Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was measured. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary item measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation difference on the item whose fair value gain or loss is recognised in other comprehensive income or profit or loss is also recognised in other comprehensive income or profit or loss, respectively).

The functional currencies of certain overseas subsidiaries are currencies other than the Hong Kong dollar. As at the end of each of the Track Record Period, the assets and liabilities of these entities are translated into the presentation currency of the Company at the exchange rates prevailing at the end of each of the Track Record Period and their statements of profit or loss are translated into Hong Kong dollars at the weighted average exchange rates for the year. The resulting exchange differences are recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the exchange fluctuation reserve. On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of other comprehensive income relating to that particular foreign operation is recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

For the purpose of the combined statements of cash flows, the cash flows of overseas subsidiaries are translated into Hong Kong dollars at the exchange rates ruling at the dates of the cash flows. Frequently recurring cash flows of overseas subsidiaries which arise throughout the year are translated into Hong Kong dollars at the weighted average exchange rates for each of the Track Record Period.

# 5. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING JUDGEMENTS AND ESTIMATES

The preparation of the Financial Information requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities, and their accompanying disclosures, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that could require a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of the assets or liabilities affected in the future.

# Judgements

In the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies, management has made the following judgements, apart from those involving estimations, which have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the Financial Information:

# Income taxes

Significant judgements on the future tax treatment of certain transactions are required in determining income tax provisions. The Group carefully evaluates tax implications of transactions, including any potential tax liabilities. When the Group determines any transactions that may result in probable future tax outflows and the amount can be reliably measured, tax provisions are recorded accordingly. Such tax provision may not be indicative of the ultimate tax payment with tax authorities. The tax treatment of such transactions is considered periodically to take into account all changes in tax legislation.

# Determination of functional currency

The Group measures foreign currency transactions in the respective functional currencies of the Company and its subsidiaries. In determining the functional currencies of the group entities,j udgement is required to determine the currency that mainly influences sales prices for goods and services; the currency of the country whose competitive forces and regulations mainly determine the sale prices of