# 2. ADOPTION OF NEW OR REVISED IFRSs (continued)

# (b) New or revised IFRSs that have been issued but are not yet effective (continued)

# IFRS 16 — Leases (continued)

As at 31 December 2018, the Group has non-cancellable operating lease commitments of HK\$18,314,000 as disclosed in Note 32(a). A preliminary assessment indicates that these arrangements will meet the definition of a lease under IFRS 16, and hence the Group will recognise a right-of-use asset and a corresponding liability in respect of all these leases unless they qualify for low value or short-term leases upon the application of IFRS 16. In addition, the application of new requirements may result in changes in measurement, presentation and disclosure as indicated above. However, it is not practicable to provide a reasonable estimate of the financial effect until the Group performs a detailed review.

In respect of the lessor accounting, IFRS 16 substantially carries forward the lessor accounting requirements in IAS 17. Accordingly, a lessor continues to classify its leases as operating leases or finance leases, and to account for those two types of leases differently.

# IFRIC 23 — Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments

The interpretation supports the requirements of IAS 12 “Income Taxes” by providing guidance over how to reflect the effects of uncertainty in accounting for income taxes. Under the interpretation, the entity shall determine whether to consider each uncertain tax treatment separately or together based on which approach better predicts the resolution of the uncertainty. The entity shall also assume the tax authority will examine amounts that it has a right to examine and have full knowledge of all related information when making those examinations. If the entity determines it is probable that the tax authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment, then the entity should measure current and deferred tax in line with its tax filings. If the entity determines it is not probable, then the uncertainty in the determination of tax is reflected using either the “most likely amount” or the “expected value” approach, whichever better predicts the resolution of the uncertainty.

The Group is not yet in a position to state whether these new pronouncements will result in substantial changes to the Group’s accounting policies and financial statements.

# Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 — Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture

The amendments clarify the extent of gains or losses to be recognised when an entity sells or contributes assets to its associate or joint venture. When the transaction involves a business, the gain or loss is recognised in full; conversely when the transaction involves assets that do not constitute a business, the gain or loss is recognised only to the extent of the unrelated investors’ interests in the joint venture or associate.

The Group is not yet in a position to state whether these new pronouncements will result in substantial changes to the Group’s accounting policies and financial statements.

# 3. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

# (a) Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under historical cost convention except for certain financial instruments classified as available-for-sale investments and at fair value through profit or loss, which are measured at fair value. The significant accounting policies that have been used in the preparation of these financial statements are summarised below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented unless otherwise stated. The adoption of new or revised IFRSs and the impacts on the financial statements, are disclosed in Note 2.

It should be noted that accounting estimates and assumptions are used in preparation of the financial statements. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge and judgment of current events and actions, actual results may ultimately differ from those estimates. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the financial statements, are set out in Note 4.

# (b) Business combination and basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. Inter-company transactions and balances between group companies together with unrealised profits are eliminated in full in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of impairment on the asset transferred, in which case the loss is recognised in profit or loss.

The results of subsidiaries acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated statement of profit or loss from the effective dates of acquisition or up to the effective dates of disposal, as appropriate. Where necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies into line with those used by other members of the Group.

Acquisition of subsidiaries or businesses is accounted for using acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured at the aggregate of the acquisition-date fair value of assets transferred, liabilities incurred and equity interests issued by the Group, as the acquirer. The identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are principally measured at acquisition-date fair value. The Group’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree is re-measured at acquisition-date fair value and the resulting gains or losses are recognised in profit or loss. The Group may elect, on a transaction-by-transaction basis, to measure non-controlling interests that represent present ownership interests in the subsidiary either at fair value or at the proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. All other non-controlling interests are measured at fair value unless another measurement basis is required by IFRSs. Acquisition-related costs incurred are expensed unless they are incurred in issuing equity instruments in which case the costs are deducted from equity.