Volcanology of Iceland - wikipedia Volcanology of Iceland The volcano system in Iceland that started activity on August 17, 2014, and ended on February 27, 2015, is Bárðarbunga. The volcano in Iceland that erupted in May 2011 is Grímsvötn. Active volcanic areas and systems in Iceland Volcanology of Iceland includes a high concentration of active volcanoes due to Iceland 's location on the mid-Atlantic Ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary, and also due to its location over a hot spot. The island has 30 active volcanic systems, of which 13 have erupted since the settlement of Iceland in AD 874. Of these 30 active volcanic systems, the most active / volatile is Grímsvötn. Over the past 500 years, Iceland 's volcanoes have erupted a third of the total global lava output. The most fatal volcanic eruption of Iceland 's history was the so - called Skaftáreldar ( fires of Skaftá ) in 1783 - 84. The eruption was in the crater row Lakagígar ( craters of Laki ) southwest of Vatnajökull glacier. The craters are a part of a larger volcanic system with the subglacial Grímsvötn as a central volcano. Roughly a quarter of the Icelandic nation died because of the eruption. Most died not because of the lava flow or other direct effects of the eruption, but from indirect effects, including changes in climate and illnesses in livestock in the following years caused by the ash and poisonous gases from the eruption. The 1783 eruption in Lakagígar is thought to have erupted the largest quantity of lava from a single eruption in historic times. The eruption under Eyjafjallajökull ( `` glacier of Eyjafjöll '' ) in 2010 was notable because the volcanic ash plume disrupted air travel in northern Europe for several weeks ; however this volcano is minor in Icelandic terms. In the past, eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull have been followed by eruption of the larger volcano Katla, but after the 2010 eruption no signs of an imminent eruption of Katla were seen. The eruption in May 2011 at Grímsvötn under the Vatnajökull glacier sent thousands of tonnes of ash into the sky in a few days, raising concerns of a repeat of the travel chaos seen across northern Europe. The craters of Grábrók Contents 1 Bárðarbunga 2014 -- 2015 2 Structure of lava fields 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Bárðarbunga 2014 -- 2015 Main article : 2014 -- 2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga Bárðarbunga is a stratovolcano and is roughly 2,000 meters ( roughly 6,560 feet ) above sea level in central Iceland ( 64.63 ° N / - 17.53 ° W ). This makes it the second highest mountain in Iceland The eruption series, Iceland 's largest eruption in 230 years, that started on August 17, 2014 and lasted for 180 days, under the Bárðarbunga system started with an extremely heavy earthquake swarm followed by clusters of volcanic activity that went on for an extended period. This resulted in multiple lava fountain eruptions in Holuhraun. Lava flow was between 250 and 350 cubic meters per second and came from a dyke over 40 km long. An ice - filled subsidence bowl over 100 square kilometers in area and up to 65 meters deep formed as well. There was very limited ash output from this eruption unlike numerous glacial eruptions which are common in Iceland. The primary concern with this eruption was the large plumes of sulphur dioxide ( SO2 ) in the atmosphere which adversely affected breathing conditions across Iceland, depending on wind direction. The volcanic cloud was also transported toward Western Europe in September 2014. Structure of lava fields Pahoehoe lava fields in Iceland The smooth flowing basaltic lava pāhoehoe is in Iceland called helluhraun. It forms rather flat surfaces that are quite easy to pass. A lava field in Iceland On the other hand, there is less flowing lava, ʻaʻā, on Iceland called apalhraun. The loose, broken, sharp, spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes hiking difficult and slow. See also Lists of volcanoes Geography of Iceland List of volcanoes in Iceland Geothermal power in Iceland Surtsey Notes Jump up ^ Thordarson, Th ; Hoskuldsson, A ( 2008 ). `` Postglacial Volcanism in Iceland ''. Jokull. 58 : 197 -- 228. Jump up ^ Gudmundsson, Magnus Tumi ; Larsen, G ; Hoskuldsson, A ; Gylfason, A.G. ( 2008 ). `` Volcanic Hazards in Iceland ''. Jokull. 58 : 251 -- 268. Jump up ^ Waugh, David ( 2002 ). Geography : An Integrated Approach. United Kingdom : Nelson Thornes. p. 16. ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 444706 - 1. Jump up ^ Mark Sappenfield, `` Iceland 's Eyjafjallajökull volcano is nothing to ' Angry Sister ' Katla '' Christian Science Monitor, April 18, 2010 ( accessed 24 November 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Bardarbunga ''. www.volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06. Jump up ^ Hudson, T.S. ; White, R.S. ; Greenfield, T. ; Ágústsdóttir, T. ; Brisbourne, A. ; Green, R.G. ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ). `` Deep crustal melt plumbing of Bárðarbunga volcano, Iceland ''. Geophysical Research Letters. 44 ( 17 ) : 2017GL074749. doi : 10.1002 / 2017gl074749. ISSN 1944 - 8007. Jump up ^ Gudmundsson, Magnús T. ; Jónsdóttir, Kristín ; Hooper, Andrew ; Holohan, Eoghan P. ; Halldórsson, Sæmundur A. ; Ófeigsson, Benedikt G. ; Cesca, Simone ; Vogfjörd, Kristín S. ; Sigmundsson, Freysteinn ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ). `` Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow ''. Science. 353 ( 6296 ) : aaf8988. doi : 10.1126 / science. aaf8988. ISSN 0036 - 8075. PMID 27418515. Jump up ^ `` Ljós norðan jökuls : Töldu annað gos hafið ''. http://www.ruv.is/. RÚV. Retrieved 24 September 2014. External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ See e.g. http://earthice.hi.is/bardarbunga_2014 Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland : Bardarbunga 2014 Jump up ^ See also Icelandic media RÚV : http://www.ruv.is/frett/seismic-activity-still-strong Received Sept. 24, 2014 Jump up ^ Gudmundsson, Magnús T. ; Jónsdóttir, Kristín ; Hooper, Andrew ; Holohan, Eoghan P. ; Halldórsson, Sæmundur A. ; Ófeigsson, Benedikt G. ; Cesca, Simone ; Vogfjörd, Kristín S. ; Sigmundsson, Freysteinn ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ). `` Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow ''. Science. 353 ( 6296 ) : aaf8988. doi : 10.1126 / science. aaf8988. ISSN 0036 - 8075. PMID 27418515. Jump up ^ Boichu, M. ; Chiapello, I. ; Brogniez, C. ; Péré, J. - C. ; Thieuleux, F. ; Torres, B. ; Blarel, L. ; Mortier, A. ; Podvin, T. ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ). `` Current challenges in modelling far - range air pollution induced by the 2014 -- 2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption ( Iceland ) ''. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 ( 17 ) : 10831 -- 10845. doi : 10.5194 / acp - 16 - 10831 - 2016. ISSN 1680 - 7324. ^ Jump up to : Lidén, Eva ( 1994 ). `` Geologi - så bildades Island ''. Kall ökensand och varma källor. En bok om Island ( in Swedish ). Båstad : Föreningen Natur och Samhälle i Norden. pp. 8 -- 9. ISBN 91 - 85586 - 07 - 2. External links Photos of the Grímsvötn ( 2004 ) and Eyjafjallajökull ( 2010 ) eruptions ( Fred Kamphues ) Map : active volcanoes of the world Icelandic Video Archive Volcano Discovery : Iceland Iceland articles History By topic Economic Military Nationality Prohibition Rulers Monarchy Timeline Settlement Commonwealth Christianisation Aristocracy Sturlung Era Reformation Danish trade monopoly Independence Movement Kingdom World War II Invasion Cold War Cod Wars Great Recession Geography Cities and towns Climate Earthquakes Extremities Fjords Geology Glaciers Highlands Islands Lakes National parks Regions Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law Law enforcement LGBT history LGBT rights Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Banking Communications Króna ( currency ) Outvasion Renewable energy Stock Exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Society Demographics Education Healthcare Icelanders Languages Religion Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Media Music Names National costume Public holidays Sport Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volcanology_of_Iceland&oldid=809293829 '' Categories : Volcanism of Iceland Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español 日本 語 Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017, at 07 : 07. 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Question: what type of plate boundary is associated with iceland and its volcanic eruptions
Answer: the mid-Atlantic Ridge; a divergent tectonic plate boundary; divergent tectonic plate boundary; a divergent tectonic plate boundary; divergent tectonic plate boundary