Dome of the Rock - wikipedia Dome of the Rock Not to be confused with Al - Aqsa Mosque or Mosque of Omar ( Jerusalem ). Dome of the Rock Qubbat As - Sakhrah قبّة الصخرة Location within the Old City of Jerusalem Basic information Location Jerusalem Geographic coordinates 31 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 07 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 31.7780 ° N 35.2354 ° E ﻿ / 31.7780 ; 35.2354 Coordinates : 31 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 07 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 31.7780 ° N 35.2354 ° E ﻿ / 31.7780 ; 35.2354 Affiliation Islam Country Israel Administration Ministry of Awqaf ( Jordan ) Architectural description Architectural type Shrine Architectural style Umayyad, Abbasid, Ottoman Date established built 688 -- 692, expanded 820s, restored 1020s, 1545 -- 1566, 1721 / 2, 1817, 1874 / 5, 1959 -- 1962, 1993. Specifications Dome ( s ) Minaret ( s ) 0 The Dome of the Rock ( Arabic : قبة الصخرة ‎ Qubbat al - Sakhrah, Hebrew : כיפת הסלע ‎ Kippat ha - Sela ) is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al - Malik during the Second Fitna, built on the site of the Roman temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which had in turn been built on the site of the Second Jewish Temple, destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022 -- 23. The Dome of the Rock is in its core one of the oldest extant works of Islamic architecture. Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces, although its outside appearance has been significantly changed in the Ottoman period and again in the modern period, notably with the addition of the gold - plated roof, in 1959 -- 61 and again in 1993. The octagonal plan of the structure may have been influenced by the Byzantine Church of the Seat of Mary ( also known as Kathisma in Greek and al - Qadismu in Arabic ) built between 451 and 458 on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The site 's great significance for Muslims derives from traditions connecting it to the creation of the world and to the belief that the Prophet Muhammad 's Night Journey to heaven started from the rock at the center of the structure. In Jewish tradition the rock bears great significance as the Foundation Stone, the place from which the world expanded into its present form and where God gathered the dust used to create the first human, Adam ; as the site on Mount Moriah where Abraham attempted to sacrifice his son ; and as the place where God 's divine presence is manifested more than in any other place, towards which Jews turn during prayer. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, it has been called `` Jerusalem 's most recognizable landmark, '' along with two nearby Old City structures, the Western Wall, and the `` Resurrection Rotunda '' in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Islamic 1.2 Original construction 1.3 Abbasids and Fatimids 1.4 Crusaders 1.5 Ayyubids and Mamluks 1.6 Ottoman Empire ( 1517 -- 1917 ) 1.7 Modern history 2 Accessibility 3 Religious significance 4 Architectural homages 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History Pre-islamic Main articles : Temple Mount, Herod 's Temple, and Aelia Capitolina Reconstruction of Herod 's Temple as seen from the east ( Holyland Model of Jerusalem, 1966 ) The Dome of the Rock is situated in the center of the Temple Mount, the site of the Temple of Solomon and the Jewish Second Temple, which had been greatly expanded under Herod the Great in the 1st century BCE. Herod 's Temple was destroyed in 70 CE by the Romans, and after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, a Roman temple to Jupiter Capitolinus was built at the site. Jerusalem was ruled by the Christian Byzantine Empire throughout the 4th to 6th centuries. During this time, Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem began to develop. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built under Constantine in the 320s, but the Temple Mount was left undeveloped after a failed project of restoration of the Jewish Temple under Julian the Apostate. Original construction The Dome of the Rock is now mostly assumed to have been built by the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al - Malik and his son and successor Al - Walid I. According to Sibt ibn al - Jawzi, construction started in 687. Construction cost was reportedly seven times the yearly tax income of Egypt. A dedicatory inscription in Kufic script is preserved inside the dome. The date is recorded as AH 72 ( 691 / 2 CE ), the year historians believe the construction of the original Dome was completed. In this inscription, the name of al - Malik was deleted and replaced by the name of Abbasid caliph Al - Ma'mun. This alteration of the original inscription was first noted by Melchior de Vogüé in 1864. Some scholars have suggested that the dome was added to an existing building, built either by Muawiyah I ( r. 661 -- 680 ), or indeed a Byzantine building dating to before the Muslim conquest, built under Heraclius ( r. 610 -- 641 ). Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces. The two engineers in charge of the project were Raja ibn Haywah, a Muslim theologian from Beit She'an and Yazid Ibn Salam, a non-Arab who was Muslim and a native of Jerusalem. Cross section of the Dome ( print from 1887, after the first detailed drawings of the Dome, made by Frederick Catherwood in 1833 ). Shelomo Dov Goitein of the Hebrew University has argued that the Dome of the Rock was intended to compete with the many fine buildings of worship of other religions : `` The very form of a rotunda, given to the Qubbat as - Sakhra, although it was foreign to Islam, was destined to rival the many Christian domes. '' K.A.C. Creswell in his book The Origin of the Plan of the Dome of the Rock notes that those who built the shrine used the measurements of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The diameter of the dome of the shrine is 20.20 m ( 66.3 ft ) and its height 20.48 m ( 67.2 ft ), while the diameter of the dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is 20.90 m ( 68.6 ft ) and its height 21.05 m ( 69.1 ft ). The structure was basically octagonal. It comprised a wooden dome, approximately 20 m ( 66 ft ) in diameter, which was mounted on an elevated drum consisting of a circle of 16 piers and columns. Surrounding this circle was an octagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns. Abbasids and fatimids The building was severely damaged by earthquakes in 808 and again in 846. The dome collapsed in an earthquake in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022 -- 23. The mosaics on the drum were repaired in 1027 -- 28. Crusaders Main article : Templum Domini Depiction of the Templum Domini on the reverse side of the seal of the Knights Templar For centuries Christian pilgrims were able to come and experience the Temple Mount, but escalating violence against pilgrims to Jerusalem ( Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who ordered the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre, was an example ) instigated the Crusades. The Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 and the Dome of the Rock was given to the Augustinians, who turned it into a church, while the Al - Aqsa Mosque became a royal palace. The Knights Templar, active from c. 1119, identified the Dome of the Rock as the site of the Temple of Solomon and set up their headquarters in the Al - Aqsa Mosque adjacent to the Dome for much of the 12th century. The Templum Domini, as they called the Dome of the Rock, featured on the official seals of the Order 's Grand Masters ( such as Everard des Barres and Renaud de Vichiers ), and soon became the architectural model for round Templar churches across Europe. Ayyubids and mamluks Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin on 2 October 1187, and the Dome of the Rock was reconsecrated as a Muslim shrine. The cross on top of the dome was replaced by a crescent, and a wooden screen was placed around the rock below. Saladin 's nephew al - Malik al - Mu'azzam Isa carried out other restorations within the building, and added the porch to the Al - Aqsa Mosque. The Dome of the Rock was the focus of extensive royal patronage by the sultans during the Mamluk period, which lasted from 1250 until 1510. Ottoman Empire ( 1517 -- 1917 ) During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent ( 1520 -- 1566 ) the exterior of the Dome of the Rock was covered with tiles. This work took seven years. The interior of the dome is lavishly decorated with mosaic, faience and marble, much of which was added several centuries after its completion. It also contains Qur'anic inscriptions. Surah Ya Sin ( the `` Heart of the Quran '' ) is inscribed across the top of the tile work and was commissioned in the 16th century by Suleiman the Magnificent. Al - Isra, the Surah 17 which tells the story of the Isra or Night Journey, is inscribed above this. Adjacent to the Dome of the Rock, the Ottomans built the free - standing Dome of the Prophet in 1620. Large - scale renovation was undertaken during the reign of Mahmud II in 1817. In a major restoration project undertaken in 1874 -- 75 during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz, all the tiles on the west and southwest walls of the octagonal part of the building were removed and replaced by copies that had been made in Turkey. The first - ever photograph of the building, 1842 -- 44 View from the north, Francis Bedford ( 1862 ) West front in 1862. By this date many of the 16th century tiles were missing. Interior showing mosaic decoration ( 1914 ) Tiled façade ( 2013 ) Interior showing rock ( 1915 ) Modern History 1920s photograph Haj Amin al - Husseini, appointed Grand Mufti by the British during the 1917 mandate of Palestine, along with Yaqub al - Ghusayn, implemented the restoration of the Dome of the Rock and the Al - Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. The Dome of the Rock was badly shaken during the 11 July 1927 Jericho earthquake, damaging many of the repairs that had taken place over previous years. In 1955, an extensive program of renovation was begun by the government of Jordan, with funds supplied by Arab governments and Turkey. The work included replacement of large numbers of tiles dating back to the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, which had become dislodged by heavy rain. In 1965, as part of this restoration, the dome was covered with a durable aluminium bronze alloy made in Italy that replaced the lead exterior. Before 1959, the dome was covered in blackened lead. In the course of substantial restoration carried out from 1959 to 1962, the lead was replaced by aluminum - bronze plates covered with gold leaf. A few hours after the Israeli flag was hoisted over the Dome of the Rock in 1967 during the Six - Day War, Israelis lowered it on the orders of Moshe Dayan and invested the Muslim waqf ( religious trust ) with the authority to manage the Temple Mount / Haram al - Sharif, in order to `` keep the peace ''. The reverse of a 1000 - rials banknote from 1982. In 1993, the golden dome covering was refurbished following a donation of USD 8.2 million by King Hussein of Jordan who sold one of his houses in London to fund the 80 kilograms of gold required. The Dome of the Rock is depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 1000 rials banknote. Accessibility Sign at visitors entrance to Temple Mount The Dome is maintained by the Ministry of Awqaf in Amman, Jordan. Until the mid-twentieth century, non-Muslims were not permitted in the area. Since 1967, non-Muslims have been permitted limited access ; however non-Muslims are not permitted to pray on the Temple Mount, bring prayer books, or wear religious apparel. The Israeli police help enforce this. Israel restricted access for a short time during 2012 of Palestinian residents of the West Bank to the Temple Mount. West Bank Palestinian men had to be over 35 to be eligible for a permit. Palestinian residents of Jerusalem, who hold Israeli residency cards, and Palestinians with Israeli citizenship are permitted unrestricted access. Some Orthodox rabbis encourage Jews to visit the site, while most forbid entry to the compound lest there be a violation of Jewish law. Even rabbis who encourage entrance to the Temple Mount prohibit entrance to the actual Dome of the Rock. Religious significance The Temple in Jerusalem depicted as the Dome of the Rock on the printer 's mark of Marco Antonio Giustiniani, Venice 1545 -- 52 According to some Islamic scholars, the rock is the spot from which the Islamic prophet Muhammad ascended to Heaven accompanied by the angel Gabriel. Further, Muhammad was taken here by Gabriel to pray with Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Other Islamic scholars believe that the Prophet ascended to Heaven from the Al - Aqsa Mosque. Muslims believe the location of the Dome of the Rock to be the site mentioned in Sura 17 of the Qur'an, which tells the story of the Isra and Mi'raj, the miraculous Night Journey of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to `` the farthest mosque '', where he leads prayers and rises to heaven to receive instructions from Allah. The Night Journey is mentioned in the Qur'an in a very brief form and is further elaborated by the hadiths. Caliph Umar ibn Al - Khattab ( 579 -- 644 ) was advised by Ka'ab al - Ahbar, a Jewish rabbi who converted to Islam, that `` the farthest mosque '' is identical with the site of the former Jewish Temples in Jerusalem. The Foundation Stone viewed from the dome. Photograph was taken between 1900 and 1920, before the removal of the surrounding iron grill. The Foundation Stone and its surroundings is the holiest site in Judaism. Though Muslims now pray towards the Kaaba at Mecca, they once faced the Temple Mount as the Jews do. Muhammad changed the direction of prayer for Muslims after a revelation from Allah. Jews traditionally regarded the location of the stone as the holiest spot on Earth, the site of the Holy of Holies during the Temple Period. According to Jewish tradition, the stone is the site where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac. On the walls of the Dome of the Rock is an inscription in a mosaic frieze that includes an explicit rejection of the divinity of Christ, from Quran ( 19 : 33 -- 35 ) : 33. `` So peace is upon me the day I was born, and the day I die, and the day I shall be raised alive ! '' 34. Such is Jesus, son of Mary. It is a statement of truth, about which they doubt. 35. It is not befitting to ( the majesty of ) Allah that He should take himself a child. Glory be to Him ! when He determines a matter, He only says to it, `` Be '', and it is. According to Goitein, the inscriptions decorating the interior clearly display a spirit of polemic against Christianity, whilst stressing at the same time the Qur'anic doctrine that Jesus was a true prophet. The formula la sharika lahu ( `` God has no companion '' ) is repeated five times ; the verses from Sura Maryam 19 : 35 -- 37, which strongly reaffirm Jesus ' prophethood to God, are quoted together with the prayer : Allahumma salli ala rasulika wa'abdika ' Isa bin Maryam -- `` O Lord, send your blessings to your Prophet and Servant Jesus son of Mary. '' He believes that this shows that rivalry with Christendom, together with the spirit of Muslim mission to the Christians, was at work at the time of construction. The Temple Institute wishes to relocate the Dome to another site and replace it with a Third Temple. Many Israelis are ambivalent about the Movement 's wishes. Some religious Jews, following rabbinic teaching, believe that the Temple should only be rebuilt in the messianic era, and that it would be presumptuous of people to force God 's hand. However, some Evangelical Christians consider rebuilding of the Temple to be a prerequisite to Armageddon and the Second Coming. Jeremy Gimpel, a US - born candidate for Habayit Hayehudi in the 2013 Israeli elections, caused a controversy when he was recorded telling a Fellowship Church evangelical group in Florida in 2011 to imagine the incredible experience that would follow were the Dome to be destroyed. All Christians would be immediately transported to Israel, he opined. Architectural homages The Dome of the Rock has inspired the architecture of a number of buildings. These include the octagonal Church of St. Giacomo in Italy, the Mausoleum of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in Istanbul, the octagonal Moorish Revival style Rumbach Street Synagogue in Budapest, and the New Synagogue in Berlin, Germany. It was long believed by Christians that the Dome of the Rock echoed the architecture of the Temple in Jerusalem, as can be seen in Raphael 's The Marriage of the Virgin and in Perugino 's Marriage of the Virgin. Panorama of the Temple Mount, including Al - Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock, from the Mount of Olives See also Islam portal Christianity portal Judaism portal Ablaq History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes List of the oldest mosques in the world New Jerusalem Well of Souls Notes Jump up ^ Gil, Moshe ( 1997 ). A History of Palestine, 634 -- 1099. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59984 - 9. Jump up ^ Slavik, Diane ( 2001 ). Cities through Time : Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Jerusalem. Geneva, Illinois : Runestone Press. p. 60. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 3218 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Avner, Rina ( 2010 ). `` The Dome of the Rock in light of the development of concentric martyria in Jerusalem '' ( PDF ). Muqarnas. Volume 27 : An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World. Leiden : Brill. pp. 31 -- 50 ( 43 -- 44 ). ISBN 978 - 900418511 - 1. JSTOR 25769691. Jump up ^ M. Anwarul Islam and Zaid F. Al - hamad ( 2007 ). `` The Dome of the Rock : Origin of its octagonal plan ''. Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 139 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 128. Jump up ^ Nasser Rabbat ( 1989 ). `` The meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock ''. Muqarnas. 6 : 12 -- 21. Jump up ^ Carol Delaney, Abraham on Trial : The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth, Princeton University Press 2000 p. 120. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey ( 29 January 2001 ). `` Arafat 's Gift ''. The New Yorker. Retrieved 11 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` UNESCO World Heritage ''. Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` Aelia Capitolina ''. Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. p. 256. Lester L. Grabbe ( 2010 ). An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism : History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus. A&C Black. p. 29. Jump up ^ Davidson, Linda Kay and David Martin Gitlitz Pilgrimage : From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia Volume 1, ABC - CLIO, Inc, Santa Barbara, CA 2002, p. 274. Jump up ^ `` Julian thought to rebuild at an extravagant expense the proud Temple once at Jerusalem, and committed this task to Alypius of Antioch. Alypius set vigorously to work, and was seconded by the governor of the province, when fearful balls of fire, breaking out near the foundations, continued their attacks, till the workmen, after repeated scorchings, could approach no more : and he gave up the attempt. '' Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 23.1. 2 -- 3. Jump up ^ Jacob Lassner : Muslims on the sanctity of Jerusalem : preliminary thoughts on the search for a conceptual framework. In : Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. Band 31 ( 2006 ), p. 176. Jump up ^ Necipoğlu 2008, p. 22. Jump up ^ Vogüé 1864, p. 85. Jump up ^ Oleg Grabar : The Meaning of the Dome of the Rock. Jump up ^ Busse, Heribert ( 1991 ). `` Zur Geschichte und Deutung der frühislamischen Ḥarambauten in Jerusalem ''. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina - Vereins ( in German ). 107 : 144 -- 154. JSTOR 27931418. Jump up ^ Richard Ettinghausen ; Oleg Grabar ; Marilyn Jenkins ( 2001 ). Islamic Art and Architecture 650 -- 1250. Yale University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08869 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Drawings of Islamic Buildings : Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem ''. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Until 1833 the Dome of the Rock had not been measured or drawn ; according to Victor von Hagen, ' no architect had ever sketched its architecture, no antiquarian had traced its interior design... ' On 13 November in that year, however, Frederick Catherwood dressed up as an Egyptian officer and accompanied by an Egyptian servant ' of great courage and assurance ', entered the buildings of the mosque with his drawing materials... ' During six weeks, I continued to investigate every part of the mosque and its precincts. ' Thus, Catherwood made the first complete survey of the Dome of the Rock, and paved the way for many other artists in subsequent years, such as William Harvey, Ernest Richmond and Carl Friedrich Heinrich Werner. ^ Jump up to : Goitein, Shelomo Dov ( 1950 ). `` The historical background of the erection of the Dome of the Rock ''. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 70 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 108. JSTOR 595539. Jump up ^ `` Dome of the Rock ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 April 2012. Jump up ^ Amiran, D.H.K. ; Arieh, E. ; Turcotte, T. ( 1994 ). `` Earthquakes in Israel and adjacent areas : macroseismic observations since 100 B.C.E. ''. Israel Exploration Journal. 44 ( 3 / 4 ) : 260 -- 305 ( 267 ). JSTOR 27926357. Jump up ^ Necipoğlu 2008, p. 31. Jump up ^ Stark, Rodney. God 's Battalions ; a Case for the Crusades. Harper Collins, NY, 2009, pp. 84 -- 85. Jump up ^ Clermont - Ganneau 1899, p. 179. Jump up ^ St. Laurent, Beatrice ; Riedlmayer, András ( 1993 ). `` Restorations of Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock and their political significance, 1537 -- 1928 '' ( PDF ). In Necipoğlu, Gülru. Muqarnas. Volume 10 : Essays in Honor of Oleg Grabar. Leiden : Brill. pp. 76 -- 84. JSTOR 1523174. Jump up ^ `` Letter from Jerusalem : A Fight Over Sacred Turf by Sandra Scham ''. Archaeology.org. Retrieved 4 April 2012. Jump up ^ Central Bank of Iran. Banknotes & Coins : 1000 Rials. -- Retrieved on 24 March 2009. Jump up ^ Business Optimization Consultants B.O.C. `` Hashemite Restorations of the Islamic Holy Places in Jerusalem -- kinghussein.gov.jo -- Retrieved 21 January 2008 ''. Kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved 4 April 2012. Jump up ^ Jerusalem 's Holy Places and the Peace Process Marshall J. Breger and Thomas A. Idinopulos, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1998. Jump up ^ Browning, Noah ( 15 August 2012 ). `` Palestinians flock to Jerusalem as Israeli restrictions eased -- Yahoo ! News ''. News.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012. Jump up ^ Zivotofsky. `` Tzarich Iyun : The Har HaBayit -- OU Torah ''. OU Torah. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16. Jump up ^ Braswell, G. Islam -- Its Prophets, People, Politics and Power. Nashville, TN : Broadman and Holman Publishers. 1996. p. 14 Jump up ^ Ali, A. The Holy Qur'an -- Translation and Commentary. Bronx, NY : Islamic Propagation Centre International. 1946. pp. 1625 -- 31 Jump up ^ `` Me'raj -- The Night Ascension ''. Al-islam.org. Retrieved 31 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Meraj Article ''. Duas.org. Retrieved 31 October 2012. Jump up ^ Yakub of Syria ( Ka'b al - Ahbar ) Last Jewish Attempt at Islamic Leadership Committee for Historical Research in Islam and Judaism, © 2004 -- 2012, accessed July 2013. `` He continued to follow Rabbinic tradition such that later Islamic historians questioned whether he ever ' converted ' to Islam. '' Jump up ^ raisa ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ). `` ' Third Temple ' crowdfunding plan aims to relocate Jerusalem 's Dome of the Rock '' ( Text ). The Stream - Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25. Jump up ^ Stephen Spector, Evangelicals and Israel : The Story of American Christian Zionism, Oxford University Press, 2008 p. 202. Jump up ^ Andrew Esensten U.S. - born Knesset candidate, Jeremy Gimpel, and his Dome of the Rock ' joke ', Haaretz 20 January 2013. Jump up ^ Burckhardt, Jacob ; Peter Murray ; James C. Palmes ( 1986 ). The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance. University of Chicago Press. p. 81. References Creswell, K.A.C. ( 1924 ). The Origin of the Plan of the Dome of the Rock ( 2 Volumes ). London : British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. OCLC 5862604. Peterson, Andrew ( 1994 ). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. London : Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 06084 - 2 Braswell, G. ( 1996 ). Islam -- Its Prophets, People, Politics and Power. Nashville, TN : Broadman and Holman Publishers. Clermont - Ganneau, Charles ( 1899 ). `` Chapter VIII The Kubbet es Sakhra ''. Archaeological Researches in Palestine During the Years 1873 -- 1874. Volume 1. London : Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 179 -- 227. Necipoğlu, Gülru ( 2008 ). `` The Dome of the Rock as palimpsest : ' Abd al - Malik 's grand narrative and Sultan Süleyman 's glosses '' ( PDF ). In Necipoğlu, Gülru ; Bailey, Julia. Muqarnas : An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World. Volume 25. Leiden : Brill. pp. 17 -- 105. ISBN 978 - 900417327 - 9. Ali, A. ( 1946 ). The Holy Qur'an -- Translation and Commentary. Bronx, NY : Islamic Propagation Centre International. Islam, M. Anwarul ; Al - Hamad, Zaid ( 2007 ). `` The Dome of the Rock : origin of its octagonal plan ''. Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 139 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 128. doi : 10.1179 / 003103207x194145. Christoph Luxenberg : Neudeutung der arabischen Inschrift im Felsendom zu Jerusalem. In : Karl - Heinz Ohlig / Gerd - R. Puin ( Hg. ) : Die dunklen Anfänge. Neue Forschungen zur Entstehung und frühen Geschichte des Islam, Berlin ( Verlag Hans Schiler ) 2005, S. 124 -- 147. English version : `` A New Interpretation of the Arabic Inscription in Jerusalem 's Dome of the Rock ''. In : Karl - Heinz Ohlig / Gerd - R. Puin ( eds. ) : The Hidden Origins of Islam : New Research into Its Early History, Amherst, N.Y. ( Prometheus Books ) 2010 Vogüé, Melchior de ( 1864 ). Le Temple de Jérusalem : monographie du Haram - ech - Chérif, suivie d'un essai sur la topographie de la Ville - sainte ( in French ). Paris : Noblet & Baudry. Further reading Grabar, Oleg ( 2006 ). The Dome of the Rock. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Belknap Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02313 - 0. Flood, Finbarr B. ( 2000 ). `` The Ottoman windows in the Dome of the Rock and the Aqsa Mosque '' ( PDF ). In Auld, Sylvia ; Hillenbrand, Robert. Ottoman Jerusalem : The Living City : 1517 -- 1917. Volume 1. London : Altajir World of Islam Trust. pp. 431 -- 463. ISBN 978 - 1 - 901435 - 03 - 0. Kessler, Christel ( 1964 ). `` Above the ceiling of the outer ambulatory in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem ''. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland ( 3 / 4 ) : 83 -- 94. JSTOR 25202759. Kessler, Christel ( 1970 ). `` ' Abd Al - Malik 's inscription in the Dome of the Rock : a reconsideration ''. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1 ) : 2 -- 14. JSTOR 25203167. Richmond, Ernest Tatham ( 1924 ). The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem : A Description of its Structure and Decoration. Oxford : Clarendon Press. St. Laurent, Beatrice ( 1998 ). `` The Dome of the Rock and the politics of restoration ''. Bridgewater Review. 17 ( 2 ) : 14 -- 20. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dome of the Rock. `` Qubba al - Sakhra, Jerusalem ''. Archnet Digital Archive. Dome of the Rock Sacred sites The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem Masterpieces of Islamic Architecture Ochs, Christoph ( 2010 ). `` Dome of the Rock ''. Bibledex in Israel. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham. Allen, Terry ( 2014 ). `` The Marble Revetment of the Piers of the Dome of the Rock ''. Occidental, CA : Solipsist Press. Retrieved 26 March 2017. Temple Mount Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Fountain of Qasim Pasha Murabitat Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Walls Western Wall Little Western Wall Dung Gate Heritage Foundation Modesty guard Mughrabi Bridge Paratroopers at the Western Wall Placing notes Platoon of the Wall Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Western Stone Western Wall camera Wilson 's Arch Women for the Wall Western Wall Tunnel Other walls Eastern Wall Southern Wall Hall of Hewn Stones Temples Solomon 's Temple Second Temple Third Temple The Temple Institute Archaeological remnants Dome of the Rock Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountain of Qayt Bay Antiquities Foundation Stone Acra Antonia Fortress Birket Israel Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount Excavations Hasmonean Baris Minarets Monastery of the Virgins Pool of Raranj Ptolemaic Baris Robinson 's Arch Royal Stoa Solomon 's Stables Struthion Pool Temple Mount Sifting Project Gates Al - Mawazin Golden Gate Huldah Gates Warren 's Gate Conflicts Assassination of Abdullah I 1990 Temple Mount riots 2009 Temple Mount riots 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2017 Temple Mount shooting See also Status quo of Holy Land sites Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Islamic Museum Islamization Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement Entry restrictions Templum Domini Temple Denial Well of Souls Islamic structures on the Temple Mount Under the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf and the Sunni Islamic Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Mosque al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Marwani Prayer Hall Domes Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountains Fountain of Qasim Pasha Fountain of Qayt Bay Pool of Raranj Other structures Islamic Museum Al - Mawazin Minarets Minaret of Israel Bab al - Silsila Minaret Ghawanima Minaret al - Fakhariyya Minaret See also Islamization of the Temple Mount Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Old City of Jerusalem and its walls World Heritage Site by UNESCO Judaism ( Sephardic / Ashkenazi Chief Rabbis ) General Southern Wall Western Wall Western Wall Tunnel Little Western Wall Orthodox Hurva Synagogue Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue Ramban Synagogue Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue Other Ari Synagogue Four Sephardic Synagogues Ohr ha - Chaim Synagogue Tzuf Dvash Synagogue Areas Christian Quarter Muristan Muslim Quarter Armenian Quarter Jewish Quarter Temple Mount Gates 1. Jaffa 2. Zion 3. Dung 4. Golden 5. Lions 6. Herod 7. Damascus 8. New ( Double, Single, Tanners ' ) Al - Mawazin Surrounding roads : Hativat Yerushalayim HaTsanhanim Jaffa Road Jericho Ma'ale HaShalom Ofel Sultan Suleiman Christianity `` Status quo '' Church of the Holy Sepulchre Deir Es - Sultan Via Dolorosa See also : New Church of the Theotokos Catholic ( Custody of the Holy Land ) Latin ( Patriarch ) Chapel of Simon of Cyrene Monastery of the Flagellation Church of the Condemnation Church of the Flagellation Church of the Holy Family Church of Saint James Intercisus Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus Church of Saint Mary of the Germans Church of Saint Mary of the Latins Convent of the Sisters of Zion Church of Ecce Homo Monastery of Saint Saviour Church of Saint Anne Templum Domini Melkite Catholic ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of the Annunciation Armenian Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Spasm Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Church of Saint John the Baptist Oriental Orthodox Armenian Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of Saint James Church of the Holy Archangels Church of Saint Toros Syriac Orthodox Monastery of Saint Mark Protestant Anglican Christ Church Lutheran Church of the Redeemer Islam ( Sunni Islamic Grand Mufti ) Noble Sanctuary ( Waqf ) Al - Aqsa Mosque Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Marwani Mosque Other Al - Buraq Mosque Al - Yaqoubi Mosque Al - Khanqah al - Salahiyya Mosque Mosque of Omar Remnants or rebuilt buildings in italic ( governing authority in small ) Jerusalem portal Israel portal Palestine portal Judaism portal Christianity portal Islam portal VIAF : 134358038 GND : 4387050 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dome_of_the_Rock&oldid=837754710 '' Categories : Religious buildings with domes 691 7th - century religious buildings Arabic architecture Castles and fortifications of the Knights Templar Islamic architecture Islam in Jerusalem Octagonal buildings Shrines in Jerusalem Temple Mount Tiling Umayyad architecture 690s establishments Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from July 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles needing the year an event occurred from September 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Ladino Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 文言 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018, at 20 : 55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: when was the dome of the rock completed
Answer: 691 CE; in 691 CE