Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Miscarriage

: Preventing a misscarriage

If a miscarriage is about to occur, you cannot prevent it. In the past, if there were bleeding early in a pregnancy and the diagnosis of a threatened miscarriage was made, reduced activity or even bed rest would be recommended. Now, most doctors recognize that there is no evidence that such measures, or indeed any intervention, reduce the risk of miscarriage once symptoms have begun. Note that miscarriage is not caused by regular physical activities, minor accidents, exercise, sexual intercourse, or minor stumbles or falls. However, you may be able to decrease your chances of having a miscarriage in a future pregnancy by taking good care of yourself, eating a healthy diet, taking folic acid supplements, exercising regularly and not smoking. If at the start of pregnancy you have any medical conditions, it's best to work with your doctor to create a treatment plan that keeps you and the fetus as safe and healthy as possible. If you have had recurrent miscarriages,, your doctor may recommend that you and your partner undergo a detailed evaluation to help identify, if possible, reasons for recurrent miscarriage. In addition, there is some evidence that taking daily low-dose (81 mg) daily while you are trying to get pregnant may decrease the risk of miscarriage.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Miscarriage

: Treating miscarriage

If you have a missed or incomplete miscarriage early in pregnancy, there are three options for management. The first option involves what is often termed "expectant management": watching carefully for problems but letting tissues pass on their own. If bleeding is heavy, pain severe, or expectant management is unappealing, you and your obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN) may choose a procedure called a dilation and curettage (D & C) to gently stretch open your cervix and remove any remaining fetal tissue from your uterus.  A third option for managing first trimester losses involves using medicines placed in the vagina  or between your cheek and gum (most often by you at home) to promote the passage of tissue. This last option means less time spent waiting than with expectant management, and in most cases avoids procedures such as D&C. You and your providers can discuss which option is best for you. For losses after the first trimester (first 12 weeks) the size of pregnancy tissues are generally too big to pass easily on their own or with the assistance of medications. So, D&C is often recommended. Rarely, induction of labor may be recommended. This is more likely if the cervix is already widely opened or if loss occurs closer to 20 weeks. Such second trimester procedures (particularly induction of labor) may require a longer stay in the hospital than that needed to manage a first trimester loss.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Miscarriage

: When to call a professional

Call the health care professional who is monitoring your pregnancy immediately if you have symptoms of a miscarriage, such as vaginal bleeding or persistent pain in your pelvis, abdomen or back.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Miscarriage

: Prognosis

Your chances of having another miscarriage depend on the cause of your first miscarriage. Because, as noted above, miscarriages occur in 15% to 20% of pregnancies, even a healthy couple has a 15% to 20% chance of a miscarriage in any pregnancy. In such cases the risk of a miscarriage in a next pregnancy is similar: 15-20%. The general recommendation for attempting pregnancy after a miscarriage is to wait about two to three months before trying to conceive again, but if conception occurs sooner, there is not any marked increase in risk. For many, the answer to the question "when to try again" is related not to one's body, but to the emotional recovery after enduring the loss of miscarriage. It's normal and common to feel sad, grief-stricken, and depressed after a miscarriage. Your doctor can suggest resources for support during this difficult time.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Miscarriage

: Additional info

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
http://www.acog.org/ American College of Nurse Midwives
http://www.midwife.org/ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mitral Valve Prolapse

: What Is It?

Mitral valve prolapse is a malfunction of the heart's mitral valve, the physical doorway between the heart's left atrium and left ventricle. Normally, the mitral valve closes when the ventricle's muscles contract, preventing blood from flowing back into the left atrium when the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body. In mitral valve prolapse, however, a slight deformity of the mitral valve prevents the valve from closing normally. This appears as an abnormal floppiness, or prolapse, of the valve. The result is that small amounts of blood leak back into the left atrium, with very little effect on the heart's overall ability to pump blood. 


 In some people, the leak worsens to create a significant backflow of blood into the left atrium. This is called mitral regurgitation. People with severe mitral regurgitation can develop symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue and leg swelling. Rarely, heart surgery is needed to repair the damaged valve.  In most people with mitral valve prolapse, the cause is unknown. However, in a small number of patients, mitral valve prolapse may be related to another medical condition, such as an inherited abnormality in the way the body produces collagen (connective tissue) or rheumatic heart disease (a rare complication of strep throat).  Health experts estimate that mitral valve prolapse currently affects up to 5% of people in the United States. For unknown reasons, the condition is most common in women between 14 and 30. The condition sometimes affects several members of the same family,and there is some evidence that the condition can be inherited.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mitral Valve Prolapse

: Symptoms

Most people with mitral valve prolapse do not have any symptoms, and the condition is discovered only when a doctor hears a certain clicking sound with or without a heart murmur during a routine physical examination. In the past, mitral valve prolapse was blamed for symptoms such as chest pains, palpitations and lightheadedness. Although a person with mitral valve prolapse can also have these types of symptoms, mitral valve prolapse is not the cause.  People who have mitral regurgitation that continues to get worse can have symptoms of congestive heart failure (fatigue, shortness of breath, leg swelling).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mitral Valve Prolapse

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will review your medical history, including any history of heart disease, excessive fatigue, leg swelling or shortness of breath.  You and your doctor may not suspect that you have mitral valve prolapse until your doctor hears a sound called a systolic click with the stethoscope during the cardiac portion of a routine physical examination. The systolic click is an abnormal heart sound related to the malfunction of the mitral valve in mitral valve prolapse. Some people also have a heart murmur, an abnormal heart sound caused by turbulent blood flow.  Your doctor can diagnose mitral valve prolapse if he or she hears the typical click. Your doctor may order an echocardiogram to determine the severity of the prolapse. This is a painless test that uses sound waves to map out your heart structure. However, an echocardiogram is not really needed for diagnosis, which can usually be made with a careful physical examination. 


 If you have symptoms such as chest pain, dizziness or palpitations, further tests may be needed to determine the cause.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mitral Valve Prolapse

: Expected Duration

Mitral valve prolapse is a lifelong condition. However, most people with the condition do not have any symptoms.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mitral Valve Prolapse

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent mitral valve prolapse.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mitral Valve Prolapse

: Treatment

If you have mitral valve prolapse but do not have any symptoms, then you will not need treatment. In the past, your doctor may have recommended antibiotics prior to certain procedures and dental appointments, but recent guidelines from the American Heart Association indicate that antibiotics are no longer recommended for patients with mitral valve prolapse. Some people who have mitral valve prolapse with chest pains or palpitations take a beta-blocker medication, such as propranolol (Inderal), metoprolol (Lopressor) or atenolol (Tenormin), to treat symptoms.  If mitral valve prolapse develops into severe mitral regurgitation, the abnormal mitral valve may need to be repaired or replaced surgically.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mitral Valve Prolapse

: When To Call a Professional

Call your doctor immediately if you have palpitations or an abnormal pulse, especially if these symptoms have also made you feel lightheaded or faint. Also call your doctor immediately if you have chest pain at any age.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mitral Valve Prolapse

: Prognosis

Most people with mitral valve prolapse never have symptoms, and the condition never significantly affects lifestyle or life expectancy. When surgery is done to reconstruct or replace the mitral valve, it is successful in more than 90% of cases.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Molar Pregnancy

: What Is It?

After a sperm fertilizes an egg, new tissues develop that normally form the fetus and placenta. A molar pregnancy, also known as gestational trophoblastic disease, occurs when the tissue that was supposed to form the placenta grows abnormally and can form a tumor that can spread beyond the womb or uterus. In a "complete mole," no normal fetal tissue forms. In a "partial mole," incomplete fetal tissues develop alongside molar tissue. These two conditions are noncancerous (benign) and make up 80 percent of cases. Three malignant forms of gestational trophoblastic disease occur, including invasive molar pregnancy, choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumors. Almost all molar pregnancies, even the cancerous type, can be cured.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Moles (nevi)

: What is it?

Moles are small, pigmented spots on the skin that usually appear during childhood or adolescence, although they are sometimes present at birth. They are composed of clusters of pigmented cells called melanocytes. People may develop more moles during adolescence and pregnancy, and existing ones may enlarge or darken somewhat during these times. Despite such changes, moles should always remain:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Moles (nevi)

: Symptoms

Moles can vary in color. They can be flesh-colored, yellow-brown or dark brown. They also can be flat or raised and can be smooth, hairy or warty. Although moles usually are harmless, in some cases they can become cancerous, causing a potentially deadly tumor called malignant melanoma. For this reason, it is important to monitor moles and have them examined by a dermatologist if they:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Moles (nevi)

: Diagnosis

Your doctor can determine the type of mole you have by looking at it. Common moles usually are no more than 1 to 10 millimeters (less than half an inch) in diameter. They are flesh-colored, yellow-brown, or dark brown and can be located anywhere on the body. They usually appear during childhood or adolescence. Atypical moles (dysplastic nevi) are usually larger in diameter (5 millimeters to 12 millimeters). They are tan to dark brown and may have a mixture of colors, including tan, dark brown, and sometimes pink or black. The border is often irregular and indistinct, and often fades into the surrounding skin. Most commonly, atypical moles appear on sun-exposed skin, but they can occur elsewhere, and they continue to develop after age 35.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Moles (nevi)

: Expected duration

Most moles never become a problem. However, moles should be inspected regularly for any abnormal changes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Moles (nevi)

: Prevention

When melanocytes become cancerous, they are called melanomas. It is important to examine your moles regularly to look for any suspicious changes. Get someone else to inspect your scalp and other areas that are hard to see. Watch for the early warning signs of melanoma by using the ABCDE criteria:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Moles (nevi)

: Treatment

Common moles do not need to be removed. However, some people choose to have them removed for cosmetic reasons; if they are raised and located in areas where clothing irritates them, such as the waistline; or if they are on the scalp and are irritated by hair brushing. Most moles can be cut off in a simple in-office procedure. Moles and dysplastic nevi whose appearance suggests they may be cancerous should be removed and examined under a microscope. If they are found to be cancerous, additional skin in the surrounding area also must be removed.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Moles (nevi)

: When to call a professional

Do not ignore warning signs. Have suspicious moles checked by a dermatologist. Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, but early diagnosis could save your life. If a mole appears abnormal, your doctor will do a biopsy by taking some of the mole tissue so it can be examined in a laboratory. Also, having a doctor check your moles once is not enough. Normal-looking moles can become cancerous later. Moles must be examined from time to time, especially if you notice any changes. If you have dysplastic nevi or if there is a history of melanoma in your family, you should have a physician check all of your moles regularly. Your physician will recommend how often you should have them checked.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Moles (nevi)

: Prognosis

Since moles can become cancerous, it is important to see a dermatologist if a mole changes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Moles (nevi)

: Additional info

American Academy of Dermatology

https://www.aad.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Molluscum Contagiosum

: What Is It?

Molluscum contagiosum is a skin disease caused by a virus that causes clusters of tiny, firm, flesh-colored or pearly bumps. The infection is mainly spread by direct skin-to-skin contact. The bumps or lesions appear at the site of contact anywhere on the body except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.  Molluscum contagiosum is a skin disease caused by a virus that causes clusters of tiny, firm, flesh-colored or pearly bumps. The infection is mainly spread by direct skin-to-skin contact. The bumps or lesions appear at the site of contact anywhere on the body except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    MRSA skin infection

: What is it?

Many types of bacteria can cause skin infections. Most cases are caused by Staphylococcus aureus ("staph") or Streptococcus pyogenes ("strep"). Strep infections still respond well to standard antibiotics. However, that is not true for all staph infections. Over the last few decades, it has become more common for a certain strain of drug-resistant staph bacteria to cause skin infections. Originally, these resistant staph infections were seen mostly in hospitals. But now they have spread into the general community. This strain of bacteria is named community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or "community-acquired MRSA." Skin infections include cellulitis, abscesses (boils), or a combination of the two.  MRSA bacteria can cause skin infections that don't look any different from those caused by common staph and strep. However, MRSA skin infections are more likely to show blisters or develop abscesses. Skin infections occur when strep or staph bacteria break through the skin's protective outer layer, typically at the site of an injury, such as a cut, puncture, sore, burn, or bite. Once beneath the skin surface, the bacteria multiply and make chemicals that cause inflammation in the skin. Cellulitis most often occurs on the legs and feet. However, it can develop on any part of the body, including the trunk, arms, and face. It often develops where there is edema (swelling), poor blood flow, or a skin rash that creates breaks in the skin, such as a fungal infection between the toes (athlete's foot).
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    MRSA skin infection

: Symptoms

In cellulitis, the affected skin feels warm and is usually red, swollen, and painful. The redness can be slight or can stand out dramatically compared to the surrounding skin. The area of warmth can be felt with the back of the hand, especially when compared to surrounding skin. There may be a spreading network of red streaks in the skin, caused by infection in the vessels that carry lymph (tissue fluid), as well as enlarged lymph nodes (swollen glands) near the area of infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    MRSA skin infection

: Diagnosis

Many people who develop a skin infection have no other medical problems and no obvious injury or skin damage that allowed the infection to occur. This is also true for people with a MRSA skin infection. However, people in certain groups have a much higher risk than others that their skin infection is caused by MRSA:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    MRSA skin infection

: Expected duration

How long a skin infection lasts depends on the extent of the infection, the bacteria that caused the infection, and your general health. Without proper antibiotic treatment, some skin infections can cause serious complications within a few days, even in otherwise healthy people.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    MRSA skin infection

: Prevention

To help prevent MRSA skin infections:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    MRSA skin infection

: Treatment

Cellulitis is treated with antibiotics. An abscess usually needs to be treated with incision and drainage (I & D). Your doctor will choose a specific antibiotic depending on the site of your skin infection and how likely it is that MRSA caused it. Most cases of cellulitis improve quickly once you start taking antibiotics. Once an abscess is drained, the person will quickly begin to feel better. Your doctor may prescribe a course of antibiotics after the I & D. If you have mild cellulitis, you can usually treat it at home with antibiotics taken by mouth. The oral antibiotics used most often are trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline or clindamycin. However, keep in touch with your doctor to be sure that the infection is improving as expected. It also helps to apply warm compresses, such as a warm, moist washcloth, and elevate the infected area. If you have severe cellulitis, you may need to be treated in the hospital with antibiotics given intravenously (into a vein), usually IV vancomycin.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    MRSA skin infection

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor whenever a skin injury becomes red, warm, swollen, or tender. Call your doctor promptly if you get a deep puncture wound, especially on a hand or foot, or if you are bitten by an animal or human.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    MRSA skin infection

: Prognosis

In most cases, skin infections begin to improve within 24 to 48 hours after starting appropriate treatment. Very rarely, the infection may involve tissues below the skin. These deeper infections can be extremely serious and require intensive in-hospital treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    MRSA skin infection

: Additional info

National Center for Infectious Diseases

https://www.cdc.gov/ddid/centers.html
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Multiple Myeloma

: What Is It?

Multiple myeloma is cancer of the bone marrow caused by the uncontrolled growth of plasma cells. These cells are one type of white blood cells. Normally, they make antibodies called immunoglobulins to fight infections. In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells multiply rapidly in the bone marrow and invade the outer layers of the bones. This can weaken bones so much that minimal trauma can cause a bone fracture at the cancer site.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Multiple Sclerosis

: What Is It?

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological illness that affects the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of the disease be intermittent (they come and go). Or MS can be progressive. This means it worsens over time.  Nerve cells called neurons send out long "fingers" called axons.  The axons from one neuron send signals to another neuron that may be a long ways away.  A substance called myelin normally is wrapped around the axons. Myelin helps the axon transmit signals from one neuron to another.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mumps

: What is it?

Mumps is an infection with a virus that causes swelling of the parotid glands in front of each ear. The parotid glands make saliva. Mumps is caused by the mumps virus, a type of paramyxovirus that spreads from person to person through coughs, sneezes and saliva, as well as through contact with contaminated items and surfaces (used tissues, shared drinking glasses, dirty hands that touched a runny nose). Once the mumps virus enters the body, it passes into the bloodstream and can spread to many different glands and to the brain:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mumps

: Symptoms

In about 15% to 20% of patients, mumps does not cause any symptoms. When symptoms occur, they usually begin 14 to 18 days after exposure to someone with a mumps infection. In about half of patients, symptoms of mumps infection may include fever, headache, sore throat, muscle aches, poor appetite and malaise (a general feeling of sickness). The mumps virus causes pain and swelling in front of the earlobe, called parotitis. Because of the pain of parotitis, chewing and swallowing may be very uncomfortable, and the patient may not feel like eating. Infrequently, male teenagers and adults with mumps can develop swelling and pain in one or both testes (orchitis). In women, the ovaries may be involved, which can cause lower abdominal pain. In patients of either sex, but more commonly in adults than in children, there also may be more serious complications including:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mumps

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your exposure to any person who is known to have mumps or facial swelling. Even if you did not have face-to-face contact with this person, your doctor will want to know if you attended the same school, lived in the same household or dormitory, or worked in the same building. Your doctor also will want to know whether you were immunized against mumps, when you were immunized, and the number of doses of mumps vaccine you received. Mumps vaccine often is given as part of the measle/mumps/rubella vaccine, or MMR, shot. Your doctor will suspect that you have mumps if you have had tender parotid swelling on both sides for at least two days and if you have a history of being exposed to someone with mumps. In patients without parotid swelling, the diagnosis can be confirmed with blood tests that measure specific antibodies (defensive proteins made by the immune system) against the mumps virus. Also, the mumps virus itself may be detected in samples of urine, saliva or cerebrospinal fluid (fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord), which is obtained with a lumbar puncture, or spinal tap.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Mumps

: Expected duration

Symptoms of mumps generally last about 10 days. Once you recover, you usually are immune from getting the mumps virus for the rest of your life.