since the date when the companies first came under the control of our Controlling Shareholders, whichever is the shorter period, in a manner similar to the principles of merger accounting under Hong Kong Accounting Guideline 5 “Merger Accounting for Common Control Combination” issued by the HKICPA.

Inter-company transactions, balances and unrealized gains/losses on transactions between group companies are eliminated on combination.

# CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The preparation of our consolidated financial information requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities and their accompanying disclosures, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Uncertainty about these significant assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that could require a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities affected in the future. We have identified below the accounting policies that we believe are the most critical to our consolidated financial information and that involve the most significant estimates.

# Early adoption of IFRS 9

For the purpose of the preparation of our financial information for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 and the six months ended June 30, 2019, we have adopted IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” since January 1, 2016. The impacts on the financial information upon the adoption of IFRS 9 are considered material due to classification and measurement as explained in detail below:

Available-for-sale investment under IAS 39 were classified to financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and financial assets designated at fair value through other comprehensive income under IFRS 9. Accordingly, unquoted equity investments stated as cost less impairment loss under IAS 39 are stated with fair value under IFRS 9. The investments were measured at fair value through profit or loss at the end of each reporting period, with a corresponding gain on change in fair value of US\$17,948,000, US\$5,675,000, US\$742,000 and US\$5,988,000, respectively, credited to other income and gains in 2016, 2017, 2018 and the six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. The equity investments were irrevocably designated at fair value through other comprehensive income at the end of each reporting period as our Group considers these investments to be strategic in nature. The fair value changes in these investments resulted in a loss (net of tax) amounting to US\$6,446,000 in 2016, a gain (net of tax) amounting to US\$4,759,000 and US\$4,287,000 in 2017 and 2018, and nil in the six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, as recorded in other comprehensive income.

# Early adoption of IFRS 15

For the purpose of preparation of our financial information for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 and the six months ended June 30, 2019, we have adopted IFRS 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” since January 1, 2016. Except for changes in certain reporting items caused by reclassification, there is no material impact on our financial information due to the adoption of IFRS 15.

# Early adoption of IFRS 16

IFRS 16 supersedes IAS 17 “Leases”, IFRIC 4 “Determining Whether an Arrangement Contains a Lease”, SIC-15 “Operating Leases-Incentives” and SIC-27 “Evaluating the Substance of

Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease”. The standard sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases and requires lessees to account for most leases under a single on-balance sheet model.

Lessor accounting under IFRS 16 is substantially unchanged from IAS 17. Lessors will continue to classify leases as either operating or finance leases using similar principles as in IAS 17. Therefore, IFRS 16 does not have an impact on leases where our Group is the lessor.

We adopted IFRS 16 using the full retrospective method since the beginning of the Track Record Period. We elected to use the transition practical expedient allowing the standard to be applied only to contracts that were previously identified as leases applying IAS 17 and IFRIC 4 at the date of initial application. We also elected to use the recognition exemptions for lease contracts that, at the commencement date, have a lease term of 12 months or less and do not contain a purchase option, and lease contracts for which the underlying asset is of low value. Based on the historical financial information, our management believes that the adoption of IFRS 16 has a significant impact on the absolute amount of the total assets and total liabilities, but does not have a significant impact on our financial position and performance compared to those prepared under IAS 17.

# Revenue recognition

# Revenue from contracts with customers

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when control of goods or services is transferred to the customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

When the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, the amount of consideration is estimated to which we will be entitled in exchange for transferring the goods or services to the customer. The variable consideration is estimated at contract inception and constrained until it is highly probable that a significant revenue reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the associated uncertainty with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.

When the contract contains a financing component which provides the customer a significant benefit of financing the transfer of goods or services to the customer for more than one year, revenue is measured at the present value of the amount receivable, discounted using the discount rate that would be reflected in a separate financing transaction between us and the customer at contract inception. When the contract contains a financing component which provides us a significant financial benefit for more than one year, revenue recognized under the contract includes the interest expense accreted on the contract liability under the effective interest method. For a contract where the period between the payment by the customer and the transfer of the promised goods or services is one year or less, the transaction price is not adjusted for the effects of a significant financing component, using the practical expedient in IFRS 15.

Revenue from the sale of products is recognized at the point in time when control of the asset is transferred to the customer, generally on delivery of the products.

Some contracts for the sale of products provide customers with rights of return and sales rebate. We provide extended warranties which are accounted for as service-type warranties. The rights of return, sales rebates give rise to variable consideration. Consideration payable to a customer also