Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nasal polyps

: Treatment

If the nasal polyps are small, your doctor may prescribe a nasal spray containing corticosteroids, perhaps along with a course of corticosteroid pills, such as prednisone. People with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps not responding to other therapies may be candidates for treatment with one of the FDA approved monoclonal antibodies. Large polyps that do not respond to medical therapy usually require surgery. In most cases the surgery is an outpatient procedure. The surgeon may use a small tube called an endoscope to do the surgery. This avoids the need to make an external incision on the face. The surgeon will send some of the polyp tissue to a lab for closer examination. In rare cases, what appeared to be a polyp may turn out to be something else. For unilateral polyps, a biopsy usually should be done or they should be removed to make sure they are benign.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nasal polyps

: When to call a professional

See your doctor if you experience:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nasal polyps

: Prognosis

Many people with nasal polyps can have their symptoms controlled with medication and allergy treatments. When this fails, surgery can remove the polyps and improve the breathing. Continued medical therapy is usually still necessary after surgery to prevent a recurrence.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nasal polyps

: Additional info

American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery

https://www.entnet.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nausea

: What is it?

Nausea is a general term describing a queasy stomach, with or without the feeling that you are about to vomit. Almost everyone experiences nausea at some time, making it one of the most common problems in medicine. Nausea is not a disease, but a symptom of many different disorders. It is caused by problems in any one of three parts of the body, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nausea

: Symptoms

Nausea is difficult for many people to describe. It is a very uncomfortable, but not painful, feeling that is felt in the back of the throat, the chest, or the upper abdomen. The feeling is associated with distaste for food or an urge to vomit. When the body prepares to vomit, the following sequence may occur:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nausea

: Diagnosis

Because nausea occurs for such a wide variety of reasons, your doctor will seek clues to the cause of nausea in your medical history, including your medication use. It is especially helpful for you to report other symptoms that you might be having, or activities (such as eating) that trigger your nausea. If you are a sexually active woman of childbearing age, tell your doctor whether there is a possibility that you could be pregnant, the date of your last menstrual period, and any type of birth control you use. Your doctor will examine you. The exam may include blood pressure testing, an abdominal examination, neurological examination, or other tests, depending on your recent symptoms and other medical history. Blood tests may be done. For any woman who could be pregnant, a pregnancy test should be done. If you have had a recent head injury, you may require a brain imaging test, such as a computed tomography (CT) scan.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nausea

: Expected duration

The cause of nausea will determine how long it lasts or how often it occurs. When the cause can be traced to spoiled food, motion sickness, or a viral illness, nausea is usually short-lived and should not be a cause for concern. In most cases, the queasy feeling lasts no more than minutes to a few hours and usually goes away on its own within 24 hours.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nausea

: Prevention

Some causes of nausea are not easily prevented. While the cause of your nausea is being determined, you can minimize episodes of nausea by following some basic guidelines:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nausea

: Treatment

Nausea does not always require treatment, but sometimes treatment is helpful. There are several things you can do on your own to help, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nausea

: When to call a professional

You should call your doctor if nausea lasts for more than three days. You should contact your doctor sooner if your nausea is associated with
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nausea

: Prognosis

The outlook depends on the cause of the nausea. Most people recover completely within a few hours or a day.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nausea

: Additional info

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse

https://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/
 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nearsightedness (myopia)

: What is it?

A person who is nearsighted has difficulty seeing objects in the distance, although he or she can see close objects well. Nearsightedness is also called myopia. In some cases, nearsightedness is an inherited condition caused by an abnormally long eye, as measured from front to back. Because there is a longer distance between the cornea (the clear "window" that covers the front of the eye) and the retina (the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye), images tend to focus in front of the retina, rather than on the retina itself.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nephrectomy

: What Is It?

A nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney, the organ that filters waste from the blood and produces urine. There are two kidneys, right and left. Each is about 4 inches to 5 inches long. They are located at the back of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm, behind the liver on the right, and the spleen on the left. A portion of each kidney is protected by the lowest one or two ribs and by the muscles that cover the back and side of the body. Depending on the reason for a nephrectomy, all or part of one kidney or both kidneys will be removed:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Neuroblastoma

: What Is It?

Neuroblastoma is a cancer that starts in primitive nerve cells. It affects infants (younger than a year old) and children. It rarely occurs after age 10. On average, children with the disease are diagnosed between 1 and 2 years old. Neuroblastoma often starts in the nerves in the adrenal glands. People have two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. These glands produce hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and the way the body reacts to stress. When a neuroblastoma starts in an adrenal gland, it usually grows into a large, firm mass that presses on other organs.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Neurofibromatosis

: What Is It?

Neurofibromatosis (NF) is nervous system disease that causes skin defects and tumors on nerve tissues. It can also lead to other problems. The condition usually worsens over time. Although there is no known cure, treatment can help control symptoms. The nerve tissue tumors begin in cells that protect nerves. These tumors can vary in size and occur anywhere in the body, including the skin, inner ear, brain, and spinal cord. Most are not cancerous, although some may turn cancerous over time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

: Symptoms

Some people do not notice any signs or symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Instead, the disease may be found during a routine doctor’s exam. The most common symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a swollen lymph node. It feels like a painless lump under the skin in the neck, armpit, or groin area. Other typical symptoms include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

: Expected Duration

Some forms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are slow-growing. Treatment may be postponed until symptoms appear. More aggressive forms of NHL require immediate treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

: Treatment

Standard treatments for non-Hodgkin lymphoma are chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and biologic therapy. They are sometimes used in combination. Doctors may recommend watchful waiting for some patients, particularly those with slow-growing NHL. Significant advances have been made in the care of patients with NHL. Many new treatments have been developed to specifically attack abnormalities on the lymphoma cells. The results have been promising. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs are usually taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle. They may also be placed directly into the spinal column to treat NHL in the central nervous system. Chemotherapy regimens often involve several anticancer drugs given in cycles. This means you have a treatment followed by a period of rest. Steroid drugs may be given to relieve swelling and inflammation. Radiation therapy Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It is often combined with chemotherapy. Radiation for NHL is usually delivered from a machine outside the body. This is known as external beam radiation. But it may also be delivered inside the body, into or near the cancer. Biologic therapy (immunotherapy) Immunotherapy taps the body’s immune system to kill cancer cells or limit their growth. One biologic therapy is monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that respond to substances that provoke the body’s immune response. Monoclonal antibodies are injected into the bloodstream. They may be used alone or to transport drugs, toxins, or radioactive material to cancer cells. Stem cell transplant Stem cell transplants are used to rebuild the patient’s blood-forming cells. This may be necessary if the cells are abnormal or have been damaged by cancer treatment. Stem cell transplants can use stem cells (immature blood-forming cells) from the patient’s body or from a donor’s. After the stem cells are collected, they are frozen and stored. The patient receives high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. This kills the diseased cells. But it also damages or destroys the bone marrow. The stored stem cells are thawed and infused back into the bloodstream. They travel to the bone marrow and begin producing new blood cells. Watchful waiting Watchful waiting means that treatment is avoided until the patient begins to show symptoms. This may be appropriate for some patients with slow-growing, or indolent, lymphoma. Regular, careful monitoring is an important component of watchful waiting. For pregnant women, treatment is chosen carefully to minimize its effects on the fetus. Side effects and supportive therapy Many treatments for non-Hodgkin lymphoma have short- and long-term side effects. Common short-term side effects include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

: Prognosis

The outlook for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma depends on several factors:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

: What Is It?

One of the most common cancers, lung cancer usually occurs when a cancer-causing agent, or carcinogen, triggers the growth of abnormal cells in the lung. These cells multiply out of control and eventually form a tumor. As the tumor grows, it can block or narrow airways and make breathing difficult. Eventually, tumor cells can spread (metastasize) to nearby lymph nodes and other parts of the body. These include the
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nosebleed (epistaxis)

: What is it?

The inside of the nose is covered with moist, delicate tissue (mucosa) that has a rich supply of blood vessels near the surface. When this tissue is injured, even from a minor nick or scratch, these blood vessels tend to bleed, sometimes heavily. Nosebleeds near the front of the nose, called anterior nosebleeds, are very common since this is the most accessible area to injury. The most frequent location is the nasal septum, the wall between the two sides of the nose. In most cases, this type of nosebleed is not serious. It usually can be stopped with some local pressure and a little patience. Only rarely is a nosebleed life threatening or fatal. In these cases, the hemorrhage (severe bleeding) is usually from an artery in a posterior location, higher and deeper in the nose. Posterior bleeds usually drain down the back of the throat, but can also bleed out of both nostrils. Also, in most cases of severe nosebleeds, the person has another health problem, such as high blood pressure or a bleeding disorder, or the person takes a blood-thinning medication that slows down the blood-clotting process. 

 Certain people are more likely to get nosebleeds because of their environment, work history, health problems or use of medications that increase the tendency to bleed. Common risk factors for nosebleeds include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nosebleed (epistaxis)

: Symptoms

Nosebleeds usually involve one nostril, but occasionally both nostrils are involved. If one nostril becomes partially blocked with a blood clot, the blood might flow out the other nostril or down the back of the throat. In a posterior nosebleed (higher up in the nose), large amounts of blood typically flow down the back of the throat. The amount of bleeding from a nosebleed can vary with posterior bleeds usually bleeding significantly more.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nosebleed (epistaxis)

: Diagnosis

In otherwise healthy people, most mild anterior nosebleeds can be self-diagnosed and treated at home. If your nosebleed is severe and does not respond to first-aid measures, you will need to see a doctor immediately. The doctor will review your health history and current medications. He or she also will ask you to estimate the amount of blood you've lost, which usually is based on how long you've been bleeding and the number of soaked towels or tissues you've used. Next, the doctor will examine your nose to determine where the bleeding is located. If necessary, he or she may insert a lighted, tube-like instrument called an endoscope into your nose to see the site of bleeding. Blood tests may be done to check for any bleeding abnormalities.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nosebleed (epistaxis)

: Expected duration

When done correctly, simple first-aid measures usually will stop an uncomplicated anterior nosebleed within minutes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nosebleed (epistaxis)

: Prevention

You can help to prevent nosebleeds by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nosebleed (epistaxis)

: Treatment

If you are bleeding from the front of your nose, begin by trying the following first-aid measures:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nosebleed (epistaxis)

: When to call a professional

If you cannot stop a nosebleed by using the first-aid measures, call your doctor immediately or go to an emergency room. Also, contact your doctor if blood continues to ooze from your nose, especially if you also have persistent nasal stuffiness or a foul-smelling nasal discharge. In older people, especially smokers, these can be symptoms of a tumor inside the nose or sinuses. In a young child, these may be signs that a foreign object is lodged in a nostril.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nosebleed (epistaxis)

: Prognosis

With a little patience and pressure, almost all uncomplicated nosebleeds respond to simple first-aid measures. Even the nosebleed that requires a doctor's care usually can be treated successfully with cauterization, packing or other options. Some people who have excessive bleeding, multiple medical problems or who are taking anticoagulant medications may need to be hospitalized for treatment of a nosebleed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Nosebleed (epistaxis)

: Additional info

American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery

https://www.entnet.org/
 
American Association of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons

https://www.aaoms.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obesity

: What is it?

Obesity is an excess of body fat. It is difficult to directly measure body fat. Body mass index (BMI) is a popular method of defining a healthy weight. BMI should be used as a guide, along with waist size, to help estimate the amount of body fat. BMI estimates a healthy weight based on your height. Because it considers height as well as weight, it is a somewhat better guide than body weight alone. To calculate your BMI:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obesity

: Symptoms

The primary warning sign of obesity is an above-average body weight. If you are obese, you may also experience:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obesity

: Diagnosis

Obesity is diagnosed by calculating your BMI. BMI is based on your height and weight. A BMI of 30 or more defines obesity. In general, this means your body weight is 35% to 40% more than your ideal body weight. Your body fat also can be calculated by using skin calipers. Calipers are an instrument that measures the thickness of your skin. Body shape is also important. People who carry most of their weight around the waist (apple shaped) have a greater risk of heart disease and diabetes than do people with big hips and thighs (pear shaped). 

 Waist circumference is a good measure of abdominal obesity. Ideally your waist size should be no more than one-half of your height. Women with a waist more than 35 inches or men with a waist more than 40 inches are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, fatty liver and type 2 diabetes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obesity

: Expected duration

Obesity is often a lifelong problem. Once excess weight is gained, it is not easy to lose. Once lost, you will have to work at maintaining your healthier weight. The length of time it takes to reach your weight goal depends on:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obesity

: Prevention

To prevent obesity and maintain a healthy body weight, eat a well-balanced diet and exercise regularly. Preventing obesity is important. Once fat cells form, they remain in your body forever. Although you can reduce the size of fat cells, you cannot get rid of them.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obesity

: Treatment

Weight reduction is achieved by:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obesity

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you need help losing weight. Also call if you have any of the symptoms or complications of obesity.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obesity

: Prognosis

Others, however, find it difficult to maintain the weight loss for long. Most people return to their pretreatment weight within five years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obesity

: Additional info

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

https://www.eatright.org/
 
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/
 
Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition

https://www.fda.gov/Food/default.htm
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

: What Is It?

In obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a person is troubled by intrusive, distressing thoughts (obsessions) and feels the pressure to carry out repetitive behaviors (compulsions).  Neuroscientists believe that the brain pathways involved with judgment, planning and body movement are altered in OCD. Environmental influences, such as family relationships or stressful events, can trigger or worsen OCD symptoms.  OCD affects up to 3% of people worldwide. A childhood onset form can start around 10 years of age, more commonly in boys than girls. Most of the remainder of people with OCD have their first symptoms before they turn 25 — in this group, women outnumber men. OCD symptoms don't usually develop after age 30.  There is strong evidence that the illness has a genetic (inherited) basis, particularly in the childhood onset type.  Sometimes people with OCD manage their obsessions without giving any external sign that they are suffering. Usually, however, they try to relieve their obsessions by performing some type of compulsion: a repeated behavior or mental action that is aimed at soothing the fears. For example, a woman who has the obsession that her hands are dirty may develop the compulsion to wash them 50 times a day. A man who fears that his front door is unlocked may feel compelled to check the lock 10 or 20 times each night.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

: Symptoms

The two defining symptoms of OCD are obsessive thoughts and compulsive actions. The symptoms are bad enough to be time-consuming, cause functional impairment or be significantly distressing.  Obsessions are persistent, repeated, anxiety-provoking or distressing thoughts that intrude into a person's consciousness. Obsessions vary and can relate to any kind of fear. Here are some common ones:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

: Diagnosis

Some people with OCD seek help from a primary care physician when symptoms begin to affect their health or interfere with life. An adult with compulsive hand washing may visit a dermatologist because of cracked, bleeding fingers, or a parent may consult a pediatrician when a child with OCD begins to be controlled by particularly intense rituals (for example, counting or checking).  Depressed mood is very common in OCD. In fact, a person may talk about feeling depressed instead of discussing OCD symptoms that are embarrassing or otherwise difficult to describe.  Your primary care doctor will likely refer you to a mental health professional for evaluation and treatment.  A mental health clinician will diagnose OCD by asking you about
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

: Expected Duration

OCD rarely disappears spontaneously, and the symptoms may last for years if not treated properly. In fact, it is common for a person with OCD to have the problem for 5 to 10 years before seeing a psychiatrist. Getting help sooner can reduce the impact of the illness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent OCD, but the negative effects can be limited if the illness is detected and treated early.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

: Treatment

The most effective treatment for OCD is to combine psychotherapy and medications.  Your doctor may also offer treatment for any other conditions that may be contributing to the problem, such as a medical problem or depression. You may need to try more than one approach before you find the one that is right for you.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

: When To Call a Professional

Since the symptoms of OCD seldom disappear without treatment, you should contact your primary care doctor whenever obsessive thoughts or compulsions cause you significant distress or discomfort, interfere with your ability to have a normal life at home or work, or cause you injury. Your primary care doctor will refer you to a psychiatrist for appropriate and effective treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

: Prognosis

Since OCD can be a chronic (long-lasting) condition, ongoing treatment may be necessary.  The outlook however is good. Most patients improve and some recover completely.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Onycholysis

: What is it?

Onycholysis is the separation of a fingernail or toenail from its pink nail bed. The separation occurs gradually and is painless. The most common cause of onycholysis is trauma. Even slight trauma can cause onycholysis when it happens repetitively — for example, the daily tapping of long fingernails on a keyboard or counter. Onycholysis also can be caused by manicure tools that are pushed beneath the nail to clear dirt or smooth the nail.  Too much moisture also can cause the problem. Some medical conditions can cause onycholysis, generally by changing the nail's shape or the contour of the soft tissue bed beneath it. In these situations, the nail cannot attach smoothly to the nail bed.