Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Chronic prostatitis

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 
American Urological Association

https://www.auanet.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Chronic sinusitis (in adults)

: What is chronic sinusitis?

Chronic sinusitis is a long-term inflammation of the sinuses. The sinuses are moist air spaces behind the bones of the upper face — between the eyes and behind the forehead, nose and cheeks. Normally, the sinuses drain through small openings into the inside of the nose. Anything that obstructs that flow can cause a buildup of mucus, and sometimes pus, in the sinuses. Drainage from the sinuses can be obstructed by structural abnormalities of the nose, infection, or tissue swelling caused by allergies. The buildup of mucus leads to increased sinus pressure and facial pain. In adults, chronic sinusitis most often is linked to nasal swelling caused by allergies, especially allergies to inhaled dust, mold, pollen, or the spores of fungi. These allergies trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals that cause the inner lining of the nose to swell and block sinus drainage. Polyps, nasal tumors and nasal fractures can obstruct the sinus drainage leading to chronic sinusitis. Chronic sinusitis also can be seen in people whose sinuses and nasal passages are structurally abnormally narrow. People with asthma, cystic fibrosis, or immune system problems develop chronic sinusitis more often than others.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Chronic sinusitis (in adults)

: Symptoms of chronic sinusitis

The most common symptom is painful pressure in upper parts of the face, especially in the forehead, behind the nose, between or behind the eyes, or in the cheek. Sometimes, sinus pain can feel like a toothache. Other symptoms include nasal congestion, postnasal drip that is worse at night, and bad-smelling breath that is unrelated to dental problems. Fever and a thick, discolored nasal discharge are signs of acute sinusitis, a short-term sinus infection usually caused by viruses or bacteria. The same symptoms can be present in chronic sinusitis.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Chronic sinusitis (in adults)

: Diagnosing chronic sinusitis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, how long you have had them, and what you may be allergic to in your environment. He or she will examine you, paying special attention to your nose and throat. During this examination, your doctor will check for:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Chronic sinusitis (in adults)

: Expected duration of chronic sinusitis

Symptoms of chronic sinusitis can last for months or years. Some doctors consider sinusitis to be chronic rather than acute when it lasts at least three months.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Chronic sinusitis (in adults)

: Preventing chronic sinusitis

If you have chronic sinusitis, avoid cigarette smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. You also should avoid spending long periods of time outdoors when there are high levels of airborne allergens or pollutants. Indoors, using air conditioners and humidifiers can sometimes help prevent symptoms of chronic sinusitis. If you have allergies, you can help to prevent episodes of sinusitis by identifying and avoiding triggers and by taking appropriate medications as directed. Several measures can be taken at home to remove many indoor airborne allergens that trigger sinus problems. Here are some things you can do:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Chronic sinusitis (in adults)

: Treating chronic sinusitis

If you think you have sinusitis, you can try some things at home first to help reduce swelling and open blocked sinuses. Inhaling steam and using nasal saline spray washes often helps. Decongestants, by mouth or nasal spray, are available without a prescription and can help to relieve the pressure. To control the pain, try acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and others). Because chronic sinusitis often is caused by inflammation related to allergies, identifying, treating and preventing your allergies helps to relieve the sinusitis. Allergy medications include antihistamines, decongestants, leukotriene inhibitors and anti-inflammatory medications. Corticosteroid nasal sprays also can relieve nasal swelling and sinus inflammation. If these sprays don't help, you may need a trial of oral steroids, such as prednisone. If there is evidence of active bacterial infection ,you may need to take a course of antibiotics. If your allergies are difficult to control, an allergy specialist can test you for specific allergies and administer desensitizing shots (immunotherapy) to treat your symptoms. If symptoms are difficult to control with medications alone, you may need to see an ear, nose and throat specialist, who can determine if you need your sinuses drained or if you need endoscopic surgery to widen the sinus openings. Endoscopic surgery uses small scopes and instruments to see and operate through the nasal passages to get to the sinuses. If the blockage of the sinus opening is limited, balloon dilatation of the area may resolve the problem and avoid more involved surgery. Nasal polyps and other structural blockages also can be removed with endoscopic sinus surgery. Even a deviated septum can be corrected with endoscopic surgery. People with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps not responding to other therapies may be candidates for treatment with one of the FDA approved monoclonal antibodies.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Chronic sinusitis (in adults)

: When to call a professional

If your symptoms are not getting better after several days, or if you develop a fever or a brown or green discharge, you should see your doctor. If you develop a severe headache, you should call your doctor for a more urgent evaluation.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Chronic sinusitis (in adults)

: Prognosis

The prognosis for chronic sinusitis depends on its cause. Often medication or surgery is needed to reduce the inflammation or correct the blockage. In many cases, the inflammation has to be managed with medications for a long time to prevent recurrence.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Chronic sinusitis (in adults)

: Additional info

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/
 
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI)

https://www.aaaai.org/
 American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgeryhttps://www.entnet.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cirrhosis

: What is cirrhosis?

No body organ performs a wider variety of essential jobs than the liver. It:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cirrhosis

: Symptoms of cirrhosis

In its early stages, cirrhosis often has no symptoms. But as liver cells die, the organ makes less of the proteins that regulate fluid retention and blood clotting and loses its ability to metabolize the pigment bilirubin. This causes symptoms and complications that include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cirrhosis

: Diagnosing cirrhosis

Your doctor will ask about your medical history, family history of liver disease, diet, alcohol consumption, medications you are taking, and risk factors for hepatitis B and C, such as intravenous drug use. During a physical examination, the doctor determines whether the liver feels harder or larger than normal, looks for skin changes such as bruising and jaundice, and looks for evidence of fluid swelling in the legs or abdomen. Blood tests may be ordered to look for evidence of liver inflammation, an elevated bilirubin level, a buildup of toxins (such as ammonia) and reduced levels of essential substances made by the liver. Two of the blood tests that indicate a poor prognosis in people with cirrhosis are a low albumin level and a high INR (adjusted Pro-Time). The high INR indicates the person's liver cannot make the normal amount of clotting proteins. The liver may be viewed using ultrasound or a computerized tomography (CT) scan, or other imaging technique. Cirrhosis can usually be diagnosed based on the history, physical exam, blood test results and imaging. Sometimes a liver biopsy is needed. A tiny sample of liver tissue is removed through a needle and then examined for scarring and damage to cells.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cirrhosis

: Expected duration of cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is usually a progressive disease. Although it usually cannot be reversed, the liver damage can be halted or slowed down with treatment or changes in behavior in many cases.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cirrhosis

: Preventing cirrhosis

The most important step you can take to prevent cirrhosis is to avoid excessive drinking. It is best to consume an average of no more than two alcoholic drinks a day for men or one drink a day for women. If you have chronic hepatitis or other liver problems, avoid alcohol completely. Some other causes of cirrhosis can be prevented. To avoid infection with hepatitis B and C, do not inject illegal drugs, snort cocaine, or have unprotected sex, especially with multiple partners. If you are considering body piercing or tattooing, make sure that the equipment is cleaned properly. Health care and emergency workers should follow infection control precautions carefully whenever they are exposed to blood. Hepatitis B also can be prevented with a vaccine, a series of three shots that is 90% effective. By preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, you prevent the small risk of developing cirrhosis. This means maintaining a healthy weight and getting plenty of exercise.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cirrhosis

: Treating cirrhosis

Treatment for cirrhosis varies depending on the cause and stage of the disease. Because liver damage usually cannot be reversed, the aim of all treatment is to keep the disease from getting worse and to reduce complications. Regardless of the cause, anyone with cirrhosis should abstain from alcohol and use caution in taking medications that can make liver disease worse, including over-the-counter acetaminophen (Tylenol and generic types). You also will be treated for underlying diseases -- for example, antiviral medications for chronic hepatitis B or C, corticosteroids or other immunosuppressant medications for autoimmune hepatitis, and phlebotomy, which is the periodic removal of a pint of blood -- to reduce iron levels in hemochromatosis. Much of the treatment is directed at complications.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cirrhosis

: When to call a professional

If you have any risk factors for liver disease, make an appointment with your doctor. Cirrhosis can often be prevented if action is taken early enough. If you have cirrhosis, get immediate medical attention for:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cirrhosis

: Prognosis

Treatment leads to improvement in most cases when the disease is discovered in its earlier stages. Most patients are able to live a normal life for many years. The outlook is less favorable if liver damage is extensive or if someone with cirrhosis does not stop drinking. People with cirrhosis usually die of bleeding that can't be stopped, serious infections or kidney failure. They often enter irreversible coma in their last days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cirrhosis

: Additional info

National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disordershttps://www.niddk.nih.gov/
 

American Liver Foundation

https://www.liverfoundation.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cluster headache

: What are cluster headaches?

Cluster headaches are very intense headaches. They usually start in the area around one eye, then spread to nearby areas of the face. Each headache lasts about a half-hour to three hours. Episodes can occur several times over 24 hours (in clusters). This happens daily, lasting several weeks to months. Most cluster headaches occur at night. This condition affects men much more frequently than women. Some people discover they have "triggers" that start the headache, such as:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cluster headache

: Symptoms of cluster headaches

Symptoms of cluster headaches include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cluster headache

: Diagnosing cluster headaches

Your doctor will ask about your medical history and your headache symptoms. This will help differentiate between cluster-type headaches or an underlying disease. Your doctor also will examine you to check for other possible causes of your headaches. If your exam is normal and your headaches fit the typical cluster pattern, you may not need any further testing. However, your doctor may order diagnostic tests if you have your symptoms are atypical for cluster headache. These tests could include computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the head.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cluster headache

: Expected duration of cluster headaches

Cluster headaches usually last a half-hour to three hours. They tend to occur one to three times daily for four to eight weeks. Once a cluster of episodes passes, a person may remain headache-free for many months or sometimes years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cluster headache

: Preventing cluster headaches

The cause of cluster headaches remains a mystery. There is no way to prevent a first occurrence. People who have already experienced cluster headaches may be able to help prevent future attacks. To do so:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cluster headache

: Treating cluster headaches

It is difficult to stop the pain of the first cluster headache you experience. The headache usually disappears by the time you reach the doctor's office or emergency room. Once the problem has been diagnosed, your doctor may prescribe a therapy for you to keep on hand. Inhaling 100% oxygen through a facemask for about 15 minutes can help. It must be done at the first signs of an attack to be effective. This oxygen must be prescribed by a doctor and obtained through a medical supplier. Certain drugs may be effective when used at the beginning of cluster pain. These include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cluster headache

: When to call a professional

See your doctor if any form of headache:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cluster headache

: Prognosis

No therapies or lifestyle changes can consistently prevent cluster headaches. Medical treatment can help shorten active periods. It can help decrease the number and severity of painful episodes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cluster headache

: Additional info

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/
 
National Headache Foundation

https://www.headaches.org/
 
American Migraine Foundation

https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cogan's syndrome

: What is Cogan's syndrome?

Cogan's syndrome is a rare rheumatic disease characterized by inflammation of the ears and eyes. Cogan's syndrome can lead to vision difficulty, hearing loss and dizziness. The condition may also be associated with blood-vessel inflammation (called vasculitis) in other areas of the body that can cause major organ damage or, in a small number of cases, even death. It most commonly occurs in a person's 20s or 30s. The cause is not known. However, one theory is that it is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks tissue in the eye and ear.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cogan's syndrome

: Symptoms of Cogan's syndrome

The most common symptoms of Cogan's syndrome include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cogan's syndrome

: Diagnosing Cogan's syndrome

A doctor diagnoses Cogan's syndrome after finding the typical combination of problems associated with this disease in the eye and inner ear. Until both the eye and the inner ear are affected, the diagnosis may be uncertain. Either area may be affected first, or the eye and ear problems may develop at the same time. Your doctor will want to rule out an infection (especially syphilis, tuberculosis, viral infection and chlamydia) or another rheumatic disease (including rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis) as the cause of your symptoms. Your doctor will refer you to an ophthalmologist for an eye examination to look for eye problems, including a condition called interstitial keratitis, which is inflammation of the cornea, the transparent covering of the eye. Your doctor also will want to evaluate your nervous system (for example, reflexes, strength and sensation), and check your ears by testing hearing, balance and inner ear function.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cogan's syndrome

: Expected duration of Cogan's syndrome

Cogan's syndrome is a chronic (long-lasting) disease. Symptoms come and go, or respond well to treatment, but usually the disease is prolonged or even lifelong.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cogan's syndrome

: Preventing Cogan's syndrome

There is no way to prevent Cogan's syndrome.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cogan's syndrome

: Treating Cogan's syndrome

Mild eye disease may be treated with anti-inflammatory medications, including steroids and NSAIDs that are applied to the eye. If these medications do not work well enough, oral antibiotics, such as doxycycline (sold under many brand names), may be recommended in case an infection is causing the eye inflammation. For more severe disease, oral corticosteroids may be necessary. When large amounts of steroids are required or if the disease is severe and is not responding to steroid therapy, other immunosuppressive medications often are recommended. These immunosuppressive drugs include methotrexate (Rheumatrex), infliximab (Remicade), or azathioprine (Imuran). In some cases, other immunosuppressive medications or combinations of medicines are prescribed. Occasionally, if the disease has damaged blood vessels, surgery may need to be done to correct the problem. If excess fluid in the inner ear is causing balance problems, your doctor may prescribe diuretic medications, which increase urination and removal of fluid from the body. A sense of imbalance may be treated with antihistamines, such as meclizine (Antivert), or benzodiazepines, such as diazepam (Valium) or clonazepam (Klonopin) and bed rest. When hearing is impaired and does not improve with medical treatment, cochlear implants may be helpful. Cochlear implants are electronic devices that translate sounds into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain, bypassing the malfunctioning part of the ear. Part of the device is implanted in the ear, and part is worn outside the ear. If the front of the eye is damaged severely by inflammation, a corneal transplant can improve vision. A corneal transplant is surgery that replaces the scarred cornea with one from an organ donor.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cogan's syndrome

: When to call a professional

If you experience any significant visual or auditory problems or difficulties with balance, contact your health care professional to be evaluated, especially if these symptoms continue.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cogan's syndrome

: Prognosis

Many people with Cogan's syndrome have permanent visual or hearing damage. The condition is fatal in less than 10% of patients. However, most patients are able to manage their symptoms and limit complications of the disease with treatment.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Cogan's syndrome

: Additional info

National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)

http://rarediseases.org/
 
American College of Rheumatology

http://www.rheumatology.org/
 
Arthritis Foundation

http://www.arthritis.org/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Colon polyps

: What is a colon polyp?

Colon polyps are growths of tissue inside the large intestine, also called the colon. Some polyps are mushroom-shaped protrusions on the end of a stalk. Others appear as bumps that lie flat against the intestinal wall. 

 There are several types of polyps. Most are noncancerous (benign), but one type, the adenomatous polyp, is associated with changes (called mutations) in the DNA of the lining of the colon. These mutations can progress into colon cancer. The larger the polyp, the greater the chance that it contains cancerous cells. Some people are born with a genetic tendency to develop multiple polyps. Inherited conditions such as familial adenomatous polyposis and Gardner's syndrome can cause hundreds of polyps to grow in the colon and rectum. Without surgery to remove the affected section of the intestine, it is almost certain that at least one of these polyps will turn into cancer by middle age. These two conditions are rare.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Colon polyps

: Symptoms of a colon polyp

Many times, people are not aware they have colon polyps because there are no symptoms. Larger growths can bleed, causing blood in the stool. Sometimes bleeding polyps can cause fatigue and other symptoms of anemia (low levels of red blood cells). On rare occasions, a large polyp can cause diarrhea or secretion of large amounts of potassium. This can cause marked fatigue and muscle weakness.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Colon polyps

: Diagnosing a colon polyp

Your doctor may use one or more of the following tests to determine whether you have colon polyps:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Colon polyps

: Expected duration of a colon polyp

If a polyp is not removed, it will continue to grow larger. It usually takes several years for a polyp to change to a cancer. However, some polyps have malignant cells even though they are small. About one-third of adenomatous polyps will progress to cancer in three to five years if undetected or ignored.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Colon polyps

: Preventing a colon polyp

The danger from polyps is that most cases of colon cancer spring from these growths. You can lower your chances of developing cancerous polyps in the following ways:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Colon polyps

: Treating a colon polyp

Often, the doctor can remove polyps during a colonoscopy. This is done by cutting the polyp from the wall of the colon using an electrical current passed through a wire loop at the end of the colonoscope. Sometimes, open surgery through the abdomen is necessary to remove a very large polyp. For cancerous polyps, surrounding tissue or a section of the colon may be removed as well.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Colon polyps

: When to call a professional

You should call immediately for advice if you develop rectal bleeding. You also should have routine colon examinations starting at age 45. People with a family history of colon cancer at an early age, familial adenomatous polyposis, or Gardner's syndrome should begin screening earlier.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Colon polyps

: Prognosis

Polyps are common. But less than 1% of all polyps ever become cancerous. By removing polyps, the risk is even lower. Survival depends on the stage of cancer. If the cancerous cells are confined to a polyp or they have not grown deep into the outer layer of the colon, the prognosis is excellent. Colon cancer that spreads beyond the colon is associated with a lower risk of long term cancer-free survival.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Colon polyps

: Additional info

American Cancer Society (ACS)

http://www.cancer.org/
 
National Cancer Institute (NCI)

http://www.cancer.gov
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Colorectal cancer

: What is colorectal cancer?

Colorectal cancer is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the colon and/or rectum. Together, the colon and rectum make up the large intestine. The large intestine carries waste from the small intestine and eliminates it through the anus. Colorectal tumors often begin as small growths (polyps) on the inside of the large intestine. Polyps that are not removed eventually can become cancerous.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Colorectal cancer

: Risk Factors of colorectal cancer

The major risk factors for colorectal cancer include: