South Asia - Wikipedia South Asia South Asia Countries and Territories Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Population 1.749 billion ( 2013 ) Population rank 1st ( World ) GDP ( Nominal ) $3.12 trillion GDP ( PPP ) $11.67 trillion Languages Primarily Indo - Aryan but also, Dravidian, Iranian, Austroasiatic and Sino - Tibetan languages, as well as some others Time zones UTC + 04 : 30, UTC + 05 : 00, UTC + 5 : 30, UTC + 5 : 45, UTC + 06 : 00 Capital cities Colombo Dhaka Islamabad Kabul Kathmandu Malé New Delhi Thimphu Largest cities List Delhi Dhaka Lahore Mumbai Karachi Kolkata South Asia or Southern Asia is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and, for some authorities, adjoining countries to the west and east. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian Plate, which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush. South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise, from west ) by West Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia. South Asia covers about 5.1 million km ( 1.9 million mi ), which is 11.51 % of the Asian continent or 3.4 % of the world 's land surface area. The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion or about one fourth of the world 's population, making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world. Overall, it accounts for about 39.49 % of Asia 's population, over 24 % of the world 's population, and is home to a vast array of peoples. In 2010, South Asia had the world 's largest population of Hindus, Jains and Sikhs. There are about 600 million Muslims as well as over 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists in South Asia. Contents 1 Definitions 1.1 Indian subcontinent 2 History 2.1 Ancient era 2.2 Medieval era 2.3 Modern era 3 Geography 3.1 Boundary 3.2 Indian plate 3.3 Climate 4 Statistical data 5 Regional groups of countries 6 Demographics 6.1 Largest urban areas 6.2 Languages 6.3 Religions 7 Economy 8 Health and nutrition 9 Governance 9.1 Countries and territories from extended definitions 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Bibliography 13 External links Definitions United Nations cartographic map of South Asia. However, the United Nations does not endorse any definitions or area boundaries. The total area of South Asia and its geographical extent is not clear cut as systemic and foreign policy orientations of its constituents are quite asymmetrical. Aside from the central region of South Asia, formerly part of the British Empire, there is a high degree of variation as to which other countries are included in South Asia. Modern definitions of South Asia are consistent in including Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives as the constituent countries. Myanmar is included by some scholars in South Asia, but in Southeast Asia by others. Some do not include Afghanistan, others question whether Afghanistan should be considered a part of South Asia or the Middle East. The current territories of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, which were the core of the British Empire prior to 1947, form the central region of South Asia, in addition to Afghanistan, which was a British protectorate until 1919, after the Afghans lost to the British in the Second Anglo - Afghan war. The mountain countries of Nepal and Bhutan, and the island countries of Sri Lanka and Maldives are generally included as well. Myanmar ( formerly Burma ) is often added, and by various deviating definitions based on often substantially different reasons, the British Indian Ocean Territory and the Tibet Autonomous Region are included as well. The common concept of South Asia is largely inherited from the administrative boundaries of the British Raj, with several exceptions. The Aden Colony, British Somaliland and Singapore, though administered at various times under the Raj, have not been proposed as any part of South Asia. Additionally Burma was administered as part of the Raj until 1937, but is now considered a part of Southeast Asia and is a member state of ASEAN. The 562 princely states that were protected by but not directly ruled by the Raj became administrative parts of South Asia upon joining Union of India or Dominion of Pakistan. Geopolitically, it had formed the whole territory of Greater India, The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ), a contiguous block of countries, started in 1985 with seven countries -- Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka -- and added Afghanistan as an eighth member in 2007. China and Myanmar have also applied for the status of full members of SAARC. This bloc of countries include two independent countries that were not part of the British Raj -- Nepal, and Bhutan. Afghanistan was a British protectorate from 1878 until 1919, after the Afghans lost to the British in the Second Anglo - Afghan war. The World Factbook, based on geo - politics, people, and economy defines South Asia as comprising Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, British Indian Ocean Territory, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The South Asia Free Trade Agreement incorporated Afghanistan in 2011, and the World Bank grouping of countries in the region also includes all eight members comprising South Asia and SAARC as well, and the same goes for the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ). Definition by South Asian Studies programs When the Centre for South Asian Studies at the University of Cambridge was established, in 1964, it promoted the study of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, the Himalayan Kingdoms ( Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim ), and Burma ( now Myanmar ). It has since included Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, the Philippines and Hong Kong. The Centres for South Asian Studies at both the University of Michigan and the University of Virginia include Tibet along with the eight members of SAARC in their research programs, but exclude the Maldives. The South Asian Studies Program of Rutgers University and the University of California, Berkeley Centre for South Asia Studies also include the Maldives. The South Asian Studies Program of Brandeis University defines the region as comprising `` India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and in certain contexts Afghanistan, Burma, Maldives and Tibet ''. The similar program of Columbia University includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka in their study and excludes Burma. See also : Indology The United Nations Statistics Division 's scheme of sub-regions include all eight members of the SAARC as part of Southern Asia, along with Iran only for statistical purposes. Population Information Network ( POPIN ) includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka as part of South Asia. Maldives, in view of its characteristics, was admitted as a member Pacific POPIN subregional network only in principle. The Hirschman -- Herfindahl index of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific for the region includes only the original seven signatories of SAARC. The British Indian Ocean Territory is connected to the region by a publication of Jane 's for security considerations. The region may also include the disputed territory of Aksai Chin, which was part of the British Indian princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, but is now administered as part of the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang. The inclusion of Myanmar in South Asia is without consensus, with many considering it a part of Southeast Asia and others including it within South Asia. Afghanistan was of importance to the British colonial empire, especially after the Second Anglo - Afghan War over 1878 -- 1880. Afghanistan remained a British protectorate until 1919, when a treaty with Vladimir Lenin included the granting of independence to Afghanistan. Following India 's partition, Afghanistan has generally been included in South Asia, with some considering it a part of Southwest Asia. During the Soviet war in Afghanistan ( 1979 -- 1989 ) American foreign policy considered Pakistan and Afghanistan in Southwest Asia, while others included it as a part of South Asia. There is no universal agreement among scholars on which countries should be included within South Asia. In the past, a lack of a coherent definition for South Asia resulted in not only a lack of academic studies, but also in a lack interest for such studies. The confusion existed also because of the lack of a clear boundary -- geographically, geopolitical, socio - culturally, economically or historically -- between South Asia and other parts of Asia, especially the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Identification with a South Asian identity was also found to be significantly low among respondents in an older two - year survey across Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. However, modern definitions of South Asia are very consistent in including Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives as the constituent countries. See also : South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and South Asian Free Trade Area Indian subcontinent Main article : Indian subcontinent According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term `` subcontinent '' signifies a `` subdivision of a continent which has a distinct geographical, political, or cultural identity '' and also a `` large land mass somewhat smaller than a continent ''. Historians Catherine Asher and Cynthia Talbot state that the term `` Indian subcontinent '' describes a natural physical landmass in South Asia that has been relatively isolated from the rest of Eurasia. The Indian subcontinent is also a geological term referring to the land mass that drifted northeastwards from ancient Gondwana, colliding with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago, towards the end of Palaeocene. This geological region largely includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The use of the term Indian subcontinent began in the British Empire, and has been a term particularly common in its successors. This region has also been labelled as `` India '' ( in its classical and pre-modern sense ), `` Greater India '', or as South Asia. According to anthropologist John R. Lukacs, `` the Indian Subcontinent occupies the major landmass of South Asia '', while the political science professor Tatu Vanhanen states, `` the seven countries of South Asia constitute geographically a compact region around the Indian Subcontinent ''. According to Chris Brewster, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan constitute the Indian subcontinent ; with Afghanistan and Maldives included it is more commonly referred to as South Asia. The geopolitical boundaries of Indian subcontinent, according to Dhavendra Kumar, include `` India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and other small islands of the Indian Ocean ''. Maldives, the country consisting of a small archipelago southwest of the peninsula, is considered part of the Indian subcontinent. The terms `` Indian subcontinent '' and `` South Asia '' are sometimes used interchangeably. The South Asia term is particularly common when scholars or officials seek to differentiate this region from East Asia. According to historians Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Indian subcontinent has come to be known as South Asia `` in more recent and neutral parlance. '' This `` neutral '' notion refers to the concerns of Pakistan and Bangladesh, particularly given the recurring conflicts between India and Pakistan, wherein the dominant placement of `` India '' as a prefix before the subcontinent might offend some political sentiments. There is no globally accepted definition on which countries are a part of South Asia or Indian subcontinent. While Afghanistan is not considered as a part of the Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan is often included in South Asia. Similarly, Myanmar is included by some scholars in South Asia but not in Indian subcontinent. History Main articles : History of South Asia and History of India Ancient era The history of core South Asia begins with evidence of human activity of Homo sapiens, as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization, which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of South Asia from c. 3300 to 1300 BCE in present - day Northern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, was the first major civilization in South Asia. A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE. The earliest prehistoric culture have roots in the mesolithic sites as evidenced by the rock paintings of Bhimbetka rock shelters dating to a period of 30,000 BCE or older, as well as neolithic times. According to anthropologist Possehl, the Indus Valley Civilization provides a logical, if somewhat arbitrary, starting point for South Asian religions, but these links from the Indus religion to later - day South Asian traditions are subject to scholarly dispute. The Vedic period, named after the Vedic religion of the Indo - Aryans, lasted from c. 1900 to 500 BCE. The Indo - Aryans were pastoralists who migrated into north - western India after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization, Linguistic and archaeological data show a cultural change after 1500 BCE, with the linguistic and religious data clearly showing links with Indo - European languages and religion. By about 1200 BCE, the Vedic culture and agrarian lifestyle was established in the northwest and northern Gangetic plain of South Asia. Rudimentary state - forms appeared, of which the Kuru - Pañcāla union was the most influential. The first recorded state - level society in South Asia existed around 1000 BCE. In this period, states Samuel, emerged the Brahmana and Aranyaka layers of Vedic texts, which merged into the earliest Upanishads. These texts began to ask the meaning of a ritual, adding increasing levels of philosophical and metaphysical speculation, or `` Hindu synthesis ''. The Indo - Aryans brought with them their language and religion. The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised Proto - Indo - European religion and the Indo - Iranian religion, the latter being `` a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new Indo - European elements ''. The Vedic religion history is unclear and `` heavily contested '', states Samuel. Increasing urbanisation of India between 800 and 400 BCE, and possibly the spread of urban diseases, contributed to the rise of ascetic movements and of new ideas which challenged the orthodox Brahmanism. These ideas led to Sramana movements, of which Mahavira ( c. 549 -- 477 BCE ), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha ( c. 563 - 483 ), founder of Buddhism, were the most prominent icons. The Greek army led by Alexander the Great stayed in the Hindu Kush region of South Asia for several years and then later moved into the Indus valley region. Later, the Maurya Empire extended over much of South Asia in the 3rd century BCE. Buddhism spread beyond the Indian subcontinent, through northwest into Central Asia. The Bamiyan Buddhas of Afghanistan and the edicts of Aśoka suggest that the Buddhist monks spread Buddhism ( Dharma ) in eastern provinces of the Seleucid Empire, and possibly even farther into West Asia. The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka, later to Southeast Asia. Buddhism, by the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE, was prominent in the Himalayan region, Gandhara, Hindu Kush region and Bactria. From about 500 BCE through about 300 CE, the Vedic - Brahmanic synthesis or `` Hindu synthesis '' continued. Classical Hindu and Sramanic ( particularly Buddhist ) ideas spread within Indian subcontinent, as well outside South Asia. The Gupta Empire ruled over a large part of the subcontinent between 4th and 7th centuries, a period that saw the construction of major temples, monasteries and universities such as the Nalanda. During this era, and through the 10th century, numerous cave monasteries and temples such as the Ajanta Caves, Badami cave temples and Ellora Caves were built in South Asia. Medieval era Islam came as a political power in the fringe of South Asia in 8th century CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab in modern - day Pakistan. By 962 CE, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia were under a wave of raids from Muslim armies from Central Asia. Among them was Mahmud of Ghazni, who raided and plundered kingdoms in north India from east of the Indus river to west of Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030. Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries but retracted each time, only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab. The wave of raids on north Indian and western Indian kingdoms by Muslim warlords continued after Mahmud of Ghazni, plundering and looting these kingdoms. The raids did not establish or extend permanent boundaries of their Islamic kingdoms. The Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz al - Din Muhammad began a systematic war of expansion into north India in 1173. He sought to carve out a principality for himself by expanding the Islamic world. Mu'izz sought a Sunni Islamic kingdom of his own extending east of the Indus river, and he thus laid the foundation for the Muslim kingdom that became the Delhi Sultanate. Some historians chronicle the Delhi Sultanate from 1192 due to the presence and geographical claims of Mu'izz al - Din in South Asia by that time. The Delhi Sultanate covered varying parts of South Asia, and was ruled by a series of dynasties, called Mamluk, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid and Lodi dynasties. Muhammad bin Tughlaq came to power in 1325, launched a war of expansion and the Delhi Sultanate reached it largest geographical reach over the Indian subcontinent during his 26 - year rule. A Sunni Sultan, Muhammad bin Tughlaq persecuted non-Muslims such as Hindus, as well as non-Sunni Muslims such as Shia and Mahdi sects. Revolts against the Delhi Sultanate sprang up in many parts of South Asia during the 14th century. After the death of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the Bengal Sultanate came to power in 1352 CE, as the Delhi Sultanate began disintegrating. The Bengal Sultanate remained in power through the early 16th century. It was reconquered by the armies of the Mughal Empire. The state religion of the Bengal Sultanate was Islam, and the region under its rule, a region that ultimately emerged as the modern nation of Bangladesh, saw a growth of a syncretic form of Islam. In the Deccan region, the Hindu kingdom Vijayanagara Empire came to power in 1336 and remained in power through the 16th century, after which it too was reconquered and absorbed into the Mughal Empire. About 1526, the Punjab governor Dawlat Khan Lodī reached out to the Mughal Babur and invited him to attack Delhi Sultanate. Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Panipat in 1526. The death of Ibrahim Lodi ended the Delhi Sultanate, and the Mughal Empire replaced it. Modern era The modern history period of South Asia, that is 16th - century onwards, witnessed the start of the Central Asian dynasty named the Mughals, with Turkish - Mongol roots and Sunni Islam theology. The first ruler was Babur, whose empire extended the northwest and Indo - Gangetic Plain regions of South Asia. The Deccan and northeastern region of the South Asia was largely under Hindu kings such as those of Vijayanagara Empire and Ahom kingdom, with some regions such as parts of modern Telangana and Andhra Pradesh under local Sultanates such as the Shia Islamic rulers of Golconda Sultanate. The Mughal Empire continued its wars of expansion after Babur 's death. With the fall of Rajput kingdoms and Vijayanagara, its boundaries reached all of west, as well as the Marathi and Kannada speaking regions of the Deccan peninsula. The Mughal Empire was marked by a period of artistic exchanges and a Central Asian and South Asian architecture synthesis, with remarkable buildings such as the Taj Mahal. It also marked an extended period of religious persecution. Two of the religious leaders of Sikhism, Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur were arrested under orders of the Mughal emperors, asked to convert to Islam, and executed when they refused. Religious taxes on non-Muslims called jizya were imposed. Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh temples were desecrated. However, not all Muslim rulers persecuted non-Muslims. Akbar, a Mughal ruler for example, sought religious tolerance and abolished jizya. After his death, the persecution of non-Muslims in South Asia returned. The persecution and religious violence in South Asia peaked during Aurangzeb era, with him issuing orders in 1669, to all his governors of provinces to `` destroy with a willing hand the schools and temples of the infidels, and that they were strictly enjoined to put an entire stop to the teaching and practice of idolatrous forms of worship ''. In Aurangzeb 's time, almost all of South Asia was claimed by the Mughal Empire. However, this claim was violently challenged in various regions of South Asia, particularly by the Sikh Guru Gobind Singh in the northwest, and by Shivaji in the Deccan regions. Maritime trading between South Asia and European merchants began after the Portuguese explorer Vasco de Gama returned to Europe. After the death of Aurangzeb and the collapse of the Mughal Empire, the region came under the rule of many small Islamic sultanates and Hindu kingdoms. British, French, Portuguese colonial interests struck treaties with these rulers, and established their trading ports. In the northwest South Asia, a large region was consolidated into the Sikh Empire by Ranjit Singh. After his death, the British Empire expanded their interests till the Hindu Kush region. In the east, the Bengal region was split into Muslim East Bengal and Hindu West Bengal, by the colonial British empire, in early 1900s, a split that was reversed. However, after the World War II, at the eve of India 's independence, the region was split again into East Pakistan and West Bengal. East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971. Geography Further information : Geography of India, Geography of Pakistan, Geography of Afghanistan, Geography of Bangladesh, Geography of Bhutan, Geography of Sri Lanka, Geography of Nepal, and Geography of the Maldives While South Asia had never been a coherent geopolitical region, it has a distinct geographical identity The Indian subcontinent, and the Himalayas on the northeast, is the result of the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate through tectonic activity between 20 and 50 million years ago. According to Saul Cohen, early colonial era strategists treated South Asia with East Asia, but in reality the South Asia region excluding Afghanistan is a distinct geopolitical region separated from other nearby geostrategic realms, one that is geographically diverse. The region is home to a variety of geographical features, such as glaciers, rainforests, valleys, deserts, and grasslands that are typical of much larger continents. It is surrounded by three water bodies -- the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea -- and has acutely varied climate zones. The tip of the Indian Peninsula had the highest quality pearls. Boundary The boundaries of South Asia vary based on how the region is defined. South Asia 's northern, eastern, and western boundaries vary based on definitions used, while the Indian Ocean is the southern periphery. Most of this region rests on the Indian Plate and is isolated from the rest of Asia by mountain barriers. Much of the region consists of a peninsula in south - central Asia, rather resembling a diamond which is delineated by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east, and which extends southward into the Indian Ocean with the Arabian Sea to the southwest and the Bay of Bengal to the southeast. According to Robert M. Cutler -- a scholar of Political Science at Carleton University, the terms South Asia, Southwest Asia and Central Asia are distinct, but the confusion and disagreements have arisen because of geopolitical movement to enlarge these regions into Greater South Asia, Greater Southwest Asia and Greater Central Asia. The frontier of Greater South Asia, states Cutler, between 2001 -- 2006 has been geopolitically extended to eastern Iran and western Afghanistan in the west, and in the north to northeastern Iran, northern Afghanistan, and southern Uzbekistan. Indian Plate Main article : Indian plate Most of this region is a subcontinent resting on the Indian Plate, the northerly portion of the Indo - Australian Plate, separated from the rest of the Eurasian Plate. The Indian Plate includes most of South Asia, forming a land mass which extends from the Himalayas into a portion of the basin under the Indian Ocean, including parts of South China and Eastern Indonesia, as well as Kunlun and Karakoram ranges, and extending up to but not including Ladakh, Kohistan, the Hindu Kush range and Balochistan. It may be noted that geophysically the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet is situated at the outside of the border of the Subcontinental structure, while the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan are situated inside that border. It was once a small continent before colliding with the Eurasian Plate about 50 -- 55 million years ago and giving birth to the Himalayan range and the Tibetan plateau. It is the peninsular region south of the Himalayas and Kuen Lun mountain ranges and east of the Indus River and the Iranian Plateau, extending southward into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea ( to the southwest ) and the Bay of Bengal ( to the southeast ). Climate South Asia 's Köppen climate classification map is based on native vegetation, temperature, precipitation and their seasonality. ( Af ) Tropical rainforest ( Am ) Tropical monsoon ( Aw ) Tropical savanna, wet & dry ( BWh ) Hot desert ( BWk ) Cold desert ( BSh ) Hot semi arid ( BSk ) Cold semi arid ( Csa ) Mediterr. dry, hot summer ( Cwa ) Subtropical humid summer, dry winter ( Cwb ) Subtropical highland, dry winter ( Cfa ) Subtropical humid summer ( no dry ) ( Dsa ) Continental hot summer ( Dsb ) Continental warm summer ( Dwb ) Continental dry winter ( Dwc ) Contin subarctic, dry winter The climate of this vast region varies considerably from area to area from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north. The variety is influenced by not only the altitude, but also by factors such as proximity to the sea coast and the seasonal impact of the monsoons. Southern parts are mostly hot in summers and receive rain during monsoon periods. The northern belt of Indo - Gangetic plains also is hot in summer, but cooler in winter. The mountainous north is colder and receives snowfall at higher altitudes of Himalayan ranges. As the Himalayas block the north - Asian bitter cold winds, the temperatures are considerably moderate in the plains down below. For most part, the climate of the region is called the Monsoon climate, which keeps the region humid during summer and dry during winter, and favours the cultivation of jute, tea, rice, and various vegetables in this region. South Asia is largely divided into four broad climate zones : The northern Indian edge and northern Pakistani uplands have a dry subtropical continental climate The far south of India and southwest Sri Lanka have a equatorial climate Most of the peninsula have a tropical climate with variations : Hot subtropical climate in northwest India Cool winter hot tropical climate in Bangladesh Tropical semi-arid climate in the center The Himalayas have an Alpine climate Maximum relative humidity of over 80 % has been recorded in Khasi and Jaintia Hills and Sri Lanka, while the area adjustment to Pakistan and western India records lower than 20 % -- 30 %. Climate of South Asia is largely characterized by monsoons. South Asia depends critically on monsoon rainfall. Two monsoon systems exist in the region : The summer monsoon : Wind blows from southwest to most of parts of the region. It accounts for 70 % -- 90 % of the annual precipitation. The winter monsoon : Wind blows from northeast. Dominant in Sri Lanka and Maldives. The warmest period of the year precedes the monsoon season ( March to mid June ). In the summer the low pressures are centered over the Indus - Gangetic Plain and high wind from the Indian Ocean blows towards the center. The monsoons are second coolest season of the year because of high humidity and cloud covering. But, at the beginning of June the jetstreams vanish above the Tibetan Plateau, low pressure over the Indus Valley deepens and the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) moves in. The change is violent. Moderately vigorous monsoon depressions form in the Bay of Bengal and make landfall from June to September. Statistical data Country Capital Area ( km ) Population ( 2017 ) Density ( per km ) Nominal GDP ( 2017 ) GDP per capita ( 2017 ) HDI ( 2016 ) Afghanistan Kabul 652,864 34,169,169 53.3 $20.57 billion $559 0.479 Bangladesh Dhaka 147,610 164,827,718 1,116.6 $248.85 billion $1,520 0.579 Bhutan Thimphu 38,394 792,877 20.6 $2.31 billion $2,870 0.607 India New Delhi 3,287,263 1,342,512,706 408.4 $2.450 trillion $1,850 0.624 Maldives Malé 298 375,867 1,261.3 $3.58 billion $9,950 0.701 Nepal Kathmandu 147,181 29,187,037 198.3 $23.32 billion $799 0.558 Pakistan Islamabad 881,913 207,774,520 223.1 $304.4 billion $1,629 0.550 Sri Lanka Colombo 65,610 20,905,335 318.6 $84.02 billion $3,930 0.766 Regional groups of countries Name of country / region, with flag Area ( km ) Population Population density ( per km ) Capital or Secretariat Currency Countries included Official languages Coat of Arms Core Definition ( above ) of South Asia 5,220,460 1,726,907,000 330.79 N / A N / A Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka N / A N / A UNSD of South Asia 6,778,083 1,702,000,000 270.77 N / A N / A Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka N / A N / A SAARC 4,637,469 1,626,000,000 350.6 Kathmandu N / A Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka English N / A BBIN 3,499,559 1,465,236,000 418.69 N / A N / A Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal N / A N / A SASEC 3,565,467 1,485,909,931 416.75 N / A N / A Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Maldives N / A N / A Demographics The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion which makes it the most populated region in the world. It is socially very mixed, consisting of many language groups and religions, and social practices in one region that are vastly different from those in another. Largest urban areas South Asia is home to some of the most populated cities in the world. Delhi, Karachi, Mumbai, and Dhaka are four of the world 's largest megacities. Rank City Province / State Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( / km ) Classification Delhi Delhi Union Territory India 24,998,000 2,072 12,100 Union territory Karachi Sindh Pakistan 24,300,000 945 23,400 Metropolis Mumbai Maharashtra India 17,712,000 546 32,400 Megacity Dhaka Dhaka Division Bangladesh 15,669,000 360 43,500 City corporation 5 Kolkata West Bengal India 14,667,000 1,204 12,200 Megacity 6 Lahore Punjab Pakistan 10,052,000 790 12,700 Metropolis 7 Bengaluru Karnataka India 9,807,000 1,116 8,400 Metropolis 8 Chennai Tamil Nadu India 9,714,000 375 25,900 Metropolis 9 Hyderabad Telangana India 8,754,000 971 10,000 Metropolis 10 Ahmedabad Gujarat India 7,186,000 464 20,600 Metropolis Languages Main article : Languages of South Asia Ethno - linguistic distribution map of South Asia. There are numerous languages in South Asia. The spoken languages of the region are largely based on geography and shared across religious boundaries, but the written script is sharply divided by religious boundaries. In particular, Muslims of South Asia such as in Afghanistan and Pakistan use the Arabic alphabet and Persian Nastaliq. Till 1971, Muslim Bangladesh ( then known as East Pakistan ) too mandated only Nastaliq script, but thereafter has adopted regional scripts and particularly Bengali. Non-Muslims of South Asia, and some Muslims in India, on the other hand use their traditional ancient heritage scripts such as those derived from Brahmi script for Indo - European languages and non-Brahmi scripts for Dravidian languages and others. The Nagari script has been the primus inter pares of the traditional South Asian scripts. The Devanagari script is used for over 120 South Asian languages, including Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Pali, Konkani, Bodo, Sindhi and Maithili among other languages and dialects, making it one of the most used and adopted writing systems in the world. The Devanagari script is also used for classical Sanskrit texts. The largest spoken language in this region is Hindi, followed by Bengali, Telugu, Tamil, Gujarati and Punjabi. In the modern era, new syncretic languages developed in the region such as Urdu that is used by Muslim community of northern Indian subcontinent ( particularly Pakistan and northern states of India ). The Punjabi language spans three religions : Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism. The spoken language is similar, but it is written in three scripts. The Sikh use Gurmukhi alphabet, Muslim Punjabis in Pakistan use the Nastaliq script, while Hindu Punjabis in India use the Gurmukhi or Nāgarī script. The Gurmukhi and Nagari scripts are distinct but close in their structure, but the Persian Nastaliq script is very different. English, with British spelling, is commonly used in urban areas and is a major economic lingua franca of South Asia. Religions Main articles : Hinduism in India, Islam in South Asia, and Christianity in India A map of major denominations and religions of the world In 2010, South Asia had the world 's largest population of Hindus, Jains and Sikhs, about 600 million Muslims, as well as over 25 million Buddhists and 35 million Christians. Hindus make up about 63 percent or about 1 billion and Muslims at 31 percent or 600 million of the overall South Asia population, while Buddhists, Jains, Christians and Sikhs constitute most of the rest. The Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs and Christians are concentrated in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan, while the Muslims are concentrated in Afghanistan ( 99 % ), Bangladesh ( 90 % ), Pakistan ( 96 % ) and Maldives ( 100 % ). Indian religions are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent ; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. The Indian religions are distinct yet share terminology, concepts, goals and ideas, and from the Indian subcontinent spread into East Asia and southeast Asia. Early Christianity and Islam were introduced into coastal regions of South Asia by merchants who settled among the local populations. Later Sindh, Balochistan, and parts of the Punjab region saw conquest by the Arab caliphates along with an influx of Muslims from Persia and Central Asia, which resulted in spread of both Shia and Sunni Islam in parts of northwestern region of South Asia. Subsequently, under the influence of Muslim rulers of the Islamic sultanates and the Mughal Empire, Islam spread in South Asia. Afghanistan Islam ( 99 % ), Hinduism, Sikhism and Christianity ( 1 % ) Bangladesh Islam ( 90 % ), Hinduism ( 9 % ), Buddhism ( 0.6 % ), Christianity ( 0.3 % ), Others ( 0.1 % ) Bhutan Buddhism ( 75 % ), Hinduism ( 25 % ) India Hinduism ( 79.5 % ), Islam ( 14.5 % ), Christianity ( 2.3 % ), Sikhism ( 1.7 % ), Buddhism ( 0.7 % ), Jainism ( 0.4 % ), Others ( 0.9 % ) Maldives Sunni Islam ( 100 % ) ( One must be a Sunni Muslim to be a citizen on the Maldives ) Nepal Hinduism ( 82 % ), Buddhism ( 9.0 % ), Islam ( 4.4 % ), Kirat ( 3.1 % ), Christianity ( 1.4 % ), Others ( 0.8 % ) Pakistan Islam ( 96.28 % ), Hinduism ( 2 % ), Christianity ( 1.59 % ), Ahmaddiyya ( 0.22 % ) Sri Lanka Buddhism ( 70.19 % ), Hinduism ( 12.61 % ), Islam ( 9.71 % ), Christianity ( 7.45 % ). Further information : Religion in Afghanistan, Religion in Bangladesh, Religion in Bhutan, Religion in India, Religion in Nepal, Religion in Pakistan, and Religion in Sri Lanka Economy Further information : Economy of Afghanistan, Economy of Bangladesh, Economy of India, Economy of Nepal, Economy of Pakistan, and Economy of Sri Lanka Countries under the South Asian Free Trade Area India is the largest & fastest growing economy in the region ( US $2.180 trillion ) and makes up almost 82 % of the South Asian economy ; it is the world 's 7th largest in nominal terms and 3rd largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates ( US $8.020 trillion ). India is the only member of powerful G - 20 major economies and BRICS from the region. It is the fastest growing major economy in the world and one of the world 's fastest registering a growth of 7.3 % in FY 2014 -- 15. Pakistan has the next largest economy ( $250 billion ) and the 5th highest GDP per capita in the region, followed by Bangladesh and then by Sri Lanka which has the 2nd highest per capita and is the 4th largest economy in the region. According to a World Bank report in 2015, driven by a strong expansion in India, coupled with favorable oil prices, from the last quarter of 2014 South Asia become the fastest - growing region in the world The Major Market stock exchanges in the region are Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) with market Capitalization of $1.68 trillion ( 11th largest in the world ), National Stock Exchange of India ( NSE ) with market capitalization of $1.64 trillion ( 12th largest in the world ), and Karachi Stock Exchange with market capitalization of $60 billion. Economic data is sourced from the International Monetary Fund, current as of April 2017, and is given in US dollars. Country Currency Population ( 2017 ) Nominal GDP ( 2017 ) GDP per capita ( 2017 ) GDP growth ( 2017 ) Inflation ( 2017 ) Main industries Afghanistan ؋ Afghani 34,169,169 $20.57 billion $559 3 % 6 % Textiles, Soap, Furniture, Shoes, Fertilizer Bangladesh ৳ Taka 164,827,718 $248.85 billion $1,520 6.9 % 6.4 % Jute, Cotton, Garments, Paper, Leather Bhutan Nu. Ngultrum 792,877 $2.31 billion $2,870 5.9 % 4.1 % Cement, Woods, Fruits, Liquor, Ca C India ₹ Rupee 1,342,512,706 $2.450 trillion $1,850 7.2 % 4.8 % Software, Petroleum, Chemicals, Agriculture Maldives ރ Rufiyaa 375,867 $3.58 billion $9,950 4.1 % 2.5 % Fishing, Tourism, Shipping, Coconuts Nepal रु Rupee 29,187,037 $23.32 billion $799 5.5 % 6.7 % Tourism, Garment, Food, Beverage, Metals Pakistan Rs Rupee 207,774,520 $304.4 billion $1,629 5 % 4.3 % Textiles, Apparel, Foods, Pharmaceuticals, Agriculture, Leather Sri Lanka රු Rupee 20,905,335 $84.02 billion $3,930 4.5 % 5.8 % Textiles, Apparel, Tourism, Tea, Telecommunication, Food, Pharmaceuticals Health and nutrition Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Population undernourished ( 2015 ) 26.8 % 16.4 % N / A 15.2 % 5.2 % 7.8 % 22 % 22 % Population below poverty line ( CIA Factbook ) 35.8 % 31.5 % 12 % 29.8 % 16 % 25.2 % 22.3 % 8.9 % According to WHO, South Asia is home to two out of the three countries in the world still affected by polio, Pakistan and Afghanistan, with 306 & 28 polio cases registered in 2014 respectively. Attempts to eradicate polio have been badly hit by opposition from militants in both countries, who say the program is cover to spy on their operations. Their attacks on immunization teams have claimed 78 lives since December 2012. According to the World Bank 's 2011 report, based on 2005 ICP PPP, about 24.6 % of the South Asian population falls below the international poverty line of $1.25 / day. Afghanistan and Bangladesh rank the highest, with 30.6 % and 43.3 % of their respective populations below the poverty line. Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka have the lowest number of people below the poverty line, with 2.4 %, 1.5 % and 4.1 % respectively. India has lifted the most people in the region above the poverty line between 2008 and 2011, around 140 million. As of 2011, 21.9 % of India 's population lives below the poverty line, compared to 41.6 % in 2005. The World Bank estimates that India is one of the highest ranking countries in the world for the number of children suffering from malnutrition. The prevalence of underweight children in India is among the highest in the world, and is nearly double that of Sub Saharan Africa with dire consequences for mobility, mortality, productivity and economic growth. According to the World Bank, 70 % of the South Asian population and about 75 % of South Asia 's poor live in rural areas and most rely on agriculture for their livelihood according to the UN 's Food and Agricultural Organisation. In 2015, approximately 281 million people in the region were malnourished. The report says that Nepal reached both the WFS target as well as MDG and is moving towards bringing down the number of undernourished people to less than 5 % of the population. Bangladesh reached the MDG target with the National Food Policy framework -- with only 16.5 % of the population undernourished. In India, the malnourished comprise just over 15 percent of the population. While the number of malnourished people in neighborhood has shown a decline over the last 25 years, the number of under - nourished in Pakistan displays an upward trend. There were 28.7 million hungry in Pakistan in the 1990s -- a number that has steadily increased to 41.3 million in 2015 with 22 % of the population malnourished. Approximately 194.6 million people are undernourished in India, which accounts for the highest number of people suffering from hunger in any single country. The 2006 report stated `` the low status of women in South Asian countries and their lack of nutritional knowledge are important determinants of high prevalence of underweight children in the region ''. Corruption and the lack of initiative on the part of the government has been one of the major problems associated with nutrition in India. Illiteracy in villages has been found to be one of the major issues that need more government attention. The report mentioned that although there has been a reduction in malnutrition due to the Green Revolution in South Asia, there is concern that South Asia has `` inadequate feeding and caring practices for young children ''. Governance See also : List of legislatures in South Asia Country Capital Forms of government Head of state Head of government Legislature Official languages Coat of arms Afghanistan Kabul Unitary presidential Islamic republic President House of Elders, House of the People Pashto Dari Bangladesh Dhaka Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic President Prime Minister Jatiya Sangsad Bangla Bhutan Thimphu Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy King Prime Minister National Council, National Assembly Dzongkha India New Delhi Federal parliamentary constitutional republic President Prime Minister Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha Hindi English Maldives Malé Unitary presidential constitutional republic President People 's Majlis Dhivehi Nepal Kathmandu Federal parliamentary constitutional republic President Prime Minister Legislature Parliament Nepali Pakistan Islamabad Federal parliamentary Islamic republic President Prime Minister Senate, National Assembly Urdu English Sri Lanka Colombo Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic President Prime Minister Parliament Sinhalese Tamil English Countries and territories from extended definitions country or region Capital Administrative division type Head of government Area ( km ) Population Official languages Coat of arms British Indian Ocean Territory Diego Garcia British Overseas Territory Commissioner 54,400 2,500 English Myanmar Naypyidaw Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic State Counsellor 676,578 51,486,253 Burmese Tibet SAR ( China ) Lhasa Autonomous region of China Chairman 1,228,400 3,180,000 Tibetan, Mandarin India and Pakistan are the dominant political powers in the region. India is by far the largest country in the area covering around three - fourths the land area of the subcontinent. India has the largest population of around three times the combined population of the 6 other countries in the subcontinent. India is also the world 's largest democracy India 's annual defence budget for 2013 -- 14 is $39.2 Billion which is equal to the whole Pakistan 's Federal budget of $39.3 billion for 2014 -- 15. Bangladesh is a unitary state and parliamentary democracy. Bangladesh also stands out as one of the few Muslim - majority democracies. `` It is a moderate and generally secular and tolerant -- though sometimes this is getting stretched at the moment -- alternative to violent extremism in a very troubled part of the world '', said Dan Mozena, the U.S. ambassador to Bangladesh. Although Bangladesh 's legal code is secular, more citizens are embracing a conservative version of Islam, with some pushing for sharia law, analysts say. Experts say that the rise in conservatism reflects the influence of foreign - financed Islamic charities and the more austere version of Islam brought home by migrant workers in Persian Gulf countries. Diplomacy among the countries of South Asia has been mainly driven by populist politics, with the centre - stage taken by India - Pakistan conflict ever since their independence in 1947, and then the creation of Bangladesh under tense circumstances in 1971. During the height of Cold war, the elite political leaders of Pakistan aligned with the US, while India played crucial role in forming the Non-Aligned Movement and while maintaining goodwill relations with the USSR. Pakistan 's governance is one of the most conflicted in the region. The military rule and the unstable government in Pakistan has become a concern for the South Asian region. In Nepal, the governance has struggled to come in the side of democracy and it only showed signs in the recent past, basically in the 21st century, to support the democratic system. The political situation in Sri Lanka has been dominated by an increasingly assertive Sinhalese nationalism, and the emergence of a Tamil separatist movement under LTTE, which was suppressed in May 2009. Myanmar 's politics is dominated by a military Junta, which has sidelined the democratic forces led by Aung San Suu Kyi. Governance and education index rankings of South Asian countries Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Inequality - adjusted HDI ( 2016 ) ( global ranking of 187 ) 166 141 135 127 114 142 149 65 Corruption Perception Index ( 2016 ) ( global ranking of 168 ) 169 145 27 79 95 131 116 95 The Worldwide Governance Indicators ( 2015 ) Government Effectiveness 8 % 24 % 68 % 56 % 41 % 13 % 27 % 53 % Political stability and absence of violence / terrorism 1 % 11 % 89 % 17 % 61 % 16 % 1 % 47 % Rule of law 2 % 27 % 70 % 56 % 35 % 27 % 24 % 60 % Voice and accountability 16 % 31 % 46 % 61 % 30 % 33 % 27 % 36 % Population below poverty line ( 2011 ) 35.8 % 31.5 % 23.7 % 21.9 % 16 % 25.2 % 21.4 % 8.9 % Primary School Enrollment 29 % 90 % 85 % 92 % 94 % 96 % 73 % 98 % Secondary School Enrollment 49 % 54 % 78 % 71 % N / A 67 % 38 % 99 % See also South Asia portal Asia portal Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia Indian subcontinent List of tallest buildings and structures in South Asia South Asia Disaster Report South Asian cuisine Notes Jump up ^ According to the UN cartographic section website disclaimers, `` DESIGNATIONS USED : The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps and included in lists, tables, documents, and databases on this web site are not warranted to be error free nor do they necessarily imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. '' Jump up ^ Doniger 2010, p. 66 : `` Much of what we now call Hinduism may have had roots in cultures that thrived in South Asia long before the creation of textual evidence that we can decipher with any confidence. Remarkable cave paintings have been preserved from Mesolithic sites dating from c. 30,000 BCE in Bhimbetka, near present - day Bhopal, in the Vindhya Mountains in the province of Madhya Pradesh. '' Jump up ^ Jones & Ryan 2006, p. xvii : `` Some practices of Hinduism must have originated in Neolithic times ( c. 4000 BCE ). The worship of certain plants and animals as sacred, for instance, could very likely have very great antiquity. The worship of goddesses, too, a part of Hinduism today, may be a feature that originated in the Neolithic. '' Jump up ^ Michaels : `` They called themselves arya ( '' Aryans, '' literally `` the hospitable, '' from the Vedic arya, `` homey, the hospitable '' ) but even in the Rgveda, arya denotes a cultural and linguistic boundary and not only a racial one. '' References Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : South Asia ''. Retrieved 2 March 2015. Jump up ^ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm ^ Jump up to : `` South Asia Regional Overview ''. South Asian Regional Development Gateway. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. ^ Jump up to : IMF Jump up ^ Data for Pakistan in 2017 Jump up ^ Brunn, Stanley D. ; Williams, Jack F. ; Zeigler, Donald J., eds. ( 2003 ). `` Cities of South Asia ''. Cities of the World : World Regional Urban Development ( 3 ed. ). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 332. ISBN 978 - 0847698981. ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan ''. Regional and Country Profiles South Asia. Institute of Development Studies. ; `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings : Southern Asia ''. United Nations Statistics Division. ; Arnall, A ( 24 September 2010 ). `` Adaptive Social Protection : Mapping the Evidence and Policy Context in the Agriculture Sector in South Asia ''. Institute of Development Studies ( 345 ). ; `` The World Bank ''. ; `` Institute of Development Studies : Afghanistan ''. ; `` Harvard South Asia Institute : `` Afghanistan '' ``. ; `` The BBC. `` Afghanistan '' ``. ; `` The Brookings Institution ''. ; `` CIA `` The World Factbook '' ``. Jump up ^ SAARC Summit. `` SAARC ''. SAARC Summit. Retrieved 17 December 2013. Jump up ^ Desai, Praful B. 2002. Cancer control efforts in the Indian subcontinent. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 32 ( Supplement 1 ) : S13 - S16. `` The Indian subcontinent in South Asia occupies 2.4 % of the world land mass and is home to 16.5 % of the world population... '' Jump up ^ `` Asia '' > Overview. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2009 : `` The Indian subcontinent is home to a vast diversity of peoples, most of whom speak languages from the Indo - Aryan subgroup of the Indo - European family. '' Jump up ^ `` Indian Subcontinent ''. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Macmillan Reference USA ( Gale Group ), 2006 : `` The area is divided between five major nation - states, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and includes as well the two small nations of Bhutan and the Maldives Republic... The total area can be estimated at 4.4 million square kilometres, or exactly 10 percent of the land surface of Asia... In 2000, the total population was about 22 percent of the world 's population and 34 percent of the population of Asia. '' ^ Jump up to : http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/ Jump up ^ Pechilis, Karen ; Raj, Selva J. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ). South Asian Religions : Tradition and Today. Routledge. ISBN 9780415448512. Jump up ^ `` 10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 ''. Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project. 2015 - 04 - 02. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07. ^ Jump up to : `` Sense and sensibility in South Asia ''. www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24. ^ Jump up to : `` The Muslim question ''. Times of India Blog. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24. ^ Jump up to : Religion population totals in 2010 by Country Pew Research, Washington DC ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : United Nations Cartographic Centre Retrieved 18 June 2015 ^ Jump up to : Ghosh, Partha Sarathy ( 1989 ). Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia. Technical Publications. pp. 4 -- 5. ISBN 978 - 81 - 85054 - 68 - 1. Jump up ^ Bertram Hughes Farmer, An Introduction to South Asia, pages 1, Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0 - 415 - 05695 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Jona Razzaque ( 2004 ). Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Kluwer Law International. pp. 3 with footnotes 1 and 2. ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 2214 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Michael Mann ( 2014 ). South Asia 's Modern History : Thematic Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13 -- 15. ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 62445 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Ewan W. Anderson ; Liam D. Anderson ( 2013 ). An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 64862 - 5., Quote : `` To the east, Iran, as a Gulf state, offers a generally accepted limit to the Middle East. However, Afghanistan, also a Muslim state, is then left in isolation. It is not accepted as a part of Central Asia and it is clearly not part of the Indian subcontinent ''. ^ Jump up to : `` The World Bank ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Institute of Development Studies : Afghanistan ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Harvard South Asia Institute : `` Afghanistan '' ``. ^ Jump up to : `` The BBC. `` Afghanistan '' ``. ^ Jump up to : `` The Brookings Institution ''. ^ Jump up to : `` CIA `` The World Factbook '' ``. ^ Jump up to : Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, Religions of South Asia : An Introduction, page 3, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 9781134593224 Jump up ^ Keith Robbins ( 2012 ). Transforming the World : Global Political History since World War II. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 386. ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 29656 - 6., Quote : `` Some thought that Afghanistan was part of the Middle East and not South Asian at all ''. Jump up ^ Phillip Margulies ( 2008 ). Nuclear Nonproliferation. Infobase Publishing. p. 63. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0902 - 2., Quote : `` Afghanistan, which lies to the northwest, is not technically a part of South Asia but is an important neighbor with close links and historical ties to Pakistan. '' ^ Jump up to : McLeod, John ( 2002 ). The History of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31459 - 9. Jump up ^ Arthur Berriedale Keith, A Constitutional History of India : 1600 -- 1935, pages 440 -- 444, Methuen & Co, 1936 ^ Jump up to : `` Indian subcontinent ''. New Oxford Dictionary of English ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 860441 - 6 ) New York : Oxford University Press, 2001 ; p. 929 : `` the part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean, between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Historically forming the whole territory of greater India, the region is now divided between India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Jump up ^ N.D. Arora, Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination, page 42 : 1, Tata McGraw - Hill Education, 2010, 9780070090941 Jump up ^ Stephen Adolphe Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler & Darrell T. Tryon, Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, pages 787, International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 1996, ISBN 3 - 11 - 013417 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Indian subcontinent '' > Geology and Geography. Jump up ^ The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2003 : `` region, S central Asia, comprising the countries of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh and the Himalayan states of Nepal, and Bhutan. Sri Lanka, an island off the southeastern tip of the Indian peninsula, is often considered a part of the subcontinent. '' Jump up ^ Haggett, Peter ( 2001 ). Encyclopedia of World Geography ( Vol. 1 ). Marshall Cavendish. p. 2710. ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7289 - 4. Jump up ^ Navnita Chadha Behera, International Relations in South Asia : Search for an Alternative Paradigm, page 129, SAGE Publications India, 2008, ISBN 9788178298702 Jump up ^ United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations, pages 297, Office of Public Information, 1947, United Nations Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : A New Survey of Universal Knowledge ( volume 4 ), pages 177, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1947 Jump up ^ Ian Copland, The Princes of pre-India in the Endgame of the British Empire : 1917 -- 1947, pages 263, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0 - 521 - 89436 - 0 Jump up ^ Ben Cahoon. `` Pakistan Princely States ''. Worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. ^ Jump up to : Kathleen M. Baker and Graham P. Chapman, The Changing Geography of Asia, page 10, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 9781134933846 Jump up ^ Sarkar, Sudeshna ( 16 May 2007 ). `` SAARC : Afghanistan comes in from the cold ''. Current Affairs -- Security Watch. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich. Retrieved 6 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` South Asian Organisation for Regional Cooperation ( official website ) ''. SAARC Secretariat, Kathmandu, Nepal. Retrieved 6 April 2011. Jump up ^ Chatterjee Aneek, International Relations Today : Concepts and Applications, page 166, Pearson Education India, ISBN 9788131733752 Jump up ^ `` SAARC Membership : India blocks China 's entry for the time being ''. Retrieved 17 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` South Asia ''. Retrieved 20 March 2015. Jump up ^ South Asia : Data, Projects and Research, The World Bank Jump up ^ `` SAFTA Protocol ''. Retrieved 20 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` South Asia ''. Unicef.org. Retrieved 16 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` UNICEF ROSA ''. Unicef.org. Retrieved 16 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cambridge University : Centre of South Asian Studies ''. Jump up ^ `` Cambridge Centre of South Asian Studies : Links to South And Southeast Asian resources ''. Jump up ^ `` Cambridge South Asian Archive : Afghanistan '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` Cambridge Centre of South Asian Studies : Library ''. Jump up ^ Grolier Incorporated, The Encyclopedia Americana ( volume 14 ), pages 201, Grolier, 1988, ISBN 0 - 7172 - 0119 - 8 Jump up ^ About Us, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge Jump up ^ CSAS, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Michigan Jump up ^ About Us, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Virginia Jump up ^ South Asian Studies Program, Rutgers University Jump up ^ `` Center for South Asia Studies : University of California, Berkeley ''. Southasia.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19. Jump up ^ South Asian Studies, Brandeis University Jump up ^ South Asia Institute, Columbia University Jump up ^ Geographical region and composition, Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings, United Nations Jump up ^ `` Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use ''. Millenniumindicators.un.org. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25. Quote : `` The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. '' Jump up ^ Asia - Pacific POPIN Consultative Workshop Report, Asia - Pacific POPIN Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 2 ( 1995 ), pages 7 -- 11 Jump up ^ Mapping and Analysis of Agricultural Trade Liberalization in South Asia, Trade and Investment Division ( TID ), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Jump up ^ Territories ( British Indian Ocean Territory ), Jane 's Information Group Jump up ^ Dale Hoiberg and Indu Ramchandani, Students ' Britannica India ( vol. 1 ), page 45, Popular Prakashan, 2000, ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 760 - 5 Jump up ^ Vernon Marston Hewitt, The international politics of South Asia, page xi, Manchester University Press, 1992, ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3392 - 6 Jump up ^ Dallen J. Timothy and Gyan P. Nyaupane, Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World : A Regional Perspective, page 127, Routledge, 2009, ISBN 9781134002283 Jump up ^ Kishore C. Dash, Regionalism in South Asia, pages 172 -- 175, Routledge, 2008, ISBN 0 - 415 - 43117 - 4 Jump up ^ `` subcontinent ''. Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed. ). Oxford University Press. September 2005. ( Subscription or UK public library membership required. ) Jump up ^ `` Indian subcontinent ''. Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed. ). Oxford University Press. September 2005. ( Subscription or UK public library membership required. ) Jump up ^ Asher, Catherine B. ; Talbot, Cynthia ( 2006 - 03 - 16 ), India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, pp. 5 -- 8, 12 -- 14, 51, 78 -- 80, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80904 - 7 Jump up ^ Robert Wynn Jones ( 2011 ). Applications of Palaeontology : Techniques and Case Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 267 -- 271. ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49920 - 0. ^ Jump up to : John McLeod, The history of India, page 1, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0 - 313 - 31459 - 4 Milton Walter Meyer, South Asia : A Short History of the Subcontinent, pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, ISBN 0 - 8226 - 0034 - X Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World : states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, ISBN 0 - 04 - 910121 - 8 Boniface, Brian G. ; Christopher P. Cooper ( 2005 ). Worldwide destinations : the geography of travel and tourism. Butterworth - Heinemann. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 5997 - 0. Judith Schott & Alix Henley, Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society, pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, ISBN 0 - 7506 - 2050 - 1 Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0 - 19 - 856817 - 7 Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0 - 674 - 04979 - 9 Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0 - 19 - 513798 - 1 Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, pages 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0 - 415 - 30787 - 2 Jump up ^ John R. Lukacs, The People of South Asia : the biological anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal, page 59, Plenum Press, 1984, ISBN 9780306414077 Jump up ^ Tatu Vanhanen, Prospects of Democracy : A Study of 172 Countries, page 144, Routledge, 1997, ISBN 9780415144063 Jump up ^ Chris Brewster and Wolfgang Mayrhofe, Handbook of Research on Comparative Human Resource Management, page 576, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012, ISBN 9780857938718 Jump up ^ Dhavendra Kumar ( 2012 ). Genomics and Health in the Developing World. Oxford University Press. p. 889. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537475 - 9. Jump up ^ Mariam Pirbhai ( 2009 ). Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture : Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia - Pacific. University of Toronto Press. p. 14. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9964 - 8. Jump up ^ Ronald B. Inden, Imagining India, page 51, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1850655200, Quote : `` It is very common today in academic and official circles to speak of the Indian subcontinent as ' South Asia ', thereby distinguishing it from an ' East Asia '. '' Jump up ^ Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, pages 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0415307872, Quote : `` Indian subcontinent -- or South Asia -- as it has come to be known in more recent and neutral parlance '' Jump up ^ G. Bongard - Levin, A History of India ( Progress Publishers : Moscow, 1979 ) p. 11. Jump up ^ Romila Thapar, A History of India ( Penguin Books : New York, 1966 ) p. 23. Jump up ^ Romila Thapar, A History of India, p. 24. Jump up ^ Possehl 2002, p. 141 -- 156. ^ Jump up to : Michaels 2004, p. 33. Jump up ^ Michaels 2004, p. 32. Jump up ^ Witzel 1995, p. 3 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Witzel 1995. Jump up ^ Flood 1996, p. 30 - 35. Jump up ^ Flood 1996, p. 33. Jump up ^ Samuel 2010, p. 41 - 48. Jump up ^ Stein 2010, p. 48 - 49. Jump up ^ Witzel 1995, p. 6. Jump up ^ Samuel 2010, p. 51 - 53. ^ Jump up to : Samuel 2010, p. 25. ^ Jump up to : Hiltebeitel 2007, p. 12. Jump up ^ Samuel 2010, p. 53 - 56. Jump up ^ Flood 1996, p. 30. Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel 2007, p. 5 - 7. Jump up ^ Beckwith 2009, p. 32. Jump up ^ Anthony 2007, p. 462. Jump up ^ Samuel 2010, pp. 26 -- 27, Quote : `` In fact the whole question of the early history of the Indo - Aryan and Indo - Iranian speaking peoples is both heavily contested and, at least at this point in time, largely undecidable. ''. Jump up ^ Flood 1996, pp. 81 -- 82. Jump up ^ Jacob Neusner ( 2009 ). World Religions in America : An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 23320 - 4. Jump up ^ Gombrich 2006, p. 135. Jump up ^ Trainor 2004, pp. 103, 119. Jump up ^ Jason Neelis ( 2010 ). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks : Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 102 -- 106. ISBN 90 - 04 - 18159 - 8. Jump up ^ John Guy ( 2014 ). Lost Kingdoms : Hindu - Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 9 -- 11, 14 -- 15, 19 -- 20. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58839 - 524 - 5. Jump up ^ Jason Neelis ( 2010 ). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks : Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 114 -- 115, 144, 160 -- 163, 170 -- 176, 249 -- 250. ISBN 90 - 04 - 18159 - 8. Jump up ^ Deborah Klimburg - Salter ( 1989 ), The Kingdom of Bamiyan : Buddhist art and culture of the Hindu Kush, Naples -- Rome : Istituto Universitario Orientale & Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, ISBN 978 - 0877737650 ( Reprinted by Shambala ) Jump up ^ Barbara Crossette ( 1996 ). So Close to Heaven : The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas. Vintage. pp. 84 -- 85. ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 74363 - 7. Jump up ^ HJ Klimkeit ; R Meserve ; EE Karimov ; C Shackle ( 2000 ). `` Religions and religious movements ''. In CE Boxworth ; MS Asimov. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. pp. 79 -- 80. ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 103654 - 5. Jump up ^ Samuel 2010, pp. 193 -- 228, 339 -- 353, specifically pp. 76 -- 79 and 194 -- 199. Jump up ^ John Guy ; Pierre Baptiste ; Lawrence Becker ; Bérénice Bellina ; Robert L. Brown ; Federico Carò ( 2014 ). Lost Kingdoms : Hindu - Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia. Yale University Press. pp. 10 -- 11. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 20437 - 7. Jump up ^ Michell 1977, p. 18, 40. Jump up ^ Hartmut Scharfe ( 2002 ). Handbook of Oriental Studies. BRILL Academic. pp. 144 -- 153. ISBN 90 - 04 - 12556 - 6. Jump up ^ Craig Lockard ( 2007 ). Societies, Networks, and Transitions : Volume I : A Global History. Houghton Mifflin. p. 188. ISBN 978 - 0618386123. Jump up ^ Walter M. Spink ( 2005 ). Ajanta : History and Development, Volume 5 : Cave by Cave. BRILL Academic. pp. 1 -- 9, 15 -- 16. ISBN 90 - 04 - 15644 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Ellora Caves -- UNESCO World Heritage Centre ''. Whc.unesco.org., Quote : `` Ellora, with its uninterrupted sequence of monuments dating from A.D. 600 to 1000, brings the civilization of ancient India to life. Not only is the Ellora complex a unique artistic creation and a technological exploit but, with its sanctuaries devoted to Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, it illustrates the spirit of tolerance that was characteristic of ancient India. '' Jump up ^ Lisa Owen ( 2012 ). Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora. BRILL Academic. pp. 1 -- 10. ISBN 978 - 9004206298. Jump up ^ `` History in Chronological Order ''. Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09. Jump up ^ See : M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, ISBN 978 - 9004177581, Brill The Islamic frontier in the east : Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4 ( 1 ), pp. 91 -- 109 Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar -- Oldest Islamic Monuments in India, ISBN 978 - 9004083417, Brill Academic ; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat ^ Jump up to : Peter Jackson ( 2003 ), The Delhi Sultanate : A Political and Military History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978 - 0521543293, pp 3 -- 30 Jump up ^ T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India : The Development of British Forces in South Asia : 1600 -- 1947, ( Manchester University Press, 1995 ), pp 5 -- 7 Jump up ^ Lionel Barnett ( 1999 ), Antiquities of India : An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan, p. 1, at Google Books, Atlantic pp. 73 -- 79 Jump up ^ Richard Davis ( 1994 ), Three styles in looting India, History and Anthropology, 6 ( 4 ), pp 293 -- 317, doi : 10.1080 / 02757206.1994. 9960832 Jump up ^ Muhammad B. Sam Mu'izz Al - Din, T.W. Haig, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VII, ed. C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs and C. Pellat, ( Brill, 1993 ) Jump up ^ C.E. Bosworth, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5, ed. J.A. Boyle, John Andrew Boyle, ( Cambridge University Press, 1968 ), pp 161 -- 170 Jump up ^ History of South Asia : A Chronological Outline Columbia University ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Tughluq Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Firoz Shah Tughlak, Futuhat - i Firoz Shahi -- Autobiographical memoirs, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 -- The History of India, Cornell University Archives, pp 377 -- 381 Jump up ^ Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India : From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, p. 217, at Google Books, Chapter 2, pp. 249 -- 251, Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, ISBN 978 - 9004061170, Brill Academic, pp 20 -- 23 Jump up ^ David Lewis ( 31 October 2011 ). Bangladesh : Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 50257 - 3. In 1346... what became known as the Bengal Sultanate began and continued for almost two centuries. Jump up ^ Syed Ejaz Hussain ( 2003 ). The Bengal Sultanate : Politics, Economy and Coins, A.D. 1205 -- 1576. Manohar. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7304 - 482 - 3. Jump up ^ Kulke and Rothermund, Hermann and Dietmar ( 2004 ) ( 2004 ). A History of India. Routledge ( 4th edition ). pp. 187 -- 188. ISBN 0 - 415 - 32919 - 1. Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. ( 1955 ) ( reissued 2002 ). A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi : Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. pp. 216, 239 -- 250. ISBN 0 - 19 - 560686 - 8. Jump up ^ Lodi Dynasty Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Guptajit Pathak ( 2008 ). Assam 's history and its graphics. Mittal. p. 124. ISBN 978 - 81 - 8324 - 251 - 6. Jump up ^ C.E. Bosworth ( 2014 ). New Islamic Dynasties. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 179 -- 180. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 9648 - 2. Jump up ^ Catherine Blanshard Asher ( 1992 ). Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1 -- 2. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26728 - 1. Jump up ^ John F. Richards ( 1995 ). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97 -- 101. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56603 - 2. Jump up ^ Pashaura Singh ( 2005 ), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12 ( 1 ), pages 29 -- 62 ; Quote ( p. 29 ) : `` most of the Sikh scholars have vehemently presented this event as the first of the long series of religious persecutions that Sikhs suffered at the hands of Mughal authorities. '' ; Pashaura Singh ( 2006 ). Life and Work of Guru Arjan : History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition. Oxford University Press. pp. 23, 217 -- 218. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 567921 - 2. Jump up ^ Chris Seiple ( 2013 ). The Routledge handbook of religion and security. New York : Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 66744 - 9. Jump up ^ Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech ( 2014 ). The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press. pp. 236 -- 238, 442 -- 445. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 969930 - 8. Jump up ^ Annemarie Schimmel ; Burzine K. Waghmar ( 2004 ). The Empire of the Great Mughals : History, Art and Culture. Reaktion. pp. 35, 115 -- 121. ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 185 - 3. Jump up ^ Matthew White ( 2011 ). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things. W.W. Norton. p. 234. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 08192 - 3. The Mughals traditionally had been tolerant of Hinduism... Aurangzeb, however... prohibited Hindus from riding horses or litters. He reintroduced the head tax non-Muslims had to pay. Aurangzeb relentlessly destroyed Hindu temples all across India. Jump up ^ Vincent Smith ( 1919 ), The Oxford History of India, Oxford University Press, page 437 Jump up ^ John Bowman ( 2005 ). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. pp. 282 -- 284. ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 50004 - 3. Jump up ^ W. Owen Cole ; Piara Singh Sambhi ( 1978 ). The Sikhs : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge. pp. 36 -- 37. ISBN 0 - 7100 - 8842 - 6. Jump up ^ Lisa Balabanlilar ( 2012 ). Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire : Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia. I.B. Tauris. pp. 97, 180 -- 181. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 726 - 1. Jump up ^ J.S. Grewal ( 1990 ). `` Chapter 6 : The Sikh empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) ''. The Sikh empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ). The New Cambridge History of India. The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. Jump up ^ Patwant Singh ( 2008 ). Empire of the Sikhs : The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Peter Owen. pp. 113 -- 124. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7206 - 1323 - 0. Jump up ^ Saul Bernard Cohen, Geopolitics of the world system, pages 304 -- 305, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9907 - 2 Jump up ^ Xinru, Liu, `` The Silk Road in World History '' ( New York : Oxford University Press, 2010 ), 40. Jump up ^ `` Asia '' > Geology and Geography. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2003 : `` Asia can be divided into six regions, each possessing distinctive physical, cultural, economic, and political characteristics... South Asia ( Afghanistan and the nations of the Indian subcontinent ) is isolated from the rest of Asia by great mountain barriers. '' Jump up ^ `` Asia '' > Geologic history -- Tectonic framework. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2009 : `` The paleotectonic evolution of Asia terminated some 50 million years ago as a result of the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia. Asia 's subsequent neotectonic development has largely disrupted the continent 's preexisting fabric. The first - order neotectonic units of Asia are Stable Asia, the Arabian and Indian cratons, the Alpide plate boundary zone ( along which the Arabian and Indian platforms have collided with the Eurasian continental plate ), and the island arcs and marginal basins. '' Jump up ^ Chapman, Graham P. & Baker, Kathleen M., eds. The changing geography of Asia. ( ISBN 0 - 203 - 03862 - 2 ) New York : Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002 ; p. 10 : `` This greater India is well defined in terms of topography ; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east. '' ^ Jump up to : Robert M. Cutler ( 2007 ). Mehdi Amineh, ed. The Greater Middle East in Global Politics : Social Science Perspectives on the Changing Geography of the World Politics. BRILL. pp. xv, 112. ISBN 978 - 90 - 474 - 2209 - 9. Jump up ^ Sinvhal, Understanding Earthquake Disasters, page 52, Tata McGraw - Hill Education, 2010, ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 014456 - 9 Jump up ^ Harsh K. Gupta, Disaster management, page 85, Universities Press, 2003, ISBN 978 - 81 - 7371 - 456 - 6 Jump up ^ James R. Heirtzler, Indian ocean geology and biostratigraphy, American Geophysical Union, 1977, ISBN 978 - 0 - 87590 - 208 - 1 Jump up ^ M. Asif Khan, Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis and the Western Himalaya, page 375, Geological Society of London, 2000, ISBN 978 - 1 - 86239 - 061 - 4 Jump up ^ Srikrishna Prapnnachari, Concepts in Frame Design, page 152, Srikrishna Prapnnachari, ISBN 978 - 99929 - 52 - 21 - 4 Jump up ^ A.M. Celâl Şengör, Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Region, Springer, 1989, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 0067 - 0 Jump up ^ Valentin Semenovich Burtman & Peter Hale Molnar, Geological and Geophysical Evidence for Deep Subduction of Continental Crust Beneath the Pamir, page 10, Geological Society of America, 1993, ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2281 - 0 Jump up ^ Peel, M.C. ; Finlayson, B.L. ; McMahon, T.A. ( 2007 ). `` Updated world map of the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification ''. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 : 1633 -- 1644. ISSN 1027 - 5606. doi : 10.5194 / hess - 11 - 1633 - 2007. ( direct : Final Revised Paper ) ^ Jump up to : John E. Olive, The Encyclopedia of World Climatology, page 115 - 117, Springer, 2005, ISBN 9781402032646 Jump up ^ Peter D. Tyson, Global - Regional Linkages in the Earth System, page 83, Springer, 2002, ISBN 9783540424031 Jump up ^ Peter D. Tyson, Global - Regional Linkages in the Earth System, page 76, Springer, 2002, ISBN 9783540424031 ^ Jump up to : `` Field Listing : : Names ''. CIA. Retrieved 28 July 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` UNGEGN List of Country Names '' ( PDF ). United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` List of countries, territories and currencies ''. Europa. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` Field Listing : : Capital ''. CIA. Retrieved 3 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` UNGEGN World Geographical Names ''. United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` Field Listing : : Area ''. CIA. Retrieved 7 August 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Country Comparison : : Population ''. CIA. July 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook ( April 2017 ) -- Nominal GDP ''. IMF. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26. ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook ( April 2017 ) -- Nominal GDP per capita ''. IMF. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Human Development Reports ''. hdr.undp.org. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division ( 2014 ). World Urbanization Prospects : The 2014 Revision, custom data acquired via website. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm Jump up ^ Baten, Jörg ( 2016 ). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 249. ISBN 9781107507180. ^ Jump up to : Cox, Wendell ( January 2015 ). `` Demographia World Urban Areas '' ( PDF ). Demographia. Retrieved 26 November 2015. Jump up ^ Brinkhoff, Thomas. `` The Principal Agglomerations of the World ''. citypopulation.de. City Population. Retrieved 8 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` Population explosion : Put an embargo on industrialisation in Karachi ''. Karachi : The Express Tribune. 6 October 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2014. ^ Jump up to : Braj B. Kachru ; Yamuna Kachru ; S.N. Sridhar ( 2008 ). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122 -- 127, 419 -- 423. ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46550 - 2. Jump up ^ George Cardona ; Dhanesh Jain ( 2003 ). The Indo - Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 75 -- 77. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77294 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Devanagari ( Nagari ), Script Features and Description, SIL International ( 2013 ), United States Jump up ^ Hindi, Omniglot Encyclopedia of Writing Systems and Languages Jump up ^ David Templin. `` Devanagari script ''. Omniglot. Retrieved 5 April 2015. Jump up ^ Shamsur Rahman Faruqi ( 2008 ), Urdu Literary Culture : The Syncretic Tradition, Shibli Academy, Azamgarh Jump up ^ Peter T. Daniels ; William Bright ( 1996 ). The World 's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507993 - 7. Jump up ^ Braj B. Kachru ; Yamuna Kachru ; S.N. Sridhar ( 2008 ). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 391 -- 394. ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46550 - 2. Jump up ^ `` '' Region : South Asia `` ''. Retrieved 1 January 2017. Jump up ^ Editor, Daniel Burke, CNN Religion. `` The moment American Muslims were waiting for ''. CNN. Retrieved 1 January 2017. ^ Jump up to : Adams, C.J., Classification of religions : Geographical, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Accessed : 15 July 2010 ; Quote : `` Indian religions, including early Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, and sometimes also Theravāda Buddhism and the Hindu - and Buddhist - inspired religions of South and Southeast Asia ''. Jump up ^ Alberts, Irving, T.,. D.R.M. ( 2013 ). Intercultural Exchange in Southeast Asia : History and Society in the Early Modern World ( International Library of Historical Studies ). I.B. Tauris. Jump up ^ Lisa Balabanlilar ( 2012 ). Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire : Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia. I.B. Tauris. pp. 1 -- 2, 7 -- 10. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 726 - 1. Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- Afghanistan ''. CIA. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh : AT A GLANCE ''. Banbeis.gov.bd. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook ''. CIA. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Indian Census ''. Censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ `` religion ''. Maldives. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Maldives ''. Law.emory.edu. 1920 - 02 - 21. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ Maldives -- Religion, countrystudies.us Jump up ^ `` NEPAL '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ Population by religions Archived 17 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine., Statistics Division of the Government of Pakistan Jump up ^ `` Table 1 ''. Web.archive.org. 2007 - 05 - 13. Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 13. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ IMF Jump up ^ `` Welcome to WorldBank Group ''. World Bank. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ World Bank Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook ( April 2017 ) -- Real GDP growth ''. IMF. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook ( April 2017 ) -- Inflation rate, average consumer prices ''. IMF. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26. ^ Jump up to : UN Jump up ^ CIA Factbook Jump up ^ GPEI Jump up ^ The Dawn Jump up ^ World Bank Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ India, World Bank Jump up ^ `` World Bank Report ''. The World Bank. 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13. World Bank Report on Malnutrition in India Jump up ^ `` Agriculture in South Asia ''. World Bank. Jump up ^ The Dawn Jump up ^ Pandey, Geeta ( 2006 - 10 - 13 ). `` ' Hunger critical ' in South Asia ''. BBC News. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ `` The EU 's External Relations ''. Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ http://www.theindianrepublic.com/tbp/foreign-policy-seizing-initiative-maintaining-momentum-100037338.html Jump up ^ http://m.niticentral.com/2014/05/23/why-invitation-to-saarc-countries-is-modis-master-stroke-226470.html Jump up ^ Barry Buzan ( 2004 ). The United States and the great powers : world politics in the twenty - first century. Polity. pp. 71, 99. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3374 - 9. Retrieved 27 December 2011. Jump up ^ Hussein Solomon. `` South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership ''. Archived from the original on 24 June 2002. Retrieved 27 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Area and Population of Countries ( mid-2006 estimates ) ''. Infoplease. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/india-worlds-largest-democracy/10104.html Jump up ^ http://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-defence-budget-is-one-third-of-china-pentagon/articleshow/36129618.cms Jump up ^ http://www.dawn.com/news/1110324/federal-cabinet-approves-budget-2014-15 Jump up ^ `` The world factbook - Bangladesh ''. CIA. Jump up ^ Gowen, Annie. `` Bangladesh 's political unrest threatens economic gains, democracy ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Human Development Reports ''. hdr.undp.org. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ e.V., Transparency International. `` Corruption Perceptions Index 2016 ''. Transparency.org. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Governance Indicators ''. World Bank. 2015. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines ( % of population ) Data ''. data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ `` School enrollment, primary ( % net ) Data ''. data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ World Bank Bibliography Anthony, David W. ( 2007 ), The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze - Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World, Princeton University Press Beckwith, Christopher I. ( 2009 ), Empires of the Silk Road, Princeton University Press Doniger, Wendy ( 2010 ), The Hindus : An Alternative History, Oxford University Press Flood, Gavin D. ( 1996 ), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press Gombrich, Richard F. ( 2006 ), in Williams, Paul, ed., Buddhism : Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 8 volumes, London : Routledge Hiltebeitel, Alf ( 2007 ), `` Hinduism '', in Joseph Kitagawa, The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion, History, and Culture ( Digital printing ), Routledge Jones, Constance ; Ryan, James D. ( 2006 ), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase Publishing Michaels, Axel ( 2004 ), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press Michell, George ( 1977 ), The Hindu Temple : An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms, University of Chicago Press Possehl, Gregory L. ( 11 November 2002 ), `` Indus religion '', The Indus Civilization : A Contemporary Perspective, Rowman Altamira, pp. 141 -- 156, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 1642 - 9 Ramstedt, Martin ( 2004 ). Hinduism in Modern Indonesia : A Minority Religion Between Local, National, and Global Interests. New York : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0700715336. Samuel, Geoffrey ( 2010 ), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press Stein, Burton ( 2010 ), A History of India, Second Edition ( PDF ), Wiley - Blackwell Trainor, Kevin ( 2004 ), Buddhism : The Illustrated Guide, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517398 - 7 Witzel, Michael ( 1995 ), `` Early Sanskritization : Origin and Development of the Kuru state '' ( PDF ), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, Praeger, 1 ( 4 ), archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 June 2007 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Asia. South Asia, The World Bank Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago South Asian and Himalayan Arts, Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian South Asia, Brookings Institution South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation, Asia Development Bank Places adjacent to South Asia Central Asia Middle East Central Asia, East Asia East Asia Middle East South Asia South East Asia Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean Regions of the world Regions of Africa North Mediterranean Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Maghreb Barbary Coast Barbara Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains ( Middle Atlas ) Sahara Western Sahara Sahel Eastern Mediterranean Egypt Upper Egypt Middle Egypt Lower Egypt Cataracts of the Nile Bashmur Nubia Lower Nubia Nile Valley Nile Delta Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Sub-Saharan East Aethiopia Swahili coast East African Rift Great Rift Valley Afar Triangle Danakil Desert Danakil Alps Albertine Rift Virunga Mountains Gregory Rift Valley Southern Rift Valley Rift Valley lakes African Great Lakes Mittelafrika Horn of Africa Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna East African montane forests Sub-Saharan Central Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau Sub-Saharan West Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Sudanian Savanna Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Sudan ( region ) Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Sub-Saharan South Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa Francophone Africa Lusophone Africa Arabophone Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Tropical Africa Islands Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Frontier Strip Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of South America North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan_Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Geography of South Asia Mountains and plateaus Himalayas Mount Everest Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Aravalli Range Nilgiris Vindhya Range Satpura Range Garo Hills Shivalik Hills Mahabharat Range Khasi Hills Annamalai Hills Cardamom Hills Sulaiman Mountains Toba Kakar Range Karakoram Hindu Kush Chittagong Hill Tracts Deccan Plateau Thar Desert Makran Chota Nagpur Naga Hills Mysore Plateau Ladakh Plateau Gandhamardan Hills Malwa Lowlands and islands Indo - Gangetic plain Doab Indus Valley Indus River Delta Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Terai Atolls of the Maldives Coromandel Coast Konkan Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Sundarbans Reserve Forest Greater Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Protected areas in Tamil Nadu By country India Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives Afghanistan Major languages of South Asia Main articles Languages of India list by number of speakers scheduled Languages of Pakistan Languages of Bangladesh Languages of Bhutan Languages of the Maldives Languages of Nepal Languages of Sri Lanka Contemporary languages Austronesian Sri Lankan Creole Malay Dravidian Brahui Jeseri Kannada Malayalam Tamil Telugu Tulu Indo - Aryan Angika Assamese Bhojpuri Bengali Chakma Chittagonian Dhivehi Dogri Gujarati Hindi Hindko Kashmiri Konkani Kumaoni Magahi Mahal Maithili Marathi Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Saraiki Sindhi Sinhala Sylheti Rajasthani language Urdu Iranian Balochi Pashto Wakhi Isolates Great Andamanese Burushaski Nihali Kusunda Mon -- Khmer Khasi Nicobarese Munda Ho Korku Mundari Santali Sora Ongan Önge Jarawa Tibeto - Burman Ao Bodo Dzongkha Garo Meithei Mizo Nepal Bhasa Sikkimese Tenyidie Tibetan Tripuri European influence English Indian English Pakistani English Sri Lankan English French Portuguese Scripts Historical Indus ( Undeciphered ) Brahmi ( Abugida ) Kharosthi Brahmic Devanagari Bengali Gujarati Gurmukhī Malayalam Kannada Odia Ranjana Sinhala Tamil Telugu European Latin alphabet Arabic Arwi Nastaʿlīq Shahmukhi Arabi Malayalam Language activism Hela Havula Bengali Language Movement Sanskrit revival Pure Tamil movement Nepal Bhasa movement Punjabi Language Movement Urdu movement VIAF : 254470885 GND : 4058406 - 9 NDL : 00567661 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Asia&oldid=806847424 '' Categories : South Asia Regions of Asia Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans አማርኛ Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Romani Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017, at 14 : 45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: sri lanka belongs to which part of asia
Answer: South Asia; South Asia; South Asia; South Asia; South Asia