Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dementia

: Treatment

Sometimes the cause of dementia can be reversed, such as vitamin B12 deficiency or an underactive thyroid. Treating these conditions may improve the dementia. Other reversible factors that can contribute to symptoms include overuse of alcohol and depression. People with vascular dementia may show less mental decline if their blood pressure is controlled, they stop smoking, lower LDL (andquot;bad" cholesterol), exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight. In some people, medications for Alzheimer's may help with behavioral symptoms and perhaps slow down the mental decline. They may delay the need for placement into a nursing home. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne) and rivastigmine (Exelon), can be prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia. Memantine (Namenda) is approved for moderately severe Alzheimer's dementia. These same medications are sometimes used to treat the dementia associated with Lewy body disease. Two new treatments for Alzheimer's disease using monoclonal antibodies directed against brain amyloid beta have been granted accelerated approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They are aducanumab (Aduhelm) and lecanemab-irmb (Leqembi), which may slow and even potentially halt progression of the disease. Depending on the cause of the dementia, several specialists may be involved in care, including neurologists, psychologists, psychiatrists or geriatric doctors. Nurses and social workers play a very important role in care. Here are some easy to implement aspects of care that help ease symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dementia

: Prognosis

The outlook for dementia depends on the cause and can vary by individual. For example, early treatment of dementia caused by a vitamin deficiency can lead to full recovery of memory. If stroke is the cause, the person's memory loss can remain stable for years. Drugs may slow the rate of decline for some people with Alzheimer's disease. In most cases, however, the disorder gradually gets worse. Depending on the cause, the person's age, general health and the availability of treatments, life expectancy can be as short as a few months or as long as 15 to 20 years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dementia

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you or a loved one is having difficulty with any of the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dementia

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/
 
American Geriatrics Society

https://www.americangeriatrics.org/
 
Alzheimer's Association

https://www.alz.org/
 
Alzheimer's Disease & Related Dementias

https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Depression overview

: What is it?

Depression is more than just a passing blue mood, a "bad day," or temporary sadness. The most common symptom is a low mood that can sometimes appear as irritability. Often the person with depression is not able to enjoy activities that he or she normally enjoys. In major depression, people experience profound sadness, a sense of despair, or a loss of enjoyment. The symptoms of major depression are defined as lasting at least two weeks, but usually they go on much longer. Another type of depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder (previously known as dysthymia), has fewer symptoms than an episode of major depression, but lasts much longer (at least two years in adults and at least one year in children and adolescents). Many people with this disorder describe having been depressed as long as they can remember, or feeling as though they go in and out of depression all the time. A variety of symptoms usually accompany the low mood of any type of depression. And the symptoms can vary significantly among different people. Many people with depression also have anxiety. They may worry more than average about their physical health. They may have excessive conflict in their relationships or function poorly at work. Sexual functioning may be a problem. People with depression are also at more risk for abusing alcohol or other substances. Depression probably involves changes in the areas of the brain that control mood. The nerve cells may be functioning poorly in certain regions of the brain. Altered communication between nerve cells or nerve circuits can make it harder for a person's brain to regulate his or her mood. Hormone changes may also negatively affect mood. An individual's life experiences can affect these biological processes. And a person's genetic makeup influences how vulnerable he or she is to experiencing depression. An episode of depression can be triggered by a stressful life event. But in many cases, depression does not appear to be related to a specific event. A major depressive episode may occur within the first year after giving birth to a baby. In that case, it may be called major depressive disorder with peripartum onset. Most people refer to it as postpartum depression. Depression that occurs mainly during the winter months is usually called seasonal affective disorder, or SAD. It also may be called major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern. Episodes of depression can occur at any age. Depression is diagnosed in women twice as often as in men. People who have a family member with major depression are more likely to develop depression or drinking problems.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Depression overview

: Symptoms

A depressed person may gain or lose weight, eat more or less than usual, have difficulty concentrating, and have trouble sleeping or sleep more than usual. He or she may feel tired and have no energy for work or play. Small burdens or obstacles may appear impossible to manage. The person can appear slowed down, or agitated and restless. The symptoms can be quite noticeable to others. A particularly painful symptom of this illness is an unshakable feeling of worthlessness and guilt. The person may feel guilty about a specific life experience, or may feel general guilt not related to anything in particular. If pain and self-criticism become great enough, they can lead to feelings of hopelessness, self-destructive behavior, or thoughts of death and suicide. The vast majority of people who suffer severe depression do not attempt or complete suicide, but they are more likely to do so than people who are not depressed. Symptoms of major depression include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Depression overview

: Diagnosis

A primary care physician or a mental health professional usually can diagnose depression by asking questions about a person's medical history and symptoms. Many people with depression do not seek evaluation or treatment because of society's attitudes about depression. The person may feel the depression is his or her fault or may worry about what others will think. Also, the depression itself may distort a person's ability to recognize the problem. Therefore, family members or friends may need to encourage someone showing symptoms of depression to seek help. There are no specific tests for depression. However, it is important to be evaluated by a primary care physician to make sure the symptoms are not being caused by a medical condition or medication.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Depression overview

: Expected duration

On average, untreated episodes last several months. However, episodes of major depression can last any length of time. Symptoms can also vary in intensity during an episode. If depression is not treated, it can become chronic (long-lasting). Treatment can shorten the length and severity of a depressive episode.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Depression overview

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent major depression, but detecting the first signs of depression early can help, as increasing physical activity, prioritizing sleep, and other lifestyle changes can improve symptoms. Treatment can both reduce symptoms and help to prevent the illness from returning.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Depression overview

: Antidepressants and suicide risk

Since 2004, the FDA has required manufacturers of antidepressants to include a so-called "black box warning" on their product labeling. The warning is intended to address the concern that antidepressants may increase the risk of suicide in children, adolescents, and young adults. This problem has remained a focus of research, but the evidence surrounding it remains hard to interpret. A small number of young people taking these medications probably do have an unusual reaction and end up feeling much worse, rather than better. Any medication that affects mood can have an unexpected negative effect in some people. However, some experts worry that this warning has had too much of a chilling effect on the use of antidepressants for treatment. It is potentially dangerous for both doctors and patients to be too cautious about using a helpful intervention. When depression goes untreated, the risk of suicide goes up. Paradoxically, it is possible that the labeling puts more people at risk for suicide if it means that some people do not receive the treatment they need. Therefore, independent of this debate, it is always important to monitor your treatment closely. No matter what age you are or what treatment you're getting, report any troubling symptoms or worsening mood to your doctor immediately.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Depression overview

: When to call a professional

Depression is a painful and potentially dangerous, but treatable, illness. You should contact a health care professional if you have any suspicion that you or a loved one is depressed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Depression overview

: Prognosis

Treatment of depression has become quite sophisticated and effective. The prognosis for treated depression is excellent. With treatment, the intensity of symptoms and the frequency of episodes often are significantly reduced. Many people recover completely. When treatment is successful, it is still important to stay in close touch with your doctor or therapist, because maintenance treatment is often required to prevent depression from returning.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Depression overview

: Additional info

National Institute of Mental Health

www.nimh.nih.gov/
 
American Psychiatric Association

www.psychiatry.org
 
American Psychological Association

www.apa.org/
 
Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA)

www.dbsalliance.org/
 
National Alliance on Mental Illness

www.nami.org/
 
Mental Health America

www.mentalhealthamerica.net
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Dermatofibroma

: What Is It?

Dermatofibromas are small, noncancerous (benign) skin growths that can develop anywhere on the body but most often appear on the lower legs, upper arms or upper back. These nodules are common in adults but are rare in children. They can be pink, gray, red or brown in color and may change color over the years. They are firm and often feel like a stone under the skin. When pinched from the sides, the top of the growth may dimple inward.  Dermatofibromas are usually painless, but some people experience tenderness or itching. Most often, a single nodule develops, but some people can develop many dermatofibromas. They rarely grow larger than a half-inch in diameter. The cause of dermatofibromas is unknown.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Detached Retina

: What Is It?

The retina is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that converts light images into nerve impulses that are relayed to the brain to produce sight. When the retina separates from the deeper layers of the eyeball that normally support and nourish it, the retina is said to be detached. Without this nourishment and support, the retina does not function properly, and this can cause a variety of visual symptoms. For example, if the retina detaches near the macula, the part of the eye that is responsible for the center of the visual field (reading for instance), then there may be a sudden, significant blurring or loss of vision. However, if the area of detachment is closer to the outer edges of the retina, then the visual loss may be more like a curtain being drawn over one side of the visual field (the "curtain effect"). Other symptoms of retinal detachment may include floating shapes in the field of vision or brief flashes of light. Although there are several types of retinal detachment, the most common one starts when a tear or hole develops in the retina, and some of the gel-like substance that fills the inside of the eye (vitreous fluid) leaks through the opening. Eventually, the leaking vitreous fluid gets behind the retina, separating the retina from other layers of the eye.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip 

: What Is It?

In a normal hip joint, the rounded top of the thigh bone (femur) fits into a cup-shaped socket in the pelvis called the acetabulum. This type of joint is called a ball-and-socket joint.   In developmental dysplasia of the hip, the top of the femur moves in and out of the socket either part way or all the way. When it moves all the way out of the socket, it is called a dislocation. This happens when the ligaments that hold the two bones together are very loose or because the cup-shaped socket is not deep enough.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Deviated septum

: What is it?

The nasal septum is the wall between the left and right sides of the nose. It is firm, but bendable, and it is covered by skin that has a rich supply of blood vessels. Ideally, the nasal septum should lie exactly in the center, so that the left and right sides of the nose are of equal size. In about 80% of us, however, the nasal septum is a little off-center, although most of us never notice. Less often, the septum is more dramatically off-center. This is called a deviated septum. In people who have a deviated septum, one side of the nose is wider than normal and one is narrower. This alters the pattern of airflow in the nose and sometimes blocks the narrowed side. In some cases, sinus openings can be blocked, triggering a sinus infection (sinusitis) that lasts a long time or keeps returning. The altered airflow pattern within the nose can cause the skin of the nasal septum to become dry and cracked, which can cause frequent nosebleeds. Some people are born with a deviated septum because the nose developed that way before birth. A deviated septum can also be caused by injury to the nose during birth. Later in life, a deviated septum can be caused by trauma, although adults and teenagers often cannot remember the injury that caused the problem. In most cases, however, it was probably a blow to one side of the nose — often during contact sports, playground games, or a traffic accident — that knocked the nasal septum out of position.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Deviated septum

: Symptoms

Symptoms of a deviated septum can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Deviated septum

: Diagnosis

After reviewing your symptoms, the doctor will ask you whether you have ever broken or severely injured your nose and whether you have ever had nasal surgery. Your doctor will look at your nose and the position of your nasal septum. Your doctor will use a bright light and a nasal speculum (an instrument that gently spreads open your nostril) to inspect the inside surface of each nostril. The lining tissues of the nose may be temporarily shrunken by use of Afrin or Neo-Synephrine nasal spray to get a better look at the entire septum. Sometimes a fiberoptic scope will be inserted in the nose to look at the posterior septum directly. In most cases, you will not need any special tests. If your deviated septum is causing troublesome nosebleeds, repeated sinus infections or other significant problems, then your primary care doctor will refer you to an otolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat specialist) or plastic surgeon for treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Deviated septum

: Expected duration

A person with a mildly deviated septum may have symptoms only during an upper respiratory tract infection. Someone with a more severe deviation may develop chronic sinusitis or recurring nosebleeds that will last until the problem is corrected surgically.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Deviated septum

: Prevention

You can help to prevent a deviated septum by avoiding injury to your nose. To do this, wear seat belts and shoulder harnesses whenever you ride in a car and wear well-fitting headgear to protect your face during contact sports, such as football or karate.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Deviated septum

: Treatment

If you have a deviated septum, talk with your doctor about the need for a type of surgery called septoplasty. In this procedure, the surgeon will move your septum to a normal position. In some cases, the surgeon also will reshape the external appearance of your nose in a procedure called rhinoplasty. When the two procedures are done at the same time, the surgery is called a septorhinoplasty.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Deviated septum

: When to call a professional

If your child has a deviated septum, the doctor may wait until your child's nose has finished growing before doing surgery. In most cases, this is not until age 15 or 16. Boys usually need to wait a little longer than girls because they finish growing a little later. If your child has a deviated septum, the doctor may wait until your child's nose has finished growing before doing surgery. In most cases, this is not until age 15 or 16. Boys usually need to wait a little longer than girls because they finish growing a little later.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Deviated septum

: Prognosis

In the most cases, surgery is successful. However, a small percentage of patients choose to have a second surgery for cosmetic reasons or to improve airflow.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Deviated septum

: Additional info

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/
 
American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery

https://www.entnet.org/
 
American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology

https://www.aaomr.org/
 
American Society of Plastic Surgeons

https://www.plasticsurgery.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetes mellitus overview

: Symptoms

Diabetes initially might not cause any symptoms. It can sometimes be caught early with a routine blood test before a person develops symptoms. When diabetes does cause symptoms, they may include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetes mellitus overview

: Diagnosis

Diabetes is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the level of glucose in the blood.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetes mellitus overview

: Expected duration

Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong illness. Usually, type 2 diabetes is also lifelong. However, people with type 2 diabetes can sometimes restore their blood sugar levels to normal just by eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and losing weight. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after childbirth. However, women with gestational diabetes are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life. In people with diabetes, aging and episodic illnesses can cause the body's insulin resistance to increase. As a result, additional treatment typically is required over time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetes mellitus overview

: Prevention

Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented. You can decrease your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. If a close relative — particularly, a parent or sibling — has type 2 diabetes, or if your blood glucose test shows prediabetes (defined as blood glucose levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL), you are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. You can help to prevent type 2 diabetes by
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetes mellitus overview

: Treatment

Type 1 diabetes is always treated with insulin injections. In most cases, type 2 diabetes treatment begins with weight reduction through diet and exercise. A healthy diet for a person with diabetes is low in total calories, free of trans fats and nutritionally balanced, with abundant amounts of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and monounsaturated fats. Most people with type 2 diabetes need drug therapy to control blood sugar. However, it is possible to achieve normal blood sugar levels with weight loss, a healthy diet and regular exercise. Even if medications are required, diet and exercise remain important for controlling diabetes. The medications used for type 2 diabetes include pills and injections. They work in many different ways. They include medications that:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetes mellitus overview

: When to call a professional

If you have diabetes, see your doctor regularly. People with high blood sugar levels have a higher risk of dehydration. Contact your doctor immediately if you develop vomiting or diarrhea and are not able to drink enough fluids. Monitor your blood sugar as advised by your health care team. Report any significant deviations in blood sugar levels.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetes mellitus overview

: Prognosis

The prognosis in people with diabetes varies. It depends on how well an individual modifies his or her risk of complications. If blood sugar is not well controlled, it can increase a person's risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease, which can result in premature death. Disability due to blindness, amputation, heart disease, stroke, and nerve damage may occur. Some people with diabetes become dependent on dialysis treatments because of kidney failure.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetes mellitus overview

: Additional info

American Diabetes Association

www.diabetes.org/
 
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

www.eatright.org
 
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic ketoacidosis

: Symptoms

Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic ketoacidosis

: Diagnosis

People with diabetic ketoacidosis are always treated in a hospital. Your doctor will test your blood for levels of glucose, ketones, and electrolytes such as sodium and potassium. If you have been taking your insulin without missed doses, your doctor will want to determine if you have an infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic ketoacidosis

: Expected duration

Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis can develop over a period of a few hours, and treatment results in rapid recovery. Commonly, people who develop ketoacidosis will remain in the hospital for one to three days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Diabetic ketoacidosis

: Prevention

If you have type 1 diabetes, you usually can prevent diabetic ketoacidosis by following the insulin regimen and diet prescribed by your doctor and by testing your blood glucose regularly. If your body is stressed by an infection, ketoacidosis can develop within hours, and you may not be able to prevent it. It is important for you to check your blood sugar more frequently during an infection, so you can adjust your treatment. It is also important for you to recognize that vomiting and abdominal pain may be signs of ketoacidosis, so that you can get medical help quickly. To help make sure that you receive proper emergency treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis if you are away from home, wear a medical identification necklace or bracelet that identifies you as a diabetic. This will help emergency personnel to recognize your problem quickly if you are among strangers and you are too sick to speak for yourself.