Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ulcerative colitis

: What is it?

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease. It usually begins in the rectum, then worsens to involve some or all of the large intestine. Ulcerative colitis is a lifelong condition. Ulcerative colitis may begin with a breakdown in the lining of the intestine. The inside of the intestine, with its digested food, contains trillions of bacteria. Normally, the lining of the intestines keeps these bacteria from causing an infection of the wall of the intestine. As long as the bacteria are contained, they remain invisible to your immune cells. They do not provoke a reaction. But when the intestine's lining fails, bacteria that usually are harmless can activate your immune system. Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disease. This means that the immune system, which is supposed to attack foreign things that get inside our bodies, instead attacks a part of the body. In ulcerative colitis, the bowel bacteria provoke the immune system to attack the wall of the intestine itself, injuring the bowel. There also is evidence that unusually large or small numbers of certain types of bacteria that normally live in everyone's gut can make the gut vulnerable to ulcerative colitis. Once the bowel inflammation has started, it can continue. It continues even if the immune system stops being exposed to the bowel bacteria. Ulcerative colitis affects the inner lining of the rectum and colon. This causes the lining to
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ulcerative colitis

: Symptoms

The symptoms of ulcerative colitis vary. Some people with the disease have a burst of symptoms every few months. Others have symptoms all the time. Some, fortunately, have symptoms only rarely. Typical symptoms include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ulcerative colitis

: Diagnosis

To confirm a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, most patients have either flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Both procedures use a small camera and light to view the insides of your large intestine. A biopsy may be done during either procedure. In a biopsy, small samples of tissue are clipped from the lining of the intestine. They may be examined for signs of inflammation. Many temporary conditions, such as infections, cause the same symptoms as ulcerative colitis. Therefore, your doctor will want to test your stool for other conditions such as bacterial infections or parasite infections. Blood tests may also be done to check for anemia (low red blood cell count) or low iron levels. These are common in ulcerative colitis. Other blood tests may be recommended to exclude other causes of bowel inflammation. Blood tests may be done to detect inflammation, and to check on your liver. Inflammation of the liver ducts occurs in some people with ulcerative colitis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ulcerative colitis

: Expected duration

Ulcerative colitis is a lifelong condition, unless the large intestine is surgically removed. Most people with ulcerative colitis do not have their colon removed. That is because their symptoms can be controlled with medication. Or, they only have symptoms once in a while. In ulcerative colitis, the inflammation is not always active. There can be long breaks between symptoms. Each time ulcerative colitis acts up, symptoms can last for weeks or months. Often these flare-ups are separated by months or years of good health with no symptoms. Some people notice that certain foods aggravate their symptoms. By managing their diet, these people can increase the time between flare-ups.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ulcerative colitis

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent ulcerative colitis. However, some people are able to decrease the frequency of symptoms. They do this by avoiding foods that seem to provoke flare-ups. For some people with ulcerative colitis, this includes spicy foods and milk products. If you have ulcerative colitis, you can decrease the toll it takes on your body. To do this, eat a well-balanced, nutritious diet — especially when you are not having symptoms such as poor appetite and nausea that make it hard to eat. By doing so, you can decrease complications from malnutrition, such as weight loss or a low blood count. Ulcerative colitis increases your risk of colon cancer. People with extensive inflammation in the whole colon have the highest risk. It is important to have your colon checked frequently for early signs of cancer. Ask your doctor how often you should have a colonoscopy. Poor nutrition or the effect of colitis medicines can lead to osteoporosis. This disease weakens bones and can cause bones to break. Osteoporosis can be prevented with medicines, adequate exercise, calcium, and vitamin D. If you have ulcerative colitis, discuss osteoporosis with your doctor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ulcerative colitis

: When to call a professional

New or changing symptoms often mean that additional treatment is needed. People who have ulcerative colitis should be in frequent contact with their physicians. Common symptoms that require a doctor's immediate attention are
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ulcerative colitis

: Prognosis

Ulcerative colitis can affect people very differently. Many people have only mild symptoms. They do not require continuous treatment with medicines. Others might require multiple medicines or surgery. Unless it is treated with surgery, this disease is a lifelong condition. Ulcerative colitis requires people to pay special attention to their health needs. They must also seek frequent medical care. But most people can have normal jobs and productive lives. It can be helpful for a person newly diagnosed with ulcerative colitis to join a support group of other people with the disease.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Ulcerative colitis

: Additional info

Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America

http://www.ccfa.org/
 
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders

http://www.niddk.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Undescended Testicle (Cryptorchidism) 

: What Is It?

An undescended testicle, also called cryptorchidism, is a testicle that has not moved down into the scrotum. Early in pregnancy, the testicles begin developing deep within the abdomen, influenced by several hormones. At 32 to 36 weeks' gestation, the testicles begin to descend into the scrotum. In 30% of premature and approximately 3% of full-term male infants, one or both of the testicles have not completed their descent at the time of birth. Most of these will then descend spontaneously during the first three to six months of life. By 6 months of age, less than 1% of babies still have the problem. Either one or both testicles can be affected.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urethritis

: What Is It?

Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine out of the body. Urethritis is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection. Much less often, it is the result of an injury from an instrument such as a urinary catheter or exposure to an irritating chemical such as an antiseptic or a spermicide.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinalysis

: What is the test?

A urinalysis is a routine examination of the urine for cells, tiny structures, bacteria, and chemicals that suggest various illnesses, including infection, diabetes, kidney problems and liver disease. A urine culture attempts to grow large numbers of bacteria from a urine sample to diagnose a bacterial urine infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinalysis

: How do I prepare for the test?

For a regular urinalysis, you are asked to urinate briefly into a plastic cup. When urine is collected for a urine culture, you must provide a "clean catch" sample - one that is not contaminated by skin cells and skin bacteria. This is so the doctor can obtain a sample of urine from inside your bladder, where normally there should be no bacteria. In contrast, there are many bacteria on the skin of a penis or in a vagina. The trick (harder for a woman than a man) is to pee directly into a sterile container without having the stream of urine first touch your skin or the nonsterile tissues of the vagina. To collect a clean catch sample, you are given a sterile plastic container and asked to wipe off the area around your urethra (where urine exits) with an antiseptic cloth. For women, it's also helpful to hold the two labia (outer walls) of the vagina apart with one hand when you urinate, so that the stream of urine passes directly into the sterile container. Since the first flow of urine is most likely to be contaminated by bacteria from around the opening of the urethra, first urinate for a moment into the toilet and then use the cup to collect the "middle" portion of your urine stream.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinalysis

: What happens when the test is performed?

For a regular urinalysis, your urine is tested both chemically and by microscopic exam. Chemical examination uses a "dipstick" to reveal the pH (acidity) and concentration of your urine, while simultaneously testing for several chemicals at once. Some chemicals indicate that blood in general and white blood cells in particular might be present, a sign of a urinary infection, kidney stones, or other problems. Nitrite, a chemical produced by most bacteria, suggests a bacterial infection. Sugar in the urine is a sign of diabetes (high blood sugar), while chemicals known as ketones can indicate a diabetic complication. Protein in the urine can indicate kidney disease or impaired kidney function. A microscopic examination is done after the urine is spun inside a tube in a centrifuge. This concentrates the solid particles at the bottom of the tube, so they can be studied more easily. Microscopic examination can show red blood cells, white blood cells, bacteria, crystals, skin cells that might have contaminated the sample, and, rarely, parasites in your urine. In some cases, the way the cells look offers your doctor clues about whether they entered your urine from the bladder or the kidney.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinalysis

: What risks are there from the test?

None.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinalysis

: Must I do anything special after the test is over?

No.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinalysis

: How long is it before the result of the test is known?

Your doctor might be able to do a urinalysis in his or her office and can give you the results within 10-15 minutes. If the urine is sent to a separate laboratory, it usually takes several hours to get results, so you may not hear from your doctor until the next day. A urine culture takes 24 to 72 hours to complete, so you may not hear results for several days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary health

: What is it?

The urinary tract includes the kidneys, the ureters (the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder, and the urethra (the tube that allows urine to exit from the bladder to outside the body). Urinary health can be maintained by making lifestyle choices that help avoid infections and other problems. Common problems include: Bladder infection (cystitis) — Bladder infections are extremely common in women of all ages. An infection almost always starts when bacteria enter the opening where urine comes out (urethra). Once bacteria enter a woman's urethra, they only have to travel a short distance to reach the bladder. Bladder infections are uncommon in younger men. In men over age 50, a bladder infection is usually associated with an enlarged prostate or a prostate infection. Kidney infection (pyelonephritis) — A kidney usually becomes infected because bacteria have traveled to the kidney from an infection in the bladder. Kidney infections occur more commonly
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary health

: Symptoms

The symptoms of specific conditions involving the urinary tract vary depending on the condition.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary health

: Diagnosis

Many people have occasional episodes of brief discomfort when they start urinating. Usually this is caused by irritation, and does not need to be treated. Make an appointment with your doctor if discomfort while urinating lasts longer than a brief moment, is severe, or if it happens frequently. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and your personal and sexual habits. During a physical examination, the doctor will check for tenderness over the kidneys and examine your genitals. For women, this may include a pelvic exam. Men with suspected prostate problems may have a digital rectal exam. If your doctor thinks you have a simple bladder infection, he or she usually can confirm this with a urine test in the doctor's office. To diagnose urethritis, the doctor may order a special urine test or may take a swab of the infected area and send it for testing. If your doctor suspects you have a kidney infection, he or she will ask you to give a urine sample, which will be sent to a laboratory to identify the exact species of bacteria causing the infection. If you have a fever or appear ill, your doctor may take a blood sample to check for bacteria in the blood. If your doctor is concerned about a kidney stone or cancer, further studies such as a CT scan will usually be performed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary health

: Expected duration

How long a urinary condition lasts depends on its cause. Most people with infections of the urinary tract respond well to treatment within a few days. When the cause is more difficult to determine or more serious, symptoms may last longer.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary health

: Prevention

To help prevent bladder and kidney infections, be sure to stay well hydrated with several glasses of water each day to flush out your urinary tract. Women should wipe from front to back after having a bowel movement. They should also urinate soon after sexual intercourse to flush bacteria away from the urethra. This helps prevent bacteria from moving into the bladder. To help prevent sexually transmitted diseases, practice safe sex. This includes always using a condom unless you have only one steady sexual partner. To help prevent kidney stones, drink plenty of fluids and avoid dehydration. Staying hydrated dilutes your urine and decreases the chance that chemicals in your urine will combine to form stones. You can prevent the most common type of kidney stones, known as calcium oxalate stones, by eating low-fat dairy products and other calcium-rich foods. Taking calcium supplements, however, can increase the risk of stone formation. People who excrete too much oxalate into their urine should avoid eating foods high in oxalate. These foods include beets, spinach, chard, and rhubarb. Tea, coffee, cola, chocolate, and nuts also contain oxalate, but these are safe to consume in moderation. Eating too much salt and meat can cause more kidney stones to form. Not using tobacco products is the best way to prevent bladder cancer and other cancers of the urinary tract.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary health

: Treatment

Treatment depends on the condition.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary health

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor or seek urgent care if you have painful urination or blood in the urine and any of these other symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary health

: Prognosis

A single episode of infection in the bladder, urethra, or kidney usually goes away completely after treatment with antibiotics if treated promptly. In most cases, there is very little risk of long-term damage. However, women with certain sexually transmitted diseases can experience scarring of the reproductive tract and fertility problems if the infection is not promptly diagnosed and treated. Up to half of people who pass a kidney stone will never pass a second one. For people with recurrent kidney stones, the prognosis depends on the cause of the kidney stones and the person's response to preventive therapies. The outlook for cancer of the urinary tract continues to improve with new therapies.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary health

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

www.cdc.gov/
 
American Urological Association

Urology Care Foundation

www.urologyhealth.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary Incontinence

: What Is It?

Urinary incontinence is a loss of control over urination. Urine leaks before you are able to get to a toilet.   Normally, kidneys make urine that travels through tubes (called ureters) into the bladder.  The bladder is a balloon-shaped structure with walls of muscle.  The muscular walls are relaxed until the bladder fills up.  The underside of the bladder is supported by pelvic floor muscles.  When the bladder is full, the walls of the bladder are stretched. That signals the muscular walls to squeeze down, causing an urge to urinate.  When you are ready to urinate, the muscular walls squeeze down harder, and another tube (the urethra) opens up that carries urine out of the bladder and into the outside world.  With the various types of urinary incontinence, this normal process gets disrupted.   One type of incontinence is stress incontinence. Your pelvic muscles are located beneath your bladder. Stress incontinence occurs when your pelvic muscles aren't strong enough. They cannot withstand a "stress" or pressure pushing on the bladder.   When your pelvic muscles give way, they release their squeeze around the bottom of your bladder. As a result, urine can drain out.   Stress incontinence is common during:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary Incontinence

: Symptoms

The main symptom of urinary incontinence is leakage of urine. This leakage can be frequent or rare. It can be a soaking or a small squirt.   Urge incontinence can cause leakage during sleep.  A urinary tract infection is likely to be causing incontinence if urine leakage is accompanied by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary Incontinence

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will review your medical history.  Your doctor may ask you to keep a voiding diary for one to three days. You should record:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary Incontinence

: Expected Duration

Urinary incontinence may be a short-term problem. This is likely if it is related to pregnancy or to a UTI.   Urinary incontinence is more often a long-term problem if it results from:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary Incontinence

: Prevention

There is not much to be done to prevent urinary incontinence from starting.  Obese women are more likely to develop urinary incontinence. So are women who don't exercise regularly. Thus, regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight can help prevent you from developing incontinence.  On the other hand, once incontinence starts, the problem can be treated effectively to reduce or eliminate the number of episodes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary Incontinence

: When To Call A Professional

If you experience urinary incontinence, tell your doctor. He or she can provide basic treatments for urinary incontinence. For more persistent symptoms, your doctor may refer you to specialist with expertise in evaluating and treating urinary incontinence.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary Incontinence

: Prognosis

Most women who seek treatment for urinary incontinence find that their symptoms improve. Bladder retraining can lead to good results after only a few weeks. Kegel exercises improve urine control in many women who use them consistently.  Surgery for urinary incontinence can be very successful. But it can result in one or more complications. These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary tract infection in men

: What is it?

Urinary tract infections involve the parts of the body — the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra — that produce urine and carry it out of the body. Urinary tract infections often are classified into two types based on their location in the urinary tract:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary tract infection in men

: Symptoms

A urinary tract infection usually causes one or more of the following symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary tract infection in men

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and about any previous episodes of urinary tract infection. To fully assess your risk factors, your doctor may ask about your sexual history, including your history and your partner's history of sexually transmitted diseases, condom use, multiple partners and anal intercourse. Your doctor will diagnose a urinary tract infection based on your symptoms and the results of a physical examination and laboratory tests of your urine. In a typical urinary tract infection, your doctor will see both white blood cells (infection-fighting cells) and bacteria when he or she examines your urine under a microscope. Your doctor probably will send your urine to a laboratory to identify the specific type of bacteria and specific antibiotics that can be used to eliminate the bacteria. In men, a rectal examination will allow your doctor to assess the size and shape of the prostate gland. If you are a young man with no sign of an enlarged prostate, your doctor may order additional tests to search for a urinary tract abnormality that increases the likelihood of infection. This is because urinary tract infections are relatively rare in young men with normal urinary tracts. Additional tests may include intravenous pyelography or a computed tomography (CT) scan, which shows an outline of your urinary tract on X-rays; ultrasound; or cystoscopy, an examination that allows your doctor to inspect the inside of your bladder using a thin, hollow tube-like instrument.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary tract infection in men

: Expected duration

With proper treatment, most uncomplicated urinary tract infections begin to improve in one to two days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary tract infection in men

: Prevention

Most urinary tract infections in men cannot be prevented. Practicing safe sex by using condoms will help to prevent infections that are transmitted through sexual contact. In men with benign prostatic hypertrophy, cutting out caffeine and alcohol or taking certain prescription medications may help to improve urine flow and prevent the buildup of urine in the bladder, which increases the likelihood of infection. Many men with urinary infections due to an enlarged prostate gland require surgery to remove part of the gland. Because this surgery can improve urine flow, it can help prevent infections.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary tract infection in men

: Treatment

Doctors treat urinary tract infections with a variety of antibiotics. The results of laboratory tests on your urine can help your doctor pick the best antibiotic for your infection. In general, most uncomplicated lower tract infections will be eliminated completely by five to seven days of treatment. Once you finish taking the antibiotics, your doctor may ask for a repeat urine sample to check that bacteria are gone. If an upper tract infection or infection of the prostate is diagnosed, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics for three weeks or longer. Men with severe upper tract infections may require hospital treatment and antibiotics given through an intravenous catheter (in a vein). This is especially true when nausea, vomiting and fever increase the risk of dehydration and prevent the use of oral antibiotics.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Urinary tract infection in men

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor whenever you have any of the symptoms of a urinary tract infection. If you are approaching age 50, call your doctor if you notice any of the following: a decrease in the force of your urine stream, difficulty in beginning urination, dribbling after you urinate, or a feeling that your bladder isn't totally empty after you finish urinating. These could be symptoms of an enlarged prostate, a problem that can be treated effectively before it triggers a urinary tract infection.