Moscow Kremlin - wikipedia Moscow Kremlin `` Kremlin '' redirects here. For the type of Russian fortress, see Kremlin ( fortification ). For other uses, see Kremlin ( disambiguation ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2017 ) Moscow Kremlin Native name Russian : Моско́вский Кремль View of the Kremlin from south - west, from Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge Location Moscow, Russia Coordinates 55 ° 45 ′ 6 '' N 37 ° 37 ′ 4 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 55.75167 ° N 37.61778 ° E ﻿ / 55.75167 ; 37.61778 Coordinates : 55 ° 45 ′ 6 '' N 37 ° 37 ′ 4 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 55.75167 ° N 37.61778 ° E ﻿ / 55.75167 ; 37.61778 Area 27.7 hectares ( 0.277 km ) Built 1482 -- 1495 UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name : Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow Type Cultural Criteria i, ii, iv, vi Designated 1990 ( 14th session ) Reference no. 545 State Party Russia Region Eastern Europe Location in Central Moscow The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian : Моско́вский Кремль, tr. Moskovskiy Kreml, IPA : ( mɐˈskofskjɪj krjemlj ) ), usually referred to as the Kremlin, is a fortified complex at the heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil 's Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and the Alexander Garden to the west. It is the best known of the kremlins ( Russian citadels ) and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. Also within this complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace that was formerly the tsar 's Moscow residence. The complex serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The name `` Kremlin '' means `` fortress inside a city '', and is often also used metonymically to refer to the government of the Russian Federation in a similar sense to how `` White House '' is used to refer to the Executive Office of the President of the United States. It had previously been used to refer to the government of the Soviet Union ( 1922 -- 1991 ) and its highest members ( such as general secretaries, premiers, presidents, ministers, and commissars ). The term `` Kremlinology '' refers to the study of Soviet and Russian politics. Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Seat of grand dukes 1.3 Residence of the tsars 1.4 Imperial period 1.5 Soviet period and beyond 1.5. 1 State Kremlin Palace 2 Buildings 2.1 Helipad 3 Moscow Metro 4 References 4.1 Specific 4.2 Bibliography 5 External links History Origin The site has been continuously inhabited by Finno - Ugric peoples since the 2nd century BC. The Slavs occupied the south - western portion of Borovitsky Hill as early as the 11th century, as evidenced by a metropolitan seal from the 1090s which was unearthed by Soviet archaeologists in the area. Vyatichi built a fortified structure ( or `` grad '' ) on the hill where the Neglinnaya River flowed into the Moskva River. Up to the 14th century, the site was known as the ' grad of Moscow '. The word `` Kremlin '' was first recorded in 1331 ( though etymologist Max Vasmer mentions an earlier appearance in 1320 ). The grad was greatly extended by Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy in 1156, destroyed by the Mongols in 1237 and rebuilt in oak in 1339. Seat of Grand dukes Dmitri Donskoi replaced the oak walls with a strong citadel of white limestone in 1366 -- 1368 on the basic foundations of the current walls ; this fortification withstood a siege by Khan Tokhtamysh. Dmitri 's son Vasily I resumed construction of churches and cloisters in the Kremlin. The newly built Cathedral of the Annunciation was painted by Theophanes the Greek, Andrei Rublev, and Prokhor in 1406. The Chudov Monastery was founded by Dmitri 's tutor, Metropolitan Alexis ; while his widow, Eudoxia, established the Ascension Convent in 1397. Residence of the tsars Tsar Cannon and Tsar Bell, two of the Kremlin 's visitor attractions Grand Prince Ivan III organised the deconstruction of the Kremlin, inviting a number of skilled architects from Renaissance Italy, including Petrus Antonius Solarius, who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and Marcus Ruffus who designed the new palace for the prince. It was during his reign that three extant cathedrals of the Kremlin, the Deposition Church, and the Palace of Facets were constructed. The highest building of the city and Muscovite Russia was the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, built in 1505 -- 08 and augmented to its present height in 1600. The Kremlin walls as they now appear were built between 1485 and 1495. Spasskie gates of the wall still bear a dedication in Latin praising Petrus Antonius Solarius for the design. After construction of the new kremlin walls and churches was complete, the monarch decreed that no structures should be built in the immediate vicinity of the citadel. The Kremlin was separated from the walled merchant town ( Kitay - gorod ) by a 30 - meter - wide moat, over which Saint Basil 's Cathedral was constructed during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The same tsar also renovated some of his grandfather 's palaces, added a new palace and cathedral for his sons, and endowed the Trinity metochion inside the Kremlin. The metochion was administrated by the Trinity Monastery and contained the graceful tower church of St. Sergius, which was described by foreigners as one of the finest in the country. During the Time of Troubles, the Kremlin was held by the Polish forces for two years, between 21 September 1610 and 26 October 1612. The Kremlin 's liberation by the volunteer army of prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin paved the way for the election of Mikhail Romanov as the new tsar. During his reign and that of his son Alexis and grandson Fyodor, the eleven - domed Upper Saviour Cathedral, Armorial Gate, Terem Palace, Amusement Palace and the palace of Patriarch Nikon were built. Following the death of Alexis 's son, Fyodor, and the Moscow Uprising of 1682, Czar Peter escaped with much difficulty from the Kremlin and as a result developed a dislike for it. Three decades later, Peter abandoned the residence of his forefathers for his new capital, Saint Petersburg. External images Graphic reconstruction of the Moscow fortress at the beginning of the 18th century Graphic reconstruction of the Moscow fortress at the beginning of the 19th century Imperial period Grand Kremlin Palace, commissioned 1838 by Czar Nicholas I, constructed 1839 - 49, today the official residence of the President of Russia Although still used for coronation ceremonies, the Kremlin was abandoned and neglected until 1773, when Catherine the Great engaged Vasili Bazhenov to build her new residence there. Bazhenov produced a bombastic Neoclassical design on a heroic scale, which involved the demolition of several churches and palaces, as well as a portion of the Kremlin wall. After the preparations were over, construction was delayed due to lack of funds. Several years later the architect Matvey Kazakov supervised the reconstruction of the dismantled sections of the wall and of some structures of the Chudov Monastery, and built the spacious and luxurious Offices of the Senate, since adapted for use as the principal workplace of the President of Russia. During the Imperial period, from the early 18th and until the late 19th century, the Kremlin walls were traditionally painted white, in accordance with fashion. French forces occupied the Kremlin from 2 September to 11 October 1812, following the French invasion of Russia. When Napoleon retreated from Moscow, he ordered the whole Kremlin to be blown up. The Kremlin Arsenal, several portions of the Kremlin Wall and several wall towers were destroyed by explosions and the Faceted Chamber and other churches were damaged by fire. Explosions continued for three days, from 21 to 23 October 1812. However, rain damaged the fuses, and the damage was less severe than intended. Restoration works were undertaken in 1816 -- 19, supervised by Osip Bove. During the remainder of the reign of Alexander I, several ancient structures were renovated in a fanciful neo-Gothic style, but many others having been condemned as `` disused '' or `` dilapidated '', including all the buildings of the Trinity metochion, and were torn down. On visiting Moscow for his coronation festivities, Czar Nicholas I was not satisfied with the Grand Palace ( alias Winter Palace ), which had been erected in the 1750s to the design of Francesco Rastrelli. The elaborate Baroque structure was demolished, as was the nearby church of St. John the Precursor, built by Aloisio the New in 1508 in place of the first church constructed in Moscow. The architect Konstantin Thon was commissioned to replace them with the Grand Kremlin Palace, which was to rival the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in its dimensions and in the opulence of its interiors. The palace was constructed in 1839 -- 49, followed by the re-building of the Kremlin Armoury in 1851. After 1851 the Kremlin changed little until the Russian Revolution of 1917 ; the only new features added during this period were the Monument to Alexander II and a stone cross marking the spot where in 1905 Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia was assassinated by Ivan Kalyayev. These monuments were destroyed by the Bolsheviks in 1918. Soviet period and beyond The Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow on 12 March 1918. Vladimir Lenin selected the Kremlin Senate as his residence. Joseph Stalin also had his personal rooms in the Kremlin. He was eager to remove all the `` relics of the tsarist regime '' from his headquarters. Golden eagles on the towers were replaced by shining Kremlin stars, while the wall near Lenin 's Mausoleum was turned into the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. The Chudov Monastery and Ascension Convent, with their 16th - century cathedrals, were dismantled to make room for the military school. The Little Nicholas Palace and the old Saviour Cathedral were pulled down as well. The residence of the Soviet government was closed to tourists until 1955. It was not until the Khrushchev Thaw that the Kremlin was reopened to foreign visitors. The Kremlin Museums were established in 1961 and the complex was among the first Soviet patrimonies inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1990. Although the current director of the Kremlin Museums, Elena Gagarina ( Yuri Gagarin 's daughter ) advocates a full - scale restoration of the destroyed cloisters, recent developments have been confined to expensive restoration of the original interiors of the Grand Kremlin Palace, which were altered during Stalin 's rule. State Kremlin Palace State Kremlin Palace ( alias Kremlin Palace of Congresses ), built 1959 - 61 The State Kremlin Palace ( alias Kremlin Palace of Congresses ), was commissioned by Nikita Khrushchev as a modern arena for Communist Party meetings, and was built within the Kremlin walls 1959 - 61. Externally the palace is faced with white marble and the windows are tinted and reflective, which makes the ancient architecture in the Kremlin appear particularly picturesque. However, the construction of a large modern public building in an historic neighborhood generated an uproar, especially since the building replaced several heritage buildings including the old neo-classical building of the State Armory and some of the rear parts of the Great Kremlin Palace. Although this was not the first time that the Soviet government had destroyed architectural heritage ( notably the Chudov Monastery and Ascension Cloisters ) in the Kremlin and in the country in general, by the mid 1950s laws were in place effectively considering all pre-Soviet constructions as historical monuments and preventing their demolition, in someways making the construction illegal. Nevertheless, the Palace was integrated into the larger complex of the Great Kremlin Palace with walkways linking it to the Patriarchal Chambers and the Terem Palace. Buildings Two of the Kremlin 's numerous historical buildings : Spasskaya Tower with one of the Kremlin stars on top, and Ivan the Great Bell Tower Dormition Cathedral Troitskaya Tower 1495, 80m The existing Kremlin walls and towers were built by Italian masters over the years 1485 to 1495. The irregular triangle of the Kremlin wall encloses an area of 275,000 square meters ( 68 acres ). Its overall length is 2,235 metres ( 2,444 yards ), but the height ranges from 5 to 19 meters, depending on the terrain. The wall 's thickness is between 3.5 and 6.5 meters. Originally there were eighteen Kremlin towers, but their number increased to twenty in the 17th century. All but three of the towers are square in plan. The highest tower is the Troitskaya, which was built up to its present height of 80 meters in 1495. Most towers were originally crowned with wooden tents ; the extant brick tents with strips of colored tiles go back to the 1680s. Cathedral Square is the heart of the Kremlin. It is surrounded by six buildings, including three cathedrals. The Cathedral of the Dormition was completed in 1479 to be the main church of Moscow and where all the Tsars were crowned. The massive limestone façade, capped with its five golden cupolas was the design of Aristotele Fioravanti. Several important metropolitans and patriarchs are buried there, including Peter and Makarii. The gilded, three - domed Cathedral of the Annunciation was completed next in 1489, only to be reconstructed to a nine - domed design a century later. On the south - east of the square is the much larger Cathedral of the Archangel Michael ( 1508 ), where almost all the Muscovite monarchs from Ivan Kalita to Ivan V of Russia are interred. ( Boris Godunov was originally buried there, but was moved to the Trinity Monastery. ) There are two domestic churches of the Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow, the Church of the Twelve Apostles ( 1653 -- 56 ) and the exquisite one - domed Church of the Deposition of the Virgin 's Robe, built by Pskov artisans over the years 1484 -- 88 and featuring superb icons and frescoes from 1627 and 1644. The other notable structure is the Ivan the Great Bell Tower on the north - east corner of the square, which is said to mark the exact centre of Moscow and resemble a burning candle. Completed in 1600, it is 81 metres ( 266 feet ) high. Until the Russian Revolution, it was the tallest structure in the city, as construction of buildings taller than that was forbidden. Its 21 bells would sound the alarm if any enemy was approaching. The upper part of the structure was destroyed by the French during the Napoleonic Invasion and has been rebuilt. The Tsar bell, the largest bell in the world, stands on a pedestal next to the tower. The oldest secular structure still standing is Ivan III 's Palace of Facets ( 1491 ), which holds the imperial thrones. The next oldest is the first home of the royal family, the Terem Palace. The original Terem Palace was also commissioned by Ivan III, but most of the existing palace was built in the 17th century. The Terem Palace and the Palace of Facets are linked by the Grand Kremlin Palace. This was commissioned by Nicholas I in 1838. The largest structure in the Kremlin, it cost an exorbitant sum of eleven million rubles to build and more than one billion dollars to renovate in the 1990s. It contains dazzling reception halls, a ceremonial red staircase, private apartments of the tsars, and the lower storey of the Resurrection of Lazarus church ( 1393 ), which is the oldest extant structure in the Kremlin and the whole of Moscow. The northern corner of the Kremlin is occupied by the Arsenal, which was originally built for Peter the Great in 1701. The southwestern section of the Kremlin holds the Armoury building. Built in 1851 to a Renaissance Revival design, it is currently a museum housing Russian state Regalia and Diamond Fund. The haloalkaliphilic methylotrophic bacterium Methylophaga murata was first isolated from deteriorating marble in the Kremlin. Helipad In order to stop the disruptions to Moscow traffic caused by motorcades, President Vladimir Putin authorized the construction of the Kremlin helipad. The helipad was completed in May 2013. The President will now commute back and forth to the Kremlin using a Mil Mi - 8 helicopter. Careful consideration was taken in choosing the location of the helipad ; the location chosen is said to be of no threat to the architecture of the Kremlin. Moscow Metro The nearest Moscow Metro stations to the Kremlin are : Okhotny Ryad and Biblioteka Imeni Lenina ( Sokolnicheskaya Line ), Teatralnaya ( Zamoskvoretskaya Line ), Ploshchad Revolyutsii ( Arbatsko - Pokrovskaya Line ), Arbatskaya ( Arbatsko - Pokrovskaya Line ), Alexandrovsky Sad ( Filyovskaya Line ) and Borovitskaya ( Serpukhovsko - Timiryazevskaya Line ). References Specific Jump up ^ `` Кремль '' ( Kremlin ). Vasmer Etymological dictionary. Jump up ^ Agrawal, Premendra ( 4 February 2012 ). Silent Assassins Jan 11, 1966. Agrawal Overseas. p. 184. ISBN 9789350878453. Retrieved 13 August 2015. Jump up ^ Фасмера, Макс. `` Этимологический Словарь Фасмера '' ( Vasmer 's Etymological Dictionary ) ( in Russian ). p. 321. ^ Jump up to : Paul, Michael C. ( January 2004 ). `` The Military Revolution in Russia 1550 -- 1682 ''. The Journal of Military History. 68 ( 1 ) : 31. doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2003.0401. Jump up ^ Semenko, Xenia ( 25 November 2013 ). `` Почему кремлевские стены красили в белый цвет '' ( Why the Kremlin walls painted white ). Rossiyskaya Gazeta ( in Russian ). Retrieved 18 May 2017. Jump up ^ Doronina NV ; Li TsD ; Ivanova EG ; Trotsenko IuA. ( 2005 ). `` Methylophaga murata sp. nov. : a haloalkaliphilic aerobic methylotroph from deteriorating marble ''. Mikrobiologiia. 74 ( 4 ) : 511 -- 9. PMID 16211855. Jump up ^ `` Fly me to the Kremlin : Putin to commute to work by chopper ''. RT. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2016. Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Steve ( 27 May 2013 ). `` Vladimir Putin gets Kremlin helipad to ease congestion ''. BBC ( Embedded video ). Retrieved 18 May 2017. Bibliography Ivanov, Vladimir N. ( 1971 ). Московский Кремль ( Moscow 's Kremlin ) ( in Russian ). Moscow. Merridale, Catherine ( 2013 ). Red Fortress : History and Illusion in the Kremlin. New York : Henry Holt. p. 505. ISBN 9780805086805. Nenakormova, Irina S. ( 1987 ). Государственные музеи Московского Кремля ( Art treasures from the Museums of the Moscow Kremlin ) ( in Russian ). Moscow : Iskusstvo. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moscow Kremlin. Wikivoyage has a listing for the Moscow Kremlin. Travel2moscow.com -- Official Moscow Guide History of the Kremlin Moscow Kremlin State Historical and Cultural Museum Sanctuary Open Kremlin Rare access inside the Kremlin, video news report from BBC News Online, 17 January 2013 Putin 's Kremlin helipad cost $6.4 million -- Official, RIA Novosti, 18 May 2013 Cynthia Marsh. `` Kremlin ''. Words of the World. Brady Haran ( University of Nottingham ). Moscow portal Russia portal Moscow Kremlin and Red Square Kremlin Wall and Towers Borovitskaya Vodovzvodnaya Blagoveshenskaya Tainitskaya Pervaya Bezymyannaya Vtoraya Bezymyannaya Petrovskaya Beklemishevskaya Konstantino - Eleninskaya Nabatnaya Tsarskaya Spasskaya Senatskaya Nikolskaya Uglovaya Arsenalnaya Srednyaya Arsenalnaya Troitskaya Kutafya Komendantskaya Oruzheynaya Administrative buildings Kremlin Senate Kremlin Arsenal Amusement Palace State Kremlin Palace Grand Kremlin Palace Terem Palace The Armory Palace of Facets Tsarina 's Golden Chamber State Historical Museum Churches Cathedral of the Assumption Cathedral of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Archangel Church of Saint Ioann Lestvichnik and Ivan the Great Bell Tower Church of the Deposition of the Virgin 's Robe in Vlachernon Patriarch 's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles Verkhospassky Cathedral and the Terem Churches Cathedral of the Intercession ( of Saint Basil the Blessed ) Kazan Cathedral Squares and gardens Red Square Ivanovskaya Square Cathedral Square Taynitsky Garden Grand Kremlin Public Garden Alexander Garden Manezhnaya Square Monuments Kremlin Wall Necropolis Monument to Minin and Pozharsky Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Lobnoye Mesto Tsar Cannon Tsar Bell Other Iberian Gate and Chapel Former Ascension Convent Chudov Monastery Armorial Gate Robespierre Monument Kremlin Presidium ( Building 14 ) Russian imperial palaces and residences Imperial residences Alexander Palace Anichkov Palace Catherine Palace Gatchina Palace Grand Kremlin Palace Kamenny Island Oranienbaum Pavlovsk Palace Peterhof Palace Saint Michael 's Castle Winter Palace Yelagin Palace Grand ducal residences Alexis Palace Beloselsky - Belozersky Palace Constantine Palace Marble Palace Marie Palace Michael Palace New Michael Palace Nicholas Palace Tauride Palace Vladimir Palace In Crimea Dulber Livadia Palace Massandra Palace Outside the Russian Federation Belweder Białowieża Palace Catherinethal Helsingfors Palace Elisabeth Palace Langinkoski Likani Palace Skierniewice Palace Historical Annenhof Catherinehof Kolomenskoye Palace Pella Palace Ropsha Babolovo Summer Garden Palace Summer Palace of Empress Elisabeth World Heritage Sites in Russia by federal district Central Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye Moscow Kremlin and Red Square Novodevichy Convent Trinity Sergius Lavra White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl Southern Western Caucasus Northwestern Curonian Spit Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Virgin Komi Forests Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings Solovetsky Islands Struve Geodetic Arc Far Eastern Lena Pillars Volcanoes of Kamchatka Central Sikhote - Alin Wrangel Island Siberian Golden Mountains of Altai Lake Baikal Landscapes of Dauria Putorana Plateau Uvs Nuur Basin Volga Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk Bolghar Kazan Kremlin North Caucasian Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent Shared with Lithuania Shared with nine other countries Shared with Mongolia GND : 4074990 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow_Kremlin&oldid=838359034 '' Categories : Moscow Kremlin Buildings and structures in Moscow Official residences in Russia Palaces in Russia Castles in Russia World Heritage Sites in Russia Tourist attractions in Moscow Royal residences in Russia Presidential residences Kremlins 1495 establishments in Europe 15th - century establishments in Russia Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) EngvarB from September 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2012 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Russian - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 14 : 30. 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Question: what was the original purpose of the kremlin
Answer: the tsar's Moscow residence