Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Farsightedness (hyperopia)

: Treatment

If you are farsighted, your doctor probably will prescribe eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct your problem. The lenses used in both of these treatments are thick in the center and thinner around the edge, which brings the viewed image forward into proper focus on the retina. Many cases of farsightedness can be corrected with laser eye surgery, such as LASIK (laser in situ keratomileusis). Although the FDA has approved several types of lasers for surgical treatment of farsightedness, not every farsighted person is a good candidate for this type of treatment. You or your child needs an eye exam if your vision blurs when you try to read or if you find it difficult to see when you do close work, such as sewing, repairing delicate machinery, or building models. Contact your doctor's office.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Farsightedness (hyperopia)

: When to call a professional

If you are a parent, call your pediatrician if your child holds books very close to his or her face while reading, complains of frequent headaches, or appears cross-eyed. Infants are normally very farsighted at birth, but this condition almost always corrects itself between ages 3 months and 2 years. However, make sure that your doctor checks your child's eyes as a part of every well-baby visit. Your child also should have visual testing at about age 3 and a half, and again at the start of school.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Farsightedness (hyperopia)

: Prognosis

Most people find satisfaction with eyeglasses or contact lenses to adjust for farsightedness. Many people report satisfaction with the results of laser eye surgery, and tens of thousands of procedures are performed successfully each year in the United States. However, as in other forms of surgery, you should understand the risks and benefits of laser eye surgery before you decide whether to have the procedure done.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Farsightedness (hyperopia)

: Additional info

National Eye Institute

https://nei.nih.gov/
 
American Academy of Ophthalmology

https://www.aao.org
 
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)

https://www.aap.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Febrile seizures

: What is it?

Febrile seizures occur in children. They are caused by a high fever or by a sudden rise in body temperature. The brain's nerve cells (neurons) communicate with each other by giving off tiny electric signals. When someone has a seizure (convulsion), the way the brain's nerve cells give off signals suddenly changes, which can trigger different muscles in the body to twitch or jerk uncontrollably. Febrile seizures usually happen at the beginning of an illness, soon after the fever first starts. Febrile seizures can affect up to 5% of children. They are most common between ages 6 months and 5 years. A child is more likely to have a febrile seizure when other family members have had febrile seizures. Children who have delays in normal development are also more likely to have seizures with fever. More than one in three children who have had a febrile seizure will have another one within one year. The risk of having another seizure is greater in children who had their first seizure when they were younger than 12 months old. Most children eventually grow out of this condition.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Febrile seizures

: Symptoms

Signs of a febrile seizure may include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Febrile seizures

: Diagnosis

In most cases, a doctor can diagnose febrile seizures based on a description of the episode. However, the doctor may want to see your child to look for the cause of the fever. In particular, the doctor will want to make sure your child does not have any signs of a serious infection of the brain (encephalitis) or of the coverings of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Febrile seizures

: Expected duration

Febrile seizures usually last less than five minutes. If they last longer than this, call your doctor right away.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Febrile seizures

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent the first febrile seizure. In children who already have had one febrile seizure, parents should be taught how to best manage a fever and a seizure if it occurs. Preventing high temperatures will decrease the risk of febrile seizures. Also parents should be reassured that febrile seizures are rarely harmful if they last only a few minutes. Parents should never give children aspirin or a salicylate-containing product to reduce fever. Although rare, aspirin use is linked to Reye syndrome. Some medications may help to prevent more seizures. However, the potential side effects of these drugs may be worse than the benefits. Therefore, they are rarely prescribed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Febrile seizures

: Treatment

You cannot stop a seizure once it starts, but you can do the following to protect your child:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Febrile seizures

: Prognosis

The outlook is excellent. Febrile seizures generally are not harmful and do not cause long-term problems. Children with cerebral palsy, developmental delays, or certain neurological problems are slightly more likely than other children to develop epilepsy (repeated seizures that are not related to fevers) after febrile seizures. Children who have repeated febrile seizures are at an increased risk of developing epilepsy. However, the risk is still very low.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Febrile seizures

: Additional info

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)

https://www.aap.org/
 
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fecal Incontinence

: What Is It?

When stool (feces) leaks out from the rectum accidentally, it is known as fecal incontinence. Under normal circumstances, stool enters the end portion of the large intestine, called the rectum, where it is temporarily stored until a bowel movement occurs. As the rectum fills with stool, the anal sphincter muscle (a circular muscle surrounding the anal canal) prevents feces from coming out of the rectum until it is time to have a deliberate (controlled) bowel movement. Various conditions can cause incontinence. The most common reason for incontinence is that the anal sphincter becomes too weak to hold the stool in the rectum. Alternatively, sometimes the rectum may start to lose its capacity to store the stool, or the person may be unable to feel that the rectum is full. Also, a person must be able to be aware of the need to empty the bowel, and be mobile enough to reach the bathroom in time. Diarrhea from any cause makes incontinence worse (since it is more difficult to control liquid stool than solid stool).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Felon

: What is it?

An infection inside the tip of the finger can form an enclosed pocket of pus (or abscess) that is very painful as it expands. A felon is a fingertip abscess deep in the palm side of the finger. It usually is caused by bacterial infection, most often from growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. A painful bump on the end of a finger that is sometimes mistaken for a felon is a herpes virus infection that forms a herpetic whitlow. It is important to get treatment quickly for felons when they are small. If the bacteria pocket continues to expand, it can compress blood vessels in the finger and cut off the fingertip's circulation, causing in permanent damage to the finger. Also, an untreated felon can spread its infection to the bone within the finger. This can lead to a more serious infection, called osteomyelitis, which takes much longer to cure. Like other types of infections, felons sometimes begin after the finger is punctured by a wood splinter or something else.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Felon

: Symptoms

A felon causes extreme pain at the fingertip, especially when pressure is applied to the "fingerprint" surface. The end of the finger swells, is warm and turns red. There may be an accumulation of a white, thick discharge (pus). As the felon increases, the fingertip may feel numb, and bending the finger may be painful.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Felon

: Diagnosis

Your doctor can usually diagnose a felon just by examining it. He or she will ask whether you have had an injury in the area. Tenderness, redness, firmness and enlargement of the fingertip are all signs of a felon. If you have small bubble-like cysts on the skin, called vesicles, and repeated episodes, it is likely the cause is herpetic whitlow.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Felon

: Expected duration

Because an enlarging abscess in the finger reduces blood supply into the area, it is hard for your body's immune system to fight this type of infection. Felons almost always need to be opened and drained by a doctor before they can heal. Most clear up within days to weeks. Healing may be faster with aggressive treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Felon

: Prevention

If you are going to work with wood or other materials that could cause splinters, wear protective gloves. People with diabetes who prick their fingers for home blood tests should first wipe the fingertip with alcohol. Avoiding contact with others who have herpes may prevent herpetic infections, though there may be no way to know in advance who has the infection. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of a herpetic infection may prevent complications.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Felon

: Treatment

Felons are usually treated with minor surgery to allow drainage. Typically, your doctor will make the whole finger numb by injecting an anesthetic once into each side of your finger, just beyond the knuckle of the hand. Then he or she will make one or more small cuts in the tip of your finger to allow the pus to drain out. A narrow gauze strip may be left in the wound to hold it open for continued drainage. The gauze may need to be replaced every day or two as it absorbs bacteria and debris from inside the wound. Your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic that works against "staph" bacteria infections. Antibiotics may be changed if the infection does not clear up promptly or if testing of the pus indicates that the infection is caused by an unusual organism or one that is resistant to the usual antibiotics.  For severe cases, a more extensive operation may be necessary including making a small hole in the nail to allow additional drainage. If the infection is actually a herpetic whitlow rather than a felon, drainage is not performed because it may delay healing or increase the risk of bacterial infection. Herpes infections in the finger tend to clear up on their own. Your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication, such as acyclovir (Zovirax) or valacyclovir (Valtrex), which may help speed recovery. If you have this or any skin or wound infection, make sure you are up-to-date with your tetanus vaccinations.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Felon

: When to call a professional

Because of the complications that can occur from a felon, you should see your doctor and go to an emergency room for immediate care if you develop sudden or severe pain or swelling in a finger.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Felon

: Prognosis

The prognosis is excellent. Felons caused by bacterial infections are curable with drainage and antibiotic treatment. Complications are rare and usually can be prevented with prompt diagnosis and treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Felon

: Additional info

National Foundation for Infectious Diseases

https://www.nfid.org/
 
Infectious Diseases Society of America

https://www.idsociety.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Female Infertility

: What Is It?

Most couples who have unprotected sex at least twice per week are able to become pregnant within one year. If pregnancy does not occur after one year, the man and woman are diagnosed as having an infertility problem. Infertility can result from problems in the man, the woman or both partners. In some couples, no cause of infertility can be found. In other couples, more than one cause exists.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fever

: What is it?

A fever is an increase in body temperature above the normal range. However, body temperature varies between people, with different levels of activity and at different times of the day. Medical textbooks differ in their definition of the highest normal body temperature. Fever generally can be defined as an early morning temperature higher than 99 degrees Fahrenheit or a temperature higher than 100 degrees Fahrenheit at any time of the day. A part of the brain called the hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat. When all is well in the body, the hypothalamus is set at the normal body temperature. Fever develops when the hypothalamus is set to a higher-than-normal temperature. This resetting of the hypothalamus is usually caused by small molecules called pyrogens in the blood. 

 Causes of fever include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fever

: Symptoms

Common symptoms associated with fever include sweating, shivering, headaches, muscle aches, poor appetite, rash, restlessness and general body weakness. High fever can lead to symptoms of mental dysfunction, such as confusion, excessive sleepiness, irritability and convulsions (seizures). Convulsions triggered by fever (febrile seizures) are common among children younger than 5 years. These seizures usually occur at the beginning of an illness when temperature rises rapidly. In infants and toddlers, febrile seizures typically cause generalized shaking and muscle rigidity. They usually last one to three minutes and are often followed by a long period of sleep. Specific symptoms associated with a fever often can provide clues to help identify the fever's cause. For example, a fever accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea may signal gastroenteritis, and a fever associated with coughing, shortness of breath and grayish-yellow phlegm may indicate pneumonia.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fever

: Diagnosis

In pinpointing a fever's cause, your doctor may ask about:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fever

: Expected duration

Depending on its cause, a fever may disappear in a day or last for weeks.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fever

: Prevention

You can reduce your risk of getting illnesses that cause fever by adopting these healthy habits:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fever

: Treatment

Doctors often advise adults with mild to moderate fevers below 102 degrees Fahrenheit to:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fever

: When to call a professional

Adults and children should seek immediate medical attention for any fever of 104 degrees Fahrenheit or higher or for any fever accompanied by one or more of the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fever

: Prognosis

For most fevers caused by common infections, the person either recovers on their own or the doctor is able to identify and treat the cause. Sustained body temperatures of 106 degrees Fahrenheit or above can cause brain damage.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fever

: Additional info

American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)https://www.aafp.org
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fibroids

: What Is It?

A fibroid is a lump or growth in the uterus that is not cancerous. Fibroids can be as small as a pea to as large as a basketball. They are usually round and pinkish in color, and they can grow anywhere inside or on the uterus. About 30% of women older than 30 years have fibroids, and they usually appear between the ages of 35 and 45. Some women are more likely to get fibroids, including black women, women who have never been pregnant and women who have a mother or sister with fibroids.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fibromyalgia

: What is it?

People with fibromyalgia have widespread pain, aches, and stiffness in muscles and joints throughout the body, along with unusual tiredness. There is no known cause of fibromyalgia. In addition, doctors can't find any other explanation for the symptoms. Blood tests, x-rays, and other tests usually are normal in people with fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a controversial illness. Some physicians don't believe that it's a medical illness but think it may be a reflection of psychological distress or stress. However, there's no proof of a psychological cause either. Until we have a better understanding of the disorder, it's likely to remain controversial. It may be that fibromyalgia has more than one cause. Some researchers have suggested that it's related to abnormalities in a non-dream part of the sleep cycle or to low levels of serotonin, a brain chemical that regulates sleep and pain perception. Other theories have linked fibromyalgia to alterations in the threshold at which a person experiences pain. Still others have cited physical or psychological trauma, blood-flow abnormalities in the muscles, viral infections, or other infections as possible triggers of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia affects an estimated 3.4% of women and 0.5% of men in the United States, or 3 million to 6 million Americans. It most commonly affects women of childbearing age or older. In fact, some estimates suggest that more than 7% of women in their 70s have fibromyalgia. Many people with fibromyalgia also have psychiatric problems such as depression, anxiety, or eating disorders, although the relationship between fibromyalgia and mental health disorders remains unclear.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fibromyalgia

: Symptoms

Fibromyalgia can cause pain and stiffness in the muscles and joints almost anywhere in the body, including the trunk, neck, shoulders, back, and hips. People often have pain between the shoulder blades and at the bottom of the neck. Pain may be either a general soreness or a gnawing ache, and stiffness is often worst in the morning. Typically, people also complain of feeling abnormally tired, especially of waking up tired, although they have slept well. Many people with fibromyalgia also have tender points, which are specific spots on the body that are painful to touch. Some people report symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, depression, anxiety, and headache. For research studies, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) has established criteria for fibromyalgia that include a combination of unexplained symptoms such as pain, fatigue, waking without feeling rested, and/or problems with thinking or memory. But doctors often make the diagnosis in people with widespread pain and no other identifiable cause, even if criteria are not met.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fibromyalgia

: Diagnosis

After asking about your symptoms, your doctor will check for swelling, redness, and impaired movement in parts of your body where you're having pain. Your doctor will also check for tender points (although the presence of tender points is not required to make the diagnosis). Your doctor will ask detailed questions about your medical history and examine you to rule out other conditions or diseases that could explain your symptoms, such as thyroid disease or vitamin D deficiency.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fibromyalgia

: Expected duration

The symptoms of fibromyalgia are usually chronic. While treatment can be helpful, symptoms tend to be long-lasting (and frequently lifelong).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fibromyalgia

: Prevention

There is no known way to prevent fibromyalgia.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fibromyalgia

: Treatment

Standard treatment of fibromyalgia includes both nonmedication and medication approaches. Nonmedication treatments may be much more helpful than medications. Aerobic exercise, such as low-impact stepping, cycling, or swimming several times each week, is considered an essential part of treatment. A physical therapist or trainer can be helpful in developing an individualized exercise program. Improved sleep quality may improve symptoms, so it may help to avoid caffeine, exercise late in the day, and fluids late in the evening. If your symptoms do not improve, your doctor also may suggest that you try one or more of the following therapies: acupuncture, massage therapy, warm compresses, biofeedback, tai chi, hypnosis, group therapy, or stress management. If you have symptoms of depression or anxiety, these may improve with psychotherapy and antidepressant or antianxiety medication. Education about the disease and treatment of accompanying conditions (such as sleep apnea) can make a big difference. While no medication reliably cures fibromyalgia, medications can provide at least some relief. These include acetaminophen (Tylenol and other brand names); aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, and others) or naproxen (Aleve); a muscle relaxant such as cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril); or an antidepressant such as amitriptyline (Elavil) or fluoxetine (Prozac). Sometimes these medicines are prescribed in combination. For example, the combination of amitriptyline and fluoxetine (taken at different times of the day) may help more than either alone. In recent years, the FDA has approved pregabalin (Lyrica), duloxetine (Cymbalta), and milnacipran (Savella) for the treatment of fibromyalgia. However, studies have not yet compared these with older medications for the long-term treatment of this condition. A number of other medicines, including gabapentin (Neurontin), tramadol (Ultram), and tizanidine (Zanaflex), are commonly prescribed for fibromyalgia. Each person with fibromyalgia is different, so people may have significantly different treatment plans than the measures outlined above.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fibromyalgia

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor whenever you experience chronic pain or extreme tiredness, especially if it interferes with your ability to work, sleep, do normal household chores, or enjoy recreational activities.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fibromyalgia

: Prognosis

Studies do not agree about the outlook for people with fibromyalgia. For example, results from some specialized treatment centers show a poor outlook. However, community-based treatment programs show that symptoms go away in a quarter of patients and symptoms significantly improve in about half.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fibromyalgia

: Additional info

Arthritis Foundation

http://www.arthritis.org/
 
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

http://www.niams.nih.gov/
 
American College of Rheumatology

http://www.rheumatology.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)

: What Is It?

Fifth disease, also known as erythema infectiosum, is a common viral infection among school-aged children. It is caused by parvovirus B19, which spreads through direct contact with fluids or mucus from the nose or mouth of an infected person. Fifth disease causes a bright red "slapped cheek" rash that doesn't appear until an infected person is no longer contagious. Fifth disease usually is a mild illness, and some people who are infected may never realize they have it. 

 Outbreaks of fifth disease typically occur in late winter and early spring. When outbreaks occur among schoolchildren, 10% to 60% of susceptible children may develop symptoms. Parvovirus B19 infects humans only and is not the same as the parvovirus that infects dogs.