Epistle to the Galatians - wikipedia Epistle to the Galatians Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship Paul the Apostle Related literature Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle to the Galatians, often shortened to Galatians, is the ninth book of the New Testament. It is a letter from Paul the Apostle to a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia. Scholars have suggested that this is either the Roman province of Galatia in southern Anatolia, or a large region defined by an ethnic group of Celtic people in central Anatolia. Paul is principally concerned with the controversy surrounding Gentile Christians and the Mosaic Law during the Apostolic Age. Paul argues that the Gentile Galatians do not need to adhere to the tenets of the Mosaic Law, particularly circumcision, by contextualizing the role of the law in light of the revelation of Christ. Galatians has exerted enormous influence on the history of Christianity, the development of Christian theology, and the study of the apostle Paul. Contents 1 Composition 1.1 Authenticity 1.2 Galatia 1.2. 1 North Galatian view 1.2. 2 South Galatian view 1.2. 3 Earliest epistle 2 Outline 3 Contents 4 Significance 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Composition No original of the letter is known to survive. The earliest reasonably complete version available to scholars today, named P, dates to approximately the year 200 AD, approximately 150 years after the original was presumably drafted. This papyrus is fragmented in a few areas, causing some of the original text carefully preserved over the years to be missing, `` however, through careful research relating to paper construction, handwriting development, and the established principles of textual criticism, scholars can be rather certain about where these errors and changes appeared and what the original text probably said. '' Some scholars date the original composition to c. 50 -- 60 AD. Other scholars agree that Galatians was written between the late 40s and early 50s. Authenticity Main article : Authorship of the Pauline Epistles Biblical scholars agree that Galatians is a true example of Paul 's writing. The main arguments in favor of the authenticity of Galatians include its style and themes, which are common to the core letters of the Pauline corpus. Moreover, Paul 's possible description of the Council of Jerusalem ( Gal. 2 : 1 -- 10 ) gives a different point of view from the description in Acts 15 : 2 -- 29, if it is, in fact, describing the Jerusalem Council. The central dispute in the letter concerns the question of how Gentiles could convert to Christianity, which shows that this letter was written at a very early stage in church history, when the vast majority of Christians were Jewish or Jewish proselytes, which historians refer to as the Jewish Christians. Another indicator that the letter is early is that there is no hint in the letter of a developed organization within the Christian community at large. This puts it during the lifetime of Paul himself. Nevertheless, a small number of scholars have questioned Paul 's authorship of Galatians, such as Bruno Bauer, Abraham Loman, C.H. Weisse and Frank R. McGuire. Galatia Paul 's letter is addressed `` to the churches of Galatia '' ( Galatians 1 : 2 ), but the location of these churches is a matter of debate. A minority of scholars have argued that the `` Galatia '' is an ethnic reference to a Celtic people living in northern Asia Minor, but most agree that it is a geographical reference to the Roman province in central Asia Minor, which had been settled by immigrant Celts in the 270s BC and retained Gaulish features of culture and language in Paul 's day. Acts of the Apostles records Paul traveling to the `` region of Galatia and Phrygia '', which lies immediately west of Galatia. Some claim the New Testament says that the churches of Galatia ( Antioch of Pisidia, Iconium, Lystra and Derbe ) were founded by Paul himself ( Acts 16 : 6 ; Galatians. 1 : 8 ; 4 : 13 ; 4 : 19 ). They seem to have been composed mainly of converts from paganism ( Galatians 4 : 8 ). After Paul 's departure, the churches were led astray from Paul 's trust / faith - centered teachings by individuals proposing `` another gospel '' ( which centered on salvation through the Mosaic law, so - called legalism ), whom Paul saw as preaching a `` different gospel '' from what Paul had taught ( Galatians 1 : 1 -- 9 ). The Galatians appear to have been receptive to the teaching of these newcomers, and the epistle is Paul 's response to what he sees as their willingness to turn from his teaching. The identity of these `` opponents '' is disputed. However, the majority of modern scholars view them as Jewish Christians, who taught that in order for converts to belong to the People of God, they must be subject to some or all of the Jewish Law, ( i.e. Judaizers ). The letter indicates controversy concerning circumcision, Sabbath observance, and the Mosaic Covenant. It would appear, from Paul 's response, that they cited the example of Abraham, who was circumcised as a mark of receiving the covenant blessings ( Genesis 17 ). They certainly appear to have questioned Paul 's authority as an apostle, perhaps appealing to the greater authority of the Jerusalem church governed by James ( brother of Jesus ). North Galatian view The North Galatian view holds that the epistle was written very soon after Paul 's second visit to Galatia ( Acts 18 : 23 ). In this view, the visit to Jerusalem, mentioned in Galatians 2 : 1 -- 10, is identical with that of Acts 15, which is spoken of as a thing of the past. Consequently, the epistle seems to have been written after the Council of Jerusalem. The similarity between this epistle and the epistle to the Romans has led to the conclusion that they were both written at roughly the same time, during Paul 's stay in Macedonia in roughly 56 -- 57. This third date takes the word `` quickly '' in Gal. 1 : 6 literally. John P. Meier suggests that Galatians was `` written in the middle or late 50s, only a few years after the Antiochene incident he narrates ''. Eminent Biblical scholar Helmut Koester also subscribes to the `` North Galatian Hypothesis ''. Koester points out that the cities of Galatia in the north consist of Ankyra, Pessinus, and Gordium ( of the Gordian Knot fame of Alexander the Great ). South Galatian view The South Galatian view holds that Paul wrote Galatians before or shortly after the First Jerusalem Council, probably on his way to it, and that it was written to churches he had presumably planted during either his time in Tarsus ( he would have traveled a short distance, since Tarsus is in Cilicia ) after his first visit to Jerusalem as a Christian, or during his first missionary journey, when he traveled throughout southern Galatia. If it was written to the believers in South Galatia, it would likely have been written in 49. Earliest epistle A third theory is that Galatians 2 : 1 -- 10 describes Paul and Barnabas ' visit to Jerusalem described in Acts 11 : 30 and 12 : 25. This theory holds that the epistle was written before the Council was convened, possibly making it the earliest of Paul 's epistles. According to this theory, the revelation mentioned ( Gal 2 : 2 ) corresponds with the prophecy of Agabus ( Acts 11 : 27 -- 28 ). This view holds that the private speaking about the gospel shared among the Gentiles precludes the Acts 15 visit, but fits perfectly with Acts 11. It further holds that continuing to remember the poor ( Gal. 2 : 10 ) fits with the purpose of the Acts 11 visit, but not Acts 15. In addition, the exclusion of any mention of the letter of Acts 15 is seen to indicate that such a letter did not yet exist, since Paul would have been likely to use it against the legalism confronted in Galatians. Finally, this view doubts Paul 's confrontation of Peter ( Gal. 2 : 11 ) would have been necessary after the events described in Acts 15. If this view is correct, the epistle should be dated somewhere around 47, depending on other difficult to date events, such as Paul 's conversion. Kirsopp Lake found this view less likely and wondered why it would be necessary for the Jerusalem Council ( Acts 15 ) to take place at all if the issue were settled in Acts 11 : 30 / 12 : 25, as this view holds. Defenders of the view do not think it unlikely an issue of such magnitude would need to be discussed more than once. Renowned New Testament scholar J.B. Lightfoot also objected to this view since it `` clearly implies that his ( Paul 's ) Apostolic office and labours were well known and recognized before this conference. '' Defenders of this view, such as Ronald Fung, disagree with both parts of Lightfoot 's statement, insisting a ) Paul received his `` Apostolic Office '' at his conversion ( Gal. 1 : 15 -- 17 ; Ac. 9 ). Fung holds, then, that Paul 's apostolic mission began almost immediately in Damascus ( Acts 9 : 20 ). While accepting that Paul 's apostolic anointing was likely only recognized by the Apostles in Jerusalem during the events described in Gal. 2 / Acts 11 : 30, Fung does not see this as a problem for this theory. Outline Valentin de Boulogne 's depiction of `` Saint Paul Writing His Epistles '', 16th century ( Blaffer Foundation Collection, Houston, Texas ). Lightfoot notes with respect to verse 6 : 11 that at this point `` the apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand ''. The citation here is based on the content of the gospel. Alternative outlines have been introduced based on the rhetorical form of the letter. Galatians Salutation ( 1 : 1 -- 5 ) No other gospel : Paul expresses displeasure that the community has turned from the gospel ( 1 : 6 -- 10 ) The past of Paul, including his life in Judaism ( 1 : 13 -- 14 ), his `` apocalypse '' from God, often understood as the Conversion of Paul ( 1 : 15 -- 16 ), and his early ministry ( 1 : 17 -- 24 ) a meeting with the `` pillar apostles '' in Jerusalem, possibly the Council of Jerusalem reported in Acts 15 ( 2 : 1 -- 10 ) The Paul / Cephas Incident at Antioch, where Cephas backed down from his previous table fellowship with Gentiles ( 2 : 11 -- 14 ) Paul 's speech expressing that Jews, like Gentiles, are declared righteous by faith ( 2 : 15 -- 21 ) A Consideration of Law or Faith ( 3 : 1 -- 14 ) Law and Promise ( 3 : 15 -- 20 ) Slaves and Sons ( 3 : 21 -- 4 : 7 ) Sons of God ( 3 : 26 ) Concern for the Galatians ( 4 : 8 -- 20 ) Allegorical Interpretation of Hagar and Sarah ( 4 : 21 -- 5 : 1 ) Christian Freedom ( 5 : 1 -- 15 ) Love thy neighbour ( 5 : 14 ) Fruit of the Spirit ( 5 : 16 -- 26 ) The Law of Christ ( 6 : 1 -- 10 ) Final Warning and Benediction ( 6 : 11 -- 18 ) Contents See also : Biblical law in Christianity This epistle addresses the question of whether the Gentiles in Galatia were obligated to follow Mosaic Law to be part of the Christ community. After an introductory address ( Galatians 1 : 1 -- 10 ), the apostle discusses the subjects which had occasioned the epistle. In the first two chapters, Paul discusses his life before Christ and his early ministry, including interactions with other apostles in Jerusalem. This is the most extended discussion of Paul 's past that we find in the Pauline letters ( cf. Philippians 3 : 1 -- 7 ). Some have read this autobiographical narrative as Paul 's defense of his apostolic authority ( 1 : 11 -- 19 ; 2 : 1 -- 14 ). Others, however, see Paul 's telling of the narrative as making an argument to the Galatians about the nature of the gospel and the Galatians ' own situation. Chapter 3 exhorts the Galatian believers to stand fast in the faith as it is in Jesus. Paul engages in an exegetical argument, drawing upon the figure of Abraham and the priority of his faith to the covenant of circumcision. Paul explains that the law was introduced as a temporary measure, one that is no longer efficacious now that the seed of Abraham, Christ, has come. Chapter 4 then concludes with a summary of the topics discussed and with the benediction, followed by 5 : 1 -- 6 : 10 teaching about the right use of their Christian freedom. In the conclusion of the epistle, Paul wrote, `` See with what large letters I am writing to you with my own hand. '' ( Galatians 6 : 11, ESV ) Regarding this conclusion, Lightfoot, in his Commentary on the epistle, says : `` At this point the apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name ( 2Thessalonians 2 : 2 ; 2Thessalonians 3 : 17 ) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters ( Gr. pelikois grammasin ), that his hand - writing may reflect the energy and determination of his soul. '' Alternatively, some commentators have postulated that Paul 's thorn in the flesh was poor eyesight, which caused him to write in characteristically large letters. Galatians also contains a catalogue of vices and virtues, a popular formulation of ancient Christian ethics. Probably the most famous single statement made in the Epistle, by Paul, is in chapter 3, verse 28 : `` There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. '' The debate surrounding that verse is legend and the two schools of thought are ( 1 ) this only applies to the spiritual standing of people in the eyes of God, it does not implicate social distinctions and gender roles on earth ; and ( 2 ) this is not just about our spiritual standing but is also very much about how we relate to each other and treat each other in the here and now. Position ( 1 ) emphasises the immediate context of the verse and notes that it is embedded in a discussion about justification : our relationship with God. Position ( 2 ) reminds its critics that the `` whole letter context '' is very much about how people got on in the here and now together, and in fact the discussion about justification came out of an actual example of people treating other people differently ( 2 : 11ff ). Significance As Canadian religious historian, Barrie Wilson, points out in How Jesus Became Christian, Paul 's Letter to the Galatians represents a sweeping rejection of Jewish Law ( Torah ). In so doing Paul clearly takes his Christ movement out of the orbit of Judaism and into an entirely different milieu. Paul 's stance constitutes a major contrast to the position of James, brother of Jesus, whose group in Jerusalem adhered to the observance of Torah. Many scholars question whether Paul 's view dovetails with Jesus ' own teachings concerning the Law. See also Paul the Apostle and Judaism Prayer of St. John Gabriel Perboyre to Jesus Textual variants in the Epistle to the Galatians References ^ Jump up to : Betz, H.D. ( 1993 ). `` Galatians, Epistle to the ''. Yale Anchor Bible Dictionary. Jump up ^ Riches, John ( 2008 ). Galatians Through the Centuries. West Sussex, UK : Wiley - Blackwell. Jump up ^ Ehrman, Bart ( 2005 ) Misquoting Jesus : The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why, Harper SanFrancisco. ISBN 0 - 06 - 073817 - 0. p. 60. Jump up ^ Metzger, Bruce M., A Textual Commentary on the New Testament, 2nd ed., United Bible Societies, 1994. 1 -- 16. ISBN 3 - 438 - 06010 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Early Christian Writings ''. Jump up ^ M. Coogan, ed. The New Oxford Annotated Bible ( Oxford University Press : New York, 2001 ), 309 NT. ^ Jump up to : Holladay, Carl R. ( 2005 ). A Critical Introduction to the New Testament. Nashville, TN : Abingdon Press. pp. 463 -- 66. Jump up ^ Longenecker, Richard ( 1990 ). Galatians. Zondervan. p. lviii. Jump up ^ Acts 16 : 6 and Acts 18 : 23 Jump up ^ Craig Evans, The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary ( Colorado Springs, CO : Victor 2004 ), 2 : 462, Acts 20 : 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Craig Evans, The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary ( Colorado Springs, CO : Victor 2004 ), 2 : 462. Jump up ^ Brown, Raymond E. and Meier, John P. Antioch & Rome : New Testament Cradles of Catholic Christianity ( Paulist Press : New York, 1983 ) 113. Jump up ^ Koester, Helmut, Introduction to the New Testament, Volume 2 ( Walter de Gruyter & Co. : Berlin, 2000 ) 114. ( Jump up ^ Acts 9 : 30 Jump up ^ Craig Evans, The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary ( Colorado Springs, CO : Victor 2004 ), 2 : 462. Jump up ^ Ronald Y.K. Fung, The Epistle to the Galatians ( Grand Rapids, MI : Eerdman 's Press, 1988 ), 16 -- 22. See also New Testament Study Helps : Galatians Theology WebSite Jump up ^ Ronald Y.K. Fung, The Epistle to the Galatians ( Grand Rapids, MI : Eerdman 's Press, 1988 ), 19. Jump up ^ Ronald Y.K. Fung, The Epistle to the Galatians ( Grand Rapids, MI : Eerdman 's Press, 1988 ), 19. Jump up ^ Kirsopp Lake, The Beginnings of Christianity, vol 5. ed F.J. Foakes - Jackson and K. Lake ( London : 1920 -- 33 ), 201. Jump up ^ I.H. Marshall, The Acts of the Apostles ( Tyndale New Testament Commentaries ; Grand Rapids, 1980 ), 205. ^ Jump up to : Ronald Y.K. Fung, The Epistle to the Galatians ( Grand Rapids, MI : Eerdman 's Press, 1988 ), 19 Jump up ^ Lightfoot continues, `` From the time when letters began to be forged in his name ( 2 Thessalonians 2 : 2 ; 2 Thessalonians 3 : 17 ) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters ( Gr. pelikois grammasin ), that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul. '' Joseph Barber Lightfoot, Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians. Jump up ^ Betz, H.D. ( 1993 ). `` Paul ''. Yale Anchor Bible Dictionary. Jump up ^ Holladay, Carl R. ( 2005 ). A Critical Introduction to the New Testament. Nashville, TN : Abingdon Press. pp. 466 -- 67. Jump up ^ John M.G. Barclay, `` Paul 's Story : Theology as Testimony, '' in Narrative Dynamics in Paul ( Louisville London : Westminster John Knox, 2002 ), 133 -- 56. Jump up ^ Lightfoot, J.B. 1865. St. Paul 's Epistle to the Galatians. Cambridge : Macmillan. pp. 211 -- 12 Jump up ^ Galatians, Tyndale New Testament Commentary, revised edition, p. 233. Jump up ^ Pate, C. Marvin ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ). The Reverse of the Curse : Paul, Wisdom, and the Law. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161472862. Jump up ^ For an overview of the two theories see Jim Reiher, `` Galatians 3 : 28 : liberating for women, or of limited application ? '' Expository Times. ( 123.6 ) pp. 272 -- 77. March 2012. Reiher comes down on the side of position ( 2 ). Jump up ^ For an overview of the two theories see Jim Reiher, `` Galatians 3 : 28 : liberating for women, or Asof limited application ? '' Expository Times. ( 123.6 ) pp. 272 -- 77. March 2012. Reiher comes down on the side of position ( 2 ). Jump up ^ Barrie Wilson. How Jesus Became Christian. New York : St. Martin 's Press, 2008. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton, Matthew George ( 1897 ). `` Galatians, Epistle to the ''. Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed. ). T. Nelson and Sons. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Galatians Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle to the Galatians Online translations of the Epistle to Galatians : Bible Gateway 35 languages / 50 versions at GospelCom.net Unbound Bible 100 + languages / versions at Biola University Galatians -- King James Bible Online Bible at GospelHall.org Galatians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related articles : A Brief Introduction to Galatians Galatians, Paul, The Torah - Law & Legalism John Chrysostom 's Commentary on Galatians An alternative commentary on Galatians A Secular Site on Galatians Jewish messianic Commentary on Galatians ( Jerusalem ) Epistle to the Galatians Pauline Epistle Preceded by Second Corinthians New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Ephesians Epistle to the Galatians Bible Galatians 1 5 6 Bible portal Places Antioch Arabia Cilicia Damascus Galatia Jerusalem Judea Syria Persons Abraham Barnabas Hagar Isaac James Jesus Christ John Paul Peter / Cephas Sarah Titus Phrases Fruit of the Holy Spirit Incident at Antioch Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Second Epistle to the Corinthians ( chapter 13 ) Epistle to the Ephesians ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 177784291 GND : 4075945 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&oldid=818720366 '' Categories : Epistle to the Galatians Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Pages with numeric Bible version references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton 's Bible Dictionary Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018, at 05 : 13. 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Question: who is the book of galatians written to
Answer: a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia; a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia; a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia; the churches of Galatia; a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia