Suburbanization - wikipedia Suburbanization This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article or section might have an extensive bias or disproportional coverage towards one or more specific regions. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page. ( December 2009 ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. ( May 2015 ) A suburban land use pattern in the US Suburbanization is a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in formation of ( sub ) urban sprawl. Sub-urbanization is inversely related to urbanization, which denotes population shift from rural areas into urban centres. Many residents of metropolitan regions work within the central urban area, and choose to live in satellite communities called suburbs and commute to work via automobile or mass transit. Others have taken advantage of technological advances to work from their homes. These processes often occur in more economically developed countries, especially in the United States, which is believed to be the first country in which the majority of the population lives in the suburbs, rather than in the cities or in rural areas. Proponents of containing urban sprawl argue that sprawl leads to urban decay and a concentration of lower income residents in the inner city. Contents 1 United States 2 Suburbanization in Eastern Europe 3 Tijuana 4 Effects on psychological health 5 Economic impacts 5.1 Impact on urban industry 5.2 Consequences on infrastructure 5.3 Impact on real estate development costs 5.4 Fiscal impact 5.5 Effect on urban diversity 6 See also 7 References United States In the United States, suburbanization began to occur in mass amounts after World War II when soldiers returned home from war and wanted to live in houses outside of the city. During this time America had a prosperous postwar economy and there was more leisure time available and an in creating a family unit. Throughout the years, the desire to separate work life and home life has increased causing an increase in suburban populations. Suburbs are built for particular groups of people and around certain industries like restaurants, shopping, and entertainment which allows suburban residents to travel less and interact more in the suburban area. Suburbs in the United States have also evolved by increases in technology which allows residents to work from home rather than commute. Recent developments in communication technology, such as the spread of broadband services, the growth of e-mail and the advent of practical home video conferencing, has enabled more people to work from home rather than commuting. Although this can occur either in the city or in the suburbs, the effect is generally decentralizing, which works against the largest advantage of the centre city, which is easier access to information and supplies due to centralization. Similarly, the rise of efficient package express delivery systems, such as FedEx and UPS, which take advantage of computerization and the availability of an efficient air transportation system, also eliminates some of the advantages that were once to be had from having a business located in the city. Industrial, warehousing, and factory land uses have also moved to suburban areas. Cheap telecommunications removes the need for company headquarters to be within quick courier distance of the warehouses and ports. Urban areas suffer from traffic congestion, which creates costs in extra driver costs for the company which can be reduced if they were in a suburban area near a highway. As with residential, lower property taxes and low land prices encourage selling industrial land for profitable brownfield redevelopment. Suburban areas also offer more land to use as a buffer between industrial and residential and retail space to avoid NIMBY sentiments and gentrification pressure from the local community when residential and retail is adjacent to industrial space in an urban area. Suburban municipalities can offer tax breaks, specialized zoning, and regulatory incentives to attract industrial land users to their area, such as City of Industry, California. The overall effect of these developments is that businesses as well, and not just individuals, now see an advantage to locating in the suburbs, where the cost of buying land, renting space, and running their operations, is cheaper than in the city. This continuing dispersal from a single city center has led to other recent phenomena in American suburbs, the advent of edge cities and exurbs, arising out of clusters of office buildings built in suburban commercial centers on shopping malls and higher density developments. With more and more jobs for suburbanites being located in these areas rather than in the main city core that the suburbs grew out of, traffic patterns, which for decades centered on people commuting into the center city to work in the morning and then returning home in the evening, have become more complex, with the volume of intra-suburban traffic increasing tremendously. By 2000, half of the US population lived in suburban areas. Suburbanization in eastern Europe In many countries of Europe, sometimes cities became seen as dangerous or very expensive areas to live, while the suburbs were seen as safe places to live and raise a family. There are periods of opposite developments like urbanization. During Communism, most socialist countries in the Eastern Bloc were characterized by under - urbanization, which meant that industrial growth occurred well in advance of urban growth and was sustained by rural - urban commuting. City growth, residential mobility, land and housing development were under tight political control. Consequently, sub-urbanization in post-communist Europe is not only a recent but also a particular phenomenon. The creation of housing and land markets and state withdrawal from housing provision have led to the development of privatized modes of housing production and consumption, with an increasing role for private actors and, particularly, for households. Yet, the regulatory and institutional frameworks indispensable to a market - driven housing system -- including housing finance -- have remained underdeveloped, particularly in south - eastern Europe. This environment has undoubtedly stimulated housing self - provision. Clearly, different forces have shaped different outcomes. Post-communist suburbanization in Pitesti, Romania Long - suppressed urbanization and a dramatic housing backlog resulted in extensive peri-urban growth in Tirana ( Albania ), which during the 1990s doubled the size of the city whereas war refugees put pressure on cities of former Yugoslavia. Elsewhere processes of suburbanization seemed dominant, but their pace differed according to housing shortages, available finance, preferences and the degree of ' permitted ' informality. The process was slow in Prague during the 1990s and more apparent after 2000, when housing affordability improved. Conversely, Slovenian and Romanian suburban developments visibly surrounded cities / towns during the 1990s. Nonetheless, socialist legacies of underdeveloped infrastructure and the affordability crisis of transition differentiate post-socialist suburbs from their Western counterparts. Various degrees of informality characterized suburban housing from illegal occupation of public land ( Tirana ), illegal construction on agricultural private land ( Belgrade ) to the unauthorized but later legalized developments in Romania. Suburban housing displayed a chaotic / unplanned character, especially in south - eastern Europe where the state retains a degree of illegitimacy. Excepting scattered for - profit housing, much of the new detached suburban houses seem self - developed. Allegedly, owner - building has become a household strategy to adapt to recession, high and volatile inflation, to cut construction costs and, finally, to bridge access to housing. The predominantly owner - built feature of most suburban housing, with the land often obtained at no cost through restitution policies or illegal occupation, allowed a mix of low - / middle - income households within these developments. Tijuana Tijuana has experienced a strong wave of suburbanization from its urban core beginning in 2006. Historically, Tijuana city, with 1 / 4 the area covering 80 square miles, contained well over 95 % of the total population of the municipality, and it was the poor relegated to living outside the city. Despite good highways, however, there was little incentive to move out of the city. However, with a huge escalation of the Mexico drug war violence, middle class city residents and property developers along with retail chains began building suburban communities and sold them as way to isolate themselves and their children from the negative effects. This led to a historic movement to communities outside the urban core, as evidenced by both the type of middle class housing developments and 2010 INEGI census figures. Effects on psychological health Historically it was believed that living in highly urban areas resulted in social isolation, social disorganization, and psychological problems, while living in suburbs was supposed to be better to overall happiness, due to lower population density, lower crime, and a more stable population. A study based on data from 1974, however, found this not to be the case, finding that people living in suburbs had neither greater satisfaction with their neighborhood nor greater satisfaction with the quality of their lives as compared to people living in urban areas. Economic Impacts The economic impacts of suburbanization have become very evident since the trend began in the 1950s. Changes in infrastructure, industry, real estate development costs, fiscal policies, and diversity of cities have been easily apparent, as `` making it to the suburbs '', mainly in order to own a home and escape the chaos of urban centers, have become the goals of many American citizens. These impacts have many benefits as well as side effects and are becoming increasingly important in the planning and revitalization of modern cities. Impact on urban industry Sprawling Freeway near Toronto, Canada with a suburbanized industry area in the background. Note the far distances from office buildings compared to a downtown. Many office buildings in suburban industry areas are set up on large irrigated campus, versus downtowns that have close buildings and very little greenery. The days of industry dominating the urban cores of cities are diminishing as population decentralization of urban centers increases. Companies increasingly look to build industrial parks in less populated areas, largely for more modern buildings and ample parking, as well as to appease the popular desire to work in less congested areas. Government economic policies that provide incentives for companies to build new structures and lack of incentives to build on Brownfield land also contribute to the flight of industrial development from major cities to surrounding suburban areas. As suburban industrial development becomes increasingly more profitable, it becomes less financially attractive to build in high - density areas. Another impact of industry leaving the city is the reduction of buffer zones separating metropolitan areas, industrial parks and surrounding suburban residential areas. As this land becomes more economically relevant, the value of such properties very often increases, causing many undeveloped landowners to sell their land. Consequences on infrastructure Los Angeles suburbanization continues and America continues to sprawl, the cost of the required water lines, sewer lines, and roads could cost more than $21,000 per residential and non residential development unit, costing the American government $1.12 trillion over the next twenty five years. Along with the costs of infrastructure, existing infrastructure suffers, as most of the government 's money that is dedicated to improving infrastructure goes to paying for the new necessities in areas further out from the urban core. As a result, the government will often forgo maintenance on previously built infrastructure. Impact on real estate development costs For residential properties, suburbanization allows for home prices to decrease, so people can drive until they can find an area in which they can afford to buy a home. However, these homes may lack certain things such as parks and access to public transit. Also, the prices of homes in downtown center usually decreases as well to compete with the inexpensive homes in the suburbs. One of the main benefits of living in the suburbs is that one gets a much larger piece of land than one would in the city. Therefore, as the size of lots increases, the supply of housing is more limited. This is to mean that as city growth patterns increase the population increases leading to suburbanisation which hence leads to the under development of real estate since it is a business. Fiscal impact The fiscal deficit grows as a result of suburbanization, mainly because in less densely populated areas, property taxes tend to be lower. Also, because of the typical spread pattern of suburban housing, the lack of variety of housing types, and the greater distance between homes, real estate development and public service costs increase, which in turn increase the deficit of upper levels of government. Effect on urban diversity As the trend of suburbanization took hold, many of the people who left the city for the suburbs were white. As a result, there was a rise in black home ownership in central cities. As white households left for the suburbs, housing prices in transition neighborhoods fell, which often lowered the cost of home ownership for black households. This trend was stronger in older and denser cities, especially in the northeast and Midwest, because new construction was generally more difficult. As of the 2010 Census, minorities like African Americans, Asian Americans and Indo - Americans have become an increasing large factor in recent suburbanization. Many suburbs now have since 1990 large minority communities in suburban and commuter cities. Environmental Impacts With the growth of suburbanization and the spread of people living outside the city this can cause negative impacts on the environment. Suburbanization has been linked to the increase in vehicle mileage, increase land use, and increase in residential energy consumption. From these factors of suburbanization it has then caused a degradation of air quality, increase usage of natural resources like water and oil, as well as increased amounts of greenhouse gas. With the increased use of vehicles to commute to and from the work place this causes increased use of oil and gas as well as increase in emissions. With the increase in emissions from vehicles this then can cause air pollution and degrades the air quality of an area. Suburbanization is growing which causes an increase in housing development which causes an increase in land consumption and available land. Suburbanization has also been linked to increase in natural resource use like water to meet residents ' demands and to maintain suburban lawns. Also with the increase in technology and consumptions of residents there is an increase in energy consumption with the amount of electricity used by residents. See also Urbanisation Counter urbanisation References Notes Jump up ^ `` Slow Growth and Urban Sprawl : Support for a New Regional Agenda ?, '' Juliet F. Gainsborough, Urban Affairs Review, vol. 37, no. 5 ( 2002 ) : 728 - 744. Jump up ^ Benson, Sonia, ed. ( 2009 ). `` Suburbanization ''. UXL Encyclopedia of U.S History. pp. 1498 -- 1501. ^ Jump up to : US Census Bureau ( 2002 ). Demographic Trends in the 20th Century Jump up ^ Murray, P., & Szelenyi, I. ( 1984 ). The city in the transition to socialism. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 8 ( 10 ), 90 - 107 Jump up ^ Tsenkova, S. ( 2009 ). Housing Policy Reforms in Post-Socialist Europe : Lost in Transition. Heidelberg : Physica - Verlag ^ Jump up to : Soaita, A.M. ( 2013 ). Romanian suburban housing : home improvement through owner - building. Urban Studies, 50 ( 10 ), 2084 - 2101. doi : 10.1177 / 0042098012471980 Jump up ^ Stanilov, K. ( Ed. ). ( 2007 ). The Post-Socialist City. Urban Form and Space Transformations in Central and Eastern Europe after Socialism. Dordrecht : Springer Jump up ^ Hirt, S.A. ( 2012 ). Iron Curtains : Gates, Suburbs and Privatization of Space in the Post-Socialist City Pondicherry : Wiley - Blackwell Jump up ^ Hirt, S., & Petrovic, M. ( 2011 ). The Belgrade wall : The proliferation of gated housing in the Serbian capital after socialism. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35 ( 4 ), 753 -- 777 Jump up ^ Kahrik, A., & Tammaru, T. ( 2008 ). Population composition in new suburban settlements of the Tallinn metropolitan area. Urban Studies, 45 ( 5 / 6 ), 1055 -- 1078 Jump up ^ Krisjane, Z., & Berzins, M. ( 2012 ). Post-socialist Urban Trends : New Patterns and Motivations for Migration in the Suburban Areas of Rīga, Latvia. Urban Studies, 49 ( 2 ), 289 - 306. doi : 10.1177 / 0042098011402232 Jump up ^ Sykora, L., & Ourednicek, M. ( 2007 ). Sprawling post-communist metropolis : Commercial and residential suburbanisation in Prague and Brno, the Czech Republic. In E. Razin, M. Dijst & C. Vazquez ( Eds. ), Employment Deconcentration in European Metropolitan Areas. Market Forces versus Planning ( pp. 209 - 233 ). Dordrecht : Springer Jump up ^ Richard E. Adams, `` Is happiness a home in the suburbs ? : The influence of urban versus suburban neighborhoods on psychological health '', Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 353 - 372. Jump up ^ Opp, Susan M. ; Herberle, Lauren ( June 28, 2008 ). Local Sustainable Urban Development in a Globalized World. Florence, Kentucky : Routledge. ISBN 0754649946. Jump up ^ Soule, David ( 2006 ). Urban Sprawl : A Comprehensive Reference Guide. London : Greenwood Press. pp. 88 -- 89. Jump up ^ Anthony Downs ; Barbara McCann ; Sahan Mukherji ; Robert Burchell ( 2005 ). Sprawl Costs : Economic Impacts of Unchecked Development. Island Press. p. 63. Jump up ^ Anthony Downs ; Barbara McCann ; Sahan Mukherji ; Robert Burchell ( 2005 ). Sprawl Costs : Economic Impacts of Unchecked Development. Island Press. pp. 71 -- 72. Jump up ^ Anthony Downs ; Barbara McCann ; Sahan Mukherji ; Robert Burchell ( 2005 ). Sprawl Costs : Economic Impacts of Unchecked Development. Island Press. pp. 80 -- 81. Jump up ^ Leah Platt Boustan ; Robert A. Margo ( 2011 ). `` WHITE SUBURBANIZATION AND AFRICAN - AMERICAN HOME OWNERSHIP, 1940 - 1980 ''. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27. Jump up ^ Kahn, Matthew E ( 2000 ). `` The Environmental Impact of Suburbanization ''. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management : 569 -- 586. Bibliography Burchell, Downs, McCann, Mukherji. ( 2005 ) `` Sprawl Costs : Economic Impacts of Unchecked Development '' London, Island Press. Boustan, Margo. `` WHITE SUBURBANIZATION AND AFRICAN - AMERICAN HOME OWNERSHIP, 1940 - 1980 ''. National Bureau of Economic Research January 2011 18 Fishman, Robert. ( 1987 ) Bourgeois Utopias : The Rise and Fall of Suburbia New York : Basic Books. Garreau, Joel. ( 1992 ) Edge City : Life on the New Frontier New York : Anchor Books. Hayden, Delores. ( 2004 ) Building Suburbia : Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820 - 2000 New York, Vintage. Jackson, Kenneth T. ( 1985 ), Crabgrass Frontier : The Suburbanization of the United States, New York : Oxford University Press, ISBN 0 - 19 - 504983 - 7 Wiese, Andrew. ( 2006 ) `` African American Suburban Development in Atlanta '' Southern Spaces. http://southernspaces.org/2006/african-american-suburban-development-atlanta Wiese, Andrew. ( 2005 ) Places of Their Own : African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Soule, David. ( 2006 ) `` Urban Sprawl : A Comprehensive Reference Guide '' London, Greenwood Press. Jump up ^ Massey, Douglas S. ; Denton, Nancy A. ( 1988 ). `` Suburbanization and Segregation in US Metropolitan Areas ''. American Journal of Sociology. 94.3. Jump up ^ McIntosh, Peggy ( 1988 ). White Privilege and Male Privilege : A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences through Work in Women 's Studies. Wellesley, MA : Center for Research on Women. Jump up ^ Mieszkowski, Peter ; Mills, Edwin S. ( 1993 ). `` The Causes of Metropolitan Suburbanization ''. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 7.3 ( 3 ) : 135 -- 47. doi : 10.1257 / jep. 7.3. 135. Jump up ^ Pulido, Laura ( March 2000 ). `` Rethinking Environmental Racism : White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California ''. Department of Geography at the University of Southern California. Jump up ^ Oliveira, N. Dos Santos ( 1996 ). `` Favelas and Ghettos : Race and Class in Rio De Janeiro and New York City ''. Latin American Perspectives. 23.4 ( 4 ) : 71 -- 89. doi : 10.1177 / 0094582x9602300406. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&oldid=816389049 '' Categories : Urban planning Urban decay Urban sprawl Hidden categories : Articles with disproportional geographic scope from December 2009 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from May 2015 All articles needing rewrite Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Français 한국어 Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017, at 01 : 03. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: suburbanization of more developed countries is mostly due to
Answer: Many residents of metropolitan regions work within the central urban area, and choose to live in satellite communities called suburbs and commute to work