History of San Antonio - wikipedia History of San Antonio This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( January 2010 ) The City of San Antonio is one of the oldest Spanish colonization of the European settlements in Texas and was, for decades, its largest city. Before Spanish colonization, the site was occupied for thousands of years by varying cultures of indigenous peoples. The historic Payaya Indians were likely those who encountered the first Europeans. The `` Villa de Bejar '' was founded by Spanish explorers on May 5th, 1718, by then Governor Martin Alarcon, at the headwaters of the San Pedro Creek. The mission San Antonio de Valero was established on the east bank of the creek and a presidio was 3 / 4 of a league downstream. Development of the Spanish colonial city followed. A trading post was also established near the presidio and the town developed as the capital of Tejas, a province of colonial Spain. It was the northernmost settlement associated with the Hispanic culture of the Valley of Mexico. After Mexico achieved independence in 1821, Anglo - American settlers entered the region from the United States. In 1836, Anglo - Americans gained control of Texas in the fighting that gained independence for the Republic of Texas. In 1845 Texas was annexed by the United States of America, and became a state. Contents 1 Early history 2 Spanish settlement 3 The Texas Revolution 3.1 Battle of the Alamo 3.2 Aftermath 4 Annexation of Texas by the United States 5 The Civil War and postbellum Texas 5.1 African Americans 6 Modern times 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early history After thousands of years of succeeding indigenous cultures, the historic Payaya Indians coalesced as a distinct ethnic group. They lived near the San Antonio River Valley, in the San Pedro Springs area, which they called Yanaguana, meaning `` refreshing waters ''. In 1536, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, a shipwrecked Spanish explorer who was enslaved by Native Americans for a period, visited the interior of what would later be called Texas. He saw and described the river later to be named the San Antonio. He eventually rejoined Spanish colleagues in Mexico City. From the Convent of Querétaro, organized several expeditions to the region of Texas, an area of great strategic importance to the Spanish crown. With that goal in 1675, an expedition formed by Fray Antonio de Olivares, Fray Francisco Hidalgo, Fray Juan Larios and Fernando Orozco Josué Hernández y hay hete suéter is Natalia Orozco, were sent to explore and recognize the country beyond the borders of Rio Grande, to test the possibilities of new settlements in the area. In 1691, a group of Spanish explorers and missionaries came upon the river and Native American settlement ( located in the area of present - day La Villita ) on June 13. As it was the feast day of Saint Anthony of Padua, Italy, they named the place and river San Antonio in his honor. In 1709, the expedition headed by Pedro de Aguirre, together with Fray Antonio de Olivares and Fray Isidro de Espinosa was undertaken which consisted of exploration of the territory where the present city of San Antonio is located and extended to the Colorado River. The same year he traveled to Spain to convince the authorities to establish and maintain new missions on the bank of the San Antonio River at the present - day city of San Antonio. In 1716, Fray Antonio de Olivares wrote to the Viceroy of New Spain, telling their hopes and plans for the future mission, and urged him to send families of settlers to found a town. In the same letter he stressed that it was necessary for some of these families to be skilled in the useful arts and industries, `` to teach the Indians all that should be required to be useful and capable citizens ''. Finally, perseverance of Fray Antonio was answered and the Viceroyalty gave formal approval for the mission in late 1716, and assigned responsibility for their establishment to Martín de Alarcón, the governor of Coahuila y Tejas. Spanish settlement Misión de San Antonio de Valero San Antonio ( Tejas ). Fray Antonio de Olivares was organizing the founding of the new mission, from the next Mission San Francisco Solano, turning often met with the Indians of the area ( Payaya Indians ), gradually earning their love and respect. It remained only at the site of the mission for some time organizing everything with the Indians, the group finally stood straw structure, branches and mud near the head of San Antonio River. This mission was called San Antonio de Valero, a name derived from `` San Antonio de Padua '' and Viceroy New Spain, Marquess of Valero. The mission was located near a community of Coahuiltecan and was originally inhabited by indigenous three to five converted from Mission San Francisco Solano. Unfortunately, his work was suspended for some time, suffered an accident while crossing a bridge, the foot of the animal he was riding slipped into a hole, falling violently to the ground and breaking his leg. When he could walk again, mission changed place, transferring it to the west bank of the river, where floods were less likely. On orders of his religious order, Fray Antonio de Olivares transferred the Mission San Francisco Solano to the new mission of San Antonio de Valero. He also built the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, on the west side of the San Antonio River, approximately 1 mile from the mission. It was designed to protect the system of missions and civilian settlements in central Texas and to ensure the representation of Spain in the region of the aggression of French, British and Americans. The presidio consisted of an adobe building, thatched with grass, with soldiers quartered in brush huts. As settlers concentrated around the presidio complex and mission, began to form the town of Bejar or Bexar, convert it in the cornerstone of Spanish Texas. Being located in the center of several operating systems mission Bejar suffered not the needs and anxieties of other presidios. Despite occasional Indian attacks, the defense of the presidio walls were never completed or was deemed necessary, as the mission was complemented later converted into the main unit of walled defense. The operating complex was completed with the construction of the first ditch of Texas ( Acequia Madre de Valero ), 6 miles long, built to irrigate 400 hectares and supply of the inhabitants of the new facilities built. It was vital to the missions to be able to divert and control water from the San Antonio River, in order to grow crops and to supply water to the people in the area. This particular acequia was the beginning of a much wider acequia system. Acequia Madre de Valero ran from the area currently known as Brackenridge Park and southward to what is now Hemisfair Plaza and South Alamo Street. Part of it that is not viewable by the public runs beneath the Menger Hotel. The acequia was restored in 1968 and that year was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark. Presidio San Antonio de Bexar, San Antonio ( Texas ). Fray Antonio de Olivares was aided by Payaya Indians to build the bridge that connected the Misión de San Antonio de Valero and Presidio San Antonio de Bexar, and the Acequia Madre de Valero. On May 1, 1718, according to a statement certified to be preserved, Don Martin de Alarcon gave possession to Fray Antonio de Olivares of the Misión de San Antonio de Valero, later known as `` The Alamo '', based officially the mission. On May 5, was founded the Presidio San Antonio de Bexar, on the west side of the San Antonio River, the source of the present city of San Antonio Texas. The event was chaired by Martin de Alarcón, settling around 30 families in the surrounding area. On July 8, 1718 held at the new Mission San Antonio de Valero the first baptism, as reflected in the baptismal register of the mission. On February 14, 1719, the Marquess of San Miguel de Aguayo made a report to the king of Spain proposing that 400 families be transported from the Canary Islands, Galicia, or Habana to populate the province of Texas. In June 1730, 25 families come to Cuba, and 10 families were sent to Veracruz. Under the leadership of Juan Leal Goraz, the group marched overland to the Presidio San Antonio de Bexar, where they arrived on March 9, 1731. The group joined the military community that had existed since 1718, forming the first government of the city and taking as headquarters building Presidio of San Antonio de Béjar. In 1719, Margil obtained permission from the Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo to found a second mission at San Antonio. However, Father Olivares he opposed it. Despite of it, the Zacatecan Franciscans founded Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo, next to the San Antonio River, on February 23, 1720. San Antonio grew to become the largest Spanish settlement in Texas. After the failure of Spanish missions to the north of the city, San Antonio became the farthest northeastern extension of the Hispanic culture of the Valley of Mexico. The city was for most of its history the capital of the Spanish, later Mexican, province of Tejas. From San Antonio the Camino Real, today 's Nacogdoches Road, ran to the American border at the small frontier town of Nacogdoches. The Texas Revolution Main article : Texas Revolution After Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821, Anglo American settlers, at the invitation of the Mexican government via Empresarios such as Stephen F. Austin, began to settle in Texas in areas east and northeast of San Antonio. When Antonio López de Santa Anna, after being elected President of Mexico in 1833, rescinded the Mexican Constitution of 1824, violence ensued in many provinces of Mexico. In Texas the Anglo settlers joined many Hispanic Texans, who called themselves Tejanos, in demanding a return to the Constitution of 1824. In a series of battles the Anglo Texans, who called themselves Texians, supported by a significant number of Tejano allies, initially succeeded in forcing the Mexican military to retreat from Texas. Under the leadership of Ben Milam, in the Battle of Bexar, December, 1835, Texian forces captured San Antonio from forces commanded by General Martin Perfecto de Cos, Santa Anna 's brother - in - law. Forces opposing Santa Anna took control of the entire province of Texas. Today Milam Park and the Cos House in San Antonio commemorate this battle. Battle of the Alamo Main article : Battle of the Alamo The Alamo as it appears today. After putting down resistance in other regions of Mexico, in the spring of 1836, Santa Anna led a Mexican army back into Texas and marched on San Antonio. He intended to avenge the defeat of Cos and end the Texan rebellion. Sam Houston, believing that San Antonio could not be defended against a determined effort by the regular Mexican army, called for the Texan forces to abandon the city. A volunteer force under the joint command of William Barrett Travis, newly arrived in Texas, and James Bowie, and including Davy Crockett and his company of Tennesseans, and Juan Seguin 's company of Hispanic Texan volunteers, occupied and fortified the deserted mission, the Alamo. They were determined to hold San Antonio against all opposition. The defenders of the Alamo included Anglo and Hispanic Texans who fought side by side under a banner - the flag of Mexico with the numerals `` 1824 '' superimposed. This was meant to indicate that the defenders were fighting for their rights to democratic government under the Mexican constitution of that year. During their siege, the Texas Congress declared an independent Republic of Texas. The ( Battle of the Alamo ) took place from February 23 to March 6, 1836. At first the battle was primarily a siege marked by artillery duels and small skirmishes. After twelve days Santa Anna, tired of waiting for his heavy artillery, determined to take the Alamo by storm. Before dawn on March 6, he launched his troops against the walls of the Alamo in three separate attacks. The third attack overwhelmed the defenses of the weak north wall. The defenders retreated to the Long Barracks and the Chapel, where they fought to the last man. Most historians agree that a handful of the defenders were captured, but were quickly executed as rebels on the specific orders of Santa Anna. The deaths of these `` Martyrs to Texas Independence '' inspired greater resistance to Santa Anna 's regime. The cry, `` Remember the Alamo, '' became the rallying point of the Texas Revolution. Aftermath The Cenotaph in Alamo Plaza, a memorial to the Alamo defenders Texas won its independence at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21. Juan Seguín, who had organized the company of Tejanos who fought and died at the Alamo, was with Sam Houston when it fell. Acting as a courier from the besieged fort, he had delivered a message from Travis to Houston, who forbade his return. Seguín would later earn fame for leading a company of Tejano volunteers at the Battle of San Jacinto. After independence, he was elected to the Texas Senate. He later was elected as mayor of San Antonio. In 1842, he was forced out of that office at gunpoint by Anglo - American politicians. The next Hispanic to be elected as mayor of the city was Henry Cisneros in 1981. As the city of San Antonio has grown, the Alamo, which in 1836 was separated by the San Antonio River from downtown, has become an integral part of the modern center city. Alamo Plaza contains the Cenotaph, a monument built in celebration of the centenary of the battle. It bears the names of all known to have fought there on the Texas side. Since 2011, Alamo Trust, Inc., a 501 ( c ) 3 nonprofit organization, has been the official partner of the Texas General Land Office in managing the Alamo complex. Surrounded by many hotels and tourist attractions, it is San Antonio 's best - known landmark, featured in the city 's flag and seal, and the most visited tourist attraction in the state. San Antonio is nicknamed the `` Alamo City. '' Its yearly Fiesta Week in April commemorates the Texian victory at San Jacinto. Annexation of Texas by the United States Lithograph of San Antonio in 1886. In 1845 the United States annexed Texas ( with its concurrence ) and included it as a state in the Union. This, after some incitement by United States troops along the Mexican border, led to the Mexican War between the United States and Mexico, which concluded with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( 1848 ). Under this treaty Mexico ceded to the United States not only Texas but all of what is now the American Southwest, excluding a small portion of Arizona and New Mexico. The war was devastating to San Antonio. By its end the city population had been reduced by almost two thirds, to 800 inhabitants. Peace and economic connections to the United States restored prosperity to the city, and by 1860, at the start of the Civil War, San Antonio had grown to a city of 15,000 people. From the late 1840s and the period of the German revolutions, many people immigrated to Texas from Germany. They tended to strongly oppose slavery as they had been fighting for justice and freedom. The most successful of the city 's German merchants developed houses in the King William district, just south of downtown. Visitors heard German on the streets nearly as frequently as English and Spanish. The Germans created the beer and brewing industry in Texas. The Guenther Flour Mills, Gebhardt 's Chili Powder, and Mahncke Park, are local institutions that recall San Antonio 's German heritage. The Civil War and postbellum Texas During the Civil War, San Antonio was not deeply involved in the secessionist cause. Many of the city 's residents, notably those of ethnic German and Mexican ancestry, supported the Union. After the war, they supported the Republican Party for decades, as well as the Populist Party, which coalesced a multiracial political base in the late nineteenth century. After regaining power in the state legislature, white Democrats passed a poll tax in 1901. It effectively disenfranchised minorities and poor whites. With ethnic minorities and the lower classes of San Antonio and Texas society unable to vote, the Republican Party lost its competitive edge in most areas of the state. After the war, San Antonio prospered as a center of the cattle culture. Anglo Americans learned the Spanish and Mexican techniques of herding cattle on horseback, creating a new generation of cowboys. The major cattle trails for driving stock to markets and railroads, including Chisholm Trail, began in San Antonio. The business promoter `` Bet a Million '' Gates chose San Antonio to demonstrate the value of his barbed wire in the herding of cattle. In 1876 he fenced off Alamo Plaza with the new invention and had cowboys drive a herd of cattle into the wire. When the wire held the cattle, many of the ranchers in attendance quickly placed orders for the new product. San Antonio was crucial during both the beginning and end of the open - range period in American ranching culture. During the postbellum period, San Antonio remained a frontier city. Its isolation and diverse array of cultures gave it the reputation of being an exotic place. When Frederick Law Olmsted, the architect who two years later designed Central Park in New York City, visited San Antonio in 1856, he described the city as having a `` jumble of races, costumes, languages, and buildings, '' which gave it a quality, which only New Orleans could rival, of `` odd and antiquated foreignness. '' Much of the mystique that makes San Antonio a tourist destination has its origins in the uniqueness of the city. In 1850, San Antonio became the largest city in Texas with 8,235 people, taking the lead from Galveston. Bolstered by the construction of its first railroad in 1877, and a horrible hurricane that had struck Galveston, San Antonio reemerged as the state 's largest city in 1900. It remained in the top spot until 1930, when Dallas and Houston overtook the Alamo City. It connected the city to major markets and -- increasingly -- the mainstream of American society. San Antonio was often frequented by gun fighters and robbers of the Old West and is particularly associated with Butch Cassidy, the Sundance Kid members of the Wild Bunch, who often used Fannie Porter 's brothel as a hideout. African Americans Many African Americans in Texas remained in slavery until after the U.S. Civil War ended. There was scarce Union Army activity in Texas, preventing them from joining the Northern lines. Some escaped over the borders to areas where the Union Army was operating. The announcement of emancipation happened to be delayed until June 19, 1865, when officials announced that slavery had been formally abolished. This is celebrated in Texas as `` Juneteenth. '' San Antonio had a few ( 168 ) black slaves among its 3,436 people. San Antonio offers a unique history of Jim Crow and its consequences within a city. Although segregation took a different path in San Antonio, the city still remained in the South and for the most part followed the laws of the state. In the 1970s, the African American population in San Antonio was 7.6 percent. The East Side of San Antonio has a large concentration of black residents. The African American population in San Antonio is now 6.9 percent. Ivy Taylor was also the first African American to be elected mayor of San Antonio and only the second woman in the position. Modern times Aerial view of the city, San Antonio, December 4, 1939 At the beginning of the 20th century, the streets of Downtown, the old Spanish and Mexican city, were widened to accommodate street cars and modern traffic. In the process many historic building were destroyed. These included the Veramendi House, the home of the prominent family into which Jim Bowie had married when he came to the city. Standing on the southwest side of the intersection of Houston and Soledad Streets, this building was a massive quadrangle built of adobe around a central courtyard in the typical Mexican style. When the street was widened by 20 feet, the building was leveled. Like many municipalities in the American Southwest, San Antonio has had steady population growth since the late twentieth century. The city 's population has nearly doubled in 35 years, from just over 650,000 in the 1970 census to an estimated 1.2 million in 2005 through population growth, immigration, and land annexation ( considerably enlarging the physical area of the city ). Main Plaza, Cathedral, and Court House, San Antonio, Texas See also Acequia Madre de Valero San Antonio Sporting District Isleño Timeline of San Antonio References Jump up ^ Helen Simons ( 1996 ). A Guide to Hispanic Texas. University of Texas Press. pp. 3 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77709 - 5. Jump up ^ Web site of the San Antonio River Walk, May 26, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Adina Emilia De Zavala ( December 8, 1917 ). `` History and legends of The Alamo and others missions in and around San Antonio ''. History legends of de Zarichs Online. Retrieved July 16, 2013. Jump up ^ De Zavala, Adina ; Flores, Richard R ( 1996 ). History and Legends of the Alamo and Other Missions in and Around San Antonio. Arte Publico Press. pp. 3, 4. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55885 - 181 - 8. Jump up ^ Dooley - Awbrey, Betty ( 2005 ). Why Stop ? : A Guide to Texas Historical Roadside Markers. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 453. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 243 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Acequia Madre de Valero ''. Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved October 11, 2012. Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Juan. Harvest of Empire. New York : Penguin, 2000. Jump up ^ Fisher, Lewis F. ( 1996 ). Saving San Antonio : the precarious preservation of a heritage. Lubbock : Texas Tech University Press. Jump up ^ `` San Antonio, TX ''. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 10, 2013. ^ Jump up to : African Americans. '' Handbook of Texas Jump up ^ Svitek, Patrick ( June 14, 2015 ). `` Taylor 's San Antonio Win a Wake - Up Call for Democrats ''. Texas Tribune. Austin, Texas. Retrieved June 24, 2015. Further reading See also : Timeline of San Antonio § Bibliography Edward Hungerford ( 1913 ), `` City of the Little Squares '', The Personality of American Cities, New York : McBride, Nast & Company External links San Antonio Missions : Spanish Influence in Texas, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Digital Public Library of America. Items related to San Antonio, Texas, various dates City of San Antonio Nickname : Alamo City Attractions The Alamo Alamo Cenotaph La Antorcha de la Amistad Basilica of the National Shrine of the Little Flower Cathedral of San Fernando HemisFair ' 68 Houston Street San Antonio Zoo Tower of the Americas Tower Life Building Museums Artpace Blue Star Contemporary Art Museum Briscoe Western Art Museum Casa Navarro State Historic Site Fort Sam Houston Museum Gallista Gas Gallery Guadalupe Cultural Arts Center Guinness World Records UTSA Institute of Texan Cultures McNay Art Museum Museo Alameda Museum of Aerospace Medicine O. Henry House Museum Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! San Antonio Academy Museum San Antonio Museum of Art Southwest School of Art Spanish Governor 's Palace Edward Steves Homestead Texas Air Museum Texas Transportation Museum United States Army Medical Department Museum Witte Museum Yturri - Edmunds Historic Site See also : List of museums in Central Texas Entertainment Alamodome Alamo City Rugby Arneson River Theater AT&T Center Aztec on the River Fiesta Noche del Rio Fiesta San Antonio Freeman Coliseum Majestic Theatre Morgan 's Wonderland Nelson W. Wolff Stadium San Antonio Missions ( Baseball ) San Antonio Rampage San Antonio Scorpions San Antonio Spurs San Antonio Stars San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo San Antonio Symphony San Antonio Talons Santikos Theatres San Antonio Zoo SeaWorld San Antonio Six Flags Fiesta Texas Splashtown St. Mary 's Strip Texas Folklife Festival Toyota Field Tobin Center for the Performing Arts ( San Antonio Municipal Auditorium ) Companies Christus Santa Rosa iHeartMedia Visionworks of America Firstmark Credit Union Frost Bank Harte Hanks H-E-B M7 Aerospace NewTek Rackspace San Antonio Express - News SAS Shoemakers ( SAS ) SAWS Security Service Federal Credit Union SWBC Tesoro Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas USAA Valero Research and education The Alamo Colleges Baptist School of Health Professions Cancer Therapy & Research Center Children 's Cancer Research Institute Oblate School of Theology Our Lady of the Lake University San Antonio Public Library South Texas Medical Center Texas Biomedical Research Institute Southwest Research Institute St. Mary 's University Texas A&M University -- San Antonio Texas Neurosciences Institute Trinity University University Hospital System University of the Incarnate Word University of Texas Health Science Center University of Texas at San Antonio Military San Antonio Military Medical Center Brooks City - Base Camp Bullis Fort Sam Houston Lackland Air Force Base Pershing House Randolph Air Force Base Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center Parks Acequia Park Brackenridge Park Denman Estate Park Dwight D. Eisenhower Park Friedrich Wilderness Park Government Canyon State Natural Area Hardberger Park Mahncke Park Orsinger Park San Antonio Botanical Garden Japanese Tea Garden San Antonio Missions National Historical Park San Pedro Springs Park O.P. Schnabel Park Travis Park Restaurants and shopping Bill Miller Bar - B-Q Enterprises Buckhorn Saloon & Museum Don Pedro Mexican Restaurant Earl Abel 's Guenther House Jim 's Restaurants La Villita Luby 's Market Square North Star Mall Pearl Brewery Rivercenter River Walk The Shops at La Cantera Taco Cabana Whataburger Other Acequia Madre de Valero Architecture Bexar County Courthouse Culture Downtown Henry B. 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Question: who were the first settlers in san antonio
Answer: varying cultures of indigenous peoples; varying cultures of indigenous peoples; Spanish; Spanish explorers