Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Constipation and impaction

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)

https://www.gi.org/
 
American Gastroenterological Association

https://www.gastro.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Contact Dermatitis

: What is contact dermatitis?

Contact dermatitis is skin inflammation. It occurs because the skin has been exposed to a substance that irritates it or causes an allergic reaction.   Many natural and artificial chemicals can trigger contact dermatitis. These include ingredients found in:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Contact Dermatitis

: Symptoms of contact dermatitis

Symptoms of contact dermatitis may vary slightly, depending on the cause.  Irritant contact dermatitis. In mild cases, there may be only mild redness of the skin. More severe cases may cause skin swelling, blistering or ulceration.   Symptoms usually begin right after exposure to the harmful substance. They are limited to areas of the skin that have been in direct contact with the irritant. For example, a janitor may develop symptoms on his hands after washing the floor with a strong detergent.  Allergic contact dermatitis. This usually causes skin redness, blistering and severe itching. Symptoms may not appear for several hours or even days after exposure.   The location and pattern of the skin reaction may provide clues to the cause of the problem. For example, poison ivy usually appears as a pattern of tiny lines or streaks in places where plant leaves have brushed against the skin. Allergies to metal jewelry often cause rings of skin inflammation around the neck and wrist.   Contact dermatitis can become a long-lasting (chronic) condition. This is more likely if:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Contact Dermatitis

: Diagnosing contact dermatitis

Depending on your pattern of skin symptoms, the doctor will ask about your:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Contact Dermatitis

: Expected duration of contact dermatitis

With proper treatment, your symptoms probably will clear up within two to three weeks. However, you must stop exposing your skin to the irritating substance.   If you continue to have long-term exposure to harmful chemicals or allergens, you eventually may develop symptoms of chronic contact dermatitis. This can last for many years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Contact Dermatitis

: Preventing contact dermatitis

In general, you can prevent contact dermatitis by avoiding exposure to irritating chemicals, plants, jewelry and n general, you can prevent contact dermatitis by avoiding exposure to irritating chemicals, plants, jewelry and other substances that trigger irritant or allergic contact dermatitis.  To help prevent diaper dermatitis:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Contact Dermatitis

: Treating contact dermatitis

Your doctor usually will treat contact dermatitis with the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Contact Dermatitis

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor whenever you are troubled by red and very itchy skin. Also call if your skin is cracked, blistered or painfully dry.   Even if you are certain that your skin problem is "just a case of poison ivy," call your doctor's office for advice. He or she may be able to prescribe a more effective medication than over-the-counter remedies.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Contact Dermatitis

: Prognosis

For most cases of contact dermatitis, the outlook is excellent. This is provided you can identify the substance that triggered your contact dermatitis and avoid it in the future.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Contact Dermatitis

: Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
https://www.niams.nih.gov/ American Academy of Dermatology
https://www.aad.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)

: What is conversion disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)?

A conversion disorder, also called Disorder “Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder” is a relatively uncommon mental disorder. Typically the person has physical symptoms that no medical condition, physical examination or testing can explain. The person is not "faking." The symptoms do not appear to be under the person's conscious control and they can cause significant distress. Examples of symptoms are a loss of muscle control, blindness, deafness, seizures or even apparent loss of consciousness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corneal Abrasion

: What is a corneal abrasion?

The cornea is the transparent, dome-shaped "window" that covers the front of the eye. A nick, scratch or scrape of the cornea is called a corneal abrasion.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corneal Abrasion

: Symptoms of a corneal abrasion

Symptoms of a corneal abrasion can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corneal Abrasion

: Diagnosing a corneal abrasion

Your doctor will examine your eye with a light to check for any obvious corneal injuries, small specks of dust or dirt, or other foreign objects. To confirm the diagnosis of a very small corneal abrasion, your doctor may need to place a small drop of a yellow-orange dye called fluorescein into your eye. This dye will cause any area of abrasion to look greenish under a special blue light.  Usually, if you have only a mild corneal abrasion, you will not need any other tests. However, if your injury is more serious, your doctor may examine your eye with device called a slit lamp, and also test your vision.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corneal Abrasion

: Expected duration of a corneal abrasion

With proper treatment, symptoms of a mild corneal abrasion almost always improve or disappear totally within 24 to 48 hours. For more severe abrasions, symptoms often last longer.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corneal Abrasion

: Preventing a corneal abrasion

Most corneal abrasions can be prevented, especially those that happen in the workplace or during sports. To help prevent corneal abrasions and other types of eye trauma, you can take these actions:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corneal Abrasion

: Treating a corneal abrasion

If you think that you have dust or dirt in your eye, avoid the urge to rub it. If you are wearing contact lenses, remove them immediately. Next, try washing your eye for several minutes with clear, clean water to see if this relieves the problem. If no water is available, pull your upper eyelid outward and downward over your lower eyelid. This simple maneuver may allow your natural flow of tears to flush the debris away. If these strategies do not relieve your symptoms, or if you suspect that your eye has been scratched by a sharp object, even a fingernail, call your doctor.  If you have a corneal abrasion, your doctor will prescribe an antibiotic in either eye drops or an eye ointment to prevent an infection from developing in the injured area. You doctor also may recommend that you take acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and other brand names), or another nonprescription pain reliever to treat your eye pain.  If your eye is overly sensitive to light, or if your eye pain is not relieved by nonprescription medications, your doctor may prescribe drugs called cycloplegic drugs. These medications will relieve your eye symptoms by temporarily reducing the activity of muscles that control the size of your pupil.  If you usually wear contact lenses, do not wear them again until your doctor says that you can. Also, avoid wearing eye makeup until your corneal abrasion has healed completely.   Once you have completed one day of treatment for a corneal abrasion, your doctor will want an update on your symptoms to confirm that your eye has started to improve. This usually means either a follow-up office visit for an eye check, or some other form of contact with your doctor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corneal Abrasion

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor immediately if you have symptoms of a corneal abrasion, or if you are being treated for a corneal abrasion and your symptoms do not improve within 24 hours after treatment begins.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corneal Abrasion

: Prognosis

With proper treatment, most superficial corneal abrasions heal quickly without any complications. In general, the milder the abrasion, the faster the recovery time.Deeper abrasions that penetrate through Bowman's membrane are more likely to cause permanent corneal scars that can interfere with vision. If necessary, severe scarring often can be treated successfully with a corneal transplant.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corneal Abrasion

: Additional info

National Eye Institute
http://www.nei.nih.gov/ U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
http://www.osha.gov/ Prevent Blindness America
http://www.preventblindness.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corns and calluses

: What are corns and calluses?

Corns and calluses are a thickening of the outer layer of skin. This thickening is known medically as hyperkeratosis. Corns and calluses develop as part of the skin's normal defense against prolonged rubbing, pressure and other forms of local irritation.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corns and calluses

: Symptoms of corns and calluses

On the feet, a small corn or callus may not cause any symptoms. However, a large, bulky corn or callus can cause foot pain and difficulty walking. After prolonged irritation, a discolored area (brown, red or black) may develop under a large corn or callus. This discoloration is caused by a small amount of bleeding in the space between thick and normal skin. In severe cases, the thick and normal skin may separate, exposing the area to possible infection, especially in people with diabetes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corns and calluses

: Diagnosing corns and calluses

Your health care professional probably will ask about your shoes, because shoes with narrow toes are more likely to cause corns. He or she also will ask about your foot history and your history of other medical problems, including diabetes and circulation problems. Some types of foot problems can alter the mechanics of the foot, causing abnormal pressure on certain areas and leading to calluses. Also, any previous surgery or trauma to the feet may affect the structure and alignment of foot bones, increasing the risk of calluses. To assess whether your corns and calluses are related to foot abnormalities, your doctor will inspect your feet for toe deformities, structural problems of the bones, poor bone alignment and problems related to an abnormal way of walking (gait). If your doctor finds some abnormality during this part of the foot exam, he or she may suggest a specific type of padding or shoe insert to help prevent your corns and calluses from returning or causing as much discomfort. Also, whenever there is a painful area of thickened skin on your feet, your doctor may need to check whether it is a plantar wart, a localized skin infection caused by human papilloma virus. The diagnosis can be made by shaving down the thickened skin and looking for tiny blood vessels at the base and a lack of normal skin ridges (as in a fingerprint), the hallmarks of a plantar wart.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corns and calluses

: Expected duration of corns and calluses

Corns and calluses can be long-term problems if you consistently wear shoes that do not fit properly. Even with good footwear, you may continue to have painful corns and calluses if there is some abnormality in your gait or foot structure that causes unusual stress on parts of your feet when you walk.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corns and calluses

: Preventing corns and calluses

In most cases, you can help to prevent corns and calluses by wearing shoes that fit properly. In particular, choose low-heeled, comfortable shoes that have enough space around the toes. Wear socks to cushion any areas of unusual rubbing or pressure, and use foot powder to reduce friction.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corns and calluses

: Treating corns and calluses

If your corns and calluses are painful, your doctor may shave away some of the thickened skin to relieve pain and pressure in the affected area. Although many people can do this themselves, podiatrists and other foot specialists can make sure the procedure is done safely. Your doctor also may recommend that you modify your footwear to prevent your problem from returning. For example, pads or "donuts" made of moleskin, lamb's wool, foam or felt will cushion the affected area. Corrective shoe inserts will redistribute the forces that cause friction and pressure inside your shoes, relieving some of the stress on your feet when you walk. Your doctor may ask you to return regularly to have your feet examined and your corns and calluses shaved, if necessary. You also can minimize corns and calluses by regularly rubbing them with a pumice stone, which is available in most drug stores. After the corn or callus is shaved down, application of salicylic acid plasters or pads (available over-the-counter) can be helpful.  However, this treatment should not be used by people with nerve disease (neuropathy) or circulation problems in the feet. In rare cases, foot surgery may be necessary to treat corns and calluses that keep returning and are not relieved by padding, shoe inserts and periodic shaving. Never try to shave or cut a corn or callus on your own. Instead, use a pumice stone to trim it down safely.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corns and calluses

: When to call a professional

Make an appointment to see your family doctor, orthopedic surgeon or podiatrist if you have painful corns or calluses. If you have diabetes or poor circulation, examine your feet every day. For the best view, use a mirror to inspect the soles of your feet and the skin folds between your toes. If you see an area of redness, swelling, bleeding, blisters or any other problem, call your doctor promptly.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corns and calluses

: Prognosis

Although corns and calluses tend to return even if they are removed, this may be less likely if you use foot padding and shoe inserts.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Corns and calluses

: Additional info

American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society

https://www.aofas.org/
 
American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA)

https://www.apma.org/
 
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons

https://www.acfas.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Coronary artery disease

: What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

The most common type of heart disease is coronary artery disease (CAD), narrowing of coronary arteries. These are the blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. The condition is also called coronary heart disease (CHD). CAD is usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of cholesterol plaque inside the coronary arteries. These plaques are made up of fatty deposits, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrous tissue. With narrowed arteries, flow of oxygen-rich blood to heart muscle slows. At rest, blood supply might be sufficient. But during exercise or periods of emotional stress, inadequate blood flow in a coronary artery can cause a type of chest pain called angina. Atherosclerosis also can lead to rupture of the cholesterol plaque, which then triggers formation of a blood clot inside a narrowed coronary artery. Sudden stoppage of blood flow in a coronary artery usually leads to heart attack, causing significant damage to the heart. The risk factors for atherosclerosis and CAD are basically the same. These risk factors include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Coronary artery disease

: Symptoms of coronary artery disease

In most people, the most common symptom of CAD is angina. Angina, also called angina pectoris, is a type of chest pain. Angina usually is described as a squeezing, pressing or burning chest pain. It tends to be felt mainly in the center of the chest or just below the center of the rib cage. It also can spread to the arms (especially the left arm), upper abdomen, neck, lower jaw, or neck. Other symptoms can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Coronary artery disease

: Diagnosing coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease usually is diagnosed after a person has chest pain or other symptoms. However, screening for CAD with imaging is being done more commonly and can detect symptomatic disease earlier. Your doctor will examine you, paying special attention to your chest and heart. Your doctor will press on your chest to see if it is tender. Tenderness could be a sign of a non-cardiac problem. Your doctor will use a stethoscope to listen for any abnormal heart sounds. Your doctor will do one or more diagnostic tests to look for CAD. Possible tests include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Coronary artery disease

: Expected duration of coronary artery disease

CAD is a long-term condition. People can have different patterns of symptoms. Plaque in coronary arteries never will disappear completely. However, with diet, exercise and medication, the amount of cholesterol in the plaque can be reduced, and replaced with fibrous tissue, thereby stabilizing the plaques and making them less prone to rupture so they won't cause a heart attack. In addition, medication to lower heart rate and blood pressure can allow the demand for blood flow by the heart muscle to match any decrease in blood flow. In addition, sometimes new, small blood channels called collaterals can develop to increase the blood flow to the heart muscle.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Coronary artery disease

: Preventing coronary artery disease

You can help to prevent CAD by controlling your risk factors for atherosclerosis. To do this:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Coronary artery disease

: Treating coronary artery disease

CAD caused by atherosclerosis is treated with one or more of the following treatments.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Coronary artery disease

: When to call a professional

Seek emergency help immediately if you have chest pain. In patients whose chest pain signals heart attack, prompt treatment can limit heart muscle damage. Do not waste precious time hoping that your chest pain disappears.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Coronary artery disease

: Prognosis

In people with CAD, the outlook depends on many factors. People with stable angina who are taking medications regularly, eating properly and exercising as instructed by their doctors, generally remain active and have an excellent prognosis. The prognosis for heart attacks when people reach the emergency room promptly has improved dramatically. However, many people still die before reaching the hospital. This is why it is so important to prevent CAD.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Coronary artery disease

: Additional info

American Heart Association (AHA)

http://www.heart.org/
 
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
 
American College of Cardiology

http://www.acc.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

: What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, fatal brain disorder caused by prions. Prions are normal proteins that have changed their shape. Healthy proteins have a healthy shape, which allows them to function normally.  The misshapen prion protein causes disease by making other proteins nearby change their healthy shape to the prion's unhealthy shape.  In this way one prion makes many more prions: it slowly turns healthy proteins into prions, too.    When symptoms eventually appear, CJD causes rapidly progressive dementia (mental decline) and involuntary jerking muscle movements called myoclonus. About 90% of people with CJD die within 1 year of diagnosis.  About 85-95% of cases of CJD are from sporadic mutations. The DNA that makes the prion protein is changed by the mutation. The slightly different DNA makes a slightly different protein that has an abnormal shape. Less often, the mutation is hereditary (passed down from parent to child). Jewish people born in Czechoslovakia, Chile and Libya have a higher-than-average risk of CJD from this inherited mutation. Inherited CJD does not cause symptoms until adulthood.  Prions also can be passed from an animal to a person, or from one person to another.  Fortunately, it is hard to catch prion diseases.  A type of CJD called "variant CJD" shows somewhat slower progression of brain injury and more psychiatric symptoms, and it tends to affect younger people. This type of CJD has been linked to eating beef from cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also called "mad cow disease."  BSE is caused by prions.  In the 1990's, a small outbreak of variant CJD was described in the United Kingdom. It was caused by people eating beef infected with prions. Since then, changes in beef farming and processing practices have helped to limit the number of new cases.   It is extremely uncommon for CJD to spread from one person to another. However, in very rare cases CJD has been transmitted by a blood transfusion, by a medical procedure (because of contaminated equipment), by contaminated tissue (such as corneas that are used for transplant) or by injections of hormones extracted from human tissues.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

: Symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

CJD does not cause any symptoms at first. The first symptoms include slow thinking, difficulty concentrating, impaired judgment and memory loss.  These symptoms also occur with other diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, so CJD can be hard to diagnose, at first.  Soon, however, begins a severe, progressive dementia. People neglect themselves, become apathetic or irritable, and start having strong muscle spasms. Then people become completely bedridden, and eventually lapse into coma. Comatose patients may die as a result of infection associated with being immobile, such as pneumonia.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

: Diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

The only sure way to diagnose CJD is with a brain biopsy, an invasive test.  A less invasive test, a spinal tap (or lumbar puncture) can reveal abnormal proteins in the spinal fluid. Detection of these proteins can help make the diagnosis, but the diagnosis is made primarily by the symptoms and the doctor's examination of the nervous system.  Other non-invasive tests can be very helpful, however:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

: Expected duration of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Ninety percent to 95% of people with CJD die within 3 to 12 months after symptoms start. A few people with the disease survive more than 2 years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

: Preventing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Most cases of CJD cannot be prevented, but the disease fortunately is rare: only one person in one million develops the disease each year.  Cases of CJD caused by medical procedures, or by eating infected animal meat, are even more rare. But they are preventable. Health care professionals minimize the risk by handling the fluids and tissues of patients with CJD with extreme caution, and by using special sterilization methods to disinfect equipment. Likewise, new precautions have been taken by the beef farming and beef processing industry. These precautions have helped to make the risk of infection from eating beef exceedingly small.   Blood banks have put additional restrictions on blood donors. Blood banks in the United States now turn away blood donations from people who have lived in the United Kingdom for three months or longer from 1980 through 1996.