Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Anaphylaxis

: What is anaphylaxis?

Anaphylaxis is a severe, sometimes life-threatening, allergic reaction that occurs within minutes to several hours of exposure an allergy-causing substance (allergen). Anaphylaxis also is called anaphylactic shock. In an allergic reaction, the body's immune system responds to the presence of an allergen by releasing histamine and other body chemicals. These chemicals cause the symptoms of allergies, which are usually mild but annoying, such as the runny nose of hay fever (allergic rhinitis) or the itchy rash of poison ivy. However, in some cases, the symptoms can be much worse and involve the entire body. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction. In anaphylaxis, these immune chemicals cause serious skin symptoms, such as hives and swelling, as well as severe breathing problems, such as swelling in the throat, narrowing of the lower airways and wheezing. The chemicals also cause blood vessels to widen dramatically, which leads to a rapid, severe drop in blood pressure (shock). Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening medical emergency.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Anemia overview

: What is anemia?

Anemia is an abnormally low level of red blood cells.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Anemia overview

: Symptoms of anemia

Symptoms vary widely. Mild cases often don't cause any symptoms. The condition may only be discovered during a routine blood test. In other people, obvious symptoms of anemia can develop. These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Anemia overview

: Diagnosing anemia

Your doctor will review your medical history. He or she will ask you to describe your symptoms. During your physical examination, your doctor will look for signs of anemia. These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Anemia overview

: Expected duration of anemia

How long anemia lasts depends on its cause and how easily it can be corrected. If the reason for the anemia is only inadequate intake of iron or vitamin B12, the anemia will start to correct within days of treatment. Anemia caused by an inherited illness is a lifelong condition. Its impact on a person's quality of life and life span can vary greatly, and depends on the specific inherited disorder and its severity. Some people don't have any symptoms. Others have severe, persistent symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Anemia overview

: Preventing anemia

Anemia caused by nutritional deficiency can be prevented by eating a healthy diet or taking a vitamin and mineral supplement when iron or B12 intake might be insufficient. Most other types of anemia cannot be prevented.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Anemia overview

: Treating anemia

Treatment of anemia depends on its severity and cause. Severe anemia may require blood transfusion. Iron and vitamin B12 deficiency require supplements, which are usually taken by mouth. Anemia caused by a drug is treated by stopping the drug. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is usually treated with drugs called corticosteroids first. Other therapies are added if needed. Inherited hemolytic anemia may require removal of the spleen (a procedure called splenectomy).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Anemia overview

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor promptly if you develop symptoms of anemia. Also call if you notice a yellowish tint to your skin or in the whites of your eyes. If an inherited form of anemia runs in your family, you may wish to consider genetic testing before you start a family.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Anemia overview

: Prognosis

The outlook for anemia depends on its cause and severity, as well as the underlying health of the affected person. Cases that are caused by medications or infections usually go away quickly. Anemia caused by chronic diseases tends to be persistent, but is rarely severe. People with autoimmune hemolytic anemia usually respond well to treatment. The outlook for people with inherited anemias depends on the type of inherited illness and its severity.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Anemia overview

: Additional info

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Angina

: What is angina?

Angina is discomfort or pain in the chest that happens when not enough oxygen-rich blood reaches the muscle cells of the heart. The most common cause of angina is coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis. In this condition, fatty deposits (called plaque) build up along the inside walls of blood vessels that feed oxygen and nutrients to the pumping heart.  Angina occurs when one or more of the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked. The discomfort of angina can be mild at first and gradually get worse. Or it may come on suddenly. 

 Although angina most commonly affects males who are middle-aged or older, it can occur in both sexes and in all age groups. Angina also is called angina pectoris.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Angina

: Symptoms of angina

Angina usually feels like a pressing, burning or squeezing pain in the chest. The main pain usually is under the breastbone. The pain may spread up toward the throat and into the jaw. The discomfort may be felt in the left arm and sometimes in both arms. People with angina often break out into a cold sweat. Other symptoms can include shortness of breath, lightheadedness and nausea.     

 Doctors divide angina into two types:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Angina

: Diagnosing angina

Your doctor may suspect that you have angina based on your symptoms and your risk of coronary artery disease. The doctor will review your medical history to see if you smoke (or have smoked) and whether you have diabetes and high blood pressure. Your doctor will ask about your family's medical history and will review your cholesterol levels, including LDL (bad) and HDL (good) cholesterol.   The doctor will check your blood pressure and pulse, and listen to your heart and lungs. You may need one or more diagnostic tests to determine if you have coronary artery disease. Possible tests include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Angina

: Expected duration of angina

An angina attack usually lasts less than five minutes. Pain that lasts longer than that or is severe may signal a more significant decrease in the heart's blood supply. This can happen when someone is having a heart attack or unstable angina.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Angina

: Preventing angina

You can help to prevent angina caused by coronary artery disease by controlling your risk factors for clogged arteries:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Angina

: Treating angina

When angina is caused by coronary artery disease, treatment usually includes:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Angina

: When To Call a Professional

Call your doctor if you experience chest pains, even if you think you are too young to have angina and have no history of heart problems in your family. Your doctor will recommend the next steps based on how you describe your symptoms and risk factors.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Angina

: Prognosis

In people with coronary artery disease, the outlook depends upon many factors, including the location and severity of the artery narrowing, and the number of coronary arteries involved. Proper treatment greatly improves the outlook for people with coronary artery disease.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ankle Fracture

: What is an ankle fracture?

When a bone breaks or cracks, the injury is called a fracture. In the ankle, three different bones can be fractured:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ankylosing spondylitis

: What is ankylosing spondylitis?

Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of arthritis that causes inflammation and damage in the sacroiliac joints between the spine and the pelvis. It also can affect other areas of the spine and other joints, such as the knee. Eventually, inflamed spinal joints can become fused, or joined together so they can't move independently. The word spondylitis refers to inflammation of the spine; ankylosis means fusion or the melding of two bones into one.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ankylosing spondylitis

: Symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis

A person with ankylosing spondylitis commonly will feel pain or stiffness in the lower back. The symptoms are typically worse in the morning or after periods of inactivity and improve with activity or exercise. People who have this disorder may feel worse if they do not exercise regularly. (Back pain from many other causes tends to worsen with exercise.) Usually, back pain begins in the sacroiliac joint and works its way up the lower spine. Eventually, the disorder can affect the entire spine. People can have pain and tenderness in the thighs, hips and other joints of the torso. Other joints, such as knees and ankles, can be inflamed as well, although it usually affects no more than three or four joints in the arms and legs. As the spine and its supporting structures stiffen, a person may begin to stoop over. With time, bones of the spine can fuse or grow together, causing an extremely stiff, rigid backbone called a poker spine. This may make it difficult to take a deep breath because the rigid spine and stiff joints between the ribs and breastbone make it difficult for the chest to expand. The pain and rigidity in the lower back can cause problems walking. Almost any movement can become painful. In some cases, inflammation can also affect the lungs, causing shortness of breath, and inflammation in the eyes may cause reduced vision with red, painful eyes. Other possible symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ankylosing spondylitis

: Diagnosing ankylosing spondylitis

Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms. He or she will examine you and may recommend X-rays or other imaging tests, such as a computed tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, to look for problems in your sacroiliac joints or any other joints that are painful or stiff. Your doctor also may order a blood test to look for a gene called HLA-B27. This gene is found more commonly in people with ankylosing spondylitis than in other people. However, having the HLA-B27 gene does not mean you have or will develop ankylosing spondylitis; and some people with ankylosing spondylitis do not have this gene. Your doctor will diagnose the condition based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, blood tests and imaging tests.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ankylosing spondylitis

: Expected duration of ankylosing spondylitis

In many cases, ankylosing spondylitis is mild and may go undiagnosed for years. However, it is a lifelong problem.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ankylosing spondylitis

: Preventing ankylosing spondylitis

There is no way to prevent ankylosing spondylitis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ankylosing spondylitis

: Treating ankylosing spondylitis

The aim of treatment is to reduce joint pain and to prevent, delay or correct any damage or deformities of the spine and other joints.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ankylosing spondylitis

: When to call a professional

Contact a health care professional if you have any symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis, especially:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ankylosing spondylitis

: Prognosis

People with ankylosing spondylitis usually go through alternating periods where symptoms improve and worsen. These periods can't always be predicted. With treatment, symptoms usually can be relieved or controlled so that you can lead a normal, productive life. However, even with treatment, you may develop permanent posture and movement problems.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ankylosing spondylitis

: Additional info

Arthritis Foundation

https://www.arthritis.org/
 
Spondylitis Association of America

https://www.spondylitis.org
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Anorexia Nervosa

: What is anorexia nervosa?

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that affects about 1 in 100-200 girls or women in the United States. A person with this disorder limits eating and by definition weighs at least 15% less than his or her ideal weight. At least 90% of cases are in women and the disorder usually begins in adolescence. The weight loss may delay the onset of menstruation or stop it once it has started, Anorexia nervosa rarely occurs before puberty or after age 40. And, although relatively rare, it can occur in men.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

: What is antibiotic-associated diarrhea?

In healthy people, many different species of bacteria live inside the bowel. Many are harmless or even helpful to the body, but a few have the potential to be aggressive troublemakers. Under normal circumstances, the "bad" bacteria are far outnumbered. So, the bowel's natural ecological balance keeps them under control. This can change dramatically when a person begins treatment with an antibiotic. This is because antibiotics can kill large numbers of the bowel's normal bacteria, altering the delicate balance among the various species.  In most cases, the result is only a mild case of short-term diarrhea that goes away quickly after the antibiotic treatment ends. Occasionally, however, an antibiotic eliminates so many of the bowel's "good" and harmless bacteria that the aggressive "bad" ones are free to multiply out of control. One type of bacteria in particular, a species called Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), can overgrow inside the bowel, producing irritating chemicals that damage the bowel wall and trigger bowel inflammation, called colitis. This can cause abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, and fever. In some cases, high-volume, diarrhea is so frequent that the person develops dehydration (very low levels of body water). A more severe complication of C. difficile overgrowth can lead to a type of bowel inflammation called pseudomembranous colitis. Patients with pseudomembranous colitis are at risk of a severely distended colon that stops functioning (toxic megacolon), which can lead to a hole through the bowel wall (bowel perforation). Because C. difficile lives silently in the bowels of about 5% of people, episodes of C. difficile diarrhea occasionally occur in otherwise healthy adults and children who are taking antibiotics. C. difficile infections are more common among recently hospitalized patients, the elderly and those with debilitating illnesses. In hospitals and nursing homes, C. difficile bacteria can be spread from patient to patient on the unwashed hands of health care workers, and also via toilets, sinks and other surfaces that have been contaminated by stool. According to some studies, more than 20% of patients in hospitals and nursing homes silently harbor C. difficile in their intestines. In any one of these patients, treatment with an antibiotic is all it takes for C. difficile to overgrow and cause illness. Many different types of antibiotics have been blamed for causing C. difficile diarrhea and colitis. Common culprits include clindamycin (Cleocin), ampicillin (sold under several brand names) and cephalosporins, such as cephalexin (Keflex).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

: Symptoms of antibiotic-associated diarrhea

If you are taking an antibiotic, the medication will cause a mild change in your population of intestinal bacteria that may cause occasional loose stools or mild diarrhea for a few days. These symptoms should stop once your antibiotic treatment ends. If you have a more dramatic change in your bowel bacteria, and C. difficile bacteria begin to overgrow, your symptoms can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

: Diagnosing antibiotic-associated diarrhea

If you have unexplained diarrhea, and you are taking antibiotics, be sure to tell your doctor the name of your prescription antibiotic, the date when you first began treatment and the date when your bowel symptoms began. To evaluate the severity of your diarrhea and assess your risk of dehydration, your doctor will ask about:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

: Expected duration of antibiotic-associated diarrhea

If you have mild, uncomplicated antibiotic-associated diarrhea, your bowel movements should gradually return to normal once your antibiotic treatment ends. C. difficile diarrhea usually begins to subside within the first 72 hours of treatment with medication. However, some people develop severe symptoms with a longer recovery time. C. difficile diarrhea can recur despite adequate initial therapy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

: Preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea

If you are caring for someone who has diarrhea, you may be able to avoid spreading potentially harmful bacteria by taking these steps:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

: Treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea

For cases of mild antibiotic-associated diarrhea, try the following suggestions:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor promptly if you have been taking antibiotics and you develop any of the following symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

: Prognosis

Overall, the prognosis is excellent. Almost all adults with mild antibiotic-associated diarrhea recover completely without complications. Among people with more severe C. difficile diarrhea, 15% to 35% have the problem return within eight weeks. Most of these patients can be successfully treated with a second course of medication.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

: Additional info

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/
 
National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

https://www.cdc.gov/
 
American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)

https://gi.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

: What is antiphospholipid antibody syndrome?

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is a condition defined by the presence of abnormal antibodies and a tendency to form blood clots or to have miscarriages. People with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome produce antibodies that interact with certain proteins in the blood. This causes the blood to clot more than normal. The most commonly measured antiphospholipid antibodies include lupus anticoagulant and antibodies to cardiolipin or beta-2 glycoprotein. The blood clots often form in the leg veins. The clots also can form in arteries. The blood clots may occur in any organ, but they tend to favor the lungs, brain, kidneys, heart and skin. There are two types of APS: primary and secondary. People with primary APS do not have any associated condition. The secondary form is associated with another immune disorder, such as lupus, an infection or, rarely, the use of a medication (such as chlorpromazine or procainamide). A person may have a blood test that detects antiphospholipid antibodies. This does not necessarily mean that he or she has APS or will develop symptoms or problems of APS.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

: Symptoms of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

The symptoms of APS can include any of the following: Nervous system. APS can cause:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

: Diagnosing antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

Many symptoms that occur with APS are common even without the condition. They do not necessarily mean APS is the cause. However, a doctor may order tests to detect the antibodies associated with APS (including lupus anticoagulant and antibodies to cardiolipin or beta-2 glycoprotein) when
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

: Expected duration of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

Some people with APS continue to have symptoms off and on throughout their lives. Others improve without any repeat episodes. Some people even lose the antibodies associated with the syndrome. This can happen with primary APS. But it is especially common
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

: Preventing antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

There is no known way to reliably prevent APS, although vaccination for viral infections (including influenza) could reduce the risk of APS triggered by viral infection. However, lifestyle changes can reduce the likelihood of blood clots. To reduce your risk of blood clots:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

: Treating antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

If you have antiphospholipid antibodies but have not had blood clots or a miscarriage, your doctor may recommend that you take a low-dose aspirin every day. However, aspirin therapy may not be effective at preventing clots, and it may increase your risks of bleeding or stomach problems. For people with a history of blood clots as part of APS, doctors usually prescribe a powerful blood thinner called warfarin (Coumadin). This medication usually is taken for life. People who take warfarin need to have their blood tested regularly. That's because if the blood is too thin, the risk of bleeding increases. If it is not thin enough, clotting is more likely. Other blood thinners (including dabigatran, apixaban, and rivaroxaban) appear to be less effective than warfarin. Aspirin may be added to warfarin, especially if the clot was in an artery. Another commonly used blood thinner is called heparin. It may be used before you start taking warfarin. Heparin also is used for pregnant women, because warfarin is not safe for the developing fetus. Heparin is only available as an injection. A woman with APS who is trying to become pregnant after repeated miscarriages may increase the chance of a successful pregnancy by getting heparin injections and taking low-dose aspirin. This treatment should start as soon as the pregnancy is discovered. It continues until just before delivery. Other medications may be recommended for advanced cases of APS include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

: When to call a professional

Contact a doctor if you have any symptoms of APS such as unexplained leg swelling or shortness of breath. Call your doctor if you have APS and want to become pregnant.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

: Prognosis

People with primary APS generally lead normal, healthy lives with the help of medication and lifestyle changes. People with secondary APS generally have a similar prognosis. But their illnesses and life spans can be affected by associated conditions. APS associated with infections or medication use may be temporary and resolve once the infection subsides or a medication is stopped. Some people with APS will have repeated blood clots despite the best treatments. This is referred to as catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, a condition that, as the name suggests, can be fatal.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

: Additional info

American College of Rheumatology

http://www.rheumatology.org/
 
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

http://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)

http://rarediseases.org/