ChenDRAG/VeRL_math_validation huggingface dataset:
Problem: Preamble: The number of electron-hole pairs in intrinsic germanium (Ge) is given by:
\[
n_{i}=9.7 \times 10^{15} \mathrm{~T}^{3 / 2} \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{E}_{g} / 2 \mathrm{KT}}\left[\mathrm{cm}^{3}\right] \quad\left(\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{g}}=0.72 \mathrm{eV}\right)
\]

What is the density of pairs at $\mathrm{T}=20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, in inverse $\mathrm{cm}^3$? Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where n is to 2 decimal places.
Answer: 3.21e13
Problem: Preamble: For light with a wavelength $(\lambda)$ of $408 \mathrm{~nm}$ determine:

Subproblem 0: the frequency in $s^{-1}$. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$, where $n$ is to 3 decimal places. 


Solution: To solve this problem we must know the following relationships:
\[
\begin{aligned}
v \lambda &=c
\end{aligned}
\]
$v$ (frequency) $=\frac{c}{\lambda}=\frac{3 \times 10^{8} m / s}{408 \times 10^{-9} m}= \boxed{7.353e14} s^{-1}$

Final answer: The final answer is 7.353e14. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: the wave number in $m^{-1}$. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$, where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Answer: 2.45e6
Problem: Calculate the volume in mL of $0.25 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaI}$ that would be needed to precipitate all the $\mathrm{g}^{2+}$ ion from $45 \mathrm{~mL}$ of a $0.10 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{Hg}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$ solution according to the following reaction:
\[
2 \mathrm{NaI}(\mathrm{aq})+\mathrm{Hg}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightarrow \mathrm{HgI}_{2}(\mathrm{~s})+2 \mathrm{NaNO}_{3}(\mathrm{aq})
\]
Answer: 36
Problem: A slab of plate glass containing dissolved helium (He) is placed in a vacuum furnace at a temperature of $400^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to remove the helium from the glass. Before vacuum treatment, the concentration of helium is constant throughout the glass. After 10 minutes in vacuum at $400^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, at what depth (in $\mu \mathrm{m}$) from the surface of the glass has the concentration of helium decreased to $1 / 3$ of its initial value? The diffusion coefficient of helium in the plate glass at the processing temperature has a value of $3.091 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~cm}^{2} / \mathrm{s}$.
Answer: 258
Problem: Subproblem 0: What is the working temperature for silica glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1950}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1950. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: What is the softening temperature for silica glass in Celsius?
Answer: 1700
Problem: Preamble: Two lasers generate radiation of (1) $9.5 \mu {m}$ and (2) $0.1 \mu {m}$ respectively.

Subproblem 0: Determine the photon energy (in eV, to two decimal places) of the laser generating radiation of $9.5 \mu {m}$.


Solution: \[
\begin{aligned}
{E} &={h} v=\frac{{hc}}{\lambda} {J} \times \frac{1 {eV}}{1.6 \times 10^{-19} {~J}} \\
{E}_{1} &=\frac{{hc}}{9.5 \times 10^{-6}} \times \frac{1}{1.6 \times 10^{-19}} {eV}= \boxed{0.13} {eV}
\end{aligned}
\]

Final answer: The final answer is 0.13. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Determine the photon energy (in eV, to one decimal place) of the laser generating radiation of $0.1 \mu {m}$.
Answer: 12.4
Problem: Preamble: $\mathrm{Bi}_{2} \mathrm{~S}_{3}$ dissolves in water according to the following reaction:
\[
\mathrm{Bi}_{2} \mathrm{~S}_{3}(\mathrm{~s}) \Leftrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Bi}^{3+}(\mathrm{aq})+3 \mathrm{~s}^{2-}(\mathrm{aq})
\]
for which the solubility product, $\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{sp}}$, has the value of $1.6 \times 10^{-72}$ at room temperature.

At room temperature how many moles of $\mathrm{Bi}_{2} \mathrm{~S}_{3}$ will dissolve in $3.091 \times 10^{6}$ liters of water? Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 1 decimal place.
Answer: 5.3e-9
Problem: Whiskey, suspected to be of the "moonshine" variety, is analyzed for its age by determining its amount of naturally occurring tritium (T) which is a radioactive hydrogen isotope $\left({ }^{3} \mathrm{H}\right)$ with a half-life of $12.5$ years. In this "shine" the activity is found to be $6 \%$ of that encountered in fresh bourbon. What is the age (in years) of the whiskey in question?
Answer: 50.7
Problem: Subproblem 0: What is the working temperature for silica glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1950}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1950. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: What is the softening temperature for silica glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1700}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1700. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 2: What is the working temperature for Pyrex in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1200}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1200. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 3: What is the softening temperature for Pyrex in Celsius?
Answer: 800
Problem: Preamble: A first-order chemical reaction is found to have an activation energy $\left(E_{A}\right)$ of 250 $\mathrm{kJ} /$ mole and a pre-exponential (A) of $1.7 \times 10^{14} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$.

Subproblem 0: Determine the rate constant at $\mathrm{T}=750^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Round your answer to 1 decimal place, in units of $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$.


Solution: $\mathrm{k}=\mathrm{Ae} \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{A}}}{\mathrm{RT}}}=1.7 \times 10^{14} \times \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{2.5 \times 10^{5}}{8.31 \times 10^{23}}}= \boxed{28.8} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$

Final answer: The final answer is 28.8. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: What percent of the reaction will be completed at $600^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in a period of 10 minutes?
Answer: 100
Problem: Determine the energy gap (in eV) between the electronic states $n=7$ and $n=8$ in hydrogen. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 1 decimal place.
Answer: 6.5e-2
Problem: Preamble: The decay rate of ${ }^{14} \mathrm{C}$ in living tissue is $15.3$ disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon. Experimentally, the decay rate can be measured to $\pm 0.1$ disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon. The half-life of ${ }^{14} \mathrm{C}$ is 5730 years.

What is the maximum age of a sample that can be dated, in years?
Answer: 41585
Problem: Estimate the ionic radius of ${Cs}^{+}$ in Angstroms to 2 decimal places. The lattice energy of $\mathrm{CsCl}$ is $633 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$. For $\mathrm{CsCl}$ the Madelung constant, $\mathrm{M}$, is $1.763$, and the Born exponent, $\mathrm{n}$, is 10.7. The ionic radius of $\mathrm{Cl}^{-}$is known to be $1.81 \AA$.
Answer: 1.69
Problem: Given the ionic radii, $\mathrm{Cs}^{+}=1.67 \AA, \mathrm{Cl}^{-}=1.81 \AA$, and the Madelung constant $\mathrm{M}(\mathrm{CsCl})=1.763$, determine to the best of your ability the molar Crystal energy ( $\Delta \mathrm{E}_{\text {cryst }}$ ) for $\mathrm{CsCl}$. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where n is to 2 decimal places; answer in $\mathrm{J} / \text{mole}$.
Answer: 7.02e5
Problem: Determine the amount (in grams) of boron (B) that, substitutionally incorporated into $1 \mathrm{~kg}$ of germanium (Ge), will establish a charge carrier density of $3.091 \mathrm{x}$ $10^{17} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Answer: 1.04e-3
Problem: Subproblem 0: Is an energy level of $-1.362 \times 10^{-19} {~J}$ an allowed electron energy state in atomic hydrogen?


Solution: $E_{e l} =-\frac{1}{n^{2}} {~K}$ \\
$-1.362 \times 10^{-19} {~J}=-\frac{1}{{n}^{2}} \times 2.18 \times 10^{-18} {~J}$\\
${n} &=\sqrt{\frac{2.18 \times 10^{-18}}{1.362 \times 10^{-19}}}=4.00$\\
The answer is \boxed{Yes}.

Final answer: The final answer is Yes. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: If your answer is yes, determine its principal quantum number $(n)$. If your answer is no, determine ${n}$ for the "nearest allowed state".
Answer: 4
Problem: Determine the highest linear density of atoms (atoms/m) encountered in vanadium (V). Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Answer: 3.75e9
Problem: Strontium fluoride, $\mathrm{SrF}_{2}$, has a $\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{sp}}$ value in water of $2.45 \times 10^{-9}$ at room temperature.
Calculate the solubility of $\mathrm{SrF}_{2}$ in water. Express your answer in units of molarity. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Answer: 8.49e-4
Problem: You wish to dope a single crystal of silicon (Si) with boron (B). The specification reads $5 \times 10^{16}$ boron atoms/ $\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ at a depth of $25 \mu \mathrm{m}$ from the surface of the silicon. What must be the effective concentration of boron in units of atoms/ $\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ if you are to meet this specification within a time of 90 minutes? Round your answer to 4 decimal places. Assume that initially the concentration of boron in the silicon crystal is zero. The diffusion coefficient of boron in silicon has a value of $7.23 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{~cm}^{2} / \mathrm{s}$ at the processing temperature.
Answer: 0.7773
Problem: An electron beam strikes a crystal of cadmium sulfide (CdS). Electrons scattered by the crystal move at a velocity of $4.4 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$. Calculate the energy of the incident beam. Express your result in eV, and as an integer. CdS is a semiconductor with a band gap, $E_{g}$, of $2.45$ eV.
Answer: 3
Problem: Subproblem 0: Determine the inter-ionic equilibrium distance in meters between the sodium and chlorine ions in a sodium chloride molecule knowing that the bond energy is $3.84 \mathrm{eV}$ and that the repulsive exponent is 8. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 1 decimal place.


Solution: $\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{equ}}=-3.84 \mathrm{eV}=-3.84 \times 1.6 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{~J}=-\frac{\mathrm{e}^{2}}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0} r_{0}}\left(1-\frac{1}{\mathrm{n}}\right)$
\\
$r_{0}=\frac{\left(1.6 \times 10^{-19}\right)^{2}}{4 \pi 8.85 \times 10^{-12} \times 6.14 \times 10^{-19}}\left(1-\frac{1}{8}\right)= 
\boxed{3.3e-10} \mathrm{~m}$

Final answer: The final answer is 3.3e-10. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: At the equilibrium distance, how much (in percent) is the contribution to the attractive bond energy by electron shell repulsion?
Answer: 12.5
Problem: Preamble: A consumer's preferences are representable by the following utility function:
\[
  u(x, y)=x^{\frac{1}{2}}+y
\]

Obtain the marginal rate of substitution of the consumer at an arbitrary point $(X,Y)$, where $X>0$ and $Y>0$.
Answer: -\frac{1}{2}X^{-\frac{1}{2}}
Problem: Preamble: Xiaoyu spends all her income on statistical software $(S)$ and clothes (C). Her preferences can be represented by the utility function: $U(S, C)=4 \ln (S)+6 \ln (C)$.

Compute the marginal rate of substitution of software for clothes.
Answer: \frac{2}{3}\frac{C}{S}
Problem: What algebraic condition describes a firm that is at an output level that maximizes its profits, given its capital in the short-term?  Use standard acronyms in your condition.
Answer: SRMC
Problem: Preamble: Moldavia is a small country that currently trades freely in the world barley market. Demand and supply for barley in Moldavia is governed by the following schedules:
Demand: $Q^{D}=4-P$
Supply: $Q^{S}=P$
The world price of barley is $\$ 1 /$ bushel.

Subproblem 0: Calculate the free trade equilibrium price of barley in Moldavia, in dollars per bushel. 


Solution: In free trade, Moldavia will import barley because the world price of $\$ 1 /$ bushel is lower than the autarkic price of $\$ 2$ /bushel. Free trade equilibrium price will be \boxed{1} dollar per bushel.

Final answer: The final answer is 1. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Calculate the free trade equilibrium quantity of barley in Moldavia (in bushels).
Answer: 3
Problem: Preamble: Consider the market for apple juice. In this market, the supply curve is given by $Q_{S}=$ $10 P_{J}-5 P_{A}$ and the demand curve is given by $Q_{D}=100-15 P_{J}+10 P_{T}$, where $J$ denotes apple juice, $A$ denotes apples, and $T$ denotes tea.

Subproblem 0: Assume that $P_{A}$ is fixed at $\$ 1$ and $P_{T}=5$. Calculate the equilibrium price in the apple juice market.


Solution: We have the system of equations $Q=10 P_{J}-5 \cdot 1$ and $Q=100-15 P_{J}+10 \cdot 5$. Solving for $P_{J}$ we get that $P_{J}=\boxed{6.2}$.

Final answer: The final answer is 6.2. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Assume that $P_{A}$ is fixed at $\$ 1$ and $P_{T}=5$. Calculate the equilibrium quantity in the apple juice market.
Answer: 57
Problem: Preamble: Suppose, in the short run, the output of widgets is supplied by 100 identical competitive firms, each having a cost function:
\[
c_{s}(y)=\frac{1}{3} y^{3}+2
\]
The demand for widgets is given by:
\[
y^{d}(p)=6400 / p^{\frac{1}{2}}
\]

Subproblem 0: Obtain the short run industry supply function for widgets.


Solution: Since $P=M C=y^{2}$, the supply function of each firm is given by $y_{i}^{s}=p^{\frac{1}{2}}$. 
The industry supply function is $y^{s}(p)=100 y_{i}^{s}(p)=\boxed{100 p^{\frac{1}{2}}}$.

Final answer: The final answer is 100 p^{\frac{1}{2}}. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Obtain the short run equilibrium price of widgets.


Solution: $y^{s}=y^{d} \longrightarrow 100 p^{\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{6400}{p^{\frac{1}{2}}} \longrightarrow p=\boxed{64}$. 

Final answer: The final answer is 64. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 2: Obtain the the output of widgets supplied by each firm.
Answer: 8
Problem: Preamble: Sebastian owns a coffee factory in Argentina. His production function is:
\[
F(K, L)=(K-1)^{\frac{1}{4}} L^{\frac{1}{4}}
\]
Consider the cost of capital to be $r$ and the wage to be $w$. Both inputs are variable, and Sebastian faces no fixed costs.

What is the marginal rate of technical substitution of labor for capital?
Answer: \frac{K-1}{L}
Problem: Preamble: There are two algebraic conditions describing a firm that is at a capital level that minimizes its costs in the long-term.

Write the condition which involves the SRAC, or short-run average cost?
Answer: SRAC=LRAC
Problem: Preamble: There are two algebraic conditions describing a firm that is at a capital level that minimizes its costs in the long-term.

Subproblem 0: Write the condition which involves the SRAC, or short-run average cost?


Solution: \boxed{SRAC=LRAC}, short-run average cost equals long-run average cost.

Final answer: The final answer is SRAC=LRAC. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Write the condition which involves SRMC, or short-run marginal cost?
Answer: SRMC=LRMC
Problem: Preamble: Suppose, in the short run, the output of widgets is supplied by 100 identical competitive firms, each having a cost function:
\[
c_{s}(y)=\frac{1}{3} y^{3}+2
\]
The demand for widgets is given by:
\[
y^{d}(p)=6400 / p^{\frac{1}{2}}
\]

Obtain the short run industry supply function for widgets.
Answer: 100p^{\frac{1}{2}}
Problem: Preamble: Moldavia is a small country that currently trades freely in the world barley market. Demand and supply for barley in Moldavia is governed by the following schedules:
Demand: $Q^{D}=4-P$
Supply: $Q^{S}=P$
The world price of barley is $\$ 1 /$ bushel.

Calculate the free trade equilibrium price of barley in Moldavia, in dollars per bushel.
Answer: 1
Problem: Preamble: Suppose, in the short run, the output of widgets is supplied by 100 identical competitive firms, each having a cost function:
\[
c_{s}(y)=\frac{1}{3} y^{3}+2
\]
The demand for widgets is given by:
\[
y^{d}(p)=6400 / p^{\frac{1}{2}}
\]

Subproblem 0: Obtain the short run industry supply function for widgets.


Solution: Since $P=M C=y^{2}$, the supply function of each firm is given by $y_{i}^{s}=p^{\frac{1}{2}}$. 
The industry supply function is $y^{s}(p)=100 y_{i}^{s}(p)=\boxed{100 p^{\frac{1}{2}}}$.

Final answer: The final answer is 100 p^{\frac{1}{2}}. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Obtain the short run equilibrium price of widgets.
Answer: 64
Problem: Preamble: A consumer's preferences are representable by the following utility function:
\[
  u(x, y)=x^{\frac{1}{2}}+y
\]

Subproblem 0: Obtain the marginal rate of substitution of the consumer at an arbitrary point $(X,Y)$, where $X>0$ and $Y>0$.


Solution: \[ M R S=-\frac{\frac{1}{2} x^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{1}=\boxed{-\frac{1}{2} X^{-\frac{1}{2}}} \]

Final answer: The final answer is -\frac{1}{2} X^{-\frac{1}{2}}. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Suppose the price of the second good $(y)$ is 1 , and the price of the first good $(x)$ is denoted by $p>0$. If the consumer's income is $m>\frac{1}{4p}$, in the optimal consumption bundle of the consumer (in terms of $m$ and $p$ ), what is the quantity of the first good $(x)$?
Answer: \frac{1}{4p^2}
Problem: Preamble: Consider the market for apple juice. In this market, the supply curve is given by $Q_{S}=$ $10 P_{J}-5 P_{A}$ and the demand curve is given by $Q_{D}=100-15 P_{J}+10 P_{T}$, where $J$ denotes apple juice, $A$ denotes apples, and $T$ denotes tea.

Assume that $P_{A}$ is fixed at $\$ 1$ and $P_{T}=5$. Calculate the equilibrium price in the apple juice market.
Answer: 6.2
Problem: Preamble: In Cambridge, shoppers can buy apples from two sources: a local orchard, and a store that ships apples from out of state. The orchard can produce up to 50 apples per day at a constant marginal cost of 25 cents per apple. The store can supply any remaining apples demanded, at a constant marginal cost of 75 cents per unit. When apples cost 75 cents per apple, the residents of Cambridge buy 150 apples in a day.

Assume that the city of Cambridge sets the price of apples within its borders. What price should it set, in cents?
Answer: 75
Problem: Preamble: You manage a factory that produces cans of peanut butter. The current market price is $\$ 10 /$ can, and you know the following about your costs (MC stands for marginal cost, and ATC stands for average total cost):
\[
\begin{array}{l}
MC(5)=10 \\
ATC(5)=6 \\
MC(4)=4 \\
ATC(4)=4
\end{array}
\]

A case of food poisoning breaks out due to your peanut butter, and you lose a lawsuit against your company. As punishment, Judge Judy decides to take away all of your profits, and considers the following two options to be equivalent:
i. Pay a lump sum in the amount of your profits.
ii. Impose a tax of $\$\left[P-A T C\left(q^{*}\right)\right]$ per can since that is your current profit per can, where $q^{*}$ is the profit maximizing output before the lawsuit.
How much is the tax, in dollars per can?
Answer: 4
Problem: Preamble: Suppose there are exactly two consumers (Albie and Bubbie) who demand strawberries. Suppose that Albie's demand for strawberries is given by
\[
q_{a}(p)=p^{\alpha} f_{a}\left(I_{a}\right)
\]
and Bubbie's demand is given by
\[
q_{b}(p)=p^{\beta} f_{b}\left(I_{b}\right)
\]
where $I_{a}$ and $I_{b}$ are Albie and Bubbie's incomes, and $f_{a}(\cdot)$ and $f_{b}(\cdot)$ are two unknown functions.

Find Albie's (own-price) elasticity of demand, $\epsilon_{q_{a}, p}$. Use the sign convention that $\epsilon_{y, x}=\frac{\partial y}{\partial x} \frac{x}{y}$.
Answer: \alpha
Problem: Preamble: You have been asked to analyze the market for steel. From public sources, you are able to find that last year's price for steel was $\$ 20$ per ton. At this price, 100 million tons were sold on the world market. From trade association data you are able to obtain estimates for the own price elasticities of demand and supply on the world markets as $-0.25$ for demand and $0.5$ for supply. Assume that steel has linear demand and supply curves throughout, and that the market is competitive.

Solve for the equations of demand in this market.  Use $P$ to represent the price of steel in dollars per ton, and $X_{d}$ to represent the demand in units of millions of tons.
Answer: X_{d}=125-1.25P
Problem: Harmonic Oscillator Subjected to Perturbation by an Electric Field: An electron is connected by a harmonic spring to a fixed point at $x=0$. It is subject to a field-free potential energy
\[
V(x)=\frac{1}{2} k x^{2} .
\]
The energy levels and eigenstates are those of a harmonic oscillator where
\[
\begin{aligned}
\omega &=\left[k / m_{e}\right]^{1 / 2} \\
E_{v} &=\hbar \omega(v+1 / 2) \\
\psi_{v}(x) &=(v !)^{-1 / 2}\left(\hat{\boldsymbol{a}}^{\dagger}\right)^{v} \psi_{v=0}(x) .
\end{aligned}
\]
Now a constant electric field, $E_{0}$, is applied and $V(x)$ becomes
\[
V(x)=\frac{1}{2} k x^{2}+E_{0} e x \quad(e>0 \text { by definition }) .
\]
Write an expression for the energy levels $E_{v}$ as a function of the strength of the electric field.
Answer: \hbar\omega(v+1/2)-\frac{E_{0}^{2}e^{2}}{2m\omega^{2}}
Problem: Preamble: The following concern the independent particle model. You may find the following set of Coulomb and exchange integrals useful (energies in $\mathrm{eV}$):
$\mathrm{J}_{1 s 1 s}=17.0 Z$ 
$\mathrm{~J}_{1 s 2 s}=4.8 Z$ 
$\mathrm{~K}_{1 s 2 s}=0.9 Z$ 
$\mathrm{~J}_{2 s 2 s}=3.5 Z$ 
$\mathrm{J}_{1 s 2 p}=6.6 Z$ 
$\mathrm{~K}_{1 s 2 p}=0.5 Z$ 
$\mathrm{~J}_{2 s 2 p}=4.4 Z$ 
$\mathrm{~K}_{2 s 2 p}=0.8 Z$ 
$\mathrm{J}_{2 p_{i}, 2 p_{i}}=3.9 Z$
$\mathrm{~J}_{2 p_{i}, 2 p_{k}}=3.5 Z$
$\mathrm{~K}_{2 p_{i}, 2 p_{k}}=0.2 Z i \neq k$ 

Using the independent particle model, what is the energy difference between the $1 s^{2} 2 p_{x}^{2}$ configuration and the $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2}$ configuration? Give your answer in eV, in terms of $Z$, and round to a single decimal place.
Answer: 7.6Z
Problem: Preamble: A pulsed Nd:YAG laser is found in many physical chemistry laboratories.

For a $2.00 \mathrm{~mJ}$ pulse of laser light, how many photons are there at $1.06 \mu \mathrm{m}$ (the Nd:YAG fundamental) in the pulse?  PAnswer to three significant figures.
Answer: 1.07e16
Problem: Given that the work function of chromium is $4.40 \mathrm{eV}$, calculate the kinetic energy of electrons in Joules emitted from a clean chromium surface that is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation of wavelength $200 \mathrm{~nm}$.
Answer: 2.88e-19
Problem: Compute the momentum of one $500 \mathrm{~nm}$ photon using $p_{\text {photon }}=E_{\text {photon }} / c$ where $c$ is the speed of light, $c=3 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$, and $\nu=c / \lambda$.  Express your answer in kilogram meters per second, rounding your answer to three decimal places.
Answer: 1.325e-27
Problem: Preamble: This problem deals with the H\"uckel MO theory of $\pi$-conjugated systems.
To answer each question, you will need to construct the Hückel MOs for each of the molecules pictured, divide them into sets of occupied and unoccupied orbitals, and determine the relevant properties, such as ground state energy, bond order, etc.
NOTE: For all parts we take $\alpha=\alpha_{\mathrm{C}}=-11.2 \mathrm{eV}$ and $\beta=\beta_{\mathrm{CC}}=-0.7 \mathrm{eV}$.

Determine the ionization potential of benzene (remember, ionization potential $\left[\mathrm{IP}=\mathrm{E}\left(\mathrm{B}^{+}\right)-\mathrm{E}(\mathrm{B})\right]$), in $\mathrm{eV}$, rounded to one decimal place.  The benzene molecule is shown below:
\chemfig{C*6((-H)-C(-H)=C(-H)-C(-H)=C(-H)-C(-H)=)}
Answer: 11.9
Problem: A baseball has diameter $=7.4 \mathrm{~cm}$. and a mass of $145 \mathrm{~g}$. Suppose the baseball is moving at $v=1 \mathrm{~nm} /$ second. What is its de Broglie wavelength
\[
\lambda=\frac{h}{p}=\frac{h}{m \nu}
\]
?  Give answer in meters.
Answer: 4.6e-24
Problem: Preamble: Consider the Particle in an Infinite Box ``superposition state'' wavefunction,
\[
\psi_{1,2}=(1 / 3)^{1 / 2} \psi_{1}+(2 / 3)^{1 / 2} \psi_{2}
\]
where $E_{1}$ is the eigen-energy of $\psi_{1}$ and $E_{2}$ is the eigen-energy of $\psi_{2}$.

Subproblem 0: Suppose you do one experiment to measure the energy of $\psi_{1,2}$.  List the possible result(s) of your measurement.


Solution: Since the only eigenergies are $E_{1}$ and $E_{2}$, the possible outcomes of the measurement are $\boxed{E_{1},E_{2}}$.

Final answer: The final answer is E_{1},E_{2}. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Suppose you do many identical measurements to measure the energies of identical systems in state $\psi_{1,2}$. What average energy will you observe?
Answer: \frac{1}{3}E_{1}+\frac{2}{3}E_{2}
Problem: Preamble: Consider the Particle in an Infinite Box ``superposition state'' wavefunction,
\[
\psi_{1,2}=(1 / 3)^{1 / 2} \psi_{1}+(2 / 3)^{1 / 2} \psi_{2}
\]
where $E_{1}$ is the eigen-energy of $\psi_{1}$ and $E_{2}$ is the eigen-energy of $\psi_{2}$.

Suppose you do one experiment to measure the energy of $\psi_{1,2}$.  List the possible result(s) of your measurement.
Answer: E_{1},E_{2}