Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Paronychia

: What is it?

A paronychia is an infection of the skin that surrounds a toenail or fingernail. There are two different types of paronychia, acute and chronic:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Paronychia

: Symptoms

An acute paronychia causes throbbing pain, redness, warmth and swelling in the skin around a nail. In some cases, a small collection of pus forms under the skin next to the nail, or underneath the nail itself. Often, only one nail is affected. A chronic paronychia usually causes less dramatic symptoms than an acute paronychia. Typically, the area around the nail is tender, red and mildly swollen; the cuticle is missing; and the skin around the nail feels moist or "boggy." Several nails on the same hand may be affected at the same time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Paronychia

: Diagnosis

If you have a mild acute paronychia, you usually can make the diagnosis yourself. Look for throbbing pain, swelling and redness in an area of damaged skin around a nail. If you are diabetic, have several affected fingers or toes, or have severe symptoms (pus, fever, severe pain), you must be evaluated by a doctor. In most cases, your doctor can make the diagnosis by examining the affected area. However, if there is an accumulation of pus, the doctor may take a sample of the pus to be tested in the laboratory for bacteria or fungi.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Paronychia

: Expected duration

How long a paronychia lasts depends on the type of paronychia. With proper treatment, an acute paronychia usually heals within 5 to 10 days. A chronic paronychia may require several weeks of antifungal medication. Even after proper medical therapy, a paronychia may return if you injure the skin again or forget to keep the nail area dry.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Paronychia

: Prevention

To prevent paronychia, try the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Paronychia

: Treatment

The type of treatment depends on the type of paronychia:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Paronychia

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you have symptoms of a paronychia and:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Paronychia

: Prognosis

With proper treatment, the outlook is usually very good. In most cases, an acute paronychia heals within 5 to 10 days with no permanent damage to the nail. Rarely, very severe cases may progress to osteomyelitis (a bone infection) of the finger or toe. Although a chronic paronychia may take several weeks to heal, the skin and nail usually will return to normal eventually. However, you must remember to apply medication as directed, and to keep the affected area dry.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Paronychia

: Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

https://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Partial Seizures (Focal Seizures)

: What Is It?

Nerve cells in the brain pass signals among themselves using both electrical current and chemicals. In a seizure, the brain's electricity is not passed in an organized way from one cell to the next, but spreads over a cluster of cells or the whole brain all at once. When only a portion of the brain is involved, the seizures are called partial seizures or focal seizures. These seizures vary tremendously in their effects on the person's movement, sensation or behavior depending on which area of brain is involved.  Sometimes a seizure may begin as a partial seizure but change part way through the event to involve the whole brain in the seizure activity, ending with arm and leg movements on both sides and loss of consciousness. When this happens, it is called a generalized seizure. A person who has seizures repeatedly is said to have epilepsy. In 70% of cases, the cause of epilepsy cannot be found. Sometimes, epilepsy can be caused by scar tissue or a brain infection that can interfere with the brain's electrical signaling. Scar tissue in the brain can be caused by head injury, tumor, stroke or surgery.Some partial seizures are associated with a change in consciousness, even though the person might appear to be awake and his or her eyes may be open. In this type of seizure, called a complex partial seizure, the affected person is unaware of the people nearby during the event, is not aware of his or her own movements or behaviors during the seizure, and does not remember the seizure after it occurs. When the person having a partial seizure is aware of having a seizure, is aware of his or her surroundings and remembers the event afterward, the seizure is classified as a simple partial seizure.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

: What is pelvic inflammatory disease?

Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. It most often affects sexually active women during their reproductive years. Pelvic inflammatory disease is the most common preventable cause of infertility in the United States. The infection can cause tissue inside the fallopian tubes to become scarred, which can damage the fallopian tubes or block them completely and cause difficulty becoming pregnant. This can also increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. The more often a woman gets this infection, the greater her risk of complications. In addition, even one episode of PID can lead to persistent pelvic pain. Pelvic inflammatory disease is a major reason for hospitalization in young women. Most cases develop from sexually transmitted infections. The two types of bacteria most likely to be associated with pelvic inflammatory disease are gonorrhea and chlamydia. Gonorrhea and chlamydia cause damage to the protective mucous barrier that the cervix usually provides, allowing additional harmful bacteria to find their way into the uterus and beyond. Pelvic inflammatory disease typically develops in a two-stage process. First, the organisms infect the cervix (opening of the uterus). Then, in about 10% of women, bacteria migrate up to the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. Sometimes pelvic inflammatory disease can develop if bacteria get into the upper portions of the reproductive tract after childbirth. Less commonly, the condition can develop after inserting an intrauterine device (IUD) or after a dilation and curettage of the uterus. While these procedures carry some risk of infection, especially if the patient also has a sexually transmitted infection at the same time, infections can be prevented by taking antibiotics at the time of the procedure. Pelvic inflammatory disease is most common in women younger than age 25 who have more than one sex partner. Women who have had a sexually transmitted infection have a higher risk of getting pelvic inflammatory disease, as do those who have had a pelvic infection in the past. Any woman whose sex partner has more than one sex partner is also at increased risk of pelvic infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

: Symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease

Symptoms can be severe, minor or nonexistent. The most common symptoms include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

: Diagnosing pelvic inflammatory disease

Your doctor will ask you to detail your symptoms and when they started. Knowing the sexual habits of both you and your partner or partners and what methods you use for birth control and prevention of sexual transmitted infections will help her to make a plan for treatment. Your doctor will perform a pelvic examination, during which she can gently move your cervix to see if it causes an increase in pain and also feel for tender areas in your pelvic region. The diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease is not always easy because the site of infection cannot be examined easily. Also, the symptoms sometimes mimic symptoms of other conditions, such as appendicitis. During the pelvic examination, your doctor may take a sample of fluid from the inside of your cervix with a sterile, cotton-tipped swab, or may ask you to provide a urine sample. A laboratory will test the sample for gonorrhea and chlamydia. Your doctor may order a blood test to see if your white blood cell count is high, which may indicate that the pelvic inflammatory disease is more severe. Your doctor will likely order a pelvic ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan to provide details of the location of the infection and to see if an abscess has formed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

: Expected duration of pelvic inflammatory disease

Most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease clear up after 10 to 14 days of antibiotic treatment. More severe cases may need to be treated in a hospital.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

: Preventing pelvic inflammatory disease

Other than avoiding unprotected sexual intercourse, there is no guaranteed way to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease. However, women who are in monogamous sexual relationships have very little risk if neither person was infected with an STD from a previous partner. Condoms provide protection against STDs. Although oral contraceptives can prevent pregnancy, women with more than one sex partner also should make sure their partners use condoms every time they have vaginal intercourse. Because most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease are linked to sexually transmitted infections, treating a woman's sex partners is essential to prevent repeat infections. All recent sex partners of a woman with pelvic inflammatory disease should be treated as if they had both gonorrhea and chlamydia. A woman with pelvic inflammatory disease should not have sex again until her sex partners have been treated.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

: Treating pelvic inflammatory disease

The primary treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease is antibiotics, and in most cases, antibiotics alone can cure the infection. Because pelvic inflammatory disease often is caused by more than one type of organism, two or more antibiotics may be necessary. Antibiotics can be taken by mouth or intravenously (through a vein). If you use oral antibiotics, it is important to finish all of the medication, even if the symptoms go away. This is because the infection can still be present after the symptoms disappear. In most cases, antibiotics must be taken for 10 to 14 days. If you are being treated for pelvic inflammatory disease, your doctor may ask you to call two to three days after beginning treatment to report your progress. If your condition is not improving, you will need to visit your doctor again to have another examination. Some women with a severe infection need to be hospitalized to receive antibiotics intravenously. If fever and pain do not improve after several days, you may need a pelvic ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan to see if an abscess has formed. If you have an abscess, you may need surgery or a minor procedure to place a drain in the abscess, in addition to antibiotics to cure the infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

: When to call a professional

If you experience any symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease, see your doctor promptly.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

: Prognosis

Getting prompt treatment and follow-up care can cure pelvic inflammatory disease and keep it from causing further problems. Follow your doctor's advice closely, finish all your medication and return to your doctor for all scheduled checkups. To avoid reinfection, your sex partner(s) also should be treated, and you should follow all of the recommendations for prevention.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

http://www.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peptic Ulcer

: What Is It?

A peptic ulcer is a sore or hole that forms in the lining of the stomach or intestine.   The word "peptic" refers to the digestive tract. An ulcer in the lining of the stomach is a gastric ulcer. An ulcer in the first part of the small intestine is a duodenal ulcer.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peptic Ulcer

: Symptoms

Most people with ulcers complain of a burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen. This typically occurs when the stomach is empty. These symptoms may be worse at night or upon waking. However, some people's pain may worsen when they eat. Other symptoms include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peptic Ulcer

: Diagnosis

If your health care professional suspects that you have a peptic ulcer, he or she may recommend one of the following tests:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peptic Ulcer

: Expected Duration

Ulcers caused by a medication should begin healing shortly after you stop taking the drug. Anti-acid medicine may be used for two to six weeks to help healing and relieve pain.   Ulcers caused by H. pylori can heal after the bacteria are killed. Typically, you will take antibiotics along with acid-suppressing medicine for two weeks. Then you may take acid-suppressing medication for another four to eight weeks.   Gastric ulcers tend to heal more slowly than duodenal ulcers. Uncomplicated gastric ulcers take up to two or three months to heal completely. Duodenal ulcers take about six weeks to heal.   An ulcer can temporarily heal without antibiotics. But it is common for an ulcer to recur or for another ulcer to form nearby, if the bacteria are not killed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peptic Ulcer

: Prevention

Peptic ulcers are not usually preventable the first time around.   Infection with H. pylori is extremely common. It is probably spread from person to person. Crowded living space appears to be a risk factor.  Good hygiene may limit the spread of H. pylori somewhat. This includes washing your hands thoroughly before eating and after using the bathroom.   Recurrent ulcers from H. pylori can usually be prevented if you get appropriate treatment for your first ulcer. This should include antibiotics that kill the bacteria.   You may help to prevent peptic ulcers by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peptic Ulcer

: Treatment

For ulcers caused by H. pylori, treatment requires a combination of medications. The goals of treatment are to:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peptic Ulcer

: When To Call a Professional

Call for medical advice if you have continuing abdominal pain or indigestion. Also call if you need to take antacids frequently to prevent these symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peptic Ulcer

: Prognosis

With proper treatment, the outlook for peptic ulcers is excellent.   To prevent another ulcer, people who have had a peptic ulcer should avoid:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Perforated eardrum

: What is it?

The eardrum is a thin membrane that separates your ear canal (the part that is open to the outside) from your middle ear. The eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane, is involved in hearing. Sound waves cause your eardrum to vibrate. This begins the process of converting the sound waves into an impulse that travels to your brain, where it is recognized as sound. The eardrum is delicate and can be torn (perforated) easily, most often by an infection of the middle ear (otitis media) but also by other types of trauma, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Perforated eardrum

: Symptoms

Symptoms of a perforated eardrum include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Perforated eardrum

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will look into your ear using an instrument called an otoscope to see if the eardrum is torn. He or she also will test your hearing. If the doctor suspects you have a ruptured eardrum but cannot see the perforation easily, he or she may confirm the diagnosis by blowing pressurized air into your ear using a special machine.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Perforated eardrum

: Expected duration

Most perforated eardrums heal in a few weeks. Some take up to two months. Exposure to water or further trauma can slow the healing. Also, if the ear gets infected during the healing phase, the perforation is less likely to close on its own. Larger tears, or tears that do not heal on their own, may require surgery.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Perforated eardrum

: Prevention

There are several steps you can take to prevent a perforated eardrum:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Perforated eardrum

: Treatment

If the hole is small, your doctor may allow it to heal on its own, and may have you take antibiotics to prevent infection while the eardrum heals. Keep water out of the injured ear, and avoid blowing your nose, which can cause pressure changes in the ear and disrupt healing. Some holes may be patched in the office of an otolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat doctor). A thin paper patch is placed over your eardrum in combination with a chemical that encourages the eardrum to heal. If your eardrum has not healed after two months, your doctor may recommend a surgery called tympanoplasty, which involves using tissue from another area to patch the eardrum. This is usually an outpatient procedure and has a high success rate. While your ear is healing from the surgery, keep your ear dry by using cotton balls covered with Vaseline to protect your eardrum from water during showers or baths. Also, avoid blowing your nose, which can damage the healing tissue. Warm compresses, such as a warm, damp washcloth, or a heating pad can relieve some discomfort. Your doctor also may prescribe pain-relieving medication or recommend that you use over-the-counter pain medications.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Perforated eardrum

: When to call a professional

Any time you have hearing loss, you should contact your doctor. If you are being treated for a perforated eardrum and have symptoms for more than two months, see your doctor for a follow-up evaluation. See your doctor sooner if you develop drainage from the ear.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Perforated eardrum

: Prognosis

The outlook is excellent. Most perforated eardrums heal within two months without complications. Hearing loss is usually temporary, though some people experience some level of permanent hearing loss. Occasionally, a chronic (long-lasting) infection may cause the perforation to become permanent along with some degree of hearing loss.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Perforated eardrum

: Additional info

American Academy of Otolaryngology 
– Head and Neck Surgery

https://www.entnet.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pericarditis

: What is it?

Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the saclike membrane that surrounds the heart. Pericarditis can be triggered by a number of different medical conditions. Often the exact cause cannot be identified. Doctors call this idiopathic pericarditis. In many people with pericarditis, the initial trigger is a viral infection. However, the inflammation may not be a direct result of the infection. Instead, the virus may stimulate the immune system to attack and inflame the pericardium. Other medical conditions associated with pericarditis include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pericarditis

: Symptoms

The classic symptoms of acute pericarditis are chest pain and fever. This chest pain can be either brief and sharp or steady and constricting. It is usually under the breastbone, but it also can spread to the neck or shoulders. In many patients, chest pain becomes more severe if they take a deep breath, swallow, cough, or lie down. Sitting up or leaning forward may relieve the pain. Patients with cardiac tamponade can have low blood pressure and shortness of breath. Patients with constrictive pericarditis also can have breathing difficulties, together with edema (swelling) of the ankles, legs and abdomen.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pericarditis

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will review your medical history. He or she will specifically want to know if you have:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pericarditis

: Expected duration

The symptoms of acute pericarditis usually improve within a few days of starting treatment. Acute pericarditis most often resolves completely without damage to the heart or the pericardium. Pericarditis in people with autoimmune disease is more likely to recur and/or persist.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pericarditis

: Prevention

Because pericarditis can be the result of so many very different illnesses, there are no routine guidelines to prevent the condition. You can help prevent pericarditis caused by infections by practicing good hygiene, especially washing your hands often, and by keeping up with recommended immunizations. To prevent pericarditis caused by heart attack, you can reduce your risk of coronary artery disease by not smoking, eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, lowering LDL cholesterol and controlling blood pressure. To reduce your risk of trauma-related pericarditis, you should wear a seat belt whenever you drive and wear appropriate chest-protecting equipment when you play contact sports.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pericarditis

: Treatment

The treatment of acute pericarditis depends on the cause. You will be told to rest and to take aspirin or an anti-inflammatory drug. For viral and idiopathic acute pericarditis, doctors often prescribe a combination of colchicine and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve, generic versions) or ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, generic versions). The NSAID dose is usually higher than the dose indicated on the over-the-counter preparations. Your doctor may decide to treat with you a corticosteroid, such as prednisone, especially if you have a known autoimmune disease. Patients with tuberculous pericarditis will need anti-tuberculosis medication. Those with a bacterial infection will need strong antibiotics and removal of any infected fluid around the heart. Patients with uremic pericarditis caused by kidney failure will need hemodialysis, a mechanical procedure to clean the blood. If you have cardiac tamponade, excess fluid around your heart will be withdrawn with a sterile needle in a procedure called pericardiocentesis. When constrictive pericarditis interferes with heart function, the thickened pericardium may be removed surgically in a procedure called a pericardiectomy. For patients with idiopathic or recurrent pericarditis, daily colchicine can reduce the frequency and severity of future attacks.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pericarditis

: When to call a professional

Always seek medical attention for new and unexplained chest pain.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pericarditis

: Prognosis

Most people with acute pericarditis recover within 2 to 4 weeks. Recurrence of acute pericarditis occurs in about 20 percent of the people who have unexplained pericarditis. Pericarditis in people with autoimmune disease may come and go, depending on course of the underlying medical illness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Pericarditis

: Additional info

American Heart Association (AHA)

https://www.heart.org
 
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Peripheral arterial disease

: What is it?

In peripheral arterial disease (previously called peripheral vascular disease), not enough blood flows to the legs. The condition usually is caused by fatty deposits called plaques that build up along the walls of blood vessels. This buildup shrinks the size of the passageway and reduces the amount of blood that can flow through. This is a condition called atherosclerosis.