Chlorofluorocarbon - wikipedia Chlorofluorocarbon Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) are fully halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane. They are also commonly known by the DuPont brand name Freon. The most common representative is dichlorodifluoromethane ( R - 12 or Freon - 12 ). Many CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants, propellants ( in aerosol applications ), and solvents. Because CFCs contribute to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere, the manufacture of such compounds has been phased out under the Montreal Protocol, and they are being replaced with other products such as hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) ( e.g., R - 410A ) and R - 134a. Contents 1 Structure, properties and production 2 Reactions 3 Applications 4 Classes of compounds, nomenclature 4.1 Numbering system 5 History 5.1 Commercial development and use 5.2 Regulation 5.2. 1 Regulatory gap 5.2. 2 Regulation and DuPont 5.3 Phasing - out of CFCs 5.4 Development of alternatives for CFCs 6 Environmental impacts 7 Tracer of ocean circulation 7.1 CFC and SF tracer - derived age of ocean water 7.1. 1 Partial pressure and ratio dating techniques 8 Safety 9 References 10 External links Structure, properties and production Main article : Organofluorine chemistry As in simpler alkanes, carbon in the CFCs bonds with tetrahedral symmetry. Because the fluorine and chlorine atoms differ greatly in size and effective charge from hydrogen and from each other, the methane - derived CFCs deviate from perfect tetrahedral symmetry. The physical properties of CFCs and HCFCs are tunable by changes in the number and identity of the halogen atoms. In general, they are volatile but less so than their parent alkanes. The decreased volatility is attributed to the molecular polarity induced by the halides, which induces intermolecular interactions. Thus, methane boils at − 161 ° C whereas the fluoromethanes boil between − 51.7 ( CF H ) and − 128 ° C ( CF ). The CFCs have still higher boiling points because the chloride is even more polarizable than fluoride. Because of their polarity, the CFCs are useful solvents, and their boiling points make them suitable as refrigerants. The CFCs are far less flammable than methane, in part because they contain fewer C-H bonds and in part because, in the case of the chlorides and bromides, the released halides quench the free radicals that sustain flames. The densities of CFCs are higher than their corresponding alkanes. In general, the density of these compounds correlates with the number of chlorides. CFCs and HCFCs are usually produced by halogen exchange starting from chlorinated methanes and ethanes. Illustrative is the synthesis of chlorodifluoromethane from chloroform : HCCl + 2 HF → HCF Cl + 2 HCl The brominated derivatives are generated by free - radical reactions of the chlorofluorocarbons, replacing C-H bonds with C - Br bonds. The production of the anesthetic 2 - bromo - 2 - chloro - 1, 1, 1 - trifluoroethane ( `` halothane '' ) is illustrative : CF CH Cl + Br → CF CHBrCl + HBr Reactions The most important reaction of the CFCs is the photo - induced scission of a C - Cl bond : CCl F → CCl F + Cl The chlorine atom, written often as Cl, behaves very differently from the chlorine molecule ( Cl ). The radical Cl is long - lived in the upper atmosphere, where it catalyzes the conversion of ozone into O. Ozone absorbs UV - B radiation, so its depletion allows more of this high energy radiation to reach the Earth 's surface. Bromine atoms are even more efficient catalysts ; hence brominated CFCs are also regulated. Applications CFCs and HCFCs are used in a variety of applications because of their low toxicity, reactivity and flammability. Every permutation of fluorine, chlorine and hydrogen based on methane and ethane has been examined and most have been commercialized. Furthermore, many examples are known for higher numbers of carbon as well as related compounds containing bromine. Uses include refrigerants, blowing agents, propellants in medicinal applications and degreasing solvents. Billions of kilograms of chlorodifluoromethane are produced annually as precursor to tetrafluoroethylene, the monomer that is converted into Teflon. Classes of compounds, nomenclature Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) : when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CCl F and C Cl F, where m is nonzero. Hydro - chlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) : when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formula CCl F H and C Cl F H, where m, n, x, and y are nonzero. and bromofluorocarbons have formulae similar to the CFCs and HCFCs but also include bromine. Hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) : when derived from methane, ethane, propane, and butane, these compounds have the respective formulae CF H, C F H, C F H, and C F H, where m is nonzero. Numbering system Main article : refrigerant § Refrigerants by class A special numbering system is used for fluorinated alkanes, prefixed with Freon -, R -, CFC - and HCFC -, where the rightmost value indicates the number of fluorine atoms, the next value to the left is the number of hydrogen atoms plus 1, and the next value to the left is the number of carbon atoms less one ( zeroes are not stated ), and the remaining atoms are chlorine. Freon - 12, for example, indicates a methane derivative ( only two numbers ) containing two fluorine atoms ( the second 2 ) and no hydrogen ( 1 - 1 = 0 ). It is therefore CCl F. Another, easier equation that can be applied to get the correct molecular formula of the CFC / R / Freon class compounds is this to take the numbering and add 90 to it. The resulting value will give the number of carbons as the first numeral, the second numeral gives the number of hydrogen atoms, and the third numeral gives the number of fluorine atoms. The rest of the unaccounted carbon bonds are occupied by chlorine atoms. The value of this equation is always a three figure number. An easy example is that of CFC - 12, which gives : 90 + 12 = 102 - > 1 carbon, 0 hydrogens, 2 fluorine atoms, and hence 2 chlorine atoms resulting in CCl F. The main advantage of this method of deducing the molecular composition in comparison with the method described in the paragraph above is that it gives the number of carbon atoms of the molecule. Freons containing bromine are signified by four numbers. Isomers, which are common for ethane and propane derivatives, are indicated by letters following the numbers : Principal CFCs Systematic name Common / trivial name ( s ), code Boiling point ( ° C ) Formula Trichlorofluoromethane Freon - 11, R - 11, CFC - 11 23.77 CCl F Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon - 12, R - 12, CFC - 12 − 29.8 CCl F Difluoromethane / pentafluoroethane R - 410A, Puron, AZ - 20 − 48.5 50 % CH F / 50 % CHF CF Chlorotrifluoromethane Freon - 13, R - 13, CFC - 13 − 81 CClF Chlorodifluoromethane R - 22, HCFC - 22 − 40.8 CHClF Dichlorofluoromethane R - 21, HCFC - 21 8.9 CHCl F Chlorofluoromethane Freon 31, R - 31, HCFC - 31 − 9.1 CH ClF Bromochlorodifluoromethane BCF, Halon 1211, H - 1211, Freon 12B1 − 3.7 CBrClF 1, 1, 2 - Trichloro - 1, 2, 2 - trifluoroethane Freon 113, R - 113, CFC - 113, 1, 1, 2 - Trichlorotrifluoroethane 47.7 Cl FC - CClF 1, 1, 1 - Trichloro - 2, 2, 2 - trifluoroethane Freon 113a, R - 113a, CFC - 113a 45.9 Cl C - CF 1, 2 - Dichloro - 1, 1, 2, 2 - tetrafluoroethane Freon 114, R - 114, CFC - 114, Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 3.8 ClF C - CClF 1 - Chloro - 1, 1, 2, 2, 2 - pentafluoroethane Freon 115, R - 115, CFC - 115, Chloropentafluoroethane − 38 ClF C - CF 2 - Chloro - 1, 1, 1, 2 - tetrafluoroethane R - 124, HCFC - 124 − 12 CHFClCF 1, 1 - Dichloro - 1 - fluoroethane R - 141b, HCFC - 141b 32 Cl FC - CH 1 - Chloro - 1, 1 - difluoroethane R - 142b, HCFC - 142b − 9.2 ClF C - CH Tetrachloro - 1, 2 - difluoroethane Freon 112, R - 112, CFC - 112 91.5 CCl FCCl F Tetrachloro - 1, 1 - difluoroethane Freon 112a, R - 112a, CFC - 112a 91.5 CClF CCl 1, 1, 2 - Trichlorotrifluoroethane Freon 113, R - 113, CFC - 113 48 CCl FCClF 1 - bromo - 2 - chloro - 1, 1, 2 - trifluoroethane Halon 2311a 51.7 CHClFCBrF 2 - bromo - 2 - chloro - 1, 1, 1 - trifluoroethane Halon 2311 50.2 CF CHBrCl 1, 1 - Dichloro - 2, 2, 3, 3, 3 - pentafluoropropane R - 225ca, HCFC - 225ca 51 CF CF CHCl 1, 3 - Dichloro - 1, 2, 2, 3, 3 - pentafluoropropane R - 225cb, HCFC - 225cb 56 CClF CF CHClF History Carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ) was used in fire extinguishers and glass `` anti-fire grenades '' from the late nineteenth century until around the end of World War II. Experimentation with chloroalkanes for fire suppression on military aircraft began at least as early as the 1920s. Freon is a trade name for a group of CFCs which are used primarily as refrigerants, but also have uses in fire - fighting and as propellants in aerosol cans. Bromomethane is widely used as a fumigant. Dichloromethane is a versatile industrial solvent. The Belgian scientist Frédéric Swarts pioneered the synthesis of CFCs in the 1890s. He developed an effective exchange agent to replace chloride in carbon tetrachloride with fluoride to synthesize CFC - 11 ( CCl F ) and CFC - 12 ( CCl F ). In the late 1920s, Thomas Midgley, Jr. improved the process of synthesis and led the effort to use CFC as refrigerant to replace ammonia ( NH ), chloromethane ( CH Cl ), and sulfur dioxide ( SO ), which are toxic but were in common use. In searching for a new refrigerant, requirements for the compound were : low boiling point, low toxicity, and to be generally non-reactive. In a demonstration for the American Chemical Society, Midgley flamboyantly demonstrated all these properties by inhaling a breath of the gas and using it to blow out a candle in 1930. Commercial development and use During World War II, various chloroalkanes were in standard use in military aircraft, although these early halons suffered from excessive toxicity. Nevertheless, after the war they slowly became more common in civil aviation as well. In the 1960s, fluoroalkanes and bromofluoroalkanes became available and were quickly recognized as being highly effective fire - fighting materials. Much early research with Halon 1301 was conducted under the auspices of the US Armed Forces, while Halon 1211 was, initially, mainly developed in the UK. By the late 1960s they were standard in many applications where water and dry - powder extinguishers posed a threat of damage to the protected property, including computer rooms, telecommunications switches, laboratories, museums and art collections. Beginning with warships, in the 1970s, bromofluoroalkanes also progressively came to be associated with rapid knockdown of severe fires in confined spaces with minimal risk to personnel. By the early 1980s, bromofluoroalkanes were in common use on aircraft, ships, and large vehicles as well as in computer facilities and galleries. However, concern was beginning to be expressed about the impact of chloroalkanes and bromoalkanes on the ozone layer. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer did not cover bromofluoroalkanes as it was thought, at the time, that emergency discharge of extinguishing systems was too small in volume to produce a significant impact, and too important to human safety for restriction. Regulation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2015 ) Since the late 1970s, the use of CFCs has been heavily regulated because of their destructive effects on the ozone layer. After the development of his electron capture detector, James Lovelock was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the air, finding a mole fraction of 60 ppt of CFC - 11 over Ireland. In a self - funded research expedition ending in 1973, Lovelock went on to measure CFC - 11 in both the Arctic and Antarctic, finding the presence of the gas in each of 50 air samples collected, and concluding that CFCs are not hazardous to the environment. The experiment did however provide the first useful data on the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. The damage caused by CFCs was discovered by Sherry Rowland and Mario Molina who, after hearing a lecture on the subject of Lovelock 's work, embarked on research resulting in the first publication suggesting the connection in 1974. It turns out that one of CFCs ' most attractive features -- their low reactivity -- is key to their most destructive effects. CFCs ' lack of reactivity gives them a lifespan that can exceed 100 years, giving them time to diffuse into the upper stratosphere. Once in the stratosphere, the sun 's ultraviolet radiation is strong enough to cause the homolytic cleavage of the C - Cl bond. NASA projection of stratospheric ozone, in Dobson units, if chlorofluorocarbons had not been banned. Animated version. By 1987, in response to a dramatic seasonal depletion of the ozone layer over Antarctica, diplomats in Montreal forged a treaty, the Montreal Protocol, which called for drastic reductions in the production of CFCs. On 2 March 1989, 12 European Community nations agreed to ban the production of all CFCs by the end of the century. In 1990, diplomats met in London and voted to significantly strengthen the Montreal Protocol by calling for a complete elimination of CFCs by the year 2000. By the year 2010, CFCs should have been completely eliminated from developing countries as well. Ozone - depleting gas trends Because the only CFCs available to countries adhering to the treaty is from recycling, their prices have increased considerably. A worldwide end to production should also terminate the smuggling of this material. However, there are current CFC smuggling issues, as recognized by the United Nations Environmental Programme ( UNEP ) in a 2006 report titled `` Illegal Trade in Ozone Depleting Substances ''. UNEP estimates that between 16,000 -- 38,000 tonnes of CFCs passed through the black market in the mid-1990s. The report estimated between 7,000 and 14,000 tonnes of CFCs are smuggled annually into developing countries. Asian countries are those with the most smuggling ; as of 2007, China, India and South Korea were found to account for around 70 % of global CFC production, South Korea later to ban CFC production in 2010. Possible reasons for continued CFC smuggling were also examined : the report noted that many banned CFC producing products have long lifespans and continue to operate. The cost of replacing the equipment of these items is sometimes cheaper than outfitting them with a more ozone - friendly appliance. Additionally, CFC smuggling is not considered a significant issue, so the perceived penalties for smuggling are low. While the eventual phaseout of CFCs is likely, efforts are being taken to stem these current non-compliance problems. By the time of the Montreal Protocol, it was realised that deliberate and accidental discharges during system tests and maintenance accounted for substantially larger volumes than emergency discharges, and consequently halons were brought into the treaty, albeit with many exceptions. Regulatory gap While the production and consumption of CFCs are regulated under the Montreal Protocol, emissions from existing banks of CFCs are not regulated under the agreement. In 2002, there were an estimated 5,791 kilotons of CFCs in existing products such as refrigerators, air conditioners, aerosol cans and others. Approximately one - third of these CFCs are projected to be emitted over the next decade if action is not taken, posing a threat to both the ozone layer and the climate. A proportion of these CFCs can be safely captured and destroyed. Regulation and DuPont In 1978 the United States banned the use of CFCs such as Freon in aerosol cans, the beginning of a long series of regulatory actions against their use. The critical DuPont manufacturing patent for Freon ( `` Process for Fluorinating Halohydrocarbons '', U.S. Patent # 3258500 ) was set to expire in 1979. In conjunction with other industrial peers DuPont formed a lobbying group, the `` Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, '' to combat regulations of ozone - depleting compounds. In 1986 DuPont, with new patents in hand, reversed its previous stance and publicly condemned CFCs. DuPont representatives appeared before the Montreal Protocol urging that CFCs be banned worldwide and stated that their new HCFCs would meet the worldwide demand for refrigerants. Phasing - out of CFCs Use of certain chloroalkanes as solvents for large scale application, such as dry cleaning, have been phased out, for example, by the IPPC directive on greenhouse gases in 1994 and by the volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) directive of the EU in 1997. Permitted chlorofluoroalkane uses are medicinal only. Bromofluoroalkanes have been largely phased out and the possession of equipment for their use is prohibited in some countries like the Netherlands and Belgium, from 1 January 2004, based on the Montreal Protocol and guidelines of the European Union. Production of new stocks ceased in most ( probably all ) countries in 1994. However many countries still require aircraft to be fitted with halon fire suppression systems because no safe and completely satisfactory alternative has been discovered for this application. There are also a few other, highly specialized uses. These programs recycle halon through `` halon banks '' coordinated by the Halon Recycling Corporation to ensure that discharge to the atmosphere occurs only in a genuine emergency and to conserve remaining stocks. The interim replacements for CFCs are hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ), which deplete stratospheric ozone, but to a much lesser extent than CFCs. Ultimately, hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) will replace HCFCs. Unlike CFCs and HCFCs, HFCs have an ozone depletion potential ( ODP ) of 0. DuPont began producing hydrofluorocarbons as alternatives to Freon in the 1980s. These included Suva refrigerants and Dymel propellants. Natural refrigerants are climate friendly solutions that are enjoying increasing support from large companies and governments interested in reducing global warming emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning. Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change. On 21 September 2007, approximately 200 countries agreed to accelerate the elimination of hydrochlorofluorocarbons entirely by 2020 in a United Nations - sponsored Montreal summit. Developing nations were given until 2030. Many nations, such as the United States and China, who had previously resisted such efforts, agreed with the accelerated phase out schedule. Development of alternatives for CFCs Work on alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerants began in the late 1970s after the first warnings of damage to stratospheric ozone were published. The hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) are less stable in the lower atmosphere, enabling them to break down before reaching the ozone layer. Nevertheless, a significant fraction of the HCFCs do break down in the stratosphere and they have contributed to more chlorine buildup there than originally predicted. Later alternatives lacking the chlorine, the hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) have an even shorter lifetimes in the lower atmosphere. One of these compounds, HFC - 134a, is now used in place of CFC - 12 in automobile air conditioners. Hydrocarbon refrigerants ( a propane / isobutane blend ) are also used extensively in mobile air conditioning systems in Australia, the USA and many other countries, as they have excellent thermodynamic properties and perform particularly well in high ambient temperatures. One of the natural refrigerants ( along with ammonia and carbon dioxide ), hydrocarbons have negligible environmental impacts and are also used worldwide in domestic and commercial refrigeration applications, and are becoming available in new split system air conditioners. Various other solvents and methods have replaced the use of CFCs in laboratory analytics. In Metered - dose inhalers ( MDI ), a non-ozone effecting substitute was developed as a propellant, known as `` hydrofluoroalkane. '' Applications and replacements for CFCs Application Previously used CFC Replacement Refrigeration & air - conditioning CFC - 12 ( CCl F ) ; CFC - 11 ( CCl F ) ; CFC - 13 ( CClF ) ; HCFC - 22 ( CHClF ) ; CFC - 113 ( Cl FCCClF ) ; CFC - 114 ( CClF CClF ) ; CFC - 115 ( CF CClF ) ; HFC - 23 ( CHF ) ; HFC - 134a ( CF CFH ) ; HFC - 507 ( a 1 : 1 azeotropic mixture of HFC 125 ( CF CHF2 ) and HFC - 143a ( CF CH ) ) ; HFC 410 ( a 1 : 1 azeotropic mixture of HFC - 32 ( CF H ) and HFC - 125 ( CF CF H ) ) Propellants in medicinal aerosols CFC - 114 ( CClF CClF ) HFC - 134a ( CF CFH ) ; HFC - 227ea ( CF CHFCF ) Blowing agents for foams CFC - 11 ( CCl F ) ; CFC 113 ( Cl FCCClF ) ; HCFC - 141b ( CCl FCH ) HFC - 245fa ( CF CH CHF ) ; HFC - 365 mfc ( CF CH CF CH ) Solvents, degreasing agents, cleaning agents CFC - 11 ( CCl F ) ; CFC - 113 ( CCl FCClF ) None Environmental impacts As previously discussed, CFCs were phased out via the Montreal Protocol due to their part in ozone depletion. However, the atmospheric impacts of CFCs are not limited to its role as an active ozone reducer. This anthropogenic compound is also a greenhouse gas, with a much higher potential to enhance the greenhouse effect than CO. Infrared absorption bands trap heat from escaping earth 's atmosphere. In the case of CFCs, the strongest of these bands are located in the spectral region 7.8 -- 15.3 μm -- referred to as an atmospheric window due to the relative transparency of the atmosphere within this region. The strength of CFC bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere, at which the compound absorbs and emits radiation, are two factors that contribute to CFCs ' `` super '' greenhouse effect. Another such factor is the low concentration of the compound. Because CO is close to saturation with high concentrations, it takes more of the substance to enhance the greenhouse effect. Conversely, the low concentration of CFCs allow their effects to increase linearly with mass. Tracer of ocean circulation Because the time history of CFC concentrations in the atmosphere is relatively well known, they have provided an important constraint on ocean circulation. CFCs dissolve in seawater at the ocean surface and are subsequently transported into the ocean interior. Because CFCs are inert, their concentration in the ocean interior reflects simply the convolution of their atmospheric time evolution and ocean circulation and mixing. CFC and SF tracer - derived age of ocean water Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) are anthropogenic compounds that have been released into the atmosphere since the 1930s in various applications such as in air - conditioning, refrigeration, blowing agents in foams, insulations and packing materials, propellants in aerosol cans, and as solvents. The entry of CFCs into the ocean makes them extremely useful as transient tracers to estimate rates and pathways of ocean circulation and mixing processes. However, due to production restrictions of CFCs in the 1980s, atmospheric concentrations of CFC - 11 and CFC - 12 has stopped increasing, and the CFC - 11 to CFC - 12 ratio in the atmosphere have been steadily decreasing, making water dating of water masses more problematic. Incidentally, production and release of sulfur hexafluoride ( SF ) have rapidly increased in the atmosphere since the 1970s. Similar to CFCs, SF is also an inert gas and is not affected by oceanic chemical or biological activities. Thus, using CFCs in concert with SF as a tracer resolves the water dating issues due to decreased CFC concentrations. Using CFCs or SF as a tracer of ocean circulation allows for the derivation of rates for ocean processes due to the time - dependent source function. The elapsed time since a subsurface water mass was last in contact with the atmosphere is the tracer - derived age. Estimates of age can be derived based on the partial pressure of an individual compound and the ratio of the partial pressure of CFCs to each other ( or SF ). Partial pressure and ratio dating techniques The age of a water parcel can be estimated by the CFC partial pressure ( pCFC ) age or SF partial pressure ( pSF ) age. The pCFC age of a water sample is defined as : p C F C = ( C F C ) F ( T, S ) ( displaystyle pCFC = ( \frac ( ( CFC ) ) ( F ( T, S ) ) ) ) where ( CFC ) is the measured CFC concentration ( pmol kg ) and F is the solubility of CFC gas in seawater as a function of temperature and salinity. The CFC partial pressure is expressed in units of 10 -- 12 atmospheres or parts - per - trillion ( ppt ). The solubility measurements of CFC - 11 and CFC - 12 have been previously measured by Warner and Weiss Additionally, the solubility measurement of CFC - 113 was measured by Bu and Warner and SF by Wanninkhof et al. and Bullister et al. Theses authors mentioned above have expressed the solubility, F, at a total pressure of 1 atm as : ln ⁡ F = a 1 + a 2 ( 100 T ) + a 3 ln ⁡ ( T 100 ) + a 4 ( T 100 ) 2 + S ( b 1 + b 2 ( T 100 ) + b 3 ( T 100 ) ) ( displaystyle ln F = a_ ( 1 ) + a_ ( 2 ) left ( ( \frac ( 100 ) ( T ) ) \right ) + a_ ( 3 ) ln left ( ( \frac ( T ) ( 100 ) ) \right ) + a_ ( 4 ) left ( ( \frac ( T ) ( 100 ) ) \right ) ^ ( 2 ) + S left ( b_ ( 1 ) + b_ ( 2 ) left ( ( \frac ( T ) ( 100 ) ) \right ) + b_ ( 3 ) left ( ( \frac ( T ) ( 100 ) ) \right ) \right ) ) where F = solubility expressed in either mol l or mol kg atm, T = absolute temperature, S = salinity in parts per thousand ( ppt ), a, a, a, b, b, and b are constants to be determined from the least squares fit to the solubility measurements. This equation is derived from the integrated Van ' t Hoff equation and the logarithmic Setchenow salinity dependence. It can be noted that the solubility of CFCs increase with decreasing temperature at approximately 1 % per degree Celsius. Once the partial pressure of the CFC ( or SF ) is derived, it is then compared to the atmospheric time histories for CFC - 11, CFC - 12, or SF in which the pCFC directly corresponds to the year with the same. The difference between the corresponding date and the collection date of the seawater sample is the average age for the water parcel. The age of a parcel of water can also be calculated using the ratio of two CFC partial pressures or the ratio of the SF partial pressure to a CFC partial pressure. Safety According to their material safety data sheets, CFCs and HCFCs are colorless, volatile, toxic liquids and gases with a faintly sweet ethereal odor. Overexposure at concentrations of 11 % or more may cause dizziness, loss of concentration, central nervous system depression and / or cardiac arrhythmia. 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External links Gas conversion table Nomenclature FAQ Numbering scheme for Ozone - Depleting Substances and their substitutes Class I Ozone - Depleting Substances Class II Ozone - Depleting Substances ( HCFCs ) CFC illegal trade History of halon - use by the US Navy Ozone Loss : The Chemical Culprits Process using pyrolysis in an ultra high temperature plasma arc, for the elimination of CFCs ( 1 ) Environmental Investigation Agency : Reports etc. on illegal trade and solutions ( 2 ) Environmental Investigation Agency in the USA : Reports etc. on illegal trade and solutions Freon in car A / C ( 3 ) Phasing out halons in extinguishers Halomethanes Monosubstituted CH F CH Cl CH Br CH I Disubstituted CH F CH ClF CH BrF CH FI CH Cl CH BrCl CH ClI CH Br CH BrI CH I Trisubstituted CHF CHClF CHBrF CHF I CHCl F C * HBrClF C * HClFI CHBr F C * HBrFI CHFI CHCl CHBrCl CHCl I CHBr Cl C * HBrClI CHClI CHBr CHBr I CHBrI CHI Tetrasubstituted CF CClF CBrF CF I CCl F CBrClF CClF I CBr F CBrF I CF I CCl F CBrCl F CCl FI CBr ClF C * BrClFI CClFI CBr F CBr FI CBrFI CFI CCl CBrCl CCl I CBr Cl CBrCl I CCl I CBr Cl CBr ClI CBrClI CClI CBr CBr I CBr I CBrI CI CAt * Chiral compound. Functional groups Only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Hydrocarbons Allene Alkene ( Allyl, Vinyl ) Alkyl ( Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, Butyl, Pentyl ) Alkyne Benzyl Carbene Cumulene Methylene bridge Methylene group Methine Phenyl Other Acetoxy Acetyl Acryloyl Acyl Aldehyde Alkoxy ( Methoxy ) Benzoyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Dioxirane Epoxide Ester Ether Ethylenedioxy Hydroxy Ketone Methylenedioxy Peroxide ( Organic ) Ynone Only one element apart from C, H, O Nitrogen Amine Azo compound Cyanate Hydrazone Imide Imine Isocyanate Isonitrile Nitrene Nitrile Nitro compound Nitroso compound Organic amide Oxime Phosphorus Phosphonate Phosphonous Sulfur Disulfide Sulfone Sulfonic acid Sulfoxide Thial Thioester Thioether Thioketone Thiol Selenium Selenol Selenonic acid Seleninic acid Selenenic acid Tellurium Tellurol Other Isothiocyanate Phosphoramide Sulfenyl chloride Sulfonamide Thiocyanate See also chemical classification, chemical nomenclature ( inorganic, organic ) Pollution Air pollution Acid rain Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Indoor air quality Global dimming Global distillation Global warming Ozone depletion Atmospheric particulate matter Smog Water pollution Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products Environmental impact of shipping Environmental monitoring Eutrophication Freshwater environmental quality parameters Groundwater pollution Hypoxia Marine debris Marine pollution Nutrient pollution Ocean acidification Oil spill Septic tank Surface runoff Thermal pollution Turbidity Urban runoff Wastewater Water quality Water stagnation Waterborne diseases Soil contamination Bioremediation Electrical resistance heating Herbicide Open defecation Pesticide Phytoremediation Soil Guideline Values ( SGVs ) Radioactive contamination Actinides in the environment Bioremediation of radioactive waste Environmental radioactivity Fission product Nuclear fallout Plutonium in the environment Radiation poisoning Radium in the environment Uranium in the environment Other types of pollution Land degradation Light pollution Pollution from nanomaterials Noise pollution Radio spectrum pollution Urban heat island Visual pollution Inter-government treaties Basel Convention CLRTAP Kyoto Protocol MARPOL Convention Montreal Protocol OSPAR Rotterdam Convention Stockholm Convention Major organizations Basel Action Network Central Pollution Control Board ( India ) DEFRA Environment Agency ( England and Wales ) Scottish Environment Protection Agency U.S. EPA European Environment Agency Greenpeace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorofluorocarbon&oldid=830639065 '' Categories : Chlorofluorocarbons Aerosol propellants DuPont Firefighting Greenhouse gases Halogenated solvents Halomethanes Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning Ozone depletion Refrigerants Belgian inventions Environmental controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018, at 01 : 47. 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Question: when was the problem of cfc's discovered
Answer: late 1970s; 1973; 1970s; 1974