Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heat stroke (hyperthermia)

: Treatment

The first step in treating heat stroke is to reduce body temperature by cooling the body from the outside. This can be done by removing tight or unnecessary clothing, spraying the person with water, blowing cool air on the person, or wrapping the person loosely in wet sheets. Alternatively, ice packs can be placed at the neck, groin and armpits to accelerate cooling. Severe cases may require cardiopulmonary bypass, in which the person's blood is diverted from the heart and lungs into a collection machine, cooled, and then returned to the body. In some cases, anti-seizure or muscle-relaxing medications may be given to control convulsions and shivering. Aspirin and acetaminophen (Tylenol) do not help lower body temperature when a person has heat stroke, and these medications should be avoided if heat stroke is suspected. People with heat stroke generally need to be hospitalized so they can be tested for complications that may appear after the first day. One common complication is muscle breakdown caused by the heat. In this condition, called rhabdomyolysis, byproducts of the muscle breakdown appear in the bloodstream and can damage the kidneys.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heat stroke (hyperthermia)

: When to call a professional

Seek emergency help if you or someone else has been in the heat and experiences confusion, faintness, staggering, hallucinations (visions that are not real), unusual agitation or coma. Begin cooling the person immediately.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heat stroke (hyperthermia)

: Prognosis

If medical help is sought quickly, heat stroke almost always is treated successfully. Having had heat stroke in the past increases your risk of heat stroke in the future, so you will have to take extra precautions in hot weather. Delaying treatment can have serious consequences, including kidney or liver damage, congestive heart failure or heart arrhythmias, coma or death.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heat stroke (hyperthermia)

: Additional info

National Library of Medicinehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heel pain

: What is it?

Heel pain is a common symptom that has many possible causes. Although heel pain sometimes is caused by a systemic (body-wide) illness, such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout, it usually is a local condition that affects only the foot. The most common local causes of heel pain include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heel pain

: Symptoms

The heel can be painful in many different ways, depending on the cause:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heel pain

: Diagnosis

After you have described your foot symptoms, your doctor will want to know more details about your pain, your medical history and lifestyle, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heel pain

: Expected duration

How long heel pain lasts depends on the cause. For example, heel pain that is related to obesity should improve gradually as you lose weight. If your heel pain is related to a specific sport or exercise regimen, a period of rest may bring relief. Once your heel is pain-free, you may need to modify your training program to prevent your pain from returning. Most heel pain goes away in a short period of time, either on its own or after treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heel pain

: Prevention

You can help to prevent heel pain by maintaining a healthy weight, by warming up before participating in sports and by wearing shoes that support the arch of the foot and cushion the heel. If you are prone to plantar fasciitis, exercises that stretch the Achilles tendon (heel cord) and plantar fascia may help to prevent the area from being injured again. You also can massage the soles of your feet with ice after stressful athletic activities. Sometimes, the only interventions needed are a brief period of rest and new walking or running shoes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heel pain

: Treatment

Treatment of heel pain depends on its cause:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heel pain

: When to call a professional

Make an appointment to see a health care professional if you have significant heel pain that does not improve within a few days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heel pain

: Prognosis

Although the outlook depends on the specific cause of the heel pain, most people respond to conservative, nonsurgical therapy. For example, at least 90% of people with plantar fasciitis heal within 6 to 8 weeks of conservative therapy, or conservative therapy followed by 6 to 8 weeks of night splints. Less than 5% of people with plantar fasciitis require surgery. Heel pain may return if you return too soon to your previous level of exercise or sports participation.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Heel pain

: Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

https://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society

https://www.aofas.org/
 
American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA)

https://www.apma.org/
 
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons

https://www.acfas.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hematuria

: What Is It?

Hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in the urine. If there are enough red cells, the urine can become bright red, pink or cola colored. Often, however, the urine appears completely normal because there is not enough blood to cause a color change. In this case, the condition is called "microscopic" hematuria. There are many possible causes of hematuria, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hematuria

: Symptoms

By itself, hematuria rarely causes symptoms. One exception is when the bladder has so much blood in it that clots form, and the flow of urine is blocked. This can cause pain at the site of the blockage in the lower pelvis. Symptoms usually come from the cause of the hematuria, and vary depending on the condition:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemochromatosis

: What is it?

Hemochromatosis is a common genetic (inherited) disorder in which too much iron is absorbed from the digestive tract. This excess iron is deposited in the tissues and organs of the body, where it can become toxic and cause damage. Hemochromatosis occurs most often in people of northern European ancestry, especially those of Scottish, Irish or English descent, and affects up to 1 in 200 people in the United States. Hemochromatosis most commonly is diagnosed in people between ages 40 and 60. In women, it usually is diagnosed after menopause.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemochromatosis

: Symptoms

The early symptoms of hemochromatosis vary a lot from person to person and are general symptoms that also occur in other conditions. In fact, there may be no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. Symptoms include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemochromatosis

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask you details about your medical history, will examine you, and will order several tests to measure the amount of iron in your blood. A liver biopsy may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis. In this procedure, you will receive a local anesthetic and a small piece of tissue from your liver will be removed for analysis in a laboratory. Some experts recommend that all adults have a test to measure the amount of iron in the blood as a screen for this disorder. However, there is no general agreement that this approach is useful. Genetic testing is available for some of the more common genes associated with this disorder (found in up to 90% of people with hemochromatosis), but not everyone who has the genes develops the disease. For people with an abnormally high level of iron in the blood and a positive genetic test, liver biopsy may be unnecessary. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver can also assist in making the diagnosis. The test can measure the amount of iron in the liver. A very high level strongly suggests hemochromatosis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemochromatosis

: Expected duration

Hemochromatosis is a lifelong condition.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemochromatosis

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent hemochromatosis, because the disorder is inherited. However, complications of the disease, including cirrhosis, arthritis, heart failure and diabetes, may be prevented by early detection and treatment. Avoiding supplemental iron (as contained in supplements and many vitamins) and high doses of vitamin C (which frees iron to deposit in the tissues) also may help to prevent complications of iron overload. Family members of anyone diagnosed with hemochromatosis should be screened for the condition. People with hemochromatosis should be vaccinated against hepatitis A and hepatitis B, and should avoid substances that can injure the liver, such as too much acetaminophen or alcohol.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemochromatosis

: Treatment

The traditional treatment for hemochromatosis is periodic removal of blood (phlebotomy), as is done during blood donation. Blood may be removed as often as once a week until iron levels fall to normal. After that, phlebotomy usually needs to be done about every two to four months to keep iron levels in the blood at an acceptable level. Your blood count will be monitored to make sure that too much blood is not being removed, which can lead to anemia. You may be given recommendations to modify your diet. You also may need treatment for specific disorders, such as diabetes. Another approach to treatment is called chelation therapy, in which people are given medication that binds to iron, removing it from the body and lowering the amount of stored iron. However, phlebotomy is so effective and simple that chelation therapy is rarely necessary.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemochromatosis

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you have a family history of hemochromatosis or are starting to experience any symptoms of the disease.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemochromatosis

: Prognosis

With early diagnosis and treatment, the serious consequences of iron overload in the body can often be avoided. However, once tissue damage has developed, problems related to that damage, such as arthritis or diabetes, are usually long lasting. A liver transplant is sometimes necessary for people with advanced liver failure, and people with hemochromatosis and cirrhosis of the liver are more likely to develop a form of liver cancer called hepatoma. Screening tests, including ultrasound and blood tests, may detect hepatoma at a curable stage.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemochromatosis

: Additional info

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

https://www.nih.gov/
 
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemophilia

: What Is It?

Hemophilia is an inherited disorder. It prevents blood from clotting properly. People with hemophilia bleed longer than usual. This bleeding can range from mild to severe. In severe cases, people with hemophilia can bleed to death.   Because of the way in which hemophilia is inherited, it almost exclusively affects men. Women can get it, but it is very rare.   Clotting is the process in which the blood thickens or congeals. This prevents a cut or other injury from bleeding endlessly.  Clotting factors are substances in the blood that help the blood to clot. People with hemophilia do not have enough clotting factors.   Blood clotting involves two sets of factors. One set works with specialized blood cells made in the bone marrow, called platelets. Platelets play a central role in blood clotting. The other set of factors involves the coagulation system. Coagulation is a coordinated series of chemical reactions that clots and stops the bleeding.  The main clotting factors involved in hemophilia are Factor VIII, Factor IX and Factor XI.  Types of hemophilia:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemophilia

: Symptoms

People with hemophilia may bleed anywhere in the body. However, they seldom bleed significantly from small cuts or puncture wounds.   Rather, hemophiliacs bleed more than other people do from significant injuries, trauma or surgery. How badly and how often people bleed directly relates to how much clotting factor they have.  People with hemophilia may experience:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemophilia

: Diagnosis

People with severe hemophilia often develop bleeding problems within the first two years of life. Many infants are diagnosed when they have prolonged bleeding after circumcision. Others are diagnosed in childhood. They may develop excessive bruising and bleeding into joints after typical childhood injuries.   People with mild hemophilia may not be diagnosed for decades. Diagnosis may only occur after they experience abnormal bleeding after trauma, injury or surgery.  If your doctor suspects that you have hemophilia, he or she will ask how often you bleed and how severely. Your doctor will also ask if anyone in your family has a bleeding problem.   Your doctor will examine you. He or she will focus on evidence of past bleeding into the skin, muscles and joints.   A variety of blood tests will show if your blood has a clotting defect. The diagnosis of hemophilia A or B or factor XI deficiency can be confirmed by measuring the amount specific clotting factors.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemophilia

: Expected Duration

Hemophilia is a lifelong illness. Symptoms usually can be controlled with proper medical treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemophilia

: Prevention

People with a family history of hemophilia can learn their risks of passing hemophilia to their children. A simple blood test is usually all that is necessary.  People with hemophilia should take steps to avoid injuries, accidents and excessive strain on the joints. This can help to prevent episodes of bleeding. For example:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemophilia

: Treatment

Preventive treatment
 Clotting factor concentrates help to replace the missing clotting factor in the blood. This can help to decrease how often and how severely you bleed. Clotting factor concentrates are given by injection into a vein.  Recombinant hemophilia factors are made in the test tube. They are not extracted from human blood products.  Because these clotting factors are large proteins (large complex chemical structures), patients may develop inhibitors or antibodies that neutralize the ability of these factors to enable blood to clot. Different medicines may be required if an inhibitor develops after getting these clotting factors. 
Treatment for excessive bleeding
 Sometimes excessive bleeding occurs despite the use of recombinant clotting factors. Hospital treatment is necessary when bleeding occurs. The situation is an emergency when it involves the brain, neck, the central nervous system or a vital organ.   Hemophiliacs may require blood transfusions to treat excessive blood loss.   All surgical or invasive procedures should be done in a hospital to properly handle bleeding. Consult your doctor before having dental work.   Some patients develop blockers to the Factors, making them less effective. If this happens, specialized treatments may be required to enable the factors to work again.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemophilia

: When to Call a Professional

Call your doctor if you notice unexplained or severe bruises or a warm, painful joint on your child's body. If you are an adult and you experience these symptoms, call your doctor.   Professionals trained in both hematology and blood coagulation disorders are best equipped to diagnose and treat hemophilia. People with bleeding disorders should consult with these specialists.  People with hemophilia should wear a medical alert bracelet at all times indicating their condition.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemophilia

: Prognosis

How well you do depends on the type of hemophilia and its severity. Thanks to the development of clotting factor products, most people with hemophilia can look forward to a near-normal life span.   There are three main complications that may develop in people with hemophilia:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemorrhagic stroke

: What is it?

A hemorrhagic stroke is bleeding (hemorrhage) that suddenly interferes with the brain's function. This bleeding can occur either within the brain or between the brain and the skull. Hemorrhagic strokes account for about 15% of all strokes, and are divided into categories depending on the site and cause of the bleeding:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemorrhagic stroke

: Symptoms

Symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke vary, depending on the cause:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemorrhagic stroke

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will want to know your medical history and your risk factors for stroke. Your doctor will take your blood pressure and examine you, including a neurological exam and a heart exam. To diagnose and classify your stroke, your doctor will need an imaging test of your brain. Several tests can be useful, including a computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. For hemorrhagic strokes, CT scans are the fastest and most effective test. If a subarachnoid hemorrhage is suspected, your doctor may do a lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, in which a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid is removed through a needle inserted into your back. This fluid is examined to see if it contains blood. Another test, called an MRI angiography, can provide information about blood flow to your brain. If these tests show that you are having a hemorrhagic stroke, you will undergo tests to check for the cause. Because a hemorrhagic stroke involves bleeding, it is important to assess the ability of your blood to clot. Blood tests will be done to evaluate your cell counts and the ability of your blood to clot. If you take an anticoagulant drug (andquot;blood thinner") or antiplatelet medication, your doctor will most likely have stop it and may need to give therapy to reverse the anticlotting effects.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemorrhagic stroke

: Expected duration

Hemorrhagic stroke is life-threatening. Many of these deaths occur within the first two days. For those who survive a brain hemorrhage, recovery is slow. A minority of people are able to recover complete or near-complete functioning within 30 days of the stroke.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemorrhagic stroke

: Prevention

You can help to prevent stroke from intracerebral hemorrhage by controlling your blood pressure. If you take an anticoagulant drug, it's essential to carefully adhere to instructions. If you take warfarin, educate yourself about the effect other drugs and foods can have on the level of the drug in your bloodstream. Too much warfarin in your blood can cause bleeding. You also should be treated for high cholesterol, avoid excessive alcohol use, and never use cocaine or amphetamines. Smoking increases the risk of an aneurysm, so avoiding smoking may prevent some cases of hemorrhagic stroke. It is almost impossible to prevent subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by an aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation, because these blood vessel abnormalities usually do not cause any symptoms before the hemorrhage occurs. Screening tests, such as MRI angiography, may make sense for some asymptomatic people who have two or more close relatives with a history of brain aneurysms or intracerebral hemorrhages to identify arterial malformations before they cause a problem. However, this is impractical as a general guideline because treatment of an aneurysm that is not causing any symptoms involves significant risks, and because most aneurysms never cause serious bleeding.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemorrhagic stroke

: Treatment

When a large hemorrhage occurs in or around the brain, the entire brain is in danger because of increasing pressure within the skull. Much of the emergency treatment for hemorrhagic stroke involves measuring and lowering pressure. The sugar mannitol, which sometimes is used as a medicine, pulls brain fluid into the bloodstream, can be used to help lower intracranial pressure. The patient may be intubated and connected to a mechanical ventilator to hyperventilate the person as a way to also lower pressure in and around the brain. If necessary, a surgeon will cut the skull bone (with a small drilled hole called a "burr hole," or with a larger surgery) to decrease the compression of the brain tissue. In some cases, surgery is necessary to remove a large portion of the clot after a hemorrhage, but in most patients, the body eventually reabsorbs the clotted blood on its own. In the hours after a hemorrhagic stroke, blood pressure must be closely monitored. Doctors consider the amount of brain swelling present when they decide what blood pressure level is most appropriate. In the case of subarachnoid hemorrhage, which commonly provokes spasms of the arteries nearest to the site of bleeding, medicines may be used to prevent arteries from narrowing when they spasm. If bleeding occurred because of an abnormally formed blood vessel, surgery may be appropriate to prevent a hemorrhage from happening again. An aneurysm can be repaired by placing a surgical clip. Depending upon the size and location of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM), a neurosurgeon may be able to repair or remove it. Early intervention by an occupational therapist and physical therapist is helpful. These professionals can teach people how to work around a new disability and regain strength after brain injury. Commonly, hospitalization is followed by a period of living in a rehabilitation center, where additional intensive therapy may be provided. The goal of rehabilitation is to help the patient recover as much physical and speaking function as possible.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemorrhagic stroke

: When to call a professional

Call for emergency help immediately if you think a friend or family member may be having a stroke. Call your doctor promptly if you develop a severe headache with vomiting. Headaches should also be evaluated by your doctor if they occur frequently or are accompanied by other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, weakness, or numbness in any part of the body. If you take warfarin, report a new headache to your doctor. If you have a sudden, very severe headache that goes away, it is still important to discuss this with your doctor. Sometimes blood leaks briefly from a blood vessel one or more times before a subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs. The headache this leak causes is called a sentinel headache.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemorrhagic stroke

: Prognosis

The risk of death and disability depends on the type of hemorrhagic stroke. People with the highest risk of immediate death are those who have a ruptured aneurysm and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The prognosis is better for those with an intracerebral hemorrhage.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemorrhagic stroke

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/
 
National Stroke Association

https://www.stroke.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hemorrhoids 

: What Is It?

Hemorrhoids are lumps or masses of tissue in the anus, which contain enlarged blood vessels. Any increase in abdominal pressure may produce hemorrhoids. This may be from:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Hepatitis A

: What Is It?

Hepatitis A is a viral infection that can inflame and temporarily damage the liver. Unlike other forms of hepatitis, hepatitis A rarely causes severe illness and does not lead to a persistent infection. Spread of the virus most often occurs from ingestion of contaminated food or water. It also can be passed during sexual practices that involve the anus. In rare cases, hepatitis A can be spread by contact with the blood of a person who has the infection, for instance, when intravenous drug users share needles. Many people have been exposed to hepatitis A. Symptoms can be very mild. So, you may not even be aware that you had the infection.