Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tachycardia

: Additional info

American Heart Association (AHA)

https://www.heart.org/
 
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
 
American College of Cardiology

https://www.acc.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Takayasu's arteritis

: What is it?

Takayasu's arteritis is a chronic (long-term) disease in which arteries become inflamed. It is also known as Takayasu's aortitis, pulseless disease, and aortic arch syndrome. The name comes from the doctor who first reported the problem in 1905, Dr. Mikito Takayasu. In most cases, Takayasu's arteritis targets the aorta and its major branches, including arteries to the brain, arms, and kidneys. The aorta is the body's main artery, which pumps oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Less frequently, the pulmonary artery and coronary arteries also are involved. This problem causes damage to the body's major organs; reduced or absent pulses in the arms and legs; and symptoms of poor circulation, such as a cool or cold arm or leg, muscle pains with use or exertion, or symptoms of stroke if brain arteries are narrowed or blocked. Over time, Takayasu's arteritis can cause scarring, narrowing, and abnormal ballooning of involved blood vessels. The disease can be fatal. Although the cause of Takayasu's arteritis is unknown, it may be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that immune defenses attack the body's own cells rather than protecting them from outside invaders. Researchers have identified a number of genes that appear to increase the risk of developing this disease. In Asia, Takayasu's arteritis is a major cause of high blood pressure in teenagers and young adults. In North America and Europe, however, Takayasu's arteritis is a very rare illness that affects only two or three of every one million people every year. It is eight times more common in females than in males. Although 75% of people begin to have symptoms during their teenage years, the average age at which the problem is diagnosed is usually much later at age 29. This is because early symptoms of Takayasu's arteritis are more general and common, such as fatigue. Up to 96% of people are not diagnosed until they have later, more specific symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Takayasu's arteritis

: Symptoms

The symptoms of Takayasu's arteritis vary depending on the stage of the illness and the arteries affected. Early symptoms can include fever, fatigue, poor appetite, weight loss, night sweats, joint pain, and chest pain. Later symptoms typically are related to narrowing of the arteries and a decrease in blood flow to certain organs. These later symptoms can include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Takayasu's arteritis

: Diagnosis

Because Takayasu's arteritis is so rare and because the early symptoms are not specific, a doctor may not suspect you have the disease until you develop symptoms of narrowed arteries. This could be months, or even years, after the disease started. The earliest clues that you may have Takayasu's arteritis may be high blood pressure that can't be explained by anything else, difficulty obtaining a blood pressure measurement on one side, a difference in blood pressure reading between the two arms, or symptoms of poor circulation — all of these are unusual findings in a younger person. Your doctor may suspect that you have Takayasu's arteritis if you have at least three of the six criteria developed by the American College of Rheumatology to distinguish it from other forms of vasculitis:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Takayasu's arteritis

: Expected duration

How long Takayasu's arteritis lasts varies. In many cases, the active illness lasts for years, causing continuing inflammation and ongoing damage to blood vessels. If symptoms go away, either on their own or after treatment, they can return later. Damage to arteries may be permanent. Even when Takayasu's arteritis itself is no longer active, narrowed arteries may continue to disrupt blood flow to organs.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Takayasu's arteritis

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent Takayasu's arteritis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Takayasu's arteritis

: Treatment

Doctors usually begin treatment for Takayasu's arteritis with glucocorticoid medications, such as prednisone. If these medications alone do not work well or if there is a high risk of steroid-related complications, another immunosuppressive drug, such as tocilizumab (Actemra), etanercept (Enbrel), or infliximab (Remicade), may be added. Other treatment options include methotrexate (Folex, Methotrexate, and Rheumatrex), azathioprine (Imuran), mycophenolate (CellCept), leflunomide (Arava), or cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar). Blood pressure medications also may be necessary to control high blood pressure. If Takayasu's arteritis has caused significant narrowing of an artery, the narrowed segment may need to be widened or repaired. Depending on the artery affected, there are several ways this can be accomplished, including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Takayasu's arteritis

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you develop any severe pain, coldness, or a blue discoloration in an arm or leg, chest pain, or symptoms of stroke.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Takayasu's arteritis

: Prognosis

Symptoms resolve in about 60% of people with Takayasu's arteritis when they are treated with glucocorticoids alone. However, symptoms return in about half of these patients. When symptoms return, retreatment with a combination of glucocorticoids and other immunosuppressive drugs has a 40% to 80% success rate. But, it's common for symptoms to return again. Overall, about 80% survive at least 15 years following the diagnosis, but the prognosis varies depending on whether there are complications (such as the development of aneurysms). The prognosis may be improving due to newer treatment options.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Takayasu's arteritis

: Additional info

American College of Rheumatology

https://www.rheumatology.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tay-Sachs Disease

: What Is It?

Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited disease caused by an abnormal gene. People with this abnormal gene do not have an important enzyme called hexosaminidase A (HEXA) that helps to break down a fatty material called ganglioside GM2. This material builds up in the brain, and eventually damages nerve cells and causes neurological problems.  Infants usually begin to show signs of the disease between 3 months and 6 months of age. Children with Tay-Sachs disease can become deaf, blind and paralyzed, and usually die by the age of 5.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis)

: What Is It?

Dacryocystitis is an infection in the tear drainage system. Tears drain from each eye through small canals, a tear sac (lacrimal sac) and a tear duct (nasolacrimal duct).   Tears are made by a small organ above the eye under the upper lid. At the inner corner of each upper and lower eyelid is an opening to a small tube (drainage canal).  The drainage canals carry away tears that have rinsed the front surface of the eye away so fresh tears can come in.   The drainage canals empty into tear sacs, one for each eye. The tear sacs sit at the top of the tear duct. Tears move through the sac into the duct and then are dumped into your nose.   Tears spill out of the eyes and into the back of your nose when you cry, although the tears entering the nose are not visible. That's why you get a runny nose when you cry.    The tear drainage system can get infected if it becomes blocked and bacteria collect in the ducts or the lacrimal sac. A blockage near the nose also can cause excessive tearing from the eye.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis)

: Symptoms

Typical symptoms of acute tear duct infection include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis)

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will examine you for signs of swelling and redness at the corner of the eye, fever, excessive tearing and discharge of pus. Pressing on the lacrimal sac may cause mucus or pus to come out of the ducts near the eye. If pus is present, a sample of the discharge can be collected and tested to determine the type of bacteria causing the infection.  If the physical signs do not obviously show dacryocystitis, or if the doctor wants to confirm the diagnosis, he or she may do a dye disappearance test. With this test, a yellow fluorescent dye is placed in the corner of the eye and allowed to mix with the eye's film of tears. If the tear drainage system is functioning well, the dye should disappear from the eye's surface after several minutes. A cotton swab can be inserted into the nose to see if any dye has passed through the tear duct. This test can help your doctor tell whether your tear duct is blocked completely or partially.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis)

: Expected Duration

In infants or adults, tear duct infections need to be treated when there is redness or fever and cloudy tear drainage. Acute tear duct infections usually will go away quickly with antibiotic therapy. Between episodes of acute infection, there may still be excessive tearing or cloudy drainage from block tear ducts. In infants, the obstruction that causes an infection is commonly outgrown by the age of 9 to 12 months. Chronic infections, especially in adults, can be difficult to cure without surgery to expand the tear duct's drainage channel.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis)

: Prevention

If a child is prone to tear duct infections, here's a routine that helps decrease the frequency of infections. First, wash your hands thoroughly. Apply a warm compress (a warm, wet clean washcloth) over the area of the tear sac. Then, place your index finger sideways along the bony ridge beneath the child's eye, with your finger pointing toward the top of the nose. Firmly, but gently, apply pressure with your finger tip between the eye and nose. This pressure will compress and empty the tear sac, flushing the duct below. After this, rinse and re-warm the compress. Apply it again to the same area for one or two minutes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis)

: Treatment

Antibiotics that can be taken by mouth are the standard treatment for tear duct infection. However, a severe infection requires initial intravenous antibiotics and observation in the hospital.   In general, antibiotics clear up acute infections quickly. Antibiotics are also used to treat chronic infections. In some cases, antibiotic ointment or eye drops may be prescribed. Do not attempt to apply an over-the-counter antibiotic ointment to the eye or the area around the eye, since over-the-counter ointments are not made for use in the eye and could have irritating ingredients.  If the infection does not respond to antibiotics, or if infections keep returning, minor surgery may be needed. There are several types of surgical treatments for tear duct infections:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis)

: When To Call A Professional

Call a health care professional if you or your child experiences any of the eye symptoms of an infection, including pain, excessive tearing, redness, swelling or pus.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis)

: Prognosis

There are treatments for just about any cause or severity of tear duct infection, so the outlook for this problem is good.  Most children outgrow a problem with blocked tear ducts by the time they are 1 year old.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Telogen Effluvium

: What Is It?

At any given time, about 85% to 90% of the hairs on the average person's head are actively growing (the anagen phase) and the others are resting (the telogen phase). Typically, a hair is in the anagen phase for two to four years, then enters the telogen phase, rests for about two to four months, and then falls out and is replaced by a new, growing hair. The average person naturally loses about 100 hairs a day. In a person with telogen effluvium, some body change or shock pushes more hairs into the telogen phase. Typically in this condition, about 30% of the hairs stop growing and go into the resting phase before falling out. So if you have telogen effluvium, you may lose an average of 300 hairs a day instead of 100.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

: What is it?

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) is inflammation of the fibrous tissue (tendon) that connects muscle to bone in the elbow. It is a form of tendonitis. In tennis elbow, the tendons on the outside of the elbow (the lateral epicondyle) are affected. In golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis), another form of tendonitis, the tendons on the inside of the elbow are affected. The inflamed tendons may be strained or have tiny tears caused by overusing the muscles that control the wrist and fingers.   

   Tennis elbow often results from playing tennis and other racquet sports, particularly if the participant is using improper form. However, it is caused more commonly by noncompetitive activities, such as pulling weeds, carrying a suitcase or using a screwdriver, that strain the tendons in the elbow. Sometimes, tennis elbow develops for no apparent reason.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

: Symptoms

Tennis elbow causes pain, tenderness and sometimes swelling of the elbow and forearm on the affected side. The pain may worsen if the person attempts any activity that stresses the painful tendons, such as lifting heavy objects or even just shaking hands.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, especially whether your elbow or forearm hurts when you move your wrist. Your doctor also will ask about any sports or physical activities that may have triggered your symptoms. During a physical examination, your doctor will check for pain, tenderness and swelling in the elbow, forearm and wrist on the affected side. If your symptoms are not characteristic of tennis elbow or if you have an unusual history of injury, your doctor may order X-rays or other tests to check for other possible problems. However, no tests are required to make the diagnosis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

: Expected duration

The pain of tennis elbow generally subsides within a few weeks, although it sometimes can last for months. Continuing to use the injured muscles can prevent healing and may result in a long-lasting (chronic) condition.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

: Prevention

If you play racquet sports, use the proper equipment for your size and skill level. You may want to consult a professional to be sure you are using proper equipment and technique. You also can adjust the tension of the strings of your racquet. A sports medicine professional or physical therapist can teach you exercises to strengthen your muscles and increase flexibility to prevent future injury. Also, many specialists suggest using a forearm band placed one to two inches below the elbow to reduce tension on the tendons. Do not increase the frequency, duration or intensity of any sports activity rapidly. Start slowly, and build slowly. Try to maintain a neutral wrist position (not bent backward or forward). If you feel significant elbow or arm pain, stop immediately and review your symptoms with your doctor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

: Treatment

The most important treatment for tennis elbow is rest, because the condition will not improve if the activity that caused it continues. Ice packs and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and others) or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn and others), may provide some relief from pain. A forearm band or strap wrapped around the forearm just below the elbow may provide significant relief. This rests the inflamed tendon. People with severe pain may have the elbow immobilized in a sling or splinted at a 90-degree angle, although the elbow should not be immobilized for prolonged periods. Some doctors also recommend an injection of a corticosteroid, such as cortisone, into the area to reduce inflammation and pain. Some patients need physical therapy, including ultrasound therapy and exercises to strengthen the area and increase flexibility. For tennis elbow that continues to cause significant discomfort, a number of other treatments may be recommended, including nitroglycerine patches, acupuncture, and botulinum toxin injections.  However, the overall effectiveness of these and other alternatives are uncertain.  As a last resort, surgery may be considered.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you have pain and your ability to move your wrist or elbow motion has not improved within a week or two. Call even sooner if there is swelling, if the pain began after a significant injury, or if you are unable to use your wrist or elbow.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

: Prognosis

With proper treatment, symptoms of tennis elbow usually improve within a few weeks. However, in some patients, symptoms persist for several months. If tennis elbow is not properly treated, it can become a chronic condition with frequent flare-ups.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

: Additional info

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

https://www.niams.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tension headache

: What is it?

Tension headaches are the most common type of headache. These headaches are not caused by disease. They are often considered to be "normal" headaches. Other names for tension headaches are ordinary headaches, muscle tension headaches, and stress headaches. The International Headache Society has suggested that doctors use the term tension-type headaches because so many different names have been used for tension headaches. Typically tension-type headache causes mild to moderate pain, usually on both sides of the head. There is a pressing or tightening sensation. It is not pulsating and is not accompanied by nausea. The headache does not get worse with routine physical activity. The society has defined different categories based upon how frequently tension-type headaches occur and how persistent they are:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tension headache

: Symptoms

The main symptom of a tension headache is a sense of tightness around the head. This is sometimes described as a "tight hat-band" or "vise" sensation. Neck and shoulder muscles are often tense and sore to the touch. The person may have trouble concentrating and difficulty sleeping. A person can have both migraine and tension-type headaches. And the symptoms of tension-type headaches and migraine headaches can overlap. For example, both types of headaches may be made worse by bright lights or loud noises. In general, migraine headaches tend to be throbbing. Tension-type headaches cause a more constant pain. But the pain of a migraine or tension-type headache can be steady or throbbing or alternate between the two.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tension headache

: Diagnosis

There is no specific test to confirm the diagnosis of a tension-type headache. The diagnosis is determined by your description of the headache, other medical history and a normal physical examination. A computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the head may be ordered. These imaging tests may be used to investigate headache pain that is associated with unexpected or unusual symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tension headache

: Expected duration

An episodic tension-type headache may last only 30 minutes. But it may linger for as long as seven days. A chronic tension-type headache typically lasts for part or all of the day for most days of the week. The pain can also be continuous. The intensity of pain may fluctuate during that time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tension headache

: Prevention

Relaxation techniques and avoidance of stressful situations may help to prevent tension-type headaches. Many things can trigger a tension-type headache. Identifying and correcting one or more triggers may reduce headache frequency and severity.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tension headache

: Treatment

Infrequent episodic tension-type headaches. Over-the-counter pain relievers are convenient, effective and relatively safe. Examples include aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin). Some people get more pain relief with combination products containing caffeine. The use of any over-the-counter pain reliever should be limited to no more than two or three days per week. If pain medications are used more frequently, "rebound" headaches may occur on the days that medications are not taken. Frequent episodic and chronic tension-type headaches. These headaches are more difficult to treat. Rebound headaches are common when pain relievers are stopped. Therapy to prevent the headache before it starts is a better strategy than taking pain relievers after the headache is present. Your doctor may suggest a trial of one of the medications used to prevent frequent migraine attacks, such as a beta-blocker (metoprolol or propranolol) or an antidepressant (amitriptyline or venlafaxine). Some people are able to treat their tension-type headaches without medications. You can apply an ice compress, heating pad or massage to any tight areas in the neck and shoulders. Relaxation techniques and deep-breathing exercises may help to decrease the frequency and severity of headaches. Some people get relief with biofeedback or acupuncture.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tension headache

: When to call a professional

Most headaches are harmless. It's reassuring if you are able to relieve your headache without medications or with only occasional use of a pain reliever. Headaches are rarely caused by a serious medical problem. However, you should call or visit your doctor if you have:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tension headache

: Prognosis

Infrequent episodic tension-type headaches can usually be treated successfully with pain relieving medication. But finding the right combination of therapies to relieve frequent episodic and chronic tension-type headaches may take several months. Over time most people will have fewer and less severe headaches.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Tension headache

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/
 
National Headache Foundation

https://www.headaches.org/
 
American Migraine Foundation

https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Testicular Cancer

: What is it?

Testicular cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both testicles (testes). The testicles are the male sex glands. They are located in the scrotum, behind the penis. They produce testosterone and other male hormones. The testicles also produce and store sperm, the male cells needed for reproduction. nce testicular cancer develops, it can remain within the testicle, or it can spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen or pelvis. If it is not detected and treated, testicular cancer eventually can spread to the lungs, brain, liver, and other parts of the body. Certain types of testicular cancer are more likely to spread than others. Sometimes the cancer will have already spread at the initial time of diagnosis.