Sonnet 116 - wikipedia Sonnet 116 `` '' Sonnet 116 Sonnet 116 in the 1609 Quarto ( where it is mis - numbered as 119 ) Q1 Q2 Q3 Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments. Love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds, Or bends with the remover to remove : O, no ! it is an ever - fixed mark, That looks on tempests and is never shaken ; It is the star to every wandering bark, Whose worth 's unknown, although his height be taken. Love 's not Time 's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks Within his bending sickle 's compass come ; Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, But bears it out even to the edge of doom. If this be error and upon me proved, I never writ, nor no man ever loved. 8 12 14 -- William Shakespeare Shakespeare 's Sonnet 116 was first published in 1609. Its structure and form are a typical example of the Shakespearean sonnet. The poet begins by stating he should not stand in the way of `` the marriage of true minds '', and that love can not be true if it changes for any reason ; true love should be constant, through any difficulties. In the seventh line, the poet makes a nautical reference, alluding to love being much like the north star is to sailors. Love also should not fade with time ; instead, true love is, as is the polar star, `` ever - fixèd '' and lasts forever. `` The movement of 116, like its tone, is careful, controlled, laborious... it defines and redefines its subject in each quatrain, and this subject becomes increasingly vulnerable ''. It starts out as motionless and distant, remote, independent -- then moves to be `` less remote, more tangible and earthbound '', and the final couplet brings a sense of `` coming back down to earth ''. Ideal love is deteriorating throughout the sonnet and continues to do so through the couplet. Contents 1 Structure 2 Analysis 2.1 Overview 2.2 Quatrain 1 2.3 Quatrain 2 2.4 Quatrain 3 2.5 Couplet 3 Notes and references 3.1 References 3.2 Sources 4 See also 5 External links Structure Sonnet 116 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet. The English sonnet has three quatrains, followed by a final rhyming couplet. It follows the typical rhyme scheme of the form abab cdcd efef gg and is composed in iambic pentameter, a type of poetic metre based on five pairs of metrically weak / strong syllabic positions. The 10th line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter : × / × / × / × / × / Within his bending sickle 's compass come ; ( 116.10 ) This sonnet contains examples of all three metrical variations typically found in literary iambic pentameter of the period. Lines 6 and 8 feature a final extrametrical syllable or feminine ending : × / × / × / × / × / ( × ) That looks on tempests and is never shaken ; ( 116.6 ) / = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus. ( × ) = extrametrical syllable. Line 2 exhibits a mid-line reversal : × / × / × / / × × / Admit impediments. Love is not love ( 116.2 ) A mid-line reversal can also be found in line 12, while lines 7, 9, and 11 all have potential initial reversals. Finally, line 11 also features a rightward movement of the third ictus ( resulting in a four - position figure, × × / /, sometimes referred to as a minor ionic ) : / × × / × × / / × / Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, ( 116.11 ) The meter demands that line 12 's `` even '' function as one syllable. Analysis Overview Sonnet 116 is one of Shakespeare 's most famous love sonnets, but some scholars have argued the theme has been misunderstood. Hilton Landry believes the appreciation of 116 as a celebration of true love is mistaken, in part because its context in the sequence of adjacent sonnets is not properly considered. Landry acknowledges the sonnet `` has the grandeur of generality or a ' universal significance ', '' but cautions that `` however timeless and universal its implications may be, we must never forget that Sonnet 116 has a restricted or particular range of meaning simply because it does not stand alone. '' Carol Thomas Neely writes that, `` Sonnet 116 is part of a sequence which is separate from all the other sonnets of Shakespeare because of their sense of detachment. They are n't about the action of love and the object of that love is removed in this sequence which consists of Sonnets 94, 116, and 129 ''. This group of three sonnets does not fit the mold of the rest of Shakespeare 's sonnets, therefore, and they defy the typical concept and give a different perspective of what love is and how it is portrayed or experienced. `` Though 116 resolves no issues, the poet in this part of the sequence acknowledges and accepts the fallibility of his love more fully than he could acknowledge that of the young man 's earlier ''. Other critics of Sonnet 116 have argued that one can not rely on the context of the sonnet to understand its tone. They argue that since `` there is no indisputably authoritative sequence to them, we can not make use of context as positive evidence for one kind of tone or another. '' Shakespeare does not attempt to come to any significant conclusion within this particular sonnet because no resolution is needed. Quatrain 1 The sonnet begins with the poet 's apparent acknowledgment of the compelling quality of the emotional union of `` true minds ''. As Helen Vendler has observed, `` This famous almost ' impersonal ' sonnet on the marriage of true minds has usually been read as a definition of true love. '' This is not a unique theme of Shakespeare 's sonnets. Carol Neely observes that `` Like ( sonnet ) 94, it defines and redefines its subject in each quatrain and this subject becomes increasingly concrete, attractive and vulnerable. '' Shakespeare tends to use negation to define love according to Lukas Erne, `` The first and the third ( quatrains ), it is true, define love negatively : ' love is not... ' ; Love 's not... '. The two quatrains are further tied together by the reappearance of the verbs ' to bend ' and ' to alter '. '' Love is defined in vague terms in the first quatrain. Garry Murphy observes that the meaning shifts with the distribution of emphasis. He suggests that in the first line the stress should properly be on `` me '' : `` Let ME not to the marriage of true minds... '' ; the sonnet then becomes `` not just a gentle metaphoric definition but an agitated protest born out of fear of loss and merely conveyed by means of definition. '' C.R.B. Combellack disputes the emphasis placed on the `` ME '' due to the `` absence from the sonnet of another person to stand in contrast. No one else is addressed, described, named, or mentioned. '' Murphy also claims that `` The unstopped first and second lines suggest urgency in speech, not leisurely meditation. '' He writes that the short words when delivered would have the effect of `` rapid delivery '' rather than `` slow rumination ''. Combellack questions this analysis by asking whether `` urgency is not more likely to be expressed in short bursts of speech ? '' He argues that the words in the sonnet are not intended to be read quickly and that this is simply Murphy 's subjective opinion of the quatrain. Murphy believes the best support of the `` sonnet itself being an exclamation '' comes from the `` O no '' which he writes a person would not say without some agitation. Combellack responds that `` O no '' could be used rather calmly in a statement such as `` O no, thank you, but my coffee limit is two cups. '' If anything, Combellack suggests, the use of the `` O '' softens the statement and it would require the use of different grammar to suggest that the sonnet should be understood as rapid speech. The poetic language leaves the sort of love described somewhat indeterminate ; `` The ' marriage of true minds ' like the ' power to hurt ' is troublesomely vague open to a variety of interpretations. '' Interpretations include the potential for religious imagery and the love being for God, `` Lines one and two echo the Anglican marriage service from the Book of Common Prayer. '' The concept of the marriage of true minds is thought to be a highly Christian ; according to Erne, `` The mental picture thus called up in our minds of the bride and bridegroom standing up front in a church is even reinforced by the insistence on the word alter / altar in the following line. '' Quatrain 2 The second quatrain explains how love is unchanging according to Neely, `` Love is a star, remote, immovable, self - contained, and perhaps, like the ' lords and owners of their faces, ' improbably and even somewhat unpleasantly cold and distant. '' The second quatrain continues Shakespeare 's attempt to define love, but in a more direct way. Shakespeare mentions `` it '' in the second quatrain according to Douglas Trevor, `` The constancy of love in sonnet 116, the `` it '' of line five of the poem, is also -- for the poet -- the poetry, the object of love itself. '' Not only is there a direct address to love itself, the style Shakespeare 's contemplation becomes more direct. Erne states, `` Lines five to eight stand in contrast to their adjacent quatrains, and they have their special importance by saying what love is rather than what it is not. '' This represents a change in Shakespeare 's view that love is completely undefinable. This concept of unchanging love is focused in the statement, `` ' ( love ) is an ever - fixed mark '. This has generally been understood as a sea mark or a beacon. '' This concept may also convey in a theological sense. During the Reformation there was dispute about Catholic doctrines, `` One of the points of disagreement was precisely that the Reformers rejected the existence of an ever - fixed, or in theological idiom, ' idelible ' mark which three of the sacraments, according to Catholic teaching, imprint on the soul. '' This interpretation makes God the focus of the sonnet as opposed to the typical concept of love. The compass is also considered an important symbol in the first part of the poem. John Doebler identifies a compass as a symbol that drives the poem, `` The first quatrain of this sonnet makes implied use of the compass emblem, a commonplace symbol for constancy during the period in which Shakespeare 's sonnets were composed. '' Doebler identifies certain images in the poem with a compass, `` In the Renaissance the compass is usually associated with the making of a circle, the ancient symbol of eternity, but in sonnet 116 the emphasis is more upon the contrasting symbolism of the legs of the compass. '' The two feet of the compass represent the differences between permanent aspects of love and temporary ones. These differences are explained as, `` The physical lovers are caught in a changing world of time, but they are stabilized by spiritual love, which exists in a constant world of eternal ideals. '' The sonnet uses imagery like this to create a clearer concept of love in the speaker 's mind. Quatrain 3 In the third quatrain, `` The remover who bends turns out to be the grim reaper, Time, with his bending sickle. What alters are Time 's brief hours and weeks... '' and `` Only the Day of Judgment ( invoked from the sacramental liturgy of marriage ) is the proper measure of love 's time ''. The young man holds the value of beauty over that of love. When he comes to face the fact that the love he felt has changed and become less intense and, in fact, less felt, he changes his mind about this person he 'd loved before because what he had felt in his heart was n't true. That the object of his affection 's beauty fell to `` Time 's Sickle '' would not make his feelings change. This fact is supported by Helen Vendler as she wrote, `` The second refutational passage, in the third quatrain, proposes indirectly a valuable alternative law, one approved by the poet - speaker, which we may label `` the law of inverse constancy '' : the more inconstant are time 's alterations ( one an hour, one a week ), the more constant is love 's endurance, even to the edge of doom ``. Vendler believes that if the love the young man felt was real it would still be there after the object of that love 's beauty had long faded away, but he `` has announced the waning of his own attachment to the speaker, dissolving the `` marriage of true minds '' '' Shakespeare is arguing that if love is true it will stand against all tests of time and adversity, no manner of insignificant details such as the person 's beauty fading could alter or dissolve `` the marriage of two minds ''. Couplet The couplet of Sonnet 116 Shakespeare went about explaining in the inverse. He says the opposite of what it would be natural to say about love. For instance, instead of writing something to the effect of ' I have written and men have loved ', according to Nelson, Shakespeare chose to write, `` I never writ, nor no man ever loved. '' Nelson argues that `` The existence of the poem itself gives good evidence that the poet has written. It is harder to see, however, how the mere existence of the poem could show that men have loved. In part, whether men have loved depends upon just what love is... Since the poem is concerned with the nature of love, there is a sense in which what the poem says about love, if true, in part determines whether or not men have loved. '' Nelson quotes Ingram and Redpath who are in agreement with his statement when they paraphrase the couplet in an extended form : `` If this is a judgment ( or a heresy ), and this can be proved against me, and by citing my own case in evidence, then I 've never written anything, and no man 's love has ever been real love. '' '' Vendler states `` Therefore, if he himself is in error on the subject of what true love is, then no man has ever loved ; certainly the young man ( it is implied ) has not loved, if he has not loved after the steady fashion urged by the speaker, without alteration, removals, or impediments ''. Each of these authorities agree in the essence of the Sonnet and its portrayal of what love really is and what it can withstand, for example, the test of time and the fading of physical attraction of the object of our love. The couplet is, therefore, that men have indeed loved both in true and honest affection ( this being the most important part of the argument ) as well as falsely in the illusions of beauty before just as Shakespeare has written before this sonnet. Notes and references References Jump up ^ Pooler, C ( harles ) Knox, ed. ( 1918 ). The Works of Shakespeare : Sonnets. The Arden Shakespeare ( 1st series ). London : Methuen & Company. OCLC 4770201. ^ Jump up to : Neely 1977. Jump up ^ Booth 2000, p. 386. Jump up ^ Landry 1967. Jump up ^ Landry 1967, p. 98. Jump up ^ Neely 1977, p. 83. Jump up ^ Neely 1977, p. 89. Jump up ^ Murphy 1982. ^ Jump up to : Murphy 1982, p. 40. Jump up ^ Vendler 1997. ^ Jump up to : Erne 2000. ^ Jump up to : Combellack 1982, p. 13. Jump up ^ Trevor 2007. ^ Jump up to : Doebler 1964. Jump up ^ Vendler 1997, p. 490. Jump up ^ Vendler 1997, p. 492. Jump up ^ Vendler 1997, p. 493. ^ Jump up to : Nelson & Cling 2000. Jump up ^ Vendler 1997, p. 491. Sources Combellack, C.R.B. ( 1982 ). `` Shakespeare 's Sonnet 116 ''. The Explicator. 41 ( 1 ). ISSN 1939 - 926X. Doebler, John ( 1964 ). `` A Submerged Emblem in Sonnet 116 ''. Shakespeare Quarterly. Folger Shakespeare Library. 15 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 110. doi : 10.2307 / 2867968. ISSN 1538 - 3555. JSTOR 2867968. Erne, Lukas ( 2000 ). `` Shakespeare 's ' Ever - Fixed Mark ' : Theological Implications in Sonnet 116 ''. English Studies. Routledge. 81 ( 4 ) : 293 -- 304. doi : 10.1076 / 0013 - 838X ( 200007 ) 81 : 4 ; 1 - F ; FT293. ISSN 1744 - 4217. Landry, Hilton ( 1967 ). `` The Marriage of True Minds : Truth and Error in Sonnet 116 ''. Shakespeare Studies. University of Cincinnati. 3 : 98 -- 110. Murphy, Garry ( 1982 ). `` Shakespeare 's Sonnet 116 ''. The Explicator. 39 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 41. ISSN 1939 - 926X. Neely, Carol Thomas ( 1977 ). `` Detachment and Engagement in Shakespeare 's Sonnets : 94, 116, and 129 ''. PMLA. Modern Language Association. 92 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 95. doi : 10.2307 / 461416. ISSN 0030 - 8129. JSTOR 461416. Nelson, Jeffrey N. ; Cling, Andrew D. ( 2000 ). `` Love 's Logic Lost : The Couplet of Shakespeare 's Sonnet 116 ''. ANQ : A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews. Routledge. 13 ( 3 ) : 14 -- 19. doi : 10.1080 / 08957690009598107. ISSN 1940 - 3364. Trevor, Douglas ( 2007 ). `` Shakespeare 's Love Objects ''. In Schoenfeldt, Michael. A Companion to Shakespeare 's Sonnets. Grand Rapids : Blackwell Limited. doi : 10.1111 / b. 9781405121552.2007. 00015. x. ISBN 9781405121552. First edition and facsimile Shakespeare, William ( 1609 ). Shake - speares Sonnets : Never Before Imprinted. London : Thomas Thorpe. Lee, Sidney, ed. ( 1905 ). Shakespeares Sonnets : Being a reproduction in facsimile of the first edition. Oxford : Clarendon Press. OCLC 458829162. Variorum editions Alden, Raymond Macdonald, ed. ( 1916 ). The Sonnets of Shakespeare. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company. OCLC 234756. Rollins, Hyder Edward, ed. ( 1944 ). A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare : The Sonnets ( 2 Volumes ). Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. OCLC 6028485. Modern critical editions Atkins, Carl D., ed. ( 2007 ). Shakespeare 's Sonnets : With Three Hundred Years of Commentary. Madison : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 4163 - 7. OCLC 86090499. Booth, Stephen, ed. ( 2000 ) ( 1st ed. 1977 ). Shakespeare 's Sonnets ( Rev. ed. ). New Haven : Yale Nota Bene. ISBN 0 - 300 - 01959 - 9. OCLC 2968040. Burrow, Colin, ed. ( 2002 ). The Complete Sonnets and Poems. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0192819338. OCLC 48532938. Duncan - Jones, Katherine, ed. ( 2010 ) ( 1st ed. 1997 ). Shakespeare 's Sonnets. The Arden Shakespeare, Third Series ( Rev. ed. ). London : Bloomsbury. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4080 - 1797 - 5. OCLC 755065951. Evans, G. Blakemore, ed. ( 1996 ). The Sonnets. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0521294034. OCLC 32272082. Kerrigan, John, ed. ( 1995 ) ( 1st ed. 1986 ). The Sonnets ; and, A Lover 's Complaint. New Penguin Shakespeare ( Rev. ed. ). Penguin Books. ISBN 0 - 14 - 070732 - 8. OCLC 15018446. Mowat, Barbara A. ; Werstine, Paul, eds. ( 2006 ). Shakespeare 's Sonnets & Poems. Folger Shakespeare Library. New York : Washington Square Press. ISBN 978 - 0743273282. OCLC 64594469. Orgel, Stephen, ed. ( 2001 ). The Sonnets. The Pelican Shakespeare ( Rev. ed. ). New York : Penguin Books. ISBN 978 - 0140714531. OCLC 46683809. Vendler, Helen, ed. ( 1997 ). The Art of Shakespeare 's Sonnets. Cambridge, MA : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0 - 674 - 63712 - 7. OCLC 36806589. See also When Love Speaks External links From the British Library and NPR, a reading of Sonnet 116 in a reproduction of Shakespeare 's dialect William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost Shakespeare 's sonnets `` Fair Youth '' sonnets Procreation sonnets 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Rival Poet sonnets 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 `` Envoy '' 126 `` Dark Lady '' sonnets 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 `` Anacreontics '' 153 154 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonnet_116&oldid=811780810 '' Categories : Sonnets by William Shakespeare British poems Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017, at 22 : 39. 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Question: love is not love that alters when it alteration finds meaning
Answer: Sonnet 116