Organelle - wikipedia Organelle Organelle Details Identifiers Latin organella Code TH H1. 00.01. 0.00009 TH H1. 00.01. 0.00009 FMA 63832 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) In cell biology, an organelle ( / ɔːr ɡəˈnɛl / ) is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function. Individual organelles are usually separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers. The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells, as organs are to the body, hence organelle, the suffix - elle being a diminutive. Organelles are identified by microscopy, and can also be purified by cell fractionation. There are many types of organelles, particularly in eukaryotic cells. While prokaryotes do not possess organelles per se, some do contain protein - based bacterial microcompartments, which are thought to act as primitive organelles. Contents 1 History and terminology 2 Types of organelles 2.1 Eukaryotic organelles 2.2 Prokaryotic organelles 3 Proteins and organelles 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History and terminology Cell biology The animal cell Components of a typical animal cell : Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome ( little dots ) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ( or `` Golgi body '' ) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Vacuole Cytosol ( fluid that contains organelles, comprising the cytoplasm ) Lysosome Centrosome Cell membrane In biology organs are defined as confined functional units within an organism. The analogy of bodily organs to microscopic cellular substructures is obvious, as from even early works, authors of respective textbooks rarely elaborate on the distinction between the two. In the 1830s, Félix Dujardin refuted Ehrenberg theory which said that microorganisms have the same organs of multicellular animals, only minor. Credited as the first to use a diminutive of organ ( i.e., little organ ) for cellular structures was German zoologist Karl August Möbius ( 1884 ), who used the term organula ( plural of organulum, the diminutive of Latin organum ). In a footnote, which was published as a correction in the next issue of the journal, he justified his suggestion to call organs of unicellular organisms `` organella '' since they are only differently formed parts of one cell, in contrast to multicellular organs of multicellular organisms. Types of organelles While most cell biologists consider the term organelle to be synonymous with `` cell compartment '', other cell biologists choose to limit the term organelle to include only those that are containing deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ), having originated from formerly autonomous microscopic organisms acquired via endosymbiosis. Under this definition, there would only be two broad classes of organelles ( i.e. those that contain their own DNA, and have originated from endosymbiotic bacteria ) : mitochondria ( in almost all eukaryotes ) plastids ( e.g. in plants, algae, and some protists ). Other organelles are also suggested to have endosymbiotic origins, but do not contain their own DNA ( notably the flagellum -- see evolution of flagella ). Under the more restricted definition of membrane - bound structures, some parts of the cell do not qualify as organelles. Nevertheless, the use of organelle to refer to non-membrane bound structures such as ribosomes is common. This has led some texts to delineate between membrane - bound and non-membrane bound organelles. The non-membrane bound organelles, also called large biomolecular complexes, are large assemblies of macromolecules that carry out particular and specialized functions, but they lack membrane boundaries. Such cell structures include : large RNA and protein complexes : ribosome, spliceosome, vault large protein complexes : proteasome, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, RNA polymerase II holoenzyme, symmetric viral capsids, complex of GroEL and GroES ; membrane protein complexes : photosystem I, ATP synthase large DNA and protein complexes : nucleosome centriole and microtubule - organizing center ( MTOC ) cytoskeleton flagellum nucleolus stress granule germ cell granule neuronal transport granule Eukaryotic organelles Eukaryotic cells are structurally complex, and by definition are organized, in part, by interior compartments that are themselves enclosed by lipid membranes that resemble the outermost cell membrane. The larger organelles, such as the nucleus and vacuoles, are easily visible with the light microscope. They were among the first biological discoveries made after the invention of the microscope. Not all eukaryotic cells have each of the organelles listed below. Exceptional organisms have cells that do not include some organelles that might otherwise be considered universal to eukaryotes ( such as mitochondria ). There are also occasional exceptions to the number of membranes surrounding organelles, listed in the tables below ( e.g., some that are listed as double - membrane are sometimes found with single or triple membranes ). In addition, the number of individual organelles of each type found in a given cell varies depending upon the function of that cell. Major eukaryotic organelles Organelle Main function Structure Organisms Notes chloroplast ( plastid ) photosynthesis, traps energy from sunlight double - membrane compartment plants, protists ( rare kleptoplastic organisms ) has own DNA ; theorized to be engulfed by the ancestral eukaryotic cell ( endosymbiosis ) endoplasmic reticulum translation and folding of new proteins ( rough endoplasmic reticulum ), expression of lipids ( smooth endoplasmic reticulum ) single - membrane compartment all eukaryotes rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes, has folds that are flat sacs ; smooth endoplasmic reticulum has folds that are tubular flagellum locomotion, sensory some eukaryotes Golgi apparatus sorting, packaging, processing and modification of proteins single - membrane compartment all eukaryotes cis - face ( convex ) nearest to rough endoplasmic reticulum ; trans - face ( concave ) farthest from rough endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion energy production from the oxidation of glucose substances and the release of adenosine triphosphate double - membrane compartment most eukaryotes constituting element of the chondriome ; has own DNA ; theorized to be engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell ( endosymbiosis ) nucleus DNA maintenance, controls all activities of the cell, RNA transcription double - membrane compartment all eukaryotes contains bulk of genome vacuole storage, transportation, helps maintain homeostasis single - membrane compartment eukaryotes Mitochondria and chloroplasts, which have double - membranes and their own DNA, are believed to have originated from incompletely consumed or invading prokaryotic organisms, which were adopted as a part of the invaded cell. This idea is supported in the Endosymbiotic theory. Minor eukaryotic organelles and cell components Organelle / Macromolecule Main function Structure Organisms acrosome helps spermatozoa fuse with ovum single - membrane compartment many animals autophagosome vesicle that sequesters cytoplasmic material and organelles for degradation double - membrane compartment all eukaryotes centriole anchor for cytoskeleton, organizes cell division by forming spindle fibers Microtubule protein animals cilium movement in or of external medium ; `` critical developmental signaling pathway ''. Microtubule protein animals, protists, few plants cnidocyst stinging coiled hollow tubule cnidarians eyespot apparatus detects light, allowing phototaxis to take place green algae and other unicellular photosynthetic organisms such as euglenids glycosome carries out glycolysis single - membrane compartment Some protozoa, such as Trypanosomes. glyoxysome conversion of fat into sugars single - membrane compartment plants hydrogenosome energy & hydrogen production double - membrane compartment a few unicellular eukaryotes lysosome breakdown of large molecules ( e.g., proteins + polysaccharides ) single - membrane compartment animals melanosome pigment storage single - membrane compartment animals mitosome probably plays a role in Iron - sulfur cluster ( Fe - S ) assembly double - membrane compartment a few unicellular eukaryotes that lack mitochondria myofibril myocyte contraction bundled filaments animals nucleolus pre-ribosome production protein - DNA - RNA most eukaryotes parenthesome not characterized not characterized fungi peroxisome breakdown of metabolic hydrogen peroxide single - membrane compartment all eukaryotes proteasome degradation of unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis very large protein complex All eukaryotes, all archaea, some bacteria ribosome ( 80S ) translation of RNA into proteins RNA - protein all eukaryotes stress granule mRNA storage membraneless ( mRNP complexes ) Most eukaryotes vesicle material transport single - membrane compartment all eukaryotes Other related structures : cytosol endomembrane system nucleosome microtubule cell membrane ( A ) Electron micrograph of Halothiobacillus neapolitanus cells, arrows highlight carboxysomes. ( B ) Image of intact carboxysomes isolated from H. neapolitanus. Scale bars are 100 nm. Prokaryotic organelles Prokaryotes are not as structurally complex as eukaryotes, and were once thought not to have any internal structures enclosed by lipid membranes. In the past, they were often viewed as having little internal organization, but slowly, details are emerging about prokaryotic internal structures. An early false turn was the idea developed in the 1970s that bacteria might contain membrane folds termed mesosomes, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for electron microscopy. However, more recent research has revealed that at least some prokaryotes have microcompartments such as carboxysomes. These subcellular compartments are 100 -- 200 nm in diameter and are enclosed by a shell of proteins. Even more striking is the description of membrane - bound magnetosomes in bacteria, reported in 2006, as well as the nucleus - like structures of the Planctomycetes that are surrounded by lipid membranes, reported in 2005. Prokaryotic organelles and cell components Organelle / Macromolecule Main function Structure Organisms anammoxosome anaerobic ammonium oxidation ladderane membrane Planctomycetes carboxysome carbon fixation protein - shell compartment some bacteria chlorosome photosynthesis light harvesting complex green sulfur bacteria flagellum movement in external medium protein filament some prokaryotes and eukaryotes magnetosome magnetic orientation inorganic crystal, lipid membrane magnetotactic bacteria mesosomes functions of Golgi bodies, centrioles, etc. small irregular shaped organelle containing ribosomes present in most prokaryotic cells nucleoid DNA maintenance, transcription to RNA DNA - protein prokaryotes pilus Adhesion to other cells for conjugation or to a solid substrate to create motile forces. a hair - like appendage sticking out ( though partially embedded into ) the plasma membrane prokaryotic cells plasmid DNA exchange circular DNA some bacteria ribosome ( 70S ) translation of RNA into proteins RNA - protein bacteria and archaea thylakoid photosynthesis photosystem proteins and pigments mostly cyanobacteria Proteins and organelles The function of a protein is closely correlated with the organelle in which it resides. Some methods were proposed for predicting the organelle in which an uncharacterized protein is located according to its amino acid composition and some methods were based on pseudo amino acid composition. See also CoRR Hypothesis Ejectosome Endosymbiotic theory Organelle biogenesis Membrane vesicle trafficking Host - pathogen interface References ^ Jump up to : Kerfeld, C.A. ; Sawaya, M. R ; Tanaka, S ; Nguyen, C.V. ; Phillips, M ; Beeby, M ; Yeates, T.O. ( August 5, 2005 ). `` Protein structures forming the shell of primitive bacterial organelles '' ( PDF ). Science. 309 ( 5736 ) : 936 -- 8. Bibcode : 2005Sci... 309... 936K. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1113397. PMID 16081736. Jump up ^ Lynsey Peterson ( April 17, 2010 ). `` Mastering the Parts of a Cell ''. Lesson Planet. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ Di Gregorio, M.A. ( 2005 ). From Here to Eternity : Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith. Gottingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 218. Jump up ^ Bütschli, O. ( 1888 ). Dr. H.G. Bronn 's Klassen u. Ordnungen des Thier - Reichs wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Erster Band. Protozoa. Dritte Abtheilung : Infusoria und System der Radiolaria. p. 1412. Die Vacuolen sind demnach in strengem Sinne keine beständigen Organe oder O r g a n u l a ( wie Möbius die Organe der Einzelligen im Gegensatz zu denen der Vielzelligen zu nennen vorschlug ). Jump up ^ Amer. Naturalist. 23, 1889, p. 183 : `` It may possibly be of advantage to use the word organula here instead of organ, following a suggestion by Möbius. Functionally differentiated multicellular aggregates in multicellular forms or metazoa are in this sense organs, while, for functionally differentiated portions of unicellular organisms or for such differentiated portions of the unicellular germ - elements of metazoa, the diminutive organula is appropriate. '' Cited after : Oxford English Dictionary online, entry for `` organelle ''. Jump up ^ Robin, Ch. ( 1891 ). Journal de l'anatomie et de la physiologie normales et pathologiques de l'homme et des animaux. F. Alcan. Jump up ^ Möbius, K. ( September 1884 ). `` Das Sterben der einzelligen und der vielzelligen Tiere. Vergleichend betrachtet ''. Biologisches Centralblatt. 4 ( 13, 14 ) : 389 -- 392, 448. Während die Fortpflanzungszellen der vielzelligen Tiere unthätig fortleben bis sie sich loslösen, wandern und entwickeln, treten die einzelligen Tiere auch durch die an der Fortpflanzung beteiligten Leibesmasse in Verkehr mit der Außenwelt und viele bilden sich dafür auch besondere Organula ``. Footnote on p. 448 : `` Die Organe der Heteroplastiden bestehen aus vereinigten Zellen. Da die Organe der Monoplastiden nur verschieden ausgebildete Teile e i n e r Zelle sind schlage ich vor, sie `` Organula `` zu nennen Jump up ^ Keeling, P.J. ; Archibald, J.M. ( April 22, 2008 ). `` Organelle evolution : what 's in a name ? ''. Current Biology. 18 ( 8 ) : R345 -- 7. doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2008.02. 065. 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( 1984 ) Introduction to Histology, Lippincott, ISBN 0397521146 Jump up ^ Fahey RC, Newton GL, Arrack B, Overdank - Bogart T, Baley S ( April 6, 1984 ). `` Entamoeba histolytica : a eukaryote without glutathione metabolism ''. Science. 224 ( 4644 ) : 70 -- 72. Bibcode : 1984Sci... 224... 70F. doi : 10.1126 / science. 6322306. PMID 6322306. Jump up ^ Badano, Jose L. ; Norimasa Mitsuma ; Phil L. Beales ; Nicholas Katsanis ( September 2006 ). `` The Ciliopathies : An Emerging Class of Human Genetic Disorders ''. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 7 : 125 -- 148. doi : 10.1146 / annurev. genom. 7.080505. 115610. PMID 16722803. Jump up ^ Anderson, Paul ; Kedersha, Nancy ( March 1, 2008 ). `` Stress granules : the Tao of RNA triage ''. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 33 ( 3 ) : 141 -- 150. doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2007.12. 003. PMID 18291657. 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External links Tree of Life project : Eukaryotes Library resources about Organelle Resources in your library Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Hierarchy of life Biosphere > Ecosystem > Biocoenosis > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Biomolecular complex > Macromolecule > Biomolecule LCCN : sh85021661 BNF : cb122529076 ( data ) NDL : 00569972 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organelle&oldid=817387602 '' Categories : Organelles Cell anatomy Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017, at 02 : 10. 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Question: which organelle is the site of atp production and storage
Answer: mitochondrion