Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impotence (Erectile Dysfunction)

: Treatment

There are many effective treatments for impotence. The most popular is a class of drugs called phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. These include sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), tadalafil (Cialis) and avanafil (STENDRA). These drugs are taken in pill form. They work in most men. But they are less effective in men with neurological causes of impotence.   The PDE5 drugs are generally safe. But always review the risks with your doctor. PDE5 drugs can interact with other medications and cause dangerously low blood pressure. For example, you should not take PDE5 drugs if you use nitroglycerin or other nitrate medications.   The most worrisome side effects are sudden onset of vision or hearing loss. This occurs very rarely but requires immediate medical attention. PDE5 drugs can cause other side effects, such as flushing and headache.   If PDE5 drugs don't work or cannot be used because of potential side effects, your doctor can recommend other therapies. The drug alprostadil (Caverject, Edex, Muse) allows blood to flow more freely in the penis, leading to an erection. The drug can be injected with a tiny needle into your penis. Or, a small pellet (suppository) can be inserted into the opening of the penis. Suppositories and injections are effective in the majority of men.   Taking extra testosterone will not improve ED. For men who have abnormally low levels of the hormone, testosterone replacement may enhance sexual desire.  Psychological therapy can be effective in men whose impotence is caused primarily by psychological factors. This might include counseling, behavioral therapy or couples' therapy.   Men who do not benefit from medical or psychological treatment often have success with mechanical or prosthetic devices. External products, known as vacuum erection devices, are safe and highly effective. But many men and their partners find them unappealing.   Another option is a surgically placed penile implant. Only a small number of men with impotence choose this option.   Vascular (blood vessel) surgery sometimes is recommended for young, healthy men who develop impotence after trauma to the groin.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impotence (Erectile Dysfunction)

: When To Call A Professional

Speak to your doctor if you have trouble getting or keeping an erection over three months or more.   Impotence caused by psychological factors may get better on its own. But treatment is needed if the problem is caused by a physical factor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Impotence (Erectile Dysfunction)

: Prognosis

In general, the outlook for men with impotence is excellent.   Most cases of impotence have medical causes that cannot be cured. Still, many treatment options will help restore sexual function.   Several causes of impotence can be cured. These include impotence caused by psychological problems, hormonal disorders and traumatic injury to the penile arteries.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Infectious Mononucleosis

: What Is It?

Infectious mononucleosis is an illness caused by a viral infection. It is commonly called mononucleosis, or "mono." Mononucleosis is most often caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. In some cases, it is caused by other viruses.  Mononucleosis has been nicknamed the "kissing disease." This is because Epstein-Barr virus commonly is transmitted during kissing. However, sneezes and coughs also can transmit the virus.   Once a person is infected with Epstein-Barr virus, the virus remains in that person's body for the rest of his life. Mononucleosis typically occurs when a person first is infected with Epstein-Barr virus. But infection with Epstein-Barr virus does not always cause mononucleosis. It often causes only a mild illness or no illness at all.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Infectious Mononucleosis

: Symptoms

The first symptoms of mononucleosis typically include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Infectious Mononucleosis

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask you about your medical history and current symptoms. He or she will want to know about recent exposure to anyone with mononucleosis or mono-like symptoms. During a physical exam, your doctor will look for signs of mononucleosis. These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Infectious Mononucleosis

: Expected Duration

Symptoms usually are most intense during the first two to four weeks of the illness. But some symptoms, especially fatigue, can last for several months or longer.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Infectious Mononucleosis

: Prevention

This disease is most contagious during its acute stage. This is when the affected person still has a fever.  Someone with mononucleosis does not need to be kept isolated from others. However, many doctors recommend that the patient avoid kissing others while he or she is feeling ill. This helps to help prevent the spread of the infection.   Some authorities also advise avoiding sharing food, drinks or eating utensils during the first few weeks of the illness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Infectious Mononucleosis

: Treatment

There is no medical cure for mononucleosis. It usually goes away on its own.   Most treatment focuses on making the person more comfortable. Recovery usually calls for getting plenty of rest and fluids and treating symptoms.   Cold drinks, frozen desserts and gargling with salt water can help to relieve minor sore throat pain.   Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or acetaminophen (Tylenol) can be taken to fight fever and body aches.  Prednisone can shrink tonsils when they have become so swollen that it is hard to breathe.   It is important to protect the spleen from rupture. Avoid strenuous activities, especially contact sports, for at least four weeks, and until your doctor finds that your spleen no longer is enlarged.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Infectious Mononucleosis

: When To Call a Professional

Call your doctor if you develop the symptoms of mononucleosis. If you have been diagnosed with mononucleosis, contact your doctor immediately if:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Infectious Mononucleosis

: Prognosis

Most patients with mononucleosis recover completely. Some people with the illness develop strep throat. This is a bacterial infection that needs to be treated with antibiotics.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ingrown Toenail

: What Is It?

An ingrown toenail is a toenail with an edge that pushes into the skin and soft tissue at the side of the nail. This causes redness, swelling and pain, and can lead to infection. Symptoms can be worse when you are wearing a shoe, which puts pressure on the nail. The nail on the big toe becomes ingrown more often than other toenails. Ingrown toenails can be caused by cutting toenails improperly, by wearing shoes that fit poorly or by injuring the nail bed. Ingrown toenails also can run in the family.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ingrown Toenail

: Symptoms

The most common symptom of an ingrown toenail is pain, especially if the area becomes infected. The surrounding skin might be deep pink and release a discharge or pus, or it might appear raw with a red moist lump overlapping the nail edge.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ingrown Toenail

: Diagnosis

Your doctor can diagnose an ingrown toenail by examining the area.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ingrown Toenail

: Expected Duration

Ingrown toenails sometimes correct themselves as they grow out, but more advanced cases may need to be corrected with surgery.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ingrown Toenail

: Prevention

You can do several things to prevent ingrown toenails from forming:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ingrown Toenail

: Treatment

In the early stages of an ingrown toenail, soak your foot in warm water containing antibacterial soap or a few tablespoons of salt. Dry your foot and apply an over-the-counter hydrocortisone or antibiotic ointment and a clean dressing for one to two weeks. Do not cut your nail. As much as possible, wear open-toed or loose-fitting shoes. When the nail grows out, cut it straight across. If you are not making any progress, your doctor can prescribe a stronger prescription strength corticosteroid ointment to apply to the nail fold. More advanced ingrown toenails require the attention of a health care professional. If the nail is not deeply ingrown, the edge of the nail can be lifted from the skin edge that it is irritating. There are multiple ways to help stop the nail from growing into the nail fold. For example, a small piece of clean cotton can be used to prop the nail's corner up and over the skin edge until the skin heals. Your doctor may cut open infected areas with a blade or a needle to allow the pus to drain.   For a more deeply ingrown nail, your doctor may numb your toe with local anesthetic and then remove a vertical strip of nail from the affected side of your toe. After this piece of nail is removed, the nail has a chance to regrow without an ingrown edge. If you continue to get an ingrown toenail, your doctor might also treat the cuticle with a medicine called phenol. Phenol will prevent that area of your cuticle from producing new nail, so your toenail will be narrower than it was previously.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ingrown Toenail

: When To Call a Professional

Contact your doctor or foot care specialist if ingrown nail symptoms do not go away on their own in a reasonable period, if you are in pain or if you notice an infection. If you have diabetes or another health problem that affects your circulation, contact your doctor for treatment of your ingrown nail even if your symptoms are mild.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ingrown Toenail

: Prognosis

Once you learn the proper technique for cutting your nails, you may never have another ingrown toenail. If you need to have a vertical strip of your toenail removed, this side of your nail will take several months to replace itself. Usually, the new nail will not be an ingrown nail.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Inguinal Hernia

: What Is It?

When part of an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening or in an abnormal way, this is called a hernia. A groin (inguinal) hernia occurs when part of the intestine bulges through a weak spot in the abdominal wall at the inguinal canal. The inguinal canal is a passageway through the abdominal wall near the groin. Inguinal hernias are up to 10 times more common in men than in women. About one in four men develop a hernia at some point in life. There are two types of inguinal hernias:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Insomnia

: What Is It?

Insomnia is difficulty getting enough sleep or trouble sleeping without interruption. You may have difficulty falling asleep, may wake up too early, or may wake up periodically during the night. Insomnia of any kind can keep you from feeling rested and refreshed during the day.   Almost all of us have episodes of insomnia at some time, but insomnia is not a short-term problem for everyone. Insomnia is classified as chronic when it happens almost every night for at least one month. Insomnia can be related to a medical or psychiatric illness, can be caused by mental stress or excitement, or can be caused by your daytime and bedtime habits.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Interstitial Cystitis

: What Is It?

Interstitial cystitis is a puzzling bladder condition, in which the bladder wall becomes irritated or inflamed, causing pain and frequent or painful urination.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Interstitial Cystitis

: Symptoms

Interstitial cystitis may cause:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Interstitial Cystitis

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask you about your urine (urine color, odor, presence of blood), symptoms during urination, any pain you are having, and if you are having fever, nausea or vomiting. Your answers to these questions will provide clues about other possible causes of your symptoms, such as a bladder or kidney infection.   Next, your doctor will examine you and will collect urine from you for laboratory tests that check for signs of infection and infection-causing bacteria. Women usually will need a pelvic exam and men will need a digital rectal exam to check the prostate gland.   There is no one sign or test that can tell you immediately if you have interstitial cystitis. Usually, doctors diagnose the condition after a person has had persistent symptoms and no other cause has been found.  Your doctor probably will refer you to a urologist to help make the diagnosis. He or she will do a test called cystoscopy to look for indications that you have interstitial cystitis and make sure there are no other causes of your symptoms.   During cystoscopy, the urologist uses a small tube like instrument to look inside your bladder and examine its inner lining. In a test called a biopsy a small sample of tissue may be taken from your bladder wall to be examined in a laboratory to look for signs of inflammation and to check for other illnesses, including cancer. During the cystoscopy, your urologist may test your bladder's maximum capacity by filling it with sterile water. This is to determine whether interstitial cystitis has reduced your bladder's ability to hold urine.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Interstitial Cystitis

: Expected Duration

How long interstitial cystitis lasts varies. In some people, it is a chronic condition that lasts for many years, while in others, it disappears suddenly. When the condition disappears suddenly, symptoms may return suddenly, even years after the first illness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Interstitial Cystitis

: Prevention

Since doctors do not know the cause of interstitial cystitis, there is no way to prevent it.  In people who already have been diagnosed with interstitial cystitis, symptoms may be less likely to flare up if the patient quits smoking cigarettes; avoids drinking beverages containing alcohol, caffeine or citrus juice; and avoids eating chocolate, spices or high-acid foods, such as tomatoes and citrus fruits.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Interstitial Cystitis

: Treatment

The goal of treatment is to reduce symptoms. No one therapy is so successful that it should always be tried first. Often a person with interstitial cystitis needs to try several therapies before finding the right combination. The symptoms of interstitial cystitis may go away over time, but there is no therapy that cures the disorder.  Treatments include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Interstitial Cystitis

: When To Call a Professional

Make an appointment to see a doctor if you are urinating more than usual or feel an intense urge to urinate. If you are having fevers or pain or discomfort, especially in the pelvic/bladder area, penis or scrotum, see your doctor soon.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Interstitial Cystitis

: Prognosis

There is no cure for interstitial cystitis and the prognosis is variable. Many patients find that their symptoms come and go. In some patients, symptoms continue to get worse.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Intracranial aneurysms

: What is it?

Arteries are tunnels that blood travels through to get from the heart to various parts of the body. An aneurysm is a bulge in an artery, similar to the bulge that appears at a weak spot of a hose, where the water pressure pushes out to create a bubble. Like the hose bubble, the area of an artery where an aneurysm appears is weak and has the potential to burst. Aneurysms frequently occur in the arteries that feed the brain. Brain aneurysms are also known as intracranial aneurysms or berry aneurysms (because most of the time they look like little round berries). They occur in up to 6% of people. In general, most brain aneurysms are small, rarely cause symptoms, and have a very low risk of rupture. Women are more likely than men to develop brain aneurysms. A family history of aneurysm increases your risk of having one, as does being older than 50, currently smoking cigarettes, having high blood pressure, and using cocaine. About 20% of people with one brain aneurysm will have at least one more. A number of inherited conditions also increase the chance of having an aneurysm, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Intracranial aneurysms

: Symptoms

Most brain aneurysms don't cause symptoms until they burst. When an aneurysm ruptures, it often causes bleeding in the brain, which is a medical emergency. Bleeding in the brain usually leads to a very severe headache (often described as "the worst headache of my life"). Brief loss of consciousness, nausea and vomiting, changes in vision, or neck stiffness may accompany the headache. If you experience these symptoms, call 911 or get to the emergency room as soon as possible. A very large aneurysm may cause symptoms before it bursts, including pain above and behind the eye; numbness, weakness, or paralysis on one side of the face; dilated pupils; and vision changes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Intracranial aneurysms

: Diagnosis

There are no strict guidelines for who should be tested for the presence of a brain aneurysm. Clearly, any person who has had bleeding into the brain would be tested. Other reasons to proceed with testing include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Intracranial aneurysms

: Expected duration

Once a brain aneurysm forms, it stays for life unless it is surgically removed or bursts.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Intracranial aneurysms

: Prevention

Scientists haven't figured out how to prevent brain aneurysms. However, you can reduce your risk of developing aneurysms by never using tobacco and keeping blood pressure in the normal range. If you know that you have a brain aneurysm, you want to minimize the risk that the aneurysm will burst by
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Intracranial aneurysms

: Treatment

If an aneurysm is found before it bursts, a neurosurgeon will help you decide whether you should have it treated. Your overall health, the size of the aneurysm, and its location are all important factors in this decision. If an aneurysm has burst, treatment is definitely necessary. The two surgical treatments for aneurysms are called microvascular clipping and occlusion. For both procedures, the patient is put under general anesthesia and a neurosurgeon temporarily removes part of the skull bone to get access to the aneurysm. In microvascular clipping, the surgeon finds the blood vessel that feeds the aneurysm and places a small, metal, clothespin-like clip on the aneurysm's neck. That way, the aneurysm cannot get blood. The clip stays inside the patient's brain, and the surgeon replaces the skull bone. In most cases, aneurysms do not return after microvascular clipping. In an occlusion, the surgeon clamps off (occludes) the entire artery that leads to the aneurysm. This procedure is often performed when the aneurysm has damaged the artery. Sometimes the surgeon also does a bypass, where a small blood vessel is attached to the brain artery, rerouting the flow of blood away from the section of the damaged artery. There is an alternative to surgery, called endovascular coiling (or coil embolization). For this procedure, the doctor inserts a catheter into an artery, usually in the groin. He or she watches on an angiogram monitor as the catheter snakes through the body to the site of the aneurysm. Coils made of platinum wire are passed through the catheter and directed into the aneurysm. The coils fill the bulge in the artery and cause a blood clot to form. This blocks blood flow into the aneurysm. There is little if any pressure inside the bulge, preventing the aneurysm from getting any larger. The advantage of this procedure is that it is not as invasive as surgery. A neurosurgeon's recommendation for surgery or coiling depends on the size and location of the aneurysm, whether the aneurysm has already burst, and the overall health status of the patient.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Intracranial aneurysms

: When to call a professional

If you experience a very severe, out-of-the-ordinary headache, call 911 or get to an emergency room. An aneurysm may have burst in your brain. Brief loss of consciousness, nausea and vomiting, changes in vision, or neck stiffness may accompany the headache.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Intracranial aneurysms

: Prognosis

An unruptured aneurysm may never cause problems or symptoms. A burst aneurysm, however, may be fatal or cause serious health problems, such as:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Intracranial aneurysms

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

www.ninds.nih.gov
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

: What Is It?

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that causes a variety of symptoms, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

: Symptoms

People with IBS may have some or all of these symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

: Diagnosis

There is no test for IBS. Your doctor will diagnose IBS if you have the typical symptoms and have been tested for other disorders that can cause similar symptoms.   Your doctor will ask about your medical history and symptoms. Your doctor will examine you, testing your abdomen for tenderness and feeling to determine whether internal organs are larger than normal. The doctor will check for fever or weight loss. If you have any of these signs, you likely have something other than IBS.  Depending on your medical history, your doctor may do tests to eliminate other diseases that may cause similar symptoms. These tests might include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

: Expected Duration

IBS symptoms may be a daily problem throughout a person's life. Symptoms may come and go, lasting a day, a week or a month before disappearing. Dietary changes with or without medication may help to reduce the frequency or severity of symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

: Prevention

Because no one knows what causes IBS, it is impossible to prevent the disorder. Once diagnosed with IBS, a person may be able to reduce the frequency and severity of symptoms by reducing stress or changing the diet.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

: Treatment

Changing your diet may improve symptoms dramatically. It often takes a long time to discover what works well for you. And you may need to alter your original program if symptoms flare.   Keep track of the different foods you eat throughout the day. See which foods seem to make your symptoms worse. After you discover your particular trigger foods, eliminate them from your diet. Some common IBS trigger foods include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

: When To Call a Professional

When To Call a Professional  It is useful for anyone with irritable bowel symptoms to discuss their symptoms with a doctor, so that diet, fiber and drug treatment strategies can be planned.  After you have been diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome, contact your doctor if you have:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

: Prognosis

There is no cure for IBS. But most people can lessen the symptoms by making dietary changes, reducing stress and, if necessary, taking medication.