Bohrium - wikipedia Bohrium Not to be confused with chemical borium or elements boron ( B ) or barium ( Ba ). Bohrium, Bh General properties Pronunciation / ˈbɔːriəm / ( listen ) ​ ( BOR - ee - əm ) Mass number 270 ( most stable isotope ) ( unconfirmed : 278 ) Bohrium in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Re ↑ Bh ↓ ( Uhu ) seaborgium ← bohrium → hassium Atomic number ( Z ) 107 Group group 7 Period period 7 Element category transition metal Block d - block Electron configuration ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2 Physical properties Phase at STP solid ( predicted ) Density ( near r.t. ) 37.1 g / cm ( predicted ) Atomic properties Oxidation states 7, ( 5 ), ( 4 ), ( 3 ) ​ ( parenthesized oxidation states are predictions ) Ionization energies 1st : 740 kJ / mol 2nd : 1690 kJ / mol 3rd : 2570 kJ / mol ( more ) ( all but first estimated ) Atomic radius empirical : 128 pm ( predicted ) Covalent radius 141 pm ( estimated ) Miscellanea Crystal structure ​ hexagonal close - packed ( hcp ) ( predicted ) CAS Number 54037 - 14 - 8 History Naming after Niels Bohr Discovery Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung ( 1981 ) Main isotopes of bohrium Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Bh syn 11.5 min ? SF Bh syn 44 s α Db Bh syn 11 s α Db Bh syn 1.5 s α Db Bh syn 1 min α Db Bh syn 17 s α Db view talk references in Wikidata Bohrium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107. It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. As a synthetic element, it can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature. It is radioactive : its most stable known isotope, Bh, has a half - life of approximately 61 seconds, though the unconfirmed Bh may have a longer half - life of about 690 seconds. In the periodic table of the elements, it is a d - block transactinide element. It is a member of the 7th period and belongs to the group 7 elements as the fifth member of the 6d series of transition metals. Chemistry experiments have confirmed that bohrium behaves as the heavier homologue to rhenium in group 7. The chemical properties of bohrium are characterized only partly, but they compare well with the chemistry of the other group 7 elements. Contents 1 History 1.1 Discovery 1.2 Proposed names 2 Isotopes 3 Predicted properties 3.1 Chemical 3.2 Physical and atomic 4 Experimental chemistry 5 References 6 External links History Element 107 was originally proposed to be named after Niels Bohr, a Danish nuclear physicist, with the name nielsbohrium ( Ns ). This name was later changed by IUPAC to bohrium ( Bh ). Discovery Two groups claimed discovery of the element. Evidence of bohrium was first reported in 1976 by a Russian research team led by Yuri Oganessian, in which targets of bismuth - 209 and lead - 208 were bombarded with accelerated nuclei of chromium - 54 and manganese - 55 respectively. Two activities, one with a half - life of one to two milliseconds, and the other with an approximately five - second half - life, were seen. Since the ratio of the intensities of these two activities was constant throughout the experiment, it was proposed that the first was from the isotope bohrium - 261 and that the second was from its daughter dubnium - 257. Later, the dubnium isotope was corrected to dubnium - 258, which indeed has a five - second half - life ( dubnium - 257 has a one - second half - life ) ; however, the half - life observed for its parent is much shorter than the half - lives later observed in the definitive discovery of bohrium at Darmstadt in 1981. The IUPAC / IUPAP Transfermium Working Group ( TWG ) concluded that while dubnium - 258 was probably seen in this experiment, the evidence for the production of its parent bohrium - 262 was not convincing enough. In 1981, a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research ( GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung ) in Darmstadt bombarded a target of bismuth - 209 with accelerated nuclei of chromium - 54 to produce 5 atoms of the isotope bohrium - 262 : Bi + Cr → Bh + n This discovery was further substantiated by their detailed measurements of the alpha decay chain of the produced bohrium atoms to previously known isotopes of fermium and californium. The IUPAC / IUPAP Transfermium Working Group ( TWG ) recognised the GSI collaboration as official discoverers in their 1992 report. Proposed names Naming ceremony conducted at the GSI on 7 September 1992 for the namings of elements 107, 108, and 109 as nielsbohrium, hassium, and meitnerium In September 1992, the German group suggested the name nielsbohrium with symbol Ns to honor the Danish physicist Niels Bohr. The Soviet scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia had suggested this name be given to element 105 ( which was finally called dubnium ) and the German team wished to recognise both Bohr and the fact that the Dubna team had been the first to propose the cold fusion reaction to solve the controversial problem of the naming of element 105. The Dubna team agreed with the German group 's naming proposal for element 107. There was an element naming controversy as to what the elements from 104 to 106 were to be called ; the IUPAC adopted unnilseptium ( symbol Uns ) as a temporary, systematic element name for this element. In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 107 be named bohrium, not nielsbohrium, since there was no precedence for using a scientist 's complete name in the naming of an element. This was opposed by the discoverers as there was some concern that the name might be confused with boron and in particular the distinguishing of the names of their respective oxyanions, bohrate and borate. The matter was handed to the Danish branch of IUPAC which, despite this, voted in favour of the name bohrium, and thus the name bohrium for element 107 was recognized internationally in 1997 ; the names of the respective oxyanions of boron and bohrium remain unchanged despite their homophony. Isotopes Main article : Isotopes of bohrium List of bohrium isotopes Isotope Half - life Decay mode Discovery year Reaction Bh 00000035 ! 35 ms α 2007 Bi ( Cr, n ) Bh 000000118 ! 11.8 ms α 1986 Bi ( Cr, 2n ) Bh 00000084 ! 84 ms α 1981 Bi ( Cr, n ) Bh 000000096 ! 9.6 ms α 1981 Bi ( Cr, n ) Bh 000000002 ! 0.2 ? ms α ? unknown -- Bh 000097 ! 0.97 s α Rg ( --, 2α ) Bh 00009 ! 0.9 s α Am ( Mg, 4n ) Bh 00009 ! 0.9 s α 2000 Bk ( Ne, 5n ) Bh 0017 ! 17 s α 2000 Bk ( Ne, 4n ) Bh 0025 ! 25 ? s α, SF ? unknown -- Bh 0025 ! 25 ? s α ? unknown -- Bh 0061 ! 61 s α 2006 Nh ( --, 3α ) Bh 00012 ! 1.2 s α 2003 Mc ( --, 4α ) Bh 00098 ! 9.8 s α 2005 Mc ( --, 4α ) Bh 5400 ! 90 ? min α, SF ? unknown -- Bh 00040 ! 40 s α 2009 Ts ( --, 5α ) Bh 2400 ! 40 ? min SF ? unknown -- Bh -- -- unknown -- Bh -- -- unknown -- Bh 0690 ! 11.5 min ? SF 1998 ? Fl ( e, ν 3α ) ? Bohrium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Twelve different isotopes of bohrium have been reported with atomic masses 260 -- 262, 264 -- 267, 270 -- 272, 274, and 278, one of which, bohrium - 262, has a known metastable state. All of these but the unconfirmed Bh decay only through alpha decay, although some unknown bohrium isotopes are predicted to undergo spontaneous fission. The lighter isotopes usually have shorter half - lives ; half - lives of under 100 ms for Bh, Bh, Bh, and Bh were observed. Bh, Bh, Bh, and Bh are more stable at around 1 s, and Bh and Bh have half - lives of about 10 s. The heaviest isotopes are the most stable, with Bh and Bh having measured half - lives of about 61 s and 40 s respectively, and the even heavier unconfirmed isotope Bh appearing to have an even longer half - life of about 690 s. The unknown isotopes Bh and Bh are predicted to have even longer half - lives of around 90 minutes and 40 minutes respectively. Before its discovery, Bh was also predicted to have a long half - life of 90 minutes, but it was found to have a shorter half - life of only about 40 seconds. The proton - rich isotopes with masses 260, 261, and 262 were directly produced by cold fusion, those with mass 262 and 264 were reported in the decay chains of meitnerium and roentgenium, while the neutron - rich isotopes with masses 265, 266, 267 were created in irradiations of actinide targets. The five most neutron - rich ones with masses 270, 271, 272, 274, and 278 ( unconfirmed ) appear in the decay chains of Nh, Mc, Mc, Ts, and Fl respectively. These eleven isotopes have half - lives ranging from about ten milliseconds for Bh to about one minute for Bh and Bh, extending to about twelve minutes for the unconfirmed Bh, one of the longest - lived known superheavy nuclides. Predicted properties Chemical Bohrium is the fifth member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of group 7 in the periodic table, below manganese, technetium and rhenium. All the members of the group readily portray their group oxidation state of + 7 and the state becomes more stable as the group is descended. Thus bohrium is expected to form a stable + 7 state. Technetium also shows a stable + 4 state whilst rhenium exhibits stable + 4 and + 3 states. Bohrium may therefore show these lower states as well. The higher + 7 oxidation state is more likely to exist in oxyanions, such as perbohrate, BhO, analogous to the lighter permanganate, pertechnetate, and perrhenate. Nevertheless, bohrium ( VII ) is likely to be unstable in aqueous solution, and would probably be easily reduced to the more stable bohrium ( IV ). Technetium and rhenium are known to form volatile heptoxides M O ( M = Tc, Re ), so bohrium should also form the volatile oxide Bh O. The oxide should dissolve in water to form perbohric acid, HBhO. Rhenium and technetium form a range of oxyhalides from the halogenation of the oxide. The chlorination of the oxide forms the oxychlorides MO Cl, so BhO Cl should be formed in this reaction. Fluorination results in MO F and MO F for the heavier elements in addition to the rhenium compounds ReOF and ReF. Therefore, oxyfluoride formation for bohrium may help to indicate eka - rhenium properties. Since the oxychlorides are asymmetrical, and they should have increasingly large dipole moments going down the group, they should become less volatile in the order TcO Cl > ReO Cl > BhO Cl : this was experimentally confirmed in 2000 by measuring the enthalpies of adsorption of these three compounds. The values are for TcO Cl and ReO Cl are − 51 kJ / mol and − 61 kJ / mol respectively ; the experimental value for BhO Cl is − 77.8 kJ / mol, very close to the theoretically expected value of − 78.5 kJ / mol. Physical and atomic Bohrium is expected to be a solid under normal conditions and assume a hexagonal close - packed crystal structure ( / = 1.62 ), similar to its lighter congener rhenium. It should be a very heavy metal with a density of around 37.1 g / cm, which would be the third - highest of any of the 118 known elements, lower than only meitnerium ( 37.4 g / cm ) and hassium ( 41 g / cm ), the two following elements in the periodic table. In comparison, the densest known element that has had its density measured, osmium, has a density of only 22.61 g / cm. This results from bohrium 's high atomic weight, the lanthanide and actinide contractions, and relativistic effects, although production of enough bohrium to measure this quantity would be impractical, and the sample would quickly decay. The atomic radius of bohrium is expected to be around 128 pm. Due to the relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital and destabilization of the 6d orbital, the Bh ion is predicted to have an electron configuration of ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s, giving up a 6d electron instead of a 7s electron, which is the opposite of the behavior of its lighter homologues manganese and technetium. Rhenium, on the other hand, follows its heavier congener bohrium in giving up a 5d electron before a 6s electron, as relativistic effects have become significant by the sixth period, where they cause among other things the yellow color of gold and the low melting point of mercury. The Bh ion is expected to have an electron configuration of ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s ; in contrast, the Re ion is expected to have a ( Xe ) 4f 5d configuration, this time analogous to manganese and technetium. The ionic radius of hexacoordinate heptavalent bohrium is expected to be 58 pm ( heptavalent manganese, technetium, and rhenium having values of 46, 57, and 53 pm respectively ). Pentavalent bohrium should have a larger ionic radius of 83 pm. Experimental Chemistry In 1995, the first report on attempted isolation of the element was unsuccessful, prompting new theoretical studies to investigate how best to investigate bohrium ( using its lighter homologs technetium and rhenium for comparison ) and removing unwanted contaminating elements such as the trivalent actinides, the group 5 elements, and polonium. In 2000, it was confirmed that although relativistic effects are important, bohrium behaves like a typical group 7 element. A team at the Paul Scherrer Institute ( PSI ) conducted a chemistry reaction using six atoms of Bh produced in the reaction between Bk and Ne ions. The resulting atoms were thermalised and reacted with a HCl / O mixture to form a volatile oxychloride. The reaction also produced isotopes of its lighter homologues, technetium ( as Tc ) and rhenium ( as Re ). The isothermal adsorption curves were measured and gave strong evidence for the formation of a volatile oxychloride with properties similar to that of rhenium oxychloride. This placed bohrium as a typical member of group 7. The adsorption enthalpies of the oxychlorides of technetium, rhenium, and bohrium were measured in this experiment, agreeing very well with the theoretical predictions and implying a sequence of decreasing oxychloride volatility down group 7 of TcO Cl > ReO Cl > BhO Cl. 2 Bh + 3 O + 2 HCl → 2 BhO Cl + H The longer - lived heavy isotopes of bohrium, produced as the daughters of heavier elements, offer advantages for future radiochemical experiments. Although the heavy isotope Bh requires a rare and highly radioactive berkelium target for its product, the isotopes Bh, Bh, and Bh can be readily produced as daughters of more easily produced moscovium and nihonium isotopes. 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Cambridge ( UK ) : RSC -- IUPAC. ISBN 0 - 85404 - 438 - 8. pp. 337 -- 9. Electronic version. ^ Jump up to : Sonzogni, Alejandro. `` Interactive Chart of Nuclides ''. National Nuclear Data Center : Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06. ^ Jump up to : Gray, Theodore ( 2002 -- 2010 ). `` The Photographic Periodic Table of the Elements ''. periodictable.com. Retrieved 16 November 2012. Jump up ^ Nelson, S. ; Gregorich, K. ; Dragojević, I. ; Garcia, M. ; Gates, J. ; Sudowe, R. ; Nitsche, H. ( 2008 ). `` Lightest Isotope of Bh Produced via the Bi209 ( Cr52, n ) Bh260 Reaction '' ( PDF ). Physical Review Letters. 100 ( 2 ) : 022501. Bibcode : 2008PhRvL. 100b2501N. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 100.022501. PMID 18232860. Jump up ^ Münzenberg, G. ; Armbruster, P. ; Hofmann, S. ; Heßberger, F.P. ; Folger, H. ; Keller, J.G. ; Ninov, V. ; Poppensieker, K. ; et al. ( 1989 ). `` Element 107 ''. Zeitschrift für Physik A. 333 ( 2 ) : 163. Bibcode : 1989ZPhyA. 333... 163M. doi : 10.1007 / BF01565147. Jump up ^ Hofmann, S. ; Ninov, V. ; Heßberger, F.P. ; Armbruster, P. ; Folger, H. ; Münzenberg, G. ; Schött, H.J. ; Popeko, A.G. ; Yeremin, A.V. ; Andreyev, A.N. ; Saro, S. ; Janik, R. ; Leino, M. ( 1995 ). `` The new element 111 ''. Zeitschrift für Physik A. 350 ( 4 ) : 281. Bibcode : 1995ZPhyA. 350... 281H. doi : 10.1007 / BF01291182. Jump up ^ Gan, Z.G. ; Guo, J.S. ; Wu, X.L. ; Qin, Z. ; Fan, H.M. ; Lei, X.G. ; Liu, H.Y. ; Guo, B. ; et al. ( 2004 ). `` New isotope Bh ''. The European Physical Journal A. 20 ( 3 ) : 385. Bibcode : 2004EPJA... 20... 385G. doi : 10.1140 / epja / i2004 - 10020 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Wilk, P.A. ; Gregorich, K.E. ; Turler, A. ; Laue, C.A. ; Eichler, R. ; Ninov V, V. ; Adams, J.L. ; Kirbach, U.W. ; et al. ( 2000 ). `` Evidence for New Isotopes of Element 107 : Bh and Bh ''. Physical Review Letters. 85 ( 13 ) : 2697 -- 700. Bibcode : 2000PhRvL... 85.2697 W. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 85.2697. 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Jump up ^ Gäggeler, H.W. ; Eichler, R. ; Brüchle, W. ; Dressler, R. ; Düllmann, Ch. E. ; Eichler, B. ; Gregorich, K.E. ; Hoffman, D.C. ; et al. ( 2000 ). `` Chemical characterization of bohrium ( element 107 ) ''. Nature. 407 ( 6800 ) : 63 -- 5. Bibcode : 2000Natur. 407... 63E. doi : 10.1038 / 35024044. PMID 10993071. Jump up ^ Eichler ; et al. `` Gas chemical investigation of bohrium ( Bh, element 107 ) '' ( PDF ). GSI Annual Report 2000. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 19. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 29. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Moody, Ken. `` Synthesis of Superheavy Elements ''. In Schädel, Matthias ; Shaughnessy, Dawn. The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements ( 2nd ed. ). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 24 -- 8. ISBN 9783642374661. External links Bohrium at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties GND : 4518310 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohrium&oldid=832722040 '' Categories : Bohrium Chemical elements Transition metals Synthetic elements Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. 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Question: iupac name of element with atomic number 107
Answer: Bohrium; bohrium