Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedwetting (Enuresis)

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor immediately if your child starts wetting the bed after being dry for several months or if your child has symptoms of a urinary tract infection or diabetes.   Call your doctor to discuss whether treatment would be recommended for your child who has never been dry at night and has started elementary school.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedwetting (Enuresis)

: Prognosis

Because almost all children eventually outgrow bedwetting, the outlook is excellent, even without treatment.  With treatment, the success rate depends on the type of therapy. Motivational therapy succeeds in about 25% of children, behavioral therapy in about 70%, and bladder training in about 66%. The success rate of the drug, desmopressin acetate, may be as high as 70%, but varies widely in research studies.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bedwetting (Enuresis)

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disorders
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/ American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)
https://www.familydoctor.org/ American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
https://www.aap.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Behcet's Disease

: What is Behcet's disease?

Behçet's (bay-setz) syndrome is a rare disease that causes inflammation of many parts of the body. These include the skin of the genital area, lining of the mouth, eye, nervous system, joints and blood vessels. The most characteristic problems include ulcers in the mouth and genital areas, and serious eye inflammation. It is also called Behçet's syndrome. The exact cause of the disease remains unclear. But Behçet's disease is thought to involve an autoimmune response. This means the body's defense mechanism begins to attack its own tissues. Something in the environment may trigger this abnormal immune response in susceptible individuals. Genetic factors may also play a role.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bell's palsy

: What is Bell's palsy?

Bell's palsy is a weakness of the muscles on one side of the face caused by problems with a facial nerve. The nerve becomes inflamed and swollen and stops functioning properly. There are two facial nerves, one for the right side of the face and one for the left. Each has several branches. The main branch controls most of the muscles on one side of the face, including the muscles that control facial expression and the muscles that close and open the eyes and the lips. Other smaller branches go to the tongue and ear.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bell's palsy

: Symptoms of Bell's palsy

Usually, symptoms of Bell's palsy begin gradually and peak in 48 hours. Early symptoms include changed sensation in a portion of the face, pain in or around the ear, increased or decreased hearing, and impaired taste. As the condition progresses, a person typically has trouble closing his or her mouth and eye on one side of the face and may complain of being unable to hold food in the mouth. The eyes also may tear more or less than usual.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bell's palsy

: Diagnosing Bell's palsy

Doctors usually can diagnose Bell's palsy based on a physical examination. Your doctor will test for weakness in the muscles of the face, paying special attention to your ability to close both eyes and hold them closed. He or she also will ask you to smile or whistle to look for a difference on the two sides of your face. Your doctor will ask whether you are having any symptoms of numbness or weakness in other body parts or difficulty walking. These symptoms are not associated with Bell's palsy, but this will help to rule out other causes of facial weakness. Your doctor will look for a shingles like rash on your face and ear. If you have this rash, especially if it is painful, your doctor will diagnose Ramsay-Hunt syndrome caused by reactivation of the herpes zoster virus. If there are no other symptoms, and the only problem is weakness in facial muscles, your doctor can diagnose Bell's palsy without further testing. A blood sugar test may be ordered if you have not had one recently, because people with diabetes are more likely to get Bell's palsy. A blood test for Lyme disease also may be done.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bell's palsy

: Expected duration of Bell's palsy

Most people's symptoms peak at 48 hours, start to improve by 2 weeks, and they are back to normal by 6 months. In some cases, the symptoms do not go away completely and there is some permanent facial weakness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bell's palsy

: Preventing Bell's palsy

There is no way to prevent Bell's palsy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bell's palsy

: Treating Bell's palsy

If the symptoms are very mild, treatment may not be necessary. Most commonly, people with Bell's palsy are prescribed prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone and others), a corticosteroid, to reduce the inflammation and swelling in the nerve. Some doctors prescribe a combination of prednisone and an anti-herpes virus drug, such as valacyclovir (Valtrex) for 7 days. If the Bell's palsy is part of the Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, treatment should always include anti-herpes drug, usually valacyclovir, along with prednisone. Bell's palsy related to Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics active against the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. If Bell's palsy is affecting your ability to close your eyes, your cornea can become dry and possibly get scratched. To prevent this, you must protect your eyes from wind and dust by wearing glasses. You will need to keep your eyes moist by using artificial tears frequently during the day and lubricating your eyes at night with a sterile eye ointment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bell's palsy

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor immediately at the first sign of decreased strength in your face, difficulty eating or drinking, or a droopy eyelid. Also call your doctor if your ear suddenly hurts, especially if you see blisters around your ear or inside your ear canal. If you have been diagnosed with Bell's palsy, call your doctor immediately if your eye starts hurting or feels irritated. Call if your arms or legs feel weak, your vision changes, you get dizzy, have trouble swallowing, or get a headache that keeps getting worse. Contact your doctor promptly if any symptoms get worse.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bell's palsy

: Prognosis

Although the symptoms of Bell's palsy are frightening, there's a good chance that the nerve will be able to work properly again. Eighty-five percent of people with Bell's palsy recover completely within a few months. Children almost always recover completely. Taste returns before facial strength. If taste returns within five to seven days after symptoms began, it's more likely you will recover completely. It's also more likely you will recover completely if your facial muscles were not fully paralyzed at the most severe point of the illness. Factors associated with a poorer outlook include a higher degree of impairment, a longer time before symptoms start to improve, advanced age, and severe pain in or around the ear. The prognosis for Ramsay-Hunt syndrome is not as good as the prognosis for Bell's palsy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bell's palsy

: Additional info

American Academy of Otolaryngology

https://www.entnet.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Biliary colic

: What is biliary colic?

Biliary colic is a steady or intermittent ache in the upper abdomen, usually under the right side of the rib cage. It happens when something blocks the normal flow of bile from the gallbladder. Bile is a liquid that helps to digest fats. Under normal circumstances, bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. When you eat a meal, bile passes from the gallbladder through the cystic duct and the common bile duct into the small intestine, where it mixes with partially digested food. Gallstones are the most common reason for biliary colic. If a gallstone blocks either of these ducts, the normal flow of bile into the intestine is disrupted. The muscle cells in the bile duct contract vigorously to try to move the stone, causing the pain of biliary colic. A stricture of the bile duct or a tumor also can block bile flow and cause biliary colic.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Biliary colic

: Symptoms of biliary colic

A person with biliary colic usually complains of an ache or a feeling of pressure in the upper abdomen. This pain can be in the center of the upper abdomen just below the breastbone, or in the upper right part of the abdomen near the gallbladder and liver. In some people, the abdominal pain spreads back toward the right shoulder blade. Many people also have nausea and vomiting. Because symptoms of biliary colic usually are triggered by the digestive system's demand for bile, they are especially common after fatty meals. The symptoms also can occur when a person who has been fasting suddenly breaks the fast and eats a very large meal.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Biliary colic

: Diagnosing biliary colic

After you describe your symptoms, your doctor will perform a physical examination, paying particular attention to the upper right portion of your abdomen (the area of your liver and gallbladder). Ultrasound, the same painless procedure used to produce pictures of babies in the womb, can be used to produce pictures of your abdomen so your doctor can look for gallstones. Blood tests also may be done, especially if you have any fever or if your pain persists.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Biliary colic

: Expected duration of biliary colic

Most episodes of biliary colic pass after 1 to 5 hours. After the most intense pain passes, your abdomen may continue to ache mildly for about 24 hours.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Biliary colic

: Preventing biliary colic

Because biliary colic is usually related to gallstones, it can be prevented by controlling the risk factors for gallstones. Some of these risk factors, such as heredity, increasing age and pregnancy, are a normal part of life. Others, such as obesity and a high-fat diet, are risk factors you can modify through a healthy lifestyle. Women going through menopause who take estrogen (hormone replacement therapy) are also more likely to develop gallstones and biliary colic.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Biliary colic

: Treating biliary colic

At first, your doctor may prescribe pain medication and encourage you to eat a fat-free diet. If the first episode of biliary colic is particularly severe, or episodes of colic keep retuning, surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) usually is recommended. This procedure can be done through small incisions using an instrument called a laparoscope. The procedure usually requires only a brief stay in the hospital, and some people can leave the hospital the same day they have their operation. It is the most widely used treatment in people troubled by painful gallstones, because it is very effective and safe, with no complications in more than 90 percent of cases. If surgery cannot be done and symptoms of biliary colic are lasting, medication that dissolves gallstones may be used. However, this medication is expensive and can take months or years to work. Also, only small stones will dissolve. Rarely, medication to dissolve gallstones is combined with a procedure called shock-wave lithotripsy, which uses carefully aimed shock waves to break up gallstones. However, in many people treated with medication or lithotripsy, gallstones tend to form again within a few years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Biliary colic

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor whenever you have severe abdominal pain, with or without nausea and vomiting. If you have symptoms of biliary colic and you suddenly develop a fever and shaking chills, this may signal a gallbladder infection (cholecystitis), so call your doctor immediately.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Biliary colic

: Prognosis

As long as you have gallstones that can block your cystic duct or common bile duct, you are at risk for repeated episodes of biliary colic. There is also a 25 percent chance that you will develop acute cholecystitis, or some other complication of gallstones, within 10 to 20 years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Biliary colic

: Additional info

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC)

https://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness or manic depression)

: What is bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder, which used to be called manic depressive illness or manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by wide mood swings from high (manic) to low (depressed). The expert view of bipolar disorder will continue to evolve, but it is now commonly divided into two subtypes (bipolar I and bipolar II) based on the dividing line between mania and hypomania described above.Periods of high or irritable mood are called manic episodes. The person becomes very active, but in a scattered and unproductive way, sometimes with painful or embarrassing consequences. Examples are spending more money than is wise or getting involved in sexual adventures that are regretted later. A person in a manic state is full of energy or very irritable, may sleep far less than normal, and may dream up grand plans that could never be carried out. The person may develop thinking that is out of step with reality — psychotic symptoms — such as false beliefs (delusions) or false perceptions (hallucinations). During manic periods, a person may run into trouble with the law. If a person has milder symptoms of mania and does not have psychotic symptoms, it is called hypomania or a hypomanic episode.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness or manic depression)

: Symptoms of bipolar disorder

During the manic phase, symptoms can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness or manic depression)

: Diagnosing bipolar disorder

Since there are no medical tests to establish this diagnosis, a mental health professional diagnoses bipolar disorder based on a person's history and symptoms. The diagnosis is based not just on the current symptoms, but also take into account the problems and symptoms that have occurred through a person's life. People with bipolar disorder are more likely to seek help when they are depressed than when manic or hypomanic. It is important to tell your doctor about any history of manic symptoms (like those described above). If a doctor prescribes an antidepressant for a person with such a history, the antidepressant could trigger a manic episode. Because medications and other illnesses can cause symptoms of mania and depression, a psychiatrist and primary care physician must sometimes work together with other mental health professionals to evaluate the problem. For example, the course of the illness can be affected by steroid treatment or a thyroid problem.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness or manic depression)

: Expected duration of bipolar disorder

If left untreated, a first episode of mania lasts an average of two to four months and a depressive episode up to eight months or longer, but there can be many variations. If the person does not get treatment, episodes tend to become more frequent and last longer as time passes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness or manic depression)

: Preventing bipolar disorder

There is no way to prevent bipolar disorder, but treatment can prevent manic and depressive episodes or at least reduce their intensity or frequency. Also, if you are able to talk to your health care provider as early as you can about milder forms of the disorder, you may be able to ward off more severe forms. Unfortunately, worries about stigma often stop people from mentioning their concerns to their primary care doctor or other caregiver.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness or manic depression)

: Treating bipolar disorder

A combination of medication and talk therapy is most helpful. Often more than one medication is needed to keep the symptoms in check.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness or manic depression)

: When to call a professional

A manic episode is a serious problem requiring immediate treatment. However, a person in a manic episode may not be aware that he or she is sick. Some people with this illness may have to be brought to a hospital, even when they don't want to go. Many patients are grateful later when they learn that they avoided a loss or embarrassment and were pushed to get the treatment they needed. If you observe manic symptoms in a person who is unaware of his or her condition, arrange a consultation with a health care provider. Treatment can prevent symptoms from accelerating, and can improve a person's progress and functioning over time. If you notice worsening symptoms of depression in a person with known bipolar disorder, have a low threshold to connect them with their doctor, as they are at elevated risk of suicide.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness or manic depression)

: Prognosis

The natural course of bipolar disorder varies. Without treatment, manic and depressive episodes tend to occur more frequently as people get older, causing increasing problems in relationships or at work. It often takes persistence to find the most helpful drug combination that has the fewest side effects. Treatment can be very effective; many of the symptoms can be diminished and in some cases eliminated. As a result, many people with bipolar disorder are able to function completely normally and have highly successful lives.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness or manic depression)

: Additional info

American Foundation for Suicide Prevention

http://www.afsp.org
 
American Psychological Association

http://www.apa.org/
 
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill

http://www.nami.org/
 
Mental Health America

http://www.mentalhealthamerica.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Black Eye

: What is a black eye?

A black eye, sometimes called a "shiner," is a bruise around the eye. When an object strikes the eye, the force of the impact breaks delicate blood vessels in the eyelids and surrounding tissues. Blood collects under the skin, and causes black or blue discoloration in the eyelids and around the eye socket. Because the skin around the eye is relatively thin and transparent compared to skin in other parts of the body, the black and blue color of a bruised eye may seem darker and more intense than bruises elsewhere.  Although many people associate black eyes with fighting and violence, only about 15% of eye injuries are caused by violent assaults. Most black eyes happen by accident — during contact sports, at work, in a car crash or during home repair. Men get about four times more eye injuries than women do, and the average patient is approximately 30 years old. The source of the injury is usually a blunt object — a baseball, a hammer, a rock or a piece of lumber — and the most frequent place of injury is the home. At one time, it was also common for eye injuries to occur in motor vehicle accidents, usually when a victim's face struck the dashboard. However, the number of eye injuries caused by car crashes has decreased significantly because of airbags and the mandatory use of seat belts.  Almost 2.5 million traumatic eye injuries occur each year in the United States. Most black eyes are superficial injuries that don't cause any permanent damage to the eye or to the tissues around it. When vision changes after a blow to the eye, it is a warning sign that the injury may be more than a simple bruise. The force of the blow may have fractured the delicate bones that form the eye socket, or the structure of the eye itself may be damaged.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Black Eye

: Symptoms of a black eye

A black eye causes swelling and black-and-blue discoloration of the eyelids and soft tissues around the eye.   Sometimes, trauma that results in a black eye also causes small areas of bleeding on the white of the eye and on the inner lining of the eyelids. If you have bright-red or dark-red discoloration of your eyeball, you have another problem. This discoloration most likely is caused by a condition called a subconjunctival hemorrhage, which means a small blood vessel in the eye breaks and bleeds. This bleeding can be caused by trauma or by retching or vomiting. Like a black eye, the color change from a subconjunctival hemorrhage typically goes away slowly on its own, and the condition does not need any treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Black Eye

: Diagnosing a black eye

You usually can diagnose a black eye yourself.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Black Eye

: Expected duration of a black eye

Most of the swelling and discoloration go away within seven to 10 days after injury. The color of the skin around the eye will change over the course of recovery, typically showing green and yellow tones as the blood ages and is cleared from the tissue.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Black Eye

: Preventing a black eye

Almost all eye injuries can be prevented. To decrease your risk of eye injuries:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Black Eye

: Treating a black eye

If you have a black eye, apply cold compresses (such as an ice bag or cool, damp cloth) to the injured eye for at least 15 minutes immediately after your injury to help reduce pain, swelling and discoloration.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Black Eye

: When to call a professional

Most black eyes are no more dangerous than a simple bruise on your arm or leg. There are times, however, when a black eye can be a sign of a more serious problem, such as a fracture of the eye socket or an injury to the inside of the eye. Call your doctor immediately if your black eye is accompanied by any of the following symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Black Eye

: Prognosis

The prognosis for an uncomplicated black eye is good as it typically heals completely within a week or two.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Black Eye

: Additional info

National Eye Institute
https://www.nei.nih.gov/ National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/ American Academy of Ophthalmology
https://www.aao.org/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
https://www.aap.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bladder Cancer

: What is bladder cancer?

This type of cancer occurs in the bladder — the organ that stores urine. The bladder has an inner lining surrounded by a layer of muscle. Bladder cancer begins in the inner lining of the bladder. It is usually discovered before it has spread past this lining. Risk factors for bladder cancer include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Bladder infection (cystitis)

: What is a bladder infection (cystitis)?

A bladder infection, also called cystitis, is caused by an abnormal growth of bacteria inside the bladder, the balloon-like organ that stores urine. Bladder infections are one of the most common bacterial infections to affect humans, with up to one-third of all females having at least one infection at some point in their lives.