum is called serous otitis media. It can create pain and hearing difficulty similar to a middle ear infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barotrauma

: Symptoms of barotrauma

Common symptoms of ear barotrauma include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barotrauma

: Diagnosing barotrauma

You can diagnose a mild case of ear barotrauma yourself, and you do not need to see a doctor. If you are uncertain about your symptoms or if your symptoms last a long time, a doctor can examine your middle ear with a lighted magnifying tool called an otoscope to see if the eardrum is pulled inward. Clear fluid behind the eardrum sometimes can be difficult to see. If a collection of fluid is not visible, your doctor may squeeze a puff of air into your ear canal. If the eardrum does not move well, you probably have fluid behind the eardrum. A perforated eardrum can be diagnosed by looking at the ear with an otoscope.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barotrauma

: Expected duration of barotrauma

Symptoms usually occur only during the change in pressure, and perhaps for a short time afterward. More severe cases, including serous otitis media, can last longer, perhaps weeks or months. Perforations of the eardrum often heal on their own, but this can take weeks. You may not be able to hear as well until the ear is fully healed. If your perforation has not healed after two months, you may need surgery to prevent permanent hearing loss.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barotrauma

: Preventing barotrauma

To prevent barotrauma, your Eustachian tubes must stay open. If you have a cold, ear infection or allergy, you may want to reschedule airplane travel until you are better. If you or your child must fly with a cold, infection or allergy, take a decongestant about one hour before your flight. Continue taking the medication during the flight according to the package directions. You also can use a decongestant nasal spray. Antihistamines may also be helpful. Ear plugs have been developed that can slow down the pressure change that affects the ear. These might give your ears some additional time to adjust to pressure changes. These plugs can be used for air travel but they are not useful for diving.   During a flight, make sure you are awake for the landing so you can "pop" your ears if necessary. (If you ask, a flight attendant will wake you.) Infants should be kept awake during a flight's descent and can be given a bottle or pacifier to suck on to help keep their Eustachian tubes open. Keep the child upright as the plane descends.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barotrauma

: Treating barotrauma

If you experience the symptoms of barotrauma during a flight, there are several things you can do:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barotrauma

: When to call a professional

If you experience dizziness that includes a feeling of spinning or falling (vertigo) and your symptoms occur right after flying or diving, you need to be evaluated by a doctor immediately because there is a small chance you may need emergency ear surgery. If you have severe pain, bleeding or drainage of fluid from your ears, see a doctor within several days because you may have a ruptured eardrum. If you have mild ear pain or hearing difficulty that continues after flying or diving, you should see a doctor for help if your symptoms are slow to go away.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barotrauma

: Prognosis

Most cases of barotrauma get better quickly without complications.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Barotrauma

: Additional info

American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
http://www.entnet.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bartholin's Gland Cyst

: What are Bartholin's gland cysts?

A cyst is a sac filled with liquid or semisolid material that forms under the skin or somewhere inside the body. The Bartholin's gland is one of two small glands on each side of the labia minora, just outside of the opening to the vagina. During sexual arousal, the Bartholin's gland releases a lubricating fluid. A Bartholin's gland cyst develops when the gland becomes blocked. The Bartholin's gland can become blocked for a variety of reasons, such as infection, inflammation or long-term irritation.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bartholin's Gland Cyst

: Symptoms of Bartholin's gland cysts

Many Bartholin's gland cysts don't cause any symptoms. They usually are discovered when a woman notices a small, painless mass just outside the opening to the vagina, or when a physician notices it during a routine pelvic examination. However, if the cyst grows larger than 1 inch in diameter, it can cause discomfort when sitting, or during intercourse. If a cyst becomes infected, it fills with pus, and becomes firm, swollen, and very painful, making it difficult for a woman to sit, walk or have intercourse. The pus-filled cyst is called an abscess.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Basal cell carcinoma

: What is basal cell carcinoma?

Basal cell cancer is the most common form of skin cancer diagnosed in the United States. Basal cells are small, round skin cells normally found in the upper part of your skin. When these cells become cancerous, they usually turn into small skin tumors that can destroy skin and nearby tissues. They can grow large over time, causing damage around and under them. Basal cell tumors rarely spread beyond the original cancer site. Basal cell cancer can grow on any part of the body. However, most basal cell cancers are found on some part of the face. This can cause disfigurement, and can interfere with the function of the eyelids, nose, and mouth.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Basal cell carcinoma

: Symptoms of basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell skin cancer usually appears as a tiny, painless bump with a pink, pearly surface. As the cancer slowly grows, the center of the bump may become sore and develop into a crater that bleeds, crusts, or forms a scab.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Basal cell carcinoma

: Diagnosing basal cell carcinoma

Your doctor will examine your skin. He or she will do a biopsy, which involves removing skin so it can be examined in a laboratory. The doctor may remove some, or all, of the abnormal skin for the biopsy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Basal cell carcinoma

: Expected duration of basal cell carcinoma

Once a basal cell cancer develops on the skin, it usually grows slowly. It can become very large, especially if it is on your lower back, the back of your shoulder or some other area that you do not usually see in the mirror.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Basal cell carcinoma

: Preventing basal cell carcinoma

Unprotected exposure to sunlight increases your risk of developing basal cell cancer. You can help to reduce this risk in several ways:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Basal cell carcinoma

: Treating basal cell carcinoma

Determining the right treatment depends on many factors, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Basal cell carcinoma

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor or a dermatologist (a doctor who specializes in skin problems) if you notice:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Basal cell carcinoma

: Prognosis

The outlook is usually excellent. Most basal cell cancers are cured if they are treated early.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Basal cell carcinoma

: Additional info

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

https://www.cancer.gov/
 
American Cancer Society (ACS)

https://www.cancer.org/
 
American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org/
 
The Skin Cancer Foundation

https://www.skincancer.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedsores (decubitus ulcers)

: What is a bedsore (decubitus ulcer)?

Bedsores, also called pressure ulcers or decubitus ulcers, are areas of broken skin that can develop in people who:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedsores (decubitus ulcers)

: Symptoms of a bedsore

Bedsores are classified into stages, depending on the severity of skin damage:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedsores (decubitus ulcers)

: Diagnosing a bedsore

A doctor or nurse can diagnose a bedsore by examining the skin. Testing is usually unnecessary unless there are symptoms of infection. If a person with bedsores develops an infection, a doctor may order tests to find out if the infection has moved into the soft tissues, into bones, into the bloodstream or to another site. Tests may include blood tests, a laboratory examination of tissue or secretions from the bedsore, and an x-ray, a magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI scan) or a bone scan to look for evidence of a bone infection called osteomyelitis. If you care for a family member who is in a bed or wheelchair, your doctor or home care nurse can teach you how to identify the earliest signs of bedsores. You'll learn which areas of skin are particularly vulnerable and what to look for. When you find signs of skin damage, you can take steps to prevent areas of redness from becoming full-blown ulcers.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedsores (decubitus ulcers)

: Expected duration of a bedsore

Many factors influence how long a bedsore lasts, including the severity of the sore and the type of treatment, as well as the person's age, overall health, nutrition and ability to move. For example, there is a good chance that a Stage II bedsore will heal within one to six weeks in a relatively healthy older person who eats well and is able to move. Stage III and Stage IV ulcers can take longer than six months to heal. Some never heal. Bedsores can be an ongoing problem in chronically ill people who have multiple risk factors, such as incontinence, the inability to move and circulatory problems.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedsores (decubitus ulcers)

: Preventing a bedsore

Bedsores can still form even if a patient is receiving excellent medical care or household care — they are not necessarily a sign of neglected needs. To help prevent bedsores in a person who is confined to a bed or chair, the plan of care includes these strategies:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedsores (decubitus ulcers)

: Treating a bedsore

If you care for someone with bedsores, your doctor or home care nurse may ask you to help with the treatment by following preventive steps that should stop further damage to vulnerable skin and increase the chances of healing. Additional treatments, usually done by health care professionals, depend on the stage of the bedsore. First, areas of unbroken skin near the bedsore are covered with a protective film or a lubricant to protect them from injury. Next, special dressings are applied to the injured area to promote healing or to help remove small areas of dead tissue. If necessary, larger areas of dead tissue may be trimmed away surgically or dissolved with a special medication. Deep craters may need skin grafting and other forms of reconstructive surgery. If the person's skin shows any signs of possible infection, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics, which may be applied as an ointment, taken as a pill or given intravenously (into a vein).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedsores (decubitus ulcers)

: When to call a professional

If you find a suspicious area of redness or blistering on a person you are caring for, contact the person's nurse or doctor promptly.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedsores (decubitus ulcers)

: Prognosis

In many cases, the outlook for bedsores is good. Simple bedside treatments can heal most stage II bedsores within a few weeks. If conservative methods fail to heal a stage III or stage IV bedsore, reconstructive surgery often can repair the damaged area.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedsores (decubitus ulcers)

: Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

https://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
National Institute on Aging

https://www.nia.nih.gov/
 
American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedwetting (Enuresis)

: What is bedwetting (enuresis)?

Bedwetting, also called nocturnal enuresis, means that a child accidentally passes urine at night during sleep. Because this is normal in infants and very young children, bedwetting is not considered a medical problem unless it happens in a child who is already in elementary school or who was completely dry day and night and then began to wet the bed again during the night.   By age 5, 80% to 85% of children are consistently dry throughout the night. After age 5, the number of children who continue to wet the bed decreases by about 15% per year, even without treatment. Only 1% of children still wet the bed by the time they are 15 years old.  To help make diagnosis and treatment easier, doctors sometimes classify bedwetting into two types, primary and secondary nocturnal enuresis. In primary nocturnal enuresis, the child has never been consistently dry at night. In secondary nocturnal enuresis, the child has been dry at night for at least three to six months (or one year, according to some experts) and has begun to wet the bed again. It is very important to remember that in both types, the child is not wetting the bed on purpose.   Primary Nocturnal Enuresis This is the most common type of nocturnal enuresis, pediatricians think is caused by several developmental, genetic and hormonal factors acting together.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedwetting (Enuresis)

: Symptoms of bedwetting

In most children with bedwetting, soaked sheets and wet pajamas are all that parents will see. In rare cases caused by a medical illness, such as urinary tract infection or diabetes, there may be other symptoms. It is especially important to watch for such symptoms in an older child who starts wetting the bed after having been dry in the past:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedwetting (Enuresis)

: Diagnosing bedwetting

The doctor will ask about any family history of bedwetting. If one or both parents were affected during childhood, the doctor will want to know the age when a parent's bedwetting stopped. In many cases, a child's bedwetting will stop around the same age.  The doctor will ask about your child's eating and drinking habits, especially about drinking right before bedtime and eating snacks that melt into liquids, such as ice cream or gelatin desserts. In a child who has been dry in the past, your doctor will want to know about any unusual stresses, either at home or at school, that might be triggering the bedwetting.  To rule out medical illnesses and conditions as a cause of your child's bedwetting, the doctor will ask about additional symptoms related to a urinary tract infection or diabetes. The doctor will ask whether there is anything unusual about the way your child urinates, including straining during urination or changes in his or her urine stream.   The doctor will examine your child, paying special attention to your child's belly (abdomen), genital area and lower spine, looking for any physical changes in these areas. The doctor will order a test of your child's urine (urinalysis) to look for signs of a urinary tract infection or diabetes. In most cases, your doctor can make a correct diagnosis based on your child's age, the history of bedwetting, any additional symptoms, and the results of the physical examination and urine test.  If your child has symptoms that suggest a urinary tract infection, diabetes or other problems, additional tests may be needed. Children with primary nocturnal enuresis do not routinely need X-rays or other tests that measure bladder size, shape or function.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedwetting (Enuresis)

: Expected duration of bedwetting

Almost all children stop wetting the bed by the time they reach their mid-teens, even without treatment. By age 15, only one out of 100 children is not completely dry at night.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedwetting (Enuresis)

: Preventing bedwetting

To help your child achieve his or her first dry night, try these suggestions:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedwetting (Enuresis)

: Treating bedwetting

When bedwetting is caused by a medical problem, treatment depends on the specific diagnosis.  If your child has no specific medical problem causing him or her to wet the bed, but has never been dry at night, there are several treatment options: