# Financial assets

The Group’s financial assets are classified into loans and receivables and financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (‘‘FVTPL’’). The classification depends on the nature and purpose of the financial assets and is determined at the time of initial recognition.

# Effective interest method

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Interest income is recognised on an effective interest basis for debt instrument other than those financial assets classified as at FVTPL, of which interest income is included in net gains or losses.

# Financial assets at FVTPL

Financial assets are classified as financial assets at FVTPL when it is a derivative that is not designated and effective as a hedging instrument; or it forms part of a contract containing one or more embedded derivatives, and HKAS 39 permits the entire combined contract to be designated as at FVTPL upon initial recognition.

Financial assets at FVTPL are stated at fair value, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognised in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognised in the profit or loss excludes any interest earned on the financial assets and is included in ‘‘other gains and losses’’ line item. Fair value is determined in the manner described in note 7.

# Loans and receivables

Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. Subsequent to initial recognition, loans and receivables (including trade and other receivables, amounts due from related parties and bank balances and cash) are carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment (see accounting policy on impairment loss on financial assets below).

Interest income is recognised by applying the effective interest rate, except for short-term receivables where the recognition of interest would be immaterial.

# Impairment of financial assets

Financial assets, other than those at FVTPL, are assessed for indicators of impairment at the end of each reporting period. Financial assets are considered to be impaired when there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, the estimated future cash flows of the financial assets have been affected.

Objective evidence of impairment could include:

. significant financial difficulty of the issuer or counterparty; or

. breach of contract, such as a default or delinquency in interest or principal payments; or

. it becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or financial re-organisation.

Impairment loss for loans and receivables are assessed on an individual basis.