Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tinnitus

: Expected duration

Nearly everyone experiences a few brief episodes of ringing in the ears at some point in life, and usually these pass without medical treatment. However, in some people with tinnitus, the problem is a persistent source of discomfort.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tinnitus

: Prevention

The best way to prevent tinnitus is to avoid loud noises. Wear earplugs or ear muffs when working around loud equipment, such as chain saws, lawn mowers and high-speed power tools. If you have persistent tinnitus, review your list of medications with your doctor or pharmacist to see if any may be contributing. Some people find that they can lessen the intensity of tinnitus by limiting caffeine.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tinnitus

: Treatment

The treatment of tinnitus depends on its cause. People whose tinnitus is a side effect of a medication will improve when the medication is stopped or the dosage is decreased. Removing a wax blockage may improve ringing in the ear. When tinnitus is caused by Meniere's disease, the tinnitus usually remains even when the disease is treated. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps the person reduce their negative response to tinnitus and has been shown to be help decrease the frequency and severity of symptoms. Other therapies that may be considered are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tinnitus

: When to call a professional

If you notice a consistent pattern of ear ringing, make an appointment for an ear exam with your doctor. If you suddenly lose all hearing, seek emergency medical attention immediately.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tinnitus

: Prognosis

The outlook for tinnitus depends on its cause. In people with tinnitus related to earwax buildup or medications, the condition usually will go away when the earwax is removed or the medication is stopped. In people with tinnitus related to sudden, loud noise, tinnitus may improve gradually, although there may be some permanent noise-related hearing loss. Even when standard medical treatments fail to relieve tinnitus, most people learn to tolerate the problem either by ignoring the sound or by using various strategies to mask the sound. In others, however, the persistent ringing affects their sense of wellness and adds to depressed mood or anxiety.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tinnitus

: Additional info

American Tinnitus Association

https://www.ata.org/
 
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders

https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis)

: What Is It?

Toenail fungus is a condition that disfigures and sometimes destroys the nail. It is also called onychomycosis   Toenail fungus can be caused by several different types of fungi. Fungi are microscopic organisms related to mold and mildew.   These fungi thrive in the dark, moist and stuffy environment inside shoes. As they grow, fungi feed on keratin. Keratin is the protein that makes up the hard surface of the toenails.   Factors that increase the risk of developing toenail fungus include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis)

: Symptoms

When a toenail develops a fungal infection, it typically turns yellow or brown. It becomes thick and overgrown. Foul-smelling debris also may accumulate under the nail.   As the infection continues, the nail may crumble gradually and fall off.  Or, it may become so thick that the affected toe feels uncomfortable or painful inside shoes.  A less common variety of toenail fungus is called white superficial onychomycosis. The nail turns white rather than yellow or brown. The surface becomes soft, dry and powdery.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis)

: Diagnosis

You will describe your foot symptoms to your doctor. He or she will ask about any factors that may increase your risk of toenail fungus. These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis)

: Expected Duration

Toenail fungus rarely heals on its own. It is usually a chronic (long-lasting) condition. It can gradually worsen to involve more and more of the nail. Even if the affected nail comes off, the new nail may be infected with fungus.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis)

: Prevention

To help to prevent toenail fungus:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis)

: Treatment

Treatment may begin with your doctor removing as much of the infected nail as possible. This can be done by trimming the nail with clippers or filing it down.  If the infection is mild and limited to a small area of your nail, your doctor can prescribe a topical antifungal agent in the form of a cream, solution or medicated nail polish.   If the infection is in a wider area of your nail, or several nails, a topical agent alone is less likely to be effective. So, your doctor may prescribe an oral antifungal medication. Most commonly doctors prescribe terbinafine (Lamisil) first. A commonly used alternative is itraconazole (Sporanox), but it can cause serious drug interactions.   In very severe cases, when toenail fungus is resistant to treatment, it may be necessary to remove the entire nail surgically.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis)

: When To Call a Professional

You don't need to call your doctor unless you have pain or difficulty walking. You can show your doctor your toenails at your next office visit or schedule an appointment if you want to discuss treatment with a prescription medication.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis)

: Prognosis

Most people treated with an oral antifungal medicine are cured after a few months of therapy. However, even after the fungus is dead, the nail may never become clear and normal-looking.  The fungus returns in some people even after successful treatment with an oral antifungal medication.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Torn Meniscus

: What Is It?

A meniscus is a disk-shaped piece of cartilage that acts as a shock absorber inside a joint. Each knee has one lateral meniscus under the outer knob of the thighbone and one medial meniscus under the inner knob of the thighbone. Each meniscus acts as a natural cushion between the thighbone (femur) and shinbone (tibia). The two cushions prevent excess wear and tear inside the knee joint by keeping the ends of the two bones from rubbing together. Each meniscus also absorbs much of the shock of jumps and landings and helps to distribute joint fluid evenly to lubricate and nourish the knee. In the United States, a torn meniscus is the most common reason for knee surgery.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Torsional Deformity

: What Is It?

The dictionary defines pigeon-toed as "having the toes turned inward." No such colorful term can be found for feet that point outward. Both of these foot problems can be caused by a problem that doctors call torsional deformities. This is when the long bones of the leg are turned to the inside or outside so that the toes of the feet do not point straight ahead. Either of the two main bones in the leg can be affected the femur (between the hip and the knee) or the tibia (the larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle). One or both legs can be affected. Torsional deformities can lead to toes that point inward (in-toeing) or toes that point outward (out-toeing). Parents often worry that in-toeing or out-toeing will permanently interfere with their child's ability to walk and run normally. However, in most young children, in-toeing or out-toeing is caused by a torsional deformity that appears for a short period, and then disappears during the normal stages of leg development. Most torsional deformities are temporary and correct themselves by age six to eight. In rare cases, in-toeing or out-toeing is a sign of a permanent bone deformity or other problem that requires medical attention.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tourette Syndrome

: What Is It?

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a problem of the nervous system that was first described by the French neurologist, Gilles de la Tourette, more than 125 years ago. The major symptom is tics. Tics are sudden, brief, involuntary or semi-voluntary movements (motor tics) or sounds (vocal tics).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toxic Shock Syndrome

: What Is It?

Toxic shock syndrome is a rare, life-threatening illness triggered by certain bacteria (group A streptococcal and Staphylococcus aureus). In toxic shock syndrome, toxins (poisons) produced by the bacteria cause a severe drop in blood pressure (hypotension) and organ failure. In some patients, these bacteria enter the body through an obvious break in the skin, such as a wound or puncture. Other cases are related to the use of tampons. Sometimes, however, toxic shock develops after a relatively mild injury, such as a bruise or muscle strain, or no cause is identified at all.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toxic Shock Syndrome

: Symptoms

The majority (80%) of patients with group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome have symptoms of a soft-tissue infection (pain, redness, warmth, swelling) in an area just below the skin or in a muscle. Patients with staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome may have a staphylococcal infection anywhere in the body and the site of infection may not be immediately apparent.   Symptoms of toxic shock include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toxic Shock Syndrome

: Diagnosis

Because a patient with toxic shock syndrome may be too ill to answer questions, a family member or friend may need to tell the doctor about the patient's medical history and symptoms. In general, the doctor will ask whether the patient has had any recent wounds or surgical procedures or has complained about a rash or a skin infection.  To help establish the diagnosis, the doctor will thoroughly examine you, including your vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, temperature), and your heart, lungs, abdomen, skin, muscles and neurological system. Your doctor also will order the following tests to determine if the problem is caused by toxic shock syndrome or another process, and to evaluate the severity of your illness:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toxic Shock Syndrome

: Expected Duration

Shock and other life-threatening symptoms of toxic shock syndrome can develop suddenly. Once symptoms begin, death can follow quickly if the patient is not taken to a hospital immediately. Among hospitalized patients, the length of illness varies. Many patients require prolonged hospital treatment for kidney failure, liver failure or for severe respiratory problems that require mechanical ventilation (in which a machine breathes for the patient).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toxic Shock Syndrome

: Prevention

There are no specific guidelines to prevent toxic shock syndrome. You may be able to reduce your risk of developing tissue infections by promptly cleaning and treating even small skin wounds. Staphylococcal toxic shock that is related to tampon use can be avoided by changing tampons frequently.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toxic Shock Syndrome

: Treatment

Patients with toxic shock syndrome are hospitalized and treated with:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toxic Shock Syndrome

: When to Call A Professional

Toxic shock syndrome is a medical emergency. Call your doctor immediately whenever someone develops the symptoms listed above. Also, contact your doctor if a wound, puncture or bruise becomes red, warm, swollen or painful.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toxic Shock Syndrome

: Prognosis

The prognosis is variable. Many people recover completely while others may die even with prompt treatment in the hospital.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Toxoplasmosis

: What Is It?

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection that infects a large proportion of the world's population, but rarely causes disease. Certain people, however, are at high risk of severe or life-threatening disease from this parasite. They include infants who are infected at birth, people with AIDS, people with cancer, and people who have had bone marrow or organ transplantation. Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a single-celled parasite that spends most of its life cycle inside cats. Because an infected cat can pass millions of Toxoplasma parasites daily in its feces, toxoplasmosis can spread easily to almost any other animal that shares the environment with cats. In humans, Toxoplasma parasites usually enter the body by being swallowed. This can happen when people touch their mouth with soiled hands, especially after changing cat litter, or if they eat pork, lamb or venison that has not been cooked thoroughly.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

: What Is It?

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is an episode of stroke-like symptoms. It usually lasts less than one hour. A TIA is sometimes called a mini stroke.  During a TIA, circulation to a part of the brain is interrupted briefly, and then restored. This interruption can be caused by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

: Symptoms

Symptoms of a TIA are the same as those of stroke. However, TIA symptoms usually last for less than one to two hours. Most TIAs actually last only five to 20 minutes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

: Expected Duration

The onset of any symptoms suggestive of a stroke or TIA requires immediate medical attention.   You can expect a TIA to last less than one to two hours. If symptoms are not improving quickly within one hour from onset, a stroke is likely to occur without emergent therapy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

: Prevention

You can help to prevent TIAs by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

: Treatment

When treating TIAs, the ultimate goal is to prevent a full-fledged stroke.   Most TIAs are treated with antiplatelet medications. The choices include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

: When To Call a Professional

Call your doctor immediately whenever anyone has symptoms of stroke. Call even if these symptoms last only a few minutes. TIAs can be a warning sign that a stroke is about to happen. They require prompt attention.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

: Prognosis

Without treatment, having a history of one or more TIAs significantly increases your risk of stroke compared with someone who has never had a TIA.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Traumatic Dislocation of the Hip

: What Is It?

In a normal hip joint, the rounded top of the thigh bone (femur) fits into a cup-shaped socket in the pelvis called the acetabulum. This type of joint is called a ball-and-socket joint. When the top of the femur moves out of its normal position in the socket, the hip is said to be disclocated. A hip can become dislocated during many kinds of accidents, including falls from high places and motorcycle or car accidents. When this injury occurs in a head-on car crash, it is often nicknamed a "dashboard dislocation," because it happens when the knee strikes the dashboard.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Traveler's diarrhea

: What is it?

Traveler's diarrhea is an infection of the intestines that affects up to 50% of people who visit the developing world. It comes from eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. Traveler's diarrhea usually is caused by viruses (especially norovirus) and bacteria (most commonly E. coli or Campylobacter). It also can be caused by parasites. The diarrhea is usually not serious and goes away without treatment. However, when diarrhea is very watery and occurs often, dehydration may occur. Dehydration is the biggest danger of traveler's diarrhea.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Traveler's diarrhea

: Symptoms

Most episodes of traveler's diarrhea occur in the first or second week of the trip. Symptoms vary depending on what organism causes the problem. People have at least three loose stools per day and often a lot more. They also may experience fatigue, decreased appetite, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Usually there is no blood in the stool (feces).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Traveler's diarrhea

: Diagnosis

People know they have traveler's diarrhea based on their symptoms. If symptoms last longer than five days or if you develop fever or severe abdominal pain, see a doctor. Your blood and stool may be tested for evidence of infection. In some cases, a doctor might be able to identify the infecting organism, which could lead to a specific treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Traveler's diarrhea

: Expected duration

Traveler's diarrhea usually improves on its own within five days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Traveler's diarrhea

: Prevention

Many cases of traveler's diarrhea can be prevented. Keep the following rules in mind, even in expensive resorts and hotels:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Traveler's diarrhea

: Treatment

Dehydration is the biggest danger of traveler's diarrhea, so replacing fluids is extremely important. If you have mild diarrhea, drink broth and diluted fruit juice or sport drinks. Alternate salty and sweet beverages (such as tomato juice and fruit juice) to replace your body's electrolytes. Electrolytes are the charged particles that make up salt. Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium play a crucial role in many functions of your body's cells. If you have severe diarrhea (more than five unformed stools a day), it's best to drink an oral rehydration solution to replace the electrolytes you're losing. Pharmacies in most countries carry these products, which can be mixed with clean drinking water. You also can make your own solution by adding a half-teaspoon of salt, a half-teaspoon of baking soda and 4 tablespoons of sugar to 1 liter of clean water. Keep in mind that fruit juice, broth, and sports drinks do not contain the right concentration of electrolytes for this purpose. In most cases, traveler's diarrhea ends within three to five days without antibiotic treatment. However, it is a good idea to get a prescription from your doctor, and bring the antibiotic medication with you in case you need it. The general advice is to take antibiotics if you develop moderate or severe symptoms, such as fever, more than four episodes of diarrhea per day, or blood or mucus in the stool. If you develop milder symptoms, taking a single dose of antibiotic may lead to faster improvement of your symptoms. Antimotility medications such as loperamide (Imodium) may help to decrease the frequency of bowel movements, but they cannot prevent diarrhea and they do not get rid of the infection. They are useful for long bus or car trips or other situations where access to a bathroom is unavailable or inconvenient. These drugs may actually prolong the duration of symptoms with certain bacterial infections.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Traveler's diarrhea

: When to call a professional

Get medical attention if traveler's diarrhea does not end within five days, or if you develop a high fever, bloody stool, or severe abdominal pain.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Traveler's diarrhea

: Prognosis

Traveler's diarrhea is inconvenient, but it is rarely serious. The most worrisome complication is severe dehydration.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Traveler's diarrhea

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

https://www.cdc.gov/travel/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Trichomoniasis

: What is it?

Trichomoniasis, nicknamed "trich," is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a microscopic one-celled organism called Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomoniasis can cause vaginal infections in women and inflammation of the urethra (the tube that drains urine from the bladder) in both sexes. In pregnant women, Trichomonas infections also can increase the risk of premature rupture of the membranes and preterm delivery.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Trichomoniasis

: Symptoms

In women, Trichomonas organisms can live in the vagina for many years without causing symptoms. If symptoms occur, they can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Trichomoniasis

: Diagnosis

Once you describe your symptoms, your doctor will check your vagina or urethra for inflammation and abnormal discharge, and do a pelvic examination. During the exam, he or she will collect a specimen with a swab, and send it to a laboratory to be examined. Trichomoniasis can be diagnosed by viewing the parasite under the microscope in the office or more accurately by culturing it in the laboratory. Because people with Trichomonas infections are more likely to get other STDs, your doctor also may perform tests for gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis and HIV.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Trichomoniasis

: Expected duration

Without treatment, Trichomonas infections can last for years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Trichomoniasis

: Prevention

Because trichomoniasis can be transmitted during sexual activity, you can help to prevent infection by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Trichomoniasis

: Treatment

Trichomonas infections are best treated with oral medication, usually metronidazole (Flagyl). Although metronidazole gel is also available, it is not as effective as medication taken by mouth. Alternative treatments include oral tinidazole or secnidazole. To prevent becoming infected again, all sex partners of an infected person must be treated and refrain from intercourse until treatment is complete. Pregnant women should not take metronidazole during the first trimester of pregnancy, so an alternative medication should be used or treatment should be delayed until later in pregnancy.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Trichomoniasis

: When to call a professional

If you are a woman, call your doctor whenever you have vaginal discomfort or an abnormal vaginal discharge, especially if you are pregnant. If you are a man, call your doctor whenever you have redness or discomfort around the end of your penis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Trichomoniasis

: Prognosis

If you are a woman, call your doctor whenever you have vaginal discomfort or an abnormal vaginal discharge, especially if you are pregnant. If you are a man, call your doctor whenever you have redness or discomfort around the end of your penis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Trichomoniasis

: Additional info

CDC National Prevention Information Network (NPIN)

https://npin.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

: What Is It?

Trigeminal neuralgia, also known as tic douloureux, is a painful disorder of a nerve in the face called the trigeminal nerve or fifth cranial nerve. There are two trigeminal nerves, one on each side of the face. These nerves are responsible for detecting touch, pain, temperature and pressure sensations in areas of the face between the jaw and forehead.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tropical Sprue

: What Is It?

Tropical sprue is a digestive problem that occurs in the tropics and subtropics. People with tropical sprue do not absorb nutrients properly, especially vitamin B12 and folic acid.   Normal small intestines have fingerlike projections called villi that provide more surface area for nutrients to be absorbed. In people with tropical sprue, these villi are flattened, making absorption difficult.