Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute pancreatitis

: Preventing acute pancreatitis

Avoiding heavy alcohol use will help to prevent pancreatitis. Anyone who already has had one episode of pancreatitis caused by alcohol should stop drinking entirely. This is crucial to prevent the condition from coming back or becoming chronic. Most first episodes of acute pancreatitis that are not related to alcohol use cannot be prevented. However, taking steps to prevent gallstones may help to prevent gallstone-related acute pancreatitis. To help prevent gallstones, maintain a normal weight and avoid rapid weight loss. If the cause is gallstones, gallbladder surgery will usually be recommended to prevent future attacks. When a medication is the likely cause, it will be stopped if possible.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute pancreatitis

: Treating acute pancreatitis

If you suspect you have acute pancreatitis, you need to seek urgent medical care. Most people who develop pancreatitis are admitted to the hospital. They are treated with pain relievers and intravenous fluids. You will usually be able to start taking clear liquids once the pain is controlled and you are not vomiting. In most cases, nothing can be done to speed healing or shorten an episode. If the episode is prolonged, and a patient cannot eat for longer than a week, nutrition may be given intravenously. If the damaged pancreas becomes infected with bacteria, antibiotics may be prescribed, but only if the damaged pancreas becomes infected with bacteria. If you have an attack of pancreatitis caused by gallstones, you may need to have an ERCP. During the test, the doctor may make a tiny cut into the opening of the bile duct to treat current or future blockage. You will likely be advised to have your gallbladder removed, often before leaving the hospital. Surgery also may be needed to
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute pancreatitis

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor or go to the nearest hospital emergency room if you have
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute pancreatitis

: Prognosis

In most cases, acute pancreatitis goes away on its own after a couple of days. There are usually no complications or further problems. A small percentage of patients develop complications. These may include a pseudocyst or abscess in the pancreas. They may require monitoring or additional treatment. Pancreatitis caused by heavy drinking is likely to come back if drinking continues. Over time, permanent damage may be done to the pancreas. A chronic form of the disease may develop.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute pancreatitis

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Prostatitis

: What is acute prostatitis?

The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that sits below the bladder in men. This gland makes fluid that mixes with sperm to form semen. Because the prostate surrounds the urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body from the bladder), conditions that cause the prostate to swell or enlarge may press on the urethra and cause pain or problems with urination.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Prostatitis

: Symptoms of acute prostatitis

Typical symptoms of acute prostatitis include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Prostatitis

: Diagnosing acute prostatitis

Your doctor will examine your prostate by gently inserting a finger into your rectum. When the prostate is infected, it usually feels swollen. When slight pressure is put on the gland, you may experience pain or a severe need to urinate. Your doctor also will do a general exam to make sure that infection has not spread to other organs, such as the kidneys.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Prostatitis

: Expected duration of acute prostatitis

If treated promptly, the symptoms of prostatitis usually begin to improve within 24 to 48 hours. In more severe cases, symptoms of infection may linger for more than a week.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Prostatitis

: Preventing acute prostatitis

Most cases of prostatitis cannot be prevented. However, if an infection is caught early, it is more likely to respond quickly to treatment. In addition, some cases of prostatitis are caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Many of these infections can be prevented by practicing safe sex.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Prostatitis

: Treating acute prostatitis

Acute prostatitis is treated with antibiotics. In severe cases, antibiotics will be given intravenously (into a vein). In less severe cases, antibiotics can be taken orally. Because it is difficult for antibiotics to get from the bloodstream into the prostate, these medications often are prescribed for three or more weeks.  If you are severely ill with prostatitis, your doctor may admit you to a hospital to give you intravenous antibiotics and make sure your vital signs remain stable. Usually, a stay of only a few days is needed. If the prostate is very swollen, it may be necessary to insert a catheter to allow urine to drain. This catheter may need to be left in place for up to a week, but as the infection comes under control, you should be able to urinate normally again.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Prostatitis

: When To Call a Professional

Call a health care professional if you develop:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute Prostatitis

: Prognosis

Most cases of acute prostatitis respond promptly to treatment. Your doctor may recommend a prolonged course of antibiotics. Even if you start to feel better, it is important to complete the full treatment. Symptoms of irritation or hesitancy as you pass urine may linger for a while, but eventually should go away completely.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute sinusitis

: What is acute sinusitis?

Sinuses are air-filled spaces behind the bones of the upper face: between the eyes and behind the forehead, nose and cheeks. The lining of the sinuses are made up of cells with tiny hairs on their surfaces called cilia.  Other cells in the lining produce mucus.  The mucus traps germs and pollutants and the cilia push the mucus out through narrow sinus openings into the nose. When the sinuses become inflamed or infected, the mucus thickens and clogs the openings to one or more sinuses. Fluid builds up inside the sinuses causing increased pressure. Also bacteria can become trapped, multiply and infect the lining. This is sinusitis. 

 Sinusitis is can be chronic (long-lasting or frequently returning) or acute. Acute sinusitis lasts three weeks or less and the person should have no more than three episodes per year. Acute sinusitis is extremely common. It usually is caused by an upper respiratory viral infection. 

 The inflammation and swelling of the lining of the sinuses can be triggered by
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute sinusitis

: Symptoms of acute sinusitis

Common symptoms of acute sinusitis include nasal congestion, thick green nasal discharge, fever, headache, tiredness and facial pain. Some symptoms depend on which sinus is inflamed. For example:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute sinusitis

: Diagnosing sinusitis

A sinus infection can be difficult to diagnose in the early stages because it can mimic a common cold. Both can cause nasal congestion and fatigue. However, a common cold usually will improve in five to seven days, while an untreated sinus infection can last three weeks or longer. Sinus infections also are more likely to cause a green nasal discharge, fever and facial pain. Your doctor will diagnose acute sinusitis based on your symptoms, medical history and a simple office examination. The doctor will ask about your symptoms and how long they last, look into your ears, nose and throat, and may tap or press on your face to test for tenderness over specific sinuses. If your doctor is uncertain of your diagnosis, he or she may use other methods to see inside the sinuses. Some physicians may insert a nasopharyngoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) into your nose to look for abnormalities. X-rays and computed tomography scans (CT) also can provide a look at the sinuses, especially those that are deep within the head.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute sinusitis

: Expected duration of acute sinusitis

By definition, acute sinus infections resolve within three weeks. Infections that last longer than three weeks are considered chronic sinusitis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute sinusitis

: Preventing acute sinusitis

There are some measures you can take to decrease your risk of developing sinusitis. If you smoke cigarettes, you should quit. The smoke can irritate nasal passageways and increase the likelihood of infection. Nasal allergies can trigger sinus infections, too. By identifying the allergen (the substance causing the allergic reaction) and avoiding it, you can help prevent sinusitis. If you have congestion from a cold or allergies, the following may help to reduce the risk of developing sinusitis:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute sinusitis

: Treating acute sinusitis

Many sinus infections improve without treatment. However, several medications may speed recovery and reduce the chance that an infection will become chronic. Decongestants — Congestion often triggers sinus infections, and decongestants can open the sinuses and allow them to drain. Several are available:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute sinusitis

: When to call a professional

Contact a doctor if you experience facial pain along with a headache and fever, cold symptoms that last longer than seven to 10 days, or persistent green discharge from the nose. If your symptoms don't improve within a week of beginning treatment, call your doctor. Call sooner if symptoms are getting worse. If you have repeated bouts of acute sinusitis, you may have allergies or another treatable cause of sinus congestion. Ask your doctor for advice.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute sinusitis

: Prognosis

The prognosis for acute sinusitis is very good. Most cases will go away within one to two weeks, often without antibiotics.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Acute sinusitis

: Additional info

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) 

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/
 
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI)

https://www.aaaai.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Adenocarcinoma of the lung

: What Is It?

Adenocarcinoma of the lung is a type of non-small cell lung cancer. It occurs when abnormal lung cells multiply out of control and form a tumor. Eventually, tumor cells can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body including the
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Adrenocortical Carcinoma

: What is adrenocortical carcinoma?

Adrenocortical carcinoma is a cancer of the adrenal gland. The condition is also called cancer of the adrenal cortex, adrenal cortical cancer, or adrenocortical cancer. This cancer is very rare. The adrenal gland is a small organ above the kidney. It makes important hormones. There are two adrenal glands in the body. One sits on top of each kidney. Adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system. Your endocrine system helps regulate body activities.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)

: What are age spots?

As you age, years of being in the sun start to add up. Age spots (also called liver spots or solar lentigo) are collections of pigment caused by exposure to the sun. Pigment is deposited as a response to injury, just like a scar is a response to a cut. The pigment collects in areas injured because of thin skin or greater sun exposure. Age spots also can be caused by bruising that leaves blood pigment behind. They are most common in people older than 55. The spots commonly appear on the hands, but they can be almost anywhere, especially sun-exposed areas, such as the face, back, arms, feet and shoulders.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)

: Symptoms of age spots

The only symptom is the appearance of darkened spots on the skin. They do not itch and are not painful.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)

: Diagnosing age spots

You can diagnose age spots yourself by their appearance. If you are concerned about changes in your skin, contact your doctor. He or she can do tests to rule out other diseases.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)

: Expected duration of age spots

Most age spots fade over time but probably will not disappear because the skin has been damaged.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)

: Preventing age spots

By limiting your sun exposure, you can decrease the possibility of age spots. Sun exposure before the age of 20 is the major factor that determines how your skin will look in later life. If you already have age spots, limiting your exposure to the sun can help prevent them from enlarging or darkening. To protect your skin from the sun, wear long-sleeved shirts, pants and a hat. Use sunscreen if you will be outside for more than a few minutes. Avoid being in the sun during midday (10 a.m. to 3 p.m.), when the sun's rays are the most intense.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)

: Treating age spots

Age spots do not need to be treated. If you want cosmetic therapy, a dermatologist may be able to prescribe medication to lighten the spots or offer some other form of therapy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)

: When to call a professional

If you are concerned about changes in your skin, contact your doctor. He or she can rule out cancer or other underlying medical conditions.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)

: Prognosis

Age spots are not harmful.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)

: Additional info

American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Aging overview

: What is aging?

We all know the obvious signs of aging: wrinkles, gray hair, a slightly stooped posture, perhaps some "senior moments" of forgetfulness. But why do those things happen? What is aging? Each of us is made up of cells — 13 trillion of them. Our tissues and organs are each a bunch of cells, held together with various natural materials that the cells have made. From the moment of conception, each of our cells — and, hence, our tissues and organs — begins a process of aging. Early in life, of course, we still are growing, and expanding the number of cells that we have. The cells are aging, but so slightly that we can't see it: we just see the body growing and developing. At some point in life, often in the 30's, the tell-tale signs of aging begin to be apparent. They can be seen in everything from our vital signs (like blood pressure) to our skin, to our bone and joints, to our cardiovascular, digestive, and nervous systems, and beyond. Some aging changes begin early in life. For example, your metabolism starts to gradually decline beginning at about age 20. Changes in your hearing, on the other hand, do not usually begin until age 50 or later. We do not yet fully understand the complex interplay of factors that cause us to age as we do. We know that many different things affect aging: genetics, diet, exercise, illness, and a host of other factors, all of which contribute to the aging process. A series of remarkable biological research studies since the 1990s have identified genes that can profoundly influence the rate at which cells, and animals, age. The good news from these studies is that biological changes that extend life also seem to extend vitality: animals that live longer remain quite healthy for most of their lengthened life. None of these discoveries is close to providing a "fountain of youth" for humans, but some scientists believe that research breakthroughs regarding aging in the 21st century will lead to the development of drugs that can extend human life and simultaneously improve human health. If that happens, of course, it will only be a good thing if the world finds room, work and resources for all the additional people. Following are examples of how aging affects some of our major body systems. 
Cells, organs, and tissues:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Aging overview

: Symptoms of aging

We each age at different rates, and to different degrees, and yet we experience many common effects of aging. Some common signs and symptoms of aging include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Aging overview

: Diagnosing aging

Although the body and mind go through many natural changes as we age, not all changes are normal. There are many misconceptions about what is a normal part of aging. Senility, for example, is not a natural consequence of getting old, though many people believe that it is. It is important to talk to your physician about any changes you are experiencing. Your doctor can help you differentiate between what is a normal part of aging, and what is not. If necessary, your doctor may refer you to a specialist.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Aging overview

: Expected duration of aging

Aging is a continuous, progressive process that continues until the end of life.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Aging overview

: Preventing aging

We cannot change our genes, and we cannot stop the passage of time. However, through lifestyle changes, we can reduce our risk for some of the diseases and conditions that become more likely as we age. We can also prevent diseases with screening tests and immunizations. Screening tests. Screening tests can detect diseases at early, and potentially curative, stages. However, the potential benefits of screening tests and procedures decline as you get older. Indeed, screening tests can sometimes lead to harm.  For example, if the test is falsely positive — if it indicates that a person may have a disease even when he doesn't — additional, more risky, and unnecessary, testing may be ordered. Work with your doctor to determine whether you should have a particular screening test. For example, a screening test for a particular disease may not be necessary if your risk of getting that disease is very low in the first place. Or if you know you would not accept treatment for a particular disease, if it was discovered by a screening test, then it might not be worth getting the test in the first place. Or if it would not extend or enhance your life to discover and treat a particular disease, then it would not be worth doing a screening test for the disease. Only your health care provider and you can determine whether screening tests are worthwhile. Immunizations. The most commonly recommended vaccines for adults include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Aging overview

: Treating aging

As you age, it is important to think about not only how long you will live, but how well you will live. The following strategies can help you maintain and perhaps even enhance your quality of life as you age.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Aging overview

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you notice any changes that are not a normal part of aging. For example, although some occasional forgetfulness and slowing of thought are not uncommon, delirium, dementia, and severe memory loss are not a normal part of aging, and should be reported to your doctor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Aging overview

: Prognosis

Although aging is inevitable, you can take steps to reduce your risk of disease and maintain your quality of life as you get older.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Aging overview

: Additional info

American Geriatrics Society Foundation for Health in Aging

https://www.healthinaging.org
 
National Institute on Aging

https://www.nia.nih.gov
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Alcohol Use Disorder (Alcoholism)

: What is alcohol use disorder?

In an alcohol use disorder (AUD, commonly called alcoholism), excessive alcohol use causes symptoms affecting the body, thoughts and behavior. A hallmark of the disorder is that the person continues to drink despite the problems that alcohol causes. There is no absolute number of drinks per day or quantity of alcohol that defines an alcohol use disorder, but above a certain level, the risks of drinking increase significantly. Here are some defining characteristics of alcohol dependence:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Alcohol Withdrawal

: What is alcohol withdrawal?

Alcohol withdrawal is the changes the body goes through when a person suddenly stops drinking after prolonged and heavy alcohol use. Symptoms include trembling (shakes), insomnia, anxiety, and other physical and mental symptoms. Alcohol has a slowing effect (also called a sedating effect or depressant effect) on the brain. In a heavy, long-term drinker, the brain is almost continually exposed to the depressant effect of alcohol. Over time, the brain adjusts its own chemistry to compensate for the effect of the alcohol. It does this by producing naturally stimulating chemicals (such as serotonin or norepinephrine, which is a relative of adrenaline) in larger quantities than normal.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Allergy Shots (Allergen Immunotherapy)

: What are allergy shots?

Allergy shots are a treatment that can help to prevent or minimize allergic reactions. They are personalized to each patient—the shots are only useful when specific allergy triggers have been identified. Allergy shots are received on a schedule, over a period of several years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Allergy Shots (Allergen Immunotherapy)

: What allergy shots are used for

Common allergic symptoms are sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes or asthma attacks. Allergy symptoms are caused by your body's reaction to a substance (allergen) that is inhaled, touched or eaten. Allergens cause no symptoms in a non-allergic person, but in an allergic person who is sensitized to that antigen, an immune reaction against the allergen causes symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Alopecia areata

: What is alopecia areata?

Alopecia areata is a skin disorder that causes hair loss, usually in patches, most often on the scalp. Usually, the bald patches appear suddenly and affect only a limited area. The hair grows back within 12 months or less. For some people, however, the problem can last longer and be more severe, causing total baldness (alopecia totalis) or total loss of body hair (alopecia universalis). The cause of alopecia areata is probably an autoimmune reaction. This means the body's immune system incorrectly attacks the body's own cells. In the case of alopecia areata, the cells under attack are in the hair follicles (structures that grow hair), especially follicles within the scalp. Genetic (inherited) factors may play a role, too, particularly when the disorder strikes those under age 30. Almost 40% of people younger than age 30 with alopecia areata have at least one family member who has been diagnosed with the same disorder. The risk of developing alopecia areata is unusually high in people who have asthma, hay fever, thyroid disease, vitiligo (a condition in which patches of skin lose their color), pernicious anemia and Down syndrome. Although experts once believed episodes of alopecia areata could be triggered by stress, newer research has failed to prove that stress is a factor. About 60% of people with alopecia areata experience the first episode of hair loss before age 20. It is usually followed by hair regrowth. However, it's common for the problem to come back. New bald patches can develop at the same time older ones are regrowing hair.