# 3. BASIS OF PREPARATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

# Related parties

A related party is a person or entity that is related to the Group.

# (A) A person or a close member of that person’s family is related to the Group if that person:

(i) has control or joint control over the Group;

(ii) has significant influence over the Group; or

(iii) is a member of the key management personnel of the Company or of a parent of the Company.

# (B) An entity is related to the Group if any of the following conditions applies:

(i) The entity and the Company are members of the same group (which means that each parent, subsidiary and fellow subsidiary is related to the others).

(ii) One entity is an associate or joint venture of the other entity (or an associate or joint venture of a member of a group of which the other entity is a member).

(iii) Both entities are joint ventures of the same third party.

(iv) One entity is a joint venture of a third entity and the other entity is an associate of the third entity.

(v) The entity is a post-employment benefit plan for the benefit of employees of either the Group or an entity related to the Group. If the Group is itself such a plan, the sponsoring employers are also related to the Group.

(vi) The entity is controlled or jointly controlled by a person identified in (A).

(vii) A person identified in (A)(i) has significant influence over the entity or is a member of the key management personnel of the entity (or of a parent of the entity).

3. 編製基準及重大會計政策（續）

關連人士

關連人士為與本集團有關連的個人或實體。

(A) 倘屬以下人士，即該人士或該人士之近親與本集團有關連：

(i) 控制或共同控制本集團；

(ii) 對本集團有重大影響；或

(iii) 為本公司或本公司母公司的主要管理層成員。

(B) 倘符合下列任何條件，即實體與本集團有關連：

(i) 該實體與本公司屬同一集團 之 成 員 公 司（即 各 母 公司、附屬公司及同系附屬公司彼此間有關連）。

(ii) 一間實體為另一實體的聯營 公 司 或 合 營 企 業（或 另一實體為成員公司之集團旗下成員公司之聯營公司或合營企業）。

(iii) 兩間實體均為同一第三方的合營企業。

(iv) 一間實體為第三方實體的合營企業，而另一實體為該第三方實體的聯營公司。

(v) 實體為本集團或與本集團有關連之實體就僱員利益設立的離職福利計劃。倘本集團本身便是該計劃，提供資助的僱主亦與本集團有關連。

(vi) 實體受(A)所識別人士控制或受共同控制。

(vii) 於(A)(i)所識別人士對實體有重大影響力或屬該實體（或該實體的母公司）主要管理層成員。

# 3. BASIS OF PREPARATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

# Related parties (Continued)

# (B) (Continued)

# (viii) The entity, or any member of a group of which it is a part, provides key management personnel services to the Company or to a parent of the Company.

# Impairment of assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its assets except biological assets, investment properties and goodwill to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of any impairment loss. Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Group estimates the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit (“CGU”) to which the asset belongs.

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.

If the recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset or CGU is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation decrease.

Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset or CGU is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of amortisation or depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset or CGU in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal of the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation increase.

3. 編製基準及重大會計政策（續）

關連人士（續）

(B) （續）

(viii) 實體或屬實體其中一部分的集團旗下任何成員公司為向本公司或本公司母公司提供主要管理人員服務。

資產減值

於各報告期結算日，本集團對其資產之賬面值作出評估（生物資產、投資物業及商譽除外），以釐定有否任何跡象顯示該等資產出現減值虧損。如果存在任何此類跡象，則會對資產的可收回金額作出估計，以確定任何減值虧損之程度。倘若不大可能估計個別資產的可收回金額，則本集團估計資產屬於的現金產生單位（「現金產生單位」）的可收回金額。

可收回金額為公允值減去銷售成本及使用價值兩者中之較高者。於評估使用價值時，估計未來現金流量乃以稅前貼現率貼現至現值，該貼現率能反映當前市場所評估之貨幣時間值及資產特定風險。

倘資產或現金產生單位之可收回金額估計將少於其賬面值，則資產或現金產生單位之賬面值會減少至其可收回金額。減值虧損會即時於損益確認為開 支，除 非 相 關 資 產 按 重 估 金 額 列賬，在該情況下減值虧損被視作重估減少處理。

倘減值虧損其後撥回，則增加資產或現金產生單位之賬面值至其可收回數額之修訂後估計金額，惟增加後之賬面值不能超過倘於過往年度並無確認該資產或現金產生單位之減值虧損而應確定之賬面值（扣除攤銷或折舊）。減值虧損之撥回會於損益內即時確認，惟在有關資產按重估金額列賬之情況下，減值虧損之撥回則被當作重估增值。