Chinyemba/medical-QA huggingface dataset:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Malaria

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Male Infertility

: What Is It?

Infertility is the inability to achieve a normal pregnancy. About one in seven couples in the United States is unable to conceive a child after trying regularly for one year. Some couples will have success in the second or third year of trying, but couples that cannot conceive after three years are very unlikely to ever succeed unless they seek medical assistance. Infertility in a couple may be caused by the male partner, the female partner or both. Studies suggest the male partner alone is infertile in about 20% of cases and that both partners have fertility problems about 30% of the time. Therefore, the male partner plays a role in about half of all couples that have difficulty conceiving a child. In about 15% of cases, infertility tests are completely normal in both partners, despite the fact that the couple cannot conceive a child.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Malignant hyperthermia

: What is it?

Malignant hyperthermia is a severe reaction to a dose of anesthetics. The reaction is sometimes fatal. It is caused by a rare, inherited muscle abnormality. Infrequently, extreme exercise or heat stroke can trigger malignant hyperthermia in someone with the muscle abnormality. In people with the muscle abnormality, muscle cells have an abnormal protein on their surfaces. This abnormal protein does not affect muscle function until the muscles are exposed to a drug that can trigger a reaction.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Marfan syndrome

: What is it?

Marfan syndrome is a genetic (inherited) disorder that affects the body's connective tissue. Connective tissue is the tough, fibrous, elastic tissue that connects one part of the body with another. It is a major part of tendons, ligaments, bones, cartilage and the walls of large blood vessels. In Marfan syndrome, the body can't produce normal fibrillin, an important building block of connective tissue. The problem in Marfan syndrome is caused by a mutation (change) in a gene. Genes are segments of DNA that direct the body to produce proteins. In many families with inherited Marfan syndrome, the mutation affects the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15, although other gene mutations may be involved in some cases. Because of the inherited problem producing fibrillin, people with Marfan syndrome have from many different problems related to weakness in connective tissue. These problems include:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Marfan syndrome

: Symptoms

Marfan syndrome affects each person differently, and the presence and severity of symptoms can vary. Most often, people with Marfan syndrome become aware of the disorder after they find out that someone else in their family has it or because of their appearance. People with Marfan syndrome typically are tall with long, thin extremities, with or without other skeletal changes. Vision problems, including nearsightedness and ectopia lentis, usually develop. The symptoms, such as chest pain and shortness of breath, can be very dramatic if there is expansion of an aortic aneurysm or heart valve damage.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Marfan syndrome

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about any family history of Marfan syndrome, as well as about any family members who are unusually tall and thin, whether or not they have vision problems. Your doctor also may ask about any family history of sudden death resulting from aortic dissection or rupture. Your doctor may suspect Marfan syndrome based on this family history and your physical appearance. The diagnosis can be confirmed if you have a history of ectopia lentis and also have a dilated aortic root (the first part of the aorta as it exits the heart) visible on echocardiography. Echocardiography is a painless test that uses sound waves to outline the structure of the heart and its major vessels. The diagnosis will be even more certain if you have other skeletal abnormalities (chest wall deformities or scoliosis), excessively mobile joints, or heart murmurs due to aortic or mitral valve abnormalities. Genetic testing can check for specific chromosomal abnormalities related to abnormal fibrillin production for those suspected of having the disease or for close relatives of those with the condition.  However, the absence of a known mutation associated with the disease does not exclude Marfan syndrome. Similarly, the presence of a mutation associated with the condition does not confirm the diagnosis since some people with these mutations never develop the syndrome and others develop related disorders separate from Marfan syndrome.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Marfan syndrome

: Expected duration

Marfan syndrome is a lifelong condition.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Marfan syndrome

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent Marfan syndrome. People with Marfan syndrome and their relatives may wish to seek genetic counseling to talk about their risk of passing the disorder to their children. A person with Marfan syndrome has a 50% risk of passing the abnormal gene to child.  Complications of Marfan syndrome may be prevented with proper care; as examples, medications to lower blood pressure may prevent expansion of an aortic aneurysm and surgery to repair an expanding aneurysm may prevent aortic rupture.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Marfan syndrome

: Treatment

There is no medical treatment to reverse the fibrillin abnormality in people with Marfan syndrome. In the future, research on a strain of mice that are born with similar fibrillin problems or advances in gene editing may lead to successful treatments for Marfan syndrome. Until then, doctors try to prevent or delay the aortic changes seen in people with Marfan syndrome by prescribing medication that decreases the pressure inside the aorta. Your doctor may advise that you take a beta-blocker and/or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Beta blockers, such as propranolol (Inderal), metoprolol (Lopressor) and atenolol (Tenormin), decrease the strain on the aorta's wall by slowing the heart rate and reducing the force of heart contractions, especially during exercise. Losartan and other angiotensin receptor blockers help lower blood pressure, which reduces the stress on artery walls. If you have Marfan syndrome, your doctor will monitor your heart health with periodic echocardiograms to check for developing problems in the aorta and mitral valve. If a serious problem is found, you may need surgery to replace the aortic valve, mitral valve or part of the aorta. Doctors become concerned when the aortic root size measured on an echocardiogram expands over time. Once it reaches 5 centimeters or more, many experts recommend surgery. Some recommend surgery with lesser aortic root enlargement, especially if there is rapid expansion of the aorta over time. You should follow a non-strenuous exercise program that involves non-competitive, non-contact sports (walking, bicycling, jogging), which you can do at your own pace. If you have Marfan-related scoliosis of 20 to 40 degrees, you can be treated with a brace and physical therapy. For scoliosis greater than 45 degrees, surgery is often recommended. You should have eye examinations regularly to look for Marfan-related eye problems. If you have ectopia lentis, you may be able to be treated with special lenses called aphakic lenses and special eye drops to widen the pupil, rather than surgery. If eye surgery is necessary, it should be done in an ophthalmology center that specializes in the treatment of Marfan syndrome.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Marfan syndrome

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor whenever you have vision problems. In many people with Marfan syndrome, the eye doctor (ophthalmologist) is the first to suspect the diagnosis based on findings during a vision exam. Also call your doctor if you have chest pain, shortness of breath, especially during exercise, or an irregular pulse. If you know that you have Marfan syndrome, call your doctor immediately if you experience severe pain in the front or back of the chest, sudden weakness or tingling in the legs or arms, or an unexplained fever. These may be symptoms of aortic dissection, a medical emergency that can lead to aortic rupture, which is fatal in 90 percent to 95 percent of cases.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Marfan syndrome

: Prognosis

Despite the high risk for Marfan-related cardiovascular problems, the average life expectancy of those with Marfan syndrome is nearly 70 years.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Marfan syndrome

: Additional info

The National Marfan Foundation

https://www.marfan.org
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

: What is it?

Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), now more commonly referred to as monogenic diabetes, is an inherited form of diabetes mellitus. It is caused by a change in one of eleven genes. Up to 5% of all diabetes cases may be due to MODY. Just like other people with diabetes, people with MODY have trouble regulating their blood sugar levels. This disorder can be confused with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. In type 1, the pancreas cannot make and release enough insulin. People with type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, usually make enough insulin, but their bodies cannot respond to it effectively (known as insulin resistance). Type 2 diabetes is usually associated with being overweight, but that is not true of type 1 diabetes or MODY. However, obesity does matter. An obese person with a MODY gene mutation may develop symptoms of diabetes sooner than someone of normal weight. MODY is more likely to affect adolescents and young adults, but it can occur at any age. Just like other forms of diabetes, MODY can cause complications throughout the body, including increased risk of heart and vascular disease, kidney disease, and blindness. There are different types of MODY caused by changes in different genes. Treatment varies, depending on the type of MODY. MODY is a dominant genetic condition, which means that people who inherit one copy of the gene mutation that causes MODY from either their mother or father will be affected. Affected people also have a 50% chance of passing along the gene mutation to each of their children.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

: Symptoms

Symptoms related to MODY tend to develop gradually. This is similar to what happens to people with type 2 diabetes. In comparison, the symptoms of type 1 diabetes often occur rather quickly over a few weeks. Early symptoms of MODY may include blurry vision, recurrent skin infections, or yeast infections. But there may be no symptoms at all. People with MODY often have high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) for many years before they have any symptoms. The increased blood sugar develops gradually, and may only be noticed if a doctor does a blood sugar test during a checkup. Without treatment, blood sugars will continue to rise, causing:
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

: Diagnosis

The first step in diagnosing MODY is having a blood sugar test. If the results show high levels of sugar that indicate diabetes, your doctor has to figure out if you have MODY or another type of diabetes. Getting the correct diagnosis is important because treatment of MODY can be different than treatment for type 1 or 2 diabetes. Blood tests can help your doctor determine which kind of diabetes you have. For example, in type 1 diabetes, antibodies attack the pancreas, but people with MODY do not have these antibodies. Your doctor will also look for signs in your blood tests that indicate whether you have insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is not present in non-obese people with MODY; however, it does occur in obese people with MODY. It may be difficult to tell whether an obese person has type 2 diabetes or MODY. The great majority of obese people with diabetes will have type 2 diabetes. A family history of MODY may be the only clue that this type of diabetes is affecting a particular person. MODY can also be diagnosed by a genetic test. This type of testing will determine the exact type of MODY, and can be done before a patient has any symptoms. If a mutation in one of the MODY genes is found, then type 1 or type 2 diabetes can be ruled out.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

: Expected duration

MODY is an inherited disorder that lasts throughout a person's lifetime. MODY 2 generally stays mild. But the symptoms and complications vary depending on the specific genetic variant.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

: Prevention

If you are related to a person with a MODY mutation, you can get a genetic test to see if you are at risk of developing MODY. The first step would be for your affected relative to get a genetic test for MODY. If a mutation is found in one of the MODY genes, the lab could test you for the same mutation. It's important to make sure the affected person in your family has a detectable mutation, because genetic testing is not always able to find a mutation. If you also have a risk for MODY, you can act to avoid obesity by eating a healthy diet and exercising. Avoiding obesity may not prevent MODY, but it can postpone the development of symptoms until later in life, and also has other positive health benefits.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

: Treatment

Treatment is different for the different forms of MODY. People with any type of MODY will respond better to treatment if they are not overweight or obese. Therefore, overweight and obese people should include losing weight as one of their treatment goals.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

: When to call a professional

Symptoms of MODY may develop gradually. If you have the symptoms described above, make an appointment with your primary care provider. You may also need to see an endocrinologist who specializes in diabetes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

: Prognosis

Most types of MODY can lead to the same complications as typical type 1 or type 2 diabetes, including increased risk of heart disease, kidney failure, and blindness. Which problems occur depends on which gene is affected. Some people with MODY develop milder hyperglycemia. They may not require any medication, and are much less likely to develop long-term complications. Keeping blood sugar close to normal will minimize complications of MODY, as it does with other types of diabetes.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

: Additional info

American Diabetes Association

www.diabetes.org
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Measles (rubeola)

: What is it?

Measles, also known as rubeola, is an infection, mainly of the nose, windpipe and lungs that is very contagious, meaning it spreads easily from person to person. The measles virus usually spreads when someone comes into contact with droplets from another person that contain the virus. This can happen when someone with the virus coughs or sneezes. It also can happen when people touch used tissues, share drinking glasses or touch hands that have infected droplets on them.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Measles (rubeola)

: Symptoms

Measles symptoms begin about 8 to 12 days after coming in contact with someone who has measles. The first symptoms include coughing, runny and stuffy nose, a general, sick feeling (malaise), red eyes with tearing (conjunctivitis), and a fever up to 105 degrees Fahrenheit. Within two to four days, these symptoms are followed by Koplik's spots in the mouth, bluish white or gray spots on a red background, seen inside the cheeks. With a measles rash, you usually see non-itchy pink or bright red spots. The rash begins at the hairline and behind the ears, then spreads downward to the neck, trunk, arms and legs, palms and soles. The rash begins to fade about four days later in the same order that it appeared, first from the head and neck, then the trunk and arms and legs. The fading rash may leave behind a temporary brownish discoloration or flakiness that clears up two to three days later. Some people also have big lymph nodes (swollen glands), diarrhea and vomiting. Patients with compromised immune systems are more likely to develop severe complications from measles, but they may not develop the typical measles rash.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Measles (rubeola)

: Diagnosis

Your doctor will check for a congested nose, red eyes, Koplik's spots and the typical measles rash. He or she will ask if you have been traveling outside the country or have been exposed to anyone with measles or an undiagnosed rash. Even if you did not have face-to-face contact with an infected person, your doctor will want to know if you go to the same school, live in the same household or dormitory or work in the same building. Your doctor will check your medical records to see if and when you were immunized against measles, and the number of doses of measles vaccine. These are given as part of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) shot. To confirm the diagnosis, your doctor may order blood tests to look for specific antibodies that fight against the measles virus. Antibodies are made by the immune system to protect against an infection.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Measles (rubeola)

: Expected duration

The symptoms of measles usually last about 10 days.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Measles (rubeola)

: Prevention

You can prevent measles with the measles vaccine, given as part of the MMR combination vaccine. In the United States, most children receive two doses of the MMR vaccine, the first at 12 to 15 months of age and a booster dose at 4 to 6 years. If a person has not been immunized against measles and has been exposed to the disease, the vaccine may provide protection if it is given within 72 hours of the exposure. If the exposure is beyond three days but no longer than six days later, the person can receive an injection of immune globulin (IG), which contains antibodies to protect against the measles virus. It can prevent or at least minimize the symptoms of a measles infection. IG also can be used after exposure to measles in infants less than 6 months of age and in people who have conditions that weaken the immune system.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Measles (rubeola)

: Treatment

There is no specific treatment for measles. In people who are otherwise healthy, measles symptoms are treated with bed rest, a cool-mist humidifier to soothe respiratory passages and relieve cough, and acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) to reduce fever and relieve discomfort. Do not use aspirin in children with measles because of the risk of developing a rare liver and brain problem called Reye's syndrome. Children and adults who develop a middle ear infection or bacterial pneumonia are treated with antibiotics. In people hospitalized with measles and its complications, especially children 6 months to 2 years, some doctors prescribe high doses of vitamin A. Low levels of this vitamin have been found in children with severe cases of measles. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that all children with measles who live in communities where vitamin A deficiency is common should receive vitamin A. In people with weakened immune systems or those who are severely ill from measles, the antiviral medication ribavirin (Virazole) occasionally has been used, but no controlled trials have proven its benefits. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the use of ribavirin to treat measles.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Measles (rubeola)

: When to call a professional

Call your doctor if you or your child develops symptoms of measles, even if you or your child was immunized. Not everyone has received the two doses of the MMR vaccine they need to be fully protected. Call your doctor to review the status of your measles immunity if a measles outbreak occurs in your school or workplace. If you are considering becoming pregnant, contact your obstetrician to ensure that you are immunized against measles and other infectious diseases that can affect your unborn child. Always check with your child's doctor at each visit to be sure he or she is up-to-date for all immunizations.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Measles (rubeola)

: Prognosis

Most healthy people recover completely from measles. About 3% of adults with measles develop symptoms of pneumonia severe enough to require hospital treatment. Death from measles complications such as pneumonia or encephalitis occurs in 1 to 2 of every 1,000 cases, more commonly in infants, older adults or people with weakened immune defenses.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Measles (rubeola)

: Additional info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

https://www.cdc.gov/
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meckel's diverticulum

: What is it?

Meckel's diverticulum is a small pouch in the wall of the lower small intestine. The pouch is a congenital (present at birth) abnormality that affects approximately 2% of the population. The pouch, or diverticulum, seems to be leftover tissue from the development of the digestive system. This tissue normally is reabsorbed before birth. When it contains gastric (stomach) tissue, it is more likely to cause bleeding.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meckel's diverticulum

: Symptoms

Most people with Meckel's diverticulum do not experience any symptoms. Symptoms occur only if the diverticulum bleeds, becomes infected, or causes an obstruction. These symptoms generally occur during the first few years of life, although they may not appear until adulthood. The bleeding, even when severe, is usually painless. An infection and blockage can cause mild to severe abdominal pain and discomfort. Signs and symptoms may include
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meckel's diverticulum

: Diagnosis

A Meckel's diverticulum can be difficult to diagnose because it does not show up on standard tests for intestinal bleeding or blockages. Its symptoms can mimic those of other conditions, such as appendicitis or gallbladder disease. One of the best ways to confirm the presence of a Meckel's diverticulum is through a special nuclear medicine scan in which a small dose of radioactive dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye collects in stomach tissue, so a diverticulum shows up on the scan if stomach tissue is present. X-rays usually show if the intestine is blocked. However, x-rays usually cannot identify Meckel's diverticulum as the cause.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meckel's diverticulum

: Expected duration

A Meckel's diverticulum remains for a lifetime unless it is removed surgically.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meckel's diverticulum

: Prevention

There is no way to prevent a Meckel's diverticulum from forming during fetal development.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meckel's diverticulum

: Treatment

Most people with a Meckel's diverticulum do not even know they have it, and no treatment is required. When problems occur, treatment depends on their type and severity. Infections are treated with antibiotics. Blood transfusions may be needed for extensive bleeding. Iron replacement may be required to correct anemia. Bowel rest, in which the patient is not allowed to eat, drink, or take pills, and receives nutrition and fluids intravenously (through a vein), is sometimes needed when there is a blockage. A diverticulum causing problems may need to be removed surgically.
### Instruction:  Disease name:

    Meckel's diverticulum

: When to call a professional

Seek prompt medical attention if you have any of the symptoms of a problematic Meckel's diverticulum, such as passage of blood from the rectum or bloody stools. If you have abdominal pain or dizziness, you should call your doctor to determine if you need an evaluation right away.