Foreign exchange option - wikipedia Foreign exchange option Foreign exchange Exchange rates Currency band Exchange rate Exchange - rate regime Exchange - rate flexibility Dollarization Fixed exchange rate Floating exchange rate Linked exchange rate Managed float regime Dual exchange rate Markets Foreign exchange market Futures exchange Retail foreign exchange trading Assets Currency Currency future Currency forward Non-deliverable forward Foreign exchange swap Currency swap Foreign exchange option Historical agreements Bretton Woods Conference Smithsonian Agreement Plaza Accord Louvre Accord See also Bureau de change Hard currency Currency pair Foreign exchange fraud Currency intervention In finance, a foreign exchange option ( commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option ) is a derivative financial instrument that gives the right but not the obligation to exchange money denominated in one currency into another currency at a pre-agreed exchange rate on a specified date. See Foreign exchange derivative. The foreign exchange options market is the deepest, largest and most liquid market for options of any kind. Most trading is over the counter ( OTC ) and is lightly regulated, but a fraction is traded on exchanges like the International Securities Exchange, Philadelphia Stock Exchange, or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for options on futures contracts. The global market for exchange - traded currency options was notionally valued by the Bank for International Settlements at $158.3 trillion in 2005. Contents 1 Example 2 Terms 3 Trading 4 Hedging 5 Valuation : the Garman -- Kohlhagen model 6 Risk management 7 References Example For example, a GBPUSD contract could give the owner the right to sell £ 1,000,000 and buy $2,000,000 on December 31. In this case the pre-agreed exchange rate, or strike price, is 2.0000 USD per GBP ( or GBP / USD 2.00 as it is typically quoted ) and the notional amounts ( notionals ) are £ 1,000,000 and $2,000,000. This type of contract is both a call on dollars and a put on sterling, and is typically called a GBPUSD put, as it is a put on the exchange rate ; although it could equally be called a USDGBP call. If the rate is lower than 2.0000 on December 31 ( say 1.9000 ), meaning that the dollar is stronger and the pound is weaker, then the option is exercised, allowing the owner to sell GBP at 2.0000 and immediately buy it back in the spot market at 1.9000, making a profit of ( 2.0000 GBPUSD − 1.9000 GBPUSD ) × 1,000,000 GBP = 100,000 USD in the process. If instead they take the profit in GBP ( by selling the USD on the spot market ) this amounts to 100,000 / 1.9000 = 52,632 GBP. Terms Call option -- the right to buy an asset at a fixed date and price. Put option -- the right to sell an asset at a fixed date and price. Foreign exchange option -- the right to sell money in one currency and buy money in another currency at a fixed date and rate. Strike price -- the asset price at which the investor can exercise an option. Spot price -- the price of the asset at the time of the trade. Forward price -- the price of the asset for delivery at a future time. Notional -- the amount of each currency that the option allows the investor to sell or buy. Ratio of notionals -- the strike, not the current spot or forward. Numéraire -- the currency in which an asset is valued. Non-linear payoff -- the payoff for a straightforward FX option is linear in the underlying currency, denominating the payout in a given numéraire. Change of numéraire -- the implied volatility of an FX option depends on the numéraire of the purchaser, again because of the non-linearity of x ↦ 1 / x ( displaystyle x mapsto 1 / x ). In the money -- for a put option, this is when the current price is less than the strike price, and would thus generate a profit were it exercised ; for a call option the situation is inverted. Trading The difference between FX options and traditional options is that in the latter case the trade is to give an amount of money and receive the right to buy or sell a commodity, stock or other non-money asset. In FX options, the asset in question is also money, denominated in another currency. For example, a call option on oil allows the investor to buy oil at a given price and date. The investor on the other side of the trade is in effect selling a put option on the currency. To eliminate residual risk, match the foreign currency notionals, not the local currency notionals, else the foreign currencies received and delivered do n't offset. In the case of an FX option on a rate, as in the above example, an option on GBPUSD gives a USD value that is linear in GBPUSD using USD as the numéraire ( a move from 2.0000 to 1.9000 yields a. 10 * $2,000,000 / $2.0000 = $100,000 profit ), but has a non-linear GBP value. Conversely, the GBP value is linear in the USDGBP rate, while the USD value is non-linear. This is because inverting a rate has the effect of x ↦ 1 / x ( displaystyle x mapsto 1 / x ), which is non-linear. Hedging Corporations primarily use FX options to hedge uncertain future cash flows in a foreign currency. The general rule is to hedge certain foreign currency cash flows with forwards, and uncertain foreign cash flows with options. Suppose a United Kingdom manufacturing firm expects to be paid US $100,000 for a piece of engineering equipment to be delivered in 90 days. If the GBP strengthens against the US $ over the next 90 days the UK firm loses money, as it will receive less GBP after converting the US $100,000 into GBP. However, if the GBP weakens against the US $, then the UK firm receives more GBP. This uncertainty exposes the firm to FX risk. Assuming that the cash flow is certain, the firm can enter into a forward contract to deliver the US $100,000 in 90 days time, in exchange for GBP at the current forward rate. This forward contract is free, and, presuming the expected cash arrives, exactly matches the firm 's exposure, perfectly hedging their FX risk. If the cash flow is uncertain, a forward FX contract exposes the firm to FX risk in the opposite direction, in the case that the expected USD cash is not received, typically making an option a better choice. Using options, the UK firm can purchase a GBP call / USD put option ( the right to sell part or all of their expected income for pounds sterling at a predetermined rate ), which : protects the GBP value that the firm expects in 90 days ' time ( presuming the cash is received ) costs at most the option premium ( unlike a forward, which can have unlimited losses ) yields a profit if the expected cash is not received but FX rates move in its favor Valuation : the Garman -- Kohlhagen model As in the Black -- Scholes model for stock options and the Black model for certain interest rate options, the value of a European option on an FX rate is typically calculated by assuming that the rate follows a log - normal process. In 1983 Garman and Kohlhagen extended the Black -- Scholes model to cope with the presence of two interest rates ( one for each currency ). Suppose that r d ( displaystyle r_ ( d ) ) is the risk - free interest rate to expiry of the domestic currency and r f ( displaystyle r_ ( f ) ) is the foreign currency risk - free interest rate ( where domestic currency is the currency in which we obtain the value of the option ; the formula also requires that FX rates -- both strike and current spot be quoted in terms of `` units of domestic currency per unit of foreign currency '' ). The results are also in the same units and to be meaningful need to be converted into one of the currencies. Then the domestic currency value of a call option into the foreign currency is c = S 0 e − r f T N ( d 1 ) − K e − r d T N ( d 2 ) ( displaystyle c = S_ ( 0 ) e ^ ( - r_ ( f ) T ) ( mathcal ( N ) ) ( d_ ( 1 ) ) - Ke ^ ( - r_ ( d ) T ) ( mathcal ( N ) ) ( d_ ( 2 ) ) ) The value of a put option has value p = K e − r d T N ( − d 2 ) − S 0 e − r f T N ( − d 1 ) ( displaystyle p = Ke ^ ( - r_ ( d ) T ) ( mathcal ( N ) ) ( - d_ ( 2 ) ) - S_ ( 0 ) e ^ ( - r_ ( f ) T ) ( mathcal ( N ) ) ( - d_ ( 1 ) ) ) where : d 1 = ln ⁡ ( S 0 / K ) + ( r d − r f + σ 2 / 2 ) T σ T ( displaystyle d_ ( 1 ) = ( \frac ( ln ( S_ ( 0 ) / K ) + ( r_ ( d ) - r_ ( f ) + sigma ^ ( 2 ) / 2 ) T ) ( sigma ( sqrt ( T ) ) ) ) ) d 2 = d 1 − σ T ( displaystyle d_ ( 2 ) = d_ ( 1 ) - sigma ( sqrt ( T ) ) ) S 0 ( displaystyle S_ ( 0 ) ) is the current spot rate K ( displaystyle K ) is the strike price N ( x ) ( displaystyle ( mathcal ( N ) ) ( x ) ) is the cumulative normal distribution function r d ( displaystyle r_ ( d ) ) is domestic risk free simple interest rate r f ( displaystyle r_ ( f ) ) is foreign risk free simple interest rate T ( displaystyle T ) is the time to maturity ( calculated according to the appropriate day count convention ) and σ ( displaystyle sigma ) is the volatility of the FX rate. Risk management A wide range of techniques are in use for calculating the options risk exposure, or Greeks ( as for example the Vanna - Volga method ). Although the option prices produced by every model agree ( with Garman -- Kohlhagen ), risk numbers can vary significantly depending on the assumptions used for the properties of spot price movements, volatility surface and interest rate curves. After Garman -- Kohlhagen, the most common models are SABR and local volatility, although when agreeing risk numbers with a counterparty ( e.g. for exchanging delta, or calculating the strike on a 25 delta option ) Garman -- Kohlhagen is always used. References Jump up ^ `` Foreign Exchange ( FX ) Terminologies : Forward Deal and Options Deal '' Published by the International Business Times AU on February 14, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Forex Options ''. Investing.com. Retrieved 30 March 2017. Jump up ^ `` British Pound ( GBP ) to Euro ( EUR ) exchange rate history ''. www.exchangerates.org.uk. Retrieved 21 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Currency options pricing explained ''. www.derivativepricing.com. Retrieved 21 September 2016. Derivatives market Derivative ( finance ) Options Terms Credit spread Debit spread Exercise Expiration Moneyness Open interest Pin risk Risk - free interest rate Strike price the Greeks Volatility Vanilla options Bond option Call Employee stock option Fixed income FX Option styles Put Warrants Exotic options Asian Barrier Basket Binary Chooser Cliquet Commodore Compound Forward start Interest rate Lookback Mountain range Rainbow Swaption Combinations Collar Covered call Fence Iron butterfly Iron condor Straddle Strangle Protective put Risk reversal Spreads Back Bear Box Bull Butterfly Calendar Diagonal Intermarket Ratio Vertical Valuation Binomial Black Black -- Scholes model Finite difference Garman - Kohlhagen Margrabe 's formula Put -- call parity Simulation Real options valuation Trinomial Vanna -- Volga pricing Swaps Amortising Asset Basis Conditional variance Constant maturity Correlation Credit default Currency Dividend Equity Forex Forward Rate Agreement Inflation Interest rate Overnight indexed Total return Variance Volatility Year - on - Year Inflation - Indexed Zero Coupon Inflation - Indexed Zero Coupon Swap Forwards Futures Contango Currency future Dividend future Forward market Forward price Forwards pricing Forward rate Futures pricing Interest rate future Margin Normal backwardation Single - stock futures Slippage Stock market index future Exotic derivatives Energy derivative Freight derivative Inflation derivative Property derivative Weather derivative Other derivatives Collateralized debt obligation ( CDO ) Constant proportion portfolio insurance Contract for difference Credit - linked note ( CLN ) Credit default option Credit derivative Equity - linked note ( ELN ) Equity derivative Foreign exchange derivative Fund derivative Interest rate derivative Mortgage - backed security Power reverse dual - currency note ( PRDC ) Market issues Consumer debt Corporate debt Government debt Great Recession Municipal debt Tax policy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_exchange_option&oldid=816239653 '' Categories : Foreign exchange market Options ( finance ) Derivatives ( finance ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Polski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017, at 04 : 03. 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Question: which foreign currency option is the​ right but not the​ obligation to buy foreign​ currency
Answer: a foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option); a foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option); foreign exchange option