User Datagram Protocol - wikipedia User Datagram Protocol Internet protocol suite Application layer BGP DHCP DNS FTP HTTP IMAP LDAP MGCP MQTT NNTP NTP POP ONC / RPC RTP RTSP RIP SIP SMTP SNMP SSH Telnet TLS / SSL XMPP more... Transport layer TCP UDP DCCP SCTP RSVP more... Internet layer IP IPv4 IPv6 ICMP ICMPv6 ECN IGMP IPsec more... Link layer ARP NDP OSPF Tunnels L2TP PPP MAC Ethernet DSL ISDN FDDI more... In computer networking, the User Datagram Protocol ( UDP ) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite. The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol ( IP ) network. Prior communications are not required in order to set up communication channels or data paths. UDP uses a simple connectionless communication model with a minimum of protocol mechanism. UDP provides checksums for data integrity, and port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination of the datagram. It has no handshaking dialogues, and thus exposes the user 's program to any unreliability of the underlying network ; There is no guarantee of delivery, ordering, or duplicate protection. If error - correction facilities are needed at the network interface level, an application may use the Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) or Stream Control Transmission Protocol ( SCTP ) which are designed for this purpose. UDP is suitable for purposes where error checking and correction are either not necessary or are performed in the application ; UDP avoids the overhead of such processing in the protocol stack. Time - sensitive applications often use UDP because dropping packets is preferable to waiting for packets delayed due to retransmission, which may not be an option in a real - time system. Contents 1 Attributes 2 Service ports 3 Packet structure 4 Checksum computation 4.1 IPv4 Pseudo Header 4.2 IPv6 Pseudo Header 5 Reliability and congestion control solutions 6 Applications 7 Comparison of UDP and TCP 8 See also 9 Notes and references 9.1 Notes 9.2 RFC references 10 External links Attributes UDP is a minimal message - oriented transport layer protocol that is documented in RFC 768. UDP provides no guarantees to the upper layer protocol for message delivery and the UDP layer retains no state of UDP messages once sent. For this reason, UDP sometimes is referred to as Unreliable Datagram Protocol. A number of UDP 's attributes make it especially suited for certain applications. It is transaction - oriented, suitable for simple query - response protocols such as the Domain Name System or the Network Time Protocol. It provides datagrams, suitable for modeling other protocols such as IP tunneling or Remote Procedure Call and the Network File System. It is simple, suitable for bootstrapping or other purposes without a full protocol stack, such as the DHCP and Trivial File Transfer Protocol. It is stateless, suitable for very large numbers of clients, such as in streaming media applications such as IPTV. The lack of retransmission delays makes it suitable for real - time applications such as Voice over IP, online games, and many protocols built on top of the Real Time Streaming Protocol. It works well in unidirectional communication and is suitable for broadcast information such as in many kinds of service discovery and shared information such as broadcast time or Routing Information Protocol. Service ports See also : Port ( computer networking ) Applications can use datagram sockets to establish host - to - host communications. An application binds a socket to its endpoint of data transmission, which is a combination of an IP address and a service port. A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number, a 16 bit integer value, allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65535. Port 0 is reserved, but is a permissible source port value if the sending process does not expect messages in response. UDP provides application multiplexing ( via port numbers ) and integrity verification ( via checksum ) of the header and payload. If transmission reliability is desired, it must be implemented in the user 's application. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) has divided port numbers into three ranges. Port numbers 0 through 1023 are used for common, well - known services. On Unix - like operating systems, using one of these ports requires superuser operating permission. Port numbers 1024 through 49151 are the registered ports used for IANA - registered services. Ports 49152 through 65535 are dynamic ports that are not officially designated for any specific service, and may be used for any purpose. They also are used as ephemeral ports, from which software running on the host may randomly choose a port in order to define itself. In effect, they are used as temporary ports primarily by clients when communicating with servers. Packet structure UDP Header Offsets Octet 0 Octet Bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 Source port Destination port 32 Length Checksum The UDP header consists of 4 fields, each of which is 2 bytes ( 16 bits ). The use of the fields `` Checksum '' and `` Source port '' is optional in IPv4 ( pink background in table ). In IPv6 only the source port is optional ( see below ). Source port number This field identifies the sender 's port when meaningful and should be assumed to be the port to reply to if needed. If not used, then it should be zero. If the source host is the client, the port number is likely to be an ephemeral port number. If the source host is the server, the port number is likely to be a well - known port number. Destination port number This field identifies the receiver 's port and is required. Similar to source port number, if the client is the destination host then the port number will likely be an ephemeral port number and if the destination host is the server then the port number will likely be a well - known port number. Length A field that specifies the length in bytes of the UDP header and UDP data. The minimum length is 8 bytes because that is the length of the header. The field size sets a theoretical limit of 65,535 bytes ( 8 byte header + 65,527 bytes of data ) for a UDP datagram. However the actual limit for the data length, which is imposed by the underlying IPv4 protocol, is 65,507 bytes ( 65,535 − 8 byte UDP header − 20 byte IP header ). In IPv6 jumbograms it is possible to have UDP packets of size greater than 65,535 bytes. RFC 2675 specifies that the length field is set to zero if the length of the UDP header plus UDP data is greater than 65,535. Checksum The checksum field may be used for error - checking of the header and data. This field is optional in IPv4, and mandatory in IPv6. The field carries all - zeros if unused. Checksum computation The method used to compute the checksum is defined in RFC 768 : Checksum is the 16 - bit one 's complement of the one 's complement sum of a pseudo header of information from the IP header, the UDP header, and the data, padded with zero octets at the end ( if necessary ) to make a multiple of two octets. In other words, all 16 - bit words are summed using one 's complement arithmetic. Add the 16 - bit values up. On each addition, if a carry - out ( 17th bit ) is produced, swing that 17th carry bit around and add it to the least significant bit of the running total. Finally, the sum is then one 's complemented to yield the value of the UDP checksum field. If the checksum calculation results in the value zero ( all 16 bits 0 ) it should be sent as the one 's complement ( all 1s ). The difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is in the data used to compute the checksum. IPv4 pseudo header When UDP runs over IPv4, the checksum is computed using a `` pseudo header '' that contains some of the same information from the real IPv4 header. The pseudo header is not the real IPv4 header used to send an IP packet, it is used only for the checksum calculation. IPv4 Pseudo Header Format Offsets Octet 0 Octet Bit 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 Source IPv4 Address 32 Destination IPv4 Address 8 64 Zeroes Protocol UDP Length 12 96 Source Port Destination Port 16 128 Length Checksum 20 160 + Data The source and destination addresses are those in the IPv4 header. The protocol is that for UDP ( see List of IP protocol numbers ) : 17 ( 0x11 ). The UDP length field is the length of the UDP header and data. The field data stands for the transmitted data. UDP checksum computation is optional for IPv4. If a checksum is not used it should be set to the value zero. IPv6 pseudo header When UDP runs over IPv6, the checksum is mandatory. The method used to compute it is changed as documented in RFC 2460 : Any transport or other upper - layer protocol that includes the addresses from the IP header in its checksum computation must be modified for use over IPv6 to include the 128 - bit IPv6 addresses. When computing the checksum, again a pseudo header is used that mimics the real IPv6 header : IPv6 Pseudo Header Format Offsets Octet 0 Octet Bit 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 Source IPv6 Address 32 8 64 12 96 16 128 Destination IPv6 Address 20 160 24 192 28 224 32 256 UDP Length 36 288 Zeroes Next Header 40 320 Source Port Destination Port 44 352 Length Checksum 48 384 + Data The source address is the one in the IPv6 header. The destination address is the final destination ; if the IPv6 packet does not contain a Routing header, that will be the destination address in the IPv6 header ; otherwise, at the originating node, it will be the address in the last element of the Routing header, and, at the receiving node, it will be the destination address in the IPv6 header. The value of the Next Header field is the protocol value for UDP : 17. The UDP length field is the length of the UDP header and data. Reliability and congestion Control solutions Lacking reliability, UDP applications must generally be willing to accept some loss, errors or duplication. Some applications, such as TFTP, may add rudimentary reliability mechanisms into the application layer as needed. Most often, UDP applications do not employ reliability mechanisms and may even be hindered by them. Streaming media, real - time multiplayer games and voice over IP ( VoIP ) are examples of applications that often use UDP. In these particular applications, loss of packets is not usually a fatal problem. If an application requires a high degree of reliability, a protocol such as the Transmission Control Protocol may be used instead. In VoIP, for example, latency and jitter are the primary concerns. The use of TCP would cause jitter if any packets were lost as TCP does not provide subsequent data to the application while it is requesting re-sending of the missing data. If using UDP the end user applications must provide any necessary handshaking such as real time confirmation that the message has been received. Applications Numerous key Internet applications use UDP, including : the Domain Name System ( DNS ), where queries must be fast and only consist of a single request followed by a single reply packet, the Simple Network Management Protocol ( SNMP ), the Routing Information Protocol ( RIP ) and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ). Voice and video traffic is generally transmitted using UDP. Real - time video and audio streaming protocols are designed to handle occasional lost packets, so only slight degradation in quality occurs, rather than large delays if lost packets were retransmitted. Because both TCP and UDP run over the same network, many businesses are finding that a recent increase in UDP traffic from these real - time applications is hindering the performance of applications using TCP, such as point of sale, accounting, and database systems. When TCP detects packet loss, it will throttle back its data rate usage. Since both real - time and business applications are important to businesses, developing quality of service solutions is seen as crucial by some. Some VPN systems such as OpenVPN may use UDP while implementing reliable connections and error checking at the application level. Comparison of UDP and TCP See also : Transport layer Transmission Control Protocol is a connection - oriented protocol, which means that it requires handshaking to set up end - to - end communications. Once a connection is set up, user data may be sent bi-directionally over the connection. Reliable -- Strictly only at transport layer, TCP manages message acknowledgment, retransmission and timeout. Multiple attempts to deliver the message are made. If it gets lost along the way, the server will re-request the lost part. In TCP, there 's either no missing data, or, in case of multiple timeouts, the connection is dropped. ( This reliability however does not cover application layer, at which a separate acknowledgement flow control is still necessary ) Ordered -- If two messages are sent over a connection in sequence, the first message will reach the receiving application first. When data segments arrive in the wrong order, TCP buffers delay the out - of - order data until all data can be properly re-ordered and delivered to the application. Heavyweight -- TCP requires three packets to set up a socket connection, before any user data can be sent. TCP handles reliability and congestion control. Streaming -- Data is read as a byte stream, no distinguishing indications are transmitted to signal message ( segment ) boundaries. User Datagram Protocol is a simpler message - based connectionless protocol. Connectionless protocols do not set up a dedicated end - to - end connection. Communication is achieved by transmitting information in one direction from source to destination without verifying the readiness or state of the receiver. Unreliable -- When a UDP message is sent, it can not be known if it will reach its destination ; it could get lost along the way. There is no concept of acknowledgment, retransmission, or timeout. Not ordered -- If two messages are sent to the same recipient, the order in which they arrive can not be predicted. Lightweight -- There is no ordering of messages, no tracking connections, etc. It is a small transport layer designed on top of IP. Datagrams -- Packets are sent individually and are checked for integrity only if they arrive. Packets have definite boundaries which are honored upon receipt, meaning a read operation at the receiver socket will yield an entire message as it was originally sent. No congestion control -- UDP itself does not avoid congestion. Congestion control measures must be implemented at the application level. Broadcasts - being connectionless, UDP can broadcast - sent packets can be addressed to be receivable by all devices on the subnet. See also Computer networking portal List of TCP and UDP port numbers Reliable User Datagram Protocol ( RUDP ) Reliable Data Protocol ( RDP ) Comparison of transport layer protocols UDP flood attack UDP Data Transport UDP - Lite -- a variant that will deliver packets even if they are malformed UDP Helper Address Micro Transport Protocol ( μTP ) Notes and references Notes ^ Jump up to : Kurose, J.F. ; Ross, K.W. ( 2010 ). Computer Networking : A Top - Down Approach ( 5th ed. ). Boston, MA : Pearson Education. ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 136548 - 3. Jump up ^ content@ipv6.com. `` UDP Protocol Overview ''. Ipv6.com. Retrieved 17 August 2011. Jump up ^ Clark, M.P. ( 2003 ). Data Networks IP and the Internet, 1st ed. West Sussex, England : John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ^ Jump up to : Forouzan, B.A. ( 2000 ). TCP / IP : Protocol Suite, 1st ed. New Delhi, India : Tata McGraw - Hill Publishing Company Limited. Jump up ^ RFC 2675 ^ Jump up to : Deering S. & Hinden R. ( December 1998 ). `` RFC 2460 : Internet Protocol, Version 6 ( IPv6 ) Specification ''. Internet Engineering Task Force. ^ Jump up to : Postel, J. ( August 1980 ). `` RFC 768 : User Datagram Protocol ''. Internet Engineering Task Force. Jump up ^ `` Compute 16 - bit One 's Complement Sum '' ( email ). mathforum.org. John. 2002 - 03 - 20. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 05. Jump up ^ RFC 768, p2 Jump up ^ `` The impact of UDP on Data Applications ''. Networkperformancedaily.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2011. RFC references RFC 768 -- User Datagram Protocol RFC 2460 -- Internet Protocol, Version 6 ( IPv6 ) Specification RFC 2675 -- IPv6 Jumbograms RFC 4113 -- Management Information Base for the UDP RFC 5405 -- Unicast UDP Usage Guidelines for Application Designers External links Wikiversity has learning resources about User Datagram Protocol IANA Port Assignments The Trouble with UDP Scanning ( PDF ) Breakdown of UDP frame UDP on MSDN Magazine Sockets and WCF UDP connections GND : 4728148 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_Datagram_Protocol&oldid=838155303 '' Categories : Internet protocols Internet Standards Transport layer protocols Hidden categories : Pages using RFC magic links Use dmy dates from January 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018, at 07 : 52. 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Question: what is the minimum size of a udp datagram
Answer: 8 bytes; 8 bytes; 8 bytes; 8 bytes