Speedometer - Wikipedia Speedometer An animation of an electronic Aston Martin speedometer 's self - test routine, showing how an analogue speedometer needle may indicate the vehicle 's speed. A Ford speedometer A modern Toyota Corolla Speedometer Dashboard_Speedometers of a jeep A speedometer or a speed meter is a gauge that measures and displays the instantaneous speed of a vehicle. Now universally fitted to motor vehicles, they started to be available as options in the 1900s, and as standard equipment from about 1910 onwards. Speedometers for other vehicles have specific names and use other means of sensing speed. For a boat, this is a pit log. For an aircraft, this is an airspeed indicator. Charles Babbage is credited with creating an early type of a speedometer, which were usually fitted to locomotives. The electric speedometer was invented by the Croatian Josip Belušić in 1888, and was originally called a velocimeter. Contents 1 Operation 1.1 Electronic 1.1. 1 Bicycle speedometers 2 Error 2.1 International agreements 2.2 Australia 2.3 United Kingdom 2.4 United States 3 Regulation in the US 4 GPS 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Operation Originally patented by Otto Schultze on October 7, 1902, it uses a rotating flexible cable usually driven by gearing linked to the output of the vehicle 's transmission. The early Volkswagen Beetle and many motorcycles, however, use a cable driven from a front wheel. When the vehicle is in motion, a speedometer gear assembly turns a speedometer cable, which then turns the speedometer mechanism itself. A small permanent magnet affixed to the speedometer cable interacts with a small aluminum cup ( called a speedcup ) attached to the shaft of the pointer on the analogue speedometer instrument. As the magnet rotates near the cup, the changing magnetic field produces eddy currents in the cup, which themselves produce another magnetic field. The effect is that the magnet exerts a torque on the cup, `` dragging '' it, and thus the speedometer pointer, in the direction of its rotation with no mechanical connection between them. The pointer shaft is held toward zero by a fine torsion spring. The torque on the cup increases with the speed of rotation of the magnet. Thus an increase in the speed of the car will twist the cup and speedometer pointer against the spring. The cup and pointer will turn until the torque of the eddy currents on the cup is balanced by the opposing torque of the spring, and then stop. Given the torque on the cup is proportional to the car 's speed, and the spring 's deflection is proportional to the torque, the angle of the pointer is also proportional to the speed, so that equally spaced markers on the dial can be used for gaps in speed. At a given speed the pointer will remain motionless and pointing to the appropriate number on the speedometer 's dial. The return spring is calibrated such that a given revolution speed of the cable corresponds to a specific speed indication on the speedometer. This calibration must take into account several factors, including ratios of the tailshaft gears that drive the flexible cable, the final drive ratio in the differential, and the diameter of the driven tires. One of the key disadvantages of the eddy current speedometer is that it can not show the vehicle speed when running in reverse gear since the cup would turn in the opposite direction - in this scenario the needle would be driven against its mechanical stop pin on the zero position. Electronic See also : Vehicle speed sensor Many modern speedometers are electronic. In designs derived from earlier eddy - current models, a rotation sensor mounted in the transmission delivers a series of electronic pulses whose frequency corresponds to the ( average ) rotational speed of the driveshaft, and therefore the vehicle 's speed, assuming the wheels have full traction. The sensor is typically a set of one or more magnets mounted on the output shaft or ( in transaxles ) differential crownwheel, or a toothed metal disk positioned between a magnet and a magnetic field sensor. As the part in question turns, the magnets or teeth pass beneath the sensor, each time producing a pulse in the sensor as they affect the strength of the magnetic field it is measuring. Alternatively, in more recent designs, some manufactures rely on pulses coming from the ABS wheel sensors. Most modern electronic speedometers have the additional ability over the eddy current type to show the vehicle speed when moving in reverse gear. A computer converts the pulses to a speed and displays this speed on an electronically controlled, analog - style needle or a digital display. Pulse information is also used for a variety of other purposes by the ECU or full - vehicle control system, e.g. triggering ABS or traction control, calculating average trip speed, or to increment the odometer in place of it being turned directly by the speedometer cable. Another early form of electronic speedometer relies upon the interaction between a precision watch mechanism and a mechanical pulsator driven by the car 's wheel or transmission. The watch mechanism endeavors to push the speedometer pointer toward zero, while the vehicle - driven pulsator tries to push it toward infinity. The position of the speedometer pointer reflects the relative magnitudes of the outputs of the two mechanisms. Bicycle speedometers Main article : Cyclocomputer Typical bicycle speedometers measure the time between each wheel revolution, and give a readout on a small, handlebar - mounted digital display. The sensor is mounted on the bike at a fixed location, pulsing when the spoke - mounted magnet passes by. In this way, it is analogous to an electronic car speedometer using pulses from an ABS sensor, but with a much cruder time / distance resolution - typically one pulse / display update per revolution, or as seldom as once every 2 -- 3 seconds at low speed with a 26 - inch ( 2.07 m circumference, without tire ) wheel. However, this is rarely a critical problem, and the system provides frequent updates at higher road speeds where the information is of more importance. The low pulse frequency also has little impact on measurement accuracy, as these digital devices can be programmed by wheel size, or additionally by wheel or tire circumference in order to make distance measurements more accurate and precise than a typical motor vehicle gauge. However these devices carry some minor disadvantage in requiring power from batteries that must be replaced every so often in the receiver ( AND sensor, for wireless models ), and, in wired models, the signal being carried by a thin cable that is much less robust than that used for brakes, gears, or cabled speedometers. Other, usually older bicycle speedometers are cable driven from one or other wheel, as in the motorcycle speedometers described above. These do not require battery power, but can be relatively bulky and heavy, and may be less accurate. The turning force at the wheel may be provided either from a gearing system at the hub ( making use of the presence of e.g. a hub brake, cylinder gear or dynamo ) as per a typical motorcycle, or with a friction wheel device that pushes against the outer edge of the rim ( same position as rim brakes, but on the opposite edge of the fork ) or the sidewall of the tyre itself. The former type are quite reliable and low maintenance but need a gauge and hub gearing properly matched to the rim and tyre size, whereas the latter require little or no calibration for a moderately accurate readout ( with standard tyres, the `` distance '' covered in each wheel rotation by a friction wheel set against the rim should scale fairly linearly with wheel size, almost as if it were rolling along the ground itself ) but are unsuitable for off - road use, and must be kept properly tensioned and clean of road dirt to avoid slipping or jamming. Error Most speedometers have tolerances of some ± 10 %, mainly due to variations in tire diameter. Sources of error due to tire diameter variations are wear, temperature, pressure, vehicle load, and nominal tire size. Vehicle manufacturers usually calibrate speedometers to read high by an amount equal to the average error, to ensure that their speedometers never indicate a lower speed than the actual speed of the vehicle, to ensure they are not liable for drivers violating speed limits. Excessive speedometer error after manufacture can come from several causes but most commonly is due to nonstandard tire diameter, in which case the error is Percentage error = 100 × ( 1 − new diameter / standard diameter ) ( displaystyle ( mbox ( Percentage error ) ) = 100 \times ( 1 - ( mbox ( new diameter ) ) / ( mbox ( standard diameter ) ) ) ) Nearly all tires now have their size shown as `` T / A_W '' on the side of the tire ( See : Tire code ), and the tire 's Diameter in millimetres = 2 × T × A / 100 + W × 25.4 ( displaystyle ( mbox ( Diameter in millimetres ) ) = 2 \times T \times A / 100 + W \times 25.4 ) Diameter in inches = T × A / 1270 + W ( displaystyle ( mbox ( Diameter in inches ) ) = T \times A / 1270 + W ) For example, a standard tire is `` 185 / 70R14 '' with diameter = 2 * 185 * ( 70 / 100 ) + ( 14 * 25.4 ) = 614.6 mm ( 185x70 / 1270 + 14 = 24.20 in ). Another is `` 195 / 50R15 '' with 2 * 195 * ( 50 / 100 ) + ( 15 * 25.4 ) = 576.0 mm ( 195x50 / 1270 + 15 = 22.68 in ). Replacing the first tire ( and wheels ) with the second ( on 15 '' = 381 mm wheels ), a speedometer reads 100 * ( 1 - ( 576 / 614.6 ) ) = 100 * ( 1 - 22.68 / 24.20 ) = 6.28 % higher than the actual speed. At an actual speed of 100 km / h ( 60 mph ), the speedometer will indicate 100 x 1.0628 = 106.28 km / h ( 60 * 1.0628 = 63.77 mph ), approximately. In the case of wear, a new `` 185 / 70R14 '' tyre of 620 mm ( 24.4 inch ) diameter will have ~ 8 mm tread depth, at legal limit this reduces to 1.6 mm, the difference being 12.8 mm in diameter or 0.5 inches which is 2 % in 620 mm ( 24.4 inches ). International agreements In many countries the legislated error in speedometer readings is ultimately governed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ( UNECE ) Regulation 39, which covers those aspects of vehicle type approval that relate to speedometers. The main purpose of the UNECE regulations is to facilitate trade in motor vehicles by agreeing uniform type approval standards rather than requiring a vehicle model to undergo different approval processes in each country where it is sold. European Union member states must also grant type approval to vehicles meeting similar EU standards. The ones covering speedometers are similar to the UNECE regulation in that they specify that : The indicated speed must never be less than the actual speed, i.e. it should not be possible to inadvertently speed because of an incorrect speedometer reading. The indicated speed must not be more than 110 percent of the true speed plus 4 km / h at specified test speeds. For example, at 80 km / h, the indicated speed must be no more than 92 km / h. The standards specify both the limits on accuracy and many of the details of how it should be measured during the approvals process, for example that the test measurements should be made ( for most vehicles ) at 40, 80 and 120 km / h, and at a particular ambient temperature and road surface. There are slight differences between the different standards, for example in the minimum accuracy of the equipment measuring the true speed of the vehicle. The UNECE regulation relaxes the requirements for vehicles mass - produced following type approval. At Conformity of Production Audits the upper limit on indicated speed is increased to 110 percent plus 6 km / h for cars, buses, trucks and similar vehicles, and 110 percent plus 8 km / h for two - or three - wheeled vehicles that have a maximum speed above 50 km / h ( or a cylinder capacity, if powered by a heat engine, of more than 50 cm3 ). European Union Directive 2000 / 7 / EC, which relates to two - and three - wheeled vehicles, provides similar slightly relaxed limits in production. Australia There were no Australian Design Rules in place for speedometers in Australia prior to July 1988. They had to be introduced when speed cameras were first used. This means there are no legally accurate speedometers for these older vehicles. All vehicles manufactured on or after 1 July 2007, and all models of vehicle introduced on or after 1 July 2006, must conform to UNECE Regulation 39. The speedometers in vehicles manufactured before these dates but after 1 July 1995 ( or 1 January 1995 for forward control passenger vehicles and off - road passenger vehicles ) must conform to the previous Australian design rule. This specifies that they need only display the speed to an accuracy of + / - 10 % at speeds above 40 km / h, and there is no specified accuracy at all for speeds below 40 km / h. All vehicles manufactured in Australia or imported for supply to the Australian market must comply with the Australian Design Rules. The state and territory governments may set policies for the tolerance of speed over the posted speed limits that may be lower than the 10 % in the earlier versions of the Australian Design Rules permitted, such as in Victoria. This has caused some controversy since it would be possible for a driver to be unaware that he is speeding should his vehicle be fitted with an under - reading speedometer. United kingdom A speedometer showing mph and km / h along with an odometer and a separate `` trip '' odometer ( both showing distance traveled in miles ). The amended Road Vehicles ( Construction and Use ) Regulations 1986 permits the use of speedometers that meet either the requirements of EC Council Directive 75 / 443 ( as amended by Directive 97 / 39 ) or UNECE Regulation 39. The Motor Vehicles ( Approval ) Regulations 2001 permits single vehicles to be approved. As with the UNECE regulation and the EC Directives, the speedometer must never show an indicated speed less than the actual speed. However it differs slightly from them in specifying that for all actual speeds between 25 mph and 70 mph ( or the vehicles ' maximum speed if it is lower than this ), the indicated speed must not exceed 110 % of the actual speed, plus 6.25 mph. For example, if the vehicle is actually travelling at 50 mph, the speedometer must not show more than 61.25 mph or less than 50 mph. United states Federal standards in the United States allow a maximum 5 mph error at a speed of 50 mph on speedometer readings for commercial vehicles. Aftermarket modifications, such as different tire and wheel sizes or different differential gearing, can cause speedometer inaccuracy. This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( June 2017 ) Regulation in the us On September 1, 1979 the NHTSA required speedometers to have special emphasis on 55 mph and display no more than a maximum speed of 85 mph. On March 25, 1982 the NHTSA revoked the rule because no `` significant safety benefits '' could come from maintaining the standard. GPS This section 's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Speedometer. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. ( September 2015 ) Main article : Automotive navigation system GPS devices are positional speedometers, based on how far the receiver has moved since the last measurement. Its speed calculations are not subject to the same sources of error as the vehicle 's speedometer ( wheel size, transmission / drive ratios ). Instead, the GPS 's positional accuracy, and therefore the accuracy of its calculated speed, is dependent on the satellite signal quality at the time. Speed calculations will be more accurate at higher speeds, when the ratio of positional error to positional change is lower. The GPS software may also use a moving average calculation to reduce error. Some GPS devices do not take into account the vertical position of the car so will under report the speed by the road 's gradient. As mentioned in the satnav article, GPS data has been used to overturn a speeding ticket ; the GPS logs showed the defendant traveling below the speed limit when they were ticketed. That the data came from a GPS device was likely less important than the fact that it was logged ; logs from the vehicle 's speedometer could likely have been used instead, had they existed. See also GM Instrument Cluster Settlement Hubometer List of vehicle instruments Taximeter References ^ Jump up to : Harris, William ( 10 July 2007 ). `` How Speedometers Work ''. How stuff works. Retrieved 30 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Charles Babbage and the Difference Engine - NewMyths.com ''. google.com. Retrieved 30 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Udini → Flow ''. proquest.com. Retrieved 30 January 2015. Jump up ^ Sobey, Ed ( 2009 ). A Field Guide to Automotive Technology. Chicago Review Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781556528125. Retrieved 30 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Speedometer ''. Siemens. 26 April 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` UNECE Transport Division - Vehicle Regulations - Addenda to 1958 agreement - Regulations 21 - 40 ''. UN Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved 30 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Regulation No 39 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations ( UN / ECE ) -- Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to the speedometer equipment including its installation ''. European Commission. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08. Jump up ^ `` Commission Directive 97 / 39 / EC of 24 June 1997 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 75 / 443 / EEC of 26 June 1975 relating to the reverse and speedometer equipment of motor vehicles ''. European Commission. Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Directive 2000 / 7 / EC - speedometers for two - or three - wheel motor vehicles ''. European Commission. Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Australian Design Rule 18 / 03 - Instrumentation '' ( PDF ). Road Vehicle Certification System. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Australian Design Rule 18 / 02 - Instrumentation ''. Commonwealth of Australia Law. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14. Jump up ^ Leslie Felix ( 2004 ). `` Vehicle Speed Measurement II ''. National Motorists Association Australia. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14. Jump up ^ `` 3.6 Accuracy of speedometers ''. Victoria Road Safety Committee, Inquiry Into the Demerit Points Scheme. November 1994. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Speedometer Accuracy ''. Written Answers, Hansard ( UK Parliament proceedings ) Monday, 12th March 2001. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07. Jump up ^ `` The Motor Vehicles ( Approval ) Regulations 2001 : Schedule 3 ''. Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19. Jump up ^ `` eCFR -- Code of Federal Regulations ''. gpoaccess.gov. Retrieved 30 January 2015. Jump up ^ http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr1705.pdf External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Speedometer ( category ) Look up speedometer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 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pressure monitoring system Torque sensor Transmission fluid temperature sensor Turbine speed sensor Variable reluctance sensor Vehicle speed sensor Water sensor Wheel speed sensor Chemical Breathalyzer Carbon dioxide sensor Carbon monoxide detector Catalytic bead sensor Chemical field - effect transistor Electrochemical gas sensor Electrolyte -- insulator -- semiconductor sensor Electronic nose Fluorescent chloride sensors Holographic sensor Hydrocarbon dew point analyzer Hydrogen sensor Hydrogen sulfide sensor Infrared point sensor Ion selective electrode Microwave chemistry sensor Nitrogen oxide sensor Nondispersive infrared sensor Olfactometer Optode Oxygen sensor Pellistor pH glass electrode Potentiometric sensor Redox electrode Smoke detector Zinc oxide nanorod sensor Electric, magnetic, radio Current sensor Electroscope Galvanometer Hall effect sensor Hall probe Magnetic anomaly detector Magnetometer MEMS magnetic field sensor Metal detector Planar Hall sensor Radio direction finder Test light Environment, weather, moisture Actinometer Bedwetting alarm Ceilometer Dew warning Electrochemical gas sensor Fish counter Frequency domain sensor Gas detector Hook gauge evaporimeter Humistor Hygrometer Leaf sensor Psychrometer Pyranometer Pyrgeometer Rain gauge Rain sensor SNOTEL Snow gauge Soil moisture sensor Stream gauge Tide gauge Weather radar Flow, fluid velocity Air flow meter Anemometer Flow sensor Gas meter Mass flow sensor Water metering Ionising radiation, subatomic particles Bubble chamber Cloud chamber Geiger -- Müller tube Geiger counter Ionization chamber Neutron detection Particle detector Proportional counter Scintillation counter Semiconductor detector Scintillator Thermoluminescent dosimeter Wire chamber Navigation instruments Airspeed indicator Machmeter Altimeter Attitude indicator Depth gauge Fluxgate compass Gyroscope Inertial navigation system Inertial reference unit Magnetic compass MHD sensor Ring laser gyroscope Turn coordinator Variometer Vibrating structure gyroscope Yaw - rate sensor Position, angle, displacement Accelerometer Angular rate sensor Auxanometer Capacitive displacement sensor Capacitive sensing Gravimeter Inclinometer Integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor Laser rangefinder Laser surface velocimeter Lidar Linear encoder Linear variable differential transformer Liquid capacitive inclinometers Odometer Photoelectric sensor Piezoelectric accelerometer Position sensor Rotary encoder Rotary variable differential transformer Selsyn Sudden Motion Sensor Tachometer Tilt sensor Ultrasonic thickness gauge Variable reluctance sensor Velocity receiver Optical, light, imaging Charge - coupled device Contact image sensor Electro - optical sensor Flame detector Infrared Kinetic inductance detector LED as light sensor Light - addressable potentiometric sensor Nichols radiometer Optical fiber Photodetector Photodiode Photoelectric sensor Photoionization detector Photomultiplier Photoresistor Photoswitch Phototransistor Phototube Position sensitive device Scintillometer Shack -- Hartmann wavefront sensor Single - 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Question: what type of speed does a speedometer measure
Answer: the instantaneous speed of a vehicle; instantaneous speed; the instantaneous speed of a vehicle; speed of a vehicle; the instantaneous speed of a vehicle