Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endocarditis

: Prevention

If you are at high risk of endocarditis because of a damaged heart valve or other medical problem, tell your doctor and dentist. To prevent endocarditis, your doctor and dentist may prescribe antibiotics before you have any medical or dental procedure in which bacteria have a chance of entering your blood. This is called prophylactic antibiotics. Prophylactic antibiotics usually are given to people with artificial valves, people who had endocarditis in the past and people with other high-risk conditions. Most people with mitral valve prolapse and other minor abnormalities of heart structure do not need antibiotics before medical or dental procedures. In general, antibiotics are given one to two hours before a high-risk procedure, and up to eight hours afterward. Before a dental procedure, an antiseptic mouth rinse also can be used, especially one containing chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine. You also can help to prevent endocarditis by avoiding IV drug use.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endocarditis

: Treatment

When endocarditis is caused by a bacterial infection, it usually is treated with four to six weeks of antibiotics. The type of antibiotic and the length of therapy depend on the results of the blood cultures. Antibiotic treatment is given intravenously (through a vein). Treatment is almost always started while you are in the hospital. When your doctor determines it is safe, you can be discharged home to finish the course of intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes the infected heart valve must be replaced surgically. Indications for surgery may include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endocarditis

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor whenever you experience symptoms of acute or subacute endocarditis, especially if you have a history of heart valve damage, a known heart murmur or an implanted device in your heart (artificial valve or pacemaker wire).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endocarditis

: Prognosis

With prompt diagnosis and proper medical treatment, over 90% of patients with bacterial endocarditis recover. Those whose endocarditis affects the right side of the heart tend to have a better outlook than those with left-side involvement. In cases in which endocarditis is caused by fungi, the prognosis is usually worse than for bacterial endocarditis. Some possible complications of endocarditis include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endocarditis

: Additional info

American Heart Association (AHA)

https://www.heart.org/
 
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
 
American College of Cardiology

https://www.acc.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endometriosis

: What Is It?

Endometrial tissue lines the inside of the uterus. In endometriosis, the same type of tissue also grows in places outside of the uterus. Implants or patches of endometriosis may develop in the:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endophthalmitis

: What Is It?

Endophthalmitis is an inflammation of the inside of the eye. Inflammation affects the vitreous fluid in center of the eye. Vitreous fluid is a clear, gel-like substance. The inflammation can extend to surrounding tissues responsible for vision. Endophthalmitis is rare.  In most cases, an infection triggers this inflammation. The infection can be caused by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endophthalmitis

: Symptoms

The most common symptoms are loss of vision and pain. Additional symptoms vary. They depend on what caused the eye infection:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endophthalmitis

: Diagnosis

Endophthalmitis can lead to serious vision problems. A medical doctor who specializes in eye problems (an ophthalmologist) must diagnose and treat it.   The doctor will review your symptoms. He or she will ask about your medical history, especially any eye surgery or eye trauma.  The doctor will examine your eyes. He or she will test how well you see in both eyes. The doctor will use an ophthalmoscope. This is a lighted instrument for looking inside the eye. An ultrasound of the eye may be ordered. Ultrasound can detect abnormal debris in the center of the eye.  The ophthalmologist may recommend a procedure called a vitreous tap. The doctor anesthetizes the eye. He or she then uses a tiny needle to withdraw some of the eye's internal fluid. This fluid is tested for bacteria or other organisms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endophthalmitis

: Expected Duration

For the best chance to preserve and restore your vision, the condition must be treated promptly. Once treatment begins, symptoms may begin to improve within a day or two. In many cases, eye pain and eyelid swelling lessen before vision gets better.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endophthalmitis

: Prevention

If you have had cataract surgery, you can help to decrease your risk of infection. To do so, follow your doctor's instructions for eye care after your surgery. Also, see your doctor regularly for follow-up eye exams.   To prevent endophthalmitis caused by eye trauma, use protective eyewear at work and during contact sports. Goggles, eye shields and helmets can help protect against industrial debris that can pierce or cut the eyes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endophthalmitis

: Treatment

Treatment depends on:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endophthalmitis

: When To Call a Professional

Endophthalmitis is a medical emergency. It can cause permanent loss of vision if not diagnosed and treated promptly.   Call your doctor immediately if you develop symptoms of this condition. This is particularly important if you have a history of:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Endophthalmitis

: Prognosis

With proper treatment, many people have a good prognosis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

: What is it?

The prostate is a small gland approximately the size and shape of a walnut. It sits directly below the bladder, in front of the rectum. The prostate is a part of the male reproductive tract. It produces fluid that combines with sperm to make semen. At birth, the prostate gland is tiny. When testosterone levels rise during puberty, the prostate grows rapidly, doubling in size by age 20. Growth slows down for the next two decades and the prostate usually does not cause problems for many years. Less than 10% of 30-year-old men have an enlarged prostate. When a man reaches his 40s, the prostate goes through a second growth spurt. Half of all men have an enlarged prostate by the time they reach age 60, and by age 85, 90% of men have an enlarged prostate. The prostate surrounds the tube that carries urine from the bladder (urethra). During puberty, the prostate expands evenly. The enlargement that occurs in the second half of life, however, is concentrated in the part of the gland next to the urethra. As the gland gets bigger, it interferes with the flow of urine out of the bladder. That makes the bladder work harder to empty urine. Over time, the problem worsens, and eventually not all the urine can be emptied. The bladder wall also may become thickened, which can result in muscle spasms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

: Symptoms

An enlarged prostate can make it more difficult to urinate. Not all men who have an enlarged prostate experience symptoms. However, about one-fourth of all men in the United States report some trouble urinating. At first, symptoms may be mild because the bladder muscle is able to compensate for the pressure from the enlarged prostate on the urethra. The pressure of the prostate on the urethra causes an interrupted or weak stream of urine. Other symptoms include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask questions to rate the severity of your urinary symptoms. The doctor will do a digital rectal exam to feel the size, shape and consistency of the prostate gland. Usually, a sample of your urine will be examined for blood or evidence of infection. Occasionally, your doctor may order tests, such as an ultrasound, to measure the amount of urine in your bladder, or a cytoscopy, in which a lighted tube is inserted through the penis into the bladder. Special tests also can be done to evaluate the muscles and nerves in the bladder, especially if you are having trouble with leakage of urine.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

: Expected duration

Symptoms from an enlarged prostate are not always related directly to the size of the gland. Many men with an enlarged prostate don't have any symptoms. In other men, the symptoms are mild and worsen slowly enough that they never develop serious problems. About one-third of men with enlarged prostates have symptoms that continue to worsen and require treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

: Prevention

Although you cannot prevent the prostate from enlarging, you can take measures to reduce your symptoms:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

: Treatment

When to seek treatment and what action to take are personal decisions you should make with your doctor's input. The main reason to start treatment is that you are bothered by symptoms, or that changes in your urination are interfering with your lifestyle. It is rare for men with little or no symptoms to need treatment of any kind. Here are three treatment approaches: Watchful waiting
If your symptoms are not severe, see your doctor only as needed. Medications
Drugs called alpha-blockers help to relax the muscles at the base of the bladder and increase a man's ability to urinate. Approximately 70% of men see improvement in their symptoms within a few days to a few weeks after beginning one of these medications. On the down side, alpha-blockers can cause dizziness, fatigue and excessively low blood pressure. Commonly prescribed alpha-blockers include tamsulosin (Flomax), alfuzosin (UroXatral), doxazosin (Cardura) and terazosin (Hytrin). For some men, drugs that block testosterone can shrink the size of the prostate and increase the flow of urine. The drawbacks to this type of drug are that it can take three to six months to begin working, and that it can cause impotence in approximately 4% of men who take it. Commonly prescribed testosterone blockers, also known as 5 alpha reductase inhibitors, include finasteride (Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart). Recent studies suggest that combining an alpha-blocker with a testosterone blocker may work better than either drug alone. Surgery
This option offers the best chance for improving symptoms but also carries the greatest risk of complications. There are several types of surgical procedures, such as:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you have bothersome symptoms or if you notice blood in your urine. If your urine flow stops completely, seek immediate care. You also should seek medical care if you experience symptoms of a urinary tract infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

: Prognosis

Medical and surgical treatments both are likely to relieve symptoms. Surgery is slightly more successful in relieving symptoms, but the risk of complications is greater.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidemic Pleurodynia

: What Is It?

The lining around your lungs is called the pleura. Pleurodynia is a general term for pain from this lining — pain in the chest or upper abdomen when you breathe.   Epidemic pleurodynia is an infection caused by one of several viruses. This type of infection can cause a similar type of pain as the pain that comes from the lining around the lungs. However, in epidemic pleurodynia, the pain comes from the muscles in the chest that join ribs together.  Epidemic pleurodynia also is called Bornholm disease, Sylvest's disease, devil's grip and epidemic benign dry pleurisy. It usually is caused by one of the group B coxsackieviruses and is less often caused by a group A coxsackievirus or an echovirus.   Group B coxsackieviruses are transmitted from person to person by fecal-oral contamination or direct mouth to mouth contact. Other people become infected with the virus if they touch contaminated items then put their fingers in their mouths before washing them properly. Contaminated items can include soiled diapers, shared toys and toilets.   Epidemic pleurodynia is contagious and occurs in clusters, meaning many people in an area get it around the same time. Up to 90% of epidemics occur in the summer and early fall. The illness most commonly strikes people younger than age 30, although older people also may be affected.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidemic Pleurodynia

: Symptoms

Once inside the body, the coxsackieviruses multiply in the throat and intestines then spread into the bloodstream. At this point, the body's immune defenses often can limit the infection and prevent the person from developing symptoms. If the immune defenses are less successful, the person develops a fever or other symptoms, such as headache, nausea and vomiting, and sore throat. Only a few infected people develop the classic muscle pain in the chest and upper abdomen that gives the disease its name. In these people, the coxsackievirus infection has settled in the muscles of the chest and upper abdomen, causing inflammation there.  The chest pain usually feels worse with deep breathing, called pleuritic pain. It can be a severe, stabbing pain or it can be a milder cramping in the side. Usually, only one side of the chest or abdomen is affected, although occasionally the pain can include muscles of the neck or arms.   The pain usually comes in waves that last 15 to 30 minutes, although some people report having pain episodes that last for several hours. The pain can be so severe that you have trouble breathing, sweat a lot and become anxious.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidemic Pleurodynia

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and will examine you. Your doctor may press on muscles in your chest to see if the pressure triggers a spasm of pain. Often, your doctor can diagnose the problem without any special tests, especially if there is an outbreak of the illness in your area.   If your doctor is not sure of the diagnosis, you may need additional tests. These may include blood tests, X-rays of the chest or abdomen, an electrocardiogram (EKG) and a laboratory examination of body fluids or feces.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidemic Pleurodynia

: Expected Duration

Symptoms of pleurodynia usually last about one to two days in children and about two to six days in adults. In some people, the pain and fever can return after they have been gone for a day or two. Very rarely, a person will have the pain and fever come and go over a period of three weeks or longer.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidemic Pleurodynia

: Prevention

The viruses that cause epidemic pleurodynia can spread very easily among young children, who tend to put toys or fingers into their mouth. The disease is most likely to spread in day care centers. The best way to prevent infection is to wash hands thoroughly, especially before meals or after changing a diaper or using the bathroom. There is no vaccine to prevent pleurodynia.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidemic Pleurodynia

: Treatment

In healthy people, pleurodynia is a harmless infection that goes away on its own within a few days. To treat the muscle pain, your doctor probably will recommend over-the-counter pain relievers.   Aspirin should not be given to children with pleurodynia because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, a serious reaction causing brain and liver injury in children who take aspirin during certain viral illnesses.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidemic Pleurodynia

: When To Call A Professional

Call your doctor immediately if you or someone in your family develops severe chest pain.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidemic Pleurodynia

: Prognosis

Almost all generally healthy individuals recover completely from pleurodynia. Uncommon complications of the coxsackievirus infection include viral meningitis, inflammation of the testis (orchitis) in men, hepatitis, pericarditis and myocarditis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidermoid cyst

: What is it?

An epidermoid, or epidermal, cyst is a small, movable lump under the skin. It forms when surface skin cells move deeper into the skin and multiply. These cells form the wall of the cyst and secrete a soft, yellowish substance called keratin, which fills the cyst. If the wall of the cyst is ruptured, the keratin is discharged into the surrounding skin, which causes irritation and inflammation. The cyst may remain small for years, or it may continue to get larger. These cysts are rare in children but common in adults. Cysts are not cancerous.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidermoid cyst

: Symptoms

A cyst is a movable, dome-shaped, smooth-surfaced mass that varies in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters (from less than a quarter of an inch to more than 2 inches). Epidermoid cysts can occur on almost any skin surface.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidermoid cyst

: Diagnosis

Your doctor can examine the swelling and tell you if you have a cyst.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidermoid cyst

: Expected duration

A cyst may disappear on its own or remain indefinitely.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidermoid cyst

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent epidermoid cysts.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidermoid cyst

: Treatment

An epidermoid cyst usually does not need to be treated unless it is inflamed (red and tender) or is causing a cosmetic problem. Inflamed cysts usually are treated by draining the fluid and removing the shell that makes up the cyst wall. You also may be treated with antibiotics if the cyst and skin around the cyst appear to be infected. If a cyst is causing irritation or cosmetic difficulty, your physician can remove it by making a small incision in the skin and emptying the contents of the cyst and its wall.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidermoid cyst

: When to call a professional

If you have a new swelling on your skin that lasts for more than two weeks, contact your doctor. If it is painful or rapidly enlarging, you should arrange for sooner medical evaluation.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidermoid cyst

: Prognosis

The outlook for epidermoid cysts is excellent. Many cysts have no symptoms and some will go away on their own. Cysts can return. If your cyst is problematic, your doctor may decide to drain it or remove it surgically. This does not usually lead to any complications or side effects.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epidermoid cyst

: Additional info

American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epididymitis and orchitis

: Symptoms

Symptoms of epididymitis and orchitis can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epididymitis and orchitis

: Diagnosis

You will describe your symptoms. Your doctor will ask questions about your medical history, surgical history and sexual activity. He or she then will examine you, including your genital area. You may need one or more of the following tests:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epididymitis and orchitis

: Expected duration

In most cases of mild bacterial epididymitis, pain decreases within one to three days after you start taking antibiotics. However, swelling in the scrotum and testicle may last for several weeks.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epididymitis and orchitis

: Prevention

You can reduce your risk of developing epididymitis caused by STDs. Practice safe sex. Have sex with only one, uninfected partner. Use latex or polyurethane condoms during every sexual activity. This includes oral and anal sex.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epididymitis and orchitis

: Treatment

Antibiotics are used to treat epididymitis caused by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epididymitis and orchitis

: When to call a professional

A doctor must evaluate severe pain in the scrotum or testicles. This can be a symptom of testicular torsion, as well as epididymitis. Call your doctor immediately if you develop pain, tenderness or swelling in your scrotum. Call especially if these symptoms develop rapidly over a few hours. Also, contact your doctor if you notice an abnormal discharge from your penis or burning when you urinate.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epididymitis and orchitis

: Prognosis

With treatment, most cases of mild epididymitis and orchitis can be cured. There is usually no long-term effect on fertility, especially when only one side of the scrotum is involved.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epididymitis and orchitis

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
American Urological Association

https://www.urologyhealth.org/
 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epiglottitis

: What Is It?

The epiglottis is the flap of tissue located just above the windpipe (trachea) that directs the flow of air and food in the throat. When we breathe, the epiglottis moves to allow air into the lungs. When we eat, the epiglottis covers the top of the windpipe, so that food goes into the swallowing tube (esophagus), and not into the lungs. 
Epiglottitis can occur at any age. Until 1985, epiglottitis occurred most commonly in children aged 3 to 7, but with the development of a vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), epiglottitis is now increasingly rare in vaccinated children.Epiglottitis is a rare, but potentially life-threatening infection. It causes sudden swelling of the epiglottis, which often worsens rapidly, sometimes within hours. Without timely treatment, the epiglottis can become so large that it blocks the windpipe, making it hard to breathe. This can cause death.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epiglottitis

: Symptoms

The most common signs and symptoms of epiglottitis include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epiglottitis

: Diagnosis

Epiglottitis is an emergency. If you think your child has this infection, seek emergency help immediately. Never try to look down the throat of a person who is suspected of having epiglottitis. Pressing on the tongue to look down the throat may cause the epiglottis to swell even more and further block the airway.  X-rays of the neck sometimes can show an enlarged epiglottis, but the time needed to take the X-rays may delay other important tests and treatment.  After doctors in the hospital confirm that the epiglottis is inflamed, the airway is kept open using a breathing tube. Blood tests and/or throat swabs are done to determine which organism is causing the infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epiglottitis

: Expected Duration

Most people begin to recover within 24 to 48 hours after receiving antibiotics. Breathing tubes usually can be removed soon after that. It may take up to a week or more to recover completely.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Epiglottitis

: Prevention

Most cases of epiglottitis in children can be prevented by having children vaccinated against Hib and pneumococcal infections.