Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Spinal Cord Trauma

: When To Call a Professional

All cases of actual or possible spinal cord trauma should be evaluated by a doctor immediately.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Spinal Cord Trauma

: Prognosis

Spinal cord trauma may heal over time without further problems, or it may result in permanent deficits, depending on the location and severity of the injury. Early recovery of at least some movement or sensation suggests that additional recovery is possible. Lost sensation or function lasting more than 6 months is unlikely to improve.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Spinal cord tumors

: What is it?

The spinal cord, which lies protected inside the spine (backbones), contains bundles of nerves that transmit messages between the brain and the nerves throughout the body. A tumor on or near the spinal cord can disrupt this communication, impair function and seriously threaten health. Spinal cord tumors are masses of abnormal cells that grow in the spinal cord, between its protective sheaths, or on the surface of the sheath that covers the spinal cord. Primary spinal cord tumors develop within the spinal cord rather than spreading from other parts of the body. These primary tumors usually are noncancerous (benign) and even the cancerous ones rarely spread to other parts of the body. Primary spinal cord tumors can affect people of all ages, but are seen most commonly in young and middle-aged adults. Most cancerous spinal cord tumors are secondary, meaning they spread from a cancer at another site of the body. Up to 20% of people whose cancer has spread throughout the body has had it spread to the brain or spinal cord. These secondary cancerous tumors most frequently start as lung, prostate or breast cancer. Doctors divide spinal cord tumors into three major groups based on their location:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Spinal cord tumors

: Symptoms

Spinal cord tumors generally develop slowly and worsen over time. They can cause many symptoms depending upon their location. Symptoms arise as the tumor presses on the spinal cord or the nerves that exit it. Tumors also may restrict the flow of blood to the spinal cord. Common symptoms include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Spinal cord tumors

: Diagnosis

If you have any of the symptoms of a spinal cord tumor, your doctor will examine you and review your medical history for other conditions that may cause similar symptoms. The physical exam will include a standard neurological examination, which checks eye movement, eye reflexes and pupil reaction; reflexes; hearing; sensation; strength; and balance and coordination. If your doctor suspects that you may have a spinal tumor, he or she may recommend x-rays of the spine and other diagnostic tests, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Spinal cord tumors

: Expected duration

Once it develops, a spinal cord tumor usually will continue to grow until it is treated. Without treatment, it can lead to permanent paralysis, significant disability and death.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Spinal cord tumors

: Prevention

Although spinal cord tumors cannot be prevented, some forms of cancer that spread to the spinal cord can be prevented or cured before they can spread to the spine. Examples including lung cancer, which may be prevented by not smoking, and breast cancer, which may be cured if detected early through appropriate screening. While some benign tumors can occur more often in certain families, the cause of primary spinal cord tumors remains a mystery. Possible causes under investigation include defective genes, viruses and exposure to chemicals.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Spinal cord tumors

: Treatment

Surgery usually is recommended for noncancerous and cancerous primary spinal cord tumors, and usually is successful for tumors located outside the spinal cord. However, other tumors may be impossible to remove without significantly damaging the spinal cord. In those cases, radiation therapy may be used to slow the tumor's growth. Surgical removal of surrounding vertebrae can also help to relieve pain and other symptoms by reducing pressure on the spinal nerves. Chemotherapy may be recommended for certain types of tumors, usually after surgical treatment. For secondary tumors, the treatment will depend upon the type of cancer that has spread to the spinal cord. However, radiation is regarded as a primary treatment for secondary cancer that is compressing the spinal cord. With radiation therapy, care must be taken to limit possible damage to surrounding normal spinal tissue, because such damage can continue to worsen and can be irreversible. The spinal cord is even more sensitive to the effects of radiation than brain tissue. In particular, the thoracic spinal cord segments in the area of the ribs — where about half of all spinal cord tumors occur — are the most sensitive to radiation's effects. With all types of spinal cord tumors, corticosteroid drugs also may be prescribed to reduce spinal cord swelling. In addition, physical therapy may be needed to help a person regain muscle control and strength after radiation or surgery.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Spinal cord tumors

: When to call a professional

Back pain is a common problem and is rarely a sign of cancer. However, call your doctor for an evaluation of persistent or worsening back pain, especially if it keeps you awake at night. If you experience any numbness, tingling or weakness, call your doctor for an evaluation right away. This is particularly important for people who have had cancer in the past.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Spinal cord tumors

: Prognosis

The prognosis will depend upon the location of the tumor on the spinal cord, the type of tumor and the size of the tumor at the time of diagnosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital to restoring function and preventing permanent damage to the spinal cord.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Spinal cord tumors

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/
 
American Brain Tumor Association

https://www.abta.org/
 
Children's Brain Tumor Foundation

https://www.cbtf.org/
 
Brain Tumor Society

https://braintumor.org//
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Sprain (Overview)

: What Is It?

A sprain is a tear of ligaments, the tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to one another at a joint. Normally, ligaments stabilize a joint, keep the joint's bones aligned and limit the motion of a joint to the normal range. When a joint is sprained, its torn or stretched ligaments can lose part or all of their ability to reinforce the joint and to keep it moving normally. In severe cases, the sprained joint can become unstable and loose, bones can move out of alignment and the joint may extend beyond its normal range of motion. Although ligaments can be sprained in a variety of ways, the actual ligament damage is usually caused by at least one of the following:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin

: What Is It?

Squamous cells are small, flat skin cells in the outer layer of skin. When these cells become cancerous, they typically develop into flat or raised, rounded skin tumors. Sometimes the skin around the tumors gets red and swollen. Most cases of squamous cell carcinoma occur in people who have spent lots of time in the sun—especially those with fair skin and blue eyes. Some cases develop on skin that has been injured or exposed to cancer-causing agents. This type of squamous cell cancer can develop on:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Stroke overview

: What is it?

A stroke is a brain injury that occurs because the brain's blood supply is interrupted. The brain's blood supply can be disrupted for different reasons. Doctors generally classify strokes into three categories, depending on the cause:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Stroke overview

: Symptoms

Different areas of the brain are responsible for different functions. These include sensation, movement, sight, speech, balance, and coordination. The symptoms of stroke vary depending on which area of the brain is damaged. Symptoms can include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Stroke overview

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will review your medical history and your risk factors for stroke. Risk factors for stroke include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Stroke overview

: Expected duration

If circulation to the brain is restored quickly, symptoms can improve within a few days. If the blood supply is interrupted for longer periods, brain injury can be more severe. Symptoms can last for many months. You may need physical rehabilitation. Permanent brain damage can cause permanent disability. Some people, especially those who have a large hemorrhagic stroke, can die.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Stroke overview

: Prevention

You can help to prevent stroke by controlling risk factors. Risk factors for stroke include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Stroke overview

: Treatment

It is important to be aware of stroke symptoms. Seek immediate emergency care if you experience stroke symptoms. The doctor will first try to determine whether your stroke is caused by a clot or bleeding. Based on this information, he or she will begin the appropriate treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Stroke overview

: When to call a professional

If you or someone you are with develops any of the symptoms of stroke, call a doctor right away. Or call an ambulance or go to an emergency room. It is important to be evaluated even if your symptoms last only a few minutes, and then go away. Symptoms of a stroke that go away are called a transient ischemic attack (TIA). A TIA can be a warning sign of a coming stroke. About 1 of 10 people who experience a TIA has a stroke during the next three months. People who see a doctor immediately after having a TIA can receive treatment. This might include treatment for high blood pressure and high cholesterol, or an aspirin plan. If these risks are addressed quickly, you can significantly lower your risk for having a stroke over the next three months.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Stroke overview

: Prognosis

If the brain's blood supply is restored quickly and completely, the person may recover with little or no disability. In people with thrombotic strokes, early treatment with the clot-dissolving drug t-PA may reduce disability significantly.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Stroke overview

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/
 
National Stroke Association

https://www.stroke.org/
 
American Heart Association (AHA)

https://www.heart.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Stuttering

: What Is It?

Stuttering is an interruption of the normal flow of speech, which takes on many different patterns. Commonly, it involves either saying a string of repeated sounds or making abnormal pauses during speech.   In early childhood, stuttering is sometimes part of normal speech development. In fact, about 5% of all young children go through a brief period of stuttering when they are learning to talk. Stuttering typically is first noticed between the ages of 2 and 5. It usually goes away on its own within a matter of months. In a small number of children (around 1%), stuttering continues and may get worse. Boys are more likely to stutter than girls.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Styes and chalazions

: What is it?

A sty, also called hordeolum, is a small abscess of the oil gland associated with an eyelash hair follicle. It typically contains Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, the cause of staph infections. When a sty develops, a small area of the upper or lower eyelid or the corner of the eye becomes red, tender and swollen. Swelling subsides gradually over a period of days after the sty develops an opening, and the pus is able to drain out. 

 A chalazion, like a sty, is a swelling within the eyelid caused by inflammation of an oil gland. A chalazion differs from a sty in that it does not contain an active bacterial infection. A chalazion is sometimes the after effect of a sty. It is less tender but lasts longer. Natural oils from the eyelid's oil glands must drain through ducts out to the eyelashes. If debris blocks this normal drainage, it may cause a sty or chalazion. Sometimes, this debris accumulates because of a condition called blepharitis, a long-standing inflammation of the edges of the eyelids, with redness, thickening and scales and crusts.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Styes and chalazions

: Symptoms

A sty or chalazion begins as a tender red lump or bump within the eyelid at the base of the eyelash. It may cause tearing, light sensitivity and the sensation of having something in the eye. Swelling usually involves only a small area of the lid, but in some cases it can lead to irritation and redness of the whole eyelid. A small, yellowish spot eventually appears in the center of a sty, when the pus collection expands to become visible just beneath the skin or eyelid surface. Pain usually is relieved when the sty ruptures, draining the pus through an opening in the skin, the lid margin or the undersurface of the lid. A chalazion at first may be red and swollen for a few days, but eventually it changes to a painless, slowly growing, round mass in the lid. The skin around this firm rubbery lump can be moved loosely over the swelling.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Styes and chalazions

: Diagnosis

You or your doctor can diagnose a sty or chalazion by looking at it. Both styes and chalazions usually go away on their own without medical attention.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Styes and chalazions

: Expected duration

A sty usually goes away in a week or two. Chalazions generally take longer, disappearing after a month or more. Warm compresses can help both styes and chalazions go away sooner.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Styes and chalazions

: Prevention

Good hygiene is the best way to prevent styes and chalazions. Keep your hands clean, don't rub your eyes, and don't share eye makeup. This is particularly important for people who have had styes or chalazions more than once.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Styes and chalazions

: Treatment

Warm compresses can help styes and chalazions heal faster. Moisten a clean, folded washcloth with warm water and hold it gently against the eye for 5 minutes several times a day for several days. The moist washcloth can be heated in a microwave over. This will encourage a sty or chalazion to open a drainage channel, allowing any pus to drain away and restoring normal drainage from oil glands. Change the washcloth frequently, particularly as a sty drains. Pus should never be removed by squeezing. A sty that fails to drain can be lanced (opened) by a doctor. If a chalazion does not go away on its own after six weeks, it may need to be treated surgically under local anesthesia.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Styes and chalazions

: When to call a professional

Seek medical attention if a lump or bump on the eyelid impairs vision, or if it does not go away on its own after one week of treatment with warm compresses. Very rarely, a tumor of the eyelid can look like a chalazion. If redness spreads to the entire lid, you should arrange for prompt examination by a doctor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Styes and chalazions

: Prognosis

Most styes will resolve within one week of treatment with warm compresses. Chalazions take longer to resolve, sometimes more than a couple months. Persistent chalazions may need treatment by an ophthalmalogist.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Styes and chalazions

: Additional info

American Academy of Ophthalmology

www.aao.org
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

: What Is It?

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding from a damaged artery at the surface of the brain. This bleeding often causes a sudden, severe headache. It is a medical emergency. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke. It can cause permanent brain damage.  Blood from a subarachnoid hemorrhage pulses into the space between the brain and the skull. It mixes with the cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord. As blood flows into the cerebral spinal fluid, it increases the pressure that surrounds the brain. The increased pressure can interfere with brain function.   In the days that immediately follow the bleeding, chemical irritation from clotted blood around the brain can cause brain arteries to go into spasm. An artery spasm can cause additional new brain damage.   Most often, a subarachnoid hemorrhage happens because a bulge in the wall of an artery ruptures. The sac-like bulge is called a saccular aneurysm. A subarachnoid hemorrhage also can occur because blood leaks from an abnormal tangle of blood vessels called an arteriovenous malformation (AVM).  
Ruptured Aneurysm 
 Several large arteries form a circle at the base of your brain. When a subarachnoid hemorrhage is caused by a ruptured saccular aneurysm, the aneurysm usually is located where a blood vessel branches from one of these large arteries. About 20% of patients who have had a subarachnoid hemorrhage have multiple aneurysms.   Although it is not possible to predict whether an aneurysm will rupture, an aneurysm is more likely to rupture when it has a diameter of 7 millimeters or more. In most cases, a person who has a brain aneurysm never has a symptom related to it.  
Leaking AVM
 An AVM is a tangled, abnormal mesh of blood vessels that connects an artery and a vein in the brain. AVMs form accidentally prior to birth. An AVM can form almost anywhere in the brain or spinal cord, but they usually are near the back of the brain.   AVMs can appear in several generations of the same family and are more common in men. Bleeding from an AVM most often occurs between the ages of 10 and 30. If an AVM is too deep to cause bleeding onto the outer surface of the brain (a subarachnoid hemorrhage), it can cause bleeding inside the brain itself (intracerebral hemorrhage).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

: Symptoms

The symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

: Diagnosis

If you have a subarachnoid hemorrhage, you will be ill enough that you need to be evaluated in an emergency room. The doctor will do a physical examination, including a neurological examination, and will check to see if your neck movement is limited or uncomfortable, which can be a sign that there is an irritant such as blood in the spinal fluid.  One of two brain imaging tests will be used: either a computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. CT scans provide an image more quickly.   A lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, can confirm that you have a subarachnoid hemorrhage even when the hemorrhage is too small to appear on a CT scan. This test also can test whether you have meningitis, an infection that can cause similar symptoms. During a lumbar puncture, a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid is removed through a needle inserted into your back. This fluid is examined to see if it contains blood.   Two other tests, called brain angiography and MRI angiography, can evaluate blood flow patterns within your brain. One of these tests can be used to detect an aneurysm or AVM abnormality.   You also may have an electrocardiogram (EKG). The dramatic stress on the brain during a subarachnoid hemorrhage can trigger chemical changes within your heart muscle. These changes can stress the heart muscle and may result in a heart attack, even if your heart arteries are not narrowed by atherosclerosis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

: Expected Duration

For those who survive a subarachnoid hemorrhage, recovery is slow. Most people do not recover complete functioning within months of a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Up to 50% of people who survive subarachnoid hemorrhage will have neurological disabilities that last much longer or become permanent.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

: Prevention

It is almost impossible to prevent subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by an aneurysm or AVM. These blood vessel abnormalities usually do not cause any symptoms before the hemorrhage occurs. Smoking has been shown to increase the risk of forming an aneurysm, so avoiding smoking may prevent some cases of hemorrhagic stroke.  Some people have proposed screening tests, such as MRI angiography, that would identify aneurysms before they cause a problem. However, this idea has been impractical for most people, because surgery to remove an aneurysm can leave you with decreased function after your recovery. For most people, this is a risk that is not worth taking, since most aneurysms never cause serious bleeding.   Screening and surgery are not recommended for people who have a single close relative who has a brain aneurysm or a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Screening and surgery may make sense for people who have two or more close relatives who have had bleeding, since this family is at an especially high risk. Because aneurysm screening is controversial, you should consider the risks of surgery carefully with your doctor before you ask for a screening test.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

: Treatment

When a large hemorrhage occurs in or around the brain, the entire brain is in danger because of increasing pressure within the skull. Much of the emergency treatment for hemorrhagic stroke involves measuring and lowering this pressure. Depending upon the patient's level of consciousness and intracranial pressure, he or she may need to be hooked up to a breathing machine. Also intravenous medications can be given to decrease the pressure.   Blood pressure must be kept in a tight range. Blood pressure that gets too low can be even more dangerous than high readings.  Subarachnoid hemorrhages commonly cause arteries nearest to the site of bleeding to spasm and become narrower. The calcium channel blocker called nimodipine is usually given to help prevent the spasm from further damaging the brain.    A subarachnoid hemorrhage frequently causes shifts in the level of blood chemicals called electrolytes. Your doctor will adjust the amount of chemicals in the intravenous fluids based upon results of daily blood tests.  If bleeding occurred because of an abnormally formed blood vessel, you will likely need a procedure to prevent recurrent bleeding. Ideally the procedure is performed when your condition is more stable.   For an aneurysm, your doctor may recommend endovascular coiling or aneurysm clipping.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

: When To Call A Professional

Call for emergency help immediately whenever a friend or family member shows any unexpected symptoms that suggest to you they may be having a subarachnoid hemorrhage, especially if that person loses consciousness or suddenly develops a seizure. Call your own doctor promptly or have a friend bring you to the emergency room if you develop a severe headache and you are vomiting. Less-intense headaches should be evaluated by your doctor if you have them often or if they are accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, weakness or numbness in any part of the body.   If you have a sudden, very severe headache but it goes away, it is critically important to discuss this with your doctor. Sometimes blood leaks briefly from a blood vessel 6 to 20 days before a subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs. The headache this leak causes is called a sentinel headache. Your doctor may be able to provide treatment that can prevent more serious bleeding.